Lch s in nh v poster in nh

in nh ngy nay c xem nh l mt ngnh cng nghip khng khi.

Hng nm, in nh em li mt li nhun kt x , tnh c bng t USD. in
nh cng c nh hng quan trng n vn ha , i sng x hi loi ngi. Cng
pht trin song hnh vi in nh chnh l cc poster , v vy tht thiu st khi ch
ni v in nh. Chng ta hy i ngc thi gian , v nhng nm cui th k 19
tm hiu s ra i ca in nh v poster in nh.

CC PHT MINH KHOA HC THC Y IN NH RA I

Bt u t gia th k 19 , nhiu pht minh ra i vi nhng thit b c

th lm cho hnh nh chuyn ng. Nm 1832 , nh khoa hc ngi B , Joseph
Plateur , pht minh ra thit b gi l phenakistoscope. Thit b ny gm 2 da t
cch nhau vi inches trn mt ci trc . Plateur t cc bc tranh v ngi hoc vt
trn cnh ca mt a , trn a kia , ng khot 1 khe. Khi 2 chic a chuyn ng
cng mt vn tc , hnh nh xut hin lin tc v chuyn ng i vo tm nhn
ca khe.
Vi s gip ca phim cellulose trong sut do Hannibal W.Goodwin pht
minh v cc thit b nhip nh do George Eastman ch to , hai nh khoa hc
ngi M l Thomas Edison v William Dickson bt u cng nhau thc hin d
n ca h , thit b kinetoscope .Kinetoscope hay cn gi l kinescope (my hot
nh) l mt ci hp vi mt on phim di 50 feets c cun trn mt ci trc.

Khi nhn qua ci l nh v quay tay cm ngoi , lm cho trc bn trong quay ,
to nn mt hnh nh chuyn ng.
Nm 1894 , Edison khai trng mt phng Kinetoscope New York.
Trong phng gm 2 dy my Kinetoscope hot ng bng tin xu. Ngi ta c th
b tin xu vo trong my xem 1 on hnh nh chuyn ng ngn khong 2
pht.

T NHNG BUI TRNH CHIU U TIN ...

Trong khi ngi M ang tha th thng thc nhng hnh nh chuyn
ng k l th ti Php , hai anh em Auguste v Louis Lumire bt tay vo pht
minh d n ca h. Ngy 13 thng 2 nm 1895 , Auguste v Louis ng k bng
pht minh cho thit b chiu u tin v n ngy 28 thng 3 nm 1895 , b phim
u tin mang tn Gi n tra x nghip dim c trnh chiu cho Hi ng
pht trin cng nghip Php. Ngy 28 thng 12 nm 1895 , ti Salon Indien ca
Grand Caf (14 Boulevard des Capuchines) , anh em nh Lumire chiu gii
thiu mt on phim ngn trc cng chng . Phim c ta l Tu vo ga
(Larrive dun train en gare) , miu t cnh mt on tu va n nh ga. Sau ,
phim nh bt u xut hin ti nhiu thnh ph ln ca Chu u.
Quay tr li M, lc ny Edison tip tc lm vic vi pht minh
kinetoscope ca mnh. Sau khi pht trin thit b kinetoscope thit b ny c kh
nng chiu hnh nh , ti Koster and Bials Music Hall New York , ngy 23
thng 4 nm 1896 , Edison ra mt cng chng chic my c kh nng chiu cc
hnh nh ln mt mn nh. on phim ngn l cnh mt v cng ang trnh din ,
mt cnh u quyn anh v cnh sng bin ln tn x b. Ngy 26 thng 6 nm
1896 , ti New Orleans , bang Louisiana , Vistacope Hall ra i v c xem l
rp chiu phim trong nh u tin ca ngi M , vi khong 400 ch ngi.

N NHNG TM POSTER U TIN ...

Nhng bui trnh chiu cng cng dn dn c t chc thng xuyn.
thu ht cng chng , cc nh t chc ngh n qung co. Lc u tin , hnh thc
qung co c s dng l cc bc tranh v tay c v trn nhng tm vn , ri
n hnh thc sandwich board (c hai tm qung co c 1 ngi eo trn vai ,
1 tm trc bng , 1 tm pha sau lng. C l v trng rt ging mt ming
sandwich nn ngi ta gi l sandwich board). Dn dn , nhng hnh thc ny tr
nn li thi , mt phn l do s ng gp ca ha s ngi Php Jules Cheret , mt
phn l do th gii bc sang mt th k khc (qung co nhiu mu sc hn ,
c ch trng hn v dn dn quen mt i vi cng chng).
Trong lnh vc qung co, Jules Cheret c xem l cha ca poster hin
i , c cng em poster in nh n vi cng chng. Bng cch s dng k thut
in thch bn (lithography c pht minh nm 1798) , Cheret sn xut ra mt
bn in u tin cho mt chng trnh phim ngn c ta Projections Artistiques.
Bn in miu t cnh mt thiu n tr ang cm mt tm p phch vi thi gian ca
bui trnh din. Nm 1892 , Cheret tip tc thc hin poster cho chng trnh
Pantomines Lumineuses , ca Emile Reynauds Theatre Optique.
Trc khi c gi l movies , ngnh cng nghip mi ny c gi l
animated pictures ci tn ny phn no th hin tnh cht ca mt movies.
Nm 1896, M. Auzolle thit k tm poster u tin cho mt b phim ring
bit vi mt s cnh c v theo phim , l phim LArroseu Arrose ca anh em
nh Lumire. Phim ny cng c xem nh l mt fiction movie u tin.
IN NH V POSTER NHNG NM U TH K 20
n thi im ny , in nh tip tc pht trin nhng khng kh quan v
khng c g mi m. Tt c dng nh ch xoay i qun li l mt chui series cc

hnh nh din t cc s kin bnh thng , v d nh cnh sng bin v vo b.

Ngi ta bt u c cm gic chn chng v in nh ng trc kh nng li
tn. Nm 1899 , Georges Melies , mt nh o thut ngi Php (li l ngi
Php ) , sn xut phim u tin k v mt cu chuyn. Sau , G.Melies tip tc
lm nhiu phim k v cc cu chuyn thn tin , v chuyn gi tng. George
Melies kch thch tr t m ngi xem bi cch tm ti s dng my quay lc by
gi ( bi ng l mt nh o thut m ). Phim ni ting nht ca ng l A trip to the
moon (1902). y l b phim KHVT u tin c bit ti, di 14 pht. B phim
to bc t ph trong nn in nh vi vic s dng k thut "lap-dissolve", tc
l cnh sau chng ln cnh trc
Tip sau , cc nh sn xut khc bt u bt chc G.Melies , mt ln
na , ln sng thch th in nh li c nhen nhm ln.
u thp k th nht ca th k 19, in nh tr nn ph bin v c
thng thc rng ri khp M v Chu u. in nh thu ht rng ri cng
chng v c trnh din nhiu ni , t cng vin vui chi , nh ht , cc hi ch
v c trong cc nh ht i nhc hi (vaudeville theatre). Cc poster qung co cho
cc i nhc hi kt hp vi chiu phim cng c ra i. Mt trong nhng poster
ra i sm nht c sn xut bi American Entertainment Company (vo khong
nhng nm 1900). Kch thc lc l 28 inches x 42 inches
Nm 1903, Edwin S. Porter , mt o din ngi M , sn xut ra b phim
u tin s dng k thut quay phim hin i k v mt cu chuyn. B phim c
ta l The Great Train Robbery , di 11 pht , miu t cnh cp xe la , v cnh
ui bt bn cp. B phim thnh cng d di , v s thnh cng ca b phim a
n vic thit lp nn cc nickelodeons , c xem l tin thn ca cc rp chiu
phim hin nay.

Mi chuyn bt u vo nm 1905, khi mt thng nhn mu tr

Pittsburgh (mt thnh ph cng bang Pennsylvania) quyt nh chuyn mt kho
cha hng thnh mt nickelodeons bng cch thm vo cc hng gh. Tin v cc
nickelodeons ny c thng nht (khng ai bt buc) l 0.05$ (5 xu). n 1907 ,
trn khp nc M , c khong 5000 nickelodeons v nhu cu v cc b phim mi
tip tc tng ln.
Nm 1909 , s lng cc cng ty sn xut phim tng ln mt cch nhy vt.
Mc d lc ny Thomas Edison t ra bc bi v tc gin trc vic ngi khc
hng li t cc pht minh ca mnh , nhng Edison vn quyt nh l tt nht
nn tham gia lin minh vi cc studio ln hn nhm tiu dit cc studio nh. Cc
studio ln vo thi im l Biograph , Essanay , Kalem , KIeme , Lubin , Selig
and Vitagraph (s c bi gii thiu v cc studio thi k ny - mi cc bn n
xem hihi) lin kt vi Edison to nn Motion Picture Patents Company (mt hnh
thc cartel ca th gii t bn). Nhm studios ny cng t chc ra General Film
Company nhm phn phi phim ca studios n cc rp ht. Th mi thy ngay t
lc u , in nh M c s t chc tt n nh th no.
Mc d lc u Edison hp tc vi Hennegan Show Print ( bang
Cincinnati) in cc poster cho nhng b phim u tin ca ng , nhng General
Film Company sau k hp ng vi A.B. See Lithograph Company of
Cleverland sn xut tt c cc posters cng nh cc vt phm qung co ca
cc studios thnh vin.
Edison nh kch thc chun cho poster in nh l 27 inches x 41 inches.
Poster theo kch thc ny c bit di tn l poster mt t (one sheet).
Poster mt t dng ny c thit k nhm mc ch s dng trng by trong
cc t knh bn trong hoc bn ngoi rp ht . Cc poster c chung mt kiu
mu gm 3 phn : Tn cng ty hoc studio, tiu ca phim v phn tm tt kch
bn. Mi cng ty thnh vin c mt kiu vin poster khc nhau c in vi 2 hay

3 mu. i khi , cc poster s c hnh minh ha. Cc hnh nh t khi c chp

thin nhin v thng l hnh nh ca nhn vt nam chnh hoc n chnh. Mt tiu
chun kim nh nghim ngt cng c thnh lp bi General Film Company ,
v cc cng ty thnh vin buc phi p ng y cc chun . Cng ty s tr
tin cho nh sn xut A.B. See ri bn poster cho cc cc rp ht vi gi khong
0.15$ mt poster.
Cc cng ty khc , tuy khng nm trong nhm cartel ca Edison nhng
phn ln cc cng ty vn theo cc chun kch thc v poster ca General Film
Company. K t lc cc poster ca A.B. See c qun l , kim tra k lng v
ni dung, hnh nh bi Patents Company , cc cng ty , nh in c lp bt u in
cc poster vi nhiu cnh hn t cc cnh lng mng n cc cnh u sng. Cc
posters ny ph bin hn i vi cc rp ht v n r hn (ch khong 0.06$), c
th s dng nhiu ln , nhiu ni v c nhiu hnh nh t b kim duyt hn.