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Formulas (To Differential Equations)
Formulas (To Differential Equations)
sin2 x + cos2 x = 1
differentiation rules:
(cu) = cu
sin x =
d
dx f (g(x))
cos x =
1+cos 2x
2
cosh x sinh x = 1
derivatives:
(sinh x) = cosh x
(cosh x) = sinh x
(loga x)
1
= x ln
a
1
(x ) = x
x
(e ) = e
(ax ) = ax ln(a)
(sin x) = cos x
(cos x) = sin x
1
cos2 x
(cot x) = sin12 x
(ln x) = x1
1
(arc sin x) = 1x
2
1
(arc tan x) = 1+x
2
1
(tan x) =
df dg
dg dx
R
R
R
cf dx = c
f dx
(c is constant)
R
R
(f + g) dx = f dx + g dx
f (ax + b) dx = a1 F (ax + b) + c,
where F is antiderivative of f
f (g(x))g (x) dx = F (g(x)) + c,
where F is antiderivative of f
f f dx =
f +1
+1
f
f
+ c, if 6= 1
dx = ln |f | + c
R
uv dx = uv u v dx
notable substitutions:
integration rules:
2
xy
sin x + sin y = 2 sin x+y
2 cos 2
xy
sin x sin y = 2 cos x+y
2 sin 2
xy
cos x + cos y = 2 cos x+y
2 cos 2
xy
cos x cos y = 2 sin x+y
2 sin 2
sin x cos y = 21 [sin(x + y) + sin(x y)]
cos x cos y = 21 [cos(x + y) + cos(x y)]
sin x sin y = 21 [cos(x + y) cos(x y)]
x
x
x
x
,
cosh x = e +e
sinh x = e e
2
2
2
2
cosh2 x =
(uv) = u v + uv
u
= u vuv
v
v2
(u + v) = u + v
tan xtan y
1tan xtan y
(c is constant)
tan(x y) =
cosh 2x1
2
R(e )
R( ax + b)
R ax+b
cx+d
ex = t
ax + b = t
R(sin x, cos x)
R(x, a2 x2 )
R(x, a2 + x2 )
R(x, x2 a2 )
ax+b
cx+d
x = a sin t, x = a cos t
x = a sinh t
x = a cosh t
antiderivatives:
+1
x
+1 + c
ax
e dx = a1 eax + c
x
ax dx = lna a + c
cos x dx = sin x + c
1
cos2 x dx = tan x + c
1
sin2 x dx = cot x + c
1
x dx = ln |x| + c
dx
= arc sin xa + c
a2 x2
x
dx
1
x2 +a2 = a arc tan a + c
dx
= ar sinh xa + c
x2 +a2
dx
= ar cosh xa + c
x2 a2
x
dx
1
a2 x2 = a ar tanh a + c,
dx
x
1
a2 x2 = a ar coth a + c,
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
x dx =
=t
( 6= 1)
sin x dx = cos x + c
tan x dx = ln | cos x| + c
cot x dx = ln | sin x| + c
if xa < 1
if x > 1
a
1.
eit = cos t + i sin t,
t R.
2.
ay + by + cy = 0
(a 6= 0)
a 6= 0 es t I
tI
and its homogeneous part Y + p(t)Y + q(t)Y = 0. If the y1 , y2 pair is a fundamental solution of the
homogeneous d.e., then a particular solution of the inhomogeneous equation is looked for in the form yi,p =
C1 (t) y1 (t) + C2 (t) y2 (t), where for the derivatives of the unknown functions C1 (t), C2 (t) the following
system of equations holds:
C1 (t)y1 (t) + C2 (t)y2 (t) = 0
C1 (t)y1 (t) + C2 (t)y2 (t) = g(t)
5. Special second order d.e.s:
If y is missing, then substitute p(x) := y (x).
If x is missing, then substitute q(y) := y
6. The first order d.e. M (x, y)dx + N (x, y)dy = 0 is exact, if
M
N
=
.
y
x
To solve the d.e., a function F : R2 R has to be found such that gradF = (M, N ). Then the solution of
the d.e. is:
F (x, y) = Const.