Chng IX

TRUYN NG VT - AI C
9.1. Khai nim chung
1. Gii thiu b truyn vt - ai c
B truyn vt ai c dung bin i chuyn ng quay thanh chuyn ng tnh tin nh
s tip xuc va y nhau cua ren vt va ren ai c.
Bao gm hai b phn chnh: vt (1) co ren ngoai, ai c (2) co ren trong (hnh 9.1).

Vt

Hnh 9.1a

ai c
Hnh 9.1b
Tuy theo yu cu v b tr kt cu va s dung co th co cac phng an phi hp chuyn
ng cua vt va ai c nh sau :
V

Vt me 1
ai c 2
Hnh 9.2a : C cu chay dao trong may tin

V
+ Vt quay, ai c tnh tin
V du vt chay dao trong may tin trn hnh 9.2a : hai u vt 1 c t trn hai gi ,
ai c gn cng vi ban chay dao, ban chay dao ni vi thn may bng khp trt (dung sng
trt hay ranh trt); khi quay vt 1, ai c gn vi ban chay dao se chuyn ng tnh tin so
vi thn may.

+ Vt va quay va tnh tin, ai c c nh

V du c cu may ep, c cu kch vt (hnh 9.2b).
+ ai c quay, vt tnh tin.
V du c cu kch vt trn hnh 9.2c va hnh 9.2d. Trn hnh 9.2c banh rng non 3 gn c
nh vi ai c 2 va ni vi thn may bng khp quay, do o khi quay banh rng 3, ai c se
quay, con vt se tnh tin. Trn hnh 9.3d thay v dung b truyn banh rng non, dung b
truyn truc vt.

b)

c)

d)

Hnh 9.2 : C cu kch vt

2. Phn loai b truyn vt ai c
Tuy theo hnh dang ren trong tit din doc truc c s dung, b truyn vt ai c c
chia thanh cac loai:
B truyn vt ai c dung ren hnh thang (hnh 9.3a): co bn kha cao, d gia cng, tip
nhn c tai trong doc truc ln, thng dung trong cac c cu truyn lc hai chiu.
Trong cac vt tai, tao lc doc truc ln, thng dung ren hnh thang bc ln. Trong vt me cua
c cu chay dao may tin, giam ma sat, tng hiu sut truyn ng, thng dung ren nhiu u mi.
kh khe h do mon, ai c cua vt me thng gm hai na (ai c hai na, ai c ghep - hnh 9.4a).

B truyn vt ai c dung ren hnh rng ca (hnh 9.3b) : hiu sut truyn ng tng i
cao, dung trong cac b truyn chu lc theo mt chiu nht nh (vt cua may ep, vt cua c
cu kch vt,...).
i vi c cu kch vt, d t ham, thng dung ren mt u mi (co goc vt be).

B truyn vt ai c dung ren hnh vung (hnh 9.3c): hiu sut truyn ng rt cao nhng
ren vung kho ch tao, khi mon tao thanh khe h doc truc kho khc phuc, do o hin nay t
dung.
B truyn vt ai c dung ren tam giac (hnh 9.3d) thc hin cac dch chuyn chnh
xac, khng quan tm n hiu sut truyn ng.
thc hin dch chuyn chnh xac, dung ren bc nho. am bao cho b truyn khng co khe
h, dung ai c kep (hnh 9.4b).

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300

30

Hnh 9.3a : Ren hnh thang

Hnh 9.3b : Ren ren ca

600

d
d1
Hnh 9.3a : Ren hnh vung

d2
Hnh 9.3d :Ren tam giac

m kim loai
ai c 1
Vt iu
chnh
ai c 2

Hnh 9.4b: ai c kep

Hnh 9.4a: ai c hai na
+ Ngoai ra, giam ma sat, do o giam c mon cua vt va tng c hiu sut truyn
ng, ng thi co th nng cao chnh xac cua chuyn ng, gn y s dung rng rai b
truyn vt ai c bi.
Kt cu b truyn vt ai c bi nh trn hnh 9.5a. Gia cac ranh cua ai c (1) va vt (2)
co t cac vin bi (3), nh o ma sat trt gia ren vt va ren ai c bin thanh ma sat ln gia
cac vin bi vi ren vt va ren ai c. bao am ma sat ln hoan toan, bi cn phai chuyn
ng lin tuc nh mang (4) dn bi t ranh cui cua ai c v ranh u (con goi la ranh hi
bi).
kh khe h gia vt va ai c hnh thanh trong qua trnh truyn lc, ngi ta dung ai
c kep (hnh 9.5b, c) bao gm hai ai c (1) va (2), gia t vong cng (3) co b mt c
Bai giang C s thit k may 1 - L Cung - B mn Nguyn ly Chi tit may - Khoa S pham ky thut -2008 146

anh bong vi chiu day nht nh tao nn lc cng s b kh khe h gia ai c va bi.
Nh vong cng, cac ranh cua hai ai c ty sat vao b mt vin bi va do o khe h b trit tiu.
ai c (2)

Vt (1)

Bi (3)

ng c (4)
d

Bc p

Gia (5)

Hnh 9.5a: Vt me - ai c bi
Vong cng (3)
ai c (1)

c)

ai c (2)

ai c (1)

Vong cng (3)

ai c (2)

d)
Hnh 9.5b, c iu chnh khe h trong c cu vt - ai c bi

So vi c cu vt - ai c thng, c cu vt - ai c bi co hiu sut cao hn (do giam c ma sat

gia cac b mt tip xuc, hiu sut co th at 0,90,95) va co th bao am chuyn ng n nh vn
tc nho; t b nung nong; chnh xac cao hn. Nhc im la cng vng thp hn, hanh trnh ngn
hn va bi trn thng kho thc hin.

3. Cac thng s chu yu cua b truyn vt ai c

Cac thng s cua ren
+ ng knh ngoai (ng knh danh ngha) cua ren vt d, cua ren ai c D.
+ ng knh trong cua ren vt d1, cua ren ai c D1.
d +d
D +D
+ ng knh trung bnh cua ren vt : d 2 = 1
, cua ren ai c : D 2 = 1
2
2
+ Bc ren : p
Bc ren co hai loai : bc nho va bc ln.
+ Bc xon vt pX (bc cua ng xon c).
+ S mi ren cua vt : n
Vi ren mt u mi : pX = p ; Vi ren n u mi : pX = np
Bai giang C s thit k may 1 - L Cung - B mn Nguyn ly Chi tit may - Khoa S pham ky thut -2008 147

+ Goc vt (goc nng cua ng xon c trn mt tru trung bnh).

p
np
tg = x =
Ta co :
d 2 d 2

(9.1)

+ Goc prfin rng (goc tit din rng) :

+ Chiu cao lam vic cua ren : h

p
h
d1
d2
d

Hnh 9.6

Cac thng s khac

+ Chiu cao cua ai c H
+ S vong ren cua ai c x
+ Khoang dch chuyn cn thit l0 cua vt hay cua ai c (chiu cao nng trong kch vt,
hanh trnh ban chay dao trong c cu chay dao...)
+ Chiu dai lr cua phn gia cng ren trn vt, lr phu thuc vao khoang dch chuyn cn
thit l0 cua vt hay ai c. Vi kch vt thng ly : lr = (8 10)d .
+ Khoang cach gia hai gi vt : l
+ ng knh ngoai cung cua ai c De . Thng chon bng : De = (3 3,5)d .
ds p x np
=
=
+ Ty s
cho bit chuyn v cua mt trong hai chi tit so vi goc quay cua
d 2 2
chi tit kia.
8.2. Tnh toan b truyn vt ai c
1. Cac dang hong chu yu va ch tiu tnh toan
Dang hong chu yu la mon mt ren cn tnh toan b truyn theo bn mon theo iu
kin: p 0 [ p 0 ] trong o : p0 : ap sut trn mt ren, [ p 0 ] : ap sut cho phep.
Mun giam mon cn chon vt liu thch hp va bi trn tt.

Ngoai ra, cac vt chu lc ln co th gay hong do khng u bn cn kim nghim vt

v bn. Vi cac vt dai va chu nen co th b un doc va khng n nh cn kim
nghim vt v n nh (tnh v un doc).
2. Tnh b truyn vt ai c theo bn mon
Ap sut sinh ra trn b mt tip xuc gia ren vt va ai c phai thoa man iu kin :
Bai giang C s thit k may 1 - L Cung - B mn Nguyn ly Chi tit may - Khoa S pham ky thut -2008 148

p0 =

Fa
[ p0 ]
d 2 hx

Fa : lc doc truc [N], d2 : ng knh trung bnh cua vt [mm], h: chiu cao lam vic cua
ren [mm], x: s vong ren trn ai c.
Ta co : h = h .p vi : p la bc ren
Vi ren thang, h s h = 0,5 ; ren rng ca : h = 0, 75 ; ren tam giac : h = 0,54

H
vi H : chiu cao ai c.
p
Fa
p0 =
[ p0 ]
Suy ra :
d 2 h H
Va: x =

t:

H = Hd2

H s h = 1, 2 2,5 i vi ai c nguyn va h = 2,5 3,5 i vi ai c ghep.

Suy ra:

d2

Fa
h H [ p0 ]

(9.2)

Ly d2 theo gia tr tiu chun. Tra tiu chun cac thng s khac cua vt nh d, d1 , p.
Ap sut cho phep : [ p 0 ] = 11 13MPa i vi vt bng thep ti - ai c bng ng thanh;

[ p0 ] = 8 10MPa

i vi thep khng ti - ng thanh; [ p 0 ] = 4 6MPa i vi thep khng ti -

gang.

3. Tnh b truyn vt ai c v bn
Khi lam vic, vt va chu keo (hoc nen) va chu xon iu kin bn:
td = 2 + 32 [ ]

(9.3)

(theo ly thuyt bn th nng bin i hnh dang - ly thuyt bn th 4)

Trong o :
4F
la ng sut keo do lc doc truc Fa : = a2
d1
la ng sut xon do momen xon T (momen lam quay vt hay ai c) : =

T 16T
=
W0 d13

d1 : ng knh trong cua ren vt

W0 : momen chng xon cua vt

[]: ng sut cho phep : [ ] = ch

s
ch : gii han chay cua vt liu; s : h s an toan, co th ly : s = 3.
4. Tnh b truyn vt ai c theo iu kin n nh
vt khng b hong do un doc, lc nen phai thoa man iu kin n nh Euler:
F
Fa th
(9.4)
s
Vi : Fa : lc doc truc; Fth : tai trong ti han; s : h s an toan v n nh s = 2,54.

Tai trong ti han Fth c xac nh da trn mm cua vt:

Bai giang C s thit k may 1 - L Cung - B mn Nguyn ly Chi tit may - Khoa S pham ky thut -2008 149

l
i
: h s phu thuc vao phng phap c nh hai u vt.
l : chiu dai tnh toan cua vt.
=

= 1 : khi hai u vt t trn truc co chiu dai B 2d0 vi d0 : ng knh

= 2 : khi mt u b ngam, mt u t do
= 0,7 : khi mt u b ngam, mt u t trn truc co chiu dai B 2d0
= 0,5 : khi ca hai u b ngam
Lu y nu dung ai c lam gi th hai coi nh vt b ngam mt u.
Vi vt hai gi chiu dai tnh toan l la khoang cach gia hai gi . Vi vt mt gi
chiu dai tnh toan l la khoang cach t gia chiu cao ai c n gi .
Khi 100 : Fth =

2 EJ

( l )

(cng thc Euler).

d12
J
: momen quan tnh cua tit din vt; E : moun an hi cua vt.
64
2
Khi 60 < < 100: Fth c tnh theo cng thc thc nghim: Fth = 0, 25d1 (a b )
a va b h s thc nghim phu thuc vao vt liu vt:
Vi thep 45 : a = 450; b = 1,67
Vi thep:
a = 473; b = 1,87
Khi 60 : khng cn kim nghim v n nh.

8.3. Trnh t thit k b truyn vt ai c

S liu cho trc
Tr s cua tai trong doc truc Fa cua vt, khoang dch chuyn cn thit l0 cua vt hay ai c,
cng dung va iu kin lam vic cua b truyn.
Trnh t thit k
1) Chon vt liu vt va ai c (da trn cng dung cua b truyn)
2) Xac nh ap sut cho phep [p0], ng sut cho phep [] (nu cn kim nghim v bn)
3) Chon prfin ren (da trn tr s va chiu cua lc doc truc Fa). Xac nh h . Chon kt
cu ai c da trn cng dung cua b truyn (ai c nguyn, ai c hai na, ai c kep...)
xac nh H .
4) Xac nh ng knh trung bnh d2 cua vt theo iu kin bn mon (9.2). Chon d2 theo
tiu chun. Da trn d2, tra tiu chun cac thng s khac cua vt nh d, d1. Da vao cng
dung b truyn, yu cu t ham hay khng chon s mi ren n, bc ren p xac nh goc
vt theo biu thc (9.1) va chiu dai phn gia cng ren lr cua vt.
H
5) Xac nh chiu cao H va s vong ren x cua ai c : H = H d 2 , x = .
p
6) Kim nghim bn cua vt theo iu kin (9.3) (vi cac vt chu tai ln).
7) Kim nghim vt v iu kin n nh theo iu kin (9.4) (vi cac vt dai va chu nen).
8.4. anh gia b truyn vt ai c
u im
+ Kt cu n gian, d ch tao, gon.
+ Kha nng tai cao, lam vic tin cy.
Bai giang C s thit k may 1 - L Cung - B mn Nguyn ly Chi tit may - Khoa S pham ky thut -2008 150

+ Lam vic m, khng n.

+ Tao c lc doc truc rt ln (gp hang trm ln lc vong lam quay vt).
+ Co th thc hin cac di chuyn chm va chnh xac.
Nhc im
+ Hiu sut thp do ma sat trn ren.
+ Ren b mon nhanh do ma sat ln.
Pham vi s dung
S dung rng rai trong cac thit b nhm tao lc ln nh kch vt, vt ep...; trong cac c cu
yu cu chuyn v chnh xac (c cu chay dao trong may ct, cac dung cu o, cac thit b nh
v va iu chnh).

Bai giang C s thit k may 1 - L Cung - B mn Nguyn ly Chi tit may - Khoa S pham ky thut -2008 151