Hoa Phan Tich Ly Thuyet Va Thuc Hanh

B Y t
ha phn tch
l thuyt v thc hnh
Sch o to Trung hc Dc
Ch bin:
PGS.TSKH. L Thnh Phc - CN. Trn Tch
M s: T.60.Y.3
Nh xut bn Y hc
H Ni - 2007
Ch o bin son:
V Khoa hc v o to, B Y t
Ch bin:
PGS. TSKH. L Thnh Phc

CN. Trn Tch
Bin son:
PGS. TSKH L Thnh Phc

CN. Trn Tch
ThS. Nguyn Nh H
TS. Nguyn Th Kiu Anh
Tham gia t chc bn tho:
TS. Nguyn Mnh Pha

ThS. Ph Vn Thm
Bn quyn thuc B Y t (V Khoa hc v o to)
li gii thiu
Thc hin mt s iu ca Lut Gio dc, B Y t ban hnh
chng trnh khung v chng trnh gio dc ngh nghip cho vic o to
trung cp ngnh Y t. B Y t t chc bin son ti liu dy hc cc mn
c s v chuyn mn theo chng trnh trn nhm tng bc xy dng b
sch chun trong cng tc o to nhn lc y t.
Sch Ha phn tch (L thuyt v thc hnh) c bin son da trn
chng trnh gio dc ngh nghip ca B Y t bin son trn c s chng
trnh khung c ph duyt. Sch c cc nh gio lu nm v tm
huyt vi cng tc o to bin son theo phng chm: Kin thc c bn,
h thng; ni dung chnh xc, khoa hc; cp nht cc tin b khoa hc, k
thut hin i v thc tin Vit Nam. Sch c cu trc gm 4 phn bm
st chng trnh gio dc vi nhng ni dung c bn nht v phn tch
nh tnh v nh lng gip hc sinh sau khi hc c c nhng kin thc
c bn, k nng thc hnh phn tch nh tnh v nh lng p dng
trong thc t pha ch cc dung dch chun, thc hin cc php chun
th tch, nh lng theo phng php khi lng thng gp v tnh c
kt qu ca php phn tch. ng thi qua rn luyn c tc phong
lm vic khoa hc, thn trng, chnh xc, trung thc trong hot ng ngh
nghip khi ra trng. Sch l tin cc gio vin v hc sinh cc
trng c th p dng phng php dy hc tch cc.
Sch Ha phn tch (L thuyt v thc hnh) c Hi ng
chuyn mn thm nh sch v ti liu dy - hc ca B Y t thm nh
vo nm 2006. B Y t ban hnh lm ti liu dy - hc chnh thc ca
ngnh Y t. Trong thi gian t 3 n 5 nm, sch phi c chnh l, b
sung v cp nht.
B Y t xin chn thnh cm n PGS.TSKH. L Thnh Phc, CN. Trn
Tch, ThS. Nguyn Nh H v TS. Nguyn Th Kiu Anh ca Trng i hc
Dc H Ni dnh nhiu cng sc hon thnh cun sch ny, cm n
PGS.TS. Trn T An v ng Nguyn Vn Th c, phn bin cun
sch c hon chnh kp thi phc v cho cng tc o to nhn lc Y t.
V ln u xut bn nn cn khim khuyt, chng ti mong nhn c
kin ng gp ca ng nghip, cc bn sinh vin v cc c gi ln
xut bn ln sau sch c hon thin hn.
V khoa hc v o to
B y t
Mc lc
Li gii thiu
Phn I. L thuyt phn tch nh tnh
15
Bi 1: Mt s nh lut v khi nim c bn trong Ha phn tch
17
1. Cc nh lut
17
1.1. nh lut bo ton khi lng
17
1.2. nh lut thnh phn khng i
18
1.3. nh lut ng lng
18
2. Nhng khi nim c bn
22
2.1. Nng dung dch. Cc cch biu th nng
22
2.2. S in ly ca nc. Thang pH
25
2.3. iu kin kt ta v ha tan. Tch s tan
28
2.4. Phn ng oxy ha kh
30
2.5. Phc cht
33
Bi tp (Bi 1)
35
Bi 2: i cng v Phn tch nh tnh cc ion trong dung dch
40
1. Cc phng php phn tch nh tnh
40
1.1. Phng php ha hc
40
1.2. Phng php vt l - ha l
40
1.3. Phn tch t v phn tch kh
41
1.4. Phn tch ring bit v phn tch h thng
41
2. Cc phn ng dng trong phn tch nh tnh
42
2.1. Cc loi phn ng
42
2.2. nhy v tnh c hiu ca phn ng
43
2.3. Thuc th trong cc phn ng nh tnh
44
3. Phn tch nh tnh cation theo phng php acid-base
44
4. Phn tch nh tnh anion
47
5
5. Nhng k thut c bn trong thc hnh ha phn tch nh tnh
48
5.1. Ra dng c
48
5.2. Cch un nng
49
5.3. Lc
50
5.4. Ly tm
51
5.5. Ra kt ta
51
5.6. Thc hin phn ng
52
Bi tp (Bi 2)
54
Bi 3: Cation nhm I: Ag+, Pb2+, Hg22+
56
1. Tnh cht chung
56
2. Cc phn ng phn tch c trng ca cc cation nhm I
56
3. S phn tch
61
Bi tp (Bi 3)
61
Bi 4: Cation nhm II: Ca2+, Ba2+
63
1. Tnh cht chung
63
2. Cc phn ng phn tch c trng ca cation nhm II
63
3. S phn tch
65
Bi tp (Bi 4)
65(69)
Bi 5: Cation nhm III: Al3+, Zn2+
66
1. Tnh cht chung
66
2. Cc phn ng phn tch c trng ca cation nhm III
66
3. S phn tch
69
Bi tp (Bi 5)
70
Bi 6: Cation nhm IV: Fe3+, Fe2+, Bi3+, Mg2+, Mn2+
71
1. Tnh cht chung
71
2. Cc phn ng phn tch c trng ca cation nhm IV
71
3. S phn tch
75
Bi tp (Bi 6)
6
75
Bi 7: Cation nhm V: Cu2+, Hg2+
77
1. Tnh cht chung
77
2. Cc phn ng phn tch c trng ca cation nhm V
77
3. S phn tch
Bi tp (Bi 7)
79 (82)
79
Bi 8: Cation nhm VI: Cu2+, Hg2+
80
1. Tnh cht chung
80
2. Cc phn ng phn tch c trng ca cation nhm VI
80
3. S phn tch
82
Bi tp (Bi 8)
82
Bi 9: Anion nhm I: Cl-, Br-, I-, SCN-, S2O32-
83
1. Tnh cht chung
83
2. Cc phn ng phn tch c trng ca anion nhm I
83
3. S phn tch
86
Bi tp (Bi 9)
87
Bi 10: Anion nhm II: CO32-, PO43-, CH3COO-, AsO33-, AsO43-, SO32SO42-, (S2O32-)
88
1. ng li phn tch nhm II
88
2. Cc phn ng c trng ca anion nhm II
88
3. S phn tch
92
Bi tp (Bi 10)
93
Bi 11: Phn tch hn hp cation v anion trong dung dch
94
1. Nhn xt v th s b
94
1.1. Nhn xt nh gic quan
94
1.2. Th pH ca dung dch
95
1.3. Th tnh bay hi ca cht tan
96
1.4. Th mu ngn la
96
1.5. Th mt s phn ng
96
2. Phn tch anion
97
3. Phn tch cation
97
4. Nhn xt kt qu
98
7
Phn II. Thc hnh phn tch nh tnh
99
Ni quy phng th nghim ha phn tch nh tnh
101
Quy tc an ton phng th nghim
102
Vi quy nh v s dng ha cht
104
Bi 1: Dng c v k thut thc nghim c bn trong Ha phn tch

nh tnh
105
Bi 2: nh tnh cation nhm I: Ag+, Pb2+, Hg22+
108
Bi 3: nh tnh cation nhm II: Ba2+, Ca2+ v nhm III: Ae3+, Zn2+
110
Bi 4: nh tnh cation nhm IV: Fe2+, Fe3+, Bi3+, Mg2+, Mn2+
113
Bi 5: nh tnh cation nhm V: Cu2+, Hg2+ v nhm VI: Na+, K+, NH4+
115
Bi 6: Phn tch tng hp cc nhm cation theo phng php acid - base
118
Bi 7: nh tnh anion nhm I: Cl-, Br-, I-, SCN-, S2O32-
120
Bi 8: nh tnh anion nhm II: CO32-, CH3COO-, PO43-, AsO33-, AsO43-,

SO32-, SO42-, (S2O32-)
123
Bi 9: Phn tch hn hp cation v anion trong dung dch
127
Phn III. L thuyt phn tch nh lng
129
Bi 1. i cng v ha phn tch nh lng
131
1. i tng ca phn tch nh lng
131
2. Phn loi cc phng php phn tch nh lng
131
2.1. Cc phng php ha hc
131
2.2. Cc phng php vt l v ha l
132
3. Nguyn tc chung ca cc phng php ha hc dng trong

nh lng
133
4. Sai s trong phn tch nh lng ha hc
134
4.1. Mt s khi nim
134
4.2. Cc loi sai s
134
4.3. Cch ghi d liu thc nghim theo qui tc v ch s c ngha
136
Bi tp (Bi 1)
136
Bi 2. Phng php phn tch khi lng
137
1. Ni dung v phn loi
137
1.1. Phng php kt ta
137
1.2 Phng php bay hi
138
2. Nhng ng tc c bn ca phng php phn tch khi lng
139
2.1. Ha tan
139
2.2. Kt ta
139
2.3. Lc ta
140
2.4. Ra ta
140
2.5. Sy v nung
141
2.6. Cn
141
3. Cch tnh kt qa trong phn tch khi lng
141
3.1. Trong phng php kt ta
141
3.2. Trong phng php bay hi
143
4. Cn phn tch
143
4.1. Cn c hc
143
4.2. Cn in t
143
5. Mt vi th d p dng nh lng bng phng php khi lng
144
5.1. nh lng Clorid
144
5.2. nh lng Na2SO4
145
Bi tp (Bi 2)
146
Bi 3. Phng php nh lng th tch
147
1. Ni dung ca phng php phn tch th tch
147
2. Yu cu i vi mt phn ng dng trong phn tch th tch
148
3. Phn loi cc phng php th tch
148
3.1. Phng php acid-base
148
3.2. Phng php oxy ha kh
148
3.3. Phng php kt ta
149
3.4. Phng php to phc
149
4. Cc k thut chun
149
9
4.1. nh lng trc tip
149
4.2. nh lng ngc
149
4.3. nh lng th
149
5. Cch s dng mt s dng c dng trong phng php th tch
150
5.1. S dng buret
150
5.2. S dng pipet
151
5.3. S dng bnh nh mc
152
6. Hiu chnh dung tch cc dng c ong o th tch chnh xc
153
6.1. Nguyn tc
153
6.2. Hiu chnh dung tch bnh nh mc
153
6.3. Hiu chnh dung tch ca pipet
155
6.4. Hiu chnh dung tch ca buret
155
7. Cch tnh kt qu trong phng php th tch
156
7.1. Quy tc chung
156
7.2. Tnh kt qu theo nng ng lng thuc th
156
7.3. Tnh kt qu theo chun ca thuc th
157
7.4. Mt s th d
158
Bi tp (Bi 3)
159
Bi 4. Pha cc dung dch chun
161
1. Khi nim v dung dch chun
161
2. Cc cch pha dung dch chun
161
2.1. Pha ch t cht chun gc
161
2.2. Pha ch t cht khng phi l cht gc
163
2.3. Pha t ng chun
164
2.4. Cch iu chnh nng dung dch
164
3. Pha mt s dung dch chun
10
165
3.1. Pha dung dch chun HCl 0,1N t HCl c
165
3.2. Pha dung dch chun KMnO4 0,1N
166
3.3. Pha dung dch chun I2 0,1N t I2 tinh khit thng hoa
167
3.4. Pha dung dch complexon III 0,1M t complexon II tinh khit
167
3.5. Pha dung dch chun Na2S2O3 0,1N t Na2S2O3.5H2O

Bi tp (Bi 4)
168
169
Bi 5. nh lng bng phng php acid - base
170
1. Mt s khi nim c bn
170
1.1. nh ngha acid, base theo Bronsted
170
1.2. Nc v pH
171
1.3. Cng ca acid v base
171
1.4. a acid, a base
171
1.5. Cng thc tnh [H+] v pH ca mt s dung dch
172
2. nh lng bng phng php acid-base
174
2.1. Nguyn tc
174
2.2. Cht ch th trong phng php acid-base
175
2.3. Mt s trng hp nh lng acid-base
178
2.4. Mt s ng dng nh lng bng phng php acid-base
182
Bi tp (Bi 5)
186
Bi 6. nh lng bng phng php kt ta - nh lng bng phng

php to phc
188
1. Chun kt ta
188
1.1. Mt s khi nim c bn
188
1.2. Phng php chun kt ta
190
2. Chun to phc
196
196
2.2. nh lng bng phng php to phc
198
Bi tp (Bi 6)
208
Bi 7. nh lng bng phng php oxy ha kh
210
210
1.1. nh ngha
210
1.2. Cng ca cht oxy ha v cht kh
210
1.3. Cn bng phng trnh phn ng oxy ha kh
211
11
2. nh lng bng phng php oxy ha kh
212
2.1. Nguyn tc
212
2.2. Cht ch th trong phng php nh lng oxy ha kh
213
2.3. Phn loi cc phng php oxy ha kh
214
2.4. Mt s ng dng nh lng
217
Bi tp (Bi 7)
221
Phn IV. Thc hnh phn tch nh lng
223
Bi 1. Cn phn tch
225
Bi tp (Bi 1)
Bi 2. Xc nh m ca natri clorid v nh lng natri sulfat
Bi tp (Bi 2)
Bi 3. Thc hnh s dng cc dng c phn tch nh lng - nh
lng acid acetic
Bi tp (Bi 3)
Bi 4. Pha v xc nh nng dung dch acid hydrochloric 0,1 N
Bi tp (Bi 4)
Bi 5. Pha v xc nh nng dung dch natri hydroxyd 0,1 N
Bi tp (Bi 5)
Bi 6. nh lng natri hydrocarbonat
Bi tp (Bi 6)
Bi 7. nh lng natri clorid bng phng php Mohr
Bi tp (Bi 7)
Bi 8. nh lng natri clorid bng phng php Fonhard
Bi tp (Bi 8)
Bi 9. Pha v xc nh nng dung dch kali permanganat 0,1 N
Bi tp (Bi 9)
Bi 10. nh lng dung dch nc oxy gi 3%
Bi tp (Bi 10)
Bi 11. Pha v xc nh nng dung dch natri thiosulfat 0,1 N
Bi tp (Bi 11)
12
228
229
233
234
239
240
244
245
248
250
252
253
256
257
260
261
264
265
268
269
272
Bi 12. nh lng dung dch glucose 5 %
Bi tp (Bi 12)
Bi 13. Pha v xc nh nng dung dch EDTA 0,05 M
Bi tp (Bi 13)
273
276
277
280
Phn ph lc
281
Ph lc 1. Dng c thng thng bng s, thy tinh v mt s my

thng dng dng trong Ha phn tch
281
Ph lc 2. Danh php cht v c theo Dc in Vit Nam
289
Ph lc 3. Bng nguyn t lng cc nguyn t
298
Ph lc 4. Hng s in ly ca cc acid v base
301
Ph lc 5. Th oxy ha kh chun (Eo)
302
Ph lc 6. Tch s tan ca mt s cht t tan
305
Ph lc 7. Hng s to phc
307
Gii p bi tp
309
Phn I. L thuyt phn tch nh tnh
309
Phn III. L thuyt phn tch nh lng
312
Phn IV. Thc hnh phn tch nh lng
313
Ti liu tham kho
314
13
Phn 1
L thuyt phn tch nh tnh
15
16
Bi 1
Mt s nh lut v khi nim c bn

trong ha phn tch
Mc tiu
1. Gii thch c ni dung v ngha ca ba nh lut: nh lut bo ton khi
lng, nh lut thnh phn khng i v nh lut ng lng.
2. Trnh by c cc nh ngha v ba loi nng dung dch: nng phn
trm, nng mol/L, nng ng lng v cch vn dng gii cc bi
ton chuyn i gia cc loi nng y.
3. Trnh by c khi nim pH v s hnh thnh thang pH; khi nim ch th
mu v cch xc nh pH bng ch th mu.
4. Nu c iu kin kt ta-ha tan mt cht da trn khi nim tch s tan
5. Ch ra v c tn c cc thnh phn ca phc cht. Gii thch c ngha
ca hng s khng bn hoc hng s to phc nc v tng cng.
1. Cc nh lut
1.1. nh lut bo ton khi lng
Khi lng tng cng ca cc cht khng i trong mt phn ng ha hc.

S lng cc cht v tnh cht ca chng c th thay i, nhng khi
lng ca cc cht th gi nguyn khng i trc v sau phn ng. Ngay
c nhng bin i sinh hc phc tp trong c th c lin quan n nhiu
phn ng th khi lng vn c bo ton:
C6H12O6 + 6O2
6CO2 + 6H2O
180g glucose + 192g kh oxy 264g carbon dioxyd + 108g nc

(372g nguyn liu trc phn ng 372g cht sau bin i)
* Nh nh lut bo ton khi lng m chng ta c th cn bng cc
phng trnh ha hc v tnh c khi lng ca cc cht tham gia phn
ng v cc cht sn phm theo tng quan t l thun khi da vo phng
trnh phn ng cn bng.
17
1.2. nh lut thnh phn khng i
Mt hp cht d c iu ch bng cch no th vn bao gm cng mt

loi cc nguyn t v cng t s khi lng ca cc nguyn t trong hp cht.
c kt qu sau y thu c v thnh phn khi lng ca cc nguyn
t trong 20,0 g calci carbonat:
Phn tch theo khi lng
S phn khi lng
Phn trm khi lng
8,0g calci
0,40 calci
40%
2,4g carbon
0,12 carbon
12%
9,6g oxy
0,48 oxy
48%
20,0 g
1,00 phn khi lng
100% khi lng
nh lut thnh phn khng i cho ta bit rng, calci carbonat tinh
khit thu c t hoa cng mt ngn ni, t san h ngm di bin,
hoc t bt k mt ngun no khc, th vn tm thy cng cc loi nguyn
t to thnh (calci, carbon, oxy) v cng mt s phn trm nh cho bit
bng trn.
Nh vy, nh nh lut thnh phn khng i m mi hp cht xc
nh c biu th bng mt cng thc ha hc nht nh.
C th suy ra khi lng nguyn t t t l khi lng ca n trong
hp cht:
Khi lng nguyn t = Khi lng hp cht
S phn khi lng nguyn t

1 phn khi lng hp cht
Chng ta c th biu din phn khi lng theo bt k n v o khi

lng no nu tin dng cho tnh ton.
Cng cn ch l thnh phn khng i ch hon ton ng cho
nhng hp cht c khi lng phn t nh trng thi kh v lng. i vi
cht rn hoc polymer, do nhng khuyt tt trong mng tinh th hoc
trong chui di phn t, thnh phn ca hp cht thng khng ng ng
vi mt cng thc ha hc xc nh. V d, t l oxy/titan trong titan oxyd
iu ch bng cc phng php khc nhau dao ng t 0,58 n 1,33; cng
thc ca st sulfid c th vit Fe1-xS vi x dao ng t 0 n 0,005; phn t
glycogen trong cc t bo gan v c c th gm 1000 n 500000 n v
glucose; v.v...
1.3. nh lut ng lng
T nh lut thnh phn khng i ta thy rng cc nguyn t kt

hp vi nhau theo cc t l v lng xc nh nghim ngt. Do , ngi ta
a vo ha hc khi nim ng lng, tng t nh khi nim khi
lng nguyn t v khi lng phn t.
18
1.3.1. nh ngha
Thc nghim ha hc xc nh rng: 1,008 khi lng hydro tc dng
va vi:
8,0
khi lng
oxy
to thnh
nc (H2O)
35,5
clor
hydro clorid (HCl)
23,0
natri
natri hydrid (NaH)
16,0
lu hunh
hydro sulfid (H2S)
3,0
carbon
metHan (CH4)
v.v...
S phn khi lng m cc nguyn t tc dng va vi 1,008 phn

khi lng hydro li tc dng va vi nhau to thnh cc hp cht
khc. V d:
8,0 khi lng oxy + 3,0 khi lng carbon carbon dioxyd (CO2)
35,5 khi lng clor + 23,0 khi lng natri natri clorid (NaCl)
16,0 khi lng lu hunh + 3,0 khi lng carbon carbon disulfid (CS2)
v.v...
Ngi ta gi s phn khi lng m cc nguyn t tc dng va vi

1,008 phn khi lng hydro (v li tc dng va vi nhau) l ng
lng ca cc nguyn t, k hiu l E (equivalence), v vit: EH = 1,008; EO
= 8; ECl = 35,5; ES = 16; v.v.. ch rng, ng lng l s phn khi lng
tng ng gia cc cht trong phn ng nn c th s dng bt k n v
khi lng no biu th n (mg, g, kg...).
Do chnh t khi nim ng lng nu trn m vic xc nh ng
lng ca mt nguyn t hay ca mt hp cht khng nht thit phi xut
pht t hp cht ca chng vi hydro. V d, tm ng lng ca km
(Zn) khng th xut pht t phn ng ca km vi hydro, v iu kin
thng phn ng ny khng xy ra. Tuy nhin, thc nghim d dng cho
thy: 32,5 khi lng km tc dng va vi 8 khi lng oxy (1E0) to
thnh km oxyd (ZnO), vy, EZn = 32,5. Hoc tm ng lng H2SO4
khng th bng cch cho acid ny tc dng vi hydro hoc oxy, nhng thc
nghim cho bit: 49 khi lng H2SO4 tc dng va vi 32,5 khi lng
km (1EZn), vy E H 2SO4 = 49. T y, c th a ra nh ngha chung cho
ng lng:
ng lng ca mt nguyn t hay hp cht l s phn khi lng
ca nguyn t hay hp cht kt hp hoc thay th va vi 1,008 phn
khi lng hydro hoc 8 phn khi lng oxy hoc vi mt ng lng ca
bt k cht no khc bit.
19
Trong thc t ngi ta thng dng ng lng gam, vi quy c:

ng lng gam ca mt cht l lng cht c tnh bng gam
v c tr s bng ng lng ca n.
Nh vy,
EH = 1,008 g
EO = 8 g
EZn = 32,5 g
E H 2SO4 = 49 g
ENa = 23 g
1.3.2. nh lut ng lng ca Dalton

Cc cht tc dng vi nhau theo cc khi lng t l vi ng lng
ca chng.
Ni cch khc: S ng lng ca cc cht trong phn ng phi bng
nhau.
nh lut c th hin qua h thc n gin:
mA
mB
EA
EB
hoc
mA
EA
mB
EB
y: mA, mB l khi lng tnh bng gam ca cht A v cht B trong

phn ng
EA, EB l ng lng gam ca cht A v B
nh lut ng lng cho php tnh khi lng mt cht trong phn
ng nu bit ng lng ca cc cht v khi lng tc dng ca
cht kia. V d, tnh khi lng kh clor tc dng ht vi 3,45g natri,
bit ENa = 23; ECl = 35,5. p dng h thc nu trn d dng tm thy:
3,45g
23
m Cl
35,5
mCl =
3,45g 35,5
23
= 5,33g
Vi khi nim nng ng lng l s ng lng gam cht tan c

trong 1 lt dung dch (k hiu N vit sau tr s ng lng), nh lut
ng lng c s dng rng ri trong php phn tch chun .
Chng hn, cn bao nhiu mL dung dch kim B (t l VB) trung
ha ht VA ml dung dch acid A c nng ng lng l NA. Bit
nng ng lng ca dung dch kim B l NB.
p dng nh lut ng lng: s ng lng ca cc cht trong
phn ng phi bng nhau, ta c:
VA
.N A
1000
VB
.N B
1000
VB =
VA .N A
NB
Phng trnh trn c p dng cho tt c cc phng php phn tch

th tch (phng php acid - base; phng php kt ta; phng php phc
cht; phng php oxy ha - kh).
20
1.3.3. ngha ha hc ca khi nim ng lng lin quan trc tip

n khi nim ha tr ca cc nguyn t. Trc y, ngi ta coi ha tr l
kh nng ca mt nguyn t ca nguyn t c th kt hp hoc thay th
bao nhiu nguyn t hydro hoc bao nhiu nguyn t khc tng ng.
Nh vy, ng lng ca mt nguyn t l s n v khi lng (s phn
khi lng) ca nguyn t y tng ng vi mt n v ha tr. Gia ng
lng (E), ha tr (n) v khi lng nguyn t (A) ca nguyn t c mi
tng quan sau:
E =
A
n
V d, oxy c ha tr 2, khi lng nguyn t 16, nn:

EO =
16
= 8
2
Nu nguyn t c nhiu ha tr th ng lng ca n cng thay i

tu thuc vo ha tr m n th hin trong sn phm to thnh sau phn
ng. V d, carbon c ha tr 2 v 4. phn ng: 2C + O2 = 2CO, carbon
12
th hin ha tr 2, nn EC =
= 6. Cn phn ng: C + O2 = CO2,
2
12
carbon th hin ha tr 4, nn EC =
= 3.
4
M rng khi nim ng lng cho cc hp cht, ta vn nhn ra
ngha ha hc ca n l phn khi lng tng ng vi mt n v ha tr
m hp cht em trao i hoc kt hp vi cc hp cht khc trong phn
ng. Chng hn, H3PO4 = 98. Nu trong phn ng, phn t H3PO4 ch trao
i 1 proton, hp cht c xem nh th hin ha tr 1, th E H3 PO 4 = 98/1 =
98; nu trao i 2 proton, hp cht c xem nh th hin ha tr 2, th
E H3 PO 4 = 98/2 = 49; cn nu trao i c 3 proton th hp cht H3PO4 c coi
l c ha tr 3 v phn khi lng tng ng vi 1 n v ha tr (tc ng
lng ca n) trong trng hp ny l: E H3 PO 4 = 98/3 = 32,7.
Cc nh ha hc hin ti quan nim: ha tr ca mt nguyn t l s
lin kt ha hc m mt nguyn t ca nguyn t c th to ra kt
hp vi cc nguyn t khc trong phn t.
Cng vi khi nim ha tr, ngi ta cng dng khi nim s oxy ha
cho cc ion hoc cho cc nguyn t trong hp cht. Tuy khng c ngha
vt l r rng, nht l trong cc phn t phc tp, nhng s oxy ha kh
tin dng cho nhiu mt thc hnh ha hc.
21
Chnh v khi nim ha tr pht trin v m rng gn vi bn cht

nhiu loi lin kt, nn theo , khi nim ng lng cng cn c c
th cho cc trng hp (cch tnh ng lng ca cc hp cht c trnh
by mc biu th nng ng lng di y).
2. Nhng khi nim c bn
2.1. Nng dung dch. Cc cch biu th nng
Nng l cch biu th thnh phn nh lng ca mt dung dch.

N c th biu th lng cht tan trong mt th tch xc nh ca dung
dch, hoc lng cht tan trong mt khi lng xc nh ca dung dch
hoc ca dung mi. Lng cht tan trong dung dch cng ln th nng
cng ln v ngc li. Bng 1 tm tt cc loi nng thng c dng
trong ha hc v Y- Dc.
Bng1. Cc loi nng
Loi nng
K hiu
nh ngha
Phn trm theo khi lng (KL)
% (KL/KL)
S g cht tan trong 100 g dung dch
Phn nghn theo khi lng
(KL/KL)
S g cht tan trong 1000 g dung dch
Phn trm theo th tch (V)
% (V/V)
S mL cht tan trong 100 mL dung dch
Phn trm theo khi lng-th tch
% (KL/V)
S g (hoc s mg) cht tan trong 100

mL dung dch
Phn nghn theo khi lng-th tch
(KL/V) hoc g/L
S g cht tan trong 1000 mL (= 1 L)

dung dch
Mol
M, mol/L
ng lng
S mol cht tan trong 1 L dung dch

S ng lng gam cht tan trong 1
L dung dch
Di y l mt s v d c th v cc loi nng hay gp.

2.1.1. Nng %, theo khi lng/khi lng
V d: Dung dch KNO3 10% c ngha l c 10 g KNO3 trong 100 g
dung dch. Dung dch cc acid c H2SO4, HNO3 v HCl bn trn th trng
c nng tng ng bng 96%, 65% v 36%.
Bi v o th tch dung dch d dng hn o khi lng, nn ngi ta
thng ghi khi lng ring km theo cho loi dung dch ny, chuyn
i t khi lng cht cn ly sang th tch dung dch cn ong. V d, HCl
36% c D = 1,179 g/mL ( 20oC).
Dung dch NaCl 9 c ngha l c 9 g NaCl trong 1000 g dung dch.
22
2.1.2. Nng %, theo khi lng/th tch (thng c vit g/100 mL;
g/L...):
V d, dung dch glycerin 10 g/100 mL, glucose 50 g/L c ngha l c

10 g glycerin trong 100 mL dung dch, c 50 g glucose trong 1 lt dung dch
cho 2 dung dch tng ng k.
2.1.3. Nng mol/L (M)
Mol l mt lng cht cha s ht cng kiu cu trc (phn t,

nguyn t, ion, electron, proton...) bng s Avogadro 6,022.1023. Thng s
dng l mol/L, s phn t gam/L.
Cc dung dch c nng mol bng nhau th cha cng s lng ht
cht tan trong nhng th tch dung dch bng nhau (ch : ht cht tan
phi cng kiu cu trc).
V d, dung dch NaOH 2M, ngha l trong 1 lt dung dch ny c 2
mol hay 2 mol 40 g/mol = 80 g NaOH.
Dung dch cha phenobarbital 0,001M v NaCl 0,1M, ngha l trong 1
lt dung dch nh th c 0,001 mol 232,32 g/mol = 0,2323 g phenobarbital
(C12H12N2O3 = 232,32) v 0,1 mol 58,45 g/mol = 5,8450 g NaCl (M =
58,45).
Trong 1 lt dung dch NaCl 1M c 1 mol 58,45 g/mol = 58,45 g NaCl.
Xem NaCl in ly hon ton thnh cc ion, th trong 1 lt dung dch nh
th cng c 1 mol ion Na+ (23 g Na+) v 1 mol Cl- (35,45 g Cl).
Ngc li, dung dch Na2CO3 1M c trong 1 lt dung dch ca n 1 mol
CO3 (60 g CO32) v 2 mol Na+ (2 mol 23 g/mol = 46 g Na+), vi iu kin
gn ng rng trong dung dch, c 1 phn t natri carbonat th in ly ra 1
ion CO32 v 2 ion Na+.
2
2.1.4. Nng ng lng (N)
V d, H2SO4 0,5N l dung dch cha 0,5 ng lng gam H2SO4

trong 1 lt dung dch.
Khi nim ng lng ca mt cht xut pht t nh lut ng
lng ca Dalton nu ra nm 1792. Gi ng lng ca mt cht l E, ta
c th nu cc cng thc tnh E trong cc phn ng trao i v oxy ha kh
nh sau:
Enguyn t =
V d: E oxy
Khi lng nguyn t

Ha tr
16
2
23
Khi lng ion
Eion =
27
3
V d, E Al3+
E SO
| in tch ion |
96
2
2
4
E H SO
2
Ebase =
36,45
1
Emui =
48
98
2
36,45
49
Khi lng phn t base

-
S ion OH in ly t mt phn t base
40
1
V d: E NaOH
S ion H+ in ly t mt phn t acid
Khi lng phn t acid
Eacid =
V d, E HCl
40
Khi lng phn t mui
|in tch ion (dng hoc m)| x S ion (dng hoc m)
V d: E Al2 (SO 4 )3
342
3 2
57
Khi lng tiu phn (phn t, nguyn t, ion)
EOX(Kh) =
S electron nhn (hoc cho) ca mt tiu phn
dng oxy ha (hoc dng kh)
y, EOX(Kh) l ng lng ca dng oxy ha, hoc ca dng kh.

V d, tm ng lng ca cht oxy ha v cht kh trong phn ng:
2KMnO4 + 10FeSO4 + 8H2SO4 = 2MnSO4 + 5Fe2(SO4)3 + K2SO4 + 8H2O
Cn c theo s electron m mt phn t KMnO4 nhn bng 5 v s

electron m mt phn t FeSO4 cho bng 1, ta xc nh c ng lng
ca cht oxy ha l:
E KMnO
158
5
31,6
v ng lng ca cht kh l:
24
E FeSO
151,8
1
151,8
V ha tr ca nguyn t, s H+ hay OH in ly ca acid hay base, s

electron nhn hoc cho ca cht oxy ha hoc cht kh c th thay i tu
theo iu kin ca phn ng, nn ng lng ca mt cht cng c nhng
gi tr bin i.
ng lng l mt i lng khng c th nguyn. Trong ha hc
ngi ta thng dng:
ng lng gam ca mt cht l khi lng ca cht biu din

bng gam v c tr s bng ng lng ca n.
Mili ng lng gam, k hiu mE, bng 1/1000 ng lng gam v

ly n v khi lng l miligam.
2.2. S in ly ca nc. Thang pH

2.2.1. S in ly ca nc
Nc l dung mi lng tnh, va cho v va nhn proton:
H2O
H2O
+
H+
+
H+
+
H3O
H2O
+ H2O
H3O + + OH -
Acid 1
Base 2
Acid 2
OH -
Base 1
v tng ng vi 2 cp acid - base lin hp theo thuyt Brnsted Lowry: H2O/OH v H3O+/H2O.
Mc d s in ly ca nc rt b, ngi ta vn o c dn in
ca n v xc nh c gi tr ca hng s cn bng theo nh lut tc
dng khi lng:
[H 3 O + ] [OH - ]
[H 2 O] 2
K [H2O]2 = 3,24.10-18 (
3,24.10 -18
( 25oC)
1000 2
) = Kn = [H3O+] [OH] = 1,0.10-14
18
Hng s Kn gi l tch s ion ca nc. Tch s ny thay i theo

nhit .
V mt ion H3O+ v mt ion OH c phn ly t mt phn t H2O, do
trong nc nguyn cht:
[H3O+] = [OH] =
10 14
= 107 mol/L
25
(Nng nc nguyn cht =
1000
55,5M, vy c mi 555 triu
18,02
phn t nc ch c 1 phn t in ly ra cc ion). Da vo cn bng in ly

ca nc, ngi ta nh ngha dung dch acid, base v trung tnh tu theo
ln tng i gia [H3O+] v [OH]:
Dung dch
25oC
Gii hn chung
Acid
[H3O+] > [OH]
[H3O+] > 10-7
[OH] < 10-7
Trung tnh
[H3O+] = [OH]
[H3O+] = 10-7
[OH] = 10-7
Base
[H3O+] < [OH]
[H3O+] < 10-7
[OH] > 10-7
V Kn l hng s nhit nht nh, nn khi bit nng ca mt

trong hai ion, ta c th tnh c nng ion kia.
V d: Bit [H3O+] ca mt dung dch bng 3,0.10-4M. Tnh [OH] v
cho bit dung dch l acid, trung tnh hay base?
Gii:
[OH] =
Kn
10 -14
=
3,0 10 - 4
[H 3 O + ]
= 3,3 10-11 M
y l dung dch acid v [H3O+] > [OH].

2.2.2. Thang pH
Nng H3O+ trong dung dch nc c th bin i trn mt phm vi

rng t 10M n 10-15M, gy kh khn v di dng trong tnh ton, do
Srensen ngh dng i lng pH biu th tim nng ion hydro
(hydrogen ion potential) vi nh ngha:
pH = -lg [H3O+] hoc [H3O+] = 10-pH
v pOH = -lg [OH] hoc [OH] = 10-pOH
V Kn = [H3O+][OH] = 1,0 10-14 nn ngi ta cng hay dng i lng:
pKn = -lgKn = -lg([H3O+][OH]) = -lg[H3O+] - lg[OH] = pH + pOH = 14
( 25oC)
Thng thng ngi ta ch s dng thang pH, cc i lng khc c
suy ra theo phng trnh quan h (Bng 2).
26
Bng 2. Quan h gia [H3O+], pH, pOH v [OH].
15
14
[OH ]
101
1
10-1
10-2
10-3
10-4
-5
10
10-6
10-7
H3O+ nng
10-7
10-6
10-5
10-4
10-3
10-2
10-1
1
101
10-9
10-10
10-11
10-12
10-13
10-14
10-15
14
15
base tng
10-15
10-14
10-13
10-12
10-11
10-10
-9
10
pOH
OH nng
pH
Trung tnh
acid tng
[H3O ]
Ch : V Kn ph thuc nhit nn pKn, pH, pOH ca nc nguyn

cht cng thay i theo nhit (Bng 3).
Bng 3. Tch s ion (Kn) ca nc nguyn cht mt s nhit .
Nhit (oC)
Kn 10-14
pKn
pH = pOH
0,11
14,96
7,48
10
0,29
14,54
7,27
25
1,00
14,00
7,00
50
5,66
13,25
6,62
100
51,30
12,29
6,15
300
400,00
11,40
5,70
2.2.3. Cht ch th acid - base
C hai cch thng dng o pH trong phng th nghim l o bng

my (pH-meter) v o bng cht ch th acid-base (cn gi l cht ch th
mu). Nguyn l o pH bng my s cp chuyn mc ring.
Cht ch th acid-base l nhng thuc th c bit c mu sc thay i
tu theo nng ion H3O+ trong dung dch, tc l tu theo pH mi trng.
Ni chung, c th xem cht ch th mu l mt acid hu c yu m dng
acid (k hiu HInd) c mu, gi tt l mu acid, khc vi mu ca dng
base lin hp vi n (Ind), gi tt l mu base. Nh vy, s thay i mu
ca ch th l do s bin i cu trc phn t gia hai dng acid v base.
27
Trong dung dch, s bin i gia hai dng th hin qua cn bng in
ly ph thuc vo pH:
HInd
Acid 1
H3 O +
H2 O
Base 2
Ind
Acid 2
Base 1
Mu acid
Mu base
Trong vng pH chuyn mu, mu ca dng acid v dng base ang

trong qu trnh chuyn i nhau: mu ca dng ny dn dn sang mu ca
dng kia, hoc ngc li.
Bng 4 cho bit khong pH chuyn mu ca mt s ch th acid - base
thng gp.
Bng 4. Mu, khong pH chuyn mu ca mt s ch th acid - base hay gp
Mu
Cht ch th
Khong pH chuyn mu
Acid Base
Da cam Methyl (Heliantin)
Hng Vng
3,1 4,4
Qu
Xanh
5,0 8,0
Phenolphthalein
Khng mu
8,2 10,0
Vng Alizarin
Vng Tm
10,0 12,0
2.3. iu kin kt ta v ha tan. Tch s tan
Khi nim v Tch s tan

Khi ha tan mt cht in ly t tan MmXn vo nc s to ra mt dung
dch bo ha, trong tn ti cn bng d th gia lng cht rn cn d
v cc ion ca n trong dung dch:
MmXn (r)
m Mn+
(rn)
n Xm-
(dung dch)
Lng MmXn tan vo dung dch rt t, gi l tan S, c coi l

in ly hon ton thnh cc ion Mn+ v Xm. Ging nh cc h cn bng
khc, i vi dung dch bo ha ca cht ang xt ta c biu thc tc dng
khi lng:
[M n + ] m [X m- ] n
K =
[M m X n ] (r)
Nng pha rn l hng s, nn:
[Mn+]m [Xm]n = K [MmXn] (r) = TTM m X n
28
K hiu sau cng gi l tch s tan ca MmXn. Nh vy:

Tch s nng cc ion ca cht in ly t tan trong dung dch bo
ha, mi nng c lu tha tng ng vi h s trong phng trnh
in ly, l mt hng s nhit nht nh gi l tch s tan, k hiu T.
Cc gi tr ca T cho bit tan tng i ca cc hp cht ion. Khi
cc cht in ly ra cng s ion, ngha l m+n nh nhau, th T ca cht no
cng ln, tan ca n cng ln, v ngc li. iu ny c th hin qua
Bng 5.
Bng 5. Quan h gia T v tan 25oC ca mt s hp cht.
S ion
Cng thc
cation/anion
tan (M)
MgCO3
1/1
3,5 10-8
1,9 10-4
PbSO4
1/1
1,6 10-8
1,3 10-4
BaCrO4
1/1
1,2 10-10
1,4 10-5
Ca(OH)2
1/2
6,5 10-6
1,2 10-2
BaF2
1/2
1,5 10-6
7,2 10-3
CaF2
1/2
3,2 10-11
2,0 10-4
Ag2CrO4
2/1
1,1 10-12
8,7 10-5
iu kin kt ta hay ha tan mt cht in ly t tan:

Mt cht s kt ta khi tch s nng cc ion ca n trong dung dch
ln hn tch s tan. Ngc li, khi tch s nng cc ion cn b hn tch s
tan th cht cha kt ta, hoc nu c ta th ta s tan ra.
V d:
Cho bit kt ta c hnh thnh hay khng trong cc trng hp sau:
a) Trn ln 0,100 L Ca(NO3)2 0,30 M vi 0,200 L NaF 0,060 M.
b) Trong nc mt dng sng tm thy [Ca2+] = [PO43] = 1,0 10-9 M.
Choo bit TTCaF2 = 3,2 10-11 ; TTCa 3 ( PO4 )2 = 1,2 10-29.
Gii:
a) Cc ion c mt trong hn hp l Ca2+, Na+, NO3 v F. Ch c CaF2
l c th kt ta theo cn bng:
CaF2(r)
Ca2+ +
2F-
Tnh nng mol/L cho cc ion:

S mol Ca2+ a vo hn hp = 0,30M Ca2+ 0,100L = 0,030 mol Ca2+
29
[Ca2+] =
0,030 mol
0,100 L + 0,200 L
= 0,10 M Ca2+
S mol F a vo hn hp = 0,060M 0,200L = 0,012 mol F

v
[F] =
0,012 mol
0,100 L + 0,200 L
= 0,040M F
Trong hn hp, ta c tch s nng cc ion, k hiu Qm, l:

Qm = [Ca2+] [F]2 = 0,10 0,0402 = 1,6 10-4 > TCaF2 = 3,2 10-11
Vy, kt ta CaF2 phi c to thnh.
b) Tm Qm ca Ca3(PO4)2 theo cn bng:
Ca3(PO4)2 (r)
3Ca2+
2PO43-
v s dng cc d liu cho, ta c:

Qm = [Ca2+]3 [PO43]2 = (1,0 10-9)3 (1,0 10-9)2
= 1,0 10-45 < TTCa 3 ( PO4 )2 = 1,2 10-29.
Vy, cha th hnh thnh kt ta Ca3(PO4)3 dng sng ang xt.
2.4. Phn ng oxy ha - kh
2.4.1. Cc nh ngha
Phn ng oxy ha - kh l phn ng c s chuyn dch electron gia

cc cht phn ng, do lm bin i s oxy ha ca cc nguyn t.
Cht oxy ha (phn t, nguyn t, ion) l cht nhn electron v gim

s oxy ha, n l cht b kh.
Cht kh (phn t, nguyn t, ion) l cht cho electron v tng s oxy

ho, n l cht b oxy ha.
Theo suy ra: s kh l s nhn electron, s oxy ha l s cho i electron.

Rt cn lu khng nhm ln cc thut ng: cht oxy ho, s oxy
ha, cht kh, s kh.
V d: trong dung dch nc xy ra phn ng:
Fe
Cu2+
Fe2+ +
Cu
Ion Cu2+ nhn electron (t Fe) l cht oxy ha, s oxy ha ca n gim
t +2 n 0, n b kh v gi l s kh ion Cu2+ (bi Fe).
St cho electron nn l cht kh, s oxy ha ca n tng t 0 n +2,
n b oxy ha v gi l s oxy ha st (bi Cu2+).
30
2.4.2. S oxy ha (S.O)
S oxy ha (cn gi l mc oxy ha, trng thi oxy ha) l in tch

hnh thc ca nguyn t trong n cht, ion hay hp cht khi qui c
cc cp electron dng chung lch hon ton v nguyn t c m
in ln hn.
Ch rng, S.O ca nguyn t c gi tr i s khc ha tr. S.O c
th l s m, s dng hoc bng khng. Tri li, ha tr tnh theo s
electron tham gia lin kt nn ch c gi tr dng.
S S.O ca mt nguyn t c xc nh theo nhng quy tc sau:

+ Quy tc chung:
1. Nguyn t trong n cht (Na, Cu, O2, N2, S): S.O = 0.

2. Nguyn t trong ion n nguyn t: S.O = in tch ion.
3. Tng i s S.O ca cc nguyn t trong phn t = 0, cn trong ion
nhiu nguyn t = in tch ion.
+ Quy tc c th cho cc nguyn t hoc nhm nguyn t trong Bng
tun hon:
1. Nhm IA: S.O = +1 trong tt c cc hp cht.
2. Nhm IIA: S.O = +2 trong tt c cc hp cht.
3. Hydro: S.O = +1 trong cc hp cht vi phi kim
S.O = -1 trong cc hp cht vi kim loi v Bor
4. Fluor: S.O = -1 trong mi hp cht
5. Oxy: S.O = -1 trong cc hp cht peroxyd
S.O = -2 trong tt c cc hp cht khc (tr vi fluor)
6. Nhm VIIA: S.O = -1 trong cc hp cht vi kim loi, vi phi kim
(tr vi oxy) v vi cc halogen khc pha di nhm.
+ Lu :
1. S.O dng cao nht ca cc nguyn t trong cc nhm chnh A bng

s th t ca nhm (tr O v F).
2. S.O m thp nht ca cc phi kim v mt s kim bng s th t
ca nhm tr 8.
V d: Lu hunh c S.O dng cao nht l +6 (v nguyn t S nhm VI
A) nh trong hp cht SF6; v c S.O m thp nht = 6 - 8= -2 nh trong FeS.
3. V nguyn tc, xc nh s oxy ha cn phi bit cu to phn t
v m in ca cc nguyn t. m in c th suy ra gn ng t v
31
tr ca nguyn t trong Bng tun hon. Cn nu khng bit r cu to

phn t th S.O xc nh c t cc nguyn tc nu c th l S.O gi.
Chng hn, t S.O ca Lu hunh l x, tm c S.O ca n trong S2O82qua phng trnh: (x.2) + (-2.8) = -2 t x = +7. y l s oxy ha gi, v Lu
hunh nhm VIA, S.O cao nht ca n ch l +6 ph hp vi cng thc
cu to:
O
O O
S
O
O O
O
hoc
O O
S
O
OO
Hn na, cn gp s oxy ha gi v l, nh S trong Na2S4O6 c S.O = +2,5.

Tuy nhin, S.O tht hay gi u c gi tr nh nhau trong cn bng
phng trnh ca phn ng Ox-Kh.
2.4.3. Cn bng phn ng oxy ha kh theo phng php S.O c
thc hin theo cc bc sau:
1. Vit cc cht u (cht phn ng) v cc sn phm. V d:
HClO3 + P HCl + H3PO4
(D nhin cht u bit, nhng sn phm l g th phi da vo cc
php phn tch ha hc hoc cn c vo quy lut bin i ca cc nguyn t
v hp cht cc iu kin).
2. Xc nh S.O ca cc nguyn t trc v sau phn ng. v d
trn, tm thy:
HCl5+O3 + P0 HCl1- + H3P5+O4
3. Tm s electron m mt phn t cht kh cho v s electron m mt
phn t cht oxy ha nhn, t lp phng trnh trao i electron tm
h s chnh ca cht kh v cht oxy ha. Tip v d trn, thnh lp:
6 P 0 5e P 5+
5 Cl 5+ + 6e Cl1
Ch : cc h s chnh phi c mt bi s chung nh nht biu th tng

s electron m cht kh cho bng tng s electron m cht oxy ha nhn.
4. t h s chnh ph hp vo cc cht kh v cht oxy ha ban u,
kim tra s nguyn t ca mi nguyn t 2 v phng trnh cn bng
chng nhng cha cn ch n s nguyn t H v O (nu 2 nguyn t
ny khng trc tip l cht kh hay cht oxy ho). Tip theo v d trn,
thu c:
5HClO3 + 6 P = 5HCl + 6 H3PO4
32
5. Kim tra s nguyn t H 2 v tm s phn t nc tham gia

hoc to thnh. Vi v d ang xt, cn 9 phn t H2O tham gia phn ng.
Vy:
5HClO3 + 6P + 9H20 = 5HCl + 6H3PO4
6. Kim tra li s nguyn t O 2 v v tin rng thc cht phng
trnh c cn bng.
Vi 6 bc tin hnh nh trn, mi phng trnh phn ng oxy ha kh vit di dng phn t u c th c cn bng. Tuy nhin, nhiu
trng hp khng cn thc hin cc bc v khi quen th ch cn
nhm tnh trn mt phng trnh phn ng.
Lu : Khi vit phng trnh phn ng cn bng di dng phng
trnh ion th in tch 2 v phi bng nhau
2.5. Phc cht
2.5.1. nh ngha
Bn cnh cc mui n gin nh K2SO4, Al2(SO4)3, KI, HgI2, KCN,
Fe(CN)2... cn c cc mui kp (gi l phn) nh: K2SO4.Al2(SO4)3.24H2O
(phn chua), (NH4)2SO4.FeSO4.6H2O (phn st amoni hay mui Mohr)...
Mui n gin v mui kp ging nhau ch, khi ha tan trong nc,
chng in ly hon ton ra cc ion n gin. V d:
K2SO4 2K+ + SO42(NH4)2SO4.FeSO4.6H2O 2NH4+ + Fe2+ + 2SO42- + 6H2O
T lu, ngi ta cng bit nhiu hp cht phc tp khc c thnh
phn ging mui kp, nh 2KI.HgI2, Zn(NO3)2.4NH3, nhng trong nc
chng in ly cho nhng ion phc tp, v d:
2KI.HgI2 2K+ + [HgI4]2-, nn phn t c vit: K2[HgI4]
Zn(NO3)2.4NH3 [Zn(NH3)4]2+ + 2NO3-, nn phn t c vit:
[Zn(NH3)4](NO3)2.
Cc hp cht kiu ny c t tn l phc cht vi nh ngha:
Phc cht l nhng hp cht phn t m trong s t hp cc cu t
ca chng to nn nhng ion phc tch in dng hay m, nhng ion ny
c kh nng tn ti trong dung dch cng nh trong tinh th.
2.5.2. Cu to, danh php v cc hng s ca phc cht
Cc thnh phn ca phc cht c th hin qua s , v d vi

K2[HgI4], nh sau:
33
K2[HgI4]
Cu ngoi
+
(2K )
Ion trung tm
(Hg2+ )
Phi t
(4I - )
Cu ni
(ion phc)
Cch c tn phc cht phi tun theo quy nh cht ch, c trnh
by phn ph lc (cui gio trnh ny).
Trong dung dch nc, phc cht in ly hon ton thnh cc ion cu
ngoi v cu ni. V d:
K2[HgI4] 2K+ + HgI42Sau , cu ni c th in ly yu tng nc ra cc phi t ng vi cc
hng s cn bng in ly, thng gi l hng s khng bn k ca phc. V d:
HgI4
HgI3
HgI3 + I
HgI2 + I
k1 =
[HgI 3 ][ I ]
2
[HgI 4 ]
[HgI 2 ][ I ]
k2 =
= 5,0.10-3
= 1,6.10-4
[HgI 3 ]
HgI2
HgI+ + I
k3 =
[HgI + ][ I ]
= 1,0.10-11
[HgI 2 ]
HgI+
Hg2+ + I
k4 =
[Hg 2+ ][ I ]
= 1,2.10-13
[HgI + ]
Phng trnh in ly tng cng :

HgI42
Hg2+ + 4I
k =
[Hg 2+ ][ I ] 4
2
[HgI 4 ]
= k1.k2.k3.k4 = 9,6.10-31
k1, k2, k3, k4 l hng s khng bn nc, cn k l hng s khng bn tng

cng. k cng ln, phc cng khng bn, v ngc li.
Nu xt qu trnh hnh thnh, s to thnh phc cng theo tng nc
v tn ti cc cn bng. V d:
Hg2+ + I
HgI+ + I
34
HgI+
HgI2
K1 =
[HgI + ]
[Hg 2+ ][ I ]
K2 =
[ HgI 2 ]
[HgI + ][ I ]
HgI2 + I
HgI3
HgI3 + I
HgI42
K3 =
[HgI 3 ]
[HgI 2 ][ I ]
K4 =
[HgI 24 ]
[HgI 3 ][ I ]
Phng trnh to phc tng cng:

Hg2+ + 4I
K=
HgI42-
[HgI 24 ]
[Hg 2+ ][ I ]4
K1, K2, K3, K4 l hng s bn hay hng s to phc nc, cn K l hng

s to phc tng cng. K cng ln, phc cht cng bn, v ngc li.
Gia hng s bn v hng s khng bn c mi quan h nghch o, do :
k1.K4 = k2.K3 = k3.K2 = k4.K1 = k.K = 1
Ch : Du ngoc vung [ ] trong phc cht ch cu ni, cn trong
cc biu thc ca k hoc K ch nng mol/L ca cc cu t.
Bi tp (Bi 1)
1.1. Carbon monooxyd cha 43% carbon theo khi lng. Hy vit
cng thc ha hc ca oxyd y v biu th t l carbon/oxyd theo
cc n v kg, g v khi lng nguyn t.
1.2. Lu hunh (VI) oxyd cha 25% mol lu hunh. Cch biu th t l
no sau y l ng, v sao?
25molS
;
100molSO 3
a)
25kgS
;
100kgSO3
25LitS
;
100LitSO 3
b)
c)
1.3. Xc nh t l % ca mi nguyn t trong Trimagnesi phosphat.

1.4. Tnh t l % ca H v C trong:
a. Benzen C6H6
b. Acetylen C2H2
c. So snh kt qu tnh a) vi b) v gii thch
d. i lng no phn bit benzen v acetylen.
1.5. Tnh s nguyn t oxy trong 300 gam CaCO3?
35
1.6. Tm cng thc thc nghim ca cc cht c t l % ca cc nguyn

t nh sau:
a) Fe = 63,53%; S = 36,4%
b) Fe = 46,55%; S = 53,45%
c) Fe = 53,73%; S = 46,27%
1.7. nh ngha ng lng trong phn ng trung ha v trong phn
ng oxy ha-kh khc nhau nh th no?
1.8. Tnh th tch ca dung dch 0,232 N cha:
a. 3,17 E cht tan
b. 6,5 E cht tan.
1.9. Tnh nng ng lng ca mi dung dch sau:
a. 7,88 g HNO3 trong mi lt dung dch.
b. 26,5 g Na2CO3 trong mi lt dung dch.
1.10. C bao nhiu ng lng cht tan trong:
a. 1L dung dch 2 N
b. 1L dung dch 0,5 N
c. 0,5 L dung dch 0,2 N
1.11. Cho bit nng ng lng ca dung dch H3PO4 0,300M
trong phn ng sau:
H3PO4 + 2OH- HPO4- + 2H2O
1.12. Tnh th tch nc cn thm vo 250mL dung dch 1,25 N thu
c dung dch c nng 0,500 N.
1.13. Cn my mL dung dch NaOH 6,0 N trung ha ht 30mL
dung dch HCl 4,0 N?
1.14. Xc nh nng ng lng ca dung dch H3PO4 nu 40,0mL
dung dch ny trung ha va 120mL dung dch NaOH 0,531 N.
1.15. Mt dung dch KMnO4 1,752 N b kh thnh MnO2. Tnh nng
mol/L ca dung dch .
1.16. Cn bng phng trnh phn ng sau:
Sn + HCl + HNO3 SnCl4 + NO + ....
V cho bit:
a. 1mol Sn cha my ng lng?
b. 1mol HNO3 cha my ng lng?
36
1.17. Cn bng phng trnh phn ng sau:

KMnO4 + KI + H2SO4 K2SO4 + MnSO4 + I2+ ....
V cho bit:
a. Cn bao nhiu gam KMnO4 pha 500mL dung dch KMnO4
0,250 N?
b. Cn bao nhiu gam KI pha 25,0mL dung dch KI 0,360 N?
1.18. Tm s oxy ha ca mi nguyn t (tr oxy) trong mi hp cht sau:
a) P2O74- ;
b) C3O2 ;
c) MnO4- ;
d) MnO42- ; e) VO2+ ;
f) UO22+ ;
g) ClO3- ;
h) S2O32- ;
i) CS2 ;
j) S4O62- ;
k) S2Cl2
1.19. Cn bng cc phng trnh phn ng sau:
a. HNO3 + H2S NO + S +...
b. KMnO4 + KCl + H2SO4 MnSO4 + K2SO4 + Cl2 +...
c. K2Cr2O7 + HCl CrCl3 + Cl2 + KCl + ....
d. Zn + NaNO3 + NaOH Na2ZnO2 + NH3 + ...
e. HgS + HCl + HNO3 H2HgCl4 + NO + S + ...
f. KMnO4 + H2SO4 + H2O2 MnSO4 + O2 + K2SO4+ ...
g. CrI3 + KOH + Cl2 K2CrO4 + KIO4 + KCl +...
Hy c v vit tn tt c cc cht c trong cc phn ng trn theo
Danh php ca Dc in Vit Nam.
1.20. a) in nhng gi tr thch hp vo tt c cc cn trng ca
bng sau:
Dung dch
[H3O+]
5.10-4
[OH-]
pH
pOH
3.10-5
2
3
12
b) Cho 3,31 g Pb(NO3)2 vo 1 lt dung dch th nhng dung dch no

trong bng trn c kt ta Pb(OH)2?
Cho bit: TTPb ( OH ) 2 = 10-12
37
1.21. Tnh pH ca dung dch 1,0.10-3 M ca mi cht sau, gi thit cc

cht tan l in ly hon ton.
a) HCl
b) NaOH
c) Ba(OH)2
d) NaCl
1.22. Tnh pH v pOH ca mi dung dch sau, gi thit cc cht l

in ly hon ton.
a. HNO3 0,00345 M
b. HCl 0,000775 M
c. NaOH 0,00886 M
1.23. Tnh pH ca 500mL dung dch cha 0,050 mol NaOH.
1.24. Tnh [H3O+] cc dung dch c pH bng:
a) 4
b) 7
c) 2,50
d) 8,26
1.25. Cho bit gi tr TAgCl, nu tan ca AgCl trong nc bng

1,0.10-5M.
1.26. Tm tan S ca Mg(OH)2 trong nc. Bit TMg ( OH )2 = 1,2.10-11.
1.27. Dung dch bo ha Mg(OH)2 trong nc c pH bng my?
Bit TMg ( OH )2 = 1,2.10-11.
1.28. Hy tnh tan cu AgCl trong dung dch AgNO3 0,20M.
1.29. tan ca PbSO4 trong nc l 0,038 g/L. Tnh TPbSO 4 .
1.30. tan ca Ag2CrO4 trong nc bng 0,044g/L. Tnh TAg 2CrO 4 .
1.31. Tnh tan ca Fe(OH)3 trong dung dch nc c pH = 8,0.
Bit TFe ( OH )3 = 1,0.10-36.
1.32. Xc nh tan ca AgCl trong dung dch BaCl2 0,10M.
Bit TAgCl=1,0.10-10.
1.33. tan ca Fe(OH)2 trong nc l 2.10-5mol/L. Tnh gi tr ca
TFe ( OH )2 .
1.34. Tnh khi lng (theo gam) ca PbI2 ha tan trong:
a. 500mL nc
b. 500mL dung dch KI 0,10 M
c. 500mL dung dch cha 1,33 g Pb(NO3)2
Cho bit TPbI 2 = 1,4.10-8.
38
1.35. Bit cc hp cht phn t di y u l phc cht:

a. CaF2.ZnF2 vi Ca2+ cu ngoi.
b. PtCl4.5NH3 vi 3Cl- cu ngoi
c. 4NaCN.Fe(CN)2 vi tt c CN- cu ni
d. 3KCN.Fe(CN)3 vi c 6CN- cu ni
Hy vit cng thc phn t ca cc hp cht trn di dng
phc cht (cu ni c t trong du ngoc vung [ ]). Xc nh
in tch ca ion trung tm v in tch ca cu ni.
1.36. c tn cc phc cht bi 35.
1.37. Vit phng trnh in ly v biu thc ca cc hng s khng
bn nc v tng cng ca cc phc sau:
a) NH4[Ag(CN)2]
b) K3[Fe(SCN)6]
1.38. So snh cc hng s cho bit phc no bn hn trong mi cp
sau y:
a. [Zn(NH3)4](OH)2 v [Cu(NH3)4](OH)2 c hng s khng bn k
ln lt l 10-10 v 10-13.
b. Na[Ag(CN)2] v K[Ag(SCN)2] c hng s to phc K ln lt
bng 1021,1 v 1011,3.
c. HgBr+ v HgI+ c hng s to phc nc K1 ln lt bng 109 v 1012,9.
39
Bi 2
i cng v Phn tch nh tnh

cc ion trong dung dch
Mc tiu
1. Gii thch c s khc nhau gia cc phng php trong phn tch nh tnh:
Phng php ha hc v phng php vt l - ha l

Phn tch t v phn tch kh
Phn tch ring bit v phn tch h thng
2. Trnh by c s khc nhau gia:
Phn ng tch v phn ng xc nh

nhy tuyt i v nhy tng i ca mt phn ng
Thuc th nhm, thuc th chn lc v thuc th c hiu
3. Lp c s phn tch tng qut 6 nhm cation theo phng php acid-base
4. K c tn cc thuc th nhm anion v vit phn ng minh ha.
Theo nh ngha rng, nhim v ca phn tch nh tnh l s dng

cc phng php phn tch (ha hc hay vt l-ha l) cho bit: c
nhng nguyn t, phn t, nhm nguyn t trong phn t, hay ion no
trong mt mu vt cn nghin cu.
Gio trnh ny ch yu ch gii thiu phn phn tch nh tnh cc ion
v c trong dung dch.
1. Cc phng php phn tch nh tnh
1.1. Phng php ha hc: L phng php nh tnh da trn cc phn
ng ha hc. Phng php ny khng cn trang thit b phc tp nn tit
kim v d thc hin. Tuy nhin, n i hi thi gian tng i di v lng
cht phn tch tng i ln.
1.2. Phng php vt l - ha l: L phng php phn tch nh tnh da
trn cc tnh cht vt l v ha l ca mu vt cn kim nghim. V d, cc
phng php thng dng l:
40
a. Phng php soi tinh th: Dng knh hin vi pht hin cc tinh
th c mu sc v hnh dng c trng ca mt hp cht. Chng hn, ion
Na+ to tinh th hnh mt nhn mu vng lc nht vi thuc th Streng.
b. Phng php so mu ngn la: t cc hp cht d bay hi ca cc
nguyn t trn ngn la n gas khng mu ri quan st. Chng hn, ngn
la stronti cho mu son, kali mu tm, natri mu vng, bari mu lc
nht.
c. Cc phng php dng c: L nhng phng php dng cc my,
thit b hot ng theo nhng nguyn l xc nh phn tch nh tnh. V
d, sc k, quang ph pht x, quang ph hp th, hunh quang, cc ph.
Cc phng php vt l ha l c nhy v chnh xc cao,
nhng i hi trang thit b phc tp.
1.3. Phn tch t v phn tch kh
a. Phn tch t: L phng php nh tnh c tin hnh vi cc

dung dch. Mu vt rn cn kim nghim phi c ha tan trong nc,
trong acid, trong dung dch cng thy hay trong cc dung mi hu c.
b. Phn tch kh: Tin hnh phn tch vi cc cht rn hoc vi dung
dch bng ng li kh. Chng hn:
Th mu ngn la: Khi t mui Sr2+ hoc dung dch cha ion Sr2+,
xut hin ngn la mu son.
iu ch ngc mu vi natri borat: ngc mu lam l c mui cobalt,

ngc mu lc l c mui crom.
1.4. Phn tch ring bit v phn tch h thng
a. Phn tch ring bit: L xc nh trc tip mt ion trong hn hp nhiu ion
bng mt phn ng c hiu phn ng ch xy ra vi ring ion . Ta c th
ly tng phn dung dch phn tch th ring tng ion m khng cn theo
mt th t nht nh no. Chng hn, xc nh Iod (cng dng ion I3-) trong
dung dch bng h tinh bt, phn ng c hiu cho mu xanh.
Thc t, khng nhiu ion c phn ng tht c hiu. Do , phn tch

ring bit ch c s dng trong s kt hp vi phn tch h thng
b. Phn tch h thng: L tin hnh xc nh ion theo mt th t nht nh.
Trc khi xc nh mt ion phi loi b hoc kha li cc ion cn tr l cc
ion c phn ng vi thuc th ging nh ion cn tm.
Chng hn, ngi ta thng dng thuc th amoni oxalat (NH4)2C2O4

xc nh ion Ca2+ qua phn ng:
Ca2+ + C2O42-
CaC2O4 mu trng
41
Tuy nhin, Ba2+ cng cho phn ng tng t, do trc ht cn phi

loi ion ny (nu c) khi dung dch nh phn ng vi cromat trong mi
trng acid acetic:
Ba2+ + CrO42-
BaCrO4 mu vng
phn tch h thng mt hn hp nhiu ion, ngi ta thng dng

cc thuc th nhm chia cc ion thnh nhiu nhm, mi nhm c th li
chia thnh cc phn nhm, v cui cng c tch thnh tng ion ring
bit xc nh. Trnh t tin hnh nh vy to nn nhng s phn
tch tng qut v s phn tch nhm.
2. Cc phn ng dng trong phn tch nh tnh
2.1. Cc loi phn ng
a. Phn ng theo bn cht ha hc:
Phn ng ha tan. V d:
CaCl2/nc = Ca2+ + 2ClCaCO3 + 2HCl = CaCl2 + CO2 + H20
Phn ng kt ta. V d:
Ag+ + Cl- = AgCl
Phn ng trung ha. V d:

Ba(OH)2 + 2HCl = BaCl2 + 2H20
Phn ng to cht bay hi. V d:

NH4NO3 + NaOH = NH3 + NaNO3 + H20
Phn ng oxy-ha kh. V d:

2Mn2+ + 5PbO2 + 4H+ = 2MnO4- + 5Pb2+ + 2H20
Phn ng to phc. V d:
Hg2+ + 4I- = [HgI4]2b. Phn ng theo mc ch phn tch:
Phn ng tch: Nhm chia cc cht, cc ion thnh nhng nhm nh,
hay tch ring mt ion, mt cht dng cho phn ng xc nh.
Phn ng c trng hay xc nh: Nhm tm mt ion khi n c

c lp hay khi cn trong hn hp.
Phn ng to iu kin cho tch v xc nh, nh:

+ Phn ng kha hay loi ion cn tr.
42
+ Phn ng m kha hoc ph phc gii phng ion cn tm.

+ Phn ng iu chnh pH mi trng ha tan, kt ta hoc trung
ha cht cn phn tch.

2.2 nhy v tnh c hiu ca phn ng
Cc phn ng dng trong phn tch nh tnh cn phi nhanh, nhy,

c hiu, c du hiu d nhn bit (nh kt ta, to mu, mu thay i
trong cc dung mi hay iu kin phn ng, sinh kh c c im ring ...),
xy ra hon ton. Tuy nhin, ty theo mc ch phn tch m phn ng
c la chn ch cn t mt vi yu cu c th, khng nht thit phi c
cc c tnh nu. Chng hn, khi tch ring mt ion bng cch kt
ta th phn ng phi hon ton. Nhng ch nh tnh ion th khng
cn phi nh vy.
Hai yu cu quan trng i vi mt phn ng nh tnh l nhy v
tnh c hiu.
2.2.1. nhy ca phn ng: L lng cht ti thiu c th pht hin c
bng phn ng trong nhng iu kin xc nh. C 2 cch biu th nhy:
a. nhy tuyt i hay gii hn pht hin: L lng cht nh nht,

thng tnh bng microgam (1 mcg = 10-6 g)trong mt mu em th, cn
c pht hin bng mt phn ng no .
b. nhy tng i: L nng gii hn (hay pha long gii hn),
thng tnh theo g/mL, cn c pht hin bng mt phn ng trong iu
kin xc nh.
V d: Phn ng kt ta xc nh Na+ bng thuc th Streng trong
ng nghim c nhy tuyt i l 10 mcg, ngha l ti thiu phi c 10
mcg Na+ trong mt mu em th. Mt khc, quan st c r rng trong
ng nghim th th tch dung dch mu em th t nht l 0,5 mL. V vy,
nhy tng i bng 2.10-5 g (Na+)/mL.
Cng phn ng nhng thc hin bng cch soi tinh th di knh
hin vi, th th tch dung dch mu th ch cn 0,001 mL, theo nhy
tng i vn l 2.10-5 g/mL (hay pha long l 1/50.000 so vi n v
nng g/mL), nhng nhy tuyt i s l 0,02 mcg (nhy hn 500 ln
so vi phn ng trong ng nghim).
V d trn y cho thy, nhy ph thuc cch thc hin phn ng.
Ngoi ra, nhy cn chu nh hng ca cc yu t nhit , nng
thuc th, s c mt ca cc ion l...
C mt s cch lm tng nhy ca phn ng. Chng hn, dung
dch iod rt long trong nc c mu vng kh nhn bit, nhng khi chit
iod vo cloroform mu tm xut hin rt r rng.
43
2.2.2. Tnh c hiu ca phn ng: L trong nhng iu kin xc nh, c

th dng phn ng (hay thuc th) xc nh mt cht khi c mt cc
cht khc. Tnh c hiu ca mt phn ng c th biu th bng gi tr:
F=
Lng ion cn pht hin

Lng ion l cng c mt
Tt nhin, F cng nh, phn ng cng c hiu.

V d: KI l thuc th c hiu ca ion Hg2+ v n cho ta mu son
HgI2 rt d nhn ra, d nng Hg2+ rt nh nm ln trong nhiu ion khc.
Hn na mu d dng bin mt nu cho d KI do to thnh phc
[HgI4]2- tan v khng mu.
2.3. Thuc th trong cc phn ng nh tnh
a. Yu cu ca thuc th trong phn tch: Phi tinh khit, nhy v c hiu.

tinh khit l yu cu quan trng nht. Cc thuc th ha hc xp
theo tinh khit tng dn nh sau:
Loi k thut thng lm nguyn liu ban u.

Loi tinh khit th nghim ha hc ni chung.
Loi tinh khit phn tch.
Loi tinh khit ha hc lm cht chun.
Loi tinh khit quang hc dng trong phn tch quang ph.
b. Thuc th theo tc dng phn tch: gm cc loi
Thuc th nhm: L thuc th c tc dng ging nhau ln mt nhm

cc ion. V d, HCl l thuc th ca nhm Ag+, Pb2+, Hg22+.
Thuc th chn lc: L thuc th c tc dng ging nhau trn mt s

ion m cc ion ny c th thuc cc nhm phn tch khc nhau. Chng
hn, NH3 c th to phc tan v khng mu vi mt s ion nhiu
nhm phn tch.
Thuc th c hiu hay thuc th ring: L thuc th ch cho phn

ng c hiu vi mt ion hoc vi mt cht. V d, h tinh bt cho mu
xanh ch vi iod, dimethyglyoxim trong mi trng amoniac to thnh
ch vi ion Ni2+ mt kt ta mu hng.
3. Phn tch nh tnh cation theo phng php acid-base
phn tch nh tnh cc cation, ngi ta c th dng ng li phn

tch ring bit hay phn tch h thng, thng thng l kt hp c hai cch ny.
Trong ha hc, ng li phn tch h thng cc cation trong dung
dch c xy dng kh cht ch: t mt phn dung dch cn phn tch
44
(cn gi l dung dch ban u, dung dch gc) ngi ta ln lt tch tng
nhm, tng phn nhm, ri tch ring tng cation xc nh cc cation c
mt trong dung dch.
C hai ng li ch yu phn tch h thng cc cation l ng li
theo phng php dng H2S v ng li theo phng php acid-base.
ng li theo phng php dng H2S da trn s khc nhau v
tan ca nhiu sulfid kim loi tch cc cation thnh 5 nhm. ng li
ny kh cht ch, cho kt qu chnh xc, pht hin trit cc cation k c
khi chng nm trong phc cht. Tuy nhin, ng li ny c nhc im
ch yu l H2S rt c hi, mi kh chu v trong qu trnh phn tch
thng gp cc dung dch keo ca S rt kh x l. V th, ngy nay, phng
php dng H2S hu nh khng cn c s dng.
ng li phn tch h thng cation theo phng php acid-base ch
yu da trn kh nng to kt ta, to phc vi cc acid-base l HCl,
H2SO4, NaOH, NH4OH.
Bng 6 v S 5 ch ra s hnh thnh 6 nhm cation c bn v ng
li phn tch tng qut. Nhm cation c bn tch li c phn tch thnh
tng phn nhm, ri tng cation nhn bit nh cc phn ng xc nh hoc
phn ng vi thuc th c hiu (xem cc s cc bi tip sau).
Bng 6. S hnh thnh 6 nhm cation theo phng php acid-base
Nhm
Thuc th
nhm
HCl
Nhm
acid
Cc Cation thuc
nhm
Ag+, Hg22+, Pb2+
2+
Nhm
base
VI
Sn phm to thnh vi thuc

th nhm
AgCl, Hg2Cl2, PbCl2
2+
II
H2SO4 long
Ba , Sr
Ca2+, (Pb2+)
BaSO4, SrSO4, CaSO4, (PbSO4)
III
NaOH d +
H 2 O2
Al3+, Cr3+, Zn2+

Sn2+, Sn4+
As3+, As5+
AlO2-, CrO42-, ZnO22SnO32-, AsO43-
IV
(NaOH)
Fe2+, Fe3+, Sb3+

Sb5+, Bi3+, Mn2+
Mg2+
Fe(OH)2, Fe(OH)3, Sb(OH)3

Sb(OH)5, Bi(OH)3, Mn(OH)2
Mg(OH)2
NH4OH c, d
Cu2+, Cd2+, Hg2+

Co2+, Ni2+
Cc phc amino
n = 4, 6
[Me(NH3)n]2+
Khng c
Na+, K+, NH4+
45
S 5*: S phn tch tng qut 6 nhm cation theo phng php acid-base
Dung dch phn tch cation
+ HCl 6N
Ly tm
Nc ly tm +
H2SO4 2 N
Nhm I: (ta clorid)

AgCl, Hg2Cl2, PbCl2
(Phn tch theo s 1)
Ly tm
BaSO4, CaSO4, (SrSO4)
(Phn tch theo s 2)
Ly tm
Nhm III: (nc ly tm cha oxoanion)

2-
(Phn tch theo s 4)
Nc ly tm
+ NaOH 2N d
(+ H2O2)
Nhm II: (ta sulfat)
Nhm VI: (dung dch phn

tch): NH4+, Na+, K+
2-
2-
AlO2 , ZnO2 , (SnO3 , CrO4 )
(Phn tch theo s 2)
Nc ly tm
+ Na2CO3 ti thong c
+ NH4OH c
(+ H2O2)
Kt ta (oxyd, hydroxyd nhm

(IV + V)
+ HNO3 (+ H2P2)
Ly tm
Ta HSbO3 (hoc Sb2O5.H2O)

Ho tan bng HCl c Xc nh Sb:
- Phn ng thy phn
- Thuc th Caille-Viel
Ly tm
(Sb3+,5+ c th xp nhm IV do to ta
hydroxyd/acid, khng to phc amoniacat/
hoc xp ring
Nhm IV: (ta hydroxyd)

Fe(OH)2,Fe(OH)3,
Bi(OH)3,MnO2,Mg(OH)2
Nhm V: (nc ly tm cha phc amino)

Cu(NH3)42+, Hg(NH3)42+
(Ni(NH3)42+,Co(NH3)62+,Cd(NH3)42+)
(Phn tch theo s 3)
(Phn tch theo s 4)
* S th t (5) c ghi tng ng vi s 5 trong Phn 2. Thc hnh phn tch

nh tnh
46
4. Phn tch nh tnh anion
Do khng c thuc th nhm tht r rng, nn cng khng th phn

chia mt cch cht ch ton b cc anion thnh nhng nhm ring phn
tch h thng ging nh cc cation.
Da theo tc dng, cc thuc th nhm anion c th c phn loi
theo Bng 7.
Nh nhng phn ng ca thuc th trn nhm anion- ch yu l phn
ng kt ta v oxy ha kh, chng ta c th nhn bit chnh xc s c mt
hay vng mt nhiu ion.
V d, mt phn ng kt ta khng xy ra vi thuc th nhm AgNO3
+ HNO3 2N, c ngha l cc anion tng ng Cl-, Br-, I-, SCN- khng c mt
trong dung dch cn phn tch.
Cn nu, mt phn ng oxy ha kh xy ra lm mt mu dung dch I2
th chc chn l dung dch phn tch c mt hay nhiu anion ca nhm S2-,
SO32-, S2O32-, AsO33-.
Nh ch dn ca thuc th nhm, cc anion trong mt nhm c xc
nh bng thuc th c hiu, hoc sau phn ng tch, c xc nh bng
mt vi phn ng c trng.
Lu : V c nhiu cation gy ri phn ng nhm v phn ng xc
nh, nn cc cation cn c loi b trc khi tin hnh phn tch
anion. iu ny c th thc hin c bng cch chuyn dung dch phn
tch thnh nc soda (dung dch cha Na2CO3). Trong nc soda, hu ht
cc cation gy ri (thng l kim loi kim th, kim loi nng) b kt ta
dng carbonat hoc hydroxyd. Cch to nc soda thng thng l: 1 th
tch dung dch phn tch (vi mL) + 1 th tch dung dch Na2CO3 (vi mL) +
vi git NaOH c. Lc hoc ly tm. Dung dch trong sut cha cc anion
dng cho phn tch gi l nc soda; v cch pha ch nh vy gi tt l lm
nc soda.
Tuy nhin nu dung dch gc phn tch, hoc dung dch iu kin
tin hnh phn ng c trng, c tnh cht ca nc soda th c th
thc hin ngay cc bc phn tch m khng cn lm nc soda na.
mc gio trnh ny, s anion c quan tm ch chia thnh 2
nhm:
Nhm I: gm Cl-; Br-; I-; SCN-, S2O32- c tch ring bng thuc th
nhm AgNO3 + HNO3 2N
Nhm II: gm CO32-, SO32-; SO42-; AsO33-; AsO43-; PO43-; CH3COO-, SO32-,
SO42- c xc nh theo phng php phn tch na h thng v phn tch
trc tip.
47
S phn tch anion nhm I v nhm II c trnh by Bi 9 v

Bi 10 pha sau.
Bng 7. Phn loi thuc th theo nhm anion
STT
Nhm anion
Sn phm hoc du hiu phn ng
HCl 2N hay H2SO4 2N
CO32-; CN-; S2-; SO32S2O32-; NO2-; ClO-
To cc kh tng ng:
CO2 (khng mu, lm c nc vi
trong); HCN (mi hnh nhn); H2S (mi
thi); SO2 (mi sc mnh); SO2 v S;
NO v NO2 (mu nu , kh th); Cl2
(mu vng lc, kh th)
BaCl2 + CaCl2 trong

mi trng trung tnh
AsO33-; AsO43-; CrO42-;

ClO-; MnO4-; SO42;PO43-; BrO3-; IO3-; F- ...
To kt ta tng ng:
Ca3(AsO3)2 trng; Ca3(AsO4)2 trng;
BaCrO4 vng; Ba(MnO4)2 ; BaSO4
trng; Ca3(PO4)2 trng; Ba(BrO3)2 trng;
Ba(IO3)2 trng; CaF2 trng;...
AgNO3 + HNO3 2N
SCN-; Cl-; Br-; I-
To kt ta tng ng:
AgSCN trng; AgCl trng; AgBr vng
nht; AgI vng r
Hn hp Mg (NH4OH
+ NH4Cl + MgCl2)
AsO43-; PO43-
To kt ta tng ng:
MgNH4AsO4 trng; MgNH4PO4 trng
KI + H2SO4 2N
CrO42-; AsO33-; MnO4-;

ClO-; ClO3-; BrO3-; IO3-;
NO2-
Gii phng I2
(Nhn bit iod bng mu trong dung
dch nc hoc trong cloroform, hoc
th bng h tinh bt)
Dung dch I2
S2-;
SO32-;
3AsO3
Lm mt mu I2
Dung dch KMnO4 +

H2SO4 2N
S2-; SO32-; S2O32-; NO2-;

AsO33-; Cl-; Br-; I-; CN-;
SCN-
Khng c thuc th
nhm
NO3-; ClO4-
Thuc th nhm
S2O32-;
Lm mt mu KMnO4
5. Nhng k thut c bn trong thc hnh ha phn tch

nh tnh
5.1. Ra dng c
Khi tin hnh th nghim, dng c th nghim phi hon ton sch.
kim tra xem dng c sch hay cha, ta c th trng bng mt t
nc ct. Nu trn thnh thy tinh ch li mt lp nc mng v u th
coi nh dng c sch. Nu nc dnh trn thnh dng c thnh tng
git th dng c cha sch cn phi ra li.
C nhiu phng php ra dng c: ra bng phng php c hc v
ra bng phng php ha hc.
48
Thng thng ra bng cch dng chi lng c st vo thnh dng c

ngm nc hoc dung mi thch hp, sau trng ra nhiu ln. i vi
cc dng c thu tinh ch nn xoay chi lng nh nhng vo thnh dng c,
khng chc mnh s lm v hoc thng y dng c.
i vi cc dng c khng ra sch c bng chi lng v nc th
phi dng cc dung dch ra c tc dng vi cht bn. Vic chn dung dch
ra da vo cc c im sau:
Bn cht dng c cn ra (l thy tinh, g, st, nha ...)

Dng c b bn bi cht g, tnh cht ca n nh th no (c th tan
trong dung mi g, c tnh acid hay base, tnh oxy ha hay kh ...)
Vi cc cht bn l mui v c hoc hu c d tan trong nc th ra
bng nc x phng. Vi cc cht bn l du m, nha hoc cc cht hu c
khng tan trong nc th c th dng mt s dung mi hu c nh ru,
bezen, ether ...
Trong trng hp cht bn bm chc vo thnh dng c th c th b
vo bnh mt t giy lc vn, cho dung dch ra vo v lc mnh. Giy vn
s ko theo cc cht bn i m khng lm xc thnh dng c thy tinh.
Ngoi ra cn c th dng cc dung dch ra c tnh oxy ha kh nh:
Hn hp ra KMnO4 5%: ra s b dng c bng nc, sau ngm

dng c vo dung dch KMnO4 5% acid ha bi H2SO4 v un nng
nh. Ra sch cc vt mu nu (sn phm phn hy ca KMnO4v
cht bn) bng dung dch acid oxalic H2C2O4, hoc cc dung dch khc
nh NaHSO3, FeSO4,.... Trng li dng c bng nc ct ri sy kh.
Hn hp ra sulfocromic (gm 20 - 30 g K2Cr2O7 hoc Na2Cr2O7 trong

1 lt acid H2SO4 c) c mu nu : dng ra cc dng c bng
thy tinh, gm s. Sau khi ra bng dung dch ny, trng li dng c
bng nc ct ri sy kh. Hn hp ra sulfocromic c th ti s dng
nhiu ln cho n khi mu nu chuyn thnh mu xanh thm mi
ht tc dng ra.
Ch :
Khng hn hp ra ri trn da hoc qun o.
Khi cn ra cc loi ng nh, khng c dng ming ht m phi
dng qu bp cao su ht dung dch ra hoc c th ngm c dng c vo
dung dch ra.
5.2. Cch un nng
un nng ha cht, tu theo nhit ta c th s dng cc thit b

un nng thch hp. Trong qu trnh un khng nn dng c b thay i
nhit t ngt v d gy nt v.
49
un cht lng:
+ Khi un cht lng ng trong bnh cu, cc thy tinh phi lt mt
tm li amian trnh v. Khng c t cc nng nhc t bp

xung mt bn m phi lt bng cc vt c tnh cht cch nhit
nh g, amian....
+ Khi un cht lng trong ng nghim phi dng cp g cp ng
nghim. Trc ht un nh ton b ng nghim, sau mi tp

trung un, va un va lc u, hng ming ng nghim v pha
khng c ngi.
un cht rn: Dng ng nghim kh, khi un ng nghim nm

nghing, u cao hn y mt cht. Lc u un u khp ng
nghim, sau mi tp trung un ch c cht rn, hng ming ng
nghim v pha khng c ngi.
5.3. Lc
Lc l phng php tch cht rn ra khi cht lng bng cch cho
hn hp i qua mt mng lc.
C nhiu loi mng lc: giy lc, bng thng, bng thy tinh, bng
amian, phu y thy tinh xp.... Vic la chn mng lc tu thuc vo bn
cht dung dch v cht rn cn tch. Nu cht rn hay dung dch lc ph
hu mng lc loi no th khng dng loi y.
V d: acid hoc kim c s ph hu giy lc cellulose nn khi lc
phi dng mng lc amian; CrO3 c tnh oxy ha mnh, t chy cc cht
hu c th khng dng bng, giy lc thng thng m phi dng bng
thy tinh hoc phu lc c mng thy tinh xp.
Tu thuc vo kch thc ca kt ta nh lc m chn loi mng lc
c kch thc l rng cho ph hp. Cc loi giy lc, phu thy tinh xp c
cc s hiu khc nhau ch kch thc l rng.
V d: vi giy lc, thng phn bit chng da vo mu sc ca bng
giy dn ngoi hp:
Giy lc bng hay bng en: l loi c kch thc l rng ln ( # 10 m).
Giy lc bng trng c l rng trung bnh ( # 3 m).
Giy lc bng xanh c kch thc l rng nh ( # 1 - 2,5 m).
Nhng kt ta thng thng v dung dch c pH t 0 n 14 thng
c lc qua bng hoc giy lc cellulose. Tu theo mc ch lc m ta c
cc cch gp giy lc nh sau:
Gp giy lc phng ly phn kt ta, dng cho phu thy tinh

thng.
50
Gp giy lc c nhiu np gp ly phn dung dch, dng cho phu

thy tinh thng.
Ct giy lc trn v phng ly c phn kt ta v dch lc, dng

cho phu y phng c l.
Ch : Khi gp giy lc khng nn mit tay qu mnh vo giy lc d
gy thng giy khi lc.
Lc di p sut thng bng phu thy tinh hnh nn:
Giy lc sau khi gp, t vo phu phi thp hn ming phu t 3-5
mm. Giy lc phi t st vo thnh phu v gn tm phu nht, trnh
hin tng c khong cch khng kh lm cho vic lc chm. Phi thm t
giy lc bng nc ct trc khi lc.
Khi lc, cung phu cn chm vo thnh cc dng chy lin tc v
lc nhanh hn. Rt cn thn dung dch pha trn kt ta xung ht theo
a thu tinh xung phu. Sau khi dung dch chy ht th mi a kt
ta ln phu.
Ch : khng c kt ta v dch lc cao qu 3/4 mp giy lc; kt
ta khng cao qu 1/2 chiu cao giy lc.
5.4. Ly tm
Khi cn tch kt ta ra khi dung dch, ta dng my ly tm quay tay

hay my ly tm in.
Khi dng my ly tm cn theo ng nhng quy tc sau y:
a) Dng cc ng c kch thc, hnh dng nh nhau
b) Khng dung dch qu 2/3 ng
c) Mi ng ng dung dch cn ly tm phi c mt ng i trng (ng
nc) nng tng ng v t 2 ng i xng qua trc quay.
d) y np my (nu l ly tm in), cho quay chm ri nhanh dn.
e) Khi tt my phi gim tc dn.
Sau khi ly tm, kt ta nm di y ng nghim, phn dung dch
trn quy c gi l nc ly tm. Trng hp cn ta ni trn mt nc ly
tm th cn lc qua mt giy lc nh.
5.5. Ra kt ta
Thng dng ba cch ra kt ta l ra gn, ra ly tm v ra trn

phu lc.
51
5.5.1. Ra gn
Rt nc ra vo kt ta trong cc, dng a thy tinh khuy u v

lng. Gn b phn dung dch trong, ri li thm mt lng nc ra na
v lp li ng tc trn nhiu ln.
5.5.2. Ra ly tm
Trn ta trong ng nghim vi vi mL nc ct ri em quay ly tm,

gn b nc ly tm. Lp li vi ln cho n khi ta sch.
5.5.3. Ra trn phu lc
Chuyn ton b kt ta ln phu lc, rt nc ra va ngp ta.

Ch cho dung dch ra chy ht qua phu lc ri mi rt tip ln khc. Lp
li ng tc ny nhiu ln cho n khi kt ta sch.
Ch : vic ra ta nhanh v sch, mi ln rt nc ra ch cn rt
mt lng nh v phi ch cho dung dch trn phu chy xung ht mi cho
ln tip theo.
kim tra vic ra hon thnh cha, ta ly vo mt ng nghim
nh vi git nc ra sau khi ra c vi ln v th xem c cn cht
cn ra hay khng.
Vic chn nc ra tu thuc vo tan ca kt ta trong cc dung mi.
Thng thng trong phng th nghim hay dng nc ct ra. Cc kt ta
c tan t thay i theo nhit c th dng nc ra nng. Kt ta d tan
trong nc th ra bng nc ngm trong hoc cc dung mi hu c.
5.6. Thc hin phn ng
5.6.1. Kt ta
Thng dng phn ng kt ta tch ring hoc nh tnh cc ion.
Kt ta l tinh th, nu em soi knh hin vi th ta phi c hnh

dng xc nh.
Kt ta l v nh hnh hoc keo, nu ngay sau phn ng ta kh

lng, c m c dung dch.
5.6.2. Soi tinh th
Bng hai cch:

a) Lm phn ng trong ng nghim, dng pipet nh 1 git dung dch
c ln tinh th ln phin knh v em soi trn knh hin vi.
b) Lm phn ng trn phin knh: nh 1 git dung dch, thm 1 git
thuc th bn cnh, dng a thu tinh ni lin 2 git phn ng.
52
Ch : Dung dch long, tinh th xut hin chm nhng r hnh dng.
Nu long qu th h nng phin knh tng nng cht phn ng.
Dung dch c qu, tinh th xut hin nhanh v nhiu, nhng t c
tinh th p v hnh dng c trng.
5.6.3. Th xem kt ta hon ton
Sau khi quay ly tm, nh t t theo thnh ng nghim 1-2 git thuc
th v quan st. Nu phn nc ly tm khng cn xut hin ta th
phn ng kt ta hon ton, nu ngc li l cha hon ton.
Cng th bng cch xem mi trng: nu nc ly tm c pH kim th

phn ng ta kim loi nng bng kim hon ton.
5.6.4. Ha tan kt ta
Thm thuc th hay dung mi vo, nu ta khng tan ht th dng

a thy tinh trn k hoc un nng mt cht.
Nu mun ha tan ht kt ta, c th phi thm tip thuc th v
dung mi.
Nu mun ha tan ch mt phn ta th em quay ly tm ri gn hay
dng pipet tch ring ta v dung dch.
5.6.5. Th cht kh
Cht kh thot ra c th nhn bit bng mu, mi hoc dng thuc th.
Thuc th c th tm vo giy lc ri dnh vo u pipet, u dy hoc ng
y mt ng nghim khc v nghing hay dc ngc hng kh vo.
5.6.6. Th mu ngn la
Mt s cht khi t trong ngn la khng mu ca n gas th bay hi

v cho ngn la c mu c trng.
Cch th: dng dy Nickel-Crom hoc dy Platin ra sch (bng
cch nhng vo dung dch HCl c v t vi ln) nhng vo bt th
hay dung dch cht th ri a vo ngn la khng mu ca n gas.
5.6.7. Th pH ca mi trng
cc phn ng nh tnh trong ng nghim, thng dng cc ch th

mu l nhng cht c mu sc bin i theo pH ca dung dch.
Cch th:
Nh 1-2 git phenolphthalein vo dung dch th. Nu dung dch

khng mu th pH < 8; dung dch c mu th pH > 10; dung dch c
mu hng cnh sen th pH = 8-10.
53
Nhng giy qu tm vo dung dch th hoc tm t giy qu ri h

vo kh bay ra. Nu giy qu c mu th dung dch th hoc kh
bay ra to dung dch c pH < 6; nu giy qu c mu xanh th pH > 8.
Nh 1 git dung dch th ln giy ch th vn nng ri so snh mu

vi thang o mu mu (in sn trn hp hoc ba) xc nh gi tr
pH ( cho mi mu mu).
5.6.8. iu chnh pH ca mi trng
Khi mi trng ang acid m cn iu chnh v mi trng kim hay

trung tnh th thm tng git dung dch KOH, NaOH, NH4OH,
NaCH3COO, Na2CO3 hay mui ca acid yu v kim mnh khc hoc
l dung dch m vng kim. Tt nhin, nu ang xc nh Na+ th
khng dng nhng cht cha Na+ iu chnh mi trng.
Khi mi trng ang kim m mun iu chnh v mi trng acid

hoc trung tnh th thm dn tng git dung dch HCl, HNO3,
CH3COOH, NH4Cl, NH4NO3 hay cc mui ca acid mnh v base yu
khc hoc l dung dch m vng acid.
bi tp (Bi 2)
2.1. Chn mt tr li ng nht:
(nh du vo tr li ng nht)
a. Phng php ha hc trong phn tch nh tnh l phng php
da trn:
A. Cc tnh cht vt l ca mu kim nghim
B. o ph hp th nguyn t, phn t
C. Cc phn ng ha hc
D. Soi tinh th di knh hin vi
b. Phn tch t l phng php phn tch nh tnh tin hnh vi:
A. Dung dch
B. Cht rn
C. Dung dch bng ng li kh
D. C dung dch v cht rn
c. Phn tch ring bit l phn tch:
A. Xc nh mt ion bng phn ng c trng
B. Xc nh mt ion bng thuc th c hiu
54
C. Xc nh ion bng thuc th nhm

D. Xc nh mt nhm ion bng thuc th c hiu
d. Phn tch h thng l phng php:
A. Xc nh ion trong hn hp nhiu ion bng thuc th c hiu
B. Xc nh cc ion theo th t nht nh
C. Xc nh ion bng thuc th nhm
D. Xc nh ion bng phn ng xc nh
2.2. Phn bit ng (), sai (S)
(nh du vo thch hp)
a. Phn ng tch l phn ng kha 1 ion cn tr

b. Phn ng chia cc ion thnh tng nhm nh
hoc tch ring 1 ion gi l phn ng tch
c. Phn ng xc nh l phn ng tm 1 ion c
lp hoc cn trong hn hp vi cc ion khc
d. nhy tuyt i l gii hn nng cn c
pht hin bng mt phn ng
e. Lng cht nh nht tnh bng mcg trong mt mu
kim nghim cn c pht hin bng mt phn
ng gi l nhy tuyt i
f. nhy tng i l nng nh nht tnh theo
g/mL cn c pht hin bi mt phn ng
g. nhy ca mt phn ng xc nh ph thuc
iu kin tin hnh
2.3. ng li phn tch h thng cc cation theo phng php acidbase da trn nguyn tc no?
2.4. K ra cc thuc th nhm v tn cc cation trong nhm phn tch
theo phng php acid-base
2.5. V s phn tch tng qut 6 nhm cation theo phng php
acid-base
2.6. K tn cc thuc th nhm anion v c tn cc anion theo mi
thuc th tng ng
2.7. Phn ng gia thuc th nhm anion v anion trong nhm thuc
nhng loi phn ng no v cho nhng sn phm g ? Nhn bit
cc sn phm y nh th no?
2.8. Phn chia cc anion thnh 2 nhm (theo gio trnh ny) l da
trn ng li phn tch h thng? Na h thng? Hay phn tch
trc tip? Gii thch.
55
Bi 3
cation nhm I: Ag+, Pb2+, Hg22+
Mc tiu
1. Trnh by v gii thch c phn ng ca thuc th nhm vi cc cation nhm I.
2. Vit c mt s phn ng c trng ca cc cation nhm I.
3. Gii thch c cc bc phn tch theo s 1.
1. Tnh cht chung
Cc cation nhm ny c kh nng to kt ta vi hu ht cc acid (tr

HNO3), nhng ch c HCl 6N th to ta vi nhm ny m khng to ta
vi cc cation nhm khc. V th, HCl chnh l thuc th tch nhm
cation Ag+, Pb2+, Hg22+ ra khi cc cation khc.
T cc mui kt ta ny, ngi ta li tch chng ra v nhn bit tng
cation nhm I da vo cc phn ng c trng ca chng.
2. Cc phn ng phn tch c trng ca cc cation
nhm I
2.1. Vi HCl long
Ag+ + HCl = AgCltrng, v nh hnh + H+

Hg22+ + 2HCl = Hg2Cl2trng, v nh hnh + 2H+
(Hg2Cl2 cn gi l calomel)
Pb2+ + 2HCl = PbCl2trng, tinh th + 2H+
AgCl v Hg2Cl2 c tan t ph thuc vo nhit , trong khi tan
ca mui PbCl2 ph thuc rt nhiu vo nhit ( 20oC l 11,0g/L v
100oC l 32,0g/L), nn ngi ta c th tch PbCl2 ra khi AgCl v Hg2Cl2
bng nc nng.
AgCl v c bit l PbCl2 tan c trong HCl c v cc dung dch
mui clorid m c, nht l khi un nng:
56
AgCl + 2HCl = H2[AgCl3]

PbCl2 + 2HCl = H2[PbCl4]
Khi pha long cc dung dch ny th thu c kt ta AgCl v PbCl2
tr li.
AgCl c kh nng to thnh cc phc cht tan:
AgCl + 2NH4OH = [Ag(NH3)2]Cl + 2H2O
AgCl + 2KCN = K[Ag(CN)2] + KCl
AgCl + 2Na2S2O3 = Na3[Ag(S2O3)2] + NaCl
Khi acid ha dung dch [Ag(NH3)2]+ th kt ta AgCl xut hin tr li:
[Ag(NH3)2]+ + 2HNO3 = AgCl + 2NH4NO3
Hg2Cl2 ch tan trong HNO3 c hoc dung dch cng thy do Hg22+ b
oxy ha thnh Hg2+.
Hg2Cl2 tc dng vi NH4OH th to kt ta en, do:
Hg2Cl2 + 2NH4OH = (NH2Hg2)Cl + NH4Cl + 2H2O
(NH2Hg2)Cl = [NH2Hg]Cl trng + Hgo en
2.2. Vi KI hay KBr
Ag+ + I- = AgI vng

Ag+ + Br- = AgBr vng nht
AgI ch tan trong KCN v Na2S2O3, khng tan trong acid v NH4OH
c. AgBr khng tan trong cc acid, nhng tan trong NH4OH c, KCN v
Na2S2O3.
Hg22+ + 2I- = Hg2I2 vng xanh
Hg2I2 + 2I- = [HgI4]2- + Hgo
C th nhn bit c s c mt ca Hg22+ nh kt ta mu vng xanh
ca Hg2I2 trn nn vng ca cc ta AgI v PbI2, nhng nng ca Hg22+
phi ln.
Pb2+ + 2I- = PbI2 vng
PbI2 + 2I- = [PbI4]2-khng mu
Tinh th PbI2 khi un nng s tan v lm lnh s to thnh cc tinh
th ng nh mu vng rt p. Nhng phn ng ny cng cn nng ca
Pb2+ tng i ln. Khi nng nh th dng cc thuc th khc nh KI
hay K2 CrO4 trong mi trng acid yu hoc trung tnh, hoc Na2S trong
mi trng kim.
57
2.3. Vi H2SO4 long
Pb2+ + SO42- = PbSO4 tinh th trng

PbSO4 khng tan trong cc acid long, nhng tan trong H2SO4 c,
HCl c, NaOH c, CH3COONH4:
PbSO4 + H2SO4 = Pb(HSO4)2
PbSO4 + 4HCl = H2[PbCl4] + H2SO4
PbSO4 + 4NaOH = Na2PbO2 + Na2SO4 + 2H2O
PbSO4 + 4CH3COONH4 = (NH4)2[Pb(CH3COO)4] + (NH4)2SO4
Cation Ag+ v Hg22+ ch to c kt ta vi SO42- khi nng ca
chng tng i ln, do tch s tan ca cc mui tng ng khng nh.
2.4. Vi NaOH hay KOH
Ag+ + OH- = AgOH trng

2AgOH = Ag2O en + H2O
Ag2O khng tan trong kim d, d tan trong HNO3, NH4OH v d b
nh sng phn hu to thnh Ag.
Hg22+ + 2OH- = Hg2O en + H2O
Hg2O tan c trong HNO3 v CH3COOH c.
Pb2+ + 2OH- = Pb(OH)2 trng
Pb(OH)2 + 2OH- = PbO22- + 2H2O
Do d to thnh plumbit nn cc mui ch PbSO4, PbCrO4... u d
tan trong kim d.
2.5. Vi NH4OH
2Ag+ + 2NH4OH = Ag2O + 2NH4+ + H2O

Ag2O + 4NH4OH = 2[Ag(NH3)2]OH + 3H2O
2Hg2(NO3)2 + 4NH3 + H2O = (NH2Hg2O)NO3 trng +2Hgo en + 3NH4NO3

Pb(NO3)2 + NH4OH = Pb(OH)NO3 + NH4NO3
2.6. Vi Na2CO3 hay K2CO3
2Ag+ + CO32- = Ag2CO3

2Pb2+ + CO32- + 2OH- = Pb2(OH)2CO3
Hg22+ + CO32- = Hg2CO3
Hg2CO3 = HgO + Hg + CO2
58
2.7. Vi K2CrO4
2Ag+ + CrO42- = Ag2CrO4 nu

Tu theo mi trng m thu c cc sn phm khc nhau: Mi
trng kim th to Ag2O en; mi trng NH3 th to [Ag(NH3)2]+; mi
trng acid yu s to Ag2Cr2O7; mi trng acid mnh s khng c kt ta.
Hg22+ + CrO42- = Hg2CrO4

Pb2+ + CrO42- = PbCrO4 vng
PbCrO4 khng tan trong CH3COOH long v NH4OH, nhng tan
trong HNO3 long v NaOH.
2.8. Vi dung dch H2S
Ag+ + S2- = Ag2S en

Ag2S khng tan trong NH4OH, KCN, Na2S2O3, nhng tan trong HNO3
long, nng:
3Ag2S + 8H+ + 2NO3- = 6Ag+ + 2NO + 3S + 4H2O
Hg22+ + H2S = HgS en + Hg0 + 2H+

Pb2+ + H2S = PbS en + 2H+
PbS c tch tan rt nh, nn phn ng ny thng c dng tm
Pb . PbS khng tan trong HCl, H2SO4, nhng tan trong HNO3 long, nng
hoc trong HNO3 c:
2+
3PbS + 8HNO3 long = 3Pb2+ + 6NO3- + 2NO + 3S + 4H2O

3PbS + 8HNO3 c = 3PbSO4 + 8NO + 4H2O
2.9. Vi Na2S2O3
2Ag+ + S2O32- = Ag2S2O3 trng

Nu d S2O32- th to phc tan:
Ag2S2O3 + 3S2O32- = 2[Ag(S2O3)2]3Khi un nng hoc trong mi trng acid th phc ny khng bn, b
phn hy to Ag2S:
2[Ag(S2O3)2]3- + H2O = Ag2S en + SO42- + 2H+ + 3S2O322[Ag(S2O3)2]3- + 4H+ = Ag2S en + SO42- + 3SO2 + 3S + 2H2O
Hg22+ + 2S2O32- = HgS en + Hgo + S + SO2 + SO42 Pb2+ + S2O32- = PbS2O3 trng
PbS2O3 + 2S2O32- = [Pb(S2O3)3]459
[Pb(S2O3)3]4- + 2H+ = PbS + 2S + 2SO2 + SO42- + H2O

2.10. Vi Na2HPO4
3Ag+ + HPO42- = Ag3PO4 vng ti + H+

Ag3PO4 tan trong HNO3 v NH4OH:
Ag3PO4 + 6NH4OH = 3[Ag(NH3)2]+ + PO43- + 6H2O
3Pb+ + 2HPO42- = Pb3 (PO4)2 trng + 2H+

Pb3(PO4)2 khng tan trong CH3COOH, HCl, nhng tan trong HNO3,
NaOH:
Pb3 (PO4)2 + 9OH- = 3HPbO2- + 2PO43- + 3H2O
Bng 8: Tm tt cc phn ng c trng ca cation nhm I
Cation
Thuc th
Ag+
Pb2+
Hg22+
HCl long
AgCl trng, tan trong

NH4OH d do to phc
[Ag(NH3)2]+
PbCl2 trng, tan trong nc

nng
Hg2Cl2 trng, tc dng vi

NH4OH to Hg0 +
NH2HgCl
H2SO4 long
PbSO4 trng
Hg2SO4 trng
NaOH
KOH
Ag2O en
Pb(OH)2 trng, tan trong

kim d, to PbO22-
Hg2O en
NH4OH d
to phc [Ag(NH3)2]+
Pb(OH)2 trng
[Hg2ONH2]NO3 + Hg0
K2CO3
Na2CO3
Ag2CO3 trng
Pb2(OH)2CO3 trng
Hg2CO3 = HgO + Hg +
CO2
K2CrO4
Ag2CrO4 nu
PbCrO4
kim d
Hg2CrO4
KI
AgI vng
PbI2
nng
H2S
Ag2S en
PbS en
60
hay
hay
vng
vng
tan trong
tan trong nc
Hg2I2vng xanh , nu d
thuc th s to thnh:
HgI42- + Hg0
HgSen + Hg0
3. S phn tch
S 1*: S l thuyt phn tch Cation nhm I: Ag+, Hg22+, Pb2+
Dung dch phn tch + HCl 6 N (tng git)

Lc k, ly tm, ly kt ta
Ta T1 (AgCl, Hg2Cl2, PbCl2) ra bng

H2O + HCl 2N. un si, ly tm nng
Nc ly tm L1
(c cation cc nhm II, III, IV, V)
Nc ly tm L2:
Ta T2 (AgCl, Hg2Cl2) + NH4OH c, lc l
t Tm Pb2+
Kt ta
t Tm Hg2
2+
Nc ly tm:
t Tm Ag+
* S thc hnh tng ng: xem s 1, Phn2. Thc hnh phn

tch nh tnh
bi tp (bi 3)
3.1. Hy hon thnh cc phng trnh phn ng sau:
1) AgNO3 + NaBr ... +....
2) AgNO3 + NH4OH d ... + ...
3) Hg(NO3)2 + KId ... + ....
4) Hg2Cl2 + NH4OH d ... + ...
5) Pb(NO3)2 + K2CrO4 ... + ...
6) Pb(NO3)2 + Na2S ... + ...
61
3.2. Hy cn bng v la chn mt phn ng pht hin ion Ag+

trong dung dch phn tch:
1) Ag+ + I- AgI
2) AgNO3 + H2SO4 Ag2SO4 + HNO3
3) AgNO3 + NH4OHd [Ag(NH3)2]NO3 + H2O
3.3. Hy gii thch v sao c th ha tan PbCl2 t hn hp AgCl, PbCl2,
Hg2Cl2 bng cch un nng?
3.4. Khi dng NH4OH c ha tan hn hp AgCl, PbCl2, Hg2Cl2 th
cht no s b tan, v sao ?
3.5. V sao ra ta T1 ( s 1) bng nc li phi thm HCl 2N ?
62
Bi 4
cation nhm II: Ca2+, Ba2+
Mc tiu
1. Trnh by v gii thch c phn ng ca thuc th nhm vi cc cation nhm II.
2. Vit mt s phn ng c trng ca cc cation nhm II.
3. Gii thch c cc bc phn tch theo s 2 ( Bi 5, phn phn tch cation
nhm II).
1. Tnh cht chung
Cc cation Ca2+, Ba2+ d dng to kt ta bn vng vi acid H2SO4

long, nn acid ny l thuc th nhm tch cation kim loi kim th ra
khi cc cation khc. Tuy nhin, cc kt ta sulfat ny kh tan hoc khng
tan trong acid hoc kim, nn cn chuyn chng thnh ta carbonat. Sau
ha tan ta carbonat bng CH3COOH ri nhn bit tng cation nhm II
nh cc phn ng c trng ca chng.
2. Cc phn ng phn tch c trng ca cation nhm II
2.1. Vi H2SO4 long
Ba2+ + H2SO4 = BaSO4 tinh th trng + 2H+

Sr2+ + H2SO4 = SrSO4 tinh th trng + 2H+
Ca2+ + H2SO4 = CaSO4 trng + 2H+
C th chuyn cc ta sulfat MeSO4 (Me2+ = Ba2+ Sr2+ Ca2+) v dng
ta carbonat bng cch un nng vi dung dch Na2CO3 bo ha nhiu ln:
MeSO4
Me2+ + SO42+ CO32MeCO3
2.2. Vi Na2CO3 hay K2CO3, (NH4)2CO3:
Na2CO3 + MeCl2 = MeCO3 + 2NaCl

63
Cc mui carbonat ny t tan trong nc, nhng tan trong cc acid

HCl, HNO3, CH3COOH:
MeCO3 + 2HCl = MeCl2 + H2O + CO2
Do CO32- kt ta c nhiu cation nhm khc, nn khng dng n
tch cc cation kim loi kim th ra khi cc nhm khc.
2.3. Vi K2CrO4
Ba2+ + CrO42- = BaCrO4 tinh th vng

Sr2+ + CrO42- = SrCrO4 tinh th vng
Kt ta xut hin ph thuc nhiu vo pH ca dung dch v lun tn
ti cn bng:
Cr2O72- + H2O
cam
2CrO42- + 2H+
Vng
BaCrO4 khng tan trong kim, nn y l c s tch Ba2+ ra khi Pb2+.

2.4. Vi amoni oxalat (NH4)2C2O4
Me2+ + (NH4)2C2O4 = MeC2O4 tinh th trng + 2NH4+

Cc MeC2O4 tan trong HCl, HNO3; ring BaC2O4 v SrC2O4 tan c
trong CH3COOH, cn CaC2O4 khng tan.
2.5. Vi Na2HPO4
Me2+ + Na2HPO4 = MeHPO4 trng + 2Na+

MeHPO4 tan trong HCl, HNO3 v CH3COOH.
Bng 9: Tm tt cc phn ng c trng ca cation nhm II
Thuc th
Cation
Ba2+
Sr2+
Ca2+
H2SO4 long
BaSO4 trng
SrSO4 trng
CaSO4 trng tan nhiu

trong nc
Na2CO3
BaCO3 trng
SrCO3 trng
CaCO3 trng
K2CrO4
- Mi trng trung tnh
- Mi trng acid
BaCrO4 vng
BaCrO4 vng
SrCrO4 vng
--
---
(NH4)2C2O4
BaC2O4 trng
SrC2O4 trng
CaC2O4 trng
Na2HPO4
BaHPO4 trng
SrHPO4 trng
CaHPO4 trng
Th mu ngn la
Mu vng lc
Mu mnh
Mu gch
64
3. S phn tch
S 2*: S l thuyt phn tch cation nhm II: Ca2+, Ba2+ v

nhm III: Al3+, Zn2+ (Xem mc 3, bi 5 tip sau)
bi tp (bi 4)
1) BaCl2 + H2SO4 ... +....
2) Ba(NO3)2 + K2CrO4 ... +....
3) CaCl2 + Na2CO3 ... +....
4) Ca(NO3)2 + (NH4)2C2O4 ... +....
4.2. Hy gii thch v sao c th dng Na2CO3 bo ha chuyn kt
ta BaSO4, CaSO4 thnh kt ta BaCO3, CaCO3 ?
4.3. Hy gii thch v sao c th dng (NH4)2C2O4 nhn bit s c
mt ca ion Ca2+ trong dung dch?
4.4. Hy gii thch v sao c th dng K2CrO4 trong mi trng kim
nhn bit s c mt ca ion Ba2+ trong dung dch?
65
Bi 5
cation nhm III: Al3+, Zn2+
Mc tiu
1. Trnh by v gii thch c phn ng ca thuc th nhm vi cc cation
nhm III.
2. Vit c mt s phn ng c trng ca cc cation nhm III.
3. Gii thch c cc bc phn tch theo s 2 (phn phn tch cation nhm III).
1. Tnh cht chung
Cc cation nhm III u c kh nng to thnh cc mui tan trong

mi trng kim d:
Al3+ + 4OH- = AlO2- + 2H2O
Aluminat
Zn2+ + 4OH- = ZnO22- + 2H2O
Zincat
V vy thuc th tch cation nhm III ra khi cc nhm khc l
NaOH hoc KOH d. Sau nhn bit tng cation nhm III bng cc phn
ng c trng ca chng.
2. Cc phn ng phn tch c trng ca cation nhm III
2.1. Vi NaOH hay KOH
Al3+ + 3OH- = Al(OH)3 trng v nh hnh

Al(OH)3 + OH- = AlO2- + 2H2O
Mun thu c kt ta Al(OH)3 th dng acid yu:
AlO2- + NH4+ + H2O = Al(OH)3 + NH3
Zn2+ + 2OH- = Zn(OH)2

Zn(OH)2 + 2OH- = ZnO22- + 2H2O
66
Mun thu c kt ta Zn(OH)2 th dng acid yu, nhng khng dng

NH4 v to thnh phc tan [Zn(NH3)4]2+.
+
2.2. Vi NH4OH
Al3+ + 3NH4OH = Al(OH)3 + 3NH4+

Zn2+ + 4NH4OH = [Zn(NH3)4]2+ + 4H2O
2.3. Vi Na2CO3 hay K2CO3
2AlCl3 + 3Na2CO3 + 3H2O = 2Al(OH)3+ 6 NaCl + 3CO2

Ring Zn2+ to thnh cc sn phm khc nhau tu theo nng dung dch:
2ZnCl2 + 2Na2CO3 + H2O = Zn2(OH)2CO3 + 4NaCl + CO2
3ZnCl2 + 3Na2CO3 + H2O = Zn3(OH)2(CO3)2 + 6NaCl + CO2
2.4. Vi Na2HPO4
AlCl3 + 2Na2HPO4 = AlPO4 keo trng + 3NaCl + NaH2PO4

3ZnCl2 + 4Na2HPO4 = Zn3(PO4)2 keo trng + 6NaCl + 2NaH2PO4
Cc mui phosphat trn u tan c trong kim v acid v c.
2.5. Vi H2S:
Trong mi trng trung tnh hoc amoniac th Al3+ to thnh Al(OH)3 :

2NH4OH + H2S = (NH4)2S + 2H2O
2AlCl3 + 3(NH4)2S = Al2S3 + 6NH4Cl
Al2S3 + 6H2O = 2Al(OH)3 + 3H2S
Trong mi trng trung tnh hoc kim yu th Zn2+ to thnh ZnS :

Zn2+ + H2S = ZnS trng v nh hnh + 2H+
ZnS tan trong cc acid v c, nhng khng tan trong CH3COOH v
NaOH.
67
Bng 10: Tm tt cc phn ng c trng ca cation nhm III

Cation
Thuc th
Al3+
Zn2+
NaOH d
AlO2-
ZnO22-
Na2CO3
Al(OH)3 keo trng
Zn2(OH)2CO3 trng
NH4OH d
Al(OH)3 keo trng
[Zn(NH3)4]2+ tan
Na2HPO4
AlPO4 trng
Zn3(PO4)2 trng
H2S trong CH3COOH
ZnS trng
Al(OH)3 keo trng
ZnS trng
(NH4)2S trong mi trng trung

tnh hay kim yu
C mt vt Cu2+, to
kt ta mu tm
(NH4)2[Hg(SCN)4]
C mt vt Co2+, to
kt ta mu lc
Kt ta sn
Alizarin-S
Al
O
OH
O
OH
OH
SO3Na
SO3Na
(1/3 cng thc phc)
68
3. S phn tch
S 2*: S l thuyt phn tch Cation nhm II: Ca2+, Ba2+ v nhm III Al3+, Zn3+
Dung dch phn tch + H2SO4 2N (tng git) + C2H5OH.

un nh, ly tm
Nc ly tm L1:Al3+, Zn2+ + NaOH 2N d

Ta T1 (BaSO4, CaSO4)
Na2CO3 bo ho lc k, un nng, ly
tm. Lp li 3,4 ln chuyn ht ta
T1 thnh ta BaCO3, CaCO3
Dung dch: AlO2-, ZnO22-, c cn bt +

NH4Cl bo ha + NH4OH c (vi git)
Ta T3: Al (OH)3
t Tm Al3+
Nc ly tm L3: [Zn(NH3)4]2+
t Tm Zn2+
Ta T3: CaCo3, BaCO3 + CH3COOH 2N

( tan ht)
Dung dch: Ca2+, Ba2+ + K2CrO4 5%

(ti dung dch mu vng)
Ta T2: BaCrO4 mu
vng (khng tan trong
NaOH 2N)
t Tm Ba2+
Nc ly tm L2: Ca2+
t Tm Ca2+
* S thc hnh tng ng: xem s 2, Phn 2. Thc hnh phn

tch nh tnh.
69
bi tp (bi 5)
1) AlCl3 + KOHd ... +....
2) Al(NO3)3 + Na2CO3 ... +....
3) ZnSO4 + NH4OHd ... +....
4) ZnCl2 + Na2S ... +....
5.2. Hy gii thch v sao c th dng hn hp NH4Cl bo ha v
NH4OH c tch ring AlO2- v ZnO22- ?
5.3. nhn bit s c mt ca ion Al3+ trong dung dch, c th dng
thuc th no trong s cc cht sau, v sao?
1) Dung dch NH4OH c
2) Dung dch Na2S
3) Dung dch Alizarin-S
70
Bi 6
cation nhm IV: Fe3+, Fe2+, Bi3+, Mg2+, Mn2+
Mc tiu
1. Trnh by v gii thch c phn ng ca thuc th nhm vi cc cation nhm IV.
2. Vit c mt s phn ng c trng ca cc cation nhm IV.
3. Gii thch c cc bc phn tch theo s 3.
1. Tnh cht chung
c tnh chung ca cation nhm IV l to kt ta hydroxyd khng tan

trong kim d. Hn hp Na2CO3 bo ha v NH4OH c l thuc th nhm
cung cp OH- cho phn ng:
Fe3+ + 3OH- = Fe(OH)3 nu
Fe2+ + 2OH- = Fe(OH)2 trng xanh
Mg2+ + 2OH- = Mg(OH)2 trng
Bi3+ + 3OH- = Bi(OH)3
Mn2+ + 2OH- = Mn(OH)2
Sau khi tch ring c cc kt ta hydroxyd ca cation nhm IV th
ha tan bng acid ri nhn bit tng cation bng cc phn ng c trng
ca chng.
2. Cc phn ng phn tch c trng ca cation nhm IV
2.1. Vi H2O (phn ng thy phn)
Cc cation nhm IV d phn ng vi nc to kt ta, nn mun

chng tn ti trong dung dch th cn duy tr pH ca dung dch thp.
Fe3+ + H2O = Fe(OH)2+ + H+
Fe(OH)2+ + H2O = Fe(OH)2+ + H+
Bi(NO3)3 + H2O = BiONO3 trng + 2HNO3
71
2.2. Vi NaOH
Fe3+ + 3OH- = Fe(OH)3 nu

Fe2+ + 2OH- = Fe(OH)2 trng xanh
Fe(OH)2 rt d b oxy ha bi cc tc nhn nh H2O2 hay chnh O2
khng kh chuyn thnh Fe(OH)3:
4Fe(OH)2 + O2 + 2H2O = 4Fe(OH)3
Fe(OH)2v Fe(OH)3 rt d tan trong cc acid, nhng khng tan trong
NH4OH.
Mg2+ + 2OH- = Mg(OH)2 trng
Mn2+ + 2OH- = Mn(OH)2 trng
Ring Mg(OH)2 do tch s tan ln nn d tan trong mi trng acid
nh ca mui NH4Cl:
Mg(OH)2
Mg2+ + 2OH+ 2NH4Cl

2NH4OH + 2Cl-
Mn(OH)2 d b oxy ha to thnh MnO2:

Mn(OH)2 + H2O2 = MnO2 nu en + 2H2O
Bi3+ + 3OH- = Bi(OH)3 trng
Bi(OH)3 tan trong cc acid, khng tan trong kim d. Nhng khi un
nng, d chuyn thnh mu vng, do b mt nc:
Bi(OH)3 = BiO(OH) vng + H2O
2.3. Vi Na2CO3
Mn2+ + Na2CO3 = MnCO3 trng + 2Na+

Fe2+ + Na2CO3 = FeCO3 trng + 2Na+
lu trong khng kh m FeCO3 b oxy ha dn to thnh
FeOHCO3.
4FeCO3 + O2 + 2H2O = 4FeOHCO3
2Fe3+ + 3Na2CO3 + H2O = 2FeOHCO3 nu + 6Na+ + CO2
FeOHCO3 d b bin thnh Fe(OH)3 khi un nng:
FeOHCO3 + H2O = Fe(OH)3 + CO2
2Mg2+ + 2Na2CO3 + H2O = (MgOH)2CO3 trng + 4Na+ + CO2
2Bi3+ + 3Na2CO3 + H2O = 2BiOHCO3 trng + 6Na+ + CO2
72
Cc mui carbonat v mui carbonat base ny u tan c trong cc

acid, ring (MgOH)2CO3 cn tan c trong mui amoni:
(MgOH)2CO3 + 4 NH4Cl = 2MgCl2 + 2NH4OH + (NH4)2CO3
2.4. Vi H2S:
Trong mi trng acid:

2Bi3+ + 3H2S = Bi2S3en + 6H+
2Fe3+ + H2S = 2Fe2+ + 2H+ + S
Trong mi trng NH3:

Fe2+ + S2- = FeS en
2Fe3+ + 3S2- = Fe2S3 en
Mn2+ + S2- = MnS hng nht
Cc kt ta sulfid ny u tan c trong acid long, ring Bi2S3 ch
tan trong HNO3 long nng v HCl c:
Bi2S3 + 2NO3- + 8H+ = 2Bi3+ + 3S + 2NO + 4H2O
2.5. Vi Na2HPO4:
4Fe2+ + 3HPO42- = FeHPO4 + Fe3(PO4)2 trng + 2H+

Trong mi trng acid acetic th ch to thnh Fe3(PO4)2.
Fe3+ + 2HPO42- = FePO4 + H2PO43Mn2+ + 4HPO42- = Mn3(PO4)2 trng + 2H2PO4Phn ng trn mun xy ra hon ton, cn thm d NH4OH to
kt ta MnNH4PO4 kh tan:
Mn2+ + HPO42- + NH4OH = MnNH4PO4 + H2O
Mg2+ + HPO42- = MgHPO4 trng
Trong mi trng NH4OH + NH4Cl th to thnh kt ta MgNH4PO4:
Mg2+ + HPO42- + NH4OH = MgNH4PO4 trng + H2O
2.6. Vi tc nhn oxy ha mnh Mn2+ MnO4-
2Mn2+ + 5PbO2(r) + 4H+ = 2MnO4- + 5Pb2+ + 2H2O

Khng mu
Mu tm
2Mn(NO3)2 + 6HNO3 + 5PbO2(r) = 2HMnO4 + 5Pb(NO3)2 + 2H2O

Khng mu
Mu tm
73
2.7. Vi KSCN
Fe3+ + 3KSCN = Fe(SCN)3 mu + 3K+

Fe(SCN)3 + 3KSCN = K3[Fe(SCN)6] tan mu mu
2.8. Vi K3[Fe(CN)6]
3Fe2+ + 2K3[Fe(CN)6] = Fe3[Fe(CN)6]2 xanh tua bin + 6K+

2.9. Vi K4[Fe(CN)6]
4Fe3+ + 3K4[Fe(CN)6] = Fe4[Fe(CN)6]3 xanh ph + 12K+

Bng 11: Tm tt cc phn ng c trng ca cation nhm IV
Cation
Thuc th
Fe
NaOH
Fe
3+
Fe(OH)2 trng xanh,

ha nu trong Fe(OH)3 nu
khng kh
H2O
Na2CO3
2+
FeCO3 trng
Fe(OH)CO3
Mn2+
Mg2+
Mn(OH)2trng,
ha nu trong Mg(OH)2 trng
khng kh
MnCO3
Mg(OH)CO3
Bi3+
Bi(OH)3 trng
hoc
BiOCl
BiONO3 trng
Bi(OH)CO3 trng
trng
Na2HPO4
Fe3(PO4)2 trng
KI
KSCN
K3[Fe(CN)6]
FePO4 vng nht
Mn3(PO4)2 trng
MgHPO4 hoc
trong
mi
BiPO4 trng
trng NH4OH
MgNH4PO4
BiI3 en, nu d
KI th to BI4mu cam
Fe(SCN)3
hoc d
mu,
SCN- to phc
tan mu
[Fe(SCN)6]3-
Fe3[Fe(CN)6]2
xanh tua bin
Fe4[Fe(CN)6]3
K4[Fe(CN)6]
xanh ph
H2S trong
mi trng
acid
Bi2S3 en
PbO2 trong
mi trng
acid
MnO4- mu tm
74
3. S phn tch
S 3*: S l thuyt phn tch Cation nhm IV: Fe2+, Fe3+, Bi3+, Mn2+, Mg2+
Dung dch phn tch + NaCO3 bo ha ti thong c ri tan
+ NH4OH c. Ly tm, ly kt ta
Ta Fe(OH)2, Fe(OH)3, Mg(OH)2, Mn(OH)2, Bi(OH)3.

+ NH4Cl bo ha
Nc ly tm L1: Mg2+
Ta T1: Fe(OH)2, Fe(OH)3, Mn(OH)2, Bi(OH)3
t Tm Mg2+
+ HNO3 10%, un si
Dung dch: Fe2+, Fe3+, Mn2+, Bi3+

Chia thnh 4 phn
t Tm Fe2+
t Tm Fe3+
t Tm Bi3+
t Tm Mn2+
S thc hnh tng ng: xem s 3, Phn2. Thc hnh phn tch
nh tnh
bi tp (bi 6)
1) FeCl3 + NaOH ... +....
2) Fe(NO3)3 + K4[Fe(CN)6] ... +....
3) Fe(NO3)2 + NaOH ... +....
75
4) FeSO4 + K3[Fe(CN)6] ... +....

5) Bi(NO3)3 + Na2S ... +....
6) Bi(NO3)3 + KId ... +....
7) MnSO4 + PbO2 + HNO3 ... +....
8) MnSO4 + Na2HPO4 ... +....
9) MgCl2 + Na2HPO4 + NH4OH ... +....
10) MgCl2 + NH4OH ... +....
6.2. Hy gii thch v sao c th ha tan Mg(OH)2 bng dung dch
NH4Cl bo ha? C th thay dung dch NH4Cl bo ha bng cht
no?
6.3. C th dng dung dch KSCN nhn bit s c mt ca ion Fe3+
trong dung dch khng? V sao?
6.4. Nu ch dng dung dch kim, c th phn bit c hai ion Fe2+
v Fe3+ hay khng?
76
Bi 7
cation nhm V: Cu2+, Hg2+
Mc tiu
4. Trnh by v gii thch c phn ng ca thuc th nhm vi cc cation nhm V.
5. Vit c mt s phn ng c trng ca cc cation nhm V.
6. Gii thch c cc bc phn tch theo s 4 ( Bi 8, phn phn tch cation
nhm V).
1. Tnh cht chung
Cc cation nhm ny c kh nng to thnh cc phc bn vng vi

NH3, CN-, SCN-...
Cc mui sulfid ca cc cation nhm ny c tan khc nhau ph

thuc vo acid ca mi trng.
Do c th dng NH4OH tch cc cation nhm V, sau dng
Na2S tch ring tng cation trong nhm.
2. Cc phn ng phn tch c trng ca cation nhm V
2.1. Vi NaOH
Cu2+ + 2OH- = Cu(OH)2 xanh lc

Khi un nng th to thnh CuO mu en
Cu(OH)2 = CuOen + H2O
Cu(OH)2 d tan trong acid long v tan trong NH4OH to phc
[Cu(NH3)4]2+.
Hg2+ + OH- = [HgOH]+mu gch
[HgOH]+ + OH- = Hg(OH)2
Hg(OH)2 = HgOvng + H2O
77
2.2. Vi NH4OH
Cu2+ + 4NH4OH = [Cu(NH3)4]2+xanh lam m + 4H2O

Hg2+ + 4NH4OH = [Hg(NH3)4]2+ + 4H2O
2.3. Vi H2S hay Na2S
Cu2+ + H2S = CuS en + 2H+

Cu2+ + S2- = CuS en
CuS khng tan trong HCl, H2SO4 c nhng tan trong HNO3 theo
phn ng:
3CuS + 8HNO3 = 3Cu(NO3)2 + 3S + 2NO + 4H2O
Hg2+ + H2S = HgS en + 2H+
Hg2+ + S2- = HgS en
HgS khng tan trong HCl, H2SO4, HNO3, nhng tan trong cng thu
theo phn ng:
3HgS + 6HCl + 2HNO3 = 3HgCl2 + 3S + 2NO + 4H2O
HgS cng b kh bi SnCl2 trong kim hay b oxy ha bi H2O2 trong
mi trng acid:
HgS + SnCl2 + 6NaOH = Hg en + Na2SnO3 + Na2S + 2NaCl + 3H2O
HgS + 3H2O2 + 2HCl = SO2 + HgCl2 + 4H2O
2.4. Vi KCN
Cu2+ + 4KCN = [Cu(CN)4]2- + 4K+

Hg2+ + 4KCN = [Hg(CN)4]2- + 4K+
2.5. Vi SnCl2 trong NaOH
HgCl2 + SnCl2 + 6NaOH = 2Hg en + Na2SnO3 + 4NaCl + 3H2O

2.6. Vi KI
2Cu2+ + 4I- = 2CuI trng + I2

Hg2+ + 2I- = HgI2 cam
HgI2 + 2I- = [HgI4]2-khng mu
2.7. Vi NH4SCN
Cu2+ + 2NH4SCN = Cu(SCN)2 en + 2NH4+

Hg2+ + 2NH4SCN = Hg(SCN)2 trng + 2NH4+
78
Nu d NH4SCN:
Hg(SCN)2 + 2NH4SCN = (NH4)2[Hg(SCN)4]
Bng 12: Tm tt cc phn ng c trng ca cation nhm V
Cation
Thuc th
Cu2+
Hg2+
NaOH
Cu(OH)2 xanh CuO en
HgOvng
NH4OH d
[Cu(NH3)4]2+xanh lam m
[Hg(NH3)4]2+
H2S trong mi trng acid

Hoc Na2S
CuS en
HgSen
KCN
[Cu(CN)4]2-
[Hg(CN)4]2-
KI
CuI trng + I2
HgI2 cam, nu d KI to phc tan

khng mu [HgI4]2-
SnCl2/NaOH
Hg en
NH4SCN
Cu(SCN)2 en
Hg(SCN)2 trng, nu d NH4SCN

th to phc (NH4)2[Hg(SCN)4]
3. S phn tch
S 4*: S l thuyt phn tch cation nhm V: Hg2+, Cu2+ v

nhm VI: NH4+, Na+, K+ (Xem mc 3., Bi 8 tip sau)
bi tp (bi 7)
1) CuSO4 + NH4OHd ... +....
2) CuSO4 + Na2S ... +....
3) Hg(NO3)2 + KId ... +....
4) Hg(NO3)2 + NH4SCNd ... +....
7.2. Hy gii thch v sao khng th ha tan kt ta HgS bng dung
dch HNO3 c hoc HCl c? Nhng khi trn HNO3 v HCl theo
t l 1:3 v th tch th li ha tan c HgS?
7.3. Vit phn ng ha tan HgS bng H2O2 trong mi trng acid.
7.4. C th dng dung dch KI d phn bit hai ion Cu2+ v Hg2+
khng? V sao?
7.5. C th dng dung dch NH4OH d phn bit hai ion Cu2+ v
Hg2+ khng? V sao?
79
Bi 8
cation nhm VI: Na+, K+, NH4+
Mc tiu
1. Vit c cc phn ng c trng tm cc cation nhm VI.
2. Gii thch c cc bc phn tch theo s 4 (phn phn tch cation nhm VI).
1. Tnh cht chung
Mui ca cc cation nhm ny u l mui tan, nn thuc th chung

ca nhm khng c. Chng ta tm ln lt tng ion trc tip t dung dch
phn tch (dung dch gc) nh vo cc phn ng c trng ca tng cation
vi tng thuc th ring.
2. Cc phn ng phn tch c trng ca cation nhm VI
2.1. Tm K+
2.1.1. Bng thuc th Garola Na3[Co(NO2)6] mi trng trung tnh:
2K+ + Na+ + [Co(NO2)6]3-= K2Na[Co(NO2)6] tinh th vng

Nhng NH4+ cng cho phn ng tng t:
2NH4+ + Na+ + [Co(NO2)6]3-= (NH4)2Na[Co(NO2)6] tinh th vng
Do phi loi NH4+ bng kim v un nng, sau a dung dch v
pH gn trung tnh trc khi thm thuc th.
Phn ng tm K+ b cn tr bi ion I- v nhy ca phn ng tng
ln khi c mt ion Ag+. Nu c I- phi loi trc bng HNO3 c hoc H2O2
2.1.2. Bng acid picric
K+ + C6H2(NO2)3OH = C6H4(NO2)3OK vng + H+

NH4+ + C6H2(NO2)3OH = C6H4(NO2)3ONH4 vng + H+
Cn loi NH4+ bng kim trc khi tm K+.
80
2.1.3. Bng th mu ngn la: K+ cho mu tm.

2.2. Tm NH4+
2.2.1. Bng kim mnh
NH4+ + OH- = NH3 + H2O

Nhn bit NH3 bay ln bng giy qu tm t chuyn thnh xanh,
hoc giy tm dung dch phenolphtalein chuyn thnh , hoc bng mi
khai c trng.
2.2.2. Bng thuc th Nessler:
Trong thuc th Nessler NH4+ chuyn thnh NH3 v cho phn ng:
NH3 + 2K2[HgI4] + KOH = [HgI2NH2]I nu + 5KI + H2O
TT Nessler
Thu ngn(II)amidodiiodo iodid
Mt s cation kim loi chuyn tip gy cn tr phn ng trn do to

ta hydroxyd c mu hoc ph hy thuc th, nn phi loi chng bng
kim mnh v carbonat hoc kha chng trong phc vi kali natri tartrat
(KNaC4H4O6) trc khi dng thuc th Nessler.
2.3. Tm Na+
2.3.1. Bng thuc th Streng (Km Uranyl acetat)
Na+ + Zn(UO2)3(CH3COO)8 + CH3COO- = NaZn(UO2)3(CH3COO)9 vng lc

TT Streng
NaZn(UO2)3(CH3COO)9 c tinh th hnh mt nhn khi soi trn knh

hin vi.
Cc ion Ag+, Hg22+, Sb3+ cng to kt ta vi thuc th, nhng tinh th
hnh kim di; hoc loi b cc ion ny bng kim mnh trc, ri mi dng
thuc th Streng.
2.3.2. Th mu ngn la:
Na+ cho mu vng c trng.

3. S phn tch
81
S 4*: S l thuyt phn tch cation nhm V: Hg2+, Cu2+ v nhm VI: NH4+, Na+, K+
Dung dch phn tch: Hg2+, Cu2+, NH4+, Na+, K+
t Tm NH4+:
Bng NaOH c
Bng TT Nessler
t Tm Na+:
Bng TT Streng
t Tm K+:
Bng TT Garola
Dung dch phn tch + Na2S. un nng
Ta en: CuS, HgS + HNO3. un nng
Nc ly tm
t Tm Cu2+
Ta: HgS + S
t Tm Hg2+
* S thc hnh tng ng: xem s 4, Phn2. Thc hnh phn

tch nh tnh
bi tp (bi 8)
1) NaCl + Zn(UO2)3(CH3COO)8 + CH3COOH ... +....
2) KCl + Na3[Co(NO2)6] ... +....
3) NH4Cl + Hg(NO3)2 + KId ... +....
4) KCl + C6H4(NO2)3OH ... +....
8.2. Hy gii thch v sao cn cho dung dch kali natri tartrat c
trc khi cho thuc th Nessler vo dung dch gc nhn bit
ion NH4+?
8.3. C th cho dung dch K2CO3 bo ha v NaOH c vo dung dch
gc trc khi nhn bit ion Na+ bng thuc th Streng? V sao?
8.4. C th cho dung dch Na2CO3 bo ha v KOH c vo dung dch
gc trc khi nhn bit ion K+ bng thuc th Garola? V sao?
82
Bi 9
anion nhm I: Cl-, Br-, I-, SCN-, S2O32-
Mc tiu
1. Vit c phn ng ca thuc th nhm vi cc anion nhm I
2. Gii thch c cc bc phn tch theo s 6 tch ring v tm tng anion
1. Tnh cht chung
Cc anion nhm I to kt ta vi Ag+ trong mi trng acid HNO3

long. Mui bc ca cc anion nhm ny khng tan trong acid HNO3.
V th AgNO3 + HNO3 c gi l thuc th nhm tch ring anion
nhm I ra khi hn hp phn tch. Sau da vo cc phn ng c
trng ca tng anion tch v pht hin chng.
loi cc cation gy tr ngi khi xc nh cc anion, cn chuyn

dung dch phn tch thnh nc soda (xem mc 4 Bi 2). Chng hn,
trong nc soda th Hg2+ c loi b, nh cc anion Cl-, I- c gii
phng khi HgCl2, HgI+, HgI3- l nhng hp cht tan nhiu nhng
in ly rt km
2. Cc phn ng phn tch c trng ca anion nhm I
2.1. Phn ng ca Cl-
Vi Ag+:
Cl- + AgNO3 = AgCl trng + NO3AgCl tan trong NH4OH, KCN, Na2S2O3... to thnh cc phc tan.
Vi Pb2+
2Cl- + Pb2+ = PbCl 2 trng
PbCl2 tan trong nc nng v kt ta tr li khi lm lnh.
Phn ng oxy ha:

2Cl- + PbO2 + 4H+ = Cl2 + Pb2+ + 2H2O
83
Nhn bit Cl2 sinh ra bng giy tm KI v h tinh bt do:

Cl2 + 2KI = 2KCl + I2
I2 lm xanh h tinh bt.
2.2. Phn ng ca Br-
Vi Ag+:
Br- + AgNO3 = AgBr vng nht + NO3AgBr tan trong NH4OH, KCN, Na2S2O3... to thnh cc phc tan.
Vi Pb2+
2Br- + Pb2+ = PbBr2 trng
PbBr2 tan trong kim, CH3COONH4 v KBr d:
PbBr2 + 2KBr = K2[PbBr4]
Br- tc dng vi nc clor hoc nc Javel, sinh ra Br2 :

2Br- + Cl2 = Br2 + 2ClBr2 tan trong cloroform cho dung dch mu vng rm.
Vi thuc th hu c:
Br- + dung dch Fluorescein = Eosin hng
2.3. Phn ng ca I-
Vi Ag+:
I- + AgNO3 = AgI vng + NO3AgI khng tan trong NH4OH, nhng tan trong KCN to thnh
phc tan.
Vi Hg2+:
Hg2+ + 2I- = HgI2 cam
HgI2 + 2I- = [HgI4]2-tan, khng mu
Vi Cu2+:
2Cu2+ + 4I- = 2CuItrng + I2nu sm
(Nu c ln SO32- th: I2 + SO32- + H2O = I- + SO42- + 2H+)
Vi NaNO2 trong mi trng acid:

2I- + 2NO2- + 4H+ = I2 + 2NO + 2H2O
I2 lm xanh h tinh bt.
84
Vi nc clor hoc nc Javel, sinh ra I2:

2I- + Cl2 = I2 + 2ClI2 tan trong cloroform (dung mi khng oxy) cho dung dch mu tm.
Nu Cl2 d s lm mt mu I2, v:
I2 + 5Cl2 + 6H2O = 2HIO3 + 10HCl
Vi Fe3+:
2Fe3+ + 2I- = 2Fe2+ + I2
2.4. Phn ng ca SCN-
Vi Ag+:
Ag+ + SCN- = AgSCN trng
Nu d SCN- th kt ta tan do to phc:
AgSCN + 2SCN- = [Ag(SCN)3]2-
Vi Hg2+:
Hg2+ + 2SCN- = Hg(SCN)2 trng
Nu d SCN- th kt ta tan do to phc:
Hg(SCN)2 + 2SCN- = [Hg(SCN)4]2Nu c mt ion Co2+ th s to kt ta xanh thm:
Co2+ + [Hg(SCN)4]2- = Co[Hg(SCN)4] xanh thm
Vi Fe3+:
Fe3+ + 3SCN- = Fe(SCN)3 mu
Nu d SCN- th kt ta tan do to phc tan c mu mu:
Fe(SCN)3 + 3SCN- = [Fe(SCN)6]32.5. Phn ng ca S2O32-
Vi Ag+:
2Ag+ + S2O32- = Ag2S2O3 trng
+ Ag2S2O3 sinh ra b phn hy thnh mu vng nu ri chuyn thnh
en do:
Ag2S2O3 + H2O = Ag2Sen + H2SO4
+ Ag2S2O3 tan trong Na2S2O3 d do to thnh phc:
Ag2S2O3 + 3 Na2S2O3 = 2Na3[Ag(S2O3)2]

85
Vi Ba2+:
Ba2+ + S2O32- = BaS2O3 trng
Kt ta BaS2O3 d tan trong cc acid v c thng thng.
Vi acid v c long:
2H+ + S2O32- = SO2 + S + H2O
Vi dung dch iod:

S2O32- lm mt mu dung dch iod do n kh I2 n I-. Phn ng ny
cn ng dng trong php phn tch nh lng:
I2 + 2S2O32- = 2I- + S4O62Tetrathionat
3. S phn tch
S 6*: S l thuyt phn tch anion nhm I Cl-, Br-, I-, SCN-, S2O32Dung dch phn tch
+ Na2CO3 (lm nc soda)
Nc ly tm (nc soda):
Cha anion nhm I + Cation
kim loi kim v NH4+, + HNO32N + AgNO3
Ta: carbonat cc cation

khng phi kim loi kim
(b i hoc tm cc cation)
Ta: Anion nhm I

(Nu ta t nu en l c S2O32-, v
Ag2S2O3 Ag2S) Chia 2 phn
Nc ly tm:
Anion cc nhm khc
(b i)
Phn ln ta:
+ (NH4)2CO3 un k
Phn nh ta:
Ta: AgBr, AgI, AgSCN

(c th cn AgCl),
+ H2SO42N + Zn ht
Nc ly tm:
t Tm SCN-
[Ag(NH3)2]Cl t Tm Cl-
Nc ly tm: Br-, I-, SCN- (Cl-)
t Tm I-, Br-, SCN*. S thc hnh tng ng: xem s 6, Phn 2. Thc hnh phn
tch nh tnh
86
bi tp (bi 9)
1) NaCl + PbO2 + HNO3 ... +....
2) NaBr + Cl2 ... +....
3) Hg(NO3)2 + NaId ... +....
4) NaI + FeCl3 ... +....
5) NaI + NaNO2 + H2SO4 ... +....
6) FeCl3 + NaSCNd ... +....
9.2. Cn bng cc phn ng sau v cho bit phn ng no c th dng
pht hin ion Cl- trong dung dch? V sao?
1) NaCl + AgNO3 AgCl + NaNO3
2) BaCl2 + H2SO4 BaSO4 + HCl
3) CaCl2 + Na2CO3 CaCO3 + NaCl
pht hin ion Br- trong dung dch? V sao?
1) KBr + Pb(NO3)2 PbBr2 + KNO3
2) SrBr2 + Na2SO4 NaBr + SrSO4
3) AlBr3 + NaOH NaBr + Al(OH)3
pht hin ion I- trong dung dch? V sao?
1) NaI + NaNO2 + HNO3 NaNO3 + I2 + H2O
2) ZnI2 + NH4OH [Zn(NH3)4](OH)2 + NH4I + H2O
3) BaI2 + K2CO3 BaCO3 + KI
pht hin ion SCN- trong dung dch? V sao?
1) KSCN + FeCl3 K3[Fe(SCN)6] + KCl
2) Ca(SCN)2 + (NH4)2SO4 CaSO4 + NH4SCN
3) Ba(SCN)2 + Na3PO4 Ba3(PO4) 2 + NaSCN
pht hin ion S2O32- trong dung dch? V sao?
1) Na2S2O3 + AgNO3 Ag2S2O3 + NaNO3
2) SrS2O3 + K2CO3 K2S2O3 + SrCO3
3) K2S2O3 + BaCl2 BaS2O3 + KCl
9.7. V sao c th dng nc Javel hoc nc clor va pht hin I-,
sau cho d nc Javel hoc d nc clor pht hin tip Br- ?
87
Bi 10
anion nhm II: CO32-, PO43-, CH3COO-,

AsO33-, AsO43-, SO32-, SO42-, (S2O32-)
Mc tiu
1. Vit c phn ng ca thuc th nhm v mt s phn ng c trng cho cc
anion nhm II.
2. Gii thch c cc bc phn tch theo s 7 tm anion nhm II.
1. ng li phn tch nhm II
Khng c thuc th nhm chung cho tt c cc anion nhm II. nh

tnh anion nhm ny, cn s dng nhiu phng php phn tch v
thuc th khc nhau, nh:
+ Phng php phn tch ring bit tm trc tip mt ion t dung
dch gc, v d i vi CO32-, CH3COO-.

+ Phng php phn tch na h thng tm vi anion, v d i vi
cm SO32-, SO42- v S2O32- .

+ Dng thuc th nhm, v d hn hp Mg xc nh AsO43-, PO43+ Dng thuc th c hiu, v d formalin tm SO32-; amoni
molypdat tm PO43-
loi cc cation gy ri cho phn ng c trng hay nh hng n

phn ng c hiu, cn chuyn dung dch phn tch thnh nc soda
(xem mc 4, Bi 2) trc khi tm anion.
2. Cc phn ng c trng ca anion nhm II
2.1. Phn ng ca CO32-
Vi Ba2+:
Ba2+ + CO32- = BaCO3trng
BaCO3 tan trong acid v c thng thng.
88
Vi Ag+:
2Ag+ + CO32- = Ag2CO3 trng
Ag2CO3 = Ag2Oen + CO2
Vi acid long:
2H+ + CO32- = H2CO3 CO2 + H2O
Kh CO2 sinh ra c th nhn bit do lm c nc vi trong.
2.2. Phn ng ca PO43-
Vi thuc th amoni molybdat (NH4)2MoO4:

PO43- + 12(NH4)2MoO4 + 12H2O = (NH4)3[PMo12O40] vng + 21NH4OH + 3OH-
Vi Ag+:
3Ag+ + PO43- = Ag3PO4vng
Ag3PO4 tan trong acid v c v trong NH4OH.
Vi Ba2+:
3Ba2+ + 2PO43- = Ba3(PO4)2 trng
Vi Mg2+ (trong hn hp Mg = MgCl2 + NH4OH + NH4Cl):

Mg2+ + NH4OH + PO43- = MgNH4PO4 trng + OH2.3. Phn ng ca CH3COO-
Vi FeCl3:
6CH3COO- + 3Fe3+ + 2OH- = [Fe3(OH)2(CH3COO)6]+phc tan, mu .
Nu pha long, un si, phc b thy phn:
[Fe3(OH)2(CH3COO)6]+ + 4H2O = 3Fe(OH)2CH3COO nu + 3CH3COOH + H+
Vi H+:
CH3COO- + H+ = CH3COOH
Acid acetic c th nhn bit bng mi.
Vi ru:
CH3COO- + C2H5OH = CH3COOC2H5
Ester sinh ra c mi thm c trng.
2.4. Phn ng ca AsO33-
Vi H2S trong mi trng acid:

3H2S + 6H+ + 2AsO33- = As2S3 vng + 6H2O
89
Vi Na2S2O3 trong mi trng acid:

3Na2S2O3 + 6H+ + 2AsO33- = As2S3vng + 3Na2SO4 + 3H2O
Vi Ag+ trong mi trng trung tnh:

3Ag+ + AsO33- = Ag3AsO3 vng
Vi nc I2 trong mi trng trung tnh:

AsO33- + I2 + H2O = AsO43- + 2I- + 2H+
Vi Cr2O72- trong mi trng acid:

Cr2O72-da cam + 8H+ + 3AsO33- = 3AsO43- + 2Cr3+xanh lc + 4H2O
2.5. Phn ng ca AsO43-
Vi Na2S2O3 trong mi trng acid:

3Na2S2O3 + 10H+ + 2AsO43- = As2S3vng + 3Na2SO4 + 5H2O
Vi Ag+ trong mi trng trung tnh:

3Ag+ + AsO43- = Ag3AsO4 nu
Vi H2S trong mi trng acid mnh:

5H2S + 6H+ + 2AsO43- = As2S5 vng + 8H2O
Vi KI trong mi trng acid:

AsO43- + 2I- + 2H+ = AsO33- + I2 + H2O
Vi hydro mi sinh trong mi trng acid:

4Zn + 4H2SO4 + AsO43- = AsH3 + 4ZnSO4 + 3OH- + H2O
AsH3 sinh ra s lm i mu HgCl2 tm trn giy lc:
2AsH3 + 3HgCl2 = As2Hg3 nu vng + 6HCl
2.6. Phn ng ca SO32-
Vi Ba2+:
Ba2+ + SO32- = BaSO3 trng
BaSO3 tan trong cc acid long:
BaSO3 + 2HCl = BaCl2 + H2O + SO2
Vi cc acid v c long:
SO32- + 2H+ = H2O + SO2
Kh SO2 sinh ra c th nhn bit bng cch lm c nc vi trong
hoc lm mt mu thuc tm:
90
SO2 + Ca(OH)2 = CaSO3 trng + H2O

5SO2 + 2KMnO4 + 2H2O = K2SO4 + 2MnSO4 + 2H2SO4
Vi dung dch I2, lm mt mu nc iod:

SO32- + I2 + H2O = SO42- + 2I- + 2H+
Vi formalin (formaldehyd):
HCHO +SO32- + H2O HCH(OH)SO3- + OHS xut hin ca ion OH- lm phenolphthalein
2.7. Phn ng ca SO42-
Vi Ba2+:
Ba2+ + SO42- = BaSO4 trng
BaSO4 khng tan trong cc acid long thng thng.
Vi Ag+:
2Ag+ + SO42- = Ag2SO4 trng
Kt ta Ag2SO4 ch to thnh khi nng SO42- kh ln. Khi pha
long dung dch th kt ta li b tan ra do tch s tan ca Ag2SO4 ln.
91
3. S phn tch
S 7*: S l thuyt phn tch anion nhm II CO32-, CH3COO-,

PO43-, AsO33-, AsO43-, SO32-, SO42-, (S2O32-)
Dung dch phn tch: Anion nhm II
Tm CO32- =
Dung dch
phn tch
+ HCl 2N
CO2
Tm CH3COO- =
Dung dch phn tch:
- Hoc bng FeCl3 10%
- Hoc bng H2SO4 c
+ ru amylic
Tm PO43- = Dung dch

va tm CO32- + HNO3
c + TT
amoni molypdat
( lnh trong nc )
Nc ly tm
(nc soda): iu chnh
pH v kim nh
hoc trung tnh bng
CH3COOH 2N
chia lm 2 phn
Mt phn (nc soda):

+ Hn hp Mg
Nc ly tm L1:
AsO33-
t Tm AsO3
3-
Dung dch phn tch

+ Na2CO3 (lm nc soda).
Ta: carbonat, hydroxyd

cc cation khng phi kim
loi kim
(b i hoc tm cation)
Mt phn (nc soda):

un nng, + Sr(NO3)2 bo ha
Ta T1:
t Tm AsO43-
Ta T2: Mui Sr2+ ca

SO32-, SO42-, AsO32-, PO43-, CO32-,
+ HCl 2N
t Tm SO42t Tm SO32-
Nc ly tm L2:
t Tm S2O32-
*. S thc hnh phn tch: xem s 7, Phn 2. Thc hnh phn

tch nh tnh
92
bi tp (bi 10)
1) Na2CO3 + HNO3 ... +....
2) MgCl2 + (NH4)3PO4 + NH4OH ... +....
3) FeCl3 + CH3COONa + NaOH .... +....
4) Na3AsO3 + I2 + H2O .... +....
5) Na3AsO4 + KI + HCl ... +....
10.2. Cn bng cc phn ng sau v cho bit phn ng no c th
dng pht hin ion CO32- trong dung dch? V sao?
1) K2CO3 + HCl KCl + H2CO3 ....
2) K2CO3 + Na3[Co(NO2)6] K2Na[Co(NO2)6] + Na2CO3
3) (NH4)2CO3 + NaOH Na2CO3 + NH4OH
dng pht hin ion CH3COO- trong dung dch? V sao?
1) CH3COONa + HCl CH3COOH + NaCl
2) (CH3COO)2Ca + Na2CO3 CaCO3 + CH3COONa
3) CH3COONa + FeCl3 + NaOH [Fe3(OH)2(CH3COO)6]+ + NaCl
dng pht hin ion SO32- trong dung dch? V sao?
1) Na2SO3 + HCl NaCl + H2SO3 ....
2) (NH4)2SO3 + NaOH Na2SO3 + NH4OH
3) K2SO3 + CaCl2 CaSO3 + KCl
93
Bi 11
Phn Tch hn hp cation v

anion trong dung dch
Mc tiu
1. Trnh by v gii thch c cc cch th s b i vi dung dch gc trc khi
tin hnh phn tch h thng
2. Nu c cc kha cnh cn nhn xt v ngha ca chng i vi kt qu phn
tch cui cng.
y ch trnh by i cng cc bc phn tch khi c dung dch

l hn hp cation v anion cn xc nh.
Qu trnh phn tch nh tnh mt dung dch bao gm 4 phn: Nhn
xt v th s b; phn tch anion; phn tch cation; v nhn xt v kt qu
cui cng
1. Nhn xt v th s b
Trc khi tin hnh phn tch mt dung dch bao gi cng phi nhn
xt v th s b. Kt qu nhn xt v th s b s gip d on v thnh
phn dung dch, nh gip nh hng cho phn tch h thng, na h
thng hay phn tch ring bit. Tuy nhin, khng c nh kin v s c
mt hay vng mt vi mt ion c th no, tr mt vi trng hp c bit.
1.1. Nhn xt nh gic quan
1.1.1. Mu sc
Da vo mu ca dung dch c th d kin v s c mt mt s cation

v anion (Bng 13).
94
Bng 13. Mu ca mt s cation v anion

Mu dung dch
Tm
Lam
Lam tm m
nu
da cam
mu
Hng
Lc
Vng
Nhng ion c th c
-
MnO4
Cu2+ (trong nc)
Cu2+ (trong amoniac)
I2
Cr2O72-; [ Fe(CN)6]3Cc phc ca SCN- v Fe3+
Co2+ (Trong nc)
Cr3+; Fe2+ (trong nc); Co2+ (trong acid mnh)
[Fe(CN)6]4- ; Cr042-; I2 long; Fe3+
Mun bit mu l ca anion hay ca cation, c th th s b nh sau:

cho Na2C03 bo ha vo dung dch, un si, ly tm. Nu dung dch c mu
th l mu ca anion, nu ta c mu th l mu ca cation, cn nu
mu mt i th c th l ca Cl2, Br2, I2. Nh rng, mu ca dung dch c
khi l hn hp mu ca nhiu cht.
1.1.2. Mi
Khi dung dch cha mt s hp cht bay hi, c th to ra mi ca n.

V d: mi khai ca NH3 (dung dch c NH4+); mi hnh nhn ca HCN
(dung dch c CN-); mi thi ca H2S (dung dch c S2-); mi sc lu hunh
chy ca SO2 (dung dch c HSO32-); mi dm ca CH3COOH (dung dch c
CH3COO-)
1.2. Th pH ca dung dch
Da vo pH ta c th d on s b thnh phn ca dung dch.
Dung dch c pH acid (lm giy qu hoc cho mu vng vi da cam

methyl) th:
+ C th cha acid, v d: HCl, H2SO4, NaHSO3, NH4Cl.
+ Khng c mt cc anion b hu mi trng acid, v d: CO32-,
S2O32-, SO32-
+ Khng th ng thi c mt cc ion c phn ng oxy ha kh vi
nhau mi trng acid, v d: I- vi NO2-, ClO3-, AsO43- (gii phng

I2)/ NO2- vi ClO3-/ SO32- v S2O32- vi AsO43-/ NO2- vi AsO33-/ Sn2+
vi Hg2+ hay Fe3+/ Cr2O72- v Mn04- vi I-, Fe2+, NO2-, Sn2+/ v..v..
Dung dch c pH kim (lm phenolphthalein, hoc lm xanh giy

qu tm) th:
C th c kim t do hoc cc mui cho phn ng kim, v d:
NaHCO3; K2CO3; NaCH3COO-;.
95
Dung dch c pH trung tnh th khng cha acid hay kim t do,
khng c mt cc mui d thu phn.
1.3. Th tnh bay hi ca cht tan
Chng hn c cn 1mL dung dch ri nung cn. Nu cn bay hi ht

th c th l cc mui amoni NH4+, cc acid v vi mui khc d phn
hu thnh kh.
1.4. Th mu ngn la
Nhng dy Platin hay dy Nikelcrom sch vo dung dch ri a vo

ngn la khng mu ca n kh, nhiu cation s cho mu c trng
Bng 14: Mu ngn la ca cc cation
Mu ngn la
Tm
Vng mnh
mnh
gch
Vng lc
Lc
Xanh l nht
Cation c mt
+
K , Cs , Rb+
Na+
Sr2+, Li+
Ca2+
Ba2+
Cu2+, Bi3+
As, Sb, Pb
1.5. Th mt s phn ng
1.51. Thy phn
Pha long dn dung dch, hoc nh vi git dung dch vo 1mL nc

ct. Nu c ta trng xut hin v li tan khi thm acid th c th l
mui ca Bi3+, Sn2+, 4+, c bit l cc mui Sb3+, 5+
1.5.2. Th vi kim
Da vo mu ta to thnh v kh nng ho tan ca n trong kim

d hay trong amoniac d on s c mt ca mt s ion trong dung
dch. V d:
Ta trng tan trong Na0H d, nhng khng tan trong amoniac: cc

ion mt s l Al3+, Pb2+, Sb3+.
Ta xanh lam, en khi un nng, khng tan trong NaOH d, tan

trong amoniac cho mu xanh lam m: ion c mt l Cu2+.
Ta nu , khng tan trong NaOH d v Amoniac: ion c mt l Fe3+.

v..v.. (Xem cc phn ng c trng v bng tm tt cc phn ng cc
bi 3, 4, 5, 6 v 7).
96
1.5.3. Th vi NH4OH v (NH4)2S
Ly dung dch cho tc dng vi HCl ta ht vi cc cation dng

mui clorid. Ly tm. Ly nc ly tm v thm vo NH40H d:
Nu khng c ta th chc chn khng c mt lng ng k ca Mg2+,

Al3+, Sb3+, Bi3+, Fe2+, Fe3+, Sn2+, 4+
Nu c Cu2+, Ni2+ s cho dung dch mu xanh ca phc tan.

Tip sau , nh vi git (NH4)2S vo dung dch. Nu vn khng c
ta en th coi nh khng c Bi3+, Fe2+, Fe3+
1.5.4. Th vi (NH4)2SO4
Ly 1mL (NH4)2SO4 bo ha thm vo vi git dung dch th, nu

khng c ta trng th khng c Ba2+, Sr2+; cn nu c ta trng th c th
c Ba2+, Sr2+, Pb2+.
1.5.5. Th bng cc thuc th nhm i vi cation v anion d on
nhm ion hay mt vi ion trong nhm c th c mt trong dung dch th
(xem cc thuc th nhm cc bi pha trc).
Ngoi cc phn ng s b trn, ngi ta cng chn mt vi phn ng

th s b khc na vic d on cc ion c mt nhanh v gn ng hn.
2. Phn tch Anion
Trong s lng gii hn cc anion v cc cation quan tm gio trnh

ny th hu ht cc anion l khng gy tr ngi g cho phn tch h
thng cc cation, tr PO43-. Nu dung dch phn tch c PO43- s gy
kh khn cho nh tnh cation nhm IV, v khi kim ha dung dch s
ko theo kt ta phosphat ca Ba2+,Ca2+. Trong trng hp ny cn
tm PO43- trc, sau loi n i bng FeCl3 bo ha, tip theo mi
phn tch nh tnh cc cation. Cng cn nhng l do tng t khc
nn ni chung ngi ta thng tin hnh phn tch anion trc khi
phn tch h thng cc cation. Khi gp cc anion gy tr ngi (tng
t PO43- va nu), cn loi b chng bng mt mt vi k thut c th
m trong ti liu ny khng cp n.
Ly 1mL dung dch phn tch, thm Na2CO3 ti phn ng kim mnh,
nu c ta th nn lm nc soda trc khi phn tch anion. Cn nu
khng c ta th tin hnh tm anion ngay t dung dch gc.
Phn tch nh tnh cc anion theo s 6 v7.

3. Phn tch cation
Tin hnh theo s 5 v c ch dn chi tit cc s 1, 2, 3 v 4.

97
4. Nhn xt kt qu
Sau khi c kt qu phn tch, cn phi nhn xt li n ln cui cng,

chng hn cc kha cnh:
Cc ion tm thy c thc s cng tn ti vi nhau trong dung dch gc

hay khng. V d: khng th cng c Ba2+ v SO42-/ Ag+ v Cl-/ Fe3+ v
I-/ Fe3+ v CO32-/ v.v.
Ion tm thy dng no trong dung dch. V d: dung dch phn tch
c pH>>7 th Al, Zn phi dng AlO2-, ZnO22- (ch khng th l Al3+,
Zn2+).
i chiu kt qu vi cc nhn xt v phn ng th s b ban u

xem c mu thun g khng. Nu khng hp l v cn nghi ng th
phi phn tch li cn thn hn.
98
Phn II
Thc hnh phn tch nh tnh
99
100
Ni quy
phng th nghim ha Phn tch nh tnh
1. Hc sinh ch lm th nghim sau khi chun b bi, nm c

mc tiu v cch tin hnh cc th nghim.
2. Mi hc sinh c mt ch lm vic ring trong phng th nghim
sut cc bi thc hnh ca mn hc. Hc sinh ch lm vic trong
khu vc qui nh cho mnh, trnh i li ln xn.
3. Ch c mang vo phng th nghim ti liu v dng c hc tp.
Cc t trang khc ch qui nh ngoi phng.
4. Ch s dng b ha cht, dng c c gio vin hng dn. B
dng c, ha cht dng chung cho c t khng c mang v ch
ca c nhn.
5. Hc sinh phi t mnh lm ly th nghim. Trong qu trnh lm
phi theo di, quan st hin tng v ghi ly cc d kin thc
nghim vo v.
6. Lm xong thc tp, mi hc sinh phi sp xp li dng c, ha
cht, ra sch ng nghim, dng c, lm v sinh bn th nghim.
Mi t c trc nht lm sch phng th nghim.
7. Sau mi bi thc hnh, hc sinh phi lm bo co kt qu cho gio
vin hng dn. Bo co th nghim phi m t y cc thao tc
tin hnh th nghim, gii thch cc hin tng xy ra, vit v cn
bng y cc phng trnh phn ng xy ra trong qu trnh lm
th nghim.
8. Kt qu hon thnh mn thc hnh c nh gi theo qui ch
chung cc mn thi.
101
Quy tc an ton phng th nghim
1. Cc phn ng c cht c bay hi phi lm trong t ht hoc ngoi

tri.
2. Cc cht d chy, n phi t xa ngn la.
3. Khi un nng cc dung dch phi nghing ng nghim v hng
ming ng nghim v pha khng c ngi.
4. Khng ci mt vo cc dung dch ang si hoc cc cht ang nng
chy trnh ha cht bn n vo mt.
i vi cc cht d n, d bn tch, nu mun quan st phi eo
knh bo him.
5. Khi pha long acid sulfuric c phi rt t t acid vo nc m
khng lm ngc li; khng c cm trn tay dung dch ang pha
v c ta nhit mnh.
Khng c t ng di chuyn cc bnh ln cha acid v pha long
acid t bnh ln.
6. Nu lm ri vi thy ngn th phi ht li bng my ht bi hoc
pipet c qu bp cao su, ng thi rc vo ch thy ngn ri mt t
lu hunh bt hoc ti vo dung dch FeCl3 20% v bo co cho
cn b hng dn bit x l.
7. Mun th mi cc cht khng c ngi trc tip m phi dng
tay vy hi cht n mi tng lng nh.
8. Sau khi lm vic vi cc cht c nh Hg, As, cc mui cyanid v
cc dung dch kim loi qu, cn phi thu vo bnh cha nht nh.
9. Khi c ha hon:
Nu m chy nh th dng bao ti t dp tt.

Nu c m chy ln v lan rng th bo cu ha (gi in thoi
s 114); dng ct v bnh cu ha sinh CO2 lm tt hoc hn
ch m chy. Trong khi phi cch ly ngay cc cht d chy
v d n (nh ether, cc loi cn, cc bnh acid c...).
9. Nu b acid c hoc kim c ri trn da phi ra ngay bng vi
nc chy vi pht. Sau bo ngay cho cn b qun l x l vt
bng, chng nhim khun.
102
Nu acid c, kim c bn vo mt cng phi ra ngay bng

nc nhiu ln v bo cho i cp cu ti bnh vin (gi in thoi
s 115).
10. Nu b bng do cc vt nng vi vt bng khng ln th cng
di vi nc lnh 5-10 pht, sau thm kh v bi cc thuc
m dc dng, du c...
11. Nu vt thng c chy mu th u tin phi st khun bng
cn iod, cn 70 - 90o, dung dch KMnO4 5%, sau cm mu bng
dung dch FeCl3 5% v bng gc, bng dnh y t.
12. Nu cm thy kh th do trong phng th nghim c nhiu hi
c th phi nhanh chng thot ra ngoi hnh lang.
103
Vi quy nh v s dng ha cht
1. Trc khi s dng cc ha cht u phi c k nhn. ha cht
c phn ra nhiu loi c tnh khit khc nhau:

- Loi tinh khit
- Loi tinh khit phn tch
- Loi tinh khit ha hc
Da vo yu cu v chnh xc ca tng th nghim m la chn
ha cht thch hp v ha cht cng tinh khit th gi thnh cng cao.
2. Nu do yu cu chnh xc ca th nghim th ly lng ha cht
ng hng dn ca bi.
3. Nu th nghim ch yu cu v mt nh tnh th ch ly lng ha
cht ti thiu quan st c phn ng (cht rn ch ly mt

lp mng di y ng nghim; cht lng khng ly qu 1/5 th
tch ng nghim).
4. Khi xc, ong ha cht phi dng cc dng c chuyn dng nh
tha thy tinh, tha s, tha nha, khng c dng tay bc.
Tha xc ha cht ny khng c dng xc ha cht khc. Nu
thiu phi dng chung tha, trc khi ly sang ha cht khc phi
ra sch tha.
5. Ch s dng cc l ha cht c nhn ghi r rng v c nt, np y
kn. Khi ly ha cht, nu cn nt ln bn th phi nga,

trnh phn c dnh ha cht tip xc vi mt bn th nghim.
Sau khi ly xong ha cht phi y ngay nt, np ng cho l ha
cht y.
6. Khi rt cc cht lng phi quay nhn vo trong lng bn tay
ha cht khng dy ra nhn. Nu rt tha th khng tr li l

m tp trung vo cc ang ng ha cht bn.
7. Tuyt i khng dng pipet (ng thy tinh nh c u nhn)
ht bng mm cc dung dch kim c, acid c, cc cht c d

bay hi, thy ngn, cc dung dch ang un nng, cht ang nng
chy nhit cao, cc hn hp ra.
104
Bi 1
Dng c v k thut thc nghim c bn

Trong ha phn tch nh tnh
Mc tiu
1. Ni c tn, cng dng v s dng c mt s dng c thng thng trong
phng th nghim ha hc.
2. M t v thc hin c cc k thut gii thiu trong thc hnh ha phn
tch nh tnh.
1. Gii thiu dng c thng thng bng s, thy tinh

v mt s my thng dng
(Hnh nh: xem ph lc 1 cui sch)

1.1. Cc dng c thng dng khi ly mt lng cht lng
Khi ly mt lng ha cht lng, thng dng cc dng c sau:
Pipet: Dng ly mt lng nh cht lng

Pipet in t (hnh 1)
Pipet nh mc 10, 25 mL (hnh 2)
Pipet nh mc c vch chia 1; 5; 10 mL (hnh 3)
Cc loi gi pipet (hnh 4)
Qu bp bng cao su dng ni vi pipet (hnh 5)
Cc dng c nh mc khc: ly mt th tch cht lng xc nh

hoc dng pha dung dch
Cc loi ng ong nh mc (hnh 6)
Cc c chn nh mc (hnh 7)
Cc loi bnh nh mc pha dung dch (hnh 8)
Cc loi buret (hnh 9)
105
1.2. Nhng dng c thng dng tin hnh cc phn ng
ng nghim: Dng lm cc phn ng lng nh

ng nghim thng v ng nghim c chia vch (hnh 10)
Gi ng nghim (hnh 11)
Cc c m: Dng pha ch, hng, ng. M to iu kin rt dung

dch d dng.
Cc loi cc c m (hnh 12)
Knh cn: Dng ng cht cn cn

Knh cn, mng cn (hnh 13)
Cc loi bnh cu y trn: Dng un nng (bng thy tinh chu

nhit) hoc hng ng cht lng (hnh 14)
Bnh cu y bng: Dng ng cht lng nh nc ct (hnh 15)

Bnh nn dng ng dung dch, chun nh lng (hnh 16)
1.3. Dng c lc ra p sut thng
Cc loi phu lc (hnh 17)

Cch gp giy lc nhiu np ly dch lc (hnh 18)
Cch gp giy lc phng ly cht kt ta (hnh 19)
Phu thy tinh t th lc (hnh 20)
1.4. Cc loi king v li un nng (hnh 21)
1.5. Dng c un nng
n cn, nhit khng qu 400oC (hnh 22)

Cc loi n gas, nhit t 500-1500oC (hnh 23)
Bp in (hnh 24)
Cc loi ni un cch thy, nhit t 90-100oC (hnh 25)
1.6. Cc loi ng h o trong phng th nghim (hnh 26)
1.7. Cc loi knh bo him (hnh 27)
1.8. Cc loi knh lp thng (hnh 28)
1.9. Cc loi knh hin vi (hnh 29)
1.10. Cc loi t ht (hnh 30)
106
1.11. Cc loi my iu nhit (hnh 31)

1.12. My ly tm (hnh 32)
1.13. Cc loi my o pH (hnh 33)
2. Mt s k thut c bn thc hnh ha phn tch nh tnh
(Xem Phn 1. L thuyt phn tch nh tnh - Bi 2, mc 5 trang 48).

3. Dng c - ha cht - Thuc th
Dng c
Ho cht
- n cn
- H2SO4 10%
- a thy tinh
- BaCl2 0,1M
- Kp g
- AgNO3 5%
- ng nghim cc loi
- ng nghim ly tm
- My ly tm
4. Thc hnh
4.1. Ni ng tn v cng dng ca cc dng c c gii thiu v trng by.
4.2. Ra bng chi lng, x phng, nc my v nc ct mt s dng c
thy tinh bn (ng nghim, pipet, chai l) t sch.
4.3. Ly 10 mL dung dch H2SO4 10% vo cc c m, cho tng git BaCl2
0,1M n khi khng cn thy xut hin kt ta trng na.
Ra gn BaSO4 trong cc trc ri ra trn phu lc sau.

Ra kt ta trn phu lc bng nc ct n khi khng cn ion Cl- (th
bng dung dch AgNO3 5%) v SO42- (th bng dung dch BaCl2 0,1 M ).
Ch :
Mi ln ra ch cho nc ct va ngp phn kt ta

Khi ra kt ta cn ch cho dung dch chy ht mi thm nc ct ra tip.
Ly mt lng nh ta ngay sau phn ng vo ng nghim v ra ly
tm song song vi ra trn phu lc. Th ion Cl-, SO42- trong nc ly
tm nh cch th trn.
107
Bi 2
nh tnh cation nhm I: Ag+, Pb2+, Hg22+
Mc tiu
1. Tm c tng cation nhm I da vo cc phn ng c trng ca chng.
2. Gii thch cc hin tng xy ra v vit cc phng trnh phn ng trong qu
trnh tin hnh thc nghim.
Dng c
Ho cht, thuc th
- a thy tinh
- Dung dch phn tch cha cc cation:

Ag+, Pb2+, Hg22+
- Kp g
- HCl 6 N, HCl 2 N
- ng nghim cc loi
- HNO3 6 N
- n cn
- ng nghim ly tm
- My ly tm
- NH4OH c
- KI 0,1 M
- K2CrO4 5%
2. Thc hnh
2.1. Ly 1mL dung dch phn tch vo ng nghim sch, thm vo tng
git dung dch HCl 6N n mi trng acid mnh kt ta hon ton
nhm I (nhn bit qu trnh kt ta xong khi git HCl thm vo thnh
ng nghim th ch tip xc gia git HCl v dung dch phn tch khng
thy xut hin kt ta thm na). un nng nh kt ta vn cc d
tch. ngui, ly tm, tch phn kt ta nhm I (gi l T1) cha: AgCl,
PbCl2, Hg2Cl2 v phn nc ly tm (L1) cha cc cation nhm khc.
2.2. Ra gn 3 ln kt ta T1 bng nc ct c pha thm vi git HCl long
2N (thm nc ra vo T1, lc k, ly tm, gn ly kt ta). Thm vo kt ta
ra trn 1 mL nc ct, un n si, lc ny PbCl2 s tan ra. Ly tm gn
ly kt ta T2 (cha: AgCl v Hg2Cl2) v nc ly tm L2 (cha PbCl2).
108
2.3. Thm vo nc ly tm L2 vi git thuc th KI 0,1M, nu thy xut

hin kt ta PbI2 mu vng m, chng t c cha Pb2+. un nng, kt ta
li tan ra, lm lnh di vi nc chy, hoc ngui dn s thu c tinh
th mu vng lng lnh ri xung (phn ng ma vng).
Hoc c th nhn bit Pb2+ bng cch cho nc ly tm L2 tc dng vi

vi git K2CrO4 5% thy xut hin kt ta mu vng PbCrO4.
2.4. Thm vo kt ta T2 NH4OH c, lc k, nu thy xut hin mu ta
xm en (do to thnh Hg + NH2HgCl), chng t c ion Hg22+. Ly tm, ly
nc ly tm, acid ha bng HNO3 6N, nu thy xut hin kt ta trng tr
li (AgCl) chng t c ion Ag+.
S 1. S thc hnh phn tch Cation nhm I: Ag+, Hg22+, Pb2+
Dung dch phn tch + HCl 6N (tng git)

Lc k, ly tm, ly kt ta
Nc ly tm L1
(c cation cc nhm II, III, IV, V)
Ta T1 (AgCl, Hg2Cl2, PbCl2) ra bng

H2O + HCl 2N. un si, ly tm nng
Nc ly tm L2: Pb2+
+ KI 0,1M PbI2 vng
+ K2CrO4 5% PbCrO4 vng
Ta T2 (AgCl, Hg2Cl2) + NH4OH c, lc k
t c Pb2+
Kt ta en xm ca
Hgo + NH2HgCl
t c Hg22+
Nc ly tm:
Ag(NH3)2]+
+ HNO3 6N
AgCl trng
t c Ag+
109
Bi 3
nh tnh cation nhm II: Ba2+, Ca2+

v nhm III: Al3+, Zn2+
Mc tiu
1. Tm c tng cation nhm II v nhm III da vo cc phn ng c trng ca
chng.

Dng c
Ho cht, thuc th
- n cn
- Dung dch phn tch cha cc cation: Ba2+, Ca2+, Al3+, Zn2+
- a thy tinh
- H2SO4 2N
- K2CrO4 5%
- Kp g
- HCl 2N
- Na2CO3 bo ha
- ng nghim cc loi
- CH3COOH 2N
- CH3COOONa 6N
- ng nghim ly tm
- NaOH 2N
- Na2S 2%
- My ly tm
- NH4OH c
- Thuc th Alizarin - S
- NH4Cl bo ha
- Cn 96o
2. Thc hnh
2.1. Ly 1mL dung dch phn tch vo ng nghim sch, thm vo tng
git dung dch H2SO4 2N n khi ngng xut hin kt ta kt ta hon
ton nhm II. un si nh kt ta vn cc d tch. ngui, thm vo
dn dn ru ethylic 96o n khi kt ta khng xut hin thm na, kt
ta hon ton Ca2+ (ch cho lng ru va , nu cho qu d pH ca
dung dch tng ln s lm thy phn mt s cation khc). Khuy u, ly
tm, tch phn kt ta nhm II l T1 (cha: BaSO4 v CaSO4) v phn
nc ly tm L1 (cha cc cation nhm III: Al3+, Zn2+).
110
2.2. Ra gn kt ta T1 bng hn hp H2SO4 2N v C2H5OH: thm nc ra

vo T1, lc k, ly tm, gn ly kt ta. Chuyn kt ta BaSO4 v CaSO4
thnh BaCO3 v CaCO3: thm khong 1 mL Na2CO3 bo ha vo T1, lc k,
un nng, ly tm, gn ly kt ta. Lp li ng tc ny 3-4 ln chuyn
ht BaSO4, CaSO4 thnh BaCO3, CaCO3.
2.2.1. Ha tan kt ta BaCO3, CaCO3 bng CH3COOH 2N: thm dn tng
git CH3COOH n khi kt ta va tan ht.
Thm K2CrO4 5% vo dung dch n khi dung dch c mu vng. Ly

tm thu c kt ta T2 v nc ly tm L2.
Kt ta T2 c ra sch bng nc ct, sau thm khong 1mL
NaOH 2N, un nh, ly tm. Nu di y ng nghim vn cn kt ta mu
vng, chng t l c BaCrO4, tc trong dung dch phn tch c Ba2+.
2.2.2. Phn nc ly tm L2: thm vi git dung dch (NH4)2C2O4 5%, nu
thy xut hin kt ta mu trng (CaC2O4) v kt ta ny khng tan trong
acid acetic, chng t trong dung dch c cha ion Ca2+.
2.3. Nc ly tm L1: thm vo L1 NaOH 2N d n khi thy xut hin kt
ta v kt ta li va tan ht.
un si nh dung dch c cn bt. Cho tip vo vi git NH4Cl bo

ha v vi git NH4OH c. Lc u, ly tm tch ring kt ta T3 (Al(OH)3)
v nc ly tm L3 ([Zn(NH3)4]2+).
2.3.1. Ha tan kt ta T3 bng vi git HCl 2N va v vi git
CH3COONa 6N to mi trng acid nh. Thm tip vi git thuc th
Alizarin-S thy c phc mu sn , chng t c ion Al3+.
2.3.2. Nc ly tm L3: thm vo vi git dung dch Na2S 2% thy xut hin
kt ta trng (ZnS) chng t dung dch c cha ion Zn2+.
111
S 2: S thc hnh phn tch Cation nhm II: Ca2+, Ba2+ v nhm III: Al3+, Zn2+
Dung dch phn tch + H2SO4 2N (tng git) + C2H5OH.

un nh, ly tm.
Nc ly tm L1: Al3+, Zn2+

+ NaOH 2N d
Ta T1 (BaSO4, CaSO4)
+ Na2CO3 bo ha lc k, un nng, ly
tm, gn. Lp li 3, 4 ln chuyn ht
ta T1 thnh ta BaCO3, CaCO3 lc.
Dung dch: AlO2-, ZnO22-, c cn bt +

NH4Cl bo ha + NH4OH c (vi git)
Na2CO3 SrCO3 + CaCO3.
Ly tm, ra kt ta sch
Ta T3: Al(OH)3
+ HCl 2N tan
+ CH3COOONa 6N n mi trng acid nh.
+ TT Alizarin-S phc mu t c Al3+
Nc ly tm L3: [Zn(NH3)4]2+
+ Na2S 2% ZnS trng
t c Zn2+
Ta: CaCO3, BaCO3

+ CH3COOH 2N ( tan ht)
Dung dch: Ca2+, Ba2+ + K2CrO4

5% (ti dung dch mu vng)
Ta T2: BaCrO4 mu vng

(khng tan trong NaOH 2N)
t c Ba2+
112
Nc ly tm L2: Ca2+ + (NH4)2C2O4

10% CaC2O4 (khng tan trong
CH3COOH 2N)
tc Ca2+
Bi 4
nh tnh cation nhm IV: Fe2+, Fe3+, Bi3+, Mg2+, Mn2+
Mc tiu
1. Tm c tng cation nhm IV da vo cc phn ng c trng ca chng.
1. Dng c ha cht Thuc th
Dng c
Ho cht, thuc th
- n cn
- Dung dch phn tch

cha cc cation: Fe2+, Fe3+, Bi3+, Mg2+, Mn2+
- a thy tinh
- Na2CO3 bo ho
- HNO3 c
- Kp g
- NH4OH c
- KI 0,1M
- ng nghim cc loi
- NH4Cl bo ha
- Thuc th KSCN
- ng nghim ly tm
- HNO3 10%
- Thuc th K4[Fe(CN)6]
- My ly tm
- Na2HPO4 12%
- Thuc th K3[Fe(CN)6]
2. Thc hnh
2.1. Ly 1mL dung dch phn tch vo ng nghim sch, thm vo vi git
Na2CO3 bo ha ti thong c ri li tan. Thm tip tng git dung dch
NH4OH c n khi kt ta hon ton. Ly tm, ly kt ta (Fe(OH)2,
Fe(OH)3, Bi(OH)3, Mn(OH)2 v Mg(OH)2). Thm vo kt ta 1 - 2mL dung
dch NH4Cl bo ha ha tan Mg(OH)2. un nh, ly tm, tch phn kt
ta T1 ( Fe(OH)2, Fe(OH)3, Bi(OH)3, Mn(OH)2) v phn nc ly tm L1
(cha Mg2+).
3.2. Nc ly tm L1: thm vo thuc th Na2HPO4 12%, nu thu c kt
ta mu vng hnh lc lng hoc hnh sao, hnh l (MgNH4PO4), chng t
trong dung dch c cha ion Mg2+.
113
2.3. Ha tan kt ta T1 bng HNO3 10%, un si, dung dch sau chia ra
lm 4 phn tm Fe2+, Fe3+, Bi3+, Mn2+ bng cc phn ng c trng:
* Tm Fe2+: Cho vo thuc th K3[Fe(CN)6], nu c kt ta mu xanh

Tua bin (Fe3[Fe(CN)6])2, chng t dung dch c cha ion Fe2+.
* Tm Fe3+: Cho tc dng vi thuc th KSCN d s to thnh phc
tan mu mu ([Fe(SCN)6]3-), chng t dung dch c cha ion Fe3+.
Hoc c th cho tc dng vi thuc th K4[Fe(CN)6] s to phc kt
ta mu xanh ph Fe4[Fe(CN)6]3.
* Tm Bi3+: Cho tc dng vi dung dch KI 0,1M d nu thy to phc
mu da cam ([BiI4]-), chng t dung dch c cha ion Bi3+.
* Tm Mn2+: Ly vi git dch lc vo 1 ng nghim, thm vo vi git
acid HNO3 c v mt t bt PbO2. un nh hn hp, ly tm, nu thy phn
dung dch c mu tm (MnO4-), chng t dung dch c cha ion Mn2+.
S 3: S thc hnh phn tch Cation nhm IV: Fe2+, Fe3+, Bi3+, Mn2+, Mg2+
Dung dch phn tch + Na2CO3 bo ho ti thong c ri tan
+ NH4OH c. Ly tm, ly kt ta.
Ta Fe(OH)2, Fe(OH)3, Mg(OH)2, Mn(OH)2, Bi(OH)3

+ NH4Cl bo ha. un nh, ly tm, tch ring kt ta v nc ly tm
Nc ly tm L1:
Mg2+ + Na2HPO4 12%
MgNH4PO4
(hnh lng tr,
hnh sao, hnh l)
Ta T1: Fe(OH)2, Fe(OH)3, Mn(OH)2, Bi(OH)3

+ HNO3 10%, un si
t c Mg2+
Dung dch: Fe2+, Fe3+, Mn2+, Bi3+

Chia thnh 4 phn:
Xc nh Fe2+:
+ TT K3[Fe(CN)6]
Fe3[Fe(CN)6]2
xanh Tua bin
t c Fe2+
Xc nh Fe3+:
- TT KSCN phc
mu mu
- TT K4[Fe(CN)6]
Fe4[Fe(CN)6]3
xanh ph
t c Fe3+
114
Xc nh Bi3+:
+ KI 0,1M phc
[BiI4]- mu cam m
(pha long cho ta
BiI3 mu en, nu
nhiu Bi3+)
t c Bi3+
Xc nh Mn2+:
+ HNO3 c
+ PbO2 bt, un si
MnO4-- mu tm
t c Mn2+
Bi 5
nh tnh cation nhm V: Cu2+, Hg2+

v nhm VI: Na+, K+, NH4+
Mc tiu
1. Tm c tng cation nhm V v nhm VI da vo cc phn ng c trng ca
chng.
Dng c
Ho cht, thuc th
- n cn
- a thy tinh
- Dung dch phn tch cha

cc cation: Cu2+, Hg2+, Na+, K+, NH4+
- Kp g
- HNO3 6 N
- K2CO3 bo ha
- HCl 10%
- Na2CO3 bo ha
- CH3COOH 2 N
- Thuc th Garola
- HCl c
- Na2S 2%
- HNO3 c
- K-Na tartrat 50%
- NaOH c
- Thuc th Nessler
- NH4OH c
- Thuc th Streng
- KOH c
- H2O2 10%
- ng nghim cc loi
- ng nghim ly tm
- My ly tm
- SnCl2 0,5 N
2. Thc hnh
2.1. Tm cation nhm VI trc bng cc phn ng c trng
Chia nh dung dch phn tch vo vi ng nghim nh, sau nhn

bit s c mt ca tng cation.
115
2.1.1. Cation NH4+
Nh vi git dung dch NaOH c vo ng nghim, pha trn ming

ng nghim y mu qu tm tm t. un nh ng nghim trn n
cn, nu giy qu chuyn sang mu xanh, chng t trong dung dch c
NH4+.
Hoc dng thuc th Nessler: thm vi git dung dch kali natri
tartrat 50% vo ng nghim to phc bn vi cc cation khc, sau
nh vi git thuc th Nessler, nu thy xut hin kt ta nu
([NH2HgI2]I), chng t trong dung dch c NH4+.
2.1.2. Tm Na+
Thm vo vi git K2CO3 bo ha v vi git KOH c n ta hon

ton. un nh, ly tm, b kt ta. Nc ly tm c acid ha bng
CH3COOH 2N (nu thy xut hin kt ta th gn b kt ta i), thm vo
vi git thuc th Streng Zn(UO2)3(CH3COO)8, nu thu c cc tinh th
mu vng lc nht (soi trn knh hin vi c hnh mt nhn), chng t trong
dung dch c Na+.
2.1.3.Tm K+
Thm vo vi git Na2CO3 bo ha v vi git NaOH c n ta hon

ton. un nh, ly tm, b kt ta. Nc ly tm c acid ha bng
CH3COOH 2N (nu thy xut hin kt ta th gn b kt ta i), thm vo
vi git thuc th Garola Na3[Co(NO2)6], nu thy kt ta tinh th mu
vng, chng t trong dung dch c K+.
2.2. Tm cation nhm V (Cu2+, Hg2+):
Cho vo dung dch phn tch tng git Na2S 2% to kt ta (CuS

v HgS). ung nng, ly tm, ly kt ta. ha tan kt ta trong HNO3 6N
th ch c CuS tan, cn HgS khng tan. Ly tm, tch ring kt ta cha
HgS v nc ly tm cha Cu2+.
Nc ly tm cho tc dng vi dung dch NH4OH c: Nu thong xut
hin kt ta mu xanh lc nht, sau tan ngay to phc mu xanh
tm, chng t trong dung dch c ion Cu2+.
Kt ta HgS c th th bng phn ng sau
Ho tan ta trong HCl 10% + H2O2 10%. Nu kt ta en tan ra,

chng t trong dung dch gc ban u c ion Hg2+.
Thm tip thuc th SnCl2 0,5N v NaOH c, nu li thu c kt
ta Hg mu en cng chng t trong dung dch c ion Hg2+.
Hoc cho kt ta tc dng vi cng thy (ly theo t l: 3 git HCl

c + 1 git HNO3 c), nu kt ta tan ra chng t c Hg2+.
116
S 4: S phn tch nhm cation nhm V: Hg2+, Cu2+ v nhm VI: NH4+, Na+, K+
Tm Na+:
+ K2CO3 bo ho + KOH c,
n kt ta hon ton. un
nng, ly tm, b kt ta.
Tm NH4+:
NaOH
c
NH3 (mi khai)
lm xanh giy
qu tm t.
TT Nessler + KNa tactrat 50%
ta nu
Nc ly tm:
+ CH3COOH 2N n gn trung
tnh (nu c ta th ly tm, b i)
+ TT Streng ta vng lc nht,
hnh mt nhn (soi knh hin vi)
t c NH4+
t c Na+
Tmm K+:
+ Na2CO3 bo ho + NaOH
c, n kt ta hon
ton. un nng, ly tm,
b kt ta.
Nc ly tm:
+ CH3COOH 2N n gn
trung tnh (nu c ta
th ly tm, b i)
+ TT Garola ta vng
t c K+

+ Na2S 2% (tng git). un nng, ly tm ly ta
Ta en: CuS, HgS. Ra kt ta bng H2SO4 2N

+ HNO3 6N. un nng, ly tm, tch ring phn ta v phn nc ly tm.
Nc ly tm: Cu2+
+ NH4OH c thong
ta, sau tan, c mu
xanh tm m
t c Cu2+
Ta HgS + S:
HCl 10% +H2O2 10% ta en tan ra.
Sau : + SnCl2 0,5N + NaOH c Hg en.

Cng thu (1V HNO3 c + 3V HCl c) ta tan ra.
t c Hg2+
117
Bi 6
Phn tch tng hp cc nhm cation theo

phng php acid base
Mc tiu
1. Tch ring c cc nhm cation bng thuc th nhm
2. Xc nh c cc cation c mt trong mi nhm bng cc s phn tch 1,2, 3,
4 bit.
1. Dng c ha cht Thuc th
Nh cc bi 2, 3, 4, 5
Dung dch phn tch cha cation cc nhm
2. Thc hnh
2.1. Tin hnh phn tch theo s 5 tch nhm cation
2.2. Nhm cation tch c phn tch theo s tng ng cc
bi 2, 3, 4, 5 pha trc nhn bit tng ion c mt.
118
S 5: S thc hnh phn tch tng hp cc nhm cation
Dung dch phn tch cation

+ HCl 6N
Ly tm
Nhm I: (ta clorid)

AgCl, Hg2Cl2, PbCl2
(Phn tch theo s 1)
Nhm II: (ta sulfat)

BaSO4, CaSO4, (SrSO4)
(Phn tch theo s 2)
Nhm III:
(nc ly tm cha oxoanion)
AlO2, ZnO22, (SnO32, CrO42)
Nhm VI: (dung dch phn

tch): NH4+, Na+, K+
Nc ly tm
+ H2SO42N
(Phn tch theo s 4)
Ly tm
Nc ly tm
+ NaOH 2N d
(+H2O2)
Ly tm
Kt ta (oxyd, hydroxyd
nhm (IV+V)
+HNO3 (+H2O2))
(Phn tch theo s 2)
Ly tm
Nc ly tm
+ Na2CO3 ti thong c
+ NH4OH c
(+ H2O2)
Ta HSbO3 (hoc Sb2O5.H2O)

Ho tan bng HCl c Xc nh Sb:
- Phn ng thu phn
- Thuc th Caile - Viel
Ly tm
(Sb3+,5+ c th xp nhm IV do to ta
hydroxyd/acid, khng to phc
amoniacat/ hoc xp ring)
Nhm IV: (ta hydroxyd)

Fe(OH)2, Fe(OH)3,
Bi(OH)3, MnO2, Mg(OH)2
Nhm V: (nc ly tm cha

amoniacat)
Cu(NH3)42+, Hg(NH3)42+
(Ni(NH3)42+, Co(NH3)42+, Cd(NH3)42+)
(Phn tch theo s 3)
(Phn tch theo s 4)
119
Bi 7
nh tnh anion nhm I: Cl-, Br-, I-, SCN-, S2O32-
Mc tiu
1. Xc nh c tng anion nhm I da vo cc phn ng c trng ca chng.
Dng c
Ha cht, thuc th
- n cn
- Dung dch phn tch
- a thy tinh
cha cc anion: Cl-, Br-, I-, SCN-, S2O32-
- Kp g
- HNO3 2 N
- FeCl3 10%
- ng nghim ly tm
- H2SO4 2 N
- NaNO2 0,1 N
- ng nghim cc loi
- NaOH c
- Zn ht
- My ly tm
- Na2CO3 bo ha
- H tinh bt
- AgNO3 0,1N
- Nc Javel
- (NH4)2CO3 bo ha
- Cloroform
2. Thc hnh
2.1. Ly 2 mL dung dch phn tch lm nc soda (bng cch cho thm 2
mL Na2CO3 bo ha + 2-3 git NaOH c). Nu c ta th ly tm, b ta
(nu khng c ta th ngay t u khng cn lm nc soda).
Thm vo nc ly tm (nc soda) HNO3 2N v AgNO3 0,1N n kt

ta hon ton anion nhm I.
Nu thy kt ta t mu nu chuyn thnh mu en l c S2O32- trong

dung dch phn tch ban u
Ly tm, ly kt ta v chia lm 2 phn: phn nh ta v phn ln ta

120
2.2. Phn nh ta: Ha tan ta bng H2SO4 2N (lc k, nu vn cn ta th

b i) thm vo dung dch tng git FeCl3 10%, nu thu c dung dch c
mu mu ([Fe(SCN)6]3-), chng t dung dch c cha ion SCN-.
2.3. Phn ln ta: Thm khong 1 mL (NH4)2CO3 bo ho, lc k, un
nh, ly tm, tch ring phn kt ta T1 (AgBr, AgI, AgSCN) v nc ly
tm L1 (Cl-).
2.3.1. Nc ly tm L1: Acid ha tr li bng vi git HNO3 2N, nu thy
xut hin kt ta trng AgCl, chng t dung dch c ion Cl-.
2.3.2. Ha tan kt ta T1 bng hn hp H2SO4 2N + Zn ht gii phng
Br-, I-, SCN- khi ta AgBr, AgI, AgSCN. Ly tm, ly nc ly tm. Chia
nc ly tm thnh 3 phn tm ln lt anion:
* Tm I-: Nc ly tm tc dng vi NaNO2 0,1M + 2git h tinh bt, lc

u. Nu dung dch thu c c mu xanh tm, chng t c anion I-.
Hoc tm I- bng cch cho nc ly tm tc dng vi nc Javel va
(khng qu nhiu) + cloroform. Lc k. Nu lp cloroform pha di c
mu tm, chng t c ion I-.
* Tm Br-: Nc ly tm cho tc dng vi nc Javel d + cloroform.
Lc k. Nu lp cloroform c mu vng rm, chng t c ion Br-.
* Tm SCN-: Nc ly tm cho tc dng vi FeCl3 10%, nu dung dch
thu c c mu mu hay hng, chng t c ion SCN-.
121
S 6. S thc hnh phn tch cc anion nhm I:

Cl, Br, I, SCN, S2O32
Dung dch phn tch anion nhm I
+ Na2CO3 (lm nc soda)
Nc ly tm (nc soda):
Cha anion nhm I + Cation
kim loi kim v NH4+
+ HNO32N + AgNO3
Ta: carbonat cc cation

khng phi kim loi kim
(b i hoc tm cc cation)
Nc ly tm:
Anion cc nhm khc
(b i)
Ta: Anion nhm I

(nu ta t nu en l c
S2O32-, v Ag2S2O3 Ag2S)
Chia 2 phn
Phn ln ta: + (NH4)2CO3 bo

ho. un nh, ly tm, tch ring
phn ta v nc ly tm
Phn nh ta: (th thm d):

+H2SO42N
+ FeCL3 10% phc [Fe(SCN)6]3
mu mu hay hng
t c SCN
Ta T1: AgBr, AgI, AgSCN

+ H2SO42N + Zn ht. Lc u,
vi pht, ly tm, ly nc ly tm thu
c chia lm 3 phn:
Nc ly tm L1:
Cl ( dng [Ag(NH3)2]Cl)
+ HNO32N ta tr li AgCl
t c Cl
Phn 1:
Nc ly tm +NaNO2
0,1M H tinh bt mu
xanh tm tc I
Hoc: Nc ly tm +
cloroform + nc Javel.
Lc k, c mu
xanh tm lp cloroform
(pha di)
t c I
122
Phn 2:
Nc ly tm +
cloroform + nc
Javel (ly d). Lc
k, lp cloroform
(pha di) c mu
vng rm
t c Br
Phn 3:
Nc ly tm +
FeCl310% phc
[Fe(SCN)63] mu
mu
t c SCN
Bi 8
nh tnh anion nhm II: CO32-, CH3COO-, PO43-,

AsO33-, AsO43-, SO32-, SO42-, (S2O32-)
Mc tiu
1. Xc nh c tng anion nhm II da vo cc phn ng c trng ca chng.
trnh thc hin cc bc phn tch.
Dng c
Ho cht, thuc th
- n cn
- Dung dch phn tch cha cc anion:

CO32-, CH3COO-, PO43-, AsO33-, AsO43-, SO32-, SO42-,
(S2O32-)
- a thy tinh
- Kp g
- ng nghim cc loi
- HCl 2N, 1N, 0,1N
- ng nghim ly tm
- H2SO4 c
- Hn hp Mg (MgCl2 +
NH4Cl + NH4OH)
- My ly tm
- H2SO4 2N
- Dung dch I2 5%, 10%
- CH3COOH 2N
- Dung dch KMnO4 1%, 5%
- NaOH c
- TT Amoni molypdat
- FeCl3 10%
- Na2S 1M
- BaCl2 0,5M
- Ru amylic
- Sr(NO3)2 bo ho
- Formalin 5%
- Na2CO3 bo ho
2. Thc hnh
2.1. Xc nh CO32- v PO43- ngay t dung dch phn tch:

2.1.1. Ly 1mL dung dch phn tch, thm vo vi git HCl 2N. Nu thy
kh si bt bay ln (kh ny lm c nc vi trong, khng lm mt mu
dung dch KMnO4+ H2SO4 ), chng t trong dung dch c cha anion CO32-.
123
2.1.2. un nh dung dch CO2 bay ht. Cho thm vi git HNO3 c v
thuc th amoni molypdat, ngm ng nghim trong nc , nu thy xut
hin kt ta mu vng cu (NH4)3[PMo12O40], chng t trong dung dch c
ion PO43-.
2.2. Tm CH3COO- ngay t dung dch phn tch
Thm vo dung dch phn tch vi git H2SO4 2N, sau cho tc dng
vi dung dch FeCl3 10%. Nu dung dch thu c c mu v sau
khi un nng thy kt ta mu nu (Fe(OH)2(CH3COO)) tch ra,
chng t trong dung dch c anion CH3COO-.
Hoc cho vo dung dch phn tch vi git ru amylic hoc ethylic,
xc tc bng acid H2SO4 c. un nng nh hn hp, nu c mi thm
du chui ca ester c to thnh, chng t trong dung dch c anion
CH3COO-.
2.3. Tm AsO33-, AsO43-, SO32-, SO42-, (S2O32-)2.3.1. Ly 2-3 mL dung dch phn tch lm nc soda (cch lm nh bi 7,
pha trc). Nu c ta th ly tm, b ta. Ly nc ly tm (nc soda).
(Nu lm nc soda m khng c ta xut hin-chng t khng c

cation gy ri, th s dng ngay dung dch gc phn tch m khng cn
lm nc soda na).
Nc ly tm (nc soda) hoc dung dch gc khng cn lm nc soda,
iu chnh v pH kim nh hoc trung tnh bng CH3COOH 2N. Chia dung
dch phn tch thnh 2 phn: phn 1 v phn 2.
2.3.2. Phn 1: tm AsO33-, AsO43-
Ly phn 1 + Hn hp Mg n ht kt ta. Ly tm.
Nc ly tm L1: thm tng git I2 5%, nu mt mu vng nu ca I2,

chng t c AsO33-
Ta T1: thm HCl 2N n va tan ht, thm tng git Na2S 1M, nu
xut hin ta mu vng ca As2S5 l c AsO432.3.3. Phn 2: tm SO32-, SO42-, (S2O32-)
Thm vo phn 2 tng git Sr(NO3)2 bo ha dn ht kt ta. Ly tm.

Nc ly tm L2: un nng v thm tng git Ba(NO3)2 bo ha n ht
kt ta. Ly tm. Ly kt ta (BaS2O3, nu c) thm KMnO4 1% v H2SO4
10%. Nu KMnO4 mt mu v c Lu hunh kt ta l c S2O32Ta T2: Thm khong 0,5-1mL HCl 2N, lc nh.
124
Tm SO32-:
+ Hoc bng cch thm 1-2 git phenolphtalein, trung ha vi NaOH
0,1M n xut hin mu , li thm HCl 0,1N n va mt

mu . Thm vo tng git formalin 5%, mu xut hin tr li
l c SO32+ Hoc bng cch un nng v dn hi sc vo dung dch KMnO4
0,5% v H2SO4 2N. Nu KMnO mt mu (do SO2), chng t c SO32-
Tm SO42:
Nu sau khi thm HCl 2N vo ta T2 m vn cn ta khng tan,
chng t c SO42- ( dng SrSO4). C th tch ring ta SrSO4 ri thm vo
HCl 1N v tng git BaCl2 0,5M. Nu phn trn ca dung dch xut hin
ta c m (ca BaSO4), cng chng t chc chn c SO42-
125
S 7. S thc hnh phn tch cc anion nhm II:

CO32, CH3OO, PO43, AsO33, AsO43-, SO32, SO42, (S2O32)Dung dch phn tch: Anion nhm II
Tm CO32:
Dung dch phn tch:
+ HCl 2N CO2
(lm c nc vi
trong) c CO32
Tm PO43: Dung dch

va tm CO32 + HNO3
c + TT amoni
molypdat ( lnh trong
nc ) ta vng
t c PO43
Tm CH3COO:
Dung dch phn tch:
Hoc bng FeCl310%
phc hp mu
t c CH3COO
Hoc + H2SO4 c
+ ru amylic ester
c mi du chui
t c CH3COO
Dung dch phn tch

+Na2CO3
(lm nc soda)
Nc ly tm (nc soda):
iu chnh pH v kim
nh hoc trung tnh bng
CH3COOH2N, chia lm 2
phn: 1 v 2
Ta: carbonat,
hydroxyd cc cation
khng phi kim loi
kim (b i hoc
tm cation)
Phn 1 (nc soda): + Hn hp Mg

MgNH4ASO4 trng v MgNH4PO4 trng
Nc ly tm L1:
AsO33
+ Dung dch
I25% mt
mu nu
vng
t c
AsO33
Ta T1:
+ HCl 2N va
tan ht + Na2S
As2S5
vng
t c
AsO4
Phn 2 (nc soda):

+ Sr(NO3)2 bo ho. un nng
Ta T2: Mui Sr2+ ca SO32, SO42, AsO32, PO43,

CO32 +HCl 2N
Tm SO32:
- Trung ha bng NaOH 0,1M v HCl 0,1N n
mt mu phelnolphthalein + Formalin 5% tmu
c SO32
- Hoc un nng, dn hi sc vo KMnO4 0,5%
+H2SO4 2N mt mu KMnO4 (do SO2 ) t c SO32
Tm SO42:
- Vn c SrSO4 t c SO42
- Hoc ly ta + HCl 1N + BaCl2 0,5M c bi
BaSO4 t c SO42
Nc ly tm L2: AsO43, S2O32. un nng + Ba(NO3)2 bo ho. Ly tm. Ly ta BaS2O3 +

KMnO4 1% + H2SO4 10% mt mu KMnO4 (do SO2) v c S t c S2O32
126
Bi 9
Phn tch hn hp cation v

anion trong dung dch
Mc tiu
1. a ra c cc nhn xt v tin hnh c mt s cch th s b ph hp i
vi dung dch cn phn tch d on cation v anion c th c mt.
2. Thc hin c cc bc phn tch h thng tm ng cation v anion c
trong dung dch.
1. Dng c - Ho cht - Thuc th
C y cc b dng c, ha cht v thuc th ca 8 bi lm pha trc

2. Thc hnh
Khi nhn c dung dch hn hp cation v anion cn nh tnh, phi

thc hin ln lt cc bc phn tch nh sau:
1. Dng gic quan nhn xt mu sc, mi. a ra d on ban
u v cc ion c mt.
2. Thc hin cc php th s b v
pH ca dung dch
Mu ngn la
T , d on tip cc ion c th c mt.
3. Th mt s phn ng, c bit l phn ng ca cc thuc th
nhm i vi cation v anion

Theo , tip tc d on cc ion c th c trong dung dch phn tch.
4. Tin hnh phn tch h thng hoc na h thng theo cc s
thc hnh phn tch cation (s 1, 2 ,3, v 4) v s phn tch

anion (s 6 v 7).
5. Sau khi c kt lun v cc cation v anion va tm c t phn
tch h thng, cn i chiu kt lun y vi cc kt qu th s b

ban u xem c g mu thun. Nu cn nghi ng th phi tin
hnh phn tch li.
127
phn Iii
l thuyt phn tch nh lng
129
130
Bi 1
i cng v ha phn tch nh lng
mc tiu
1. Trnh by c v tr, i tng ca mn hc.
2. Nu c cc phng php phn tch nh lng, nguyn tc chung ca cc
phng php ha hc dng trong phn tch nh lng.
3. Trnh by c cc loi sai s trong phn tch nh lng v cch khc phc.
Bit cch ghi d liu thc nghim theo qui tc v ch s c ngha.
1. i tng ca phn tch nh lng
Phn tch nh lng l mt mt ca cng tc phn tch c nhim v

xc nh hm lng (khi lng, thnh phn %, s mol...) ca mt nguyn
t, ion, nhm nguyn t, mt cht (nguyn cht hay hn hp) th rn hay
ha tan trong cc dung dch c trong mu th cn phn tch.
Phn tch nh lng c ng dng v c v tr quan trng trong
nhiu ngnh khoa hc: ha hc, sinh hc, a cht, nng nghip, thc
phm... v c bit trong ngnh Dc.
Trong chng trnh o to ca ngnh Dc, phn tch nh lng va
l mn hc c s va l mn hc nghip v. Hc tt phn tch nh lng
gip cho vic hc v sau ny ra lm tt cc lnh vc: kim nghim thuc v
m phm, kim nghim thc phm, xc nh cc hot cht trong cc
nguyn liu, dc liu, cc dng bo ch, ha dc, phn tch nc, xc
nh cht c, lm cc xt nghim sinh ho, h tr c lc cho vic nghin
cu, tng hp v sn xut thuc...
2. Phn loi cc phng php phn tch nh lng
Da vo bn cht cc phng php s dng trong phn tch nh

lng c th chia thnh hai nhm phng php.
2.1. Cc phng php ha hc
Da trn mi lin quan gia tnh cht ha hc v thnh phn ha hc

ca cht cn phn tch. Cc phng php ny chia thnh hai nhm:
131
2.1.1. Phng php phn tch khi lng

Da vo vic xc nh khi lng cht cn xc nh c tch ra
khi cc cht khc c trong mu phn tch di dng tinh khit.
2.1.2. Phng php phn tch th tch
Phng php chun : Da vo vic xc nh th tch mt dung dch

thuc th c nng bit gi l dung dch chun cho tc dng
vi cht cn xc nh theo phn ng ha hc thch hp. Tu theo phn
ng ha hc s dng c tn gi cc phng php phn tch tng ng;
cc phng php thng dng l: Phng php nh lng acid-base;
phng php nh lng oxy ha - kh; phng php to ta; phng
php to phc; phng php to cp ion.
Phng php th tch kh: Da vo vic o th tch ca cht kh c

sinh ra t cht th (nh CO2 gii phng t mui carbonat) hoc do s
gim th tch ca hn hp kh do mt phn b hp th (nh CO2 b
hp th vo dung dch KOH).
2.2. Cc phng php vt l v ha l
y l cc phng php phn tch da vo mi quan h gia thnh

phn ha hc v cc tnh cht vt l hoc c tnh ha l ca cc cht. Cc
phng php vt l v ha l thng chia lm ba nhm ln:
2.2.1. Cc phng php phn chia (phng php tch)
Phng php chit, phng php sc k...
2.2.2. Cc phng php phn tch quang hc
Phng php o khc x, phng php o nng sut quay cc,
phng php o quang ph hp th, phng php o quang ph pht x...
2.2.3. Cc phng php phn tch in ha
Phng php o th, phng php cc ph....
Nhn chung cc phng php vt l v ha l c nhy v chnh
xc cao, thi gian phn tch nhanh, nhiu khi c th xc nh trc tip cht
cn phn tch c trong mu phn tch m khng phi chit tch trc. Tuy
nhin i hi phi c thit b, my mc t tin.
Trong phm vi chng trnh, hc phn phn tch nh lng ch yu
gii thiu cc phng php: Phn tch khi lng, phng php phn tch
th tch vi ni dung ch yu l phng php chun : acid-base, oxy ha
- kh, to ta, to phc.
132
3. Nguyn tc chung ca cc phng php ha hc dng

trong nh lng
L da trn c s cc phn ng ha hc, cc nh lut ha hc v cc

hin tng xy ra trong qu trnh phn ng (nh s to kt ta, to mu,
i mu...) xc nh hm lng ca cht cn xc nh trong mu th.
xc nh cht X, ta cho cht X phn ng vi thuc th R theo
phng trnh tng qut:
X + R + ... = P + Q + ....
Tu theo k thut thc hin ta c th xc nh X thng qua sn phm
P (hay Q) ca phn ng hoc thuc th R.
Nu phn ng to ra kt ta: Ta c th tch ring kt ta v em cn,

t khi lng sn phm kt ta tnh c hm lng cht X.
Th d:
xc nh hm lng FeCl3 ta cho phn ng vi NaOH d:
FeCl3 + 3 NaOH = Fe(OH)3 + 3 NaCl
Sau em lc ly kt ta Fe(OH)3, ra sch, em nung kh:
t
Fe2O3 + 3 H2O
2 Fe(OH)3
o
T khi lng Fe2O3 tnh ra c hm lng FeCl3 c trong mu phn tch.
Nu phn ng to ra cht kh: Ta c th xc nh th tch ca kh di

mt p sut nht nh (hoc dng mt cht hp th kh), t lng kh
ta c th tnh c hm lng cht X.
Th d:
xc nh CaCO3, ta cho tc dng vi HCl:
CaCO3 + 2 HCl = CaCl2 + CO2 + H2O
Cho kh CO2 hp th vo dung dch Ba(OH)2 ta xc nh c lng CO2:
CO2 + Ba(OH)2 = BaCO3 + H2O
T ta s tnh c hm lng CaCO3 trong mu th.
Da vo lng thuc th R tiu th trong phn ng, tnh c hm

lng cht X c trong mu phn tch. K thut ny c ng dng
kh nhiu v c gi l cc phng php phn tch th tch.
133
4. Sai s trong phn tch nh lng ha hc

4.1. Mt s khi nim
Khi phn tch, ngi ta thng thc hin ton b qui trnh phn tch
(hoc xc nh mt i lng no ) mt s ln trn mu th v thu
c cc kt qu tng ng x1, x2,...xn
x1 + x 2 + ... + x n
l ng tin cy hn c v c ly
n
lm kt qu ca php phn tch.
Gi tr trung bnh x =
Gi tr trung bnh x thng khc vi gi tr thc ca i lng cn

xc nh, s sai khc chnh l sai s ca php phn tch (hoc php
xc nh).
Kt qu ca php phn tch c nh gi tnh ng ( ng:

accuracy) v tnh chnh xc (precision).
Tnh ng phn nh s ph hp gia kt qu thc nghim thu c
( x ) vi gi tr thc () ca i lng cn xc nh.
Tnh chnh xc ( lp li) phn nh s ph hp gia cc kt qu thu
c (x1, x2,...xn) trong cc th nghim lp li trong cng iu kin thc
nghim qui nh ca php phn tch (cc php phn tch song song).
C th biu th sai s di dng sai s tuyt i v sai s tng i.

+ Sai s tuyt i = x - (gi tr dng l sai s tha, gi tr m l
sai s thiu).
+ Sai s tng i
x
.100 (%)
x
4.2. Cc loi sai s
4.2.1. Sai s th
Thng l nhng sai ln, hu ht do s cu th, s nhm ln hoc s
c gian ln, s trc trc bt ng (do hng thit b, mt in, mt nc..)...
Sai s th c th ch lm hng mt d liu nhng cng c khi lm sai c
mt tp hp d liu. Trong phn tch cn phi trnh v loi b sai ny
bng cch thn trng, tng s th nghim, x l thng k loi b cc d liu
ngoi lai...
4.2.2. Sai s h thng
L sai s do nhng ngun gc m trn nguyn tc c th xc nh

c, n lm cho cc kt qu phn tch c xu hng nht nh: cao,
134
thp hoc bin i theo qui lut no . Th d: khi cn Na2CO3 trong

mt chn cn khng y np th kt qu cn s tng dn theo thi
gian v Na2CO3 l cht ht m mnh, sai s ny tng theo thi gian
cn v b mt mt tip xc ca ha cht vi kh quyn.
Sai s h thng lm gim tnh ng ca kt qu phn tch.

Nguyn nhn dn n sai s h thng c th l:
Do s dng dng c, thit b c sai s, ha cht v thuc th c ln

tp cht l... (th d dng cn khng ng, cc dng c o th tch
khng chnh xc...). C th khc phc sai s ny bng cch hiu chnh
li, thay ha cht thuc th t tiu chun...
Sai s do c nhn ngi lm: C th do ch quan ngi phn tch gy

ra v thiu kinh nghim, lm vic thiu suy ngh, khng cn thn dn
n cc thao tc khng chun (c th khc phc bng cch lm vic
cn thn, nghim tc, rn luyn k nng, chu kh hc tp...); c th
do tm l tc l khuynh hng ca ngi phn tch khi lp li th
nghim mun chn gi tr ph hp vi gi tr o trc, hoc gn vi
gi tr ca ngi khc.
Sai s do phng php: Nguyn nhn ny kh pht hin v l nguyn

nhn quan trng dn n sai s h thng. Sai s phng php c lin
quan vi tnh cht ha hc hoc ha l ca h o. Th d: phn ng
phn tch xy ra khng hon ton hoc c phn ng ph xy ra lm
sai lch tnh hp thc ca phn ng chnh... Sai s phng php c
lin quan vi thao tc ca ngi lm. Trong nhiu trng hp nu
thao tc tt c th lm gim sai s phng php v ngc li. (Th d
trong phn tch khi lng, nu ra kt ta vi th tch nc ra thch
hp s lm gim s mt ta do tan).
4.2.3. Sai s ngu nhin
L nhng sai s lm cho d liu phn tch dao ng ngu nhin quanh
gi tr trung bnh. Ngun gc ca n l do cc bin i nh khng
kim sot c (khng pht hin v khng o c), nhng nhng
bin i nh ny c th kt hp vi nhau theo nhiu cch to ra sai s
ln thy c, lm nh hng n lp li ca kt qu o v lm
gim chnh xc ca php phn tch.
Sai s ngu nhin lun lun xut hin d php phn tch c thc
hin ht sc cn thn v iu kin thc nghim c gi c nh
nghim ngt. C th lm gim sai s ngu nhin bng cch tin hnh
phn tch cn thn, tng s th nghim v x l cc s liu bng
phng php thng k (theo cc lut thng k ca cc bin thin ngu
nhin).
135
4.3. Cch ghi d liu thc nghim theo qui tc v ch s c ngha
Mt d liu thc nghim phn tch thu c t o trc tip hoc tnh
ton gin tip t kt qu cc php o phi c ghi theo nguyn tc ch
mt ch s cui cng l cn nghi ng, cc ch s cn li l chc ng.
Th d:
Cn 0,5g trn cn k thut phi ghi l 0,50g (v cn k thut cho php
sai 0,01g). Nu cn trn cn phn tch phi ghi l 0,5000g (v cn

phn tch cho php sai 0,0002g).
Ly 10mL dung dch bng pipet chnh xc phi ghi l 10,00mL (v sai
cho php 0,02mL).
Theo cch ghi trn: Tr cc ch s 0 u tin, cc ch s cn li c

gi l ch s c ngha. Th d:
0,0531g c 3 ch s c ngha,
1,0023g c 5 ch s c ngha,
0,1500g c 4 ch s c ngha.
Cch lm trn s:
Nu ch s cui cng l 1-4: b i

Nu ch s cui cng l 6-9: b i v thm 1 vo ch s ng trc.
Nu ch s 5: lm trn thnh s chn gn n nht.
Th d: 60,55 60,6;
60,45 60,4
bi tp (bi 1)
1.1. Hy trnh by v tr v i tng ca phn tch nh lng.
1.2. Nu cc phng php ha hc dng trong phn tch nh lng.
1.3. Trnh by nguyn tc chung ca cc phng php ha hc dng
trong phn tch nh lng.
1.4. Gii thch s khc nhau gia:
- Tnh ng v tnh chnh xc.
- Sai s tuyt i v sai s tng i.
- Sai s h thng v sai s ngu nhin.
1.5. Hy nu mt s bin php khc phc cc sai s thng gp
trong phn tch.
1.6. Cch ghi d liu thc nghim theo qui tc ch s c ngha.
136
Bi 2
Phng php phn tch khi lng
mc tiu
1. Trnh by c ni dung v phn loi ca phng php phn tch khi lng.
2. M t cc giai on chnh ca phn tch khi lng.
3. Tnh c kt qa nh lng bng phng php khi lng.
1. Ni dung v phn loi
Phng php phn tch khi lng (cn gi l phng php cn) l
phng php da trn c s xc nh khi lng ca cht cn phn tch
c tch ra khi cc cht khc (c cng trong mu th) di dng tinh
khit.
Qu trnh tch c th c thc hin theo nhiu cch khc nhau. Vic
phn loi phng php ch yu da vo cc phng php tch, c th chia
thnh hai phng php chnh.
1.1. Phng php kt ta
Cho thuc th kt ta vo dung dch cha cht cn xc nh to

kt ta thch hp. Lc tch ly ta ra khi dung dch, ra, sy hoc nung
n khi lng khng i. T khi lng ta thu c tnh ra hm lng
cht cn xc nh c trong mu th.
Dng kt ta hnh thnh sau phn ng kt ta gi l dng ta. Dng
kt ta cui cng em cn l dng cn. Dng ta v dng cn c th ging
nhau nhng cng c th khc nhau.
Th d:
nh lng Na2SO4: cho phn ng kt ta vi BaCl2

BaCl2 + Na2SO4 = BaSO4 + 2 NaCl
(dng ta)
Tch lc ly kt ta, ra, sy, nung kh c dng cn vn l BaSO4.

137
nh lng FeCl3: cho phn ng vi NaOH d

3 NaOH + FeCl3 = Fe(OH)3 + 3 NaCl
Tch lc ly kt ta, ra, sy, nung kh c dng cn l Fe2O3 (khc
vi dng ta).
to
2Fe(OH) 3
Fe 2O 3
(Dng ta)
(Dng cn)
+ 3 H 2O
1.2. Phng php bay hi
Trong trng hp ny, mt hay nhiu hp phn ca mu c lm cho

bay hi hay c th chuyn thnh mt cht bay hi.
1.2.1. Phng php bay hi trc tip
Cho cht bay hi thu c hp th vo mt mi trng thch hp, ri

t phn tng khi lng tnh ra kt qu.
Th d:
xc nh hm lng CO2 trong mui carbonat, ta cho mui phn
ng vi acid gii phng CO2. Kh CO2 bay ra c dn qua mt bnh
ng Ca(OH)2 c khi lng bit trc:
CO2 + Ca(OH)2 = CaCO3 + H2O
Sau khi CO2 b hp th, cn li bnh, xc nh c hm lng CO2.
Cht cn xc nh c cn sau khi lm bay hi mu:

Th d:
Xc nh cn kh ca mu nc c thc hin bng cch cho bc hi
mt th tch nc xc nh trong cc bit khi lng. Cn cn li trong
cc c sy kh. T khi lng tng ln ca cc ta tnh c lng cn kh
ca mu nc th.
1.2.2. Phng php bay hi gin tip
y, ta xc nh lng cht trc khi bay hi v lng cn cn li
sau khi bay hi suy ra khi lng cht bay hi.
Th d xc nh hm m (hm lng nc) ca mu thuc, Dc in
Vit Nam cng nh mt s nc dng phng php bay hi theo cch ny
v gi l "gim khi lng do sy kh".
Vi thuc kh b nhit phn hu: thng sy 100-105OC.

Vi thuc d b nhit phn hu: lm kh nhit thng trong bnh
ht m c P2O5 hay H2SO4 c, hoc t sy p sut gim nhit thp.
138
2. Nhng ng tc c bn ca phng php Phn tch
khi lng
2.1. Ha tan
Nu mu phn tch dng dung dch khng cn giai on ny. Mu

phn tch rn cn phi tm cch chuyn n vo dung dch ri dng thuc
th thch hp thc hin phn ng kt ta.
Qu trnh ha tan ph thuc vo nhiu iu kin: dung mi, nhit ,
pH, bn cht ca cht phn tch... Do vy c cht d ha tan trong nc,
nhng cng c cht ch tan trong dung dch acid, dung dch kim, hoc tan
khi to thnh phc cht, nhiu cht kh tan hn phi cn n nhng cht
c tnh oxy ho kh thch hp hay chuyn chng thnh mt dng d ha
tan hn. Trong khi ha tan khng c cho thm vo nhng cht lm nh
hng ti phn ng kt ta sau ny.
2.2. Kt ta
2.2.1. Chn thuc th thch hp kt ta

Thuc th kt ta cn p ng cc yu cu sau:
Thuc th phi kt ta hon ton cht cn xc nh, d lc, d ra

(ta cng l tinh th ln cng tt), chuyn sang dng cn d dng v
hon ton.
Thuc th phi c tnh chn lc cao (ch phn ng vi cht xc nh,

khng hoc t phn ng vi cc cht ph khc).
Thuc th phi d loi b khi lc, ra.

2.2.2. Chn iu kin kt ta
Vi ta tinh th: Cn duy tr iu kin lm chm qu trnh to

mm v tng cng qu trnh ln ln ca mm. Cho nn thng kt
ta trong iu kin:
+ Dung dch long, nng.
+ Cho thuc th chm, khuy u.
+ Lm mui ta: ta tip xc lu vi dung dch th cc ta b s
tan ra, cc ta ln s to ln.
Vi ta v nh hnh: Cn to ra qu trnh ng t cc ht keo v

ngn cn qu trnh cng kt (l hin tng ion ny c th cng ta vi
ion khc m trong iu kin ring r n khng kt ta c) do hp
ph, hp lu, ta theo. Do vy, khi tin hnh kt ta thng phi:
139
+ C mt ca cht in ly mnh trong dung dch

+ un nng dung dch v khuy mnh.
+ Kt ta t dung dch c ta s t xp v lng nhanh hn, nhng s
hp ph cht bn cng nhiu hn. khc phc, trc khi lc cho

thm nc nng vo v khuy mnh gii hp ph cc cht bn.
+ Lc ngay, khng lm mui trnh hp ph.
2.3. Lc ta
C th lc kt ta qua giy lc hay phu lc xp.

2.3.1. Giy lc
Thng dng l giy lc khng tro, ngha l sau khi nung, khi lng
tro cn li khng ng k, cn phn tch khng pht hin c (< 0,0005g
hay 0,5mg). nh du mn ca giy lc bng mu in trn hp ng hoc
mu bng giy hay theo k hiu ty nh sn xut, v d:
Giy bng xanh: Rt mn, chy chm, dng lc ta tinh th nh.

Giy bng trng, bng vng: mn va phi, tc chy trung bnh.
Giy bng : L to, chy nhanh, dng lc ta v nh hnh.
Cn lu khi nung kt ta, giy lc chy thnh than, than to thnh
c th kh mt s cht.
2.3.2. Phu xp
c nh s 1, 2, 3... s cng tng, phu cng mn. Khi dng lu
bo qun lp xp (trnh co st lm hng lp xp).
2.4. Ra ta
2.4.1. Chn dch ra cho thch hp

Dch ra phi lm gim tan ca ta, chng hin tng pepti ha,
d loi b khi sy hoc khi nung.
Dch ra c th l chnh bn thn thuc th, l dung dch long ca
mt cht in ly, l dung dch acid hoc base v cng c th ch l nc ct.
2.4.2. Cch ra
Vi cng mt th tch dch ra ti a cho php, ra nhiu ln tt hn
l ra t ln. Ngi ta chng minh c cng thc:
Vo
A n = A o
V + Vo
140
Trong :
Ao: Lng cht bn ban u
An: Lng cht bn cn li sau n ln ra
V: Th tch dch ra dng cho mi ln
Vo: Th tch dch ra cn dnh li sau mi ln (Vo cng nh th An cng
b, do khi ra phi cho dch ra chy kit mi chng sch)
n: S ln ra
2.5. Sy v nung
y l qu trnh chuyn dng ta thnh dng cn. Dng cn phi

tinh khit, bn vng v c thnh phn xc nh khi tip xc vi khng kh,
do vy cn phi sy hoc nung loi ht nc gy m ra khi kt ta.
Giy lc v ta ra sch phi chy tht ht nc ri mi cn
thn ly ra khi phu, gp li v t vo trong chn nung nung n
khi lng khng i. Nu chn c np phi y h mt cht kh c li
thot. Mi u cn nhit thp sy cho kh (khng c ta v
nc bn lung tung ra thnh chn). Khi ta kh, khng cn git nc
no bm thnh chn th tng nhit giy lc chy thnh than (khng
giy lc chy bng thnh ngn la). Sau , tng nhit n nhit
thch hp trong thi gian t 15-30 pht (hoc hn na nu c yu cu c
th). Sy hoc nung n khi lng khng i l c (ngha l gi tr hai
ln cn k tip nhau sai khc < 0,0005g).
2.6. Cn
Trc khi cn, cn a vt cn vo bnh ht m khong 20 pht

a v nhit phng. y l giai on cui cng nhng rt quan trng
xc nh khi lng ca kt ta ( dng cn), khi cn cn ht sc thn
trng v tun th ng hng dn s dng.
3. Cch tnh kt qu trong phn tch khi lng
3.1. Trong phng php kt ta
3.1.1. Tha s chuyn F

L t s gia khi lng mol ca cht cn xc nh (nhn vi h s
tng ng) v khi lng mol ca dng cn. V ngha n cho bit c
1g dng cn c F gam cht xc nh.
Th d 1: nh lng Na2SO4 cho phn ng kt ta vi BaCl2, dng

cn l BaSO4
141
Na 2SO4 + BaCl2 = BaSO4 +2NaCl

M Na 2SO4
F=
M BaSO4
1.M Na 2SO4
M BaSO4
M Na 2SO4
M BaSO4
Th d 2: nh lng Fe trong dung dch Fe3+ bng cch cho kt ta

vi NaOH, dng cn l FeBB2O3.
Fe 3+ + 3NaOH = Fe(OH ) 3 +3 Na +
t
2 Fe(OH ) 3
Fe2 O3 + 3H 2 O
o
Theo phng trnh phn ng c:
F=
2.M Fe
M Fe2O3
Nu mt cht c nhiu dng cn, dng cn no c F cng nh, cng tt

v khi gim ti mc thp nht nh hng ca cc sai s thc
nghim n kt qa cui.
Th d: Khi nh lng crom di dng cn l Cr2O3 th khi mt 1mg
kt ta s tng ng mt 2 Cr 1 = 104 = 0,7 mg Cr; nhng nu dng cn l

Cr2 O 3
152
BaCrO4 th khi mt 1mg kt ta ch tng ng mt
Cr
52
1 =
= 0,2 mg
BaCrO 4
253,3
Cr dng cn BaCrO4 tt hn.

3.1.2. p dng tnh kt qu
Gi s cn a gam mu cht cn xc nh A, khi lng dng cn thu

c l P gam.
Khi lng cht A nguyn cht c trong mu l: m = P.F (g). Do ,
hm lng % (kl/ kl) ca A trong mu th l:
%A (kl/kl) =
P.F
.100
a
Gi s ly VmL mu cht cn xc nh A, khi lng dng cn thu

c l P gam. Khi , hm lng % (kl/ kl) ca A trong mu th l:
%A (kL/kT) =
P.F
.100
V
Cc nng khc c tnh hoc suy lun tng t.

142
3.2. Trong phng php bay hi
Vic tnh n gin hn.

Th d: Khi xc nh hm m:
% m =
ab
100
a
Trong :
a: khi lng mu trc khi sy
b: khi lng mu sau khi sy kh
4. Cn phn tch
Trong phn tch khi lng, cn phn tch c dng cn mu th,

b v b c cha ta. Trong thc t c cc loi cn phn tch sau:
4.1. Cn c hc (Mechanical balance)
Hot ng ca cn da trn nguyn tc n by.

Cn c hc c hai loi:
Cn c hc hai quang: C hai cnh tay n bng nhau. Qu cn

ngoi cn, khi cn mi t qu cn ln a cn. Khi cn v tr cn
bng khi lng qu cn t vo a cn chnh l khi lng ca vt
cn cn.
Cn c hc mt quang: Cn c qu cn c t trc tip ln cnh tay

n trong cn v c thng bng vi i trng. Khi t vt cn cn
ln a cn, cn bng vi i trng b ph v, phi nhc qu cn ra
khi cnh tay n lp li cn bng. Khi lng ca cc qu cn ly
ra chnh l khi lng ca vt cn t trn a cn. Cn c hc mt
quang c gn thm b khuch i quang hc nn thng c gi l
cn in.
4.2. Cn in t (Electronic balance)
Hot ng ca cn da trn lc in t gi cn v tr cn bng

ban u. Dng in cn duy tr lc ny t l vi khi lng ca vt cn
khi cn. Qu trnh hot ng ca cn nh sau:
Khi khng c vt cn trn a cn, lc in t ca h thng gi cn

v tr cn bng: im 0 ban u.
Khi t vt cn ln a cn, im 0 ban u b dch chuyn v gi tn

hiu ti dng in kim tra to ra dng in hiu chnh (dng in
hiu chnh ny chy trong cun dy gn vo a ca a cn, to ra
mt t trng. T trng ca cun dy chu tng tc ca mt nam
chm vnh cu t di a cn) cn thit thit lp li h thng v
v tr ban u t l vi khi lng ca vt cn t trn a cn.
143
Cc yu t nh hng n cn in
t: cc bc x in t ti ni t cn, t
tnh ca vt cn, bi bn khe gia cun
dy v nam chm, ... Do , khi s dng
cn in t phi quan tm ti cc thng
s ca mi trng xung quanh nh nhit
, p sut kh quyn, m, lung kh,
... v cc yu t khc nh s thay i
in th ca ngun in, in trng, t
trng, tnh in v bn cht ca mu o
v t tnh v kh nng nhim t.
Hnh 2.1. Cn phn tch in t
4.3. Tiu chun c bn ca cn phn tch
ng: L mc st gn ca cc gi tr c c vi gi tr thc
ca qu cn chun.
tin: Cn cho s o nh nhau khi t vt cn bt c v tr no trn

a cn.
nhy t yu cu khi cn.

Tnh tuyn tnh: L s lch dng hay m ca gi tr c c vi gi
tr thc t trn cn.
nh k mi nm hai ln kim tra cc tiu ch trn m bo kt
qu kim nghim.
5. Mt vi th d p dng nh lng bng phng php
khi lng
5.1. nh lng Clorid
Phng trnh phn ng:

Cho tha dung dch AgNO3 vo dung dch Cl- cn xc nh s c phn ng:
AgNO3 + Cl- = AgCl + NO3Lc ly kt ta AgCl, ra ta, sy n khi lng khng i, cn trn
cn phn tch. T khi lng ta thu c tnh ra hm lng clorid trong
mu.
Ta AgCl khng bn, ra nh sng b phn hu thnh Ag (lc u
ta ho tm sau en dn) v vy khng nn ta lu nh sng khuych
tn hoc tip xc trc tip vi nh sng, tt nht nn bc cc ng ta
bng t giy en. 130 oC ta AgCl b phn hu v mt clor, do khi sy
khng nhit cao vt qu 130 oC.
144
K thut tin hnh:

Dng pipet ly mt th tch chnh xc dung dch mu sao cho lng
Cl khong 0,15g cho vo cc 250 mL, thm nc ct n khong 70 mL,
thm tip 15 mL HNO3 2N. t cc vo ni un cch thy. Dng a
thy tinh va khuy mnh, va cho t t khong 50 mL AgNO3 0,1N
(tha khong 10% so vi lng Cl-). un cch thy tip 1gi. Sau
yn ch ti t 3-5 gi. Ly ra th xem ta hon ton cha bng cch
thm 1mL AgNO3 0,1N vo dung dch trong trn ta, nu khng c ta
thm l ta hon ton (nu cha ta hon ton phi lm ng tc kt
ta thm).
-
Ly 1 phu lc xp s 3 hay s 4 ra bng dung dch HNO3 long,

nng (2-3ml HNO3 2N), sau ra li bng nc nng v em sy 130 oC
n khi lng khng i.
Lp phu lc xp vo bnh ht chn khng v lc ta. u tin rt
phn nc trong theo a thy tinh vo phu, ra ta vi ln bng dung
dch HNO3 long, nng, sau chuyn ht ta vo phu, ra tip ta bng
HNO3 long, nng cui cng bng nc ct.
em sy ta cng phu xp 120 oC trong 2 gi, ngui trong bnh
ht m, ri em cn trn cn phn tch. Sy, lp li n khi c khi lng
khng i. Lp cng thc v tnh kt qu.
5.2. nh lng Na2SO4
Khi thm dung dch BaCl2 d vo dung dch mu th, s c kt ta BaSO4:

Na2SO4 + BaCl2 = BaSO4 + 2NaCl
Lc ly kt ta BaSO4, ra, sy v nung ta n khi lng khng i.
T khi lng dng cn BaSO4 thu c tnh ra hm lng Na2SO4 trong
mu th.
V BaSO4 c tan mt t trong dung dch acid c, cho nn ch kt ta
mi trng acid nh, khng nung ta nhit > 800 oC v 1400 oC ta
BaSO4 b phn hy theo phng trnh:
1400oo
CC
BaSO4 1400
BaO + SO3
K thut tin hnh:

Ly chnh xc mt lng mu th sao cho lng sulfat khong 0,15 0,20g cho vo cc 250 mL, thm nc cho thnh khong 80 mL, thm
0,5 mL HCl c. t ln bp (c lt li aming). un si. Va khuy va
cho t t dung dch BaCl2 0,5N n khi d khong 10% so vi lng sulfat
em nh lng. un si thm vi pht. lng, kim tra xem ta hon ton
145
cha. un cch thu 1 gi (thnh thong khuy u). lng. Gn nc

trong trn ta qua mt phu lc c giy lc khng tro (giy bng xanh).
Ra gn ta vi ln bng nc ct, sau chuyn hon ton ta sang
phu. Ra tip 2 ln trn phu bng dung dch NH4NO31%.
giy lc c ta chy ht nc, em c phu v giy sy 100 oC
n khi giy cn hi m (khong 15 - 20 pht). Nhc giy lc c ta ra khi
phu, gp li theo hnh chp v t vo chn nung nung n khi lng
khng i. t chn nghing bp in v t cho giy lc chy thnh
than (khng cho chy thnh ngn la). em chn nung c ta nung 600
700 oC trong khong 30 pht. Ly chn nung ra ngui trong bnh ht
m, sau cn trn cn phn tch. Nung lp li cho n khi khi lng
khng i. Lp cng thc v tnh kt qu.
bi tp (bi 2)
2.1. Hy nu ni dung v phn loi ca phng php phn tch khi
lng.
2.2. Th no l dng ta ? Dng cn ? Th d.
2.3. Trnh by cc ng tc c bn trong phn tch khi lng.
2.4. Th no l tha s chuyn F. Cch tnh kt qu trong phng
php kt ta.
2.5. Ti sao khi kt ta phi un nng dung dch ? Cho tha thuc th ?
Khuy u ?
2.6. Anh (ch) hy phn tch ch ra u nhc im ca phng php
phn tch khi lng.
2.7. Mt cht cn xc nh theo phng php khi lng c th c
nhiu dng cn khc nhau, nn chn dng no. V sao?
2.8. Ha tan 1,1245 g mu c cha st, sau em kt ta hon ton
bng dung dch NaOH d. Lc,ra kt ta sau em sy kh ri
nung nhit 800 oC n khi lng khng i, thu c 0,3412
gam. Hy gii thch (vit phng trnh phn ng) v tnh %Fe c
trong mu em phn tch.
2.9. Ha tan 1,053 g mu phn tch ch gm CaCl2 v Ca(NO3)2, sau
cho kt ta hon ton bng acid oxalic d. Lc, ra kt ta sau
sy ri nung kh thu c 0,3872 g CaO. Hy gii thch (vit
phng trnh phn ng) v tnh % mi cht trong hn hp trn.
146
Bi 3
Phng php nh lng th tch
mc tiu
1. Trnh by c ni dung ca phng php phn tch th tch. Nu c cch
xc nh im tng ng.
2. K tn c bn loi phng php chun chnh v ba k thut chun .
3. Trnh by c qui tc chung v cch tnh kt qu nh lng theo nng
ng lng.
4. Trnh by c cch s dng v cch hiu chnh dung tch cc dng c o th
tch .
1. Ni dung ca phng php phn tch th tch
Phng php phn tch th tch l phng php xc nh hm lng

cc cht da vo th tch dung dch thuc th bit nng chnh
xc (trong phn tch gi l dung dch chun) thm t buret vo dung
dch cht cn xc nh ( trong bnh nn) cho n khi chng phn
ng va vi nhau theo phn ng ho hc:
R+X=P+Q
T th tch thuc th R c nng bit v lng mu
(c cha cht X), xc nh c hm lng ca cht X.
S thm t t thuc th R ( trn buret) vo cht X (
di bnh nn) gi l s chun (trong thc t cng c
khi dung dch cn nh lng X c rt vo buret, dung
dch R di bnh nn).
Thi im lng thuc th R cho vo phn ng va ht vi ton

b cht xc nh X gi l im tng ng. xc nh im tng
ng trong chun th tch ngi ta s dng mt trong cc cht
tham gia phn ng hoc thm vo cht ph c th gy ra cc hin
tng quan st c (v d s i mu, s xut hin kt ta...) xy ra
ln cn im tng ng gi l cht ch th.
147
Trong thc t, chng ta thng dng chun khi cht ch th thay

i tn hiu (i mu, gy ta,...) v c gi l im kt thc chun
(hay im dng chun - im cui). im kt thc thng khng
trng vi im tng ng v gy ra sai s chun . Sai s chun
thng do hai yu t: do s dng cht ch th khng thch hp (sai s
ch th) v do k thut chun (s dng pipet, buret khng tt,...). V
vy khi chun phi lu gim sai s ti mc thp nht.
2. Yu cu i vi mt phn ng dng trong phn tch
th tch
Cc phn ng chun dng trong phn tch th tch phi tho mn

cc yu cu sau:
Phn ng phi xy ra hon ton (thng thng cht cn xc nh cn

li c nng < 10-6 M) theo ng h s hp thc ca phng trnh
phn ng.
Phn ng phi c tnh chn lc cao: ch xy ra gia thuc th v cht

cn xc nh, khng c phn ng ph.
Phn ng xy ra phi nhanh, nu chm vic xc nh im tng

ng s km chnh xc.
Phi chn c cht ch th xc nh c chnh xc im tng ng.

3. Phn loi cc phng php th tch
Thng thng da trn c s phn ng chun phn loi cc

phng php phn tch th tch. Trong phm vi chng trnh ny chng ti
trnh by bn phng php sau:
3.1. Phng php acid-base (phng php trung ha)
Phn ng nh lng l phn ng trao i proton hay phn ng acid

base. Th d: nh lng dung dch CH3COOH bng dung dch NaOH
CH3COOH + NaOH = CH3COONa + H2O
3.2. Phng php oxy ho kh
Phn ng nh lng l phn ng trao i in t gia mt cht oxy

ho v mt cht kh.
Th d: nh lng FeSO4 bng KMnO4:
10FeSO4 + 2KMnO4 + 8H2SO4 = 5Fe2(SO4)3+ 2MnSO4 + K2SO4 + 8H2O
(kh)
148
(oxh)
3.3. Phng php kt ta
Da vo phn ng to thnh cht kt ta (cht t tan) gia thuc th

v cht cn xc nh.
Th d: nh lng dung dch NaCl bng dung dch AgNO3
NaCl + AgNO3 = AgCl + NaNO3
3.4. Phng php to phc
Da vo phn ng to thnh phc cht gia thuc th v cht cn xc nh.

Th d: nh lng dung dch Mg2+ bng complexon (HY3-)
Mg2+ + HY3-
MgY2- + H+
4. Cc k thut chun
4.1. nh lng trc tip (chun thng)
l trng hp cho thuc th v cht cn nh lng phn ng trc

tip vi nhau va .
Th d: nh lng mt dung dch NaCl ngi ta nh dung dch
chun AgNO3 vo dung dch NaCl n khi cht ch th chuyn mu.
4.2. nh lng ngc (chun tha tr)
Th d: nh lng clorid, trc ht ta cho AgNO3 d ta hon

ton AgCl
AgNO3 d + NaCl AgCl + NaNO3
Sau chun AgNO3 cn tha bng KSCN
AgNO3 cn li + KSCN AgSCN + KNO3
Bit c lng AgNO3 tha, tnh c lng AgNO3 tc dng vi
NaCl tc l bit c lng NaCl.
4.3. nh lng th (chun th)
Th d: nh lng K2Cr2O7 bng cch cho K2Cr2O7 tc dng vi KI

d trong mi trng acid gii phng 1 lng tng ng iod.
K2Cr2O7 + 6KI + 7H2SO4 = 3I2 + Cr2(SO4)3 + 4K2SO4 + 7H2O
nh lng I2 gii phng bng Na2S2O3
I2 + 2Na2S2O3 = 2NaI + Na2S4O6
Trong th d ny, vic nh lng K2Cr2O7 c thay th bng nh
lng iod.
149
5. Cch s dng mt s dng c dng trong phng php

th tch
Trong nhng phng php phn tch th tch, ngoi nhng dng c
thy tinh thng thng nh ng ong, pipet chia nhiu vch c s dng
khi cn ly mt th tch dung dch khng cn chnh xc, ta cn dng mt s
dng c thy tinh chnh xc nh buret, pipet, bnh nh mc. trnh sai
s, ta cn bit cc quy tc s dng loi dng c ny.
5.1. S dng buret
Buret l nhng ng thy tinh chia (chia vch) dng o lng

chnh xc dung dch cho chy t ng ra. Buret chia vch ti 1/ 10 hay
1/ 20mL, c loi chia ti 1/50 hay 1/100mL, thng dng trong vi phn tch
v bn phn tch (hnh 4.1)
Trc khi dng cn phi kim tra tnh trng ca buret:
Kho buret cn kn v trn. Nu kho h hay rt

th phi bi mt lp mng vaselin ln kho
(trnh bi vo l kho).
Buret cn phi kh v sch. Trc khi dng cn

ra sch buret, ch ra sao cho trn thnh
buret khng cn vt m. Trong khi ra khng bt
ming buret bng ngn tay v khi buret s li
b m lm bn. Buret sch th khi y cht
lng chy qua ng t t khng dnh li mt git
no trn thnh ng.
Nu buret cn t m cn nh lng ngay,
Hnh 4.1. Buret
ngi ta trng buret hai ln bng 1 lt dung dch

nh lng. Dung dch ny qua phu t
trn ming buret, sau nhc phu ra trnh
dung dch cn st phu chy xung lm sai kt
qu nh lng. Phi ui ht bt kh phn
di buret gn kho. Mun vy m kho v cho
cht lng chy mnh qua buret. Nu bt vn cn
th nhng u nh ca buret vo dung dch, m
kho ri ht ngc dung dch ln.
Bt u nh lng, ta dung dch ln qu vch s 0 ca buret: tay

tri m kho cho dung dch chy t t ti khi phn di (nu dung
dch khng mu), phn trn (nu dung dch sm mu) ca mt khum
tip xc vi vch s 0. Khi c phi mt cng chiu cao vi mt
khum v buret tht thng trnh sai s. Khi chun xong cng
c theo cch ni trn (hnh 4.2).
150
Mun nhn mt khum r hn th sau buret mt ming ba trng

na di bi en, di en cch di mt khum khong 1 mm, do
phn chiu mt khum s ho en (hnh 4.3). C th dn ln thnh
pha sau buret mt di nh di c mu trn nn trng sa. Ta s
thy mt khum phn chia di t li thnh mt im nhn v ta s
c t im (hnh 4.4).
Hnh 4.2. c th tch trn

buret
Hnh 4.3. Dng ba trng

en c th tch trn buret
Hnh 4.4. Buret c

di mu
Dung dch chy t buret khng c qu nhanh, v khi chy nhanh

dung dch khng chy xung ht, s dnh thnh ng v kt qu s
khng chnh xc.
Mi ln nh lng nht thit phi mc ngang ca dung dch trong

buret bt u t s 0, tc l lun lun ch dng mt phn ca buret.
Khi , cc sai s do chia vch trn buret s b nhau tt nht.
Mun kt qu c chnh xc, th tch dung dch dng nh lng

khng vt qu dung tch ca buret v cng khng qu nh.
Bo qun: Khi thi khng nh lng na cn cho chy ht dung dch,

ra sch buret, y u buret bng mt nn giy. cho kho khi b
rt, nhc hn kho ra khi , lau sch vaselin ri t kha vo
nhng c lt mt ming giy lc.
5.2. S dng pipet
Ty theo cch chia vch ta phn bit pipet c 1 vch, c 2 vch v

nhng pipet chia thnh nhiu vch 1/ 10; 1/ 20...(hnh 4.5). Loi 1 vch, 2
vch l loi chnh xc.
151
Trc tin phi ra pipet loi ht cc cht

bn, m... trng 2 ln bng dung dch nh lng,
sau cm phn trn ca pipet bng ngn tay ci
v ngn tay gia, cm su u di ca pipet vo
trong dung dch ( nng qu dung dch c th xc
ln ming) ht t t cho n khi mt khum ca
dung dch dng ln trn vch gn 2 cm , bt nhanh
ming trn ca pipet bng ngn tay tr kh v h
m mt t dung dch chy xung rt chm cho
n khi phn di ca mt khum n ngang vch
(vch th 1 nu l pipet c 2 vch).
a ngay pipet vo trong bnh nn chun
b trc, ta u pipet vo thnh bnh, cm thng
ng pipet ri cho cht lng chy ra t t cho
n vch th 2 i vi loi pipet 2 vch hay n
ht i vi loi pipet 1 vch; nhc pipet ra, khng
c thi git cui cng cn ng li u pipet v
nh th s mc sai s tha. trnh lm hng
thuc th khng nn nhng thng pipet vo chai
m rt thuc th ra cc c m ri mi ht bng
pipet.
Hnh 4.5. Pipet
Tuyt i khng dng pipet ht nhng dung dch acid c, kim

c, cht c, cht bay hi, trong trng hp ny phi dng buret ly
mt th tch chnh xc hoc dng qu bp cao su ni vi pipet ht dung
dch ln.
5.3. S dng bnh nh mc
Bnh nh mc dng pha ch cc dung dch. l nhng bnh cu

c di v hp, c vch ngn c nhiu loi dung tch khc nhau: 2000; 1000;
500; 250; 200; 100; 50; 25 v 20 mL (hnh 4.6). C loi c c 2 vch c
th pha long nhanh chng mt th tch nht nh trong cng tc hng
ngy: v d 50 v 55 mL; 100 v 110 mL. Bnh nh mc phi c ra
sch bng nc ct trc khi dng, khng c ra v trng bng dung
dch nh lng hay thuc th nh trong trng hp buret v pipet.
Khi gp mt cht d tan, ta cho cht ny vo bnh qua mt ci phu,
thm mt t nc vo (khng qu na bnh) v lc cn thn. Khi ho tan
ht, ta cho nc ti di vch ngn mt t, ri dng pipet thm nc t t
cho n khi y mt khum chm ti vch ngn th thi. Nu l cht kh
tan th phi ha tan trc mt cc c m ri mi rt sang bnh nh mc
(nh trng sch cc v c sang bnh). Cn ch nhng im sau y:
152
Khng rt thng dung dch nng, lnh vo

bnh nh mc, i vi nhng cht khi pha
ta nhit (nh H2SO4) hay thu nhit phi
pha trc mt cc c m v i cho nhit
bng nhit trong phng th nghim ri
hy rt vo bnh nh mc.
Khi pha ch xong phi rt dung dch vo

chai l m khng dng bnh nh mc
ng dung dch th, nht l dung dch kim.
Hnh 4.6. Bnh nh mc
6. Hiu chnh dung tch cc dng c ong o th tch

chnh xc
6.1. Nguyn tc
Dng c ong o thng c sn xut vi dung tch nht nh

nhit nht nh, nhng do k thut sn xut, do thi tit nn khng
trnh khi c sai st. V vy cn kim tra dung tch nhng dng c
trc khi tin hnh nh lng.
Mun kim tra ta cn mt dung tch nht nh nc ct ghi trn
bnh ng, thm vo mt s hiu chnh tnh sn nhit tng ng, ta
c dung tch thc ca dng c. S hiu chnh tnh sn da vo mt
lot hiu chnh sau y:
a/ c th suy ra th tch ca nc theo khi lng nc, nc phi
nhit c khi lng ring ln nht (3,98 oC). Nhng ngi ta cn nc
nhit bt k. Do cn tnh s hiu chnh (biu th bng A) v s thay
i khi lng ring theo nhit .
b/ Th tch ca nc cn ln hn th tch ca cc qu cn nhiu.
Theo nguyn l Acsimet cc qu cn mt trng lng t hn nc. Do
phi tnh s hiu chnh B v s cn trong khng kh.
c/ Ngi ta cn xt n gin n ca thy tinh, cc dng c thy
tinh u khc ngn nhit 20 oC, nu di 20 oC th th tch nh hn,
trn 20 oC th th tch ln hn, bi vy cn phi da vo s hiu chnh C v
thay i dung tch ca bnh theo nhit .
Tt c nhng s hiu chnh ny u c tnh trc (bng 4.1).
6.2. Hiu chnh dung tch bnh nh mc
Th d: Mun hiu chnh dung tch ca bnh nh mc 250 mL, ta ra

v lm kh bnh, t ln a cn. Khi lng ca bnh (m1 gam).
153
nc y bnh n vch, sau dng khn lau kh bn ngoi v

dng giy lc xoay quanh thnh trong c bnh pha trn vch cho kh, t
ln a cn xc nh khi lng ca bnh y nc (m2 gam).
Do khi lng nc bng: m2 - m1 (g)
Gi s: m2 - m1 (g) = 249,55 g
Ly nhit nc khi y bnh l 24 oC. Tra bng ta thy s
996,39. S ch trng lng ca nc trong bnh thy tinh cn trong
khng kh 24 oC m dung tch ca n 20 oC ng bng 1 lt.
i vi th tch 250 mL, c trng lng tng ng:
996,39 : 4 = 249,10 g.
Thc t khi lng tm thy 249,55 g ln hn tr s trn 0,45 g. Nh
vy th tch ca bnh ni trn ln hn 250 mL l 0,45 mL tc l bng
250,45 mL.
Bng 4.1. Mt s hiu chnh dng c o th tch theo nhit
Hiu chnh v
s thay i
khi lng ring
ca nc theo
nhit
Hiu chnh
v s cn
trong
khng kh
Hiu chnh
v s thay i
dung tch
ca bnh
theo nhit
Tng s
A+B+C
15
0,87
1,07
0,13
2,07
997,93
16
1,03
1,07
0,10
2,20
997,80
17
1,20
1,07
0,08
2,35
997,65
18
1,38
1,06
0,05
2,49
997,51
19
1,57
1,06
0,03
2,66
997,34
20
1,77
1,05
0,00
2,82
997,18
21
1,98
1,05
- 0,03
3,00
997,00
22
2,20
1,05
- 0,05
3,20
996,80
23
2,43
1,04
- 0,08
3,39
996,61
24
2,67
1,04
- 0,10
3,61
996,39
25
2,92
1,03
- 0,13
3,82
996,18
26
3,18
1,03
- 0,15
4,06
995,94
27
3,43
1,03
- 0,18
4,30
995,70
28
3,73
1,02
- 0,20
4,55
995,45
29
4,02
1,02
- 0,23
4,81
995,19
30
4,32
1,01
- 0,25
5,08
994,92
Nhit
0C
154
cc s
hiu
1000
(A+B+C)
chnh
6.3. Hiu chnh dung tch ca pipet
o nhit ca nc ct, ly y pipet ti vch ngn, sau li b

nc ra chn cn trc. y np chn cn li ri em cn trn cn
phn tch. Lm li th nghim t nht hai ln v ly tr s trung bnh.
Th d: Khi lng 25 mL nc ht bng pipet l 24,97 g nhit
17 C. Do dung tch thc ca pipet 20 oC bng tr s ny cng thm
1/40 con s hiu chnh 17 oC ghi trn bng, tc l:
o
Vn = 24,97 +
2,35
= 25,03 mL
40
Ln hn dung tch quy nh l:

25,03 25 = + 0,03 mL
Ta cng c th tnh sai s ca dung tch pipet nh i vi bnh nh
mc v cng a n kt qu + 0,03 mL nh trn.
6.4. Hiu chnh dung tch ca buret
Ta rt t buret nh hiu chnh xung cc chn cn ( cn b trc)

nhng th tch nc cha trong khong t 0 - 5 mL, 0 - 10 mL cho n
0- 50 mL, mi ln nh vy ta li em cn chnh xc.
Tng t nh cch hiu chnh dung tch ca pipet, ta da vo cc kt
qu khi lng nc thu c v nhit , tm c cc dung tch ca n v
lp thnh mt bng hiu chnh (Bng 4.2), bng ny dng i chiu khi s
dng hiu chnh buret .
Bng 4.2. Bng hiu chnh mt buret 210C
Th tch
(V mL )
Khi lng nc (g)
Th tch
thc
Sai s
(mL)
3,00
= 0,02
200
4,98
- 0,02
300
= 0,03
100
9,96
- 0,04
3,00.15
= 0,045
1000
15,02
+ 0,02
3,00
= 0,06
50
20,06
+ 0,06
3,00
= 0,075
40
25,05
+ 0,05
Hiu chnh theo bng
Cn
ln 1
Cn
ln 2
Cn
ln 3
0- 5,00
4,96
4,96
4,96
0- 10,00
9,93
9,93
9,93
0- 15,00
14,97
14,97
14,97
0- 20,00
20,00
20,00
20,00
0-25,00
21,98
21,97
24,075
155
Th tch
(V mL )
Khi lng nc (g)
Th tch
thc
Sai s
(mL)
3,00.30
= 0,09
1000
30,04
+ 0,04
3,00.35
= 0,105
1000
35,03
+ 0,03
3,00
= 0,12
25
40,02
+ 0,02
3,00.45
= 0,135
1000
44,98
- 0,02
3,00
= 0,15
20
49,97
- 0,03
Hiu chnh theo bng
Cn
ln 1
Cn
ln 2
Cn
ln 3
0- 30,00
29,95
29,95
29,95
0- 35,00
34,92
34,93
34,925
0- 40,00
39,90
39,90
39,90
0- 45,00
11,84
11,85
44,845
0- 50,00
49,82
49,82
49,82
+
+
Th d: Trong mt nh lng dng ht 35 mL. Th tch thc s l:

35 + 0,03 = 35,03 mL
7. Cch tnh kt qu trong phng php th tch
7.1. Quy tc chung
Trong phng php th tch, ta kt thc chun ti ln cn im

tng ng, s ng lng (hay s mili ng lng) thuc th bng
s ng lng (hay s mili ng lng) cht cn xc nh.
7.2. Tnh kt qu theo nng ng lng thuc th
C 2 trng hp thng gp:

a. Ly VB mL dung dch cht B c nng NB em chun ti im
kt thc ht VA mL dung dch cht A c nng NA, ta c:
V A N A = VB N B
Trong , cht B l cht cn nh lng v cht A l dung dch chun.
T cng thc trn, ta tnh c nng ng lng cht cn xc nh
NB =
N A VA
VB
T ta tnh c P g/L =NBEB (EB = ng lng gam cht B)

P g/L =
156
N A VA
EB
VB
Ta cng c th tnh cc nng CM , C% (kl/ tt) bng cc lin h bit.

b. Cn a gam cht A ha tan thnh dung dch ri chun ht VB mL
dung dch cht B c nng NB, ta c:
a
1000 = N B VB
EA
Trong : EA = ng lng gam cht A

y, cht A l cht gc tinh khit v cht B l dung dch cn nh
lng. T ta rt ra:
a.1000
NB =
E A .VB
Cng t , ta tnh c cc nng CM, P g/L, C % (kl/tt)
Trong trng hp ta cn m gam mt mu th cn xc nh hp cht
tinh khit v nh lng ht VA mL dung dch chun c nng NA, ta tnh
hm lng hp cht tinh khit B theo C% (kl/ kl):
C% (kl/kl) =
N A VA E B 100
1000
m
Trong : EB = ng lng gam cht tinh khit B

Nhng cch tnh trn y p dng khi chun trc tip hay chun
th, cn khi chun ngc ta tnh nh sau:
Gi s ly VB mL cht cn nh lng B thm VA mL dung dch chun
A c nng NA, (dung dch chun A cho tha), chun cht A cn li ht
VC mL dung dch chun C c nng NC. Nh vy, cht A phn ng vi hai
cht B v C s mili ng lng cht A phi bng tng s mili ng lng
hai cht B v C:
N A V A = N BV B + N C V C
Hay
NBVB = NAVA NCVC

NB =
N A VA N C VC
VB
Khi tnh C% (kl/ kl), cng l lun tng t, ta c

C% (kl/ kl) =
(N A VA N C VC )E B 100
1000
m
7.3. Tnh kt qu theo chun ca thuc th
Ta bit, chun T ca mt dung dch biu th lng cht tnh
157
bng s gam cha trong 1 mL dung dch; c hai trng hp:
Nu c m gam mu th, cn xc nh hp cht tinh khit v nh

lng ht VA mL thuc th c chun TA, lng cht A tham gia
phn ng l TAVA. Ta tnh c hm lng hp cht tinh khit B theo
C% (kl/ kl):
C % (kl/ kl) =
E B TA VA 100
EA
m
Trong : - EA = ng lng gam cht chun A

- EB = ng lng gam cht tinh khit B
Nu ly VB mL mt dung dch v nh lng ht VA mL thuc th c

chun TA; kt qu c tnh ra P g/ L theo cng thc:
P g/ l =
E B TA VA 1000
EA
VB
7.4. Mt s th d
7.4.1. Th d 1: xc nh nng dung dch NaOH ngi ta ha tan

1,2600g H2C2O4.2H2O vo nc v thm nc cho 500,0 mL dung dch.
Chun 25,00 mL dung dch acid oxalic trn ht 12,58 mL NaOH. Tnh
nng N ca dung dch NaOH.
Phng trnh phn ng chun :
H2C2O4 + 2 NaOH = Na2C2O4 + 2 H2O
E H2C2O4 .2H2O =
N ox =
M
= 63,03
2
1,2600
.1000 = 0,0400N
63,03 500
N NaOH =
25,00 0,0400
= 0,0795N
12,58
7.4.2. Th d 2: Thm 25,00 mL dd AgNO3 0,1248N vo 20,00 mL dung

dch NaCl. Chun AgNO3 d ht 11,54 mL dung dch KCNS 0,0875N.
Tnh nng Pg/L ca dung dch NaCl.
AgNO3 + NaCl = AgCl + NaNO3
AgNO3 + KCNS = AgCNS + KNO3
158
p dng:
V Ag + .N Ag + = V Cl .N Cl + V CNS .N CNS
Do nng NNaCl =
=
V Ag .N Ag V CNS .N CNS
V NaCl
25 0,1248 11,54 0,0875
= 0,1055N
20
Pg/l = N.E = 0,1055 58,5 = 6,1717 (g/l)
Nng :
7.4.3. Th d 3: Ha tan 0,2940g K2Cr2O7 trong nc v pha long thnh

200,0 mL. Ly 25,00 mL dung dch trn, acid ha bng dung dch H2SO4
2N, thm KI d, chun I2 gii phng ra ht 10,68 mL Na2S2O3. Tnh
nng N ca dung dch Na2S2O3.
Phn ng chun :
K2Cr2O7 + 6 KI + 7 H2SO4 = 3 I2 + Cr2(SO4)3 + 4 K2SO4 + 7 H2O
2Na2S2O3 + I2 = Na2S4O6 + 2 NaI
E K 2Cr2 O 7 =
M
= 49,03
6
Trong 25,00 mL dung dch em nh lng c
0,2940
25 = 0,0367g K2Cr2O7
200
N Na 2S 2 O 3 =
=
m 1000
E K 2Cr2 O 7 .V Na 2S 2 O 3
0,0367 1000
= 0,0700N
49,03 10,68
bi tp (bi 3)
3.1. Trnh by ni dung ca phng php phn tch th tch. Cch xc
nh im tng ng.
3.2. Hy nu yu cu i vi mt phn ng dng trong phn tch th tch.
3.3. Trnh by cc k thut chun trong phng php phn tch th
tch.
3.4. Cng dng v cch s dng: buret, pipet, bnh nh mc.
3.5. Trnh by cch hiu chnh dung tch: bnh nh mc, buret, pipet.
159
3.6. Nguyn tc chung v cch tnh kt qu theo nng ng lng

ca thuc th.
3.7. Trnh by cch tnh kt qu theo chun ca th tch.
3.8. Cn chnh xc 18,8392g Na2B4O7.10H2O (M = 190,71) ho tan
thnh 1 lt dung dch. Sau dng dung dch ny nh lng
dung dch HCl thy: 24,90 ml dung dch Natri borat tng ng
25,20 mL HCl. Hy tnh h s hiu chnh K ca dung dch Natri
borat v nng ng lng ca dung dch HCl.
3.9. Chun 25,00 mL dung dch FeSO4 trong mi trng acid ht
18,75 mL KMnO4 0,0606N. Tnh nng g/L ca dung dch
FeSO4 trn.
3.10. Ha tan 2,495g K2Cr2O7 tinh khit thnh 1 lt dung dch. Ly
50,00 mL dung dch ny em chun (bng cch thm KI d
trong mi trng acid) ht 21,18 mL Na2S2O3. Gii thch v vit
cc phng trnh phn ng. Tnh N ca Na2S2O3.
3.11. Ly 20,00 mL dung dch NaCl cn nh lng, thm vo 25,00
ml dung dch AgNO3 0,0503 N. Lc, ra kt ta, em nh lng
ton b nc lc v nc ra ht 12,08 mL dung dch KCNS
0,0214 N vi ch th Fe3+. Gii thch v vit cc phng trnh
phn ng. Tnh % kl/tt ca dung dch NaCl em nh lng.
3.12. Ha tan 2,650g Na2CO3 gc cho 500,0 mL dung dch. Ly
20,00 mL dung dch Na2CO3 va pha em chun bng dung
dch HCl ht 25,50 mL (vi ch th da cam methyl). Tnh nng
N ca dung dch HCl trn.
160
Bi 4
pha cc dung dch chun
Mc tiu
1. Trnh by c nh ngha dung dch chun, ng dng v yu cu khi pha ch.
2. Nu v vn dng c ba cch pha dung dch chun.
3. Bit s dng h s hiu chnh K v phng php iu chnh nng khi pha ch
dung dch chun .
1. khi nim v dung dch chun
Dung dch chun l nhng dung dch bit nng chnh xc,
thng dng xc nh nng cc dung dch khc.
Trong phn tch nh lng, nng dung dch chun hay c biu
th di dng nng ng lng (N) hoc nng mol/L (M).
Khi pha dung dch chun, cn lu tnh cht ha hc ca cht cn
pha, la chn iu kin (dung mi, nhit ,..) thch hp. Th d
khi pha KMnO4 hay Na2S2O3 cn dng nc mi un si ngui
trnh s phn hy.
Nng dung dch chun khi pha khng c php chnh lch vt
qu 10% so vi yu cu (thng thng ch chnh lch 3%) v sai s
pha khng c vt qu 0,2%.
Nhng dung dch chun khi lu c th b thay i nng , do
phi nh k xc nh li.
2. Cc cch pha dung dch chun
Thng c ba cch pha cc dung dch chun.

2.1. Pha ch t cht chun gc
Tiu chun ti thiu ca mt cht chun gc:
161
Mt cht c dng lm cht gc trong phng php chun cn

p ng c ba yu cu sau:
Tinh khit (tp cht < 0,1%).

C thnh phn ha hc ng ng cng thc.
Bn vng (t hoc khng b phn hy) khi cha pha cng nh khi
pha thnh dung dch.
Khi c ha cht gc ch vic tnh ton lng cht cn pha v cn trn
cn phn tch (c chnh xc 0,0002g) ri em ha tan trong dung mi
(thng l nc) va th tch theo yu cu (dng bnh nh mc). Sau
khi pha xong c dung dch c nng chnh xc.
Dung dch chun pha t cht gc, cn c gi l dung dch gc.
Khi lng cn v th tch thc khc vi lng cn v th tch tnh theo
l thuyt th s dng h s hiu chnh K.
K =
a
a
th
lt
.V
.V
lt
th
th
lt
Th d: Pha 100,0 mL dung dch H2C2O4 0,100N t cht gc H2C2O4.2H2O

nh sau:
Tnh ton: E H 2C2O4 .2H2O =

T cng thc N =
M
= 63,03
2
a
1000 lng cn acid oxalic cn l
E.V
a H2C2O4 .2H2O =
N.E.V 0,1 63,03 100

=
= 0,6303g
1000
1000
Pha dung dch: Cn chnh xc trn cn phn tch 0,6303g

H2C2O4.2H2O sau em ho tan trong nc cho 100,0 mL (dng
bnh nh mc). Ta c dung dch H2C2O4 0,1000N.
Ch : Nu lng cn khc 0,6303, gi s l 0,6408 g khi tnh h s
0,6404
hiu chnh K =
= 1,016 tdung dch pha c c nng chnh xc
0,6303
l 0,1000 K = 0,1016
Nu th tch pha thc khc 100,0 mL, gi s l 99,5 mL lc phi
tnh h s hiu chnh K thm c yu t th tch
m th Vlt 0,6404 100
= 1,021 t dung dch pha c c nng

m lt Vth 0,6303 99,5
chnh xc l 0,1000 K = 0,1021N.
K=
162
Vic p dng h s hiu chnh K gip:

Tnh nhanh nng dung dch gc Nth = Nlt.K
S dng ch dn trong dc in: Thng trong dc in sau mi
php nh lng ch r 1 mL dung dch chun A 0,1N tng ng vi b (g)
1 0,1
E B . Do vy nu php nh
cht cn xc nh B. Thc cht l b =
1000
lng ht VA( mL) ta tnh ngay s gam cht B c trong mu l VA.b (g) (nu
cht A c nng khc 0,1N, khi s gam cht B c trong mu s l
VA.b.K gam)
2.2. Pha ch t cht khng phi l cht gc (Pha gin tip)
Ta cng tnh ton nh pha t cht gc, nhng khi cn, pha khng cn
dng cn phn tch v bnh nh mc (ch cn dng cn k thut vi sai s
0,01g v bnh c th tch gn ng). Dung dch sau khi pha c nng
gn ng so vi yu cu, ta phi xc nh li nng dung dch ny bng
mt dung dch chun khc bit nng . T bit c nng chnh
xc ca dung dch pha.
Th d:
Pha 1 lt dung dch NaOH 0,1N
NaOH l mt ha cht khng tha mn cht gc v d ht m, d b

carbonat haz... do phi pha gin tip.
Tnh ton:
ENaOH = M = 40
a
1000 pha 100 mL dung dch NaOH 0,1N,
E.V
lng cn NaOH cn l:
T cng thc N =
a=
N.E.V 0,1 40 1000

=
= 4 (g)
1000
1000
Cch pha: Cn trn cn k thut 4,00g NaOH, cho vo cc v thm t

nc ct lc ra nhanh ( loi cacbonat bn ngoi), sau ho tan
trong nc v thm khong 1lt, ta c dung dch NaOH c nng
gn ng 0,1N. Xc nh li nng dung dch NaOH va pha
bng mt dung dch H2C2O4 bit nng . T xc nh c nng
chnh xc ca dung dch NaOH.
N NaOH =
Vox .N ox
VNaOH
Trong :
- Vox: Th tch dung dch acid oxalic dng (ly bng pipet chnh xc)
163
- Nox: nng dung dch acid oxalic bit.

- VNaOH: Th tch dung dch NaOH dng (c trn buret)
Dung dch chun NaOH pha c c K =
N th N NaOH
=
N lt
0,1
Yu cu K = 1,000 (10%), tt nht K = 1,000 (3%)

2.3. Pha t ng chun (thc cht ging pha t cht gc)
Hin nay, to thun li cho ngi s dng, ngi ta tnh ton, cn

sn mt lng ho cht gc cho vo bao gi thch hp (gi l ng chun)
v c ch dn pha cho mt th tch xc nh no . Th d nhn ng chun
pha HCl 0,1N ca Vin kim nghim - B y t.
Vin kim nghim - B y t
ng chun Acid hydrocloric
HCl 0,1N
Pha va 1000 mL
S SX: Hn dng:
Khi pha dng dng c c ng, ha tan ht lng ha cht trong nc

(hoc dung mi thch hp) cho th tch theo ch dn (dng bnh nh
mc) ta s c dung dch chun c nng nh ghi trn nhn.
2.4. Cch iu chnh nng dung dch
Trong thc t, khi pha dung dch chun hay khi nh k kim tra xc
nh li, nu thy nng dung dch c qu so vi l thuyt (K > 1,000 +
(10%) th phi iu chnh bng cch pha long vi nc, ngc li nu dung
dch long qu (K < 1,000 (10%) th phi iu chnh bng cch thm ho
cht cn pha. Cch tnh lng nc cn pha long, lng ha cht cn
thm nh sau:
Th tch nc cn thm tnh theo cng thc:
VH2O = (K 1,000) .Vc
Trong :
VH2O : Th tch nc cn thm (mL)

K: H s hiu chnh ca dung dch cn iu chnh
Vc: Th tch dung dch c cn iu chnh
164
Th d: C 600 mL HCl 0,1N vi K = 1,105. Tnh th tch nc cn

thm vo l:
VH2O = (1,105 - 1,000) 600 = 63 ( mL)

Lng ho cht cn thm tnh theo cng thc:
m=
(1,000 K).a .V
c
1000
Trong :
- m: s gam ho cht cn thm vo
- K: h s hiu chnh ca dung dch cn iu chnh
- a: s gam ha cht c trong 1 lt dung dch theo l thuyt (a = N.E)
- Vc: th tch dung dch c cn iu chnh
Th d: C 800 mL dung dch NaCl 0,1N vi K = 0,978 th lng NaCl
cn thm vo l: a = N.E = 0,1.58,5 = 5,85
m=
(1,000 0,978) 5,85

800 = 0,1003g
1000
Ch : Sau khi iu chnh nh trn, phi tin hnh chun li

xc nh chnh xc h s hiu chnh K ca dung dch thu c.
3. Pha mt s dung dch chun
3.1. Pha dung dch chun HCl 0,1N t HCl c
Acid clohydric c c khi lng ring d = 1,18; nng 38 % thng

khng t tiu chun cht gc. Do , phi p dng cch pha gin tip: pha
gn ng, sau xc nh li nng bng mt dung dch chun khc c
tnh base bit nng .
pha gn ng, cn tnh th tch HCl c cn ly pha trong mt
th tch no .
Th d: pha 1lt dung dch HCl 0,1N ta tnh nh sau:
Bit EHCl = MHCl = 36,5
Lng HCl cn:
a=
N.E.V 0,1 36,5 1000

=
= 3,65 g
1000
1000
t Th tch HCl c tng ng:
VHCld =
a
3,65
.100 =
100 = 8 mL
d.C
1,18 38
165
Ly 8 mL HCl c (phi dng qu bp cao su, khng c ht) pha

long vi nc cho khong 1 lt, c dung dch c nng xp x 0,1N.
Xc nh li nng dung dch HCl pha c bng dung dch Na2CO3
bit nng da trn phn ng:
Na2CO3 + HCl = NaHCO3 + NaCl
NaHCO3 + HCl = CO2 + H2O + NaCl
T xc nh c nng chnh xc ca dung dch HCl
N HCl =
VNa 2CO3 .N Na 2CO3

VHCl
Trong :
- VNa 2 CO 3 : Th tch dung dch Na2CO3 dng (ly bng pipet chnh xc)
- N Na 2CO 3 : Nng dung dch Na2CO3 bit
- VHCl : Th tch HCl dng (c trn buret)
3.2. Pha dung dch chun KMnO4 0,1N
KMnO4 khng tho mn tiu chun cht gc v thng khng t tinh

khit do c ln MnO2. Do vy thng pha xp x, sau n nh vi
ngy, ri xc nh li nng ca n bng dung dch H2C2O4 bit nng
theo phn ng:
2 KMnO4 + 5 H2C2O4 + 8 H2SO4 = 2 MnSO4 + 10 CO2+ K2SO4 + 8 H2O
T E KMnO4 =
M
= 31,61 tnh ton tng t nh cc v d trn.
5
Gi s pha 1lt dung dch KMnO4 0,1N cn 3,161g KMnO4.

Cch pha: Cn trn cn k thut 3,20g KMnO4 cho vo cc 250 mL, v
KMnO4 c mu tm, thng ln MnO2 do ta thm nc v un nng nh,
khuy k, gn (hoc lc) vo bnh m bo KMnO4 tan ht hon
ton, thm nc cho khong 1lt, c dung dch c nng gn ng
0,1N. n nh 5-7 ngy, sau em xc nh li nng bng dung dch
H2C2O4 bit nng . T tnh chnh xc nng dung dch KMnO4.
N KMnO4 =
Vox .N ox
VKMnO4
Trong :
- Vox: th tch dung dch acid oxalic (ly bng pipet chnh xc)
- Nox: nng acid oxalic
- VKMnO 4 : th tch dung dch KMnO4 dng (c trn buret)
166
3.3. Pha dung dch chun I2 0,1N t I2 tinh khit thng hoa
I2 thng mi thng ln clor, brom v nc, v vy cn phi tinh ch,

loi b cc tp cht bng cch nh sau: Nghin nh I2 vi KI v vi sng
(theo t l 10 g I2 thng mi + 1 g KI + 2 g vi sng), sau cho vo cc,
y cc bng mt bnh cu ng nc lnh, un nng nh y cc, I2 thng
hoa s bm vo mt ngoi ca y bnh cu y cc. Gt ly cc tinh th I2
ny v em lm kh trong bnh ht m c cha CaCl2. I2 thu c gi l I2
tinh khit thng hoa, tha mn tiu chun cht gc.
Bit E I 2 =
M
= 126,7
2
Tnh ton tng t nh cc v d trn, gi s pha 100 mL dung

dch I2 0,1N ta cn 1,267g I2. V I2 kh tan trong nc, do vy khi pha lu
phi cho d KI ( to phc tan I2 + II3-) v lc u cho rt t nc,
sau khi I2 tan ht mi thm nc cho theo yu cu.
Cch pha: Cho vo mt chn cn 3,5g KI v 5 mL nc, cn trn cn
phn tch c a1 gam. Cn trn cn k thut khong 1,2 - 1,3g I2 tinh
khit thng hoa vo chn cn trn v em cn li trn cn phn tch c
a2 gam (khi lng thc ca I2 s l: ath = (a1 - a2) gam. Lc hn hp cho
tan, chuyn dn hon ton sang bnh nh mc 100 mL v thm nc cho
n vch. Tnh h s hiu chnh K =
a th
a
= th . Dung dch I2 pha c c
a lt 1,267
nng thc l 0,1.K (N).

3.4. Pha dung dch complexon III 0,1M t complexon II tinh khit
Complexon II (EDTA) l acid etylen diamin tetraacetic vit gn l H4Y

(c M = 292,1). V H4Y kh tan trong nc nn mun pha c phi thm
NaOH thnh complexon III (Na2H2Y) d tan.
H4Y + 2 NaOH = Na2H2Y + 2 H2O
Complexon II tinh khit tho mn tiu chun l cht gc, do pha
trc tip. Bit E H 4Y = M = 292,1 .
Gi s cn pha 1lt dung dch complexon III 0,1M, tnh tng t cc v
d trn ta thy cn s gam H4Y l:
a=
C M .M.V 0,1 292,1 1000

=
= 29,21g , theo phn ng tnh lng
1000
1000
NaOH cn 8g.
Cch pha: Cn trn cn phn tch 29,2100g H4Y cho vo cc 250 mL,
thm 8g NaOH, thm mt t nc, un nh cho tan ht, ngui, sau
chuyn ht vo bnh nh mc 1 lt, thm nc cho n vch, lc k. c
167
dung dch complexon III 0,1M. Nu lng cn thc khc 29,21 th tnh h
s hiu chnh K.
3.5. Pha dung dch chun Na2S2O3 0,1N t Na2S2O3.5H2O
Dung dch Na2S2O3.5H2O dng trong phn ng chun :

2 Na2S2O3 + I2 = Na2S4O6 + 2 NaI
do E Na2S 2O3 .5H2O = M = 248,19
V Na2S2O3.5H2O d mt nc kt tinh, nn khng tho mn yu cu
cht gc, do vy phi pha theo cch gin tip. Xc nh li nng dung dch
Na2S2O3 bng cht gc K2Cr2O7 da trn c s ca phng php thay th:
K2Cr2O7 + 6 KI + 14 HCl = 3 I2 + 2 CrCl3 + 8 KCl + 7 H2O
(Chnh xc) (D)
I2 gii phng ra nh lng vi Na2S2O3 theo phn ng chun trn.
Dung dch Na2S2O3 theo thi gian dn b thay i nng do nh
hng ca CO2, ca O2 trong mi trng theo phn ng:
Na2S2O3 + CO2 + H2O = NaHCO3 + NaHSO3 + S
2 Na2S2O3 + O2 = 2 Na2SO4 + 2S
V vy phi pha trong nc mi un si ngui v thm mt t
Na2CO3 bo qun. nh k sau 2-3 thng kim tra li nng .
Tnh ton nh cc th d trn, gi s pha 1lt dung dch Na2S2O3 nng
0,1N cn:
a=
N.E.V
= 24,82g
1000
Cch pha: Cn trn cn k thut 24,82g Na2S2O3.5H2O ho tan vo

nc mi un si ngui, thm mt t Na2CO3, thm nc cho khong
1lt trn u. vi ngy n nh, sau xc nh li nng .
Cch xc nh: cho dung dch Na2S2O3 ln buret.
Cn chnh xc trn cn phn tch khong 0,1g K2Cr2O7 tinh khit
(cht gc) cho vo bnh nn, thm khong 25 mL nc ct, 1g KI, 4 mL HCl
m c ri em nh lng bng dung dch Na2S2O3 trn. Nng chnh
xc dung dch Na2S2O3 c tnh theo cng thc:
N Na 2S2O3 =
a.1000
E K 2Cr2O7 .VNa 2S2O3
Trong :
- a: L s gam K2Cr2O7 cn trn cn phn tch
168
E K 2Cr2O7 =
M
= 49,03g
6
- VNa 2S2O3 : L th tch dung dch Na2S2O3 dng (c trn buret)
bi tp (bi 4)
4.1. Th no l dung dch chun, ng dng. Cc yu cu khi pha dung
dch chun.
4.2. Trnh by cc cch pha dung dch chun.
4.3. Th no l h s hiu chnh. ngha.
4.4. Trnh by cch iu chnh nng dung dch khi dung dch pha
qu c hoc qu long.
4.5. Trnh by cch pha dung dch chun sau: H2C2O4 0,1N; dung dch
NaOH 0,1N; dung dch HCl 0,1N; dung dch KMnO4 0,1N; dung
dch I2 0,1N; dung dch complexon III 0,1M.
4.6. Tnh s gam acid oxalic gc cn pha 5 lt dung dch c nng
0,1N
4.7. Tnh s mL dung dch acid hydrocloric m c 37,23% (d = 1,19)
pha 500,0 mL dung dch acid 10%.
4.8. Tnh s mL dung dch amoniac c 27,33% (d = 0,90) cn pha 2
lt dung dch amoniac 2N.
4.9. Tnh s g Na2CO3 gc pha 500 mL dung dch Na2CO3 0,1N.
4.10. Tnh s g Na2B4O7.10H2O gc pha 250 mL dung dch Na2B4O7
0,1N.
4.11. Trnh by cch pha v tnh lng cht gc complexon II pha
250 mL dung dch complexon III 0,1N.
4.12. pha 250,0 mL dung dch acid oxalic 0,1N ngi ta cn chnh
xc 1,728 g H2C2O4.2H2O ha tan vo nc cho 250,0 mL.
Tnh h s hiu chnh K ca dung dch.
169
Bi 5
nh lng bng phng php acid - base
mc tiu
1. Trnh by c khi nim v acid, base, cp acid base lin hp, cht lng tnh,
a acid, a base theo Bronsted v tnh c pH ca cc dung dch ny trong
trng hp ring l.
2. Trnh by c nguyn tc chung ca phng php nh lng acid-base.
3. Chn c cht ch th, tnh c kt qu ca su trng hp nh lng
thng gp trong chun acid-base.
1.1. nh ngha acid, base theo Bronsted
C nhiu quan nim v acid, base nhng y chng ta dng theo

quan im ca Bronsted:
Acid l nhng cht c kh nng cho prroton.

Base l nhng cht c kh nng nhn proton.
Cp acid-base lin hp: mt acid sau khi cho mt proton th tr thnh
mt base gi l base lin hp vi acid . Ta gi acid v base ny l
mt cp acid-base lin hp (vit l cp acid/base). Mt cp acid-base
lin hp c th c biu din bng h thc sau:
Base (B) + H+
Acid (A)
V d:
170
Cp HF/F-:
HF
F + H+
Cp CH3COOH/CH3COO- : CH3COOH
CH3COO + H+
Cp NH4+/ NH3
NH4+
NH3 + H+
Cp H2S/ HS
H2 S
HS + H+
Cp HS/ S
HS
S + H+
Nh vy acid, base c th l nhng phn t trung ha in

(CH3COOH, HF...), ion (NH4+, HS...). Cht lng tnh l cht va c c
kh nng cho v va c kh nng nhn proton (HS...).
Acid a ha tr (a acid) l nhng cht c kh nng cho nhiu proton

(v d H2S).
Base a ha tr (a base) l nhng cht c kh nng nhn nhiu

proton (v d CO32-, S2-).
1.2. Nc v pH
Xem mc 2.2., Bi 1, Phn 1. L thuyt phn tch nh tnh.

1.3. Cng ca acid v base
Dung dch trong nc ca acid A c:

A + H 2O
Hng s K =
[B].[H 3 O + ] t
[A][. H 2 O]
B + H 3O +
K A = K.[H 2 O] =
[B ].[H 3 O + ]
[A]
c gi l hng s acid ca acid A, n biu th cho cng ca acid

A v KA cng ln, acid phn ly cng nhiu, acid cng mnh.
Dung dch trong nc ca base B ta c:

B + H 2O
Hng s K =
A + OH
[A ].[OH ] t K = K.[H O] = [A].[OH ]

B
2
[B]
[B][. H 2 O]
c gi l hng s
base ca base B, n biu th cho cng ca base B v KB cng ln, base

phn ly cng nhiu, base cng mnh.
Nu A v B l cp acid-base lin hp th ta c:
KA.KB = [H3O+][OH] = Kn =1014.
Do , nu KA ln th KB b. V vy trong mt cp acid-base lin hp
nu dng acid l mnh th dng base s yu v ngc li.
thun tin cho vic tnh ton, ngi ta thng dng cch biu th:
pKA = lgKA , pKB = lgKB. Khi : pKA+ pKB = 14.
1.4. a acid, a base
a acid l nhng acid c th cho nhiu proton. Trong nc, phn t

ca cc a acid phn ly ln lt theo nhiu nc v trong mi nc cho mt
proton, ng vi mt cp acid-base lin hp.
171
V d: H3PO4 l mt a acid.
H3PO4 + H2O
H2PO4+ H3O+ c KA1 (ng vi cp H3PO4/ H2PO4)
H2PO4 + H2O
HPO42+ H3O+ c KA2 (ng vi cp H2PO4/ HPO42)
HPO42 + H2O
PO43 + H3O+ c KA3 (ng cp HPO42/ PO43)
Tng cng:
H3PO4 + 3H2O
PO43 + 3H3O+
vi KA = KA1 . KA2 . KA3
Tng t nh vy, a base l nhng base c th nhn nhiu proton.

Th d: CO32- l mt a base.
CO32 + H3O+
HCO3- + H2O
HCO3-+ H3O+
H2CO3 + H2O
1.5. Cng thc tnh [H+] v pH ca mt s dung dch
Thit lp phng trnh y tnh chnh xc nng H3O+ (hay H+)

v pH trong cc dung dch s c nghin cu cc chng trnh nng cao,
y chng ta ch a ra cch tnh gn ng p dng cho nhng trng
hp dung dch c nng khng qu nh, vi sai s thc t a phn chp
nhn c.
1.5.1. Dung dch acid mnh n chc HA nng ban u CA
Acid mnh phn ly hon ton:

HA + H2O H3O+ + A (thng vit HA H+ + A-)
Do
[H3O+] = [H+] = CA
pH = lgCA
1.5.2. Dung dch base mnh n chc MOH c nng CB
Base mnh phn ly hon ton:

2H2O
H3O+ + OH
MOH + H3O+ M+ + 2H2O

MOH M+ + OH-
172
K
[ ] [OH
]=
Do :
[OH-] = CB H + =
V vy:
pH = 14 + lgCB
10 14
CB
1.5.3. Dung dch n acid yu HA c nng CA
Acid yu HA phn ly khng hon ton

A- + H3O+ (vit gn HA
HA + H2O
T K A =
[H O ][. A ] , coi HA t phn ly nn [HA] C

+
H + + A- )
[HA]
1
1
pK A lg C A
2
2
1.5.4. Dung dch n base yu B c nng CB
Do c [H3O+] =
K A .C A v pH =
Base yu B phn ly khng hon ton

A + OH-
B + H 2O
T K B =
[A].[OH ] , coi gn ng [B] C

B
[B]
Do [OH-] = K B .C B , [H3O+] =
K A .K n
1
1
v pH = 7 + pK A + lgC B
2
2
CB
1.5.5. Dung dch cp acid base lin hp HA/A-
Gi s acid HA c nng CA, base A- lin hp c nng CB

A- + H3O+
C cn bng: HA + H2O
T K B =
[A ][. H O ] t [H O ] = K
[HA]
CA
C
v pH = pK A + lg B
CB
CA
pH dung dch ny thay i khng ng k khi thm vo mt t acid

mnh hoc base mnh v nu tng nng H+, th A- s kt hp vi H+ to
thnh HA; ngc li nu gim nng H+, th HA s phn ly thm sinh
thm H+. Kt qu l sau khi cn bng thit lp th nng ca H+ trong
dung dch s thay i khng ng k. Trong ha hc gi nhng dung dch
ny l dung dch m, c tc dng gi n nh pH ca dung dch.
1.5.6. Dung dch cc cht lng tnh
y l nhng cht va c kh nng cho v va c kh nng nhn

proton, v d nh NaHS, NaHCO3 trong dung dch phn ly thnh cc ion
HS-, HCO3- tng ng vi cc cp acid-base lin hp H2S/HS-, HS-/S2- v
H2CO3/HCO3-, HCO3-/CO32-
[ ]
+
C th chng minh c cng thc gn ng: H =
K A1 .K A 2 (trong
K A v K A l hai gi tr KA lin quan n cn bng cho v nhn proton

1
1
ca anion mui acid) v pH = pK A 1 + pK A 2
2
2
1
173
1.5.7. Dung dch a acid hoc a base
Dung dch a acid c nng CA: i vi nhiu acid thng nc 1

mnh hn cc nc sau nhiu. Do c th tnh gn ng coi nh n
acid (tnh theo nc 1 mnh nht) c nng CA.
Dung dch a base c nng CB: S phn ly ca cc a base xy ra

ngc vi s phn ly ca cc a acid.
Th d: a base Na2CO3: Na2CO3 2Na+ + CO32-. a base CO32- tham
gia cn bng:
CO32- + H3O+
HCO3- + H2O
tng ng KA2 ca H2CO3
HCO3- + H3O+
H2CO3 + H2O
tng ng KA1 ca H2CO3
Do vy, mt cch gn ng ta ch tnh nh n base (theo base 1

mnh nht) c nng CB. Trong th d trn tnh theo KA2 ca H2CO3.
2. nh lng bng phng php acid-base
(Chun acid-base)
2.1. Nguyn tc
Phng php chun acid-base l phng php nh lng da trn

nhng phn ng trao i (cho nhn) proton gia acid v base (phn
ng trung ha):
Acid (1) + Base (2) = Base (1) + Acid (2)
Cc phn ng dng trong phng php ny phi tha mn cc yu
cu ca phn ng dng trong phn tch th tch.
Trong qu trnh chun , pH ca dung dch lun bin i mt cch t

t nhng gn n im tng ng (thng khi nh lng thiu
hoc tha 1% hay 0,1%) c s bin i t ngt ca pH (gi l
bc nhy pH ca qu trnh nh lng) v ta thu c mt dung dch
c pH nht nh vng acid, trung tnh hay kim. pH im tng
ng s nm trong bc nhy pH ny .
Thng khi t n im tng ng khng c nhng bin i c th

nhn bit c cho nn ngi ta phi cho thm vo dung dch nh
lng nhng cht gi l cht ch th acid-base c mu sc thay i
ln cn im tng ng (nm trong bc nhy pH ca qu trnh
nh lng) nhn ra im tng ng v ta kt thc qu trnh
chun .
174
2.2. Cht ch th trong phng php acid-base

2.2.1. Khi nim
Cht ch th trong phng php acid-base l nhng cht c mu sc

thay i theo s bin i pH ca dung dch, n c gi l cht ch th acid
- base hay cht ch th pH. N thng l nhng cht hu c c tnh acid
yu hoc base yu , trong dng dng acid v dng base lin hp c mu
khc nhau ph thuc vo cu trc phn t ca chng. Bi vy, cc cht
ny trong dung dch, khi c s bin i pH, lm cu trc phn t bin
i, dn n mu thay i.
Gi dng acid ca cht ch th l HInd, dng base lin hp vi n l
Ind , trong dung dch c cn bng sau:
Ind + H3O+ (5.1)
HInd + H2O
hay:
K HInd
Ind + H+
HInd
vi
[H
=
][
O + . Ind
[HInd ]
Khi pH thay i th cn bng (5.1) s chuyn dch v pha phi hoc

tri, cht ch th s tn ti ch yu di mt trong hai dng lin hp nn
dung dch s c mu ca dng acid (HInd) hay ca dng base (Ind).
Th d: s i mu ca 2 cht ch th sau y:
Da cam methyl (Heliantin):

+
(C H3)2N
SO 3Na + H2O
N NH
+
(CH3)2N
N N
S O 3Na
+
+ H3O
(Dng base: mu vng)
(Dng acid: mu )
Phenolphthalein
HO
OH
C
OH
C
OH
COO
(Dng acid: khng mu)
+ H2O
CO O
+ H3O
(Dng base: mu hng)
2.2.2. Khong pH chuyn mu ca cht ch th acid - base:
Mi cht ch th acid base thng c mt khong pH i mu, ta c

th tnh c khong pH . T cn bng (5.1) ta c: Hng s cn bng ca
HInd l:
175
K HInd =
[H O ][. Ind ] [H O ] = K [HInd]

[HInd] t
[Ind ]
+
pH = pK HInd lg
hay:
HInd
[HInd]
[Ind ]
(5.2)
[ ]
Biu thc cho thy t s HInd quyt nh mu sc ca ch th (v hai
[Ind ]
dng HInd v Ind c mu sc khc nhau) v n ph thuc vo pH ca

dung dch.
Thc t thy rng vi a s cc cht ch th, bng mt thng ngi ta
ch c th phn bit c s i mu khi nng ca dng ny chnh lch
vi nng dng kia khong 10 ln th ta ch thy c mu ca dng c
nng ln:
[HInd ] =
[Ind ]
1
: cht ch th c mu dng Ind.
10
[HInd] = 10 :
[Ind ]
cht ch th c mu dng HInd.
Thay cc t l ny vo (5.2) ta c:
pH = pKHInd 1
hay pKHInd 1 pH pKHInd + 1 chnh l khong pH ca dung dch m
ta c th thy c mu ca cht ch th thay i t mu ca dng ny
sang mu ca dng kia v c gi l khong pH chuyn mu ca cht ch
th acid-base. Ngi ta cn dng khi nim ch s pT ca cht ch th acid base ch pH ti cht ch th i mu r nht v ta kt thc chun .
Ta thng thy gi tr pT trng vi gi tr pKHInd ca cht ch th.
Tuy nhin, do mt ta c th nhy vi mu ny m khng nhy vi
mu kia, nn ta c th nhn bit s i mu ca cht ch th trong khong
pH hp hn tc l khi t s nng ca cc dng mu nh hn 10 ln v
khi gi tr pKHInd cng khng nm chnh gia khong pH i mu.
2.2.3. Yu cu chung i vi cht ch th acid-base
Tan c trong nc hoc trong cn,

Bn vng trong iu kin thng thng (khng b oxy, kh carbonic,
nhit , ... ca mi trng lm nh hng).
nng nh (105 104 M) mu phi xut hin kh r,

Mu phi chuyn nhanh, r trong mt khong pH kh hp,
176
Khong pH chuyn mu ca cht ch th phi gn hoc cha gi tr

pH im tng ng ca phn ng chun , t nht n phi nm
trong bc nhy pH ca php chun .
Bng 5.1 trnh by khong pH i mu ca mt s cht ch th acidbase hay gp.
Bng 5.1. Mt s ch th acid-base v khong pH chuyn mu ca n
Nng
(%)
Dung
mi
c
tnh
cht
ch th
Dng
Acid
Dng
base
Vng alizarin
0,1
Nc
Acid
Vng
Tm
10,1- 12,0
Thymolphthalein
0,1
Cn 90%
Acid
Khng
Xanh
9,3 - 10,5
Phenolphthalein
0,1 v 1
Cn 90%
Acid
Khng
Hng
8,0 - 10,0
Phenolphthalein
0,05
Cn 20%
Acid
Khng
Hng
7,4 - 9,0
trung tnh
0,1
Cn 60%
Base
Vng Gch
6,8 - 8,0
phenol
0,1
Cn 20%
Acid
Vng
6,4 - 8,0
Xanh bromothymol
0,05
Cn 20%
Acid
Vng
Xanh
6,0 - 7,6
Qu
1,0
Nc
Acid
Xanh
5,0 - 8,0
Ch th
methyl
Mu
Khong pH
chuyn
mu
0,1 v 0,2
Cn 60%
Base
Vng
4,2 - 6,2
Lc bromocrezol
0,02
Cn 20%
Acid
Vng
Xanh
4,0 - 5,4
Da cam methyl
0,1
Nc
Base
Hng
Vng
3,1 - 4,4
Xanh bromophenol
0,1
Nc
Acid
Vng
Nu
3,0 - 4,6
0,1 v 0,01
Nc
Base
Vng
1,4 - 3,2
Tropeolin 00
Ghi ch:
Trong nhiu trng hp ngi ta dng hn hp cc cht ch th

quan st s i mu ca cht ch th r hn. C th cng thm vo vi
cht ch th mt cht mu khc khng nhy vi s thay i pH nhng
cht ny hp vi mu ca cht ch th thnh mt mu d nhn. Cng
c th kt hp hai cht ch th c pKHInd gn nhau thnh mt mu d
nhn v chng i mu khong pH trung gian ca hai ch th .
Ch th vn nng l hn hp gm nhiu ch th m mu sc ca n
thay i theo cc gi tr pH khc nhau. C nhiu cng thc pha ch
th vn nng, di y l mt v d:
Phenolphthalein
1 phn
methyl
2 phn
Vng methyl
3 phn
Xanh bromothymol
4 phn
Xanh thymol
5 phn
177
Hn hp ny cho mu pH =2, da cam pH = 4, vng pH = 6, lc

pH = 8, xanh lam pH = 10. Ngi ta thng dng giy tm cht ch th
vn nng. Khi th ta ch cn nh 1 git dung dch cn th ln giy v i
chiu mu trn giy vi thang mu mu ( ghi ch pH) bit c pH
ca dung dch. Bng 5.2 trnh by mt s ch th hn hp.
Bng 5.2. Mt s ch th hn hp
Ch th hn hp 2 thnh phn
(T l 1 : 1)
Tr s
pT
Da cam methyl 0,1% trong nc v Indigocacmin

0,25% trong nc
Mu
Mi trng
acid
Mi trng
kim
4,1
Tm
Lc
methyl 0,1% trong cn v

Xanh methyl 0,1% trong cn
5,4
tm
Lc
trung tnh 0,1% trong cn v

Xanh methyl 0,1% trong cn
7,0
Tm xanh
Lc
Naphthobenzein 0,1% trong cn v Phenolphthalein

0,1% trong cn
8,9
Hng nht
Tm
Xanh thymol 1% trong cn 50% v Phenolphthalein

0,1% trong cn 50%
9,0
Vng
Tm
2.3. Mt s trng hp nh lng acid-base

2.3.1. Chun mt acid mnh bng mt base mnh
Th d: nh lng HCl 0,1N bng NaOH 0,1 N.
Trc khi nh lng: Dung dch ( bnh nn) l dung dch acid mnh,
nn c:
pH = -lgCHCl = -lg101 = 1.
Khi nh lng (trc tng ng): cho NaOH t buret xung, c

phn ng nh lng:
NaOH + HCl = NaCl + H2O
Trong bnh phn ng c mt NaCl, H2O v HCl cn cha nh lng.
pH ca dung dch ch yu do phn cn li ca HCl cha c nh lng.
Gi s thi im nh lng c 99,9% th HCl cn 0,1% t
[H ] =
+
0 ,1
10 1 = 10 4 pH = 4.
100
Ti im tng ng: Dung dch c mt NaCl, H2O l cc cht trung

tnh do pH = 7.
178
Sau im tng ng: Nu cho tip NaOH, dung dch tn ti NaCl, H2O,
NaOH d. pH ca dung dch tnh theo nng base mnh NaOH d.
Gi s d 0,1% th [OH-] = CNaOH d = (0,1.101)/ 100 =104 t do :
pH = 14 + lgCNaOH d = 10.
Trong chun ny, lc u pH bin i rt chm (t cha nh

lng n khi nh lng c 99,9% pH ch thay i t 1 4). Nhng
ln cn im tng ng pH bin i t ngt (khi nh lng tip
t 99,9% n 100,1% pH thay i 6 n v t 4 10) v c gi l
bc nhy pH ca php chun .
Chn ch th: Vi sai s 0,1% ta thy trng hp nh lng trn c

th dng mt trong 3 ch th sau:
+ Phenolphthalein: Mu chuyn t khng mu sang hng nht
+ methyl: Mu chuyn t sang vng r
+ Da cam methyl: Mu chuyn t hng sang vng r nhn ra
im tng ng v kt thc chun .

2.3.2. Chun mt base mnh bng mt acid mnh
Qu trnh din ra s ngc li vi trng hp chun acid mnh v

base mnh.
Bc nhy pH ca php chun s t 10 4. Do vy vi sai s
0,1% nu dng ch th:
phenolphthalein: mu chuyn t hng sang khng mu,

methyl: mu chuyn t vng sang chm ,
da cam methyl: mu chuyn t vng sang chm hng, nhn ra
im tng ng v kt thc chun .
2.3.3. Chun n acid yu bng base mnh
Th d: nh lng CH3COOH 0,1N (c KA = 1,75. 105) bng NaOH 0,1N.

Phng trnh ca phn ng chun :
Ti im tng ng: Dung dch c CH3COO-, H2O. Tnh pH l ca

base yu CH3COO- vi nng bng nng CH3COOH ban u:
1
1
pH = 7 + pKA + lgCB = 8,87
2
2
Nh vy pH tng ng nm trong vng base.
179
(Bng tnh ton vi sai s 0,1%, bc nhy pH ca php nh lng

t 7,73 10, so vi trng hp nh lng acid mnh bng base mnh ta
thy b ngn hn v ch yu nm trong vng base).
Do vy trong trng hp ny, ch c th dng ch th phenolphtalein
mu s chuyn t khng mu sang hng nhn ra im tng ng v
kt thc chun .
2.3.4. Chun n base yu bng acid mnh
Th d: nh lng NH3 0,1N (c KA =5,5.1010) bng HCl 0,1N.

HCl + NH3 = NH4 + + Cl-
Ti im tng ng: Dung dch c acid yu NH4+, Cl-, H2O. Tnh pH

l ca dung dch acid yu NH4+ vi nng bng nng NH3 ban u
pH =
1
1
pK A lgC A = 5,1
2
2
Nh vy, pH tng ng nm trong vng acid.

(Bng tnh ton vi sai s 0,1%, bc nhy pH ca php nh lng
t 6,25 4, so vi trng hp nh lng base mnh bng acid mnh, ta
thy bc nhy ngn hn v ch yu nm trong vng acid.
Do vy trong trng hp nh lng ny ta dng ch th l methyl
mu s chuyn t vng sang nhn ra im tng ng v kt thc
s chun .
(Cng c th dng ch th da cam methyl nhng cn lu mu chuyn
t vng sang chm phi dng ngay chun ).
Ghi ch: Trong thc t phn tch ngi ta khng p dng nh lng:
Cc acid qu yu bng base mnh.

Cc base qu yu bng acid mnh.
Cc acid yu bng base yu hoc ngc li.
S d khng p dng v trong cc trng hp ny ti ln cn im tng
ng pH bin i qu t (coi nh khng c bc nhy) nn khng chn c
ch th xc nh chnh xc im tng ng. Nu thc hin s mc sai s
rt ln. Khi , mun nh lng phi tm cch khc hoc chuyn sang nh
lng trong mi trng khan (dung mi khng phi l H2O).
2.3.5. Chun cc a acid bng base mnh
Cc a acid phn ly tng nc, do nu hng s phn ly ca cc nc

cch xa nhau ( > 104 ln) th c th chun ring tng nc, nu khng
180
phi nh lng ton b. Nu nc phn ly no qu nh th khng nh

lng c.
Th d 1: nh lng H2C2O4 0,1N (c KA1 = 5,36.10-2 v KA2 = 5,42.10-5)
bng NaOH 0,1N:
nh lng ton b theo phn ng:
H2C2O4 + 2 NaOH
Na2C2O4 + 2H2O
Ti tng ng, tnh pH ca dung dch a base C2O42-. Ta c

1
1
pH = 7 + pK A 2 + lgC B = 8,4 (nm vng base) do dng ch th l
2
2
phenolphtalein mu chuyn t khng mu sang hng.
Th d 2: nh lng H3PO4 0,1N (c KA1 = 7,6. 103 , KA2 = 6,2. 106,
KA3 = 4,4. 1012 ) bng NaOH 0,1N
C th nh lng ring c nc 1 v nc 2. Nc 3 qu yu khng
nh lng c.
Phn ng chun acid 1:
H3PO4 + NaOH
NaH2PO4 + H2O
1
1
pK A1 + pK A 2 = 4,6 nm
2
2
vng acid cho nn c th dng ch th da cam methyl hoc methyl.
C pHT1 (l dung dch NaH2PO4): pHT1 =
Phn ng chun acid 2:

NaH2PO4 + NaOH
Na2HPO4 + H2O
1
1
pK A 2 + pK A 3 = 9,6 nm
2
2
vng base cho nn c th dng ch th phenolphthalein.
C pHT2 (l dung dch Na2HPO4): pHT2 =
2.3.6. Chun cc a base bng acid mnh
Qu trnh chun cc a base ngc li vi qu trnh chun cc

a acid.
Th d: Chun Na2CO3 0,1N bng HCl 0,1N.
Trong nc: Na2CO3 = 2Na+ + CO32 v th CO32 l mt a base tng
ng vi a acid H2CO3 (c KA1 = 3.107 v KA2 = 6.1011).
C th nh lng ring tng base vi sai s 1%.
Phn ng chun base 1 :
181
1
1
pK A1 + pK A 2 = 8,4 nm vng
2
2
base do c th dng ch th l phenolphtalein mu chuyn t hng
sang hng nht ( trnh sai s nhn mu nn dng mt bnh mu c cha
NaHCO3 v ch th phenolphtalein so snh, nu khng dng bnh mu
c th sai 10%).
C pHT1 (ca NaHCO3) l: pHT1 =
Phn ng chun base 2:

NaHCO3 + HCl = H2CO3 + NaCl
1
1
pK A1 lg C A = 3,8 nm vng acid
2
2
do chn ch th l da cam methyl mu chuyn t vng sang hng .
C pHT2 (ca H2CO3) l: pHT2 =
ng nhin th tch HCl 0,1N tiu th nc 1 bng lng HCl 0,1N

dng nc 2.
2.4. Mt s ng dng nh lng bng phng php acid-base
2.4.1. Pha ch cc dung dch chun
Nhng dung dch chun thng dng trong phng php acid-base:
Dung dch HCl v H2SO4 nh lng cc base.

Dung dch NaOH v KOH nh lng cc acid.
Ta khng th pha nhng dung dch ny bng cch cn chnh xc v
chng khng c tinh khit hoc thnh phn khng tht n nh.
Th d: H2SO4 c rt d ht nc, NaOH d ht nc v thng cha
Na2CO3 do hp th CO2 ca kh tri. Do phi xc nh nng ng
lng ca chng bng nhng dung dch gc c pha t cc cht gc.
Nhng cht gc c u im l kh bn ngoi khng kh v trong dung
dch, sau khi tinh ch n t yu cu v tinh khit v c thnh phn
ng cng thc ha hc. Cc cht gc thng dng l:
HCl ng ph, acid oxalic xc nh nng ng lng dung dch kim.

Natri borat, natri carbonat xc nh nng ng lng dung
dch acid.
a. Pha dung dch Na2CO3 gc
iu ch natri carbonat khan tinh khit

Natri carbonat thng c ln Cl, SO42, NaHCO3,... cho nn mun
iu ch natri carbonat tinh khit ngi ta thng lm nh sau:
+ Nu c Na2CO3 khan tinh khit phn tch th ta em nung t 30
pht n 1 gi 270oC- 300oC. Sau ngui trong bnh ht m.

182
+ Trng hp Na2CO3 khng tinh khit: ly khong 30- 35 g NaHCO3
ho tan trong 300- 350 mL nc, lc. C nc lc ti khi xut hin

tinh th. ngui, lc ly tinh th v ra vi ln bng nc ct
ngui, sy kh ta c NaHCO3 tinh khit. Ly 10 g NaHCO3 ny
cho vo chn s hay chn bch kim em nung cch ct gi nhit
270 300 oC trong 1 gi, ta c phn ng.
2 NaHCO3 Na2CO3 + CO2 + H2O
Sau ngui trong bnh ht m (ch khng nhit > 300oC
v Na2CO3 s b phn hy: Na2CO3 + H2O 2 NaOH + CO2).
Na2CO3 khan c dng lm gc, trc khi s dng cn sy 180- 200 oC

trong 2 gi ui ht nc v Na2CO3 d ht m trong khng kh to
thnh Na2CO3. 10H2O.
T E Na 2 CO3 =
M Na 2 CO3
2
= 52,997
Ta c th tnh ton pha c dung dch gc c nng theo yu cu.

Th d: Pha 1 lt dung dch Na2CO3 0,1N ta cn 5,2997 gam Na2CO3
gc pha trong nc cho 1 lt.
b. Pha dung dch natri borat
Tinh ch natri borat:

Ly 23 gam natri borat ha tan trong 50 mL nc nng 60 oC ( nhit
cao hn s to thnh tinh th c Na2B4O7. 5 H2O). Lc dung dch cn
nng. Nc lc ngui v khuy lin tc s c Na2B4O7. 10H2O lng
xung. Lc, p tinh th gia hai t giy lc, sau kh trong khng kh.
Bo qun trong l thy tinh c nt nhm.
T Na2B4O7.10H2O dng lm cht gc.

E Na 2 B 4 O7 .10H 2 O =
M Na 2 B 4 O7 .10H 2 O
2
= 190,71
Ta tnh lng cn cn thit pha cc dung dch gc c nng theo

yu cu.
Th d: pha 1 lt dung dch natri borat 0,1N ta cn 19,071 gam
Na2B4O7. 10H2O ri ho tan (lc k) trong nc cho 1 lt.
Lu : V natri borat t tan trong nc nn khi pha phi lc k v
nhng dung dch chun khng nn c nng cao hn 0,25N.
183
2.4.2. Mt s ng dng nh lng trong thc t
a. nh lng dung dch NH4OH (hay NH3)
NH4OH (hay NH3) l mt base yu nn dng mt acid mnh nh HCl

nh lng.
Phng trnh phn ng:
NH4OH + HCl = NH4Cl + H2O
(NH3 + HCl = NH4Cl)
Ch th mu l methyl chuyn mu t vng sang . Cng c th
dng ch th hn hp Tashiri ( hn hp ca methyl v xanh methylen)
mu s chuyn t lc (vng + xanh) sang mu tm ( + xanh).
K thut tin hnh:

+ Buret: Dung dch HCl
+ Bnh nn: 10,00 mL dung dch NH4OH + 3 git methyl + 1git
xanh methylen.
+ Nh HCl xung cho ti khi ch th chuyn t mu lc sang mu tm.
Ghi th tch HCl dng.
Tnh kt qu:
Gi s tnh nng g/L ca dung dch NH3 theo cng thc:
Pg/l =
Bit
VHCl .N HCl
.E NH 3
VNH 3
E NH 3 = M
NH
= 17,03
b. Xc nh nng dung dch HCl

C th xc nh da vo dung dch Na2CO3 bit nng theo
phng trnh phn ng:
NaHCO3 + HCl = H2O + CO2 + NaCl
(1)
(2)
Nu dng ch th phenolphtalein th mi nh lng c 1/2 lng

Na2CO3. Nu dng ch th da cam methyl th nh lng c ton b Na2CO3 .
Ghi ch: C th xc nh nng dung dch HCl da vo dung dch
natri borat theo phng trnh phn ng:
Na2B4O7 + 2 HCl + 5 H2O = 4 H3BO3 + 2 NaCl
Ch th mu l da cam methyl hay methyl.
184
c. nh lng hn hp (NaOH + Na2CO3)
Dung dch NaOH thng b carbonat ha do CO2 ca kh tri, cho nn

thng phi gii quyt trng hp nh lng dung dch NaOH c ln
Na2CO3.
nh lng, ta dng mt dung dch acid mnh nh HCl bit
nng , phn ng nh lng nh sau:
NaOH + HCl = NaCl + H2O
(1)
(2)
NaHCO3 + HCl = CO2 + H2O + NaCl
(3)
Khi dng ch th phenolphtalein th lc chuyn mu tng ng ton

b NaOH (phn ng 1) v 1/2 Na2CO3 (phn ng 2) c nh lng.
Sau thm ch th da cam methyl vo v tip tc nh lng n chuyn
mu th s nh lng ht 1/ 2 Na2CO3 cn li (phn ng 3).
K thut tin hnh:

+ Buret: Dung dch HCl bit nng .
+ Dung dch mu: Ly mt bnh nn cho vo 0,15-0,20 g NaCl v
0,20 g NaHCO3 tinh khit, thm khong 25 mL nc ct, 2 git

phenolphthalein (bnh 1).
+ Dung dch th: V mL dung dch hn hp NaOH v Na2CO3 cn nh
lng, 2 git phenolphthalein (bnh 2).

+ Nh dung dch HCl bit nng vo bnh 2 cha dung dch cn
nh lng cho ti khi xut hin mu hng ging nh bnh dung

dch mu (bnh 1) ghi V1 mL HCl dng (ch thm nc vo
bnh 1 c th tch dung dch tng ng bnh 2). Thm 2 git
dung dch da cam methyl vo bnh 2 v tip tc nh lng n khi
mu chuyn t vng sang cam. Ghi V2mL HCl dng (gm c
lng V1 mL trong .)
Tnh kt qu:
+ Th tch HCl phn ng vi 1/2 Na2CO3 l V2 - V1
+ Th tch HCl phn ng ton b Na2CO3 l 2(V2 - V1)
+ Th tch HCl phn ng vi NaOH l V2- 2(V2 - V1) = 2V1-V2
Do , gi s tnh % (KL/TT) cc cht s l:
%NaOH =
(2V1 V2 ).N HCl .E NaOH

.100
1000.V
( E NaOH = M = 40)
185
%Na 2 CO 3 =
2(V2 V1 ).N HCl .E Na 2CO3

1000.V
.100
( E Na 2CO 3 =
M
= 53)
2
d. nh lng acid octophosphoric (H3PO4)
Nh nu phn 2.3.5 ta thy rng H3PO4 c th nh lng nh

mt mono acid vi ch th chuyn mu pH 4,6 v nh mt di acid
vi ch th chuyn mu pH 9,6; cn acid 3 yu qu khng nh
lng c.
Khi nh lng nh mt mono acid th E = M. Khi nh lng nh
mt diacid th E =M/ 2.
Trong thc t hay dng ch th l lc bromocresol v phenolphthalein.

Khi y im tng ng 1 mu s chuyn t mu vng sang mu
lc sng. im tng ng 2 mu s chuyn t lc sng sang xanh
ri sang tm (khng chuyn sang mu tm sm). d nhn xt s
chuyn mu, c th ly 2 dung dch m pH 4,6 v pH 9,6 so
snh.
K thut tin hnh:

+ Buret: Dung dch NaOH bit nng .
+ Bnh nn: VmL H3PO4 cn nh lng, 1 git ch th lc
bromocresol, 1git ch th phenolphthalein.

+ Nh NaOH xung cho n khi mu chuyn t vng lc lc
sng. Ghi V1 mL NaOH dng. Tip tc nh NaOH xung cho n

khi mu chuyn t lc sng xanh tm. Ghi V2 mL NaOH
dng (thng V2 2V1).
bi tp (bi 5)
5.1. nh ngha acid, base, cp acid-base lin hp, cht lng tnh, a
acid, a base theo Bronsted.
5.2. Cng thc tnh [H+] v pH ca cc dung dch:
- n acid mnh v acid yu
- n base mnh v base yu
- Cht lng tnh
- Cp acid-base lin hp
5.3. Trnh by nguyn tc ca phng php nh lng acid-base.
186
5.4. Th no l cht ch th acid-base. Cho bit khong pH chuyn

mu ca 3 ch th thng dng: phenolphthalein, methyl, da cam
methyl.
5.5. Hy chn ch th cho cc trng hp nh lng sau:
- nh lng acid mnh bng base mnh
- nh lng base mnh bng acid mnh
- nh lng acid yu bng base mnh
- nh lng base yu bng acid mnh
- nh lng Na2CO3 bng HCl
5.6. Ha tan 0,1265 g H2C2O4.2H2O tinh khit v em nh lng ton
b ht 25,18 mL NaOH vi ch th phenolphthalein. Tnh nng
N ca dung dch NaOH.
5.7. Tnh pH ca dung dch CH3COOH 0,1N (cho KA = 1,75.10-5)
5.8. Tnh pH ca dung dch CH3COONa 0,1N.
5.9. nh lng 25,00 mL dung dch H2SO4 ht 21,72 mL NaOH
0,1012 N. Tnh nng g/L ca dung dch H2SO4 trn.
5.10. Chun 25,00 mL dung dch H3PO4 vi ch th da cam methyl
ht 13,64 mL NaOH 0,01 N. Tnh nng mol/L ca dung dch
H3PO4 trn.
5.11. Chun 25,00 mL hn hp (NaOH + Na2CO3) bng dung dch
HCl 0,1 N ht 7,50 mL khi dng phenolphthalein lm ch th v
ht 12,50 mL khi dng da cam methyl lm ch th. Tnh nng
mol/l ca tng cht trong hn hp trn.
5.12. Ly 20,00 mL dung dch amoniac em nh lng bng dung
dch HCl ht 25,20 mL. Tnh nng Pg/L ca dung dch amoniac
trn. Bit rng khi nh lng 10,00 mL dung dch Na2CO3 0,1
N vi ch th da cam methyl ht 12,50 mL HCl trn.
5.13. Bit rng 10,00 mL dung dch CH3COOH em nh lng bng
dung dch NaOH ht 12,60 mL vi ch th phenolphthalein. Mt
khc nh lng 10,00 mL acid oxalic 0,1 N vi ch th
phenolphthalein thy ht 11,50 mL dung dch NaOH trn. Tnh
nng g/L ca dung dch CH3COOH.
187
Bi 6
nh lng bng phng php kt ta nh lng bng phng php to phc
Mc tiu
1. Trnh by c khi nim v tch s tan, tan v ng dng trong phn tch.
2. M t c k thut nh lng bng bc trong phng php Mohr, Fonha,
Faian. Tnh c kt qu ca php chun .
3. Trnh by c nh ngha phc cht, hng s bn vng ca phc v ngha.
4. Hiu v chn c cht ch th nh lng bng phng php to phc vi
complexon. Tnh c kt qu nh lng.
1. chun kt ta
1.1.1. Tch s tan (T):
Xt h gm ta AmBn tan trong nc n bo ha, c cc cn bng sau:

Ha tan:
A mB n
Phn ly:
AmB n
Am B n
mA + nB
vi K1=[AmBn]
vi K2=
[A ]m .[B ]n
[A m B n ]
mA + nB
vi K = K1.K2=[A]m.[B]n = T l mt
Tng: AmBn
hng s mt nhit nht nh v c gi l tch s tan.
Bit tch s tan, ta c th bit c trng thi cn bng ca mt h

mt iu kin no da trn c s sau:
+ Khi [A]m.[B]n = T ta ni h t trng thi cn bng gia kt ta v
ha tan.
+ Khi [A]m.[B]n > T h cha cn bng (s c kt ta hoc kt ta thm
gi l dung dch qu bo ha.
188
+ Khi [A]m.[B]n < T h cha cn bng (s khng c kt ta hoc nu
c kt ta sn th kt ta s tip tc tan ra), gi l dung dch cha

bo ha.
Nh vy khi bit tch s tan c th suy ra iu kin ha tan kt ta
hoc lm ta hon ton ( kt ta hon ton thng cho d thuc th).
1.1.2. tan (S)
tan ca mt cht l nng ca cht trong dung dch bo ho.

Nh vy tan v tch s tan l nhng i lng c trng cho dung
dch bo ho, cho nn chng c mi quan h tng h nhau, c th
tnh c tan t tch s tan v ngc li.
tan ca cc cht trong dung dch nc nguyn cht:

Gi tan ca ta AmBn trong nc nguyn cht l S (mol/l). Theo
phng trnh phn ly:
A mB n
mA + nB
Ta c: [A] = mS, [B] = nS. Khi :
TAm Bn =[A]m.[B]n = (mS)m.(nS)n = mm.nn.Sm+n

Do vy: S =
m + n
TA
m
.n
T cng thc tnh tan S, ta thy nu cc kt ta c cng dng phn

ly, ta no c tch s tan ln s c tan ln v ngc li. ng thi,
nu trong dung dch c mt nhiu cht cng c kh nng to ra cc
dng kt ta khc nhau vi cht cn phn tch th dng ta no c
tch s tan nh hn s d kt ta hn.
1.1.3. ng dng trong phn tch
Da trn c s tch s tan hoc tan ta c th suy ra iu kin c

th kt ta hay ha tan ta. T c th p dng trong phn tch :
Kt ta hon ton mt cht t dung dch ta cn phi to cc iu kin

cng lm gim tan ca ta cng tt: thng dng d thuc th
(tr vi ta lng tnh s lm tan ta xt ring), la chn pH thch
hp, trnh cc cht l
Mun ha tan hon ton mt ta kh tan trong nc, ta phi tm mi

cch lm tng tan ca n: Thng c th tng nhit , thm
cht in ly, dng acid, dng base, dng cht to phc, dng cht oxy
ha thch hp hoc chuyn ta kh ha tan thnh ta d ha tan.
189
ng dng cc phn ng kt ta nh lng cc cht.

1.2. Phng php chun kt ta
1.2.1. Nguyn tc chung
L phng php nh lng da trn cc phn ng to thnh cc cht

kt ta (cht t tan).
Yu cu ca phn ng mun dng nh lng phi:
C kh nng kt ta hon ton cht cn xc nh (ta c tch s tan

cng nh cng tt).
Phn ng phi xy ra nhanh

C tnh chn lc cao (ch cho kt ta vi cht cn xc nh, khng kt
ta vi cc cht l khc).
Chn c ch th xc nh im tng ng.

Nhiu phn ng to cht kt ta rt nhiu, song ch c rt t phn
ng c ng dng trong php chun bi v:
Nhiu phn ng kt ta xy ra rt chm, khng thch hp cho php

phn tch, nht l vi cc dung dch long.
Cc kt ta khng c thnh phn xc nh do hin tng hp ph,

cng kt.
Khng chn c ch th thch hp.

V vy trong thc t, nh lng bng phng php kt ta c s
dng nhiu nht l phng php bc, trong s dng Ag+ (dung dch
AgNO3) xc nh cc halogenid v CNS- (hoc ngc li) da trn phn
ng:
Ag+ + X- = AgX
Trong X- l halogenid hoc CNS-.
Ngoi phng php nh lng bng Ag, cn c phng php nh
lng bng thu ngn (I).
1.2.2. Cc phng php (k thut) nh lng bng bc
c gi tn tu theo cch chn cht ch th nhn ra im tng

ng. Thng c 3 phng php:
a. Phng php Mohr
L phng php nh lng trc tip Cl- bng Ag+ vi ch th l kali
cromat cho ta nu Ag2CrO4 ln cn im tng ng.
190
Phn ng chun :
Ag+ + Cl-
AgCl trng vi TAgCl = 10-10
Nhn ra im tng ng:

Ag2CrO4nu vi TAg
2 Ag+ + CrO42-
2CrO4
= 2.10 12
iu kin p dng:
Nng ch th K2CrO4 cn 2.10-4 2M. Tt nht nn dng vi nng

10-2 M 10-3 M khi trnh c mu vng m ca K2CrO4 lm
kh khn cho vic nhn ra Ag2CrO4.
pH mi trng tt nht 7 - 10,5 v nu acid qu s khng c Ag2CrO4

Cr2O72- + H2O chuyn dch v pha Cr2O72).
(do 2CrO42- + 2H+
Nu kim qu s c ta ca Ag+ vi OHAg+ + OH-
AgOH
2 AgOH
Ag2O + H2O
b. Phng php Fonha (Volhard)

L phng php chun Ag+ bng SCN vi ch th l Fe3+ cho s to
phc Fe(CNS)2+ mu ln cn im tng ng.
Phn ng chun :
Ag+ + CNS
AgCNS trng
vi TAgCNS = 1012
FeCNS2+
vi = 102
Nhn ra tng ng:

Fe3+ + CNS
iu kin p dng:
Nng ch th thng dng sao cho [Fe3+] 10-2M

Mi trng nn dng mi trng acid mnh (thng dng HNO3)
trnh Fe(OH)3, Ag2O v lm gim hin tng hp ph.
ng dng:
nh lng trc tip Ag+ vi CNS nh lng gin tip (theo phng php tha tr) Cl-, Br-, I- bng cch
cho d chnh xc Ag+ phn ng vi X- (Cl-, Br-, I-) cn xc nh
Ag+ + X-
AgX
(d chnh xc)
Sau nh lng Ag+ bng CNS- bit nng theo k thut trc
tip nu trn.
191
Ch :
Khi nh lng Cl- c hin tng mu chuyn khng r rng, mu

khng bn, khi mu bn vng th qu im tng ng nhiu gy sai
s ln. L do v TAgCl = 10-10 > TAgCNS = 10-12 ngha l AgCNS bn vng
hn nn c phn ng:
AgCl + CNS-
AgCNS + Cl-
xy ra do lm chuyn dch cn bng phn ly ca phc v pha phi:

FeCNS2+
Fe3+ + CNS-
lm mt mu .
khc phc sai s ny ta phi loi b kt ta AgCl, ri sau mi
nh lng Ag+ d phn nc lc. Hoc cho thm vo h mt dung mi
hu c khng trn ln vi nc (nh benzen, ether, cloroform,) lm
vn kt ta AgCl trn b mt phn cch gia 2 lp nc - dung mi hu c
v do ngn khng cho kt ta AgCl tc dng vi CNS-.
Khi nh lng I- khng c cho ch th Fe3+ vo dung dch nh

lng trc khi cho Ag+ d ( trnh phn ng Fe3+ + I- Fe2+ + I2
xy ra).
c. Phng php Faian (Fajans):

L phng php dng ch th hp ph.
Da trn c s mt s kt ta c kh nng hp th trn b mt ta
mt s cht hu c, lm cho cht hu c thay i cu to v c s i mu
r rt (thng c mu thm hn).
Th d: Dng eozin l mt acid hu c (HE
H+ + E) lm cht
+
ch th khi nh lng I bng Ag . c tnh ca eozin l khi E- trong
dung dch c mu hng, nhng khi b hp th c mu tm.
Phn ng chun :
Ag+ + I- = AgI
Nhn ra im tng ng khi trn b mt ta xut hin mu tm.
S d nh vy v trc im tng ng, dung dch d I- do AgI
hp ph I- (khng hp th E- nn vn c mu hng). Sau tng ng d
Ag+ th AgI hp ph Ag+ (l ion + nn c kh nng hp th thm E- lm
cho b mt ta c mu tm)
iu kin dng:
C gng gi ta trng thi keo (cho nn c trng hp cho thm cht

bo v keo nh tinh bt, dextrin)
192
Chn cht lm ch th phi khng b hp ph qu sm.

Phi chn pH thch hp v ch th thng l acid hoc base hu c.
1.2.3. Phng php nh lng bng thy ngn (I)
a. Phng php nh lng mt s cht da vo dung dch chun ca mui

Hg22+ (thng dng Hg2(NO3)2)
Khi cho dung dch Hg22+ tc dng vi Cl-, Br-, I-... s to thnh nhng
ta t tan Hg2Cl2, Hg2Br2, Hg2I2... tng t nh kt ta AgX:
Hg22+ + 2 Cl-
Hg2Cl2
So vi phng php nh lng bng bc, phng php nh lng

bng thu ngn (I) c mt s u im sau:
Khng cn phi dng n nhng ha cht c bc l mt kim loi qu

t hn so vi thu ngn.
Mui thy ngn (I) t tan hn so vi mui bc tng ng do khi

nh lng Cl- bng Hg22+ ta c bc nhy ca ng biu din nh
lng di hn.
C th nh lng trc tip bng thu ngn (I) mi trng acid,

trong khi nh lng bng bc phi mi trng trung tnh.
Tuy vy, phng php nh lng bng thu ngn (I) c nhc im l
mui thu ngn c. Do khi lm vic phi ht sc thn trng.
b. Ch th dng trong phng php nh lng bng Hg22+
St sulfocyanid Fe(CNS)3:
Trong qu trnh nh lng, khi n im tng ng dung dch s
mt mu do Hg22+ d s phn ng:
3Hg22+ + 2Fe(CNS)3 = 3Hg2(CNS)2 + Fe3+
Diphenylcacbazon:
Nhn ra im tng ng do to vi Hg22+ ta c mu xanh.
1.2.4. Mt s ng dng thc t
a. Cc dung dch chun

Cc dung dch chun hay dng l NaCl 0,05 N, AgNO3 0,05 N v
KCNS 0,05 N. Nhng dung dch ny c tnh ton pha t NaCl, AgNO3,
KCNS. C 3 cht ny c th c tinh ch t tiu chun cht gc nh
sau (ENaCl = M = 58,5; EAgNO3 = M = 169,87; EKCNS = M = 97,18):
Tinh ch NaCl: Pha dung dch NaCl bo ha khong (36g/100 mL).

Lc, ly nc lc, sau thm HCl c vo kt ta ht NaCl. Lc
193
ly NaCl. em ra bng nc ct, sau sy kh 270 oC, tn thnh

bt v nung tip 500 - 600 oC trong l nung n khi lng khng
i, thu c NaCl tinh khit.
Tinh ch AgNO3: Ha tan AgNO3 trong nc (t l 100g AgNO3 cho 45

mL nc). Lc qua phu lc thu tinh (khng dng giy lc). Ly tinh
th AgNO3 sy kh 100 oC, sau sy thm 220 - 250 oC khong 15
pht (khng c sy qu 250 oC trnh AgNO3 b phn hu mt
phn thnh AgNO2). AgNO3 thu c khng ht m, nhng phi
trong l mu, trnh nh sng.
Tinh ch KCNS: Ha tan KCNS trong nc (t l 68,5 g/100 mL nc).

Thc hin kt tinh li 2 ln, lm kh trong bnh ht m nhit
thng, sau sy 100-150 oC. Cui cng sy thm 190 200 oC
trong 2 pht. Khi KSCN thu c s tinh khit v kh, bo qun
cn trnh nh sng v cc khi acid (KCNS coi nh khng ht m
trong kh quyn c m di 45%).
b. nh lng NaCl theo phng php Mohr
Phn ng chun :
NaCl+ AgNO3 = AgCltrng + NaNO3
Ch th l K2CrO4: 2 Ag+ + CrO42- = Ag2CrO4nu
K thut tin hnh:
Buret: Dung dch Ag+ bit nng

Bnh nn: V mL NaCl cn nh lng
50 mL nc ct
1 mL ch th K2CrO45%
Chun n khi xut hin kt ta mu nu . Ghi th tch dung
dch AgNO3 dng. Tnh kt qu.
Ghi ch:
V mi trng phi trung tnh nn nu dung dch acid phi trung ha

bng NaHCO3 hay CaCO3 (un ui CO2, ngui).
Khi pha AgNO3 khng c cho thm HNO3

Nu dung dch kim phi trung ha bng HNO3.
c. nh lng KCNS bng AgNO3
Phn ng chun :
AgNO3 + KSCN = AgSCN trng + KNO3
194
Ch th l Fe3+ :
Fe3+ + SCN = Fe(SCN)2+ mu
K thut tin hnh:
Buret: Dung dch KCNS cn nh lng

Bnh nn:
V mL AgNO3 bit nng

2 mL HNO3 c
2 mL phn st amoni 10%
Chun ti khi xut hin mu . Ghi th tch KCNS dng. Tnh

kt qu.
d. nh lng NaCl bng AgNO3 theo phng php Fonha
Dng AgNO3 tha chnh xc bit nng kt ta ht NaCl, sau
nh lng AgNO3 tha bng dung dch KCNS bit nng vi ch
th l Fe3+. Cc phn ng xy ra:
AgNO3 + NaCl = AgCltrng + NaNO3
(d chnh xc)
AgNO3d + KCNS = AgCNStrng + KNO3
Nhn ra tng ng khi c mu :
Fe3+ + CNS- = FeCNS2+
K thut tin hnh:
Trong bnh nh mc 100,0 ml: 10,00 mL dung dch NaCl cn nh

lng + 20,00 mL AgNO3 0,05N + 1 mL HNO3 c
Thm nc ct cho n vch, lc u. lng, lc qua 2 ln giy lc,
nc lc phi trong. Sau :
Buret: Dung dch KCNS 0,05N

Bnh nn:
50,00 mL nc lc trn
5 mL HNO3 c
5 mL ch th phn st amoni 10%
Chun cho ti khi xut hin mu hng. Ghi th tch KCNS 0,05N
dng. Tnh kt qu theo phng php tha tr.
Ghi ch:
Phng php ny ch chnh xc khi nng ca KCNS, AgNO3, NaCl
xp x bng nhau. V th phi nh lng s b dung dch NaCl nh sau:
195
Buret: Dung dch KCNS

Bnh nn: 1 mL NaCl + 2 mL AgNO3 + 5 git HNO3 c + 5 git ch th
phn st amoni 10%.
Nu va nh KCNS xung m c mu ngay th chng t thiu
AgNO3, ta phi pha long NaCl cho c nng thch hp. Nu cho xung
khong 1 mL KCNS c mu l c.
e. nh lng KI bng AgNO3 theo phng php Faian
Phn ng chun :
AgNO3 + KI = AgI+ KNO3
Ch th l natri eozinat: nhn ra im tng ng khi trn b mt
ta xut hin mu hng tm.
K thut tin hnh:
Buret: Dung dch AgNO3 bit nng

Bnh nn:
V mL KI cn nh lng
1 mL ch th eozinat 0,5%
1 mL acid acetic c
Chun ti khi ta mu hng tm. Ghi th tch dung dch AgNO3

dng. Tnh kt qu. Cho EKI = M = 166.
2. chun to phc
Trong phn Phn tch nh tnh gii thiu v phc cht, phn
ny ch nhc li mt s khi nim dng trong nh lng.
2.1.1. nh ngha
Cu to ca phc: gm mt nguyn t trung tm (cn gi l nguyn t

to phc) thng l cc kim loi v phi t to thnh cu ni phc v c
vit trong du [ ], cc ion tri du vi cu ni phc gi l cu ngoi phc
vit ngoi du [ ].
Th d: [Ag(NH3)2]Cl
[Ag(NH3)2]+ l cu ni phc; Cl- l cu ngoi phc.
Nu phi t l nhng phn t hu c lin kt vi nguyn t trung tm
va bng lin kt cng ha tr v va bng lin kt phi tr (nh mt s
nguyn t O, N, S cn c nhng cp in t t do cha lin kt b ra
dng chung) th gi l hp cht ni phc.
196
Th d: Complexonat magnesi
HOOC CH 2
OOC CH 2
CH2 COOH
N CH2 CH2 N
CH2 COO
Mg
2.1.2. Phn bit phc cht vi mui thng, mui kp, ion phc tp
Mui thng, mui kp khi ha tan trong nc phn ly hon ton

thnh cc ion (hoc phn t) n gin.
Th d:
NH4Fe(SO4)2 .12H2O NH4+ + Fe3+ + 2SO42 + 12H2O
Phc cht khi ha tan vo nc ch c cu ni v cu ngoi phn ly

hon ton, cu ni phc phn ly khng hon ton (t phn ly).
K4Fe(CN)6] 4K+ + [Fe(CN)6]4-
Th d:
Fe(CN)64-
Fe2+ + 6 CN-
2.1.3. bn ca phc v ngha
bn ca phc cht c nh gi qua hng s bn (hng s to

phc) hoc hng s khng bn ca phn ng to cu ni phc.
Th d: Vi phc K3[Fe(CN)6] 3K+ + [Fe(CN)6]3Fe(CN)63Ta c: Hng s to phc:
Fe3+ + 6 CN-
Kb =
[Fe(CN)
3
6
[Fe ][. CN ]
[Fe ][. CN ]
=
3+
Hng s khng bn:
K Kb
3+
[Fe(CN)
Nh vy: Kb.KKb = 1
Do vi phc cht nu hng s bn (hng s to phc) Kb cng ln
th phc cng bn (t phn ly) cng nh v ngc li.
Phc cht cng phn ly theo tng nc, ng vi mi nc l c cc hng
s tng ng ring. Th d vi HgCl2 c:
HgCl2
HgCl+ + Cl-
vi K Kb 1 =
HgCl+
Hg2+ + Cl-
vi K Kb 2 =
[HgCl ][. Cl ]
+
[HgCl 2 ]
[Hg ][. Cl ]
[HgCl ]
2+
197
Tng
Hg2+ + 2Cl-
HgCl2
vi Kkb = KKb1.KKb2
ngha ca hng s bn Kb (hoc hng s khng bn Kkb):

+ Da vo Kb v cc yu t khc, c th tnh ton c t l hoc nng
cc cu t trong dung dch, bit c chiu hng ca phn ng.

+ Xt c s cnh tranh to phc: Nu trong dung dch c mt hai
hoc nhiu cht c kh nng to thnh cc phc cht khc nhau th

s c s cnh tranh to phc v phc no bn vng hn (Kb ln) s
chim u th.
2.2. nh lng bng phng php to phc
(Chun phc cht)

2.2.1. Nguyn tc chung
Phng php nh lng to phc l phng php nh lng da

trn cc phn ng to phc.
Phn ng to phc mun dng nh lng c phi xy ra nhanh,

hon ton, hp thc, chn lc cao, nhy v chn c cht ch th
nhn ra im tng ng.
Trong nhiu phn ng to phc, ch mt s t phn ng p ng c
cc yu cu trn. V vy, thi gian u phng php ny t c ng dng
rng ri. Trong s rt nhiu thuc th v c, trong phn tch th tch
thng dng hai phng php chun to phc sau:
Phng php bc: Da trn phn ng to phc gia Ag+ v CNAg+ + 2CN-
Ag(CN)2-
Phng php thy ngn (II): Da trn phn ng to phc gia Hg2+
vi cc ion Cl-, Br- , I -, SCN-.
Th d:
Hg2+ + 2 ClHg2+ + 4I-
HgCl2+
HgI42-
Nhng t nhng nm 40 ca th k 20 tr li y, sau khi nh ha

hc G.Schwarzenbach pht hin ra cc cht gi l complexon c kh nng
to phc bn vng vi nhiu ion kim loi th phng php ny c
pht trin nhanh v rng vi mt tn gi ring l phng php chun
bng complexon.
198
2.2.2. Chun to phc bng thuc th v c
a. Phng php bc
Trong phng php ny ngi ta chun dung dch cyanid (CN-)
bng dung dch chun bc nitrat da trn c s phn ng to phc:
Ag+ + 2CNLu : E Ag+ = M Ag+ ,
Ag(CN)2-
vi (Kb =1021)
E CN = 2M CN
Chn ch th: C th dng mt trong hai phng php sau:
Phng php Liebig (dng ch th l chnh thuc th): Nhn ra im

tng ng khi c d mt git dung dch AgNO3 s cho kt ta
Ag[Ag(CN2)] xut hin.
Ag+ + Ag(CN)2-
Ag[Ag(CN2)] vi T = 4.10-12
Lu : Khi chun n gn im tng ng nn nh lng rt t

t v nu lm nhanh c th lm cho ta xut hin sm gy sai s do tc
ha tan ca ta ny rt chm.
Phng php Deniges: Thm vo dung dch nh lng amoniac v KI

lm ch th, khi n im tng ng khng c ta Ag[Ag(CN)2],
m c ta AgI mu vng xut hin.
Ag+ + I-
AgI vng vi TAgI = 10-16
b. Phng php thu ngn (II)

Mt s mui ha tan ca Hg(II) (nh CN-, SCN-, Cl-...) l nhng phc
cht, do c th dng Hg2+ nh lng cc anion ny, theo phng
trnh tng qut:
Hg2+ + 2X-
HgX2
Dung dch chun thng dng l Hg(NO3)2, Hg(ClO4)2, HgSO4.

Th d 1: C th nh lng Cl- bng Hg2+ theo phn ng:
Hg2+ + 2Cl-
HgCl2
Nhn ra im tng ng bng mt trong hai ch th sau:
Vi ch th l natri nitroprusiat: cho ta trng vi Hg2+

Vi ch th l diphenylcarbazon: cho kt ta mu xanh vi Hg2+
Ch : Nu hm lng Cl- nh, phi thm vo dung dch nh lng
mt t cn gim phn ly ca HgCl2.
Th d 2: C th nh lng nhng mui Hg2+ bng dung dch chun
KSCN vi ch th l Fe3+.
199
CNS- + Hg2+
Hg(CNS)2-
Nhn ra im tng ng khi d CNS- s c mu xut hin.

CNS- + Fe3+
FeCNS2+
u im ca phng php nh lng bng Hg2+:
C th nh lng thng trong mi trng acid.

Nhiu ion gy tr ngi cho phng php nh lng bng bc theo
phng php kt ta (phng php Mohr v Fonha) khng c nh
hng g khi nh lng bng Hg2+.
Hp cht thu ngn r hn hp cht bc tng ng.

Tuy nhin phi lun nh rng mui thu ngn rt c, do khi nh
lng phi ht sc cn thn.
2.2.3. Chun bng complexon
Phng php nh lng bng complexon l phng php chun

da trn phn ng to hp cht ni phc ca nhiu ion kim loi vi mt s
thuc th hu c gi chung l complexon.
a. S lc v cc complexon
Cc complexon l cc acid amin polycarboxylic v cc dn cht ca
chng c Schwarzenbach nghin cu k (1940-1945).
Complexon I (chelaton I, Trilon A) l acid nitril triacetic (NTA):

n
ch2cooh
ch2cooh
ch2cooh
Vit tt l H3Y
Complexon II (chelaton II, trilon B) l acid ethylen diamin tetra

acetic (EDTA):
hooc
ch2
ch2cooh
n ch2 ch2
hooc
Vit tt l H4Y
n
ch2cooh
ch2
Complexon III (chelaton, trilon B) l mui dinatri ca EDTA

hooc
ch2
NaOOC
ch2
ch2cooh
n ch2 ch2
200
Vit tt l Na2H2Y
n
ch2cooh
b. S to phc ca EDTA vi cc ion kim loi

EDTA l mt acid a chc (4 nc):
H4Y
H3 Y- + H+
vi KA1 = 10-2,0
H3 Y-
H2Y2-+ H+
vi KA2 = 10-2,67
H2Y2-
HY3- + H+
vi KA3 = 10-6,16
HY3-
Y4- + H+
vi KA4 = 10-10,26
EDTA t tan trong nc, v vy thng dng di dng mui Na2H2Y.

Trong phn tch, EDTA v Na2H2Y ngoi s khc nhau v tan v khi
lng mol, cn li cc tnh cht ha hc nht l tnh to phc khng c s
phn bit no c, cho nn thng vn quen gi chung l EDTA.
EDTA c kh nng to phc vi hu ht cc ion kim loi (tr cc kim
loi kim) v ty theo pH ca dung dch c th biu din bng cc phng
trnh khc nhau (do EDTA tn ti trong dung dch di dng H4Y, H3Y,
H2Y2, HY3, Y4 ph thuc vo pH). Nhng d phng trnh phn ng khc
nhau xong c im chung l t l v mol gia EDTA v ion kim loi lun l
1:1 v gii phng ra ton b H+ c trong thnh phn tn ti ca EDTA.
Th d phn ng tng qut ca ion kim loi Mn+ vi EDTA nh sau:
Mn+ + H2Y2
MY(n4) + 2H+
pH 4-6
Mn+ + HY3
MY(n4) + H+
pH 7-10
C th: Ca2+ + HY3
CaY2 + H+
pH 9
Zn2+ + HY3
ZnY2 + H+
pH 9
Al3+ + H2Y2
AlY + 2H+
pH 5
Do , ta c: EEDTA = MEDTA
E Mn + = M Mn +
Ni chung phn ng to phc cng thun li trong mi trng cng
kim, nhng cng c khi phi duy tr mi trng acid (nh Fe3+, Bi3+)
trnh hin tng thy phn, cc ion tr ngi. Tu theo bn ca phc
m mi ion kim loi to phc vi EDTA mt vng pH ti u.
Mt khc, ngn s kt ta hydroxyd kim loi ta phi iu chnh
pH hoc thm cc cht to phc ph, trong s c mt ca dung dch m
c. Cht ch th dng trong chun complexon (cc ch th kim loi)
xc nh im tng ng trong phng php chun
complexon ngi ta dng mt s loi cht ch th khc nhau, trong ph
bin hn c l cht ch th kim loi. l nhng cht hu c (c tnh acid
201
hoc base yu), c kh nng to vi ion kim loi phc c mu v trong

nhng iu kin xc nh, mu ca phc khc vi mu ca ch th khi
cha to phc.
Cc cht ch th thng dng:
en eriocrom T: C20H13O7N3S.
OH
OH
HO3 S
NO2
L mt acid ba nc; nc 1 kh mnh (nhm SO3H), nc 2 v 3 c hng

s phn ly tng ng l pK2 = 6,3 v pK3= 11,5. pH 7-10 ch th c mu
xanh, phc cht vi Mg2+ , Zn2+, Pb2+... c mu .
Murexid: C8H8O6N6.H2O (amoni purpurat)
O H
C N
C
N
C O
C N
H O
O H
NH 4
Thng k hiu l H4Ind. S phn ly nh sau:

H4Ind( tm)
H+ + H3
Ind2
(Tm)
2H+ + H2Ind3
(Xanh)
pH = 11 murexid c mu tm (H3Ind2), to phc vi Ca2+ cho phc

mu (CaH2Ind).
C murexid v en eriocrom T u km bn trong dung dch nn
thng khng pha sn m dng dng rn (trn ln vi NaCl).
Ngoi ra cn nhiu cht ch th khc nh : acid salicylic, tm
pyrocatechin, da cam xylenol , calmagite...
202
d. Cc k thut chun bng EDTA

Chun cc cation kim loi
Phng php nh lng thng.

Th d: Chun Mg2+ bng EDTA vi ch th en eriocrom T pH 10.
Lc u trong dung dch c mu vang do phn ng ca Mg2+ vi ch th:
Mg2+ + HInd2
MgInd + H+
( vang)
Khi nh EDTA xung, Mg2+ t do s phn ng trc:

Mg2+ + HY3
MgY2 + H+
Lc y mu ca dung dch vn khng b bin i. Gn im tng

ng, ta c s cnh tranh to phc:
HY3 + MgInd
( vang)
MgY2 + HInd2
(Xanh)
Kt thc chun khi mu chuyn t vang sang xanh hon ton.

Ghi ch: Nu tin hnh ngc li, Mg2+ trn buret, bnh nn l
EDTA v ch th, khi s kt thc nh lng thi im mu chuyn t
xanh sang chm vang. Thc t c rt nhiu ion kim loi c th nh
lng thng bng EDTA.
Phng php th.

Th d: nh lng Ca2+, ta thm MgY2 vo dung dch, v phc
Ca2+ vi EDTA bn vng hn ca Mg2+, cho nn s c cnh tranh to phc:
Ca2+ + MgY2
CaY2 + Mg2+
nh lng Mg2+ b y ra bng EDTA theo phng php trc tip

trn. T tnh ra lng Ca2+.
Phng php tha tr

Ngi ta nh lng bng cch cho EDTA d chnh xc vo dung dch
cha ion cn xc nh, khi c phn ng:
Mn+ + HY3
MY(n4) + H+
Sau khi phn ng xong, nh lng EDTA d bng dung dch Mg2+
hay Zn2+ bit nng . T tnh ra lng Mn+.
Phng php ny c li trong cc trng hp:
Khng chn c ch th kim loi thch hp cho ion cn xc nh.

Chng hn khng th chun trc tip Co2+, Al3+ bng EDTA vi ch
203
th en eriocrom T c v ch th ny to vi Co2+, Al3+ cc phc rt

bn khng b EDTA ph v.
Ion cn xc nh nm trong ta (BaSO4, PbSO4...) lm cho phn ng

vi EDTA xy ra chm.
Chun cc anion:
Phi chun gin tip, bng cch kt ta anion vi thuc th cha
cation thch hp. nh lng SO42, ta kt ta bng ion Ba2+
Ba2+ + SO42
BaSO4
Sau hoc nh lng cation cn li trong nc lc, nc ra hoc lc

ra ta ri ha tan ta trong EDTA d:
HY3 + BaSO4
BaY2 + H+ + SO42
nh lng EDTA d bng Mg2+ hay Zn2+.

Chun cc cht hu c
Ging nh nh lng cc anion, thng dng phng php gin tip:
Cho cht hu c tc dng vi ion kim loi to thnh ta ri nh lng
cation cn li trong nc lc, nc ra. C th ha tan ta trong EDTA d,
nh lng EDTA d cn li trong nc lc, nc ra. V d nh lng
theophylin, kt ta n vi Cu2+, ha tan ta, xc nh lng ng c trong
ta v suy ra hm lng theophylin. nh lng Aminopyrin, nicotinamid
ta em kt ta chng vi HgCl2, xc nh Hg2+ cn d trong nc lc suy ra
lng aminopyrin, nicotinamid.
2.2.4. Mt s ng dng nh lng trong thc t
a. nh lng bng cc thuc th v c

nh lng KCN bng AgNO3
Da trn phn ng to phc:
AgNO3 + 2KCN = K[Ag(CN)2] + KNO3
Nhn ra im tng ng theo hai phng php:
Phng php Liebig: Mt git AgNO3 tha s cho kt ta trng

Ag+ + Ag(CN)2
Ag[Ag(CN)2] trng.
Phng php Deniges: Thc hin nh lng trong mi trng NH4OH

vi KI lm ch th. Nhn ra im tng ng khi c kt ta AgI mu
vng.
Lu : Tnh kt qu EKCN = 2MKCN
204
Pha v xc nh nng dung dch Hg(NO3)2 0,1N

Thy ngn (II) nitrat d ht m, do khng t tiu chun cht gc.
Tnh ton pha nng xp x 0,1N. Lu E Hg(NO3 ) 2 =
M
. pha 1 lt
2
dung dch 0,1N, ta cn khong 17g Hg(NO3)2. 0,5H2O, thm 20 mL HNO3

6 N, thm nc cho 1 lt (nh khuy k).
Xc nh li nng Hg(NO3)2 bng dung dch NaCl 0,1N da trn
phn ng:
Hg2+ + 2Cl
HgCl2
Dng ch th l natri nitroprusiat, khi tha 1 git Hg2+ s c kt ta

xut hin:
Hg2+ + [Fe(CN)5NO]2 = Hg[Fe(CN)5NO]
b. nh lng bng complexon
Pha dung dch complexon III chun
Nu c complexon III tinh khit: Ch cn cn chnh xc mt lng

complexon em pha trong nc thnh dung dch vi th tch xc nh.
V d pha 1 lt dung dch complexon III 0,1M, cn chnh xc 37,22
gam complexon III ha tan trong nc cho 1 lt. Nu complexon III
c b ht m th em sy kh 150 oC trc khi cn pha.
Nu khng c complexon III tinh khit th ta ch pha c dung dch

c nng xp x. Sau xc nh li nng (xem phn di).
Xc nh nng dung dch complexon III
Pha dung dch MgCl2 0,1M: Cn 4,032 gam MgO ha tan trong mt t
nc HCl c, thm nc lc u cho 1 lt nc.
Pha dung dch ZnSO4 0,1M: Cn 6,538 gam Zn kim loi tinh khit,
ha tan trong mt t H2SO4 tinh khit, ri thm nc cho 1 lit.
K thut tin hnh:
Buret: Complexon III
Bnh nn:
V mL Mg2+ c nng bit

5 mL dung dch m amoniac
0,1g ch th en ericrom T ( trn vi NaCl)
20 mL nc ct
Nh complexon xung cho n khi mu chuyn t sang xanh hon

ton. Ghi th tch complexon dng. Tnh kt qu.
205
Ghi ch: Ch th en eriocrom T c dng di dng rn bao gm: 1

phn ch th + 200 phn NaCl tinh khit em trn nghin nh cho u.
Cch pha dung dch m amoniac nh sau: 54 g NH4Cl tinh khit +
350 mL NH4OH c + nc cho 1 lt.
nh lng Ca2+
Bng complexon III trong mi trng kim vi ch th murexid:

Murexid trong mi trng kim c mu tm (H2Ind3), kt hp vi Ca2+
to thnh phc c mu (CaHInd). Khi thm complexon vo, gn im
tng ng c phn ng cnh tranh to phc:
HY3 + CaHInd = CaY2 + H2Ind3
()
(Tm)
K thut tin hnh:

Buret: Dung dch complexon bit nng
Bnh nn:
V mL Ca2+ cn nh lng
1 mL KOH 2N
0,2g ch th Murexit ( trn vi NaCl)
Chun ti khi mu chuyn t sang tm hon ton. Ghi th tch

complexon dng. Tnh kt qu.
Xc nh cng ca nc
cng ton phn ca nc l tng mui calci v magnesi tan trong
nc. C th xc nh cng ton phn bng complexon III vi ch th l
en eriocromT.
Ly mu nc cn nh lng, cho thm ch th en eriocrom T vo,
ch th s to phc mu vang vi mt phn Mg2+ trong mu. Khi nh
EDTA vo, EDTA s phn ng vi Ca2+ t do, sau vi Mg2+ t do (v phc
CaY2 bn hn phc MgY2), n ln cn im tng ng EDTA s ph
phc ca ch th vi Mg2+, gii phng ra ch th t do c mu xanh.
K thut tin hnh:
Buret: Complexon bit nng
Bnh nn:
V mL nc cn xc nh
2 mL dung dch m amoniac
0,1 g ch th en eriocrom T ( trn NaCl)
Chun n khi mu chuyn xanh hon ton. Ghi th tch

complexon dng. Tnh kt qu.
206
Ghi ch: cng ton phn thng c tnh nh sau:

+ cng c: ng vi 1 gam CaO trong 100 lit nc (nc 4 o: rt mm;
nc 4 - 8o: mm; nc 8 - 16o: nc va; nc 16 - 24 o: nc cng).

+ cng Php: ng vi 1 gam CaCO3 trong 100 lt.
nh lng Fe3+
Trong mi trng acid (pH 2- 3) EDTA tc dng vi Fe3+ to thnh mt
phc cht mu vng nht FeY. Nu dng ch th l acid salicylic hay acid
sulfosalicylic pH n tc dng vi Fe3+ to thnh phc c mu hng. Ti
im tng ng mu hng bin mt v dung dch c mu vng nht.
K thut tin hnh:
Bnh nn:
V mL Fe3+ cn nh lng
5 mL dung dch m acetat (pH 2-3)
3 git ch th
Vi tinh th natri persulfat
Chun ti khi chuyn mu t hng sang vng nht. Ghi th tch

dung dch complexon dng. Tnh kt qu.
nh lng Ba2+ (theo phng php chun ngc)
Cho Ba2+ cn nh lng, tc dng vi mt lng d chnh xc EDTA.
nh lng EDTA d bng dung dch Mg2+.
K thut tin hnh:
Buret: dung dch Mg2+ bit nng
Bnh nn: 10,00 mL dung dch Ba2+ cn nh lng + chnh xc 20,00
mL complexon bit nng , lc u. Thm 5 mL dung dch m
amoniac, 0,1 g ch th en eriocrom T ( trn vi NaCl).
Chun ti khi mu chuyn t xanh sang chm hng. Ghi th tch
Mg dng. Tnh kt qu.
2+
nh lng SO42 (phng php gin tip)

Cho BaCl2 d kt ta hon ton SO42:
Ba2+ + SO42 = BaSO4
nh lng Ba2+ cn li bng complexon III. quan st d dng s
chuyn mu ca ch th, thm vo dung dch mt lng Mg2+ nht nh v
qu trnh nh lng tin hnh hon ton tng t nh nh lng cng
ton phn ca nc.
207
K thut tin hnh:

Bnh nn: V mL dung dch SO42- cn nh lng, thm 1 mL HCl 2N,
thm 20,00 mL dung dch BaCl2 bit nng (d chnh xc), un si 5
pht. ngui, lc ta qua giy lc bng xanh, ra ta nhiu ln (cho ht
Ba2+). Tp trung nc lc, nc ra vo bnh nn khc, thm 5,00 mL dung
dch Mg2+ c nng bit, 5 mL dung dch m amoniac, 0,1 g ch th
en eriocrom T ( trn NaCl).
Chun n khi mu chuyn t sang xanh hon ton. Ghi th
tch complexon dng. Tnh kt qu.
bi tp (bi 6)
6.1. Th no l tch s tan. ngha ca n.
6.2. Th no l tan. ngha.
6.3. Trnh by nguyn tc chung ca phng php kt ta.
6.4. Nguyn tc, iu kin, cch tin hnh ca phng php nh
lng bng bc:
- Theo phng php Mohr
- Theo phng php Fonha
- Theo phng php Faian.
6.5. Hy so snh tan trong nc ca ta AgCl (c TAgCl = 10-10) vi
ta Ag2CrO4 (c TAg2CrO4 = 2.10 12 ).
6.6. Dung dch HCl c pH = 4. Nu thm 1 mL dung dch AgNO3 10-1M
vo 1 lt dung dch HCl trn c hi c ta AgCl xut hin khng?
Cho TAgCl = 10-10.
6.7. Ly 20,00 mL dung dch KI em nh lng ht 18,75 mL dung
dch AgNO3 theo phng php Faian. Mt khc khi nh lng
10,00 mL dung dch NaCl 0,05 N ht 9,75 mL AgNO3 trn theo
phng php Mohr. Tnh nng g/L ca dung dch KI em nh
lng.
6.8. Ha tan 0,1535 g hn hp gm (KCl + KBr) vo nc v em nh
lng ton b ht 15,12 mL dung dch AgNO3 0,1002 N vi ch th
K2CrO4. Gii thch cch nh lng v tnh % tng cht trong hn hp.
208
6.9. Ly 25,00 mL HCl cn nh lng cho phn ng vi 50,00 mL

AgNO3 0,02018 N. Lc, ra kt ta. nh lng ton b nc lc
v nc ra ht 15,17 mL KCNS 0,05012 N vi ch th Fe3+. Gii
thch cch nh lng, tnh pH ca dung dch HCl em nh lng.
6.10. nh ngha phc cht, cch gi tn phc cht.
6.11. Phn bit phc cht vi mui thng, mui kp, ion phc tp.
6.12. Hng s bn ca phc v ngha.
6.13. Nguyn tc chung ca chun to phc.
6.14. Th no l ch th mu kim loi? iu kin p dng trong chun
bng complexon.
6.15. Hy nu cc k thut chun bng complexon.
6.16. Trnh by cch xc nh cng ca nc bng phng php
complexon.
6.17. Chun 50,00 mL dung dch Na2H2Y (c mt ca dung dch
m amoniac) vi ch th en eriocrom T ht 32,05 mL dung dch
Mg2+ 0,045 M. Vit phng trnh phn ng nh lng v tnh
nng M ca dung dch complexon III trn.
6.18. Chun 100,0 mL nc (c mt h m amoniac) vi ch th
en eriocrom T ht 8,50 mL complexon III 0,01 M. Hy gii
thch cch nh lng v tnh cng theo c ca nc em
nh lng.
6.19. Ly 10,00 mL dung dch Ba2+ cn nh lng, thm 20,00 mL
dung dch complexon III 0,1 M, nh lng complexon d ht 7,50
mL dung dch MgCl2 0,1 M. Tnh nng N ca dung dch Ba2+.
6.20. Ly 10,00 mL dung dch SO42- cn nh lng, lm kt ta bng
20,00 mL dung dch BaCl2 0,1 N. un si, lc v ra kt ta. Tp
trung nc lc v nc ra, thm 5,00 mL dung dch MgCl2
0,12 M v em nh lng bng complexon 0,103 M ht 14,50 mL.
Tnh nng g/L ca dung dch SO42- em nh lng.
209
Bi 7
nh lng bng phng php oxy ha kh
Mc tiu
1. Trnh by c khi nim v cht oxy ho, cht kh, cp oxy ha kh lin hp,
phn ng oxy ha kh v cch cn bng.
2. Trnh by c nguyn tc, iu kin ng dng, tnh c kt qu ca cc
phng php nh lng bng permanganat, iod, bromat v nitrit.
1. mt s khi nim c bn
1.1. nh ngha
Cht oxy ha l cht c kh nng nhn electron (in t).

Cht kh l cht c kh nng cho in t.
Cp oxy ha kh lin hp: mt cht oxy ha sau khi nhn in t
tr thnh cht kh v gi l cht kh lin hp vi n. T hp ca hai
dng oxy ha v kh lin hp to thnh cp oxy ha kh lin hp
(oxh/kh) v c biu din qua cn bng sau:
Ox h + ne
kh
Phn ng oxy ha kh l phn ng trao i in t gia cc cht oxy

ha v cht kh: cht kh nhng in t v b oxy ha thnh dng
oxy ha lin hp, cht oxy ha thu in t v b kh thnh dng kh
lin hp.
a oxh1 + b kh2 = c kh1 + d oxh2
1.2. Cng ca cht oxy ha v cht kh
Mt cht cng d nhn in t th c tnh oxy ha cng mnh, mt

cht cng d nhng in t th tnh kh cng cao. Trong mt cp oxy
ha kh lin hp, nu dng oxy ha cng mnh th dng kh lin hp
ca n c tnh kh cng nh v ngc li.
c trng cho cng ca mt cp oxy ha kh lin hp ngi ta

dng i lng gi l th oxy ha kh (hoc th oxy ho) c xc
nh bng phng trnh Nec (Nernst). i vi h n gin:
210
oxh + ne
kh
E oxh/kh = E 0
Trong :
[kh ]
R.T
ln
[oxh ]
nF
E: l th oxy ha kh ca cp oxh/kh (von)

R: l hng s kh (8,314J.mol-1.K-1)
T: nhit tuyt i
F: l in tch Faraday (96 500C)
Eo: l th oxy ha kh tiu chun ca cp
25oC chuyn sang dng logarit thp phn c:
E = E
0,059
n
lg
[kh ]
[oxh ]
i vi h tng qut: a oxh + bB ++ ne ' c kh + dC +
0,059
[kh ] .[C ]
E = E
lg
n
[oxh ]a .[B ]b
c
* Ch : i vi cc cp, trong c dng l cht kt ta (t tan), cht

kh (khi gi p sut khng i) hoc H2O v nng coi nh khng i do
khng vit vo phng trnh Nec.
Th d:
Vi cp MnO4/MnO2:
MnO4 + 4H+ + 3e
= E0
Th E MnO
4
Vi cp
2O
MnO2
1
0,059
.lg
3
MnO4 H +
][ ]
O2 + 4H+ + 4e
Th
MnO2 + 2H2O
E O2
= E0
2O 2
2H2O
0,059
1
.lg
4
H+
[ ]
= E 0 0,059.lg
1
H+
[ ]
1.3. Cn bng phng trnh phn ng oxy ha kh
C nhiu cch cn bng phn ng oxy ha kh, trong ti liu ny

chng ti trnh by cch cn bng sau:
Trc ht, cn bng c phng trnh phn ng oxy ha kh cn

phi bit c cc cht tham gia phn ng v sn phm ca phn ng
da trn c s xt chiu hng ca phn ng.
211
Chiu hng ca phn ng c xc nh nh sau: Trong cc iu

kin nh nhau nu cp oxy ha kh no c in th ln s oxy ha c cp
oxy ha kh kia ngha l phn ng xy ra gia cht oxy ha ca cp c
in th ln vi cht kh ca cp c in th nh. (Thng thng c th
da vo th oxy ha kh tiu chun Eo d on chiu phn ng).
Cc bc cn bng phng trnh: 4 bc:

+ Bc 1: Vit cc cht tham gia phn ng v cc cht to thnh vi
dng thc ca n vo 2 v ca phng trnh.

Th d: Phn ng gia K2Cr2O7 v FeSO4 thc cht l phn ng gia
ion Cr2O72- (vai tr oxy ha) vi ion Fe2+ (cht kh) to ra Cr3+ (dng kh
lin hp ca Cr2O72-) v Fe3+ (dng oxy ha lin hp ca Fe2+).
Cr2O72 + Fe2+ Cr3+ + Fe3+
Ta vit:
+ Bc 2: Cn bng hon chnh cho tng cp oxy ha kh ngha l
cn bng v trao i in t, cn bng v in tch (tng in tch

dng bng tng in tch m), cn bng v s nguyn t.
Vi cp Fe3+/Fe2+ c:
Fe2+ - e
Fe3+
Vi cp Cr2O72-/2Cr3+ c:
Cr2O72- + 6 e + 14 H+
2 Cr3+ + 7 H2O
Cn lu s in t trao i l ng vi c ion phc tp. Khi cn bng

cc in tch dng thiu c th ly H+, cc in tch m thiu c th ly
OH- v H2O c thm tu v n lun c sn trong dung dch.
+ Bc 3: Vit phng trnh ion bng cch tm bi s chung nh nht ri
nhn h s thch hp vi tng v ca cc cp, sau cng vi nhau:

6
Fe2+ - e = Fe3+
Cr2O72- + 6 e + 14 H+ = 2 Cr3+ + 7 H2O
6 Fe2+ + Cr2O72- + 14 H+ = 6 Fe3+ + 2 Cr3+ + 7 H2O

+ Bc 4: Vit phng trnh phn t bng cch thm cc ion tham gia
phn ng cn thiu vo 2 v ca phng trnh:

6FeSO4 + K2Cr2O7 + 7H2SO4=3Fe2(SO4)3 + Cr2(SO4)3 + K2SO4 + 7H2O
2. nh lng bng phng php oxy ha kh
(Chun oxy ha kh)

2.1. Nguyn tc
Phng php nh lng oxy ha kh l phng php phn tch nh

lng da trn phn ng chun l phn ng trao i electron gia
dung dch chun cha cht oxy ha (hoc kh) vi dung dch cn phn
tch cha cht kh (hoc cht oxy ha).
212
Nu dng dung dch chun l cht oxy ha ta c th nh lng cc

cht kh nh Na2S2O3, Fe2+, I- Nu dng dung dch chun l cht
kh c th nh lng cc cht oxy ha nh I2, KMnO4, KBrO3 C
nhng cht khng c tnh oxy ha hoc kh nhng c kh nng phn
ng hon ton vi cht oxy ha hay cht kh (thng thnh cht kt
ta hoc phc cht) cng c th nh lng bng phng php oxy ha
theo cch gin tip.
Yu cu ti thiu cho mt phn ng dng trong chun oxy ha kh

phi l:
+ Phn ng phi nhy v xy ra theo chiu cn thit
+ Phn ng phi xy ra hon ton v c tnh chn lc cao
+ Phn ng phi xy ra nhanh
+ Tm c cch nhn ra im tng ng
Thng cc phn ng oxy ha kh l mt qu trnh phc tp, xy ra

qua nhiu giai on trung gian, nn tc phn ng nhiu khi khng
p ng c yu cu nh lng, khi lm tng tc phn ng
c th thc hin mt s bin php.
+ Tng nhit v a s phn ng khi tng nhit , tc phn ng
tng theo.
+ Tng nng cng lm tng tc phn ng, c th tng nng
bng k thut chun ngc (tha tr).

+ Dng cht xc tc lm tng tc cc phn ng qua cc giai
on trung gian.
2.2. Cht ch th trong phng php nh lng oxy ha kh
C ch chuyn mu ca cc ch th c chia lm 4 loi, trong 2 loi

chnh hay s dng l:
Loi cht ch th l chnh thuc th
Th d: Khi nh lng Fe2+ bng MnO4- theo phn ng:
5Fe2+ + MnO4 + 8H+ = 5Fe3+ + Mn2+ + 4H2O
Nu MnO4- trn buret, lc u cho MnO4- vo dung dch nh
lng ta thy mu MnO4- b mt do tham gia phn ng nh lng. Nhng
khi qu tng ng, ch cn d mt lng rt nh KMnO4 ta thy c mu
hng ca MnO4-. Nh vy MnO4- va l dung dch chun (thuc th) va
ng vai tr cht ch th.
Thc t ch th loi ny nhiu v cho kt qu kh tt.
213
Cht ch th to vi cht oxy ha hoc kh trong phn ng chun

mt mu c trng.
Th d trong phng php iot dng ch th h tinh bt: khi d I2 s to
vi h tinh bt mt mu xanh thm.
2.3. Phn loi cc phng php oxy ha kh
Trong phng php chun acid-base, thng ta c th thay acid

(hay base) mnh ny nh lng mt base (hay acid) khc. Nhng trong
chun oxy ha kh, v in th oxy ha kh ca cc cp rt khc nhau,
mi cp khi phn ng li i hi cc iu kin nht nh. Do vy, khng
th thay th tu tin cht oxy ha (hoc cht kh) ny bng mt cht oxy
ha (hoc kh) khc tng ng v mt in th oxy ha kh. Mun thay
th phi xem xt tnh ton ti tt c cc yu t, nu thy p ng iu
kin ca phn ng mi c php thc hin.
Vic phn loi cc phng php chun oxy ha kh thng da
trn cc cht oxy ha dng trong phn ng chun v gi tn theo cc
cht oxy ha . Thng dng c cc phng php sau: Phng php
permanganat, phng php iod, phng php bromat, phng php brom,
phng php o ng, phng php dicromat, phng php nitrit.
2.3.1. Phng php nh lng bng permanganat
L phng php nh lng da vo kh nng oxy ha ca

permanganat c trong mi trng acid, trung tnh, kim.
Trong mi trng acid mnh, MnO4- b kh n Mn2+:
MnO4- + 5e + 8H+ = Mn2+ + 4 H2O
(Mu hng)
(Khng mu)
Th oxy ha kh tiu chun E0 = 1,51V
Trong mi trng trung tnh, kim, MnO4- b kh n MnO2

MnO4- + 3e + 2H2O = MnO2 + 4OH(Mu hng)
(Nu)
Th oxy ha kh tiu chun E0 = 0,59 V

Th oxy ha kh ca cp MnO4-/ Mn2+(trong mi trng acid) ln hn
th oxy ha kh ca cp MnO4-/ MnO2(trong mi trng trung tnh, kim)
rt nhiu. Mt khc, sn phm oxy ha trong mi trng acid l Mn2+ khng
mu, trong mi trng trung tnh, kim l kt ta MnO2 c mu nu. V vy
vic xc nh im tng ng trong mi trng acid d hn nhiu. Do
trong thc t hay nh lng cc cht kh bng dung dch KMnO4 trong mi
trng acid, vi ch th l chnh dung dch chun KMnO4: khi cn MnO4dung dch c mu hng, khi ht MnO4- dung dch khng mu.
214
2.3.2. Phng php nh lng bng iod
a. c im chung ca phng php:

C s ca phng php nh lng bng iod l da trn qu trnh oxy
ha kh ca cp I2/ 2I-:
I2 + 2e
2I-
Th oxy ha kh tiu chun E0 = 0,54 V ( vo khong gia ca bng

th oxy ha kh tiu chun)
Nhng cht c Eo < 0,54 V c kh nng b oxy ha bi I2 t do.

Nhng cht oxy ha c Eo > 0,54 V c kh nng b kh bi iod.
Do vy, c th nh lng bng phng php iod xc nh cc cht
kh, cht oxy ha v c acid.
Xc nh cht kh:
C th xc nh trc tip cc cht kh bng cch cho tc dng vi I2.
Nhn ra im tng ng da trn s i mu ca dung dch: khi khng
c I2 dung dch khng mu, khi c I2 dung dch c mu vng nht. (Thng
dng ch th l h tinh bt: khi c iod d s to vi h tinh bt mt cht c
mu xanh lam).
Xc nh cht oxy ha:
Thng dng phng php th: Cho tha KI vo cht oxy ha cn
nh lng mi trng acid th phn ng s gii phng mt lng tng
ng I2. Lng I2 ny c nh lng bng dung dch Na2S2O3 bit
nng , t tnh c cht oxy ha cn xc nh.
Xc nh cc acid:
Khi y da trn phn ng:
IO3- + 5I- + 6H+ = 3 I2 + 3H2O
Phn ng tiu th H+ v gii phng mt lng tng ng I2. nh
lng I2 ny bng dung dch Na2S2O3 bit nng cng c th suy ra
lng acid tng ng.
b. iu kin tin hnh nh lng bng iod:
Phng php iod thng c tin hnh iu kin thng, nhit

thp, v khi nhit tng, I2 c th b thng hoa v nhy ca ch
th h tinh bt gim.
Khi nh lng trc tip vi I2 khng nn thc hin trong mi trng

kim mnh v cc mui carbonat kim loi kim, bi v c phn ng
sau xy ra:
215
I2 + 2OH- = IO- + I- + H2O

V vy thng ch nh lng trong mi trng trung tnh hoc kim
yu bng cch cho thm vo dung dch cn nh lng mt t NaHCO3
(khng nn cho NH4OH v c th to thnh I3N l cht d gy n).
Khi chun I2 bng Na2S2O3, cn phi cho h tinh bt vo lc gn

kt thc nh lng (tc l khi cn t iod trong dung dch, dung
dch c mu vng nht). Nu lm ngc li, tinh bt s hp ph mt
phn I2 v nh I2 rt chm. Mt khc, tinh bt cn c th kh c
mt vi cht oxy ha mnh. Do nh lng s c sai s ln.
Khi nh lng cc cht oxy ha bng phng php iod, cn phi cho
tha KI phn ng gia KI v cht oxy ha xy ra hon ton v khi
I2 gii phng s d dng ha tan vo dung dch nc do phn ng to
phc km bn I3-:
I 2 + I- = I3 -
Hn hp nh lng cn hn ch nh sng chiu vo v nh sng lm

tng vn tc ca phn ng oxy ha I- thnh I2 bi oxy khng kh:
4I- + O2 + 4H+ = 2 I2 + 2H2O
2.3.3. Phng php nh lng bng bromat
Da trn kh nng oxy ha ca BrO3- trong mi trng acid:

BrO3- + 6H+ + 6e = Br- + 3 H2O
Th oxy ha kh tiu chun Eo = 1,45 V
Phng php ny thng c p dng nh lng cc cht kh
nh As3+, Sb3+, hydrazin trong mi trng acid.
im tng ng c xc nh da vo phn ng sau: BrO3- d s
phn ng vi Br- c trong dung dch gii phng ra Br2 t do c mu vng
nht:
BrO3- + 5Br- + 6H+ = 3Br2 + 3H2O
Cng c th dng ch th mu loi hp cht azo nh methyl hoc
da cam methyl cho vo bnh nh lng, n im tng ng Br2 s oxy
ha ch th lm cho ch th b phn hu chuyn t mu sang vng (s
chuyn mu ny l khng thun nghch v ch th b phn hu do khi
nh lng cn phi cn thn khng nh qu tha BrO3-). Cng c th dng
ch th l nhng acid indigo sunfonic.
2.3.4. Phng php nh lng bng brom
Da trn kh nng oxy ha ca Br2:

216
Br2 + 2 e
2 Br-
Vi th oxy ha kh tiu chun Eo = 1,70 V

thu c dung dch Br2 c nng xc nh, ta cho mt lng d
KBr phn ng vi mt lng xc nh KBrO3 chun trong mi trng acid
theo phng trnh phn ng:
BrO3- + 5Br- + 6H+ = 3Br2 + 3H2O
Sau cho Br2 (d chnh xc) phn ng vi cht cn nh lng.
Lng Br2 d c xc nh bng phng php iod (thm KI v nh lng
I2 gii phng ra bng Na2S2O3).
Phng php brom thng dng nh lng cc hp cht hu c v
cc cht hu c khi tc dng vi nhiu cht oxy ha khc thng km theo
cc phn ng ph phc tp khng dng nh lng c. Nhng khi phn
ng vi Br2 li rt ph hp theo ng phng trnh phn ng, do c th
dng nh lng tt. Trong ngnh Dc, phng php brom c dng
nh lng cc phenol, cresol, benzonaphtol, resorcin, anilin, acid
salicylic, cc sulfamid, acid aminobenzoic...
2.3.5. Phng php nitrit
Trong mi trng acid, nitrit phn ng vi cc ch phm ca nhm

amin thm (sulfamid, novocain...) to thnh hp cht diazoni:
R-NH 2 + HONO + HCl
+
R-N N
Cl
+ 2H 2O
nhn ra im tng ng ca phn ng ny, c th dng ch th

theo hai cch:
Ch th ngoi: Khi tha nitrit, nitrit s lm xanh giy tm h tinh bt

c iodid, do nitrit oxy ha iodid, gii phng I2 theo phng trnh:
2NO2- + 2I- +4H+ = 2NO + I2 + 2H2O
Ch th ni: Cho thm mt cht ch th v d nh tropeolin OO vo

bnh nh lng, khi tha nitrit, nitrit s phn ng vi ch th to
thnh dn cht nitroso c mu vng nht.
Phng php nh lng nitrit thng tin hnh iu kin nhit
thp (khong 10 oC) do hay ngm bnh nh lng trong nc .
2.4. Mt s ng dng nh lng
Phng php chun oxy ha kh l mt trong nhng phng php

c ng dng kh nhiu trong thc t. Mt s cht oxy ha, kh hay dng
pha ch dung dch chun c nu trong hai bng 6.1 v 6.2.
217
Bng 6.1. Mt s cht oxy ha thng dng

Eo (V)
Cht oxy ha
Cht gc
KMnO4
1,51
Na2C2O4 , As2O3, H2C2O4.2H2O
KBrO3
1,44
KBrO3
+4
1,44
Na2C2O4, As2O3, H2C2O4.2H2O
K2Cr2O7
1,33
K2Cr2O7
KIO3
1,24
KIO3
I2
0,54
As2O3
NaNO2
0,99
Acid sulfanilic
Ce
Bng 6.2. Mt s cht kh thng dng

Th oxy ha kh tiu chun Eo (V)
Cht kh
Cht gc
Mui Mohr
0,77
K2Cr2O7
As2O3
0,57
As2O3
Na2S2O3
0,09
KIO3, I2, K2Cr2O7
Titan (III)
0,10
K2Cr2O7
Di y trnh by mt s ng dng c th:

2.4.1. nh lng FeSO4 hay mui Mohr (NH4)2Fe(SO4)2.6H2O
Da trn phn ng chun bng dung dch KMnO4:

KMnO4 + 10FeSO4 + 8H2SO4 = 5Fe2(SO4)3 + 2MnSO4 + K2SO4 + 8H2O
E FeSO 4 .7H 2O = M = 278,01
E(NH 4 )2 Fe(SO 4 )2 .6H 2O = M = 392,14
K thut tin hnh:

- Buret: KMnO4
- Bnh nn: V mL dung dch Fe2+ em nh lng
50 mL nc ct
5 mL H2SO4 50%
- Chun ti khi dung dch c mu hng nht. Ghi th tch KMnO4
dng. T tnh ra kt qu.
2.4.2. nh lng H2O2
H2O2 va c tnh oxy ha va c tnh kh:
218
+ L cht oxy ha: O22- + 4H+ + 2e = 2H2O

+ L cht kh:
O22- - 2e = O2
E H 2O 2 =
M
= 17,005
2
i vi H2O2 ngoi cc loi nng vn c biu th thng thng,

ngi ta cn dng khi nim nng theo th tch oxy, c tnh bng s
lt oxy do 1 lt dung dch H2O2 t phn hy ra. Cch tnh nh sau :
T phng trnh phn hy:
H2 O 2
H2O +1/2O2
Ta thy 1 mol H2O2 phn hu cho ta 1/2 mol O2 do 1 khi lng mol
ng lng H2O2 phn hu s cho 1/4 mol oxy hay ng vi 22,4/4= 5,6 lt
oxy nng theo th tch oxy = N H2O2 5,6 lt oxy
Khi H2O2 nh lng bng KMnO4 l da trn tnh kh ca n theo

phn ng:
2MnO4- + 5H2O2 + 6H+ = 2Mn2+ + 5O2 + 8H2O
Cch nh lng ging nh nh lng Fe2+.
Khi H2O2 nh lng bng phng php iod l da trn tnh oxy ha
ca n theo cc phn ng nh lng sau:
H2O2 + 2KI + H2SO4 = 2H2O + I2 + K2SO4
I2 gii phng ra:
I2 + 2 Na2S2O3 = Na2S4O6 + 2 NaI
K thut tin hnh:
- Buret: Dung dch Na2S2O3 bit nng
- Bnh nn: V mL H2O2
5 mL H2SO4 50%
1 g KI
3 git amoni molypdat 30% ( kch thch phn ng)
Nh Na2S2O3 n khi c mu vng nht, thm h tinh bt, nh lng
tip n mt mu xanh thm. Ghi th tch Na2S2O3 dng. Tnh kt qu
theo yu cu.
2.4.3. nh lng As2O3
C th nh lng As2O3 bng dung dch chun I2 theo phng trnh

phn ng:
219
As2O3 + 2I2 + 2H2O = As2O5 +4 HI

Phn ng chun c tin hnh trong mi trng c pH = 8 (bng
cch cho thm NaHCO3 vo dung dch nh lng).
EAs2O3 =
M
= 49,46
4
C th nh lng dung dch ny bng phng php bromat da trn

phn ng oxy ha ca BrO3- vi As2O3 trong mi trng acid:
2KBrO3 + 3As2O3 = 2KBr + 3As2O5
Nhn ra im tng ng bng ch th methyl: Khi tha 1 git
KBrO3 mu s chuyn t sang vng (do ch th b Br2 phn hu).
2.4.4. nh lng dung dch glucose ng trng 5%
Glucose c nh lng bng phng php iod theo phng php

chun ngc (tha tr): Cho mt lng I2 d chnh xc vo dung dch
glucose trong mi trng kim (dng NaOH) oxy ha glucose c nhm
chc CHO thnh acid gluconic theo phn ng sau:
I2 + 2NaOH = NaI + NaIO + H2O
(1)
CH2OH(CHOH)4-CHO + IO- = CH2OH(CHOH)4COOH + I-
(2)
Sau khi hon thnh phn ng (2), ta acid ha mi trng bng H2SO4
cn bng (1) chuyn dch v pha tri, nh lng I2 d bng dung dch
Na2S2O3 bit nng . T tnh ra kt qu, v d tnh % glucose nh sau:
VI2 .N I2 - V
% C6H12O6 =
Trong : EC6H12O6 =
.N
Na2S2O3
V C6H12O6
Na2S2O3
.E
f
C6H12O6
10
M
= 90,08
2
f l h s pha long dung dch glucose trc khi nh lng.

2.4.5. Pha dung dch chun KBrO3
KBrO3 d iu ch thnh cht tinh khit (tho mn tiu chun cht gc)
bng cch kt tinh li trong nc ri sy kh 150 180 oC. Do t KBrO3
tinh khit ta c th tnh ton pha dung dch c nng theo yu cu.
Lu :
E KBrO 3 =
M
= 27 ,83
6
Khi khng c KBrO3 tinh khit, c th pha gn ng sau xc nh

li nng bng cht gc khc (th d As2O3).
220
2.4.6. nh lng sulfathiazol
Sulfathiazol (hay 2-[p. aminophenylsulfamido]- thiazol) c cng thc:

C9H9O2S2N3 = 255,33
N
NH
SO 2
H2N
y l mt sulfamid thng dng, c th nh lng bng dung dch

NaNO2 trong mi trng acid nhit 10 oC vi ch th ni tropeolin 00.
NaNO 2
R-NH 2 + HONO
vi
+
H
HONO
+
N
N + 2H 2O
ENaNO2 = M = 69
Esulfathiazol = M = 255,33
Trong dung dch chun NaNO2 thng pha gn ng (do NaNO2
khng t tiu chun cht gc) sau xc nh li nng bng cht gc l
acid sulfanilic (E =M = 173,2).
bi tp (bi 7)
7.1. Th no l cht oxy ha ? Cht kh ? Cp oxy ha kh lin hp?
Phn ng oxy ha kh.
7.2. Hy nu cc bc c bn cn bng phng trnh ca phn ng
oxy ha kh.
7.3. Nu nguyn tc chung ca phng php chun oxy ha kh.
7.4. Hy cho bit 4 loi ch th dng trong phng php oxy ha kh.
7.5. Trnh by nguyn tc, iu kin ng dng ca cc phng php
nh lng sau:
- Phng php permanganat
- Phng php iod
- Phng php bromat
- Phng php nitrit
221
7.6. Thit lp cng thc nng theo th tch oxy ca dung dch H2O2
khi nh lng theo phng php permanganat.
7.7. Chun 10,00 mL dung dch H2C2O4 0,05M trong mi trng
acid ht 9,75 mL KMnO4. Hy vit phng trnh phn ng chun
v tnh nng N ca dung dch KMnO4.
7.8. Chun 10,00 mL dung dch H2O2 ht 12,50 mL dung dch
KMnO4 0,1 N. Tnh nng theo th tch oxy ca dung dch H2O2
trn.
7.9. Kt ta hon ton Pb2+ trong mt mu phn tch di dng ta
PbCrO4. Sau ha tan kt ta trong acid H2SO4 d, thm KI d,
sau em chun ht 23,50 mL dung dch Na2S2O3 0,1025 M.
Hy vit phng trnh, gii thch cch nh lng v tnh s g ch
c trong mu.
7.10. Ly 10,00 mL dung dch As2O3 em nh lng ht 9,85 mL dung
dch I2 0,1 N. Hy vit phng trnh phn ng nh lng v tnh
nng g/L ca dung dch As2O3 trn.
7.11. Ly 10,00 mL dung dch mui Mohr em nh lng trong mi
trng acid ht 12,25 mL dung dch KMnO4. Bit rng khi nh
lng 10,00 mL acid oxalic 0,1 N ht 11,25 mL dung dch KMnO4
trn. Vit phng trnh phn ng nh lng v tnh nng g/L
ca dung dch mui Mohr trn.
222
phn IV
Thc hnh phn tch nh lng
223
224
Bi 1
cn phn tch
mc tiu
1. Trnh by c mc chnh xc ca cn k thut, cn phn tch
2. S dng c cn k thut, cn phn tch.
1. Cn
1.1. Khi nim
Cn l mt trong nhng thao tc c bn, quan trng trong phn tch

nh lng, nu cn khng ng s dn n s sai lch rt ln ca kt qu
phn tch. Trong phng th nghim phn tch, thng dng cn k thut v
cn phn tch.
Cn k thut c chnh xc ph bin l 0,01 g, thng c dng
xc nh khi lng ca cht khi khng cn tht chnh xc hoc c khi
lng tng i ln.
Cn phn tch c chnh xc ph bin l 0,0001 g, c dng
xc nh khi lng ca mu th hoc cht cn xc nh c chnh xc
cao hay khi lng nh.
Trong thc t thng c hai loi cn:
Cn c hc hot ng da trn nguyn tc n by.

Cn in t hot ng da trn lc in t gi cn v tr cn bng.
1.2. Mt s nguyn tc khi cn
La chn cn v phng php cn thch hp ty theo yu cu ca

php phn tch.
Phi kim tra trng thi ca cn trc khi cn, dng vi mm lau
sch bi a cn. Nu pht hin sai lch, khng t sa cha, phi
bo co cn b hng dn.
Vi cn phn tch, khng c cn vt qu nng (thng khng qu

200 g) v nh vy s lm hng cn.
225
Khng t trc tip vt cn ln a cn, phi lt giy cn, ng trong

chn cn,... Khng cn vt qu nng hoc qu lnh trn cn phn tch
(phi vo bnh ht m trong khong 20 pht), vi cn phn tch ch
c m hai ca bn cnh, khng c m ca gia trnh nhit, hi
nc, kh ca ngi th ra.
Tuyt i khng ng chm vo cn khi cn ang chy. Vi cn c hc

ch t vo hoc ly qu cn hay vt cn ra khi hm cn. Khng
c dng tay bc qu cn hoc ha cht m phi dng kp, tha,...
Cc cht ht nc, cht lng, c bit l cc cht c hi thot ra lm

hng cn, bt buc phi ng trong chn cn c np.
Khi cn, ng tc phi nh nhng, gi sch s trong v ngoi cn.

2. Thc hnh s dng cn phn tch
Kim tra, chun b cn: Hp qu cn, ct sch, giy cn, chn cn, ha
cht cn cn.
2.1. S dng cn c hc theo phng php cn n
t giy cn ln hai a cn phn tch, iu chnh v v tr cn bng.

t vo a cn bn tri mt hoc mt s qu cn c khi lng bng
m gam ha cht cn cn (gi s 0,8652 g).
Thm t t ha cht cn cn vo a cn bn phi n khi cn thng

bng. Khi lng ha cht cn c l m = 0,8652 g.
Qa cn
Ha cht
(mg)
Hnh 1.1. Cch cn trn cn c hc theo phng php cn n
Ghi ch: C th thc hin theo k thut ngc li, nh sau: cho ha
cht vo mt bn a cn, thm qu cn vo a cn cn li n khi cn
thng bng.
2.2. S dng cn c hc theo phng php cn kp Borda

t vo a cn bn phi mt hoc mt s qu cn c khi lng bng
m g lng ha cht cn cn (gi s 0,8652 g).
226
Cho ct t t vo a cn bn tri cho ti khi cn thng bng.

Ly cc qu cn ra khi a cn bn phi, sau cho ha cht cn cn
ln a cn bn phi cho ti khi thng bng. Ta c khi lng ha
cht cn c l m = 0,8652 g.
Qa cn (mg)
Ha cht)
Hnh 1.2. Cch cn trn cn c hc theo phng php cn kp Borda
2.3. S dng cn c hc theo phng php cn kp Lomonoxp
Cn trc vt hay ha cht cn cn trn cn k thut bit khi

lng tng i (gi s l a gam).

t ln a cn bn phi mt s qu cn c tng khi lng l P gam
(vi iu kin P gam > a gam xc nh cn k thut).
Cho ct t t vo a cn bn tri cho ti khi cn thng bng.

Cho vt hoc cht cn cn ( cn th trn cn k thut) vo a cn
bn phi. Rt bt mt s qu cn ra cho ti khi cn thng bng (gi s
rt ra m1 gam). Ta c khi lng ca vt hoc ha cht cn cn l m
= (P m1) gam.
Qa cn
Qa cn +
Ha cht
Hnh 1.3. Cch cn trn cn c hc theo phng php cn kp Momonoxp
2.4. S dng cn in t
Tun th theo hng dn s dng cn ti phng th nghim.
227
Bi tp (bi 1)
1.1. Nu c tnh c bn ca cn k thut v cn phn tch.
1.2. Nu mt s nguyn tc khi cn.
1.3. Cch s dng cn c hc theo phng php cn n.
1.4. Cch s dng cn c hc theo phng php cn kp Borda.
1.5. Cch s dng cn c hc theo phng php cn kp Lomonoxop.
1.6. Cch s dng cn in t hin c ca phng thc hnh.
228
Bi 2
xc nh m ca natri clorid v
nh lng natri sulfat
mc tiu
1. Trnh by c ni dung ca phng php phn tch khi lng.
2. Lm c cc ng tc: Kt ta, lc ta, ra ta, sy, nung v cn ng yu
cu k thut.
3. Thit lp c cng thc v tnh c kt qu m ca natri clorid (%) v
hm lng % sulfat trong mu phn tch.
1. Dng c - ha cht
Cn phn tch
Chn cn c np mi
Bnh ht m c silicagel kh
T sy
Tha xc ha cht
Chn nung
L nung v kp l nung
n cn hoc bp in
Ni cch thy
Cc c m, pipet
Phu lc
a thy tinh
Mu th natri clorid.
Dung dch HCl c
Dung dch BaCl2 0,5 N
229
Dung dch NH4NO3 1%

Dung dch bi tp Na2SO4 2%
2. xc nh m ca natri clorid
2.1. Nguyn tc
y l phng php bay hi gin tip. Trong Dc in gi l "Gim

khi lng do sy kh". Trong , ta xc nh khi lng natri clorid trc
khi sy v khi lng natri clorid sau khi sy suy ra khi lng nc
bay hi khi sy. T tnh c m (phn trm nc) trong mu natri
clorid em xc nh.
2.2. Cc bc tin hnh
Bt t sy, nhit 100 105 oC. i ti khi nhit trong t sy

t nhit t.
X l b:
+ Ra sch chn cn.
+ t chn cn sch vo t sy, (ch : m np v np bn cnh
chn cn).
+ Sy nhit 100 105 oC trong 30 pht.
+ Ly chn cn v np ra, cho ngay vo bnh ht m v ti khi
chn cn ngui ti nhit phng (khong 20 pht).

+ Cn xc nh khi lng chn cn v np trn cn phn tch.
Thu c khi lng m1.

+ Lp li vic sy chn cn v np ging nh trn, kt qu thu c
l m2.
+ Xc nh chnh lch khi lng ca hai gi tr m1 v m2 (m1 - m2):
Nu gi tr chnh lch khng qu 0,0005 g th qu trnh x l b

hon thnh. Cn nu gi tr chnh lch vt qu 0,0005 g th li
tip tc qu trnh sy chn cn v np ging nh trn cho ti khi
khi lng chnh lch gia hai ln lin tip khng qu 0,0005 g.
+ Gi tr khi lng ca chn cn v np c ly vo ln cn cui
cng, c gi tr m.
Cn trn cn phn tch chnh xc khong 1,00 gam natri clorid (c

M gam) vo chn cn c x l trn.
t chn cn c cha natri clorid vo t sy, m np v np bn

cnh chn cn. Sy nhit 100 105 oC trong 120 pht.
230
y np vo chn cn v cho ngay vo bnh ht m.

khong 20 pht.
Cn chn cn cha natri clorid y np trn cn phn tch. Lp li
thao tc sy n khi lng khng i. c gi tr P gam.
2.3. Tnh kt qu
Lng natri clorid trc khi sy: M gam

Lng nc c trong mu b mt i: M - (P m) gam
Lng nc c trong mu b mt i tnh theo phn trm l:
%H 2O =
M ( P m)
100
M
3. nh lng Natri sulfat bng phng php khi lng

3.1. Nguyn tc
Khi cho dung dch BaCl2 d vo dung dch sulfat cn nh lng s c

ta BaSO4 theo phn ng :
Na2SO4 + BaCl2 = BaSO4 + 2 NaCl
Lc ly kt ta, ra ta, sy v nung ta n khi lng khng i
(cn trn cn phn tch), t khi lng ta thu c tnh ra hm lng
sulfat c trong mu.
3.2. Cch tin hnh
Ly chnh xc 10,00 mL dung dch bi tp Na2SO4 (V mL) cho vo cc

c m dung tch 250 mL, thm khong 100 mL nc ct v 0,5 mL
HCl c.
t cc c m ng dung dch trn ln n cn hay bp in (c lt

li amian). un si.
Khi dung dch si, va khuy va cho t t khong 10 mL dung dch

BaCl2 0,5 N.
un hn hp si thm vi pht.
lng.
Kim tra xem ta hon ton cha bng cch r vi git dung dch
BaCl2 0,5 N vo lp nc trong ca hn hp dung dch trn. Nu vn
thy xut hin ta trng phn tip gip gia hai dung dch th cho
thm dung dch BaCl2 0,5 N n khi ta hon ton. Nu khng thy
xut hin ta trng tc l kt ta hon ton sulfat.
231
un cch thy khong 1 gi (thnh thong khuy u).

lng.
X l b:
+ Ra sch chn nung.
+ t chn nung sch vo t sy, sy nhit 100 105 oC ti kh
(khong 10 pht).
+ Dng kp l nung t chn nung kh vo l nung, nung nhit
600 700 oC trong 25- 30 pht.

+ Dng kp l nung ly chn nung ra ngui trong bnh ht m ti
nhit phng (khong 20 pht).

+ Cn xc nh khi lng chn nung trn cn phn tch. Thu c
khi lng chn nung.

+ Lp li thao tc nung n khi khi lng khng i.
+ Gi tr khi lng ca chn nung c ly vo ln cn cui cng,
c gi tr m.
Ghi ch: Thc hin vic x l b song song vi vic kt ta sulfat.
Gp 1 t giy lc khng tro (bng xanh) lm bn phn v t ln phu lc.

Gn nc trong trn ta qua phu lc c giy lc chun b trn.
Ra ta 3 - 4 ln, mi ln 15 mL nc ct v gn nc ra qua phu trn.
Chuyn hon ton ta sang phu.
Ra tip ta trn phu bng dung dch NH4NO3 1% hai ln, mi ln
10 mL.
giy lc c ta chy ht nc, em c phu v giy lc c ta sy

100oC n khi giy cn hi m (khong 15 - 20 pht ).
Nhc giy lc c ta ra khi phu, gp li theo hnh chp v t vo chn

nung nung n khi lng khng i va lm giai on trn.
t chn nghing trn bp in v t cho giy lc chy thnh than

(nhng khng cho chy thnh ngn la).
em nung chn nung c giy lc cha ta khong 700 oC ti khi giy

lc c tro ha hon ton (ta trong chn khng cn mu en) trong
khong 25- 30 pht.
Dng kp l nung ly chn nung c ta ra ngui trong bnh ht m

(khong 20 pht).
Sau , em cn xc nh khi lng trn cn phn tch.

232
Lp li thao tc nung n khi khi lng khng i th c. Ghi khi

lng chn nung c ta : M gam.
3.3. Tnh kt qu
Khi lng ta BaSO4 thu c : (M m) gam

Tha s chuyn F l :
F=
M Na 2SO 4
M BaSO4
142
233,3
Nng Na2SO4 trong mu th tnh theo phn trm (kl/tt) l:
%Na 2SO 4 (kl/tt) =
(M m)
F 100
V
Bi tp (bi 2)
2.1. Nu nguyn tc xc nh m ca natri clorid.
2.2. Nu cc bc chnh khi tin hnh xc nh m ca natri clorid.
2.3. Thit lp cng thc tnh % nc (hm m) ca natri clorid.
2.4. Nu nguyn tc nh lng Na2SO4 theo phng php khi lng.
2.5. Nu cc bc chnh khi tin hnh nh lng Na2SO4.
2.6. Thit lp cng thc tnh hm lng % (kl/ tt) ca Na2SO4.
2.7. Hy gii thch khi nim Nung hoc sy n khi lng khng i.
233
Bi 3
Thc hnh s dng cc dng c phn tch

nh lng - nh lng acid acetic
mc tiu
1. Trnh by c chnh xc ca ba loi dng c chnh xc hay dng: Buret,
pipet, bnh nh mc.
2. Nhn bit v thao tc s dng ng cc dng c ong o th tch.
3. Chun v tnh c nng dung dch acid acetic.
1. Dng c - ha cht
Cn phn tch
Buret
Pipet chnh xc dung tch 10 ml
Bnh nh mc dung tch 100 ml
Bnh nn
Cc c m
Phu thy tinh
Dung dch chun natri hydroxyd 0,1 N
Dung dch bi tp acid acetic nng xp x 0,1 N
Dung dch ch th phenolphthalein.
2. Cc dng c ong o th tch
2.1. Cc dng c o th tch chnh xc
2.2.1. Buret (hnh 3.1)
L dng c dng o th tch chnh xc khc nhau ca cht lng. N

thng l nhng ng thy tinh hnh tr ( di c kho iu chnh cho
234
dung dch chy ra) chia chnh xc ti 1/10, 1/20, 1/50, 1/100 mL tu theo
yu cu s dng.
Sai s tuyt i ca cc buret thng l (0,01 - 0,05) mL.
Kho buret phi kn v trn, nu h v xt phi bi mt lp mng
vaselin (trnh bi vo l kho).
Khi dng, buret phi sch v kh, nu buret cn t mun dng ngay,
phi trng buret hai ln bng mt t dung dch cn o.
Hnh 3.1. Buret
Hnh 3.2. Pipet
Hnh 3.3. Bnh nh mc
Cc c (dung tch) buret hay s dng: buret 50 mL; 25 mL; 10 mL; 5

mL; 2 mL; ...
Cch s dng:
Trc khi dng, kim tra kha buret v x l (nu cn).

Dng phu hoc rt thng dung dch chun ln trn buret. M
kha buret dung dch chy mnh sao cho phn di kha y dung
dch, nu cn bt kh th nhng ngp u di ca buret vo dung
dch v ht ngc ln. Cho dung dch ln qu vch s 0.
iu chnh kha buret cho dung dch chy ra t t n ng vch s 0

v bt u chun .
Mt tay iu chnh kha buret (dng 3 ngn tay ci, tr, gia iu
chnh kha buret, cn 2 ngn kia gp li), tay kia lc bnh nn cha
dung dch cn chun .
2.1.2. Pipet chnh xc (hnh 3.2)
L dng c dng ly mt th tch chnh xc ca dung dch cn ly.
235
C nhiu loi pipet chnh xc:
Loi l ng thy tinh c bu (c 1 vch hoc 2 vch)

Loi l ng thy tinh thng u v chia chnh xc nhiu vch ti
1/10, 1/20, 1/50, 1/100 mL... tu theo yu cu s dng.
Sai s tuyt i ca cc pipet thng l (0,01 - 0,05) mL.
Trc khi dng, pipet phi sch v kh, nu cn t mun dng ngay,
phi trng pipet 2 ln bng mt t dung dch cn ly.
Cc c (dung tch) pipet hay s dng: 100 mL; 50 mL; 25 mL; 20mL;
10 mL; 5 mL; 4 mL; 3 mL; 2 mL; 1 mL.
Cch s dng: Khi cn ly dung dch no bng pipet, c th dng
qu bp hoc ht bng mm. ngp u pipiet trong dung dch cn ly,
ht dung dch ln t t, qu vch trn (i vi pipet c bu) hoc qu dung
tch cn ly (i vi pipet chia vch). Sau , dng ngn tay tr kh bt kn
u pha trn ca pipet, hi nghing ngn tay tr to mt khe h nh
dung dch c th chy c v iu chnh cho dung dch chy ra n ng
vch. Ly th tch dung dch cn ly t pipet trn vo dng c ng (bnh
nn, cc, ...), cng dng ngn tr iu chnh dung dch chy ra t t.
Nu s dng pipet c bu, mt vch th khng c thi git cui cng cn
ng u pipet.
2.1.3. Bnh nh mc (hnh 3.3)
L dng c dng pha ch cc dung dch vi mt th tch chnh xc

no .
l nhng bnh cu y bng, c di hp, c vch ngn vi cc th
tch chnh xc.
Sai s tuyt i ca cc bnh ny t t (0,01 - 1) mL tu theo cc
loi khc nhau.
Bnh nh mc phi c ra sch trc khi dng bng nc ct,
khng c ra trng bng dung dch nh trng hp ca pipet v buret.
Cc c (dung tch) bnh nh mc hay s dng: 5mL; 10mL; 20mL;
25mL; 50mL; 100mL; 200mL; 500mL; 1 lt; 2 lt.
Cch s dng:
Khi dng pha dung dch t ha cht rn: chuyn ha cht vo bnh
qua mt phu, sau dng nc ct trng sch phu. B phu ra. Thm
nc vo bnh nh mc n khong na bnh. Lc mnh n khi ha cht
tan ht. Thm nc va ti vch. Lc u.
Khi dng pha long dung dch: chuyn dung dch vo bnh. Thm
nc vo bnh nh mc n khong 2/ 3 bnh. Lc k. Thm nc va
ti vch. Lc u.
236
Ch :
Khng c rt thng dung dch nng hoc lnh vo bnh nh mc.

Khng dng bnh nh mc ng lu cc dung dch th (nht l i
vi dung dch kim).
2.2. Cc dng c o th tch khng chnh xc
Ngoi cc dng c o th tch chnh xc trnh by trn, cn c cc

dng c ong o th tch khng chnh xc nh: cc c m, bnh nn, ng
ong, pipet khng chnh xc, ... Cc dng c ny dng ng hoc ly cc
th tch dung dch khng cn chnh xc cao.
Nhng dng c ny cn phi c ra sch trc khi s dng. Ty
mc ch s dng m cc dng c ny c th ch ra bng nc ct, kh
hoc trng ra bng cc dung dch s c ng ngay trc khi dng.
Khi chun , cm bnh nn bng 3 ngn tay (ngn ci, ngn tr v
ngn gia).
2.3. Thc hnh nhn bit, thao tc ring v vi nc ct
Quan st nhn bit cc loi dng c: buret, pipet cc loi, bnh nh

mc, bnh nn, cc c m, ng ong...
Ra buret, kim tra bi trn kha buret. Ly cc dung dch vo

buret (dng nc ct), iu chnh dung dch n vch 0, cho dung dch
chy xung tng dng, tng git, na git. Ch khng c cho
dung dch chy ht xung qu phn khng chia vch.
Tp s dng pipet (dng nc ct).
Tp cm v lc bnh nn (dng nc ct).

Tp ng tc chun : phi hp lc bnh nn v cho dung dch t
buret xung. Yu cu, lc bnh nn xoay trn, nghing 10 - 15o, khng
c ting ku rc rch; iu chnh buret sao cho ly c tng dng,
tng git, na git dung dch vo bnh nn ang lc di.
3. nh lng dung dch acid acetic
3.1. Nguyn tc
Php chun ny l nh lng mt acid yu bng mt kim mnh,

dng ch th l phenolphthalein, kt thc nh lng khi ch th chuyn t
khng mu sang mu hng.
Phng trnh phn ng nh lng:
237
3.2. Tin hnh
Dng phu rt dung dch (t cc c m) khong 10 - 15 mL dung dch

NaOH 0,1N ln trn buret trng buret (lm 2 ln). Cho y dung
dch NaOH 0,1N ln trn buret v iu chnh kha buret c dung
dch n vch 0.
Dng pipet chnh xc (c bu) dung tch 10 mL ly 10,00 mL dung

dch CH3COOH cn nh lng cho vo bnh nn sch. Thm vo 1
- 2 git dung dch ch th phenolphthalein.
B tr th nghim c trnh by hnh 3.4.
Error!
Dung dch NaOH 0,1N
10,00 mL dung dch CH3COOH

1 - 2 git dung dch phenolphthalein
Hnh 3.4. B tr th nghim chun dung dch CH3COOH bng dung dch NaOH 0,1N
Tin hnh chun : Mt tay iu chnh kha buret cho dung dch
NaOH 0,1N t buret xung bnh nn (lc u nhanh, gn im tng
ng cho t t tng git, na git), tay kia lc bnh nn cha dung dch
CH3COOH. Chun ti khi dung dch bnh nn chuyn sang mu hng
th dng li, ghi th tch dung dch NaOH 0,1N dng.
3.3. Tnh kt qu
Nng ng lng (NA) ca dung dch CH3COOH c tnh theo

cng thc sau:
NA =
VB N B
VA
Trong :
VB l th tch dung dch NaOH 0,1N, tnh bng mL dng chun

NB l nng ng lng ca dung dch NaOH (NB = 0,1)
VA l th tch dung dch CH3COOH, tnh bng mL cn xc nh nng
(VA = 10,00 mL
238
Bi tp (bi 3)
3.1. Trnh by c im, ng dng ca ba dng c ong o th tch
chnh xc (buret, pipet, bnh nh mc).
3.2. Trong ba dng c: buret, pipet chnh xc, bnh nh mc, loi dng
c no c hoc khng c trng bng dung dch cn ly hoc
cn pha.
3.3. S dng thnh tho dng c ong o th tch, dng nc ct.
3.4. Trnh by nguyn tc nh lng dung dch CH3COOH bng dung
dch NaOH.
3.5. Trnh by cch tin hnh nh lng dung dch CH3COOH 0,1N
bng dung dch NaOH 0,1N. Thit lp cng thc tnh nng
ng lng (N) ca dung dch CH3COOH.
3.6. Chn cch tr li ng A/ B/ C/ D
Khi chun dung dch CH3COOH bng dung dch NaOH vi ch
th phenolphthalein, mu ca dung dch chuyn t mu:
A. Hng sang khng mu
B. Khng mu sang mu hng
C. Hng sang tm
D. Khng chuyn mu
3.7. Tnh nng ng lng ca dung dch CH3COOH, bit khi

nh lng 10,00 mL dung dch CH3COOH ht 10,55 mL dung
dch NaOH 0,1012 N.
239
Bi 4
pha v xc nh nng dung dch

acid hydrochloric 0,1N
mc tiu
1. Trnh by c nguyn tc v phn ng nh lng acid hydrochloric
2. Tnh c th tch dung dch acid hydrochloric c pha v pha c
100 mL dung dch acid hydrochloric 0,1N.
3. Xc nh c nng dung dch acid hydrochloric 0,1N.
1. dng c - ha cht
Cn phn tch
Buret
Pipet chnh xc dung tch 10 mL
Bnh nn dung tch 100 mL
Cc c m
Phu thy tinh
a thy tinh
Cc chn dung tch 100 mL
n cn hoc bp in
Cht gc natri carbonat
Dung dch acid hydrochloric c
Dung dch ch th da cam methyl.
2. pha dung dch acid hydrochloric 0,1N
Acid hydrochloric (HCl) c khi lng phn t M = 36,46.
240
Acid hydrochloric c l cht lng trong, khng mu, bc khi, c t

trng 20 oC khong 1,18, nng HCl t 35 n 38% (kl/ kl) ng vi
nng ng lng khong 10 12 N.
Acid hydrochloric c d bay hi, thng khng t tiu chun cht

gc, bi vy khi pha dung dch HCl 0,1 N t dung dch HCl c ta ch
c th pha gn ng. Nng dung dch HCl 0,1 N sau khi pha c
xc nh bng mt dung dch chun khc c tnh base bit nng .
V dung dch HCl c l cht lng, bc khi nn ta tnh th tnh dung

dch cn ly thay cho khi lng. Gi s, pha 100 mL dung dch
HCl c nng xp x 0,1N ta tnh nh sau:
Bit ng lng gam E ca HCl bng khi lng phn t ca n v

bng 36,46.
S gam HCl nguyn cht c trong 100 mL dung dch HCl 0,1N l:
m=
N E V 0,1 36,46 100

=
= 0,3646 (g)
1000
1000
Do , th tch dung dch HCl c cn ly l:

VHCldc =
m
0,3646
100 =
100 0,81 (ml)
d C
1,18 38
Tin hnh pha dung dch HCl 0,1N:
Cho vo cc chn khong 30 - 50 mL nc ct.

Dng pipet chia vch cho khong 0,8 mL dung dch HCl c (dng
qu bp hoc dung dch t mao dn, tuyt i khng c ht) vo
cc chn trn. Thao tc ny c thc hin trong t ht.
Dng a thy tinh khuy u.

Thm nc ct va 100 mL. Khuy u.
3. nguyn tc nh lng acid hydrochloric
Acid hydrochloric l mt acid mnh, c th dng cht gc l natri

carbonat xc nh nng ca n. im tng ng c xc nh da
vo s chuyn mu ca dung dch c cho thm ch th mu thch hp do c
s thay i t ngt pH ca dung dch.
(1)
NaHCO3 + HCl = H2O + CO2 + NaCl
(2)
241
Phn ng 1, pH im tng ng l 8,4 nm vng base do c

th dng ch th l phenolphthalein mu chuyn t hng sang hng
nht ( trnh sai s nhn mu nn dng mt bnh mu c cha NaHCO3
0,1N v ch th phenolphthalein so snh, nu khng dng bnh mu c
th sai 10%).
Phn ng 2, pH im tng ng l 3,8 nm vng acid do chn
ch th l da cam methyl mu chuyn t vng sang hng .
Nu dng ch th phenolphthalein th mi chun ht 1/2 lng
Na2CO3 cn nu dng ch th da cam methyl s chun c ton b
lng Na2CO3.
4. nh lng dung dch acid hydrochloric 0,1N
Dng cht gc l Na2CO3 nh lng dung dch HCl nng xp x

0,1N.
4.1. Pha dung dch gc natri carbonat 0,1N
Na2CO3 khan c dng lm gc, trc khi s dng cn sy 180- 200

o
C trong 2 gi ui ht nc v Na2CO3 d ht m trong khng kh

to thnh Na2CO3. 10H2O.
ng lng gam E ca Na2CO3 bng 1/ 2 khi lng phn t ca n

v bng 52,997.
Lng Na2CO3 cn thit pha 100 mL dung dch Na2CO3 c nng

chnh xc 0,1N l:
m=
N E V 0,1 52,997 100

=
= 0,52997 (g )
1000
1000
Tin hnh pha 100 mL dung dch Na2CO3 0,1N nh sau:
Cn chnh xc khong 0,53 g cht chun gc Na2CO3 trn cn phn

tch cho vo bnh nh mc dung tch 100 mL qua phu.
Trng phu nhiu ln bng nc ct (khong 50 mL). B phu ra.

Lc nh ha tan hon ton Na2CO3.
Thm nc va n vch. Lc u.
Tnh nng thc (Nth) ca dung dch Na2CO3 pha c:
N th =
mTH
0,1
mLT
Trong :
- mTH l khi lng, tnh bng g, ca Na2CO3 cn c
242
- mLT l khi lng, tnh bng g, ca Na2CO3 va pha c 100,0

mL dung dch Na2CO3 nng chnh xc 0,1N (mLT = 0,52997 g).
4.2. Tin hnh nh lng

dch Na2CO3 cho vo bnh nn sch. Thm vo 2 git dung dch ch
th da cam methyl.

HCl 0,1N ln trn buret trng buret (lm 2 ln). Cho y dung dch
HCl 0,1N ln trn buret v iu chnh kha buret c dung dch n
vch 0.
Error!
Dung dch HCl 0,1N
10,00 mL dung dch Na2CO3

2 git dung dch da cam methyl
Hnh 4.1. B tr th nghim chun dung dch HCl 0,1N
HCl 0,1N t buret xung bnh nn (lc u nhanh, gn im tng ng
cho t t tng git, na git), tay kia lc bnh nn cha dung dch Na2CO3.
Chun ti khi dung dch bnh nn chuyn sang mu hng da cam. Ghi
th tch dung dch HCl 0,1N dng.
4.3. Tnh kt qu
Nng ng lng (NA) ca dung dch HCl c tnh theo cng thc sau:
Trong :
NA =
VB N B
VA
- VB l th tch dung dch Na2CO3 0,1N, tnh bng mL, dng

(VB =10,00 mL)
- NB l nng ng lng ca dung dch Na2CO3, (NB = NTh)
- VA l th tch dung dch HCl, tnh bng mL, dng chun .
243
bi tp (bi 4)
4.1. Tnh lng dung dch HCl c cn pha v pha ng k thut
100ml dung dch HCl 0,1N.
4.2. Pha 100,0 mL dung dch gc Na2CO3 0,1N. Tnh nng dung
dch Na2CO3 pha c.
4.3. Trnh by nguyn tc nh lng dung dch HCl 0,1N bng dung
dch Na2CO3 0,1N.
4.4. Trnh by cch tin hnh nh lng dung dch HCl 0,1N bng
dung dch Na2CO3 0,1N. Thit lp cng thc tnh nng ng
lng (N) ca dung dch HCl.
Khi chun Na2CO3 bng dung dch HCl vi ch th da cam
methyl, mu ca dung dch chuyn t mu:
A. Vng sang cam
B. cam sang khng mu
C. cam sang vng
D. Khng chuyn mu
4.6. Tnh nng ng lng ca dung dch HCl, bit khi nh lng
10,00 mL Na2CO3 0,1017 N vi ch th da cam methyl ht 11,30
mL dung dch HCl.
244
Bi 5
pha v xc nh nng
dung dch natri hydroxyd 0,1N
mc tiu
1. Trnh by c nguyn tc v phn ng nh lng natri hydroxyd.
2. Tnh c khi lng natri hydroxyd pha v pha c 100 mL dung dch
natri hydroxyd 0,1 N.
3. Xc nh c nng dung dch natri hydroxyd 0,1 N.
1. dng c - ha cht
Cn phn tch
Cn k thut
Buret
Cc c m
Phu thy tinh
a thy tinh
Cht gc acid oxalic ngm 2 phn t nc (C2H2O4.2H2O)
Natri hydroxyd
Dung dch ch th phenolphthalein.
2. pha dung dch natri hydroxyd 0,1N
Natri hydroxyd (NaOH) c khi lng phn t M = 40.

Natri hydroxyd thng dng cc hay thi hnh tr mu trng, d
ht m.
245
Natri hydroxyd d ht nc v b carbonat ha do kh CO2 ca khng

kh v th n khng tha mn yu cu i vi mt cht gc. Ta ch c
th pha dung dch NaOH nng xp x 0,1N t NaOH. Nng
dung dch NaOH 0,1N sau khi pha c xc nh bng mt dung dch
chun khc c tnh acid bit nng .
Lng NaOH cn thit pha 100 mL dung dch NaOH c nng

xp x 0,1N c tnh nh sau:
Bit ng lng gam E ca NaOH bng khi lng phn t ca n

v bng 40.
S gam NaOH cn cn l: m =
N E V 0,1 40 100
=
= 0,40 (g)
1000
1000
Trc khi pha dung dch NaOH ta thng loi phn b carbonat ha (
lp ngoi) ca NaOH bng cch ra nhanh NaOH vi mt t nc ct,
phn carbonat bn ngoi s tan ra v b i, phn NaOH cn li coi
nh loi ht Na2CO3. Trong thc t, lng cn NaOH thng c
tnh thm khong 10 - 20%.
Tin hnh pha dung dch NaOH 0,1N:

Cn vo cc c m kh khong 0,45 - 0,50 g NaOH trn cn k thut.
Thm khong 5 mL nc ct, lc nh trong 5 - 10 giy v gn b ngay
phn nc.
Thm khong 30 mL nc v ha tan NaOH. Chuyn ton b dung

dch ny sang cc chn. Trng cc c m 3 - 4 ln, mi ln khong 10 15 mL nc. Tp trung nc trng vo cc chn.
Thm nc ct va 100 mL. Khuy u.

3. nguyn tc nh lng natri hydroxyd
Natri hydroxyd l mt base mnh, c th dng cht gc l acid oxalic

xc nh nng ca n. im tng ng c xc nh da vo s
chuyn mu ca dung dch c cho thm ch th mu thch hp do c s thay
i t ngt pH ca dung dch.
H2C2O4 + 2 NaOH
Na2C2O4 + 2H2O
Ti tng ng, pH ca dung dch l 8,4 nm vng base do c

th dng ch th l phenolphthalein mu chuyn t khng mu sang hng
nht.
246
4. nh lng dung dch natri hydroxyd 0,1N
4.1. Pha dung dch gc acid oxalic 0,1N
Acid oxalic ngm 2 phn t nc (C2H2O4.2H2O) tinh khit l mt cht

tha mn yu cu ca mt cht gc.
ng lng gam E ca C2H2O4.2H2O bng 1/ 2 khi lng phn t

ca n v bng 63,03.
Lng C2H2O4.2H2O cn thit pha 100 mL dung dch C2H2O4 c

nng chnh xc 0,1N l: m =
N E V 0,1 63,03 100

=
= 0,6303 (g)
1000
1000
Tin hnh pha 100 mL dung dch C2H2O4 0,1 N nh sau:
Cn chnh xc khong 0,63 g cht chun gc C2H2O4.2H2O trn cn

phn tch cho vo bnh nh mc dung tch 100 mL qua phu.
Trng phu nhiu ln bng nc ct (khong 50 ml). B phu ra.

Lc nh ha tan hon ton C2H2O4.
Tnh nng thc (Nth) ca dung dch C2H2O4 pha c:
N th =
m TH
0,1
m LT
Trong :
- mTH l khi lng, tnh bng g, ca C2H2O4.2H2O cn c
- mLT l khi lng, tnh bng g, ca C2H2O4.2H2O va pha c
100,0 mL dung dch C2H2O4 nng chnh xc 0,1N (mLT = 0,6303 g).
4.2. Tin hnh nh lng

NaOH 0,1N ln trn buret trng buret (lm 2 ln). Cho y dung
dch NaOH 0,1N ln trn buret v iu chnh kha buret c dung
dch n vch 0.

dch C2H2O4 cho vo bnh nn sch. Thm vo 2 git dung dch ch
th phenolphtalein.
NaOH 0,1N t buret xung bnh nn (lc u nhanh, gn im tng
247
ng cho t t tng git, na git), tay kia lc bnh nn cha dung

dch H2C2O4. Chun ti khi dung dch bnh nn chuyn t khng
mu sang mu hng.
Ghi th tch dung dch NaOH 0,1N dng.
Dung dch NaOH 0,1N
10,00 mL dung dch H2C2O4

2 git dung dchError!
phenolphthalein
Hnh 5.1. B tr th nghim chun dung dch NaOH 0,1N
4.3. Tnh kt qu
Nng ng lng (NB) ca dung dch NaOH c tnh theo cng

thc sau:
NB =
Trong :
VA N A
VB
- VB l th tch dung dch NaOH, tnh bng mL, dng chun

- NA l nng ng lng ca dung dch H2C2O4, (NA = NTh)
- VA l th tch dung dch H2C2O4, tnh bng ml, (VA = 10,00 mL)
bi tp (bi 5)
5.1. Tnh lng dung dch NaOH cn pha v pha ng k thut
100mL dung dch NaOH 0,1 N.
5.2. Pha 100,0 mL dung dch gc H2C2O4 0,1 N t H2C2O4. H2O. Tnh
nng dung dch H2C2O4 0,1 N pha c.
5.3. Trnh by nguyn tc nh lng dung dch NaOH 0,1 N bng
dung dch gc H2C2O4 0,1 N.
248
5.4. Trnh by cch tin hnh nh lng dung dch NaOH 0,1 N bng
dung dch H2C2O4 0,1 N. Thit lp cng thc tnh nng ng
lng (N) ca dung dch NaOH.
Khi chun H2C2O4 bng dung dch NaOH vi ch th
phenolphthalein, mu ca dung dch chuyn t mu:
A. Hng sang khng mu
B. Khng chuyn mu
C. Khng mu sang vng
D. Khng mu sang hng
5.6. Tnh nng ng lng ca dung dch NaOH, bit khi nh

lng 10,00 mL H2C2O4 0,1044 N vi ch th phenolphthalein ht
10,25 mL dung dch NaOH.
249
Bi 6
nh lng natri hydrocarbonat
mc tiu
1. Pha v xc nh c nng dung dch acid hydrochloric 1 N.
2. nh lng v tnh c hm lng phn trm (kl/kl) ca natri
hydrocarbonat carbonat.
1. dng c - ha cht
Cn phn tch
Buret
Cc c m
Chn cn
Phu thy tinh
a thy tinh
Dung dch acid hydrochloric c
Cht gc Na2CO3
Dung dch ch th da cam methyl
2. pha v xc nh nng dung dch acid hydrochloric 1 N
2.1. Pha dung dch acid hydrochloric 1 N
Tin hnh pha dung dch HCl 1N nh sau:

Dng pipet chia vch ly khong 8 mL dung dch HCl c (dng qu
bp hoc dung dch t mao dn, tuyt i khng c ht) v cho
vo cc chn trn. Thao tc ny c thc hin trong t ht.
Dng a thy tinh khuy u.

250
Thm nc ct va 100 ml. Khuy u.

2.2. Xc nh nng dung dch acid hydrochloric 1 N
Cn (trn cn phn tch) chnh xc khong 0,50g cht gc Na2CO3 cho

vo bnh nn sch. Ha tan trong khong 50 mL nc. Thm vo 2
git dung dch ch th da cam methyl.

HCl 1 N ln trn buret trng buret (lm 2 ln). Cho y dung dch
HCl 1 N ln trn buret v iu chnh kha buret c dung dch n
vch 0.
HCl 1N t buret xung bnh nn (lc u nhanh, gn im tng ng
cho t t tng git, na git), tay kia lc bnh nn cha dung dch Na2CO3.
Chun ti khi dung dch bnh nn chuyn sang mu hng da cam. un
si 2 pht, ngui ri chun tip n mu hng da cam. Ghi th tch
dung dch HCl 1 N dng.
2.3. Tnh kt qu
H s hiu chnh (K) ca dung dch HCl 1N c tnh theo cng thc sau:
K=
Trong :
a 1000
EV
- V l th tch dung dch HCl, tnh bng ml, dng chun

- a l khi lng, tnh bng g, ca Na2CO3
- E l ng lng gam ca Na2CO3 (E = 52,997)
3. nh lng natri hydrocarbonat
3.1. Tin hnh nh lng
Cn chnh xc khong 1,50 g natri hydrocarbonat trn cn phn tch

cho vo bnh nn. Thm khong 50 mL nc ct va mi un si
ngui. Lc ha tan hon ton natri hydrocarbonat . Thm 2 git
dung dch ch th da cam methyl.

HCl 1N t buret xung bnh nn (lc u nhanh, gn im tng ng
cho t t tng git, na git), tay kia lc bnh nn cha dung dch natri
hydrocarbonat. Chun ti khi dung dch bnh nn chuyn sang mu
hng da cam. Ghi th tch dung dch HCl 1N dng.
251
Dung dch HCl 1N
Error!
Natri hydrocarbonat 1,50 g

50 mL nc ct
2 git dung dch da cam methyl
Hnh 6.1. B tr th nghim chun natri hydrocarbonat
3.2. Tnh kt qu
Hm lng phn trm (kl/ kl) ca natri hydrocarbonat c tnh theo

cng thc sau:
V K 0,084 100
C% =
m
Trong :
- V l th tch dung dch HCl 1 N, tnh bng mL, dng chun
- K l h s hiu chnh ca dung dch HCl 1 N
- m l khi lng, tnh bng g, ca natri hydrocarbonat cn nh lng
bi tp (bi 6)
6.1. Pha ng k thut 100 mL dung dch gc HCl 1N t dung dch
HCl c.
6.2. Trnh by cch tin hnh nh lng natri hydrocarbonat bng
dung dch HCl 1N.
6.3. Thit lp cng thc tnh hm lng phn trm (kl/kl) ca natri
hydrocarbonat.
6.4. Tnh h s hiu chnh K ca dung dch HCl 1N, bit chun
0,5012 g cht gc Na2CO3 ht 9,60 mL dung dch HCl 1N pha.
6.5. Tnh hm lng % (kl/ kl) ca natri hydrocarbonat, bit khi nh
lng 1,4975 g natri hydrocarbonat vi ch th da cam methyl ht
17,60 mL dung dch HCl 1N c h s hiu chnh K = 1,0012.
252
Bi 7
nh lng natri clorid

bng phng php mohr
mc tiu
1. Pha c dung dch gc bc nitrat 0,1 N.
2. Trnh by c nguyn tc v phn ng nh lng natri clorid theo phng
php Mohr.
3. Chun v tnh c hm lng phn trm (kl/ kl) ca natri clorid .
1. dng c - ha cht
Cn phn tch
Buret
Bnh nh mc dung tch 100 mL
Cc c m
Phu thy tinh
a thy tinh
Cht gc bc nitrat
Natri clorid cn nh lng
Dung dch ch th kali cromat 5%.
2. pha dung dch Bc nitrat 0,1 N
Bc nitrat (AgNO3) c trng lng phn t M = 169,9.

Bc nitrat dng bt kt tinh hoc tinh th khng mu, d tan trong
nc. Bc nitrat tinh khit tha mn yu cu ca mt cht gc.
253
ng lng gam E ca AgNO3 bng khi lng phn t ca n v

bng 169,9.
Lng AgNO3 cn thit pha 100 mL dung dch AgNO3 c nng

chnh xc 0,1N l:
m=
N E V 0,1 169,9 100

= 1,6990 (g )
=
1000
1000
Tin hnh pha 100 mL dung dch AgNO3 0,1N nh sau:
Cn chnh xc khong 1,70 g cht chun gc AgNO3 trn cn phn

tch cho vo bnh nh mc dung tch 100 mL qua phu.
Trng phu nhiu ln bng nc ct (khong 50 mL). B phu ra.

Lc nh ha tan hon ton AgNO3.
Tnh h s hiu chnh (K) ca dung dch AgNO3 pha c:
K=
m TH
m LT
Trong :
mTH l khi lng, tnh bng g, ca AgNO3 cn c

mLT l khi lng, tnh bng g, ca AgNO3 va pha c 100,0
mL dung dch AgNO3 nng chnh xc 0,1N (mLT = 1,699 g).
3. Nguyn tc nh lng natri clorid bng phng php mohr
L phng php nh lng trc tip Cl- bng Ag+ vi ch th l kali

cromat (K2CrO4). Mt git Ag+ d s kt hp vi ch th cho ta nu
Ag2CrO4 ln cn im tng ng.
Phn ng chun :
AgNO3 + NaCl
AgCl + NaNO3
trng
Nhn ra im tng ng:

AgNO3 + K2CrO4
Ag2CrO4 + 2KNO3
nu
4. nh lng dung dch natri clorid bng phng php mohr
4.1. Tin hnh nh lng
Lm phn ng:
254

AgNO3 0,1N ln trn buret trng buret (lm 2 ln). Cho y dung
dch AgNO3 0,1N ln trn buret v iu chnh kha buret c dung
dch n vch 0.
Cn chnh xc khong 0,10 g NaCl trn cn phn tch cho vo bnh

nn. Thm khong 50 mL nc ct. Lc ha tan hon ton NaCl.
Thm 5 git dung dch ch th kali cromat 5%.
Error!
Dung dch AgNO3 0,1N
Natri clorid 0,10 g

5 git dung dch kali cromat 5%
Hnh 7.1. B tr th nghim chun NaCl bng phng php Mohr
AgNO3 0,1N t buret xung bnh nn (lc u nhanh, gn im tng
ng cho t t tng git, na git), tay kia lc bnh nn cha dung dch
NaCl. Chun ti khi dung dch bnh nn xut hin kt ta mu nu
. Ghi th tch dung dch AgNO3 0,1N dng.
4.2. Tnh kt qu
Hm lng phn trm (kl/ kl) ca NaCl c tnh theo cng thc sau:
C% =
V K 0,005844 100
m
Trong :
- V l th tch dung dch AgNO3 0,1N , tnh bng mL, dng chun
- K l h s hiu chnh ca dung dch AgNO3 0,1N
- m l khi lng, tnh bng g, ca NaCl cn nh lng
255
bi tp (bi 7)
7.1. Pha ng k thut 100ml dung dch gc AgNO3 0,1N.
7.2. Trnh by nguyn tc nh lng natri clorid theo phng php Mohr.
7.3. Trnh by cch tin hnh nh lng natri clorid theo phng
php Mohr.
7.4. Thit lp cng thc tnh hm lng phn trm (kl/kl) ca natri
clorid.
7.5. Tnh h s hiu chnh K ca dung dch AgNO3 0,1N, bit khi pha
100,00 mL dung dch AgNO3 th dng 1,6851 g AgNO3.
7.6. Tnh hm lng % (kl/ kl) ca NaCl, bit khi nh lng 0,1056 g
NaCl theo phng php Mohr ht 17,20 mL dung dch AgNO3
0,1N c h s hiu chnh K = 1,0320.
256
Bi 8
nh lng natri clorid bng

phng php fonhard
mc tiu
1. Trnh by c nguyn tc v phn ng nh lng natri clorid theo phng
php Fonhard.
2. nh lng c dung dch natri clorid 0,9% theo phng php Fonhard v
tnh c hm lng phn trm (kl/ tt) ca dung dch natri clorid .
1. dng c - ha cht
Buret
Pipet chnh xc dung tch 10 mL, 25 mL, 50 mL
Bnh nh mc dung tch 100 mL
Cc c m
ng ong dung tch 10 mL
Phu thy tinh
Dung dch bc nitrat 0,0500 N
Dung dch kali sulfocyanid 0,05N (hoc Dung dch amoni sulfocyanid
0,05 N)
Dung dch natri clorid 0,9% cn nh lng

Dung dch ch th phn st amoni 10%.
2. nguyn tc nh lng natri clorid bng phng php
fonhard
Dng AgNO3 tha chnh xc bit nng kt ta ht NaCl, sau

nh lng AgNO3 tha bng dung dch KCNS bit nng vi
ch th l Fe3+. Cc phn ng xy ra:
257
AgCl + NaNO3
AgNO3 + NaCl
(D chnh xc) (Chnh xc)
Trng
AgCNS + KNO3
AgNO3 + KCNS
(D )
Trng
Nhn ra im tng ng khi c mu :

Fe3+ + CNS
FeCNS2+
Ch :
Mi trng nn dng mi trng acid mnh (thng dng HNO3)

trnh Fe(OH)3, Ag2O v lm gim hin tng hp ph.
Khi nh lng Clorid bng phng php Mohr c hin tng mu

chuyn khng r rng dt khot, khng bn, khi mu bn vng th
qu im tng ng nhiu gy sai s ln. khc phc sai s ny
ta phi loi b kt ta AgCl, ri sau mi nh lng Ag+ d phn
nc lc.
3. nh lng dung dch natri clorid bng phng php
fonhard
3.1. Xc nh nng dung dch kali sulfocyanid

KCNS 0,05N ln trn buret trng buret (lm 2 ln). Cho y dung
dch KCNS 0,05N ln trn buret v iu chnh kha buret c dung
dch n vch 0.
Dng pipet chnh xc ly 10,00 mL dung dch AgNO3 0,05N cho vo

bnh nn sch. Thm vo 2 mL dung dch HNO3 c v 2 mL dung
dch phn st amoni 10%
Chun ti khi dung dch bnh nn xut hin mu . Ghi th tch

dung dch KSCN 0,05N dng.
Nng ng lng (NB) ca dung dch KSCN c tnh theo cng
thc sau:
NB =
VA N A
VB
Trong :
- VB l th tch dung dch KSCN, tnh bng mL, dng
- NA l nng ng lng ca dung dch AgNO3, (NA = 0,0500 N)
- VA l th tch dung dch AgNO3 , tnh bng ml, (VA = 10,00 mL)
258
3.2. Tin hnh nh lng natri clorid
Lm phn ng:
Dng pipet chnh xc ly 25,00 mL dung dch natri clorid 0,9% cn

nh lng cho vo bnh nh mc 100 mL. Thm nc va n
vch. Lc u.
Ly chnh xc 10,00 mL dung dch va pha long cho vo bnh nh mc

100 mL, thm 25,00 mL AgNO3 0,05 N (bng pipet chnh xc) v 1 mL
dung dch HNO3 c. Lc u. Thm nc ct n vch, lc u. lng,
lc qua 2 ln giy lc, nc lc phi trong. B 10 mL dch lc u.
Ly chnh xc 50,00 mL dch lc (bng pipet chnh xc) thm 5ml

dung dch HNO3 c v 5 mL ch th phn st amoni 10%.
Cho y dung dch KCNS 0,05 N ln trn buret v iu chnh kha

buret c dung dch n vch 0.
Error!
Dung dch KCNS 0,05N
Dch lc 50,00 mL
Dung dch HNO3 c 5mL
Dung dch phn st amoni 10% 5 mL
Hnh 8.1. B tr th nghim chun NaCl bng phng php Fonhard
KCNS 0,05N t buret xung bnh nn (lc u nhanh, gn im tng
ng cho t t tng git, na git), tay kia lc bnh nn. Chun ti khi
dung dch bnh nn xut hin mu hng. Ghi th tch KCNS 0,05N
dng.
Ghi ch: Nng ca KCNS, AgNO3, NaCl xp x bng nhau.
3.3. Tnh kt qu
Hm lng phn trm (kl/tt) ca NaCl trong dung dch cn nh lng

c tnh theo cng thc sau:
C %=
(V
Ag +
N Ag + 2 VSCN N SCN
1000 VCl
58,44 100
f
259
Trong :
- VAg+ l th tch dung dch AgNO3 0,05N, tnh bng mL, dng
( VAg+ = 25,00mL)
- N Ag + l nng ng lng dung dch AgNO3 0,05N, ( N Ag + = 0,0500)
- VSCN l th tch dung dch KSCN, tnh bng mL, dng chun
- N SCN l nng ng lng dung dch KSCN, xc nh mc 3.1.
- VCl l th tch dung dch NaCl, tnh bng mL, ly nh lng
( VCl = 10,00mL)
- f l h s pha long ca dung dch NaCl 0,9% f = 100
25
bi tp (bi 8)
8.1. Tnh nng dung dch NH4SCN, bit khi nh lng 10,00 mL
dung dch AgNO3 0,0513 N vi ch th phn st amoni th ht
10,30 mL dung dch NH4SCN.
8.2. Trnh by nguyn tc nh lng natri clorid theo phng php
Fonhard.
8.3. Trnh by cch tin hnh nh lng natri clorid theo phng
php Fonhard. Thit lp cng thc tnh hm lng phn trm
(kl/kl) ca natri clorid.
Khi chun Ag+ d bng dung dch NH4SCN vi ch th phn st
amoni, mu ca dung dch chuyn t mu:
A. Hng sang khng mu
B. Khng mu sang vng
C. Khng mu sang hng
D. Khng chuyn mu
8.5. Hy cho bit c th thay ch th phn st amoni bng dung dch

mui st II trong php nh lng natri clorid theo phng php
Fonhard c khng? Ti sao?
8.6. Tnh hm lng % (kl/kl) ca NaCl, bit khi nh lng 10,00 mL
dung dch NaCl theo phng php Fonhard (theo mc 3.2 trn)
ht 8,25 mL dung dch NH4SCN. Trong , nng dung dch
NH4SCN l 0,0485N v AgNO3 l 0,0502 N.
260
Bi 9
pha v xc nh nng dung dch kali

permanganat 0,1N
mc tiu
1. Trnh by c nguyn tc v phn ng nh lng kali permanganat.
2. Tnh c khi lng kali permanganat pha v pha c 100 mL dung dch
kali permanganat 0,1N.
3. Xc nh c nng dung dch kali permanganat 0,1N.
1. dng c - ha cht
Cn k thut
Buret
Cc c m
Phu thy tinh
a thy tinh
n cn
Dung dch gc acid oxalic 0,1000 N
Dung dch acid sulfuric 50%
2. pha dung dch kali permanganat 0,1 N
Kali permanganat (KMnO4) c khi lng phn t M = 158,05.
261
Kali permanganat dng tinh th hnh lng tr hoc bt mu tm

sm hoc gn nh en, c nh kim, khng mi. Tan trong nc lnh,
d tan trong nc si.
Kali permanganat khng tha mn tiu chun cht gc v KMnO4 l

cht oxy ha mnh, d b kh to thnh MnO2. Ta ch c th pha dung
dch KMnO4 nng xp x 0,1N t KMnO4. Nng dung dch
KMnO4 0,1N sau khi pha, c xc nh bng mt dung dch chun
khc c tnh kh bit nng .
Lng KMnO4 cn thit pha 100 mL dung dch KMnO4 c nng

xp x 0,1N c tnh nh sau:
+ Bit ng lng gam E ca KMnO4 bng 1/5 khi lng phn t
ca n v bng 31,61.
+ S gam KMnO4 cn cn l: m =
N E V 0,1 31,61 100

=
= 0,3161 (g )
1000
1000
Tin hnh pha dung dch KMnO4 0,1N:
Cn vo cc c m kh khong 0,32 g KMnO4 trn cn k thut.

Thm khong 20 mL nc ct vo cc KMnO4.
Va un nng va khuy trong khong 5 pht. ngui. Gn phn
dung dch pha trn vo cc chn.
Lp li ng tc ha tan nh trn 2 3 ln na. Tp trung dch trong

vo cc chn.
Thm nc ct vo cc chn va 100 mL. Khuy u.

3. nguyn tc nh lng bng permanganat
L phng php nh lng da vo kh nng oxy ha ca

permanganat.
Permanganat th hin kh nng oxy ha c trong mi trng acid,
trung tnh v kim, nhng mnh nht l trong mi trng acid. Mt khc,
sn phm oxy ha trong mi trng acid l Mn2+ khng mu, trong mi
trng trung tnh, kim l ta MnO2 c mu nu. V vy, ngi ta thng
xc nh nng KMnO4 trong mi trng acid.
Phng trnh phn ng nh lng permanganat bng cht kh l
acid oxalic trong mi trng acid mnh nh sau:
2KMnO4 + 5H2C2O4 + 3 H2SO4 = 2 MnSO4 + 10CO2 + K2SO4 + 8 H2O
262
Phn ng trao i in t:
5
C2O42- - 2e
= 2CO2
MnO4- + 5e + 8H+
= Mn2+
(Mu hng)
+ 4 H2 O
(Khng mu)
Trong thc t, ngi ta hay nh lng cc cht kh bng dung dch

KMnO4 trong mi trng acid, vi ch th l chnh dung dch chun KMnO4,
khi d MnO4- dung dch c mu hng.
4. nh lng dung dch kali permanganat 0,1N
4.1. Tin hnh nh lng

KMnO4 0,1N ln trn buret trng (lm 2 ln). Cho y dung dch
KMnO4 0,1N ln trn buret v iu chnh kha buret c dung dch
n vch 0.
Dng pipet chnh xc ly 10,00 mL dung dch C2H2O4 cho vo bnh

nn sch. Thm vo 5 mL dung dch H2SO4 50% v 50 mL nc ct.
un nng dung dch trong bnh nn n khong 70 80 oC trn bp

n cn.
Nhc bnh nn ra khi bp n cn v tin hnh chun ngay (Nh

tng git KMnO4 xung) cho ti khi c mu hng nht. Ghi th tch
KMnO4 dng.
Dung dch KMnO4 0,1N
Dung dch H2C2O4 10,00 mL

Dung dch H2SO4 50% 5 mL
Nc ct 50 mL
Hnh 9.1. B tr th nghim chun dung dch KMnO4 0,1N
Ghi ch: un nng ti khi dung dch si ln tn. Chun khi dung
dch nng nhm tng tc phn ng (Mn2+ l cht xc tc cho phn ng,
do lc u khi chun phn ng xy ra chm, sau khi c Mn2+ to
thnh, tc phn ng tng ln lm KMnO4 mt mu nhanh hn lc ban
u).
263
4.2. Tnh kt qu
Nng ng lng (NB) ca dung dch KMnO4 c tnh theo cng

thc sau:
NB =
Trong :
VA N A
VB
- VB l th tch dung dch KMnO4, tnh bng mL, dng

- NA l nng ng lng ca dung dch H2C2O4, (NA = 0,1000 N)
- VA l th tch dung dch H2C2O4, tnh bng ml, (VA = 10,00 mL)
bi tp (bi 9)
9.1. Pha ng k thut 100mL dung dch KMnO4 0,1N.
9.2. Trnh by nguyn tc nh lng dung dch KMnO4 0,1N bng
cht gc H2C2O4.
9.3. Trnh by cch tin hnh nh lng dung dch KMnO4 0,1N bng
dung dch gc H2C2O4 0,1N.
9.3. Thit lp cng thc tnh nng ng lng (N) ca dung dch
KMnO4 pha.
9.4. Hy cho bit ch th ca phng php o kali permanganat. Cch
pht hin im tng ng.
9.5. Tnh nng ng lng ca dung dch KMnO4, bit khi nh
lng 10,00mL dung dch H2C2O4 0,0986 N ht KMnO4 ht 9,70 mL.
264
Bi 10
nh lng dung dch nc oxy gi 3%
mc tiu
1. Trnh by c nguyn tc v phn ng nh lng dung dch nc oxy gi.
2. nh lng c dung dch nc oxy gi v tnh c hm lng phn trm
(kl/tt) ca dung dch nwc oxy gi .
1. dng c - ha cht
Cn k thut
Buret
Cc c m
Phu thy tinh
a thy tinh
Dung dch kali permanganat 0,1 N
Dung dch natri thiosulfat 0,1000 N
Dung dch acid sulfuric 10%
Dung dch kali iodid 10%
Dung dch ch th h tinh bt
2. xc nh nng ca dung dch kali permanganat 0,1 N
bi 9 trnh by cch xc nh nng ca dung dch KMnO4

dng cht kh l acid oxalic. Ngoi ra, cn c th xc nh nng ca
KMnO4 bng phng php o iod. Cho chnh xc mt lng KMnO4 phn
ng vi mt lng d KI trong mi trng acid (H2SO4) s to thnh mt
lng tng ng iod:
265
2KMnO4 + 10KI + 8H2SO4 = 2 MnSO4 + 5I2 + 6K2SO4 + 8 H2O

Sau nh lng iod gii phng ra bng dung dch Na2S2O3:
2 Na2S2O3 + I2 = 2 NaI + Na2S4O6
Qu trnh chun c tin hnh c th nh sau:

Na2S2O3 0,1N ln trn buret trng buret (lm 2 ln). Cho y dung
dch Na2S2O3 0,1N ln trn buret v iu chnh kha buret c dung
dch n vch 0.
Dng pipet chnh xc ly 10,00 mL dung dch KMnO4 cho vo bnh

nn sch. Thm vo 10 mL dung dch KI 10% v 10 mL dung dch
H2SO4 long. Dung dch s c mu nu .
Na2S2O3 0,1N t buret xung bnh nn, tay kia lc bnh nn. Chun
ti khi dung dch bnh nn chuyn sang mu vng. Thm vo bnh
nn 5 git ch th h tinh bt v nh dung dch Na2S2O3 0,1N t buret
xung ti khi dung dch chuyn sang khng mu. Ghi th tch dung
dch Na2S2O3 0,1N dng (VA).
Song song tin hnh mt mu trng: Tin hnh nh trn nhng thay
10,00 mL dung dch KMnO4 trong bnh nn bng 10,00 mL nc ct.
Th tch dung dch Na2S2O3 0,1N dng (V0).
Tnh h s hiu chnh (K) ca dung dch KMnO4 0,1N theo cng thc sau:
K=
(VA V0 ) N A
VB 0,1
Trong :
- VB l th tch dung dch KMnO4, tnh bng ml, dng (VB = 10,00 mL)
- NA l nng ng lng ca dung dch Na2S2O3, (NA = 0,1000 N)
- VA l th tch dung dch Na2S2O3, tnh bng mL, dng chun
dung dch KMnO4
- V0 l th tch dung dch Na2S2O3, tnh bng mL, dng chun
mu trng.
3. nguyn tc nh lng nc oxy gi
nh lng nc oxy gi bng permanganat l da vo phn ng oxy

ho kh gia permanganat v nc oxy gi, trong permanganat ng
vai tr cht oxy ha, cn nc oxy gi ng vai tr l cht kh.
266

2KMnO4 + 5H2O2 + 3H2SO4 = 2MnSO4 + 5O2 + K2SO4 + 8H2O
Phn ng trao i in t:
5
O22- - 2e
O2
MnO4- + 5e + 8H+
Mn2+
(Mu hng)
+ 4 H2 O
(Khng mu)
4. nh lng dung dch nc oxy gi 3%
4.1. Tin hnh nh lng

KMnO4 0,1N ln trn buret trng buret (lm 2 ln). Cho y dung
dch KMnO4 0,1N ln trn buret v iu chnh kha buret c dung
dch n vch 0.
Dng ng ong ly 20 mL nc ct cho vo bnh nn sch.

Dng pipet chnh xc (c bu) ly 1,00 mL dung dch H2O2 cho vo
bnh nn trn. Thm vo 20 mL dung dch H2SO4 10% (ly bng
ng ong).
Dung dch KMnO4 0,1N
Nc ct 20 mL
Dung dch H2O2 1,00 mL
Dung dch H2SO4 10% 20 mL
Hnh 10.1. B tr th nghim chun dung dch nc oxy gi 3%
KMnO4 0,1N t buret xung bnh nn, tay kia lc bnh nn. Chun ti
khi dung dch bnh nn chuyn sang mu hng nht. Ghi th tch dung
dch KMnO4 0,1N dng.
267
4.2. Tnh kt qu
Hm lng phn trm (kl/ tt) ca dung dch H2O2 c tnh theo cng
thc sau:
C% =
VC K 0,001701
100
V
Trong :
- VC l th tch dung dch KMnO4, tnh bng mL, dng chun
- K l h s hiu chnh ca dung dch KMnO4 ( xc nh mc 2)
- V l th tch dung dch H2O2, tnh bng mL, (V = 1,00 mL)
bi tp (bi 10)
10.1. Trnh by nguyn tc nh lng dung dch nc oxy gi bng
dung dch KMnO4 .
10.2. Trnh by cch tin hnh nh lng dung dch nc oxy gi 3%
bng dung dch KMnO4 0,1N. Thit lp cng thc tnh hm lng
phn trm (kl/tt) ca dung dch H2O2.
10.3. M t s chuyn mu ca dung dch trong nh lng (bnh nn)
trong qu trnh chun dung dch KMnO4 bng phng php
o iod mc 2.
10.4. Tnh h s hiu chnh K ca dung dch KMnO4 0,1N. Bit khi
nh lng 10,00 mL dung dch KMnO4 theo ch dn mc 2 th
ht 9,75 mL dung dch Na2S2O3 0,1018 N v th tch Na2S2O3
0,1018 N dng cho mu trng l 0,05 mL.
10.5. Trnh by cch tnh nng dung dch H2O2 theo th tch oxy.
10.6. Tnh hm lng % (kl/tt) ca dung dch H2O2, bit khi nh
lng 1,00 mL H2O2 th ht 18,00 mL dung dch KMnO4 0,1N c
h s hiu chnh K = 0,9872.
268
Bi 11
pha v xc nh nng dung dch

natri thiosulfat 0,1N
mc tiu
1. Trnh by c nguyn tc v phn ng nh lng natri thiosulfat.
2. Tnh c khi lng natri thiosulfat pha dung dch natri thiosulfat 0,1 N
v pha c 100 mL dung dch natri thiosulfat 0,1 N.
3. Xc nh c nng dung dch natri thiosulfat 0,1 N.
1. dng c - ha cht
Cn phn tch
Cn k thut
Buret
Cc c m
Phu thy tinh
a thy tinh
Cht gc kali dicromat (K2Cr2O7)
Dung dch acid hydrochloric c 50 %
Natri thiosulfat (Na2S2O3)
Natri carbonat (Na2CO3)
269
2. pha dung dch natri thiosulfat 0,1N
Natri thiosulfat (Na2S2O3) thng dng ngm nc (Na2S2O3.5H2O)

c khi lng phn t M = 248,2.
Natri thiosulfat dng tinh th khng mu, d tan trong nc.

Natri thiosulfat khng tha mn tiu chun cht gc v Na2S2O3.5H2O
d mt nc kt tinh nn thnh phn khng ng ng vi cng thc.
Ta ch c th pha dung dch Na2S2O3 nng xp x 0,1N t Na2S2O3.
5H2O. Nng dung dch Na2S2O3 0,1N sau khi pha, c xc nh
bng mt dung dch chun khc bit nng .
Lng Na2S2O3. 5H2O cn thit pha 100 mL dung dch KMnO4 c

nng xp x 0,1N c tnh nh sau:
+ Bit ng lng gam E ca Na2S2O3. 5H2O bng khi lng phn
t ca n v bng 248,2.
+ S gam Na2S2O3. 5H2O cn cn l:
m=
N E V 0,1 248,2 100

=
= 2,482 (g)
1000
1000
Tin hnh pha dung dch Na2S2O3 0,1N:
un si khong 120 mL nc ct v ngui. Nc ct ny dng

pha dung dch Na2S2O3
Cn khong 2,50 g Na2S2O3. 5H2O trn cn k thut v chuyn vo

cc chn.
Thm vo cc chn 0,01 g Na2CO3 v khong 50 mL nc ct va un

si ngui trn.
Dng a thy tinh khuy cho cc tinh th tan ht.

3. nguyn tc nh lng thiosulfat
L phng php nh lng da vo phn ng oxy ho kh gia

Na2S2O3 v iod, trong Na2S2O3 ng vai tr cht kh, cn iod ng vai
tr l cht oxy ha. Iod c th c to thnh t phn ng gia mt cht
oxy ha v iodid.
2Na2S2O3 + I2 = Na2S4O6 + 2NaI
Phn ng trao i in t:
2
S2O32- - 2e = S4O62I2 + 2e = 2I-
270
Iod c to thnh t phn ng gia kali iodid v kali dicromat trong

mi trng acid. Phn ng din ra nh sau:
K2Cr2O7 + 6KI+ 14HCl = 3I2 + 2CrCl3+ 8KCl + 7H2O
4. nh lng dung dch natri thiosulfat 0,1 N
4.1. Tin hnh nh lng

Na2S2O3 0,1 N ln trn buret trng buret (lm 2 ln). Cho y dung
dch Na2S2O3 0,1 N ln trn buret v iu chnh kha buret c
dung dch n vch 0.
Cn chnh xc khong 0,10 g K2Cr2O7 (dng cn phn tch) cho vo

bnh nn nt mi. Thm vo 50 mL nc ct. Lc n tan hon
ton. Thm vo 10 mL dung dch KI 20%, 5 mL dung dch HCl c.
y nt v yn ch ti trong 10 pht. Thm vo bnh nn 100 mL
nc ct.
Error!
Dung dch Na2S2O3 0,1 N
K2Cr2O7 0,10 g ha tan trong 50 mL nc ct

+ 10 mL dung dch KI 20%
+ 5 mL dung dch HCl c.
Hnh 11.1. B tr th nghim chun dung dch Na2S2O3 0,1N
Na2S2O3 t buret xung bnh nn, tay kia lc bnh nn. Chun ti khi
dung dch bnh nn chuyn t mu nu sang mu vng. Thm 5 git
dung dch ch th h tinh bt vo bnh nn v tip tc nh dung dch
Na2S2O3 t buret xung ti khi dung dch chuyn t mu xanh lam thnh
mu xanh lc. Ghi th tch dung dch Na2S2O3 dng.
4.2. Tnh kt qu
Nng ng lng (NB) ca dung dch Na2S2O3 c tnh theo cng

thc sau:
N=
a 1000
EV
271
Trong :
- V l th tch dung dch Na2S2O3, tnh bng mL, dng chun
- a l khi lng, tnh bng g, ca K2Cr2O7
- E l ng lng gam ca K2Cr2O7 (E = 49,03)
bi tp (bi 11)
11.1. Pha ng k thut 100 mL dung dch Na2S2O3 0,1N.
11.2. Hy cho bit iu kin ca phng php o iod.
11.3. Trnh by nguyn tc xc nh nng dung dch Na2S2O3 bng
cht gc K2Cr2O7.
11.4. Trnh by cch tin hnh nh lng dung dch Na2S2O3 0,1N
bng cht gc K2Cr2O7. Thit lp cng thc tnh nng ng
lng (N) ca dung dch Na2S2O3 0,1N pha.
trong qu trnh chun xc nh nng dung dch Na2S2O3
mc 4.1.
11.6. Tnh nng ng lng ca dung dch Na2S2O3, bit khi nh
lng 0,1085 g K2Cr2O7 ht 21,05 mL dung dch Na2S2O3.
272
Bi 12
nh lng dung dch glucose 5%
mc tiu
1. Trnh by c nguyn tc v phn ng nh lng dung dch glucose.
2. Tnh c khi lng iod pha dung dch iod 0,1 N v pha c 100 mL
dung dch iod 0,1 N.
3. nh lng c dung dch glucose v tnh c hm lng phn trm (kl/tt)
ca dung dch glucose .
1. dng c - ha cht
Cn phn tch
Cn k thut
Buret
Bnh nn nt mi dung tch 100 mL
Cc c m
Phu thy tinh
a thy tinh
Cht gc iod (I2)
Kali iodid (KI)
Dung dch natri hydroxyd 2 N
Dung dch acid sulfuric 4 N
Dung dch natri thiosulfat 0,1000 N
2. pha dung dch iod 0,1N
Iod (I2) thng hoa tinh khit tha mn yu cu ca mt cht gc.

273
ng lng gam E ca I2 bng 1/2 khi lng phn t ca n v bng

126,7.
Lng I2 cn thit pha 100 mL dung dch I2 c nng chnh xc

0,1N l:
m=
N E V 0,1 126,7 100

=
= 1,267 (g)
1000
1000
Tin hnh pha 100 mL dung dch I2 0,1N nh sau:
Cn khong 3,50 g KI vo chn cn c np mi. Thm vo 5 mL

nc. Khuy cho tan. y np. Cn chn cn trn cn phn tch c
khi lng a1 g.
Cn khong 1,27 g cht chun gc I2 vo mt knh ng h hoc cc c m.

Chuyn I2 vo chn cn trn v y np li. Sau , cn chn cn trn
cn phn tch c khi lng a2 g.
Khi lng I2 l: a2 - a1
Dng a thy tinh khuy k ha tan, chuyn dn hon ton dung

dch ny sang bnh nh mc dung tch 100 mL qua phu.
Trng chn cn v phu nhiu ln bng nc ct (khong 50 ml). B

phu ra.
Tnh nng thc (Nth) ca dung dch I2 pha c:
th
m Th
0,1
m LT
Trong :
- mTH l khi lng, tnh bng g, ca I2 cn c (mTH = a2 - a1)
- mLT l khi lng, tnh bng g, ca I2 va pha c 100,0 mL
dung dch I2 nng chnh xc 0,1N (mLT = 1,267 g).
3. nguyn tc nh lng glucose
Glucose c nh lng bng phng php iod theo phng php

chun ngc (tha tr): Cho mt lng I2 d chnh xc vo dung dch
glucose trong mi trng kim oxy ho glucose c nhm chc CHO
thnh acid gluconic theo phn ng sau:
274
I2 + 2NaOH = NaI + NaIO + H2O
(1)
CH2OH(CHOH)4CHO + NaIO = CH2OH(CHOH)4COOH + NaI
(2)
Sau khi hon thnh phn ng (2), acid ha mi trng bng H2SO4
cn bng (1) chuyn dch v pha tri, nh lng I2 d bng dung dch
Na2S2O3 bit nng theo phng trnh phn ng sau:
2Na2S2O3 + I2 = Na2S4O6 + 2NaI
4. nh lng dung dch glucose 5%
4.1. Tin hnh nh lng
Ly chnh xc 10,00 mL dung dch glucose cn nh lng cho vo

bnh nh mc 100 mL. Thm nc n vch. Lc u.
Dng pipet chnh xc ly 10,00 mL dung dch glucose pha long

cho vo bnh nn nt mi. Thm vo chnh xc 10,00 mL dung dch
I2. Thm t t 4 mL dung dch NaOH 2N. y np. Lc u. vo
ch ti 10 pht. Sau , thm 5 mL dung dch H2SO4 4 N.

Na2S2O3 0,1 N ln trn buret trng buret (lm 2 ln). Cho y dung
dch Na2S2O3 0,1 N ln trn buret v iu chnh kha buret c
dung dch n vch 0.
Dung dch Na2S2O3 0,1 N
Dung dch glucose 10,00 mL

Dung dch I2 10,00 mL
Dung dch NaOH 2N 4 mL
Dung dch H2SO4 4N 5 mL
Hnh 12.1. B tr th nghim chun dung dch glucose
Na2S2O3 t buret xung bnh nn, tay kia lc bnh nn. Chun ti khi
dung dch bnh nn chuyn t mu nu sang mu vng. Thm 5 git
dung dch ch th h tinh bt vo bnh nn v tip tc nh dung dch
Na2S2O3 t buret xung ti khi dung dch chuyn t mu xanh lam sang
khng mu. Ghi th tch dung dch Na2S2O3 dng.
275
4.2. Tnh kt qu
Hm lng phn trm (kl/tt) ca glucose trong dung dch cn nh

lng c tnh theo cng thc sau:
C% =
(VA N A VB N B ) E 100 f
1000 V
Trong :
- VA l th tch dung dch I2 0,1 N, tnh bng mL, dng (VA = 10,00mL)
- NA l nng ng lng dung dch I2, (NA = Nth) mc 2.
- VB l th tch dung dch Na2S2O3 0,1 N, tnh bng mL, dng chun
- NB l nng ng lng dung dch Na2S2O3 , (NB = 0,1000)
- E l ng lng gam ca glucose (E = 90,08)
- V l th tch dung dch glucose ly nh lng (V = 10,00 mL)
- f l h s pha long ca dung dch glucose 5% f = 100
10
bi tp (bi 12)
12.1. Pha ng k thut 100ml dung dch gc I2 0,1N.
12.2. Trnh by nguyn tc nh lng dung dch glucose bng phng
php o iod.
12.3. Trnh by cch tin hnh nh lng dung dch glucose 5% bng
phng php o iod.
12.4. Thit lp cng thc tnh hm lng phn trm (kl/tt) ca glucose.
trong qu trnh chun xc nh hm lng dung dch glucose
mc 4.1.
12.6. Tnh nng ng lng ca dung dch I2, bit dng 1,2635 g
Iod pha thnh va 100,0 mL dung dch.
276
Bi 13
pha v xc nh nng dung dch edta 0,05M
mc tiu
1. Trnh by c nguyn tc v phn ng nh lng EDTA.
2. Tnh c khi lng km pha dung dch km sulfat 0,05 M v pha c 100
mL dung dch km sulfat 0,05 M.
3. Xc nh c nng dung dch EDTA 0,05 M.
1. dng c - ha cht
Cn phn tch
Buret
Cc c m
Phu thy tinh
a thy tinh
Cc chn
Cht gc km (Zn)
Dung dch acid sufuric 10%
Dung dch m amoniac
Hn hp ch th en eriocrom T
2. pha dung dch complexon iii 0,05M
Complexon III (trilon B) l dinatri dihydro ethylen diamin

tetraacetat. Complexon III thng dng ngm nc v c cng thc
ha hc l C10H14N2O8Na2.2H2O vit tt l EDTA. Complexon III c
khi lng phn t l 372,2.
277
Complexon III dng tinh th khng mu, d tan trong nc.

Complexon
III khng tha mn tiu chun cht gc v

C10H14N2O8Na2.2H2O d mt nc kt tinh nn thnh phn khng ng
ng vi cng thc. Ta ch c th pha dung dch EDTA nng xp x
0,05M t C10H14N2O8Na2.2H2O. Nng dung dch EDTA sau khi pha,
c xc nh bng mt dung dch chun khc bit nng .
Lng C10H14N2O8Na2.2H2O cn thit pha 100 mL dung dch EDTA

c nng xp x 0,05M c tnh nh sau:
S gam C10H14N2O8Na2.2H2O cn cn l:
m=
CM M V
1000
0,05 372,2 100

= 1,861 (g)
1000
Tin hnh pha dung dch EDTA 0,05M:
Cn khong 1,86 g C10H14N2O8Na2.2H2O trn cn k thut v chuyn

vo cc chn.
Thm vo cc chn khong 50 mL nc ct v dng a thy tinh

khuy cho cc tinh th tan ht.

3. nguyn tc nh lng complexon
Da vo phn ng to phc gia EDTA v kim loi trong mi trng

m pH 9. Lc u dung dch c mu vang do phn ng ca Mg2+ vi ch
th (Hind2 ):
Zn2+ + Hind2
ZnInd + H+
( vang )
Khi nh EDTA (HY3 ) xung, Mg2+ t do s phn ng trc:

Zn2+ + HY3
ZnY2 + H+
Lc y mu ca dung dch vn khng b bin i. Gn im tng

ng, ta c s cnh tranh to phc:
HY3 + ZnInd
( vang )
ZnY2 + Hind2
(Xanh)
Kt thc chun khi mu chuyn t tm sang xanh ti hon ton

(mu ca ch th dng t do).
278
4. nh lng dung dch EDTA 0,05 M
4.1. Pha dung dch gc km sulfat 0,05 M
Km ht (Zn) tinh khit tha mn yu cu ca mt cht gc.

Khi lng phn t lng ca Zn bng 65,37.
Lng Zn cn thit pha 100 mL dung dch ZnSO4 c nng chnh
xc 0,05M l: m =
CM M V
1000
0,05 65,37 100

= 0,32685 (g)
1000
Tin hnh pha 100 mL dung dch ZnSO4 0,05 M nh sau:
Cn chnh xc khong 0,32 g Zn vo cc c m.
Thm vo Zn trong cc khong 5 mL dung dch H2SO4 10%. Lc cho

tan hon ton. Thm vo khong 20 mL nc ct.
Chuyn dung dch cc c m sang bnh nh mc dung tch 100 mL

qua phu.
Trng cc v phu nhiu ln bng nc ct (khong 50 mL). B phu ra.

Tnh nng thc (CM,th) ca dung dch ZnSO4 pha c:
CM,th =
m TH
0,05
m LT
Trong :
- mTH l khi lng, tnh bng g, ca Zn cn c
- mLT l khi lng, tnh bng g, ca Zn va pha c 100,0 mL
dung dch ZnSO4 nng chnh xc 0,05M (mLT = 0,32685 g).
4.2. Tin hnh nh lng
Ly chnh xc 10,00 mL dung dch ZnSO4 pha cho vo bnh nn

sch. Thm vo 5 mL dung dch m amoniac, khong 0,1 g hn
hp ch th en eriocrom T v 30 mL nc ct. Lc cho tan ht ch th.

EDTA ln trn buret trng buret (lm 2 ln). Cho y dung dch
EDTA ln trn buret v iu chnh kha buret c dung dch n
vch 0.
279
Error!
Dung dch EDTA 0,05M
10,00 mL dung dch ZnSO4 ,

Dung dch m amoniac 5 mL ,
Hn hp ch th en eriocrom T 0,1g Nc ct 30 mL
Hnh 13.1. B tr th nghim chun dung dch EDTA 0,05 M
EDTA t buret xung bnh nn, tay kia lc bnh nn. Chun ti khi
dung dch bnh nn chuyn t mu vang sang mu xanh ti hon
ton (khng cn nh tm). Ghi th tch dung dch EDTA dng.
4.3. Tnh kt qu
Nng mol/ L (CM,A) ca dung dch EDTA c tnh theo cng thc sau:
C VB
C M,A = M,B
VA
Trong :
VB l th tch dung dch gc ZnSO4, tnh bng mL, (VB = 10,00 mL)
CM,B l nng mol/ L ca dung dch ZnSO4, (CM,B = CM,th)
VA l th tch dung dch EDTA, tnh bng mL, dng chun .
Bi tp (bi 13)
13.1. Pha ng k thut 100 mL dung dch EDTA 0,05M v 100,0 mL
dung dch gc ZnSO4 0,05M.
13.2. Trnh by nguyn tc nh lng bng phng php complexon.
13.3. Trnh by cch tin hnh nh lng dung dch EDTA 0,05 M
dng dung dch gc ZnSO4 0,05 M.
13.4. Thit lp cng thc tnh nng mol/L (CM,A) ca dung dch EDTA.
trong qu trnh chun xc nh nng dung dch EDTA
mc 4.2.
13.6. Tnh nng CM ca dung dch EDTA, bit khi chun
10,00 mL dung dch ZnSO4 0,0525 M trong mi trng m
amoniac ht 10,55 mL dung dch EDTA.
280
Phn ph lc
Ph lc 1. Dng c thng thng bng s, thu tinh v mt
s my thng dng dng trong ho phn tch
Hnh 1. Pipt in t
Hnh 2. Pipt nh mc
Hnh 3
Hnh 4. Cc loi gi Pipt
Hnh 5. Qu bp cao su
dng ni pipt
Hnh 6. Cc loi ng trong nh mc
281
Hnh 7. Cc c chn dng trong nh mc
Hnh 8. Cc loi bnh nh mc pha dung dch
Hnh 9. Cc loi bu rt
Hnh 10. ng nghim thng v ng nghim cso chia vch
282
Hnh 11. Gi ng nghim
Hnh 12. Cc loi cc c m
Hnh 13. Knh cn mng cn
Hnh 14. Cc loi bnh cu y trn
283
Hnh 15. Bnh cu y bng
Hnh 16. Cc loi bnh nn
Hnh 17. Cc loi phu lc
Hnh 18. Cch gp giy lc nhiu np

ly dch lc
Hnh 19. Cch gp giy lc phng ly

cht kt ta
Hnh 20. Phu thy tinh t th lc
284
Hnh 21. Cc loi king v li un nng
Hnh 22. n cn
Hnh 23. Cc loi n gas
Hnh 24. Cc loi bp in
Hnh 25. Cc loi ni un cch thy
285
Hnh 26. Cc loi ng h o trong phng th nghim
Hnh 27. Cc loi knh bo him
Hnh 28. Cc loi knh lp thng
286
Hnh 29. Cc loi knh hin vi
Hnh 30
Hnh 30. Cc loi t ht
287
Hnh 31. Cc loi my iu nhit
Hnh 32. My ly tm
Hnh 33. Cc loi my o pH
288
Ph lc 2. Danh php cht v c theo Dc in Vit Nam
2.1. Cc n cht
2.1.1. Nguyn t
c tn quc t rt gn.
V d:
Ar
Argon
Cd
Cadmi
Iod
Ni
Nickel
As
Arsen
Ca
Calci
Li
Lithi
Nitrogen
Be
Beryli
Cl
Clor
Mg
Magnesi
Oxygen
Bi
Bismuth
Co
Cobalt
Mo
Molybden
Phosphor
Bor
Fluor
Na
Natri
Sulfur (lu hunh)
(Bng y xem Dc in Vit Nam).
Hoc c tn hon ton Vit ho.

V d:
Ag
Bc (Argentum)
Lu hunh (Sulfur)
Pt
Bch kim (Platinum)
Al
Nhm (Aluminium)
Pb
Ch (Plumbum)
Fe
St (Ferrum)
Cu
ng (Cuprum)
Sn
Thic (Stanium)
Zn
Km (Zincum)
Hg
Thy ngn (Hydragyrum, Mercurium)
Ni
Kn (Nickel)
Au
Vng (Aurum)
2.1.2. Dng th hnh

c theo tn ring.
V d:
Ozn (O3)
Phosphor , phosphor trng.
Than ch, kim cng
.
2.2. Cc hp cht
Lun c phn mang in tch dng trc, phn mang in tch m sau.
289
2.2.1. Oxyd
Theo quy nh: Tn nguyn t (s oxy ha) oxyd

V d:
FeO
st(II) oxyd
Fe2O3
st(III) oxyd
SO2 lu hunh(IV) oxyd

Nguyn t ch c mt trng thi oxy ha th khng cn ghi s oxy ha.
V d:
Al2O3
Nhm oxyd
CaO
Calci oxyd
Na2O
Natri oxyd
Tn ring:
CO2 (kh)
Carbonic, Anhydrid carbonic
CaO
Vi sng
SO2 (kh)
Sulfur
SO3
Anhydrid sulfuric
Dng tin t: Mono (1), di (2), tri (3), tetra (4), penta (5) ch s
nguyn t ca mi nguyn t.
V d:
CO2 Carbon dioxyd
P2O5 Diphosphor pentaoxyd
Ch : F2O khng phi l oxyd thng thng, vit ng l OF2 v c
l oxygen fluorid, mui oxygen ca acid HF.
2.2.2. Hydroxyd = H2O + Oxyd
a. Hydroxyd acid: E(OH)n l cc acid cha oxy, gi chung l oxoacid, E l
nguyn t mc oxy ha dng cao to tnh acid.
c theo hydroxyd: Tn nguyn t (s oxy ha) hydroxyd

V d:
C(OH)4
S(OH)6
P(OH)5
H2 O
H2 O
H2 O
H2CO3
Carbon(IV) hydroxyd
H2SO4
Lu hunh(VI) hydroxyd
H3PO4
Phosphor(V) hydroxyd
(cch gi ny t c s dng)
290
c theo quy nh chung:

+ Nguyn t ch c mt mc oxy ha (hay mt ha tr) to acid:
Acid Tn nguyn t + ic
V d:
H3BO3 acid boric
H2CO3 acid carbonic
+ Nguyn t c hai mc oxy ha (hay hai ha tr) to acid:
Mc oxy ha thp: Acid Tn nguyn t +
Mc oxy ha cao: Acid Tn nguyn t + ic
V d:
H3PO3 acid phosphor
H3PO4 acid phosphoric
H3AsO3 acid arsen
H3AsO4 acid arsenic
H2SnO2 acid stan
H2SnO3 acid stanic
+ Nguyn t c ba mc oxy ha (hay ba ha tr) to acid:

Mc oxy ha thp nht:
Acid Hypo + Tn nguyn t +
Mc oxy ha cao hn:
Acid Tn nguyn t +
Mc oxy ha cao nht:
V d:
H2SO2 acid hyposulfur (tn ring: acid sulfoxylic)
H2SO3 acid sulfur
H2SO4 acid sulfuric
+ Nguyn t c bn mc oxy ha (hay bn ha tr) to acid:
Mc oxy ha thp nht:
Acid Hypo + Tn nguyn t +
Mc oxy ha cao hn:
Acid Tn nguyn t +
Mc oxy ha cao hn na:
Mc oxy ha cao nht:
Acid Per + Tn nguyn t + ic
V d:
HClO acid hypoclor
HClO2 acid clor
HClO3 acid cloric
HClO4 acid percloric
291
Ch :
1. Tn nguyn t to acid phi c theo gc tn quc t.
2. Tip u per cn ch cc cht c lin kt O-O, nhiu oxy hn bnh
thng. V d:
BaO Bari oxyd
BaO2 Bari peroxyd
H2SO4 acid sulfuric H2SO5 acid persulfuric
H2O Hydro oxyd

O
H2O2 Hydro peroxyd

O-H
Ba
S
O
O-O-H ;
H
O
O
H
3. cng mt ha tr to acid, nu:

t nc hn: thm tip u meta
Nhiu nc hn: thm tip u ortho
V d:
HPO3 acid metaphosphoric;
H3PO4 acid orthophosphoric
HAlO2 acid metaaluminic;
H3AlO3 acid orthoaluminic
(Theo thi quen, t s dng tip u ng ortho nu acid va nc

dng bn, chng hn, H3PO4 ch c l acid phosphoric).
4. ng a acid l nhng acid m mi O2- c thay th bi gc acid
(c in tch tng ng) ca chnh acid .
c tn ng a acid: dng cc tin t di, tri, tetra, penta ch s
gc acid c trong phn t acid.
V d:
H2SO4 (acid sulfuric) H2SO3O2- H2SO3.SO4 H2S2O7 (acid
disulfuric). Nu thay 2O2- bng hai gc SO42-, to H2S3O10 (acid
trisulfuric). thay tip cc O2- c H2SnO3n+1 (acid polysulfuric).
Tng t, H2CrO4 (acid cromic) H2CrO3O2- H2CrO3CrO4
H2Cr2O7 (acid dicromic)
Hoc H3PO4 (acid phosphoric) H3PO3.O2- H3PO3.HPO42- H4P2O7

(acid diphosphoric) . Hn+2PnO3n+1 (acid polyphosphoric).
5. D a acid l nhng acid m mi O2- c thay th bi gc acid (c
in tch tng ng) ca mt acid khc.
292
c tn d a acid: Dng cc tin t di, tri, tetra, penta ch s

nguyn t ca nguyn t (mang ui O) mi thay vo trong gc, tn ca
acid ban u c gi nguyn.
V d:
H2CrO4 (acid cromic) H2CrO3.O2- H2CrO3.S2- H2SCrO3 (acid
sulfocromic)
H2SO4 (acid sulfuric) H2SO3.O2- H2SO3.S2- H2S2O3 (acid
thiosulfuric). Lu hunh (S) cn c l thio khi thay th O trong cc hp
cht khc.
H2CO3 (acid carbonic) H2CS3 (acid trithiocarbonic).
b. Hydroxyd base: R(OH)n
R l nguyn t hay mt gc c mc oxy ha dng thp to tnh base.
Theo quy nh: Tn nguyn t (s oxy ha) hydroxyd

V d:
Fe(OH)2
st(II) hydroxyd
Cr(OH)3
Crom(III) hydroxyd
NaOH
Natri hydroxyd
Ca(OH)2
Calci hydroxyd
NH4OH
Amoni hydroxyd
Tn ring: NaOH xt; KOH potat; NH4OH dung dch amoniac.

2.2.3. Mui ca oxoacid
Quy nh: Tn cation(s oxy ha) tn gc acid

Acid c ui gc acid c ui it
Acid c ui ic gc acid c ui at
v gi nguyn cc tip u ca acid (nu c) gc acid.
V d:
NaClO
Natri hypoclorit
Co2(SO4)3
Cobalt(III) sulfat
Ca(ClO2)2
Calci clorit
Na2S2O3
Natri thiosulfat
KClO3
Kali clorat
KNO2
Kali nitrit
NH4IO3
Amoni iodat
NaNO3
Natri nitrat
Mg(ClO4)2
Magnesi perclorat
K2CrO4
Kali cromat
293
Fe(BrO4)3
St(III) perbromat
K2Cr2O7
Kali dicromat
KMnO4
Kali permanganat
K3AsO3
Kali arsenit
Na3AsO4
Natri arsenat
Nu acid to nhiu mui, c th c theo cc cch truyn thng.

V d:
NaHCO3 Natri hydrocarbonat hoc Natri bicarbonat
KH2PO4 Kali dihydrophosphat hoc Monokali phosphat
K2HPO4 Kali monohydrophosphat hoc Dikali phosphat
K3PO4 Kali phosphat hoc Trikali phosphat
Mui base: nhm OH- c l hydroxy

V d:
Bi(OH)2NO3 Bismuth dihydroxy nitrat
Nu cc nhm OH mt nc, cation to thnh mang ui yl.
V d:
H 2O
Bi(OH)2NO3
BiONO3 Bismuthyl nitrat
H 2O
Sb(OH)2Cl
SbOCl Stibyl clorid (Antimonyl clorid)
2 H 2O
V(OH)4NO3
VO2NO3 Vanadyl nitrat

(VO2)2SO4 Vanadyl sulfat
H 2O
C(OH)2Cl2
COCl2 Carbonyl clorid (Phosgen)
H 2O
N(OH)2Cl
NOCl Nitrosyl clorid

2 H 2O
U(OH)4(CH3COO)2
UO (CH COO)
2
Uranyl acetat
NaZn(UO2)3(CH3COO)9 Km natri uranyl acetat

2.2.4. Acid khng c oxy v mui ca chng
Theo quy nh: Acid hydro + tn nguyn t hoc tn nhm gc + ic
294
V d:
HF
acid hydrofluoric
H2 S
acid hydrosulfuric
(dng ngn: acid hydrosulfic)
HCl
acid hydrocloric
HCN
acid hydrocyanic
HBr
acid hydrobromic
HSCN
acid hydrosulfocyanic
HI
acid hydroiodic
H3 N
acid hydronitrogenic
(dng ngn: acid hydronitric)
Mui: Tn cation (s oxy ha) tn nguyn t hoc tn nhm gc + id

(Ch : B tip u hydro, ch gi tn nguyn t hoc tn nhm gc
to acid v thm ui id).
V d:
FeCl3
St(III) clorid
Ca(CN)2
Calci cyanid
Na2S
Natri sulfid
(NH4)2S
Amoni sulfid
KSCN
Kali sulfocyanid
OF2
Oxygen fluorid
AlN
Nhm nitrid
Nu cc acid dng kh, c tn nh mt mui ca cation H+.

V d:
HCl
Hydro clorid
H2 S
Hydro sulfid
HCN
Hydro cyanid
Ch : ng nhm natri clorid (NaCl) vi natri clorit (NaClO2); hoc

Natri sulfid (Na2S) vi Natri sulfit (Na2SO3)
2.2.5. Phc cht v c
Vn theo nguyn tc ion dng c trc, ion m c sau.
a) Phc cation (cu ni l ion dng):
Trnh t c: [cu ni] cu ngoi
[cu ni]: tn ion trung tm (s oxy ha) + s phi t + tn phi t + o
cu ngoi: Tn anion
Ch gii:
Cc thnh phn trong cu ni c vit lin nhau. Ch c mt ch

trng duy nht gia cation (cu ni) v anion (cu ngoi).
295
S phi t c ch ra nh cc tin t: mono (1), t dng/ di (2)/tri

(3)/tetra (4)/penta (5)/hexa (6)/
Cc phi t trong cu ni sp xp theo vn alphabet, phi t trung

ho vit trc phi t anion.
Tn cc phi t: nu l anion ui id th b ui id thay bng o; cc

anion khc thm o.
V d:
FCl
BrI
Fluoro
CN2-
Cyano
Cloro
CO3
Bromo
SO42-
Sulfato
Nitrito
Iodo
NO2
Carbonato
Mt s ngoi l hoc c tn ring:

NH3
Amino
CO
Carbonyl
OH-
Hydroxo
NO
Nitrosyl
H2 O
Aquo (hay aqua)
Tn ion trung tm c trc phi t v km theo s La M ch s

oxy ha (trong du ngoc n).
V d:
[Cu(H2O)4]SO4 ng(II)tetraaquo sulfat
[Co(NH3)2Cl2]Cl Cobalt(III)diaminodicloro clorid
[Ag(NH3)2]Br Bcdiamino bromid
[Cr(H2O)6](NO3)3 Crom(III)hexaaquo nitrat
b. Phc anion (cu ni l ion m)
Trnh t c: Cu ngoi [cu ni]
Cu ngoi: Tn ion dng
[Cu ni]: S phi t + tn phi t + tn ion trung tm + at (s oxy ha)
Cch c v vit thnh phn ca cu ni ging nh phc cation pha
trn; ring ion trung tm c sau cng c thm ui at v s oxy ha (trong
du ngoc n).
V d:
K4[Fe(CN)6] Kali hexacyanoferat(II) (tn ring: kali ferocyanid)
K3[Fe(CN)6] Kali hexacyanoferat(III) (tn ring: kali fericyanid)
K2[HgI4] Kali tetraiodomercurat(II)
296
(NH4)2[Co(NH3)2Cl4] Amoni diaminotetraclorocobaltat(II)

c. Phc hn hp:
c theo cc quy nh chung nu trn.
V d:
[Co(NH3)6][FeCl4]3 Cobalt(III)hexaamino tetracloroferat(III)
d. Phc khng mang in tch:
c nh phc anion nhng ion trung tm khng thm ui at v s oxy
ha. Cc thnh phn ca phc c vit lin nhau thnh mt t khng c ch
trng.
V d:
[Pt(NH3)2Cl2] Diaminodicloroplatin
[Co(NH3)3Cl3] Triaminotriclorocobalt
297
Ph lc 3. Bng nguyn t lng cc nguyn t
Theo ti liu ca Lin on quc t v ha hc thun tu v ng dng

xut bn nm 1989 (Pure App.Chem.1991,63,978.)
Tn nguyn t
K hiu
Nguyn t s
Argon
Ar
18
39,948
Arsen
As
33
74,9216
Bc (Argentum)
Ag
47
107,8682
Bari
Ba
56
137,327
Beryli
Be
9,0122
Bismuth
Bi
83
208,9804
Bor
10,811
Brom
Br
35
79,904
Cadmi
Cd
48
112,411
Cesi
Cs
55
132,9054
Calci
Ca
20
40,078
Carbon
12,011
Ceri
Ce
58
140,115
Ch (Plumbum)
Pb
82
207,2
Clor
Cl
17
35,4527
Crom
Cr
24
51,9961
Cobalt
Co
27
58,9332
ng (Cuprum)
Cu
29
63,546
Dysprosi
Dy
66
162,50
Erbi
Er
68
167,26
Europi
Eu
63
151,965
18,9984
Gadolini
Gd
64
157,25
Gali
Ga
31
69,723
Germani
Ge
32
72,61
Hafni
Hf
72
178,49
Heli
He
4,0026
Holmi
Ho
67
163,9303
Hydrogen
1,0079
Flour
298
Nguyn t lng
Tn nguyn t
K hiu
Nguyn t s
Nguyn t lng
Indi
In
49
114,82
Iod
53
126,9045
Iridi
Ir
77
192,22
Kali
19
39,0983
Km (Zincum)
Zn
30
65,39
Krypton
Kr
36
83,80
Lanthan
La
57
138,9055
Lithi
Li
6,941
Luteti
Lu
71
174,967
Lu hunh (Sulfur)
16
32,066
Magnesi
Mg
12
24,3050
Mangan
Mn
25
54,9381
Molybden
Mo
42
95,94
Natri
Na
11
22,9898
Neodymi
Nd
60
144,24
Neo
Ne
10
20,1797
Nhm (Aluminium)
Al
13
26,9815
Nickel (Niccolum)
Ni
28
58,6934
Niobi
Nb
41
92,9064
Nitrogen
14,0067
Osmi
Os
76
190,2
Oxygen
15,9994
Paladi
Pd
46
106,42
Phosphor
15
30,9738
Platin
Pt
78
195,08
Prasodymi
Pr
59
140,9077
Rheni
Re
75
186,207
Rhodi
Rh
45
102,9055
Rubidi
Rb
37
85,4678
Rutheni
Ru
44
101,07
Samari
Sm
62
150,36
St (Iron)
Fe
26
55,847
Scandi
Sc
21
44,9559
Selen
Se
34
78,96
299
Tn nguyn t
300
K hiu
Nguyn t s
Nguyn t lng
Silic (Silicium)
Si
14
28,0855
Stibi (Stibium)
Sb
51
121,757
Stronti
Sr
38
87,62
Tantal
Ta
73
180,9479
Techneti
Tc
43
(97)
Telur
Te
52
127,60
Terbi
Tb
65
158,9253
Thali
Tl
81
204,3833
Thic (Stanium)
Sn
50
118,70
Thori
Th
90
232,0381
Thuli
Tm
69
168,9342
Thy ngn (Hydragyrum)
Hg
80
200,59
Titan
Ti
22
47,88
uran
92
238,0289
Vanadi
23
50,9415
Vng (Aurum)
Au
79
196,9665
Wolfram
74
183,85
Xenon
Xe
54
131,29
Yterbi
Yb
70
173,04
Ytri
39
88,9059
Zirconi
Zn
40
91,224
Ph lc 4. Hng s in ly ca cc acid v base

ACID
K1
Acetic
1,75. 105
Arsenic
6,0. 103
K2
K3
1,05. 107
3,0. 1012
Benzoic
6,14. 10
Boric
5,83. 1010
Carbonic
4,45. 107
4,7. 1011
Cloracetic
1,36. 10
Citric
7,45. 104
Formic
1,77. 104
Fumaric
9,6. 104
Iodic
1,7. 101
Lactic
1,37. 104
Malic
4,0. 104
8,9. 106
Maleic
1,2. 102
5,96. 107
Malonic
1,40. 103
2,01. 106
5,42. 105
1,73. 105
4,1. 105
Oxalic
5,36. 10
Phenic
1,00. 1010
Phosphoric
7,11. 103
6,34. 108
0-Phthalic
1,12. 10
3,91. 10
5,1. 10
Pyruvic
3,24. 103
Salicylic
1,05. 103
Succinic
6,21. 105
2,32. 106
Tartric
9,2. 104
4,31. 105
BASE
Amoniac
Anilin
1- Butylamin
Dimethylamin
Ethanolamin
Ethylamin
Ethylendiamin
Hydrazin
Hydroxylamin
Methylamin
Piperidin
Pyridin
Trimethylamin
4,2. 1013
Picric
Tricloracetic
4,02. 107
1,29. 10
Hng s phn ly
1,76. 105
3,94. 1010
4,0. 104
5,9. 104
3,18. 105
4,28. 104
K1 = 8,5. 105
K2 = 7,1. 108
1,3. 106
1,07. 108
4,8. 104
1,3. 103
1,7. 109
6,25. 105
301
Ph lc 5. th oxy ha kh chun (Eo)
( 25oC) (k = kh, l = lng, r = rn)

Nguyn t
Ag
As
Bi
Br
Ag+
+e
Ag (r)
+ 0,80
As(r) + 3H+
+ 3e
AsH3
0,54
AsO43 + 2H+
+ 2e
AsO33 + H2O
+ 0,559
Bi3+
+ 3e
Bi (r)
+ 0,39
NaBiO3 + 4H+
+ 2e
BiO+ + Na+ + 2H2O
+ 1,8
BiO+ + 2H+
+ 3e
Bi (r) + H2O
+ 0,320
Br2 (l)
+ 2e
2Br
+ 1,07
BrO3 + 6H+
+ 6e
Br + 3H2O
+ 1,44
Ce4+
+e
Ce3+
+ 1,71
Cl2 (k)
+ 2e
2Cl
+ 1,36
2HClO + 2H+
+ 2e
Cl2 + 2H2O
+ 1,63
ClO3 +6H+
+ 5e
0,5 Cl2 + 3H2O
+ 1,47
ClO4 + 8H+
+ 8e
Cl + 4H2O
+ 1,35
Cr 2+
+ 2e
Cr (r)
0,56
CrO2 + 2H2O
+ 3e
Cr (r) + 4OH
1,2
Cr3+
+ 3e
Cr 2+
0,41
+ 3e
Cr (r)
0,744
Ce
Cl
Eo (V)
Cp oxy ha kh
Cr
Cr
3+
3+
Cr2O7 + 14H+
+ 6e
2 Cr +7H2O
+ 1,36
CrO42 + 2H2O
+ 3e
CrO2 + 4OH
0,12
Cu 2+
+ 2e
Cu (r)
Cu
2+
+e
Cu
Cu
Cu2O + 2OH + H2O
0,09
+e
CuI (r)
+ 0,86
Fe2+
+ 2e
Fe (r)
0,440
Fe3+
+e
Fe2+
Cu2+ + I
Fe (OH)3 (r)
2
FeO4 + 4H2O
302
+ 0,153
+ 2e
2 Cu(OH)2
Fe
+ 0,337
+e
+ 3e
+ 0,771
Fe(OH)2 (r) + OH
Fe(OH)3 + 5OH
0,65
+ 0,60
Nguyn t
Hg
Mn
FeO42 + 8H+
+ 3e
Fe3+ + 4H2O
+ 1,9
Fe(CN)63
+e
Fe(CN)64
+ 0,36
2H+
+ 2e
H2
+ 0,00
H2O2 + 2H+
+ 2e
2H2O
+ 1,80
2H+ +O2
+ 2e
H 2 O2
+ 0,68
Hg22+
+ 2e
2 Hg (l)
+ 0,788
Hg2+
+ 2e
Hg (l)
+ 0,854
2Hg2+
+ 2e
Hg22+
+ 0,920
I2
+ 2e
2 I
+ 0,536
2HIO +2H+
+ 2e
I2 +2H2O
+ 1,45
HIO + H+
+ 2e
I +H2O
+ 1,00
IO3 + 6H+
+ 5e
0,5I2 + 3H2O
+ 1,178
IO3 + 2Cl + 6H+
+ 4e
ICl2 + 3H2O
+ 1,24
Mn2+
+ 2e
Mn (r)
1,180
Mn3+
+e
Mn2+
1,51
Mn4+
+ 2e
Mn2+
+ 1,57
MnO2 (r)+4H+
+ 2e
Mn2+ + 2H2O
+ 1,23
MnO4 + 8H+
+ 5e
Mn2+ + 4H2O
+ 1,51
MnO4 + 4H+
+ 3e
MnO2 + 2H2O
+ 1,695
MnO4
+e
MnO42
+ 0,564
HNO2 + H+
+e
NO (k) + H2O
+ 0,99
2HNO2 + 6H+
+ 6e
N2 (k) + 4H2O
+ 1,45
NO3 + 3H+
+ 2e
HNO2 + H2O
+ 0,93
NO3 + 2H+
+e
NO2 + H2O
+ 0,81
NO3 + 4H+
+ 3e
NO (k) + 2H2O
+ 0,85
2NO3 + 12H+
+ 10e
N2 + 6H2O
+ 1,24
+ 8e
NH4OH+ 2OH
+ 0,12
+ 2e
Pb (r)
0,126
PbO2 (r) + 4H+
+ 2e
Pb2+ + 2H2O
+ 1,455
PbSO4 (r)
+ 2e
Pb (r) + SO42
0,350
NO3 + 7H+
Pb2+
Pb
Eo (V)
Cp oxy ha kh
303
Nguyn t
0,55
S (r)
+ 2e
S (r) + H2O
+ 2e
HS + OH
0,51
+ 2e
H2S
+ 0,17
S2 2
+ 2e
2S
S4 O 6 2
+ 2e
2S2O32
+ 0,08
SO42 + 4H+
+ 2e
H2SO3 +H2O
+ 0,60
S2 O 8 2
+ 2e
2SO42
+ 1,1
S2 O 8 2
+ 2e
2SO42 c mt Ag+
+ 1,98
Sn2+
+ 2e
Sn (r)
0,136
S + 2H+
S
Eo (V)
Cp oxy ha kh
0,51
Sn
Sn
4+
Zn
Zn
2+
ZnO2 + 2H2O
304
2+
+ 2e
Sn
+ 0,154
+ 2e
Zn (r)
0,763
+ 2e
Zn (r) + 3H2O
1,22
Ph lc 6. tch s tan ca mt s cht t tan ( 25oC)
Nguyn t
Tn cht
Tch s tan
Bc arsenat
1. 1022
Bc bromid
5,2. 1013
Bc carbonat
8,1. 1012
Bc chlorid
1,82. 1010
Bc cromat
1,1. 1012
Bc cyanid
7,2. 1011
Bc iodat
3,0. 108
Bc iodid
8,3. 1017
Bc oxalat
3,5. 1011
Bc sulfid
6. 1050
Al
Nhm hydroxyd
2. 1032
Ba
Bari carbonat
5,1. 109
Bari cromat
1,2. 1010
Bari iodat
1,57. 109
Bari manganat
2,5. 1010
Bari oxalat
2,3. 108
Bari sulfat
1,3. 1010
Bismutyl clorid
7. 109
Bismutyl hydroxyd
4. 1010
Calci carbonat
4,8. 109
Calci fluorid
4,9. 1011
Calci oxalat
2,3. 109
Calci sulfat
2,6. 105
St (II) sulfid
6.108
St (II) hydroxyd
8. 1016
St (III) hydroxyd
4. 1038
Thy ngn (I) bromid
5,8. 1023
Thy ngn (I) clorid
1,3. 1018
Thy ngn (I) iodid
4,5. 1029
Ag
Bi
Ca
Fe
Hg
305
Nguyn t
Mg
Mn
Pb
Sr
Zn
306
Tn cht
Tch s tan
Magnesi amon phosphat
3. 1013
Magnesi carbonat
1. 105
Magnesi hydroxyd
1,8. 1011
Magnesi oxalat
8,6. 105
Mangan (II) hydroxyd
1,9. 1013
Mangan (II) sulfid
3. 1013
Ch carbonat
3,3. 1014
Ch clorid
1,6. 105
Ch cromat
1,8. 1014
Ch hydroxyd
2,5. 1016
Ch iodid
7,1. 109
Ch oxalat
4,8. 1010
Ch sulfat
1,6. 108
Ch sulfid
7. 1028
Stronti oxalat
5,6. 108
Stronti sulfat
3,2. 107
Km hydroxyd
1,2. 1017
Km oxalat
7,5. 109
Km sulfid
4,5. 1024
Ph lc 7. Hng s to phc
7.1. Phi t v c
Phi t
NH3
Cation
logK1
Ag+
2,1
1,4
0,9
0,3
1,7
Co2+
2,1
1,6
1,0
0,8
0,2
0,6
2+
4,3
3,7
3,0
2,3
0,5
2,8
2,2
1,7
1,2
2,4
2,4
2,5
2,1
2+
Ag+
AgBr(r) + Br
AgBr2 + Br
9,0
Pb
2+
1,2
Ag
AgCl(r) + Cl
Bi3+
Cd
2+
Cu
Cu + 2Cl
1,4
0,4
0,4
0,4
0,0
1,5
0,6
Hg2+
6,7
6,5
2+
1,6
2+
Sn2+
1,1
Ag
Cd2+
Hg
2+
0,9
Pb + 3Cl
0,6
Ag + 2CN
PbCl3
Ag(CN)2
4,6
18,0
16,7
3,8
Al
3+
6,1
5,0
3,8
5,3
4,0
2,8
8,9
Cd2+
2,3
Cu2+
6,5
Fe
2+
log K1K2K3 = 1,7
0,0
5,1
0,5
1,0
5,5
3+
log K3 = 0,0
0,4
Ni2+ + 4CN
Al
log Ks2 = 4,7
1,0
Ni
Fe
1,3
logK1K2 = 4,9
2+
3+
lgK3 = 0,7
CuCl2
3+
Pb
OH
1,5
AgCl3
0,0
lgK2 = 4,7
AgCl2
2,0
Fe2+
Fe
2,4
AgBr3
1,4
0,8
AgBr2
8,3
AgCl2 + Cl
Hg2+
CN
logK6
2,6
Zn
logK5
3,8
Ni2+
Cl
logK4
3,3
Cu
logK3
2+
Cd
Br
logK2
Ni(CN)4
Al(OH)3(r) + OH
logK1K2 = 21,1
3,6
3,0
logK1K2K3K4 = 22
2,7
1,6
0,5
Al(OH)4 log Kr4 = 1,0
3,9
307
Phi t
Cation
11,1
Hg2+
10,3
Fe
OH
2+
Ni
logK1
3+
logK2
logK3
10,7
6,2 Pb(OH)2(r)+ OH
Pb(OH)3 logKr3 = 1,3
Zn2+
4,4 Zn(OH)2 (r)+ 2OH
Zn(OH)2-4 log Kr4 = 0,9
Cd2+
2,4
Pb
1,6
CuI (r)+ I
12,9
2+
1,3
1,0
CuI2
Ag
1,1
log Kr2 = 3,1
11,0
3,8
PbI2 (r) + I
PbI3 + I
AgSCN(r) + SCN
PbI3
2,3
log Kr 3 = 4,7
PbI42
Ag(SCN)2
log K4 = 3,8
logKr2 = 7,2
Cd2+
1,0
0,7
0,6
1,0
2+
2,3
0,7
0,7
0,0
Co
CuSCN(r)+ SCN
Cu2+
Fe
3+
2,1
2+
log K1K2 = 17,3
Hg
Ni2+
Cu(SCN)2
log Kr2 = 3,4
1,3
1,2
2,7
0,5
1,8
0,2
7.2. Phi t hu c
( n4)
])
Cc complexonat (lg K MY = [MY
n+
4
[M ][. Y ]
ion
lgKMY
ion
lgKMY
ion
lgKMY
Fe3+
25,1
Zn2+
16,30
Ca2+
10,7
4+
23,2
Cd
2+
Hg2+
21,8
Al3+
18,0
2+
Th
Pb
308
2+
logK6
4,6
Hg2+
SCN
logK5
Pb2+
Cu
logK4
Fe
16,4
Mg
2+
8,7
16,1
Ba2+
7,8
14,3
7,3
Ag
gii p bi tp
Phn 1. L thuyt phn tch nh tnh
Bi 1
1.1.
CO; 43 kg C/100 kg CO; 43 g C/100 g CO; 43 v-12C/100 v-12C)
1.2.
a)
1.3.
27,7% Mg; 23,6% P; 48,7% O
1.4.
a) % H = 7,74%; %C = 92,26% C
b) % H = 7,74%; %C = 92,26% C
c) % H v %C trong 2 cht l nh nhau, v chng c cng
cng thc thc nghim CH.
d) Khi lng phn t (78 v 26 v-12C))
1.5.
5,42.1024
1.6.
a) FeS;
b) FeS2;
1.8.
a) 13,7 L;
b) 28,0L
1.9.
a) 0,1251 E/L = 0,1251N; b) 0,500N
1.10.
a) 2E;
1.11.
0,600N
1.12.
375 mL
1.13.
20 mL
1.14.
1,59 N
1.15.
0,584M
1.16.
a) 4;
1.17.
a) 3,95 g KMnO4;
1.18.
a) +5;
b) +4/3;
c) +7;
d) +6;
e) +5;
f) +6;
g) +5;
h) +2;
i) C: +4;
s: -2;
j) +2,5;
k) Cl: -1 ;
S: +1)
1-20.
b) 0,5E;
c) Fe2S3
c) 0,1E
b) 3
b) 1,59g KI
a) Ln lt cc trng t tri sang phi, t trn xung di:

2.10-11;
3,3
10,7
309
3,3.10-10
9,48
4,52
10-6
10-8
10-2
10-12
b) Ch dung dch 2)
1.21.
a) 3
b) 11
1.22.
a) pH = 2,46
pOH = 11,5
b) pH = 3,11
pOH = 10,8
c) pH = 2,05
pOH = 11,95
1.23.
pH = 13,00
1.24.
a) [H3O+] = 10-4
c) [H3O+] = 3,2.10-3 ;
c) 11,3
b) [H3O+] = 10-7
d) [H3O+] = 5,5.10-9
1.25.
TAgCl = 1,0.10-1
1.26.
1,4.10-4 M
1.27.
pH = 10,45
1.28.
5.10-10
1.29.
TPbSO 4 = 1,6.10-8
1.30.
TAg 2CrO 4 = 9,3.10-12
1.31.
1,0.10-18 M
1.32.
5.10-10M
1.33.
TFe ( OH )2 = 3.10-14
1.34.
a) 0,35g
b) 3,2.10-4g (0,32mg)
1.35.
a) Ca[ZnF4]2-
b) [Pt4+(NH3)5Cl]3+Cl3
b) Na4[Fe2+(CN)6]4-
d) K3[Fe3+(CN)6]3-
1.36.
a) Calci tetrafluorozincat
b) Platin(IV)pentaaminomonocloro clorid
c) Natri hexacyanoferat(II)
d) Kali hexacyanoferat(III)
Bi 2
310
d) 7
2-1.
a) C
b) A
c) B
d) B
2-2.
a) S
b)
c)
d) S
e)
f)
g)
c) 0,15g
Bi 3
3.2.
3)
3.3.
Ring tan ca PbCl2 tng nhiu theo nhit
3.4.
PbCl2, v theo 3-3.
3.5.
gim s ha tan ta clorid, c bit l ta PbCl2
Bi 5
5.3.
3)
Bi 7
7.2.
V sn phm ca phn ng u l cht khng tan (S), bay hi

(NO) hoc khng in ly (HgCl2, H2O) nn cn bng chuyn
mnh sang phi.
Dung dch cng thy to ra clor nguyn t oxy ha d dng
S2- trong HgS:
3HCl + HNO3 3Cl + NO + 2H2O
v
2Cl + HgS S + HgCl2
Bi 9
9.2.
1)
9.3.
Khng c, v khng c trng ring
9.4.
1)
9.5.
1)
9.6.
1)
9.7.
V d Cl2 th I2 HIO3 khng mu; cn Br- b oxy ha tip to

thm nhiu Br2 c mu trong nc hoc trong cloroform
Bi 10
10.2.
1) V gii phng kh CO2 lm c nc vi trong, li khng

phn ng vi dung dch KMnO4 + H2SO4 (nh kh SO2)
10.3.
3)
10.4.
1)
311
Phn 3. L thuyt phn tch nh lng
Bi 2
2.8:
21,22%
2.9:
15,88% CaCl2 v 84,12% Ca(NO3)2)
Bi 3
3.6:
31,52 g
3.7:
118,2 mL
3.8:
27,7 mL
3.9:
2,6500 g
3.10:
4,768 g
3.11:
7,302 g H4Y v 2 g NaOH
3.12:
K = 1,083
Bi 4
4.8:
K = 0,9879 v NHCl = 0,0977
4.9:
6,908 g/L
4.10:
0,1201N
4.11:
0,29 %
4.12:
0,0784 N
Bi 5
5.6:
0,07969 N
5.7:
2,78
5.8:
8,87
5.9:
4,312 g/L
5.10:
0,00546 M
5.11:
NaOH 0,010 M v Na2CO3 0,02 M
5.12:
1,836 g NH3
5.13:
6,576 g/L
Bi 6
312
6.7:
0,1025 N
6.8:
0,698 L
6.9:
0,1664 g
6.10:
4,8718 g/L
6.11:
42,35 g/L
Bi 7
7.7:
8,30 g/L
7.8:
70,68% KBr v 29,32% KCl
7.9:
pH 2:
7.17:
0,0288 M
7.18:
4,76 c
7.19:
0,125 N
7.20:
8,8186 g SO42-/L
Phn 4. Thc hnh phn tch nh lng
Bi 3
Bi 8
3.6:
8. 1:
0,0498 N
3.7:
0,1068 N
8. 4:
8. 6:
0,2658 %
9. 6:
0,1016 N
Bi 4
Bi 9
4. 5:
4. 6:
0,0900 N
Bi 5
Bi 10
5. 5:
10. 4: 0,9875
5. 6:
0,1018 N
10.6: 3,02 %
Bi 6
Bi 11
6. 4:
0,9859
6. 5:
98,84 %
Bi 7
11. 6: 0,1051 N
Bi 12
7. 5:
0,9918
7. 6:
98,23 %
12.6: 0,0997 N
Bi 13
13. 6: 0,0997 N
313
Ti liu tham kho

1.
B Y t (2002). Dc in Vit Nam III. NXB Y hc. H Ni.
2.
B mn Ha i cng - V c (2004 - 2006), L thuyt Ha i cng

- V c, quyn I, II, III. Trng i hc Dc H Ni.
3.
B mn Ha phn tch - Trng i hc Dc H Ni (2005), Ha

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B Y t

PGS. TSKH. L Thnh Phc

PGS. TSKH L Thnh Phc

TS. Nguyn Mnh Pha

Bn quyn thuc B Y t (V Khoa hc v o to)

Phn I. L thuyt phn tch nh tnh

Bi 1: Mt s nh lut v khi nim c bn trong Ha phn tch

1.1. nh lut bo ton khi lng

1.2. nh lut thnh phn khng i

1.3. nh lut ng lng

2. Nhng khi nim c bn

2.1. Nng dung dch. Cc cch biu th nng

2.2. S in ly ca nc. Thang pH

2.3. iu kin kt ta v ha tan. Tch s tan

2.4. Phn ng oxy ha kh

2.5. Phc cht

Bi 2: i cng v Phn tch nh tnh cc ion trong dung dch

1. Cc phng php phn tch nh tnh

1.1. Phng php ha hc

1.2. Phng php vt l - ha l

1.3. Phn tch t v phn tch kh

1.4. Phn tch ring bit v phn tch h thng

2. Cc phn ng dng trong phn tch nh tnh

2.1. Cc loi phn ng

2.2. nhy v tnh c hiu ca phn ng

2.3. Thuc th trong cc phn ng nh tnh

3. Phn tch nh tnh cation theo phng php acid-base

4. Phn tch nh tnh anion

5. Nhng k thut c bn trong thc hnh ha phn tch nh tnh

5.2. Cch un nng

5.6. Thc hin phn ng

Bi 3: Cation nhm I: Ag+, Pb2+, Hg22+

1. Tnh cht chung

2. Cc phn ng phn tch c trng ca cc cation nhm I

Bi 4: Cation nhm II: Ca2+, Ba2+

1. Tnh cht chung

2. Cc phn ng phn tch c trng ca cation nhm II

Bi 5: Cation nhm III: Al3+, Zn2+

1. Tnh cht chung

2. Cc phn ng phn tch c trng ca cation nhm III

Bi 6: Cation nhm IV: Fe3+, Fe2+, Bi3+, Mg2+, Mn2+

1. Tnh cht chung

2. Cc phn ng phn tch c trng ca cation nhm IV

Bi 7: Cation nhm V: Cu2+, Hg2+

1. Tnh cht chung

2. Cc phn ng phn tch c trng ca cation nhm V

Bi 8: Cation nhm VI: Cu2+, Hg2+

1. Tnh cht chung

2. Cc phn ng phn tch c trng ca cation nhm VI

Bi 9: Anion nhm I: Cl-, Br-, I-, SCN-, S2O32-

1. Tnh cht chung

2. Cc phn ng phn tch c trng ca anion nhm I

1. ng li phn tch nhm II

2. Cc phn ng c trng ca anion nhm II

Bi 11: Phn tch hn hp cation v anion trong dung dch

1.1. Nhn xt nh gic quan

1.2. Th pH ca dung dch

1.3. Th tnh bay hi ca cht tan

2. Phn tch anion

3. Phn tch cation

Phn II. Thc hnh phn tch nh tnh

Ni quy phng th nghim ha phn tch nh tnh

Quy tc an ton phng th nghim

Vi quy nh v s dng ha cht