Unit 1:

Development of Telecommunication Switching Systems

Message switching, Packet Switching and Circuit
switching
Explain different switching mechanisms.
Compare them with each other.

08

Manual switching and Electronic Switching

What are different features common to Manual
Switching and Electronic Switching?
List and explain in brief.

08

What are the basic functions that all Switching

Systems must perform?
List and explain in brief.

08

What are different Enhanced Services offered by

the electronic exchange?
List and explain their categories.

08

Explain the Strowger step-by-step system with the

help of a 1000 line exchange.
Draw a neat diagram.

08

Explain the terms Register-Translator-Sender.

Draw neat trunking diagram for a Director
Exchange.

08

Write a brief note on Distribution Frames in a

Strowger Exchange.
Draw a neat diagram.

08

Write a brief note on Crossbar Systems.

Draw neat diagrams.

08

Draw the general Trunking Diagram for a Switching

system.
Explain various functional entities.

08

Draw the block diagram for a subscriber line

interface for a Digital Switching system.
Explain various functional entities.

08

Digital switching:
State advantages of Digital switching.

02

Switching functions
Write a brief note on Switching Functions.
Draw a neat diagram for Local and Transit Traffic
switching.

06

Space division switching

Draw the block diagram for a Three stage
Switching matrix with N inlets and N outlets
with k number of switches in the Second stage
and each inlet-outlet group of size n.
Calculate total no. of cross-points in terms of N
, n and k.
What is the value of k for a Three stage
Switching matrix to be non-blocking?

08

Write a brief note on Lee Graphs for a Three stage

Switching matrix.

06

Time division switching

Explain operation of Memory controlled time
division switching with a neat block diagram.

08

Explain operation of Input controlled time

division space switching with a neat block
diagram.

08

Two dimensional switching

Write a brief note on Two dimensional switching.
Draw the block diagram for a TS Switch and Explain
various functional entities.

08

Draw the block diagram for a STS Switch and

Explain various functional entities.

08

Draw the block diagram for a TST Switch and

Explain various functional entities.

08

Digital cross connect systems

Write a brief note on Digital cross connect
systems.

06

Draw the block diagram for a Manual cross connect

system and Explain various functional entities.

08

Draw the block diagram for an Electronic cross

connect system and Explain various functional
entities.

08

Digital switching in an analog environment

Write a brief note on Digital switching in an
analog environment.

06

State and explain issues of Digital switching in

an analog environment.

08

Unit 2:
Telecommunication Traffic
Unit of Traffic, Traffic measurement
Describe different traffic measurement units in
Telecommunication Network.

06

Define Erlang and CCS. How are they related?

04

A mathematical model
Define and explain
- Busy Hour Call Attempts/Rate
- Average Holding Time
- Call Completion Rate

04

Lost- call systems: Theory, traffic performance,

loss systems in tandem.
Define Grade of Service and Blocking Probability.

04

Define call congestion and time congestion.

04

State and explain Erlang B formula for offered

traffic intensity A and No. of Servers N.

04

State and explain formula for the Grade of

Service of loss systems in tandem.

04

Queuing systems: Erlang Distribution, probability

of delay
State and explain Erlang C formula.

04

State and explain formula for Probability of

Delay with infinite queue length.

04

Finite queue capacity

State and explain formula for loss Probability
with finite queue length.

04

Systems with a single server

State and explain formulae for
- Probability of Delay
- Mean length of the queue
- Mean Delay, when there is delay
- Mean Delay, averaged over all time

08

in case of a Queue system with a single server

having FIFO discipline.
Queues in tandem
Explain the effect of Queues in tandem on Delay
and Probability of Delay.

04

Delay tables
State and explain Erlang Delay formula.
Explain the need of Delay Tables.

06

Application of Delay formulae

State and explain Erlang Delay formula.
Explain its application to Circuit and Packet
switches.

06

Traffic Analysis:
State and explain techniques of Traffic Analysis.
What are the performance measures for these
systems?

04

Traffic Characterization
State and explain important parameters used to
characterize Telecommunication Traffic.

04

Explain the terms offered traffic and carried

traffic.
How are these traffics related in Loss Systems
and Delay Systems.

04

Arrival Distributions
Explain the Birth-Death process with clearly
stating assumptions.
State the formula for Probability distribution of
inter-arrival times.

06

Explain the Poissons Distribution with clearly

stating assumptions.
State the formula for Probability of j arrivals
in an interval t.

06

Holding time Distributions

State and explain Constant and Exponential
Holding time Distributions.

08

Loss Systems:
Lost calls cleared
State and explain Erlang B i.e. First Kind
formula for offered traffic intensity A and No.
of Servers N.

04

Lost calls returning

Explain the Lost calls returning analysis with
clearly stating assumptions.

06

State the formula for arrival rate of Lost calls

returning model in terms of Lost calls cleared
System.
Lost calls Held
Explain the Lost calls returning analysis with
clearly stating assumptions.

04

Lost calls cleared - with Finite sources

Compare the Lost calls cleared analysis with
Finite and Infinite sources.

04

State and explain formula for Time congestion in a

Lost calls cleared system - with Finite sources
M , traffic intensity A and No. of Servers
N.

04

Lost calls Held - Finite sources

Compare the Lost calls Held analysis with Finite
and Infinite sources.

04

State and explain formula for Time congestion in a

Lost calls Held system - with Finite sources M ,
traffic intensity A and No. of Servers N.

04

Network Blocking Probabilities:

End to End Blocking Probabilities
Explain how the End to End Blocking Probabilities
in a large network are calculated with clearly
stating assumptions and sources of error.

06

Overflow Traffic
What is the nature of Overflow Traffic?
Explain the equivalent random theory.

06

Delay systems:
State and explain factors on which the waiting
times in a Delay System are dependent.

08

Exponential Service Times

State and explain formula for Probability of Delay
in a M/M/N system - with traffic intensity A and
Blocking Probability for a LCC system B.

06

State and explain formula for Probability of Delay

being greater than time T in a M/M/N system with traffic intensity A and Average service
time th.

06

State and explain formula for average waiting time

(averaged over all time) in a M/M/N system - with
traffic intensity A and Average service time
th.

06

State and explain formula for average waiting time

(averaged for only those arrival which get
delayed) in a M/M/N system - with traffic
intensity A , No. of Servers N and Average
service time th.

06

Constant Service Times

State and explain formula for average waiting time
(averaged over all time) in a M/D/1 system - with
traffic intensity A and service time th.

06

State and explain formula for Probability of Delay

being greater than time T in a M/D/1 system with traffic intensity A and service time th.

06

Finite Queues
State and explain formula for Probability of an
arrival being delayed in a M/M/N//L system - with
traffic intensity A.

06

State and explain formula for Probability of Delay

being greater than time T in a M/M/N//L system
- with traffic intensity A.

06

State and explain formula for Blocking Probability

of a M/M/N//L system - with traffic intensity
A.

06

Tandem Queues
Write a brief note on Tandem Queues in a
Telecommunication Network.
Draw a neat diagram.

06

Unit 3: Switching Networks

Single Stage Networks
Explain the design of a single stage 100 line
exchange with Two Motion Selectors.
Draw a neat diagram.

08

Explain the design of a single stage 100 line

exchange with Cross Points.
Draw a neat diagram.

08

Gradings:
Define
- Grading
- Availability
- Limited Availability
- Full Availability

04

Principle
Explain the Principle of Grading to improve
Trunking efficiency.
Draw a neat diagram.

06

Design of progressive grading

Define Graded Groups.
Explain the procedure for designing a grading to
Provide access to N trunks from switches with
availability k. Which is the best grading?

08

Other forms of grading

Explain the Skipped Grading and Homogeneous
Grading. Draw neat diagrams.

06

Traffic capacity of gradings

For an ideal Grading, state and explain the
Erlangs grading formula.

04

Applications of gradings
Write a brief note on Applications of gradings
in a Telecommunication Switching Network.

06

Link Systems:
General
Draw neat diagram for links in a Two Stage
Switching Network with 64 by 8 and 8 by 4 switches
in a 64 by 16 concentrator. Draw corresponding
Grading Diagram.

06

State and explain modes of a Link System.

06

Link System for Two stage networks

Explain the design procedure for N by N switch
with two stages and no. of links = N.
What is the total no. of cross-points required?

08

Link System for Three stage networks

Explain the design procedure for N by N switch
with three stages and no. of links = N.
What is the minimum no. of cross-points required?

08

Link System for Four stage networks

Explain the design procedure for N by N switch
with four stages and no. of links = N.
What is the minimum no. of cross-points required?

08

Grade of service of link systems:

General
Explain the Lees method for calculating
probability of loss in link systems.

06

Two stage networks

Explain the Grade of Service of Two stage networks
In the three modes of the link system.

06

Three stage networks

Explain the Grade of Service of Two stage networks
In the mode 1 and mode 2 of the link system.

06

Four stage networks

Explain the Grade of Service of Two stage networks
In the mode 1 of the link system.

06

Call packing
Explain the concept of call packing.

04

Rearrange-able networks
Explain the concept of Rearrange-able networks.

04

Strict sense non blocking networks

Explain the concept of Strict sense non blocking
network with the help of a suitable example.

06

Derive the expression for total no. of crosspoints of a Three stage Strict sense non blocking
network with N inlets and N outlets with each
primary and tertiary switch having n inlets /
outlets.

08

Sectionalized switching networks

Explain the concept of Sectionalized switching
network.

04

Control of Switching Systems:

Explain the evolution of switching systems.

04

What is meant by Stored Program Control?

Draw and explain organization of a distributed
SPC.

08

What are different levels of control functions in

a distributed SPC?
Explain operations of each level in detail.

08

Call processing Functions:

Sequence of operations
State and explain in detail Sequence of operations
of a for a telephone call.

08

Signal exchanges, State transition diagrams.

Draw and explain Signal exchange diagram for a
local call along with timing of signals
exchanged.

08

Common Control
Explain in detail Common Controls and methods to
interconnect them with switching network.

08

Reliability
Calculate unavailability of a dual processor
system for a period of 30 years if its MTBF =
4000 Hrs. and MTTR = 9 Hrs.

04

Calculate unavailability of a dual processor

system for a period of 25 years if its MTBF =
3800 Hrs. and MTTR = 8 Hrs.

04

Calculate availability of a dual processor system

for a period of 20 years if its MTBF = 3300 Hrs.
and MTTR = 6 Hrs.

04

Availability
Define and explain the terms Availability and
Unavailability of a dual processor system with
necessary equations.

04

Security
State and explain in detail various modes of
operation of a two processor SPC.

08

Signaling:
Write a brief note on Signaling Systems in a
Telecommunication Network.
Explain the terms
- In-channel signaling
- Common channel signaling

06

04

Customer line signaling

Explain DTMF generation and detection.

08

FDM carrier systems:

Out-band signaling In-band signaling
Explain the terms
- In-band signaling
- Out-band signaling
Draw neat diagrams.

08

PCM signaling
Explain use of a multi-frame for signaling in
30-channel PCM System.

08

Inter-register signaling
Explain the terms
- Link to Link signaling
- End to End signaling
Draw neat diagrams.

08

Common channel signaling principles:

General
Explain the term Common channel signaling.
State at least 4 advantages.

06

Signaling networks
Explain the terms
- Associated signaling
- Quasi-associated signaling
- Non-associated signaling
- Signal Transfer Point
Draw neat diagrams.

08

CCITT signaling System No. 6

State important specifications of CCITT signaling
system No.6.

02

CCITT signaling system No. 7:

General
Draw and explain block schematic diagram of CCITT
signaling system No.7.

08

Draw and explain block schematic diagram for

relationship of CCITT signaling system No. 7 with
layers of OSI 7 layer model.

08

High-level DataLink Control [HDLC] protocol

Explain the High level Data link control
protocol used in CCITT signaling system No. 7.

06

Signal units
State and explain in detail various Signal units
Based on High-level DataLink Control [HDLC]
protocol.

08

Signaling information field

Explain the Signaling information field
used in Message Signaling Unit of CCITT signaling
system No. 7.

06

Digital customer line signaling

Write a brief note on Digital customer line
signaling.

06

Unit 4:
Network Synchronization and Management
Explain the need of synchronization in a network
containing analog/digital transmission/switching
systems.

06

Timing:
Timing Recovery
Explain the synchronization of clock in a
transmitter and receiver systems using a PLL.

06

Clock Instability
What is Clock Instability?
What are the sources of Clock Instability?

04

Elastic Stores
What is an Elastic Store?
What is the effect of unsynchronized clock on
Elastic Store?
Draw and explain block schematic diagram for
interface between TDM transmission link and a
digital switch using Elastic Store.

04

08

What is Jitter? What are the different types of

Jitter?
How is the Elastic Store used to remove
accumulated Jitter? Draw a neat diagram.

08

Draw and explain block schematic diagrams for

implementations of an Elastic Store.

08

Jitter measurements
What is Timing Jitter?
Draw and explain block schematic diagrams for
measuring Timing Jitter.

08

Systematic jitter
What is Systematic Jitter?
What is the effect of Systematic Jitter?

04

Timing Inaccuracy:
Draw and explain block schematic diagram for
connections between two autonomously timed
digital switches.

04

Slips
Draw and explain block schematic diagram for
connections between two autonomously timed
digital switches. What are Slips? How are they
controlled?

08

Asynchronous Multiplexing
What is Pulse stuffing? Give an example.

04

Waiting time jitter

What is Waiting time Jitter?
What is the causes of Waiting time Jitter?

04

Network Synchronization:
State basic reasons to pay attention to Network
Synchronization.
State basic approaches for use in Network
Synchronization.

06

Plesiochronous
Explain the Plesiochronous Network approach for
Network Synchronization.

06

Pulse stuffing
Explain the Pulse stuffing approach for Network
Synchronization.

06

Mutual synchronization
Explain the Mutual synchronization approach for
Network Synchronization.

06

Network master
Explain the Network master approach for Network
Synchronization.

06

Master Slave synchronization

Explain the Master Slave clocking approach for
Network Synchronization.

06

Hierarchical synchronization Processes

Explain the Hierarchical synchronization Processes
With the help of state transition diagrams.

08

Network management:
Goals of Network management
- Maintain efficient operation
- Equipment Failure
- Traffic Overload
Routing control
Explain the Routing control in Network management.

06

Flow control
Explain the Flow control in Network management.

06

Unit 5: Networks
Data Networks:
Explain the
- Circuit Switched
- Packet Switched
Networks with the help of diagrams.

08

Data Transmission in PSTN

Explain the Data Transmission in PSTN with the
help of a diagram. What are the Modems?

08

Data Communication Architecture

What are Closed Networks?
Give examples.

04

What are the aspects of heterogeneity of a

network?

04

Explain the ISO-OSI Reference Model for

Communication Architecture with the help of a
diagram.

08

Link to link layers

Explain the Link to link layers in an ISO-OSI
Reference Model for Communication Architecture.

08

Explain the Network layer in an ISO-OSI Reference

Model for Communication Architecture.

08

Explain the different classes of Routing

Algorithms and measures to asses performance of a
Routing Algorithm.

08

End to End layers

Explain the End to End layers in an ISO-OSI
Reference Model for Communication Architecture.

08

Satellite based Data networks

State important aspects of Satellite based Data
networks.

04

Explain and Compare Pure ALOHA an Slotted ALOHA

schemes.

08

LANs
State advantages and disadvantages of LANS.

06

Explain various LAN topologies.

06

Explain various Transmission Mediums used in LANs.

06

Explain various Access Methods used in LANs.

06

Explain various Multiple Access Bus LAN.

06

Explain various Token Passin Ring LAN.

06

Explain various Token Passing Bus LAN.

06

MANs
Write a brief note on MANs.

06

Fibre optic networks

Write a brief note on Fibre optic networks.

06

Explain the terms

- Active Star Fibre optic network
- Passive Star Fibre optic network
- Dual Ring Star Fibre optic network
- Folded Ring Fibre optic network
with the help of diagrams.

08

Data network Standards

Write a brief note on Data network Standards.

06

Write a brief note on IEEE LAN and MAN Standards.

06

Protocol stacks
What is a Protocol stack/suite? Give examples.

06

What is a Protocol stack/suite? Explain MAP in

detail.

08

What is a Protocol stack/suite? Explain TOP in

detail.

08

What is a Protocol stack/suite? Explain LAP in

detail.

08

Internetworking
Explain the Internetworking Structures for the
- Repeater
- Bridge
- Router
- Gateway
Interconnections with the help of an ISO-OSI
Reference Model.

08

Integrated Services Digital Networks:

ISDN
What is ISDN?

02

What is Narrowband ISDN?

02

Why is ISDN preferred?

02

State and Explain in detail principles on which

ISDN is based.

08

Write a brief note on Motivation for ISDN.

06

State and Explain in detail new services

supported by ISDN.

08

Explain different services supported by ISDN.

Draw neat diagrams.

08

Explain in detail database access service

supported by ISDN.

08

Describe Non-voice and value added services in

ISDN.

08

ISDN Network and protocol Architecture

Explain ISDN Network Architecture in detail.

08

Explain ISDN protocol Architecture in detail.

08

ISDN Transmission Channels

Write a brief note on ISDN Transmission Channels.

06

Describe significance of B and D channels in

ISDN.

08

ISDN User network interfaces

Explain the terms
- Basic Rate Access
- Primary Rate Access
- Functional Grouping
- R,S,T,U Reference Points
with the help of adiagram.
Explain in detail ISDN interfaces.
Draw neat diagrams.

08

08

ISDN Signaling
Explain user level and network level Signaling in
ISDN.

08

ISDN Numbering and Addressing

Explain Numbering and Addressing in ISDN.

08

ISDN Standards
Write a brief note on ISDN Standards.

06

Broadband ISDN
What is Broadband ISDN?

02

What are the requirements of Broadband ISDN?

04

Voice Data Integration

Explain Parameters relating to Digitized voice
and Data Traffic.

06

Explain Integrated TDM Frame scheme for Voice

Data Integration.

06

Explain Fixed Boundary scheme for Voice Data

Integration.

06

Unit 6: Cellular Telephone Concepts

Mobile telephone service
Why early Mobile telephone systems were not used
widely?

02

Cellular telephone
Explain various mechanisms to enhance spectral
efficiency of a Cellular system.

04

Explain the terms

- Macro cell
- Micro cell
- Pico cell

06

Explain the terms

- Cell Splitting
- Sectoring
- Segmentation
- Dualization

08

Frequency reuse
Define
- Frequency reuse
- Frequency reuse factor

04

Interference
What are the kinds of interferences produced in a
Cellular telephone system?

04

Write a note on Co-channel Interference

Reduction Factor.

08

Cellular system topology

Explain in detail Cellular system topology.
Draw a neat diagram.

08

Roaming
What is Roaming?

02

Handoffs
What is Handoff?

02

Explain the terms

- Hard Handoff
- Soft Handoff
- Mobile Assisted Handoff

06

Explain the basic steps involved in a Handoff

process.

04

Cellular telephone network components

State and Explain in detail Cellular telephone
network components.

08

Cellular telephone call processing

Explain in detail Cellular telephone to Wire-line
call procedure.

08

Explain in detail Cellular telephone to Cellular

telephone call procedure.

08

Explain in detail Wire-line to Cellular telephone

call procedure.

08

Cellular Telephone systems:

Explain CDMA is having better security than GSM

08

Compare IS-95 and CDMA-2000 systems.

08

Digital cellular telephone

Explain in detail Digital cellular telephone
system.

08

State advantages of Digital TDMA multiple access

system over Analog AMPS FDMA system.

04

Explain in detail Logical Channels in IS-136

Digital cellular telephone system.

08

Explain in detail Speech Coding in IS-136 Digital

cellular telephone system.

08

Explain in detail Modulation Scheme and Radiated

Power Levels in IS-136 Digital cellular telephone
system.

08

IS95
Draw the architecture of IS-95 system.
Explain various functional entities.

08

Explain Radio Link features in a IS-95 system.

08

Explain logical and physical channels of IS-95.

08

Explain forward link channel structure of IS-95

air interface.

08

Explain reverse link channel structure of IS-95

air interface.

08

Explain the terms

- FHSS
- DSSS

06

GSM and GPRS for Mobile communications

Draw block diagram for the GSM system
architecture.
Explain various functional entities.

08

Explain Radio Link features in a GSM system.

08

Write a brief note on GSM services.

06

Personal Satellite communication system

Write a brief note on Personal Satellite
communication system.

06

State advantages and disadvantages of Personal

Satellite communication system.

04

Write a brief note on Iridium Satellite system.

06