X-sync, H-sync, exposure time Phn 1

1. V tr & vai tr ca mn trp

Pha trc ca film frame (hoc sensor) l v tr ca mn trp.

Nhim v ca n ta u bit l iu tit thi gian phi sng (exposure
time) ca bc hnh.
Bnh thng, mn trp ng kn film k0 b phi sng, khi chp
mn trp m ra nh sng tip xc vi bn film.
Mn trp m cng lu, nh sng vo cng nhiu v ngc li .
Nu chng ta ch hnh dung mn trp nh 1 (mt) ci rm ca s
ko ra ko vo, th s thy rng thi gian phi sng ca cc im c v tr
khc nhau trong khung ca s, s khc nhau. im no c h ra trc,
s b che li sau v c thi gian phi sng lu hn. iu ny k0 th chp
nhn c, v thc t cng k0 phi nh vy.
Mn trp (shutter curtain) trong my (D)SLR c 2 ci mn!
2. Nguyn l hot ng ca mn trp (shutter curtain)

Hai mn trp ny ln lt gi l Front Curtain (hoc First Curtain) v

Rear Curtain (Second Curtain).
Front Curtain (FC): c nhim v ko ra cho film l sng
Rear Curtain (RC): c nhim v ng li iu tit thi gian phi
sng ca film.
C hai mn trp ny u cng chy vi 1 tc nh nhau
Gi s y l cnh chng ta mun chp, v l ci chng ta nhn
thy qua viewfinder (a)

(a)
Lc ny film cha h b phi sng, ta cha bm chp, FC vn ang
che kn film frame (b)

(b)
Khi chng ta bm chp, gng s lt ln, sau FC s ko t di
ln trn, film l sng t di ln trn (c)

(c)
Sau khi FC ko ln ht, film hon ton l sng, lc ny nh hon
ton c in ln bn film (d)

(d)
Tip theo, RC s ko ln ng li, film b che li t di ln trn
(e)

(e)
Sau khi RC ng li ton b, pose nh chp xong (f)

(f)
gng h xung, FC v RC tr li v tr ban u (b)

Theo nguyn l trn, ta thy rng v c hai mn trp u chy vi

cng mt tc , theo cng mt hng cho nn, mi im trn bn film
u c thi gian phi sng nh nhau.
Thi gian phi sng (exposure time) chnh l khong thi gian
gia thi im FC xut pht (m ra) v thi im RC xut pht (ng
li)
Nh vy, ci m chng ta thng gi l "tc chp", chng ta
thng chn l 30sec, 1sec, 1/100sec hay 1/8000sec, chnh l "thi gian
phi sng", l "exposure time". N l khong tr gia thi im xut pht
ca FC & RC, cn c hai ci mn trp ny lun lun chy vi cng mt tc
c nh, ch k0 phi ci mn trp c th lao m m vi tc

1/8000 sec. Chng h thng c kh no t c tc kinh khng c.

Tc thp hn nhiu.
Vy n bng bao nhiu ?
Gi s bng 1/200 sec i, vy th iu g s xy ra ?
Nu chng ta chp nh tc chm hn 1/200sec, v d 1/60sec,
hin tng s din ra theo trnh t t (a) n (f) nh trn. Tc l:
- FC m ht ra trong khong thi gian 1/200sec (0 n 1/200),
- 1/60 sec sau, tc l vo thi im (1/60), RC bt u xut pht
ng li,
- RC cng kt thc cng vic ca mnh trong vng 1/200sec, tc l
vo thi im (1/200 + 1/60) sec.
- Nh vy, bt k mt im no trn bn film u ch c phi
sng trong vng 1/60 sec m thi v trong khong thi gian t thi
im 1/200sec (khi FC m ht) n 1/60sec (RC bt u chy),
ton b 100% din tch bn film c phi sng trong lc ch i
ny.

Nu tc chp by gi nhanh hn 1/200sec th sao? 1/500sec

chng hn. Nguyn l vn k0 c g thay i, tuy nhin, hin tng c khc
i cht.

- FC cng bt u chy t thi im 0 v kt thc hnh trnh thi

im 1/200,
- Ti thi im 1/500, RC xut pht, lc ny FC mi ch i c
khong 1/3 qung ng,
- RC cng kt thc nhim v ti thi im (1/500 + 1/200) sec
- Nguyn l k0 h thay i, nn thi gian phi sng ca mi im
trn bn film cng vn c m bo l 1/500sec.
- C iu, lc ny tit din bn film k0 h c phi sng 100% nh
trong trng hp trn na m ch c n nh sng qua mt khe hp
bi FC cha m ht th RC phi ng li ri.

B rng ca khe qut kia ln hay nh ty thuc tc chp nhanh

hay chm (thi gian phi sng nhiu hay t), bi v do RC xut pht sm
hay mun.

Nh vy, chng ta thy mt iu rng, cho d ta chn tc chp l

bao nhiu i na, bulb, 30sec, 1/100sec hay 1/8000sec th mn chp vn
lun ch chy vi 1 tc duy nht. V iu quan trng nht thc hin
xong mt pose nh bn phi cn t nht 1 khong thi gian tng ng
bng :
thi gian phi sng + tc mn chp
bi v nu tnh t lc FC xut pht, cn phi i 1 khong thi gian
bng thi gian phi sng RC xut pht cng vi tc mn chp
(khong thi gian mn chp RC hon thnh x mnh) th s phi sng
mi c coi l kt thc.
Mt v d hi hc, nu ci camera ca bn c tc mn chp l
1 (mt) sec, lm th no bn c th bt c nhng khonh khc c phn
trm giy tr ln.
Nh vy, tc mn chp l rt quan trng i vi 1 camera body.
Ngi ta gi n l X-sync, hay cn mang mt tn na l "tc n n
cao nht".
Ci tn ca n c gn lin vi n flash, bi khi dng n flash,
ta mi thy s li hi ca mt body co X-sync 1/250sec so vi X-sync
1/125sec.

3. High speed sync (H-sync)

Nh vy, mt body c tc chp cao 1/8000sec hay 1/16000sec,
tt nhin cng hp dn. Nhng rt t khi chng ta s dng n nhng tc
. Tuy nhin, nu my c X-sync cao hn li l mt li th ln. l
khi chng ta s dng flash trong nhng tnh hung fill in.
3.1 Standard Flash Synchronization
Flash pht sng di dng xung (pulse). Mi ln pht sng din ra
trong mt khong thi gian cc ngn, c phn nghn sec hoc nhanh hn,
ty thuc cng sut pht. Mt ln pht sng l 1 xung duy nht (single
flash burst), sau , ta thng phi i flash recharged cho ln chp tip
theo.
Mc ch chp flash l chiu sng ch th, v phi m bo
chiu sng trn ton b khun hnh. Do , nu ch pht 1 xung duy nht,
th phi i khi 100% tit din bn film c phi sng th camera mi
ra lnh kch hot flash.

iu ny ch t c khi tc chp (thi gian phi sng) chm

hn tc mn chp X-sync nh ni trn.
(Phn minh ha ny, Front Curtain c gi l First Curtain - FC,
Rear Curtain gi l Second Curtain- SC, v c mu sc tri ngc vi

phn trn. Nhng bn cht vn nh nhau, hy vng k0 lm cc bn nhm

ln!)
Lin quan n trng hp ny, c hai cch pht sng ca flash m
ta vn thng nghe:
First curtain sync: Flash pht sng ngay sau khi FC m ht
(thng l ch default trong camera)
Second curtain sync: Flash pht sng ngay trc khi SC chun b
xut pht ng li.

(Cng dng v hiu ng ca hai loi ny s ni sau)

3.2 Hi-speed Flash Synchronization (H-sync)
Thut ng ny thng c gi di tn khc l focal speed sync
(FP sync) ch vic dng flash khi tc chp cao hn tc mn chp
X-sync. Trng hp ny thng gp khi ta dng flash lm fill in.
Vi tc chp cao hn X-sync, bn film k0 th phi sng 100%
din tch ca mnh m ch nhn nh sng qua khe qut to bi hai mn
trp FC & SC. Nh vy, flash mun ri sng ton b bn film th k0 th
pht sng 1 ln (1 xung duy nht) c, m n phi "chy theo" khe qut
kia v pht lin tc ph sng dn dn nhng tit din bn film c l
sng bi khe qut. Tc l flash pht nhiu xung lin tc. Vic "chy theo"

khe qut bng nhiu xung pht sng chnh l s ng b gia flash vi
tc chp cao. l xut x ca thut ng High speed sync.

Nu ch pht 1 xung duy nht nh trng hp trn, flash c th t

cng sut ln nht ca n v pht trong 1 khong thi gian cc ngn. Nay
phi pht lm nhiu xung, thi gian pht ko di, cng flash s gim
i ng k. GN ca flash gim.
Nh vy, nu tc chp chm, khe qut ln, s ln pht xung s t,
cng flash gim t. Tc chp cao, khe qut hp, s ln pht xung
nhiu hn, cng flash gim nhiu hn. Do , khi chp fill in th flash
c GN cng ln cng tt.
Ti y, chng ta c th thy mt body c tc X-sync cao c li
nh th no. X-sync cng cao th flash cng c c hi pht ht cng
tc chp cao. Ngi chp cng c nhiu la chn v linh hot hn
trong vic chp fill flash cn bng nh sng gia ch th v nh sng
xung quanh (ambiance).
V d:
Vi cng mt i tng chp, o sng ta c thng s:
Body 1 (X-sync = 1/125sec): ISO 100, f/4, 1/125sec.

Body 2 (X-sync = 1/250sec): ISO 200, f/4, 1/250sec, hoc ISO 100,
f/2, 1/250
Nhng cp thng s trn u cho ra 2 bc nh c nh sng
ambiance nh nhau. Vic fill flash cng nm trong kh nng ca c hai,
nhng r rng nh cho bi body 2 s c DOF nng hn (f/2 vs f/4) v kh
nng freeze hnh ng ca ch th tt hn (1/250sec vs 1/125sec).
Body 1 mun c tc 1/250sec nhm mc ch khng ch DOF
mng hay action shot m vn phi dng fill flash s gp bt li hn do khi
Flash phi hot ng ch H-sync, cng ca n s b yu i do
phi pht 2 xung lin tip.
4. First Curtain Sync & Second Curtain Sync
Bi ny trc post bn TTVNOL ri, nay move v y cho n trn
b. T li chp nn ch dng hnh v minh ha thi, cc bc thng
cm.
S khc nhau gia First curtain Sync v Second curtain Sync th
hin r nht khi ta chp hnh mt vt di chuyn vo bui ti vi tc tht
chm.
V d chp mt ci xe hi chy trong mn m, tc chm.
- Nu k0 dng flash th ch thy mt vt n ko di trong thi gian
exposure.

- Nu dng flash bnh thng tc 1st curtain (ch mc nh) th

khi mn trp (FC) va m hon ton, flash s n v ri sng ci xe hi
v tr u (A). Sau , flash tt, camera tip tc l sng, xe i ti im B th
phi sng xong. Lc ny k0 thy xe hi c v n di chuyn, ch thy vt
n thi.

Trong trng hp ny c cm gic nh xe i git li.

- Cn khi set 2nd curtain th khi mn trp th hai (SC) chun b

ng th flash mi n. Lc ny vt n in ln film (sensor) ging trng
hp No flash. Nhng khi xe n v tr cui (B) th flash n v soi sng xe
hi. Vt n s nm ln xe, nom c v nh xe ang lt i trong m
vy.

Cn nu ch thy hin tng th rt n gin. Ch cn set tc

chp khong 2 - 3 sec th cng thy thi im pht sng ca flash
khc nhau.
- 1st curtain: Ngay sau khi bm chp l thy flash n ngay, 2 - 3 sec
sau mi nghe ting mn trp ng li
- 2nd curtain: Bm chp nhng k0 thy flash c ng tnh g, 2- 3
sec sau th flash n gn nh ng thi vi ting ng mn trp kt thc
pose nh.