Дни на науката ТУ-София

I
2009
, 1 4 2009 .
I 2009
, 1 4 2009 .
...................................................................... 6
MATLAB/SIMULINK ................... 7
.............................................................................................. 7

....................................................................................................... 12
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2
I 2009
, 1 4 2009 .
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I 2009
, 1 4 2009 .
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SIMATIC S7-200 SIEMENS .......................................... 175
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A
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I 2009
, 1 4 2009 .
C
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2009/72/ ......................... 248

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.......................................................................................................... 254
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............................................................................................ 258
...... 265
................................................................................................ 265
.................. 272
.............................................................................................. 272
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I 2009
, 1 4 2009 .
I 2009
, 1 4 2009 .

MATLAB/SIMULINK

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:
R
x
Rn ( pu ) = n ; Ln ( pu ) = n ,
Z bn
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=
S
(1)
I 2009
, 1 4 2009 .
.1
.2

:
Rm =
R0
x
P
S
S
, Lm = 0 =
, 0 = arccos 10
=
Z b U 1 I 10 sin 0
U 1 I 10
Z b U 1 I 10 cos o
3) R1 = R2 ' =
(2)
Rk
SU k cos k
x
SU k sin k
P
=
, L p1 = L p 2 ' = k =
, k = arccos k
2
2
2Z b
2Z b
UkIH
2U 1 I H
2U 1 I H
I 2009
, 1 4 2009 .

(cos = 1) .3.

.
zm, rm xm.

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(4) z 0 = Z1 + Z m Z m ; r0 = r1 + rm rm ; x 0 = x1 + x m x m
z1, r1 x1 ,
, zm , rm
, xm
.
:
r0
x
3 I
= U
P0
3 I 02
rm
(5)
2
0
r 02
Pk, Uk Ik = I

.
.
zk = Z1 + Z 2 ' ;
rk = r1 + r2 ' ;
x k = x1 + x 2 '
(6)
zk =
xk =
Uk
3I k
I k = I , rk =
Pk
3 I k2
z k2 rk2
I 2009
, 1 4 2009 .
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400
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20
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300
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10
I 2009
, 1 4 2009 .

.
,

.
[1] SIMULINK, Model-Based and System-Based Design, Using Simulink, MathWorks Inc.,
Natick, MA, 2000.
[2] SimPowerSystems for Use with Simulink, Users Guide, MathWorks Inc., Natick, MA,
2002
[3] IEEE Std C57.110-2008 IEEE Recommended Practice for Establishing Liquid-Filled and
Dry-Type Power and Distribution Transformer Capability When
Supplying Nonsinusoidal Load Currents
[4] IEEE Std C57.12.36-2007 IEEE Standard Requirements for Liquid-Immersed Distribution
Substation Transformers
[5] Rafajlovski G.,Ratz, Emil, Manov D.,Hristovski D., Modeling Analysis and Simulation of
Motor Parameter Variation in Vector Controlled Electrical Drives., IEEE, PESC97 Volume II, pp.
1475-1479, Catalog Number 97CH36043, Missouri, USA, 1997.
[6] Rafajlovski G.,Ratz, Emil, Manov D.,Hristovski D., Assessment of Motor Parameter
Variation in Vector Controlled Induction Motor, Proceeding of the IEEE International Symposium on
Industrial Electronics, Vol.2.,pp.522-526, Guimaraes Portugal, ISIE1997.
. - - - ,
, rls@vmei.acad.bg
11
I 2009
, 1 4 2009 .

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13
I 2009
, 1 4 2009 .
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14
I 2009
, 1 4 2009 .
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10
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239.5
239.4
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15
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148.4
I 2009
, 1 4 2009 .
; F,
; dF

(dL=0) (dL0)
; dF
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dF = f(dL) dF = f(dL) . 6.
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16
I 2009
, 1 4 2009 .
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37.1
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5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
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14
15
17
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16
16
37.1
17
17
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19
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Fri - Fr(i+10), Fi - F(i+10),
i 1 10.

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.
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Fri - Fr(i+10), F
Fi - F(i+10). F 70.8 N, F = 861,9
N. F 1- 20- , F 9-
10- . 161 .
17
I 2009
, 1 4 2009 .

-
.
- 3.5 m e
.
,
.
81 m 36 m ,
180
.

33 m 5,5 m
60 MW.
80 m
.
[1] .., .. . , I II , , ,
1976, 1988.
[2] . ., . . -.
, , , 2001.
[3] . . , . , , 2000.
[4] . . , . , , 1968.
[5] , . , . , , 1969.
[6] Guerin Chr. Modelisation de regions minces et prise en compte de la saturation des materiaux
magnetiques en regme harmonique, these de 1INPG, Laboratorie dElectrotechnique de
Grenoble, 1994.
-.
Biographies
Dimitar Sotirov was born in Velingrad, Bulgaria, on Mart 1, 1946. He graduated the Technical University of
Sofia and acquired Dr degree from the same university in 1983.
Since 1969 he worked in the Faculty of Electrical Engineering of the Technical University of Sofia as a
Lecturer, Associate Professor, 1986 and Head of Department of Electrical Machines, 2000.
Dimitar Sotirov is with the Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Technical University of Sofia, 8, Kl. Ohridski
Blvd., 1000 Sofia, Bulgaria, e-mail: dkso@tu-sofia.bg.
Plamen Rizov was born in Berkovitsa, Bulgaria, on December 23, 1960. He graduated the Technical
University of Sofia and acquired Dr degree from the same university in 1998.
Since 1991 he worked in the Faculty of Electrical Engineering of the Technical University of Sofia as a
Lecturer and Associate Professor, 2002.
Plamen Rizov is with the Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Technical University of Sofia, 8, Kl. Ohridski
Blvd., 1000 Sofia, Bulgaria, e-mail: pmri@tu-sofia.bg.
Ivaylo PANAYOTOV was born in Tervel, Bulgaria, on January 28, 1980. He studied at the Technical
University of Sofia-Bulgaria and received Eng. degree from the same university in 2004.
Since 2002 he worked in the Electrical Machines Industry now is director APPE of Elprom trafo CHAD
Kustendil, Dondukov 63, email: i.panayotov@elpromch.com .
18
I 2009
, 1 4 2009 .

, ,
:
2400 MW.
P-Q ,
.

.
(
)
.

.

.

.
,
.
.

F1 F2 ,
cos .
,
.

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. ...

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cos 1

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cos
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c
Bz, ,
Bz2.

Bz.. Bz
19
I 2009
, 1 4 2009 .
.
,
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- ;
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- : S = S; = ; Q = Q., U = U.
- = , Q
= 0.5Q; U = U.
- = , Q
= 0.2Q; U = U.
- = , Q
= 0 U = U. -
, Q = 0.5Q
,
, Q = 0.5Q.
- Q = -0.3Q, U = U,
,
, Q = 0.5Q.
- Q = -0.6Q, U = U,
,
, Q = 0.5Q.
- 0.95U 1.05U.
- ,
,
0.95U 1.05U.
.
-
P-Q
, Q = 0.5Q.
20
I 2009
, 1 4 2009 .

. :
,
,
.

.
,
.

18 50 MVA
.
,
, . 1 ) ). . 1 )
. 1
,
. -
. . 1 )
,
- .
10 mm,
45 55 mm.

. - ( 10-15 mm)
.
1.
- 1 :
S = 35,3 MVA;
I = 1941 A;
P = 30,0 MW;
os = 0,85;
U = 10,5 kV;
n = 500 min-1.
21
I 2009
, 1 4 2009 .
1 ""
100
90
t, Fe max
80
t, max
70
t . Fe
t, grad C
60
50
t
40
t . .
30
20
10
t max
0
-15
-10
-5
10
15
20
Q, MVAr
. 2
1 . 2. :
t, Fe max
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t, max -
, ;
t, max - ;
t, min ;
t, . Fe - ,
;
t -
;
t - max
;
t . . - .

,
.
- 2 :
S = 50 MVA;
I = 2740 A;
P = 45,0 MW;
os = 0,9;
U = 10,5 kV;
n = 214 min-1.
2 . 3.
.2,
, t, max . . t, min . .,
, t, . Fe .
22
I 2009
, 1 4 2009 .
4 ""
80
t, grad C
70
t, .Fe
60
t, ..
50
t, . .
40
t . .
.
t ..
30
t Fe ..
20
t .-
10
0
-20
-10
10
20
30
Q, MVAr
. 3
- 3 :
S = 22,5 MVA;
P = 18,0 MW;
U = 10,5 kV;
3
.2.
I = 1240 A;
os = 0,8;
n = 214 min-1.
. 4.
2 ". " -
60
50
t, Fe max
t, max
t, grad C
40
t, max
30
t, min
20
delta t,
-
10
0
-10
-5
Q, MVAr
10
15
. 4
2.
- 4 :
S = 31 MVA;
I = 1705 A;
P = 24,8 MW;
os = 0,8;
23
I 2009
, 1 4 2009 .
U = 10,5 kV;
n = 500 min-1.
4 .5.
3 ""
t, z max
120,0
t, z .
, grad. C
100,0
80,0
t, Fe,
60,0
t, Fe
40,0
t, Fe
20,0
t, Cu
0,0
-10,0
-5,0
0,0
5,0
10,0
Q, MVAr
15,0
.
.
20,0
.5
- 5 :
S = 35 MVA;
I = 1870 A;
P = 28,0 MW;
os = 0,8;
U = 10,5 kV;
n = 600 min-1.
5 ""-
120
t, Fe max
100
t, max
t, max
t, .
80
t, grad C
t, min
t, Fe .
60
t -
t, ..
40
t, . .
t, ..
20
0
-10
-5
5
Q, MVAr
10
15
20
. 6
5 .6 .2.

ThermaCAM P65
, . 7.

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24
I 2009
, 1 4 2009 .
, ,
. 5
. 7
P=27,7 MW, Q=19.8 MVAr.
:
Ar1 Min 50,3 C Max 100,8 C Average 61,0 C
Sp1 100,2 C
Sp2 98,6 C
Sp3 100,8 C
Filename IR_0749.jpg Date 08.12.2008 . 12:06:32

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Sp2 Sp3 .

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, 1 4 2009 .
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26
I 2009
, 1 4 2009 .

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27
I 2009
, 1 4 2009 .
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, 1 4 2009 .
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I 2009
, 1 4 2009 .
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3. TEST FAILED U < 8,00 V
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4. Date / signature:.
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30
I 2009
, 1 4 2009 .
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1. ., . , . .,

, , 13-16 2007, , .
2. 3 ,
18, , ., 2004.
3. Gishin S., Patent 4216064, USA, 161102, Germany, 2022617B, Grey Britania
4. ., . , . , . , . .
, 6, ., , 1999.
5. , I, XIV, ., , 2001.
6. . , M -, 2008.
7. Gishin S., Kr.Boev., V. Gospodinov., Trening and research centre for the investigation and
testing of accumulator batteries, Energy Test 2006, 23-25 November 2006, Athens, Greece.
8. ., . . . ,
- , 2005 ., .
9. .,
, 6-7 , 2008.
10. ., . , . ,
, 8 , 2008
11. ., 52056, 60570 , .
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, . . 965 3167, 8686719, -mail: gishin@tu-sofia.bg
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, , . . 965 2117, -mail: boevkr@tusofia.bg
31
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, 1 4 2009 .
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GmbH & Co.KG.
33
I 2009
, 1 4 2009 .

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BANNER Batterien.
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, 1 4 2009 .
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12 Gro 300 ( 2 110 V, 300 h ),
HOPPECKE Batteries GmbH & Co.KG ,

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26
V
2,26
2,24
2,25
2,25
2,03
2,24
2,08
2,25
2,25
2,09
2,25
2,26
2,26
2,21
2,25
2,26
2,25
2,25
2,25
2,25
2,093
2,25
2,25
2,25
2,25
2,17
V
1,99
1,98
1,98
1,99
1,99
1,98
1,98
1,98
1,98
1,99
1,99
1,98
1,99
1,97
1,94
1,95
1,98
1,98
1,99
1,98
1,99
1,99
1,98
1,98
1,99
1,99
Pb -1 R (R)

U
I
R
(U-E)/I

V
2,4
0,1125
61
2,25
2,4
0,108333
62
2,25
2,4
0,1125
63
2,25
2,4
0,108333
64
2,25
2,4
0,016667
65
2,24
2,4
0,108333
66
2,25
2,4
0,041667
67
2,102
2,4
0,1125
68
2,24
2,4
0,1125
69
2,25
2,4
0,041667
70
2,045
2,4
0,108333
71
2,25
2,4
0,116667
72
2,255
2,4
0,1125
73
2,255
2,4
0,1
74
2,255
2,4
0,129167
75
2,25
2,4
0,129167
76
2,25
2,4
0,1125
77
2,25
2,4
0,1125
78
2,25
2,4
0,108333
79
2,25
2,4
0,1125
80
2,245
2,4
0,042917
81
2,24
2,4
0,108333
82
2,24
2,4
0,1125
83
2,25
2,4
0,1125
84
2,26
2,4
0,108333
85
2,105
2,4
0,075
86
2,133
35
V
1,99
1,98
1,99
1,99
2
1,96
1,96
1,99
1,99
1,96
1,99
1,99
1,97
1,98
1,99
1,99
1,99
1,99
1,99
1,99
1,98
1,98
1,99
1,99
1,99
1,96
2,4
2,4
2,4
2,4
2,4
2,4
2,4
2,4
2,4
2,4
2,4
2,4
2,4
2,4
2,4
2,4
2,4
2,4
2,4
2,4
2,4
2,4
2,4
2,4
2,4
2,4
R
(U-E)/I
0,108333
0,1125
0,108333
0,108333
0,1
0,120833
0,059167
0,104167
0,108333
0,035417
0,108333
0,110417
0,11875
0,114583
0,108333
0,108333
0,108333
0,108333
0,108333
0,10625
0,108333
0,108333
0,108333
0,1125
0,047917
0,072083
I 2009
, 1 4 2009 .
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
2,25
2,26
2,25
2,26
2,26
2,26
2,26
2,26
2,26
2,25
2,26
2,26
2,26
2,26
2,26
2,25
2,25
2,25
2,24
2,25
2,25
2,25
2,25
2,24
2,25
2,25
2,26
2,26
2,26
2,25
2,26
2,26
2,1
2,255
1,98
2
1,99
1,95
1,94
1,95
1,95
1,96
1,96
1,95
1,93
1,93
1,94
1,93
1,95
1,95
1,95
1,94
1,95
1,95
1,95
1,94
1,94
1,94
1,94
1,94
1,96
1,96
1,98
1,99
1,99
1,96
1,99
1,99
2,4
2,4
2,4
2,4
2,4
2,4
2,4
2,4
2,4
2,4
2,4
2,4
2,4
2,4
2,4
2,4
2,4
2,4
2,4
2,4
2,4
2,4
2,4
2,4
2,4
2,4
2,4
2,4
2,4
2,4
2,4
2,4
2,4
2,4
0,1125
0,108333
0,108333
0,129167
0,133333
0,129167
0,129167
0,125
0,125
0,125
0,1375
0,1375
0,133333
0,1375
0,129167
0,125
0,125
0,129167
0,120833
0,125
0,125
0,129167
0,129167
0,125
0,129167
0,129167
0,125
0,125
0,116667
0,108333
0,1125
0,125
0,045833
0,110417
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
2,25
2,24
2,058
2,24
2,25
2,26
2,26
2,26
2,26
2,26
2,25
2,25
2,25
2,25
2,25
2,26
2,26
2,25
2,245
2,26
2,26
2,1
2,25
2,25
2,25
2,255
2,26
2,26
1,96
1,94
1,95
1,95
1,94
1,95
1,94
1,95
1,95
1,95
1,99
1,94
1,99
1,99
1,99
1,99
1,99
1,98
1,98
1,99
1,99
1,99
1,99
1,99
2
1,98
1,96
1,96
2,4
2,4
2,4
2,4
2,4
2,4
2,4
2,4
2,4
2,4
2,4
2,4
2,4
2,4
2,4
2,4
2,4
2,4
2,4
2,4
2,4
2,4
2,4
2,4
2,4
2,4
2,4
2,4
0,120833
0,125
0,045
0,120833
0,129167
0,129167
0,133333
0,129167
0,129167
0,129167
0,108333
0,129167
0,108333
0,108333
0,108333
0,1125
0,1125
0,1125
0,110417
0,1125
0,1125
0,045833
0,108333
0,108333
0,104167
0,114583
0,125
0,125

- :
1. , ,
,
.
2. ,
5, 10, 21, 59, 67, 69, 70, 85, 86, 89 108

.
3. ,

,
.
4.
, ,
, 3,
9.06.2004 , , E N ,

.
36
I 2009
, 1 4 2009 .
1
Pb -1 R (R)
0,16
0,14
0,12
0,1
0,08
0,06
0,04
0,02
2
11
10
10
10
97
10
94
91
88
85
82
79
76
73
70
67
64
61
58
55
52
49
46
43
40
37
34
31
28
25
22
19
16
13
10
5. -
, - ,
,
, ,
,

.
2

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14

U

V
V
1,99
1,85
1,98
1,85
1,98
1,85
1,99
1,84
1,99
1,6
1,98
1,84
1,98
1,67
1,98
1,85
1,98
1,85
1,99
1,54
1,99
1,85
1,98
1,85
1,99
1,85
1,97
1,84
Pb -1 R (R)
I
R

(-U)/I

V
30
0,004667
61
1,99
30
0,004333
62
1,98
30
0,004333
63
1,99
30
0,005
64
1,99
30
0,013
65
2
30
0,004667
66
1,96
30
0,010333
67
1,96
30
0,004333
68
1,99
30
0,004333
69
1,99
30
0,015
70
1,96
30
0,004667
71
1,99
30
0,004333
72
1,99
30
0,004667
73
1,97
30
0,004333
74
1,98
37
V
1,84
1,83
1,84
1,84
1,85
1,79
1,63
1,84
1,69
1,58
1,84
1,84
1,82
1,83
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
R
(-U)/I
0,005
0,005
0,005
0,005
0,005
0,005667
0,011
0,005
0,01
0,012667
0,005
0,005
0,005
0,005
I 2009
, 1 4 2009 .
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
1,94
1,95
1,98
1,98
1,99
1,98
1,99
1,99
1,98
1,98
1,99
1,99
1,98
2
1,99
1,95
1,94
1,95
1,95
1,96
1,96
1,95
1,93
1,93
1,94
1,93
1,95
1,95
1,95
1,94
1,95
1,95
1,95
1,94
1,94
1,94
1,94
1,94
1,96
1,96
1,98
1,99
1,99
1,96
1,99
1,99
1,83
1,83
1,84
1,85
1,86
1,86
1,68
1,86
1,85
1,85
1,86
1,77
1,86
1,87
1,87
1,81
1,8
1,8
1,8
1,82
1,82
1,81
1,79
1,78
1,8
1,77
1,81
1,79
1,79
1,77
1,77
1,78
1,78
1,75
1,79
1,79
1,78
1,78
1,8
1,8
1,8
1,81
1,81
1,77
1,61
1,83
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
0,003667
0,004
0,004667
0,004333
0,004333
0,004
0,010333
0,004333
0,004333
0,004333
0,004333
0,007333
0,004
0,004333
0,004
0,004667
0,004667
0,005
0,005
0,004667
0,004667
0,004667
0,004667
0,005
0,004667
0,005333
0,004667
0,005333
0,005333
0,005667
0,006
0,005667
0,005667
0,006333
0,005
0,005
0,005333
0,005333
0,005333
0,005333
0,006
0,006
0,006
0,006333
0,012667
0,005333
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
38
1,99
1,99
1,99
1,99
1,99
1,99
1,98
1,98
1,99
1,99
1,99
1,96
1,96
1,94
1,95
1,95
1,94
1,95
1,94
1,95
1,94
1,95
1,99
1,94
1,99
1,99
1,99
1,99
1,99
1,98
1,98
1,99
1,99
1,99
1,99
1,99
2
1,98
1,96
1,96
1,77
1,87
1,88
1,85
1,84
1,83
1,82
1,81
1,8
1,79
1,61
1,56
1,86
1,85
1,57
1,77
1,77
1,88
1,8
1,79
1,82
1,77
1,8
1,75
1,84
1,79
1,86
1,81
1,79
1,84
1,75
1,85
1,77
1,61
1,78
1,82
1,86
1,75
1,71
1,78
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
0,007333
0,004
0,003667
0,004667
0,005
0,005333
0,005333
0,005667
0,006333
0,006667
0,012667
0,013333
0,003333
0,003
0,012667
0,006
0,005667
0,002333
0,004667
0,005333
0,004
0,006
0,006333
0,006333
0,005
0,006667
0,004333
0,006
0,006667
0,004667
0,007667
0,004667
0,007333
0,012667
0,007
0,005667
0,004667
0,007667
0,008333
0,006
I 2009
, 1 4 2009 .
2
Pb -1 R (R)
0,016
0,014
0,012
0,01
0,008
0,006
0,004
0,002
11
2
10
9
10
6
10
3
97
10
0
94
91
88
85
82
79
76
73
70
67
64
61
58
55
52
49
46
43
40
37
34
31
28
25
22
19
16
13
10
1. ., . , . .,

, , 13-16 2007, , .
2. 3 ,
18, , ., 2004.
3. Gishin S., Patent 4216064, USA, 161102, Germany, 2022617B, Grey Britania
4. ., . , . , . , . .
, 6, ., , 1999.
5. , I, XIV, ., , 2001.
6. . , M -, 2008.
7. Gishin S., Kr.Boev., V. Gospodinov., Trening and research centre for the investigation and
testing of accumulator batteries, Energy Test 2006, 23-25 November 2006, Athens, Greece.
8. ., . . . ,
- , 2005 ., .
9. .,
, 6-7 , 2008.
10. , . , . ,
, 8 , 2008
11. ., 52056, 60570 , .
:
, , - ,
... , , ,
. . 965 3167, 8686719, -mail: gishin@tu-sofia.bg
. , , ,
o, . 965 2807, -mail: vgos@tu-sofia.bg
. , , ,
,, . 965 2117, -mail: boevkr@tu-sofia.bg
39
I 2009
, 1 4 2009 .
, ,
:
,
,
. ,

.

, ,
,
.

.

,
.
,
.

, - .
,
,
,
.
,
[6]. , .
,
. ,
.
, ,

, .

,
.

, , ,
, . [2, 3]
- .
() -
.
. ( )

40
I 2009
, 1 4 2009 .
.
: ,
, .
-
,
, [2,3,4].
- ,
.

. ,
,
.
.

, .
, -
, , ,
, , [2, 3].
, ,
[5]. ,

.
, ,
.

. , 1600 VA
380 V. -,
.
,
, .1.
. 1
41
I 2009
, 1 4 2009 .
, 1 -
, 5 -.
8 , 0,505 V.

- 0.1-0.3 V.
(Power Quality
Analyzer) .
. (
)
, 22 V 88 V.

,
, .

.
I1 (mA)
P1 (W)
400
350
300
7
6
250
200
150
100
50
0
0
..
..
.2. ,

.3. ,

,
,

S (VA)
8
.
5
,
4

3
2
0
.2 4
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
..

(
.4. ,
).
-

, .

0
.
1
42
I 2009
, 1 4 2009 .
,
,
- , . 56.
I1 (mA)
1200
P1 (W)
30
1000
800
25
20
600
15
400
10
200
..
..
.5. , .6. ,

. 26
22V.
- ,
,
. 78.
I1 (mA)
P1 (W)
1400
30
1200
25
1000
20
800
15
600
400
10
200
0
0
10
15
20
25
30
35
.7.

10
15
20
25
30
35
.8.

, . 910.

, -
.
,

. 11.
43
I 2009
, 1 4 2009 .

1400
1200
,
1000

800

(0-1) .
600

. (4-5)
400

200
,
U (V)
0
0
20
40
60
80
100
I (A)

120
.9.
100

80
60
,
40

20

0
.
0
50
100
150
200
250
. 12

, 8 , .12.
..
.
I1 (mA)
I1 (mA)
3000

(0-1)
2500
P1 (VA)
100
90
80
2000
70
60
1500

(0-1)
50
1000

. (4-5)
40
30
500
20
10
U1 (V)
0
0
50
100
150
200
U1 (V)
250
.11.

20
40
60
80
100
.10.

,
,
.

- .

, , ,
--16
.
44
I 2009
, 1 4 2009 .
[1]
[2]
[3]
[4]
[5]
[6]
., . . , , ., 1983.
Bengtsson C. Status and Trends in Transformer Monitoring. IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, Vol.
11, No. 3, July 1996, pp.1379-1384.
Han Y., Y. H. Song. Condition Monitoring Techniques for Electrical Equipment A Literature Survey.
IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, Vol. 18, No. 1, Jan. 2003, pp. 4-13.
Klingshirn E. A., H. R. Moore, E. C. Wentz, Detection of faults in power transformers, AIEE
Transactions, pt. III, vol. 76, pp. 8795, Apr. 1957.
Penman J., H.G.Sedding, B.A. Lloyd, W.T.Fink. Detection and location of interturn short circuits in the
stator windings of operating motors. IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion, Vol. 9, No. 4, Dec.1994,
pp. 652-658.
Tavner P.J. Review of condition monitoring of rotating electrical machines. IET Electric Power Appl.,
2008, Vol. 2, No. 4, pp. 215247.
:
1. - . , ,
, Ka.12326, Te. 965-21-43, E-mail: gtto@tu-sofia.bg
2. . . , ,
--16, E-mail: kalin@mps.bg
3. - . . , . ,
, , . 032-659688, -mail: gganev@tu-plovdiv.bg
45
I 2009
, 1 4 2009 .

. ,

,
.
()

() [1].
() (.
1), . [2]

,
( Ox).

.

= const
r = const (. 1). N1 2a1

i f . N2 2a2
(. 1). a1 a2 c2
Ox. , -
,

. v ,
Ox Oz (. 1).
h1 h2 .

U& , .
[3] -
:
U& (v x , v y ) = jg~ p2 2 f m e p (h1+ h2 )e jc2 sin a1 sin a1 sin a 2 sin a 2 dd
46
(1)
I 2009
, 1 4 2009 .
g~ = 2 2 0I&N 1 N 2 ,
fm =
r p qv
, p = 2 + 2 , q v =
r p + qv
p 2 + j + j (v x + v y )
(2)
:
2
2
- = 0 a1
, =
2 f ;
(3)
- s* = s / a1 , s = a2 , c2 , h1 , h2 ;
- x(y) = vx(y) / (a1) .
- U& * x , y =
U& (v x , v y ) U& (0,0 )

U (0,0)
(4)
Z
Y
C2
a)
= 0, r = 1
h1
O
h2
KO
= const, r =const
C2
2 1
i
2a 2
. 1. ,

(1) (4)
(4) U* = arg (U*)
.
(1)
[4].
:
r = 1 -
(5)
a2* = 1; h1* = 0,055 ; h2* = 0,06 .
47
(6)
I 2009
, 1 4 2009 .

,
( U* (4) , ,
(. 1)). = const, = const
c2.
() -
= arg(U& * ) ,
. = const, = const c2.
(c2 = 0).
( = 1)
c2=0
c2=0,5
c2=1,1
c2=2
c2=4
= 1 , = 0 .5 , = 1
0,4
0,2
c2=0
c2=0,5
c2=1,1
c2=2
c2=4
=1 , =0 . 5 , =1
-2
-4
-0,2
-6
0
-0,4
-0,7
-0,5
-0,3
-0,1
0,1
0,3
0,5
0,7
c2=0
c2=0,5
c2=1,1
c2=2
c2=4
= 1 , = 1 , = 1
0,4
. 3.
= 1 = 0,5 .
. 2.
= 1 = 0,5 .
0,8
c2=0
c2=0,5
c2=1,1
c2=2
c2=4
=1 , =1 , = 1
0
-2
-4
-0,4
-6
-0,8
-1,2
-0,6
0,6
1,2
1,8
. 4.
= 1 = 1.
= 1 , = 5 , = 1
-1
1,5
. 5.
= 1 = 1.
c2=0
c2=0,5
c2=1,1
c2=2
c2=4
=1 , = 5 , =1
-0,5
-3
-5
0
-2,5
-3
-1
c2=0
c2=0,5
c2=1,1
c2=2
4
c2=4
. 6. = 1 = 5.
48
. 7.
= 1 = 5.
I 2009
, 1 4 2009 .
( = 5)
= 5 , = 0 .5 , = 1
0,4
-0,4
-0,4
0,4
0,8
1,2
= 5 , = 0 .5 , = 1
c2=0
c2=0,5
c2=1,1
c2=2
c2=4
c2=0
c2=0,5
c2=1,1
c2=2
c2=4
1,6
-2
0
. 8.
= 5 = 0,5.
. 9.
= 5 = 0,5.
4
c2=0
c2=0,5
c2=1,1
c2=2
c2=4
= 5 , = 1 , = 1
c2= 0
c2= 0,5
c2= 1,1
c2= 2
c2= 4
-1
-1
=5 , =1 , =1
-2
0
. 10.
= 5 = 1.
. 11.
= 5 = 1.
5
= 5 , = 5 , =1
1,5
= 5 , = 5 , = 1
2,5
0,5
-0,5
-1,5
-2
c2=0
c2=0,5
c2=1,1
c2=2
c2=4
c2=0
c2=0,5
c2=1,1
c2=2
3c2=4
4
-2,5
0
. 12.
. 13.
= 5 = 5.
= 5 = 5.
( = 20)
c2=0
c2=0,5
c2=1,1
c2=2
c2=4
Y
0
-0,5
-0,5
0,5
1,5
= 2 0 , = 0 .5 , = 1
c2=0
c2=0,5
c2=1,1
c2=2
c2=4
0,5
-2
= 2 0 , = 0 .5 , = 1
2,5
-4
0
. 14.
= 20 = 0,5.
. 15.
= 20 = 0,5.
49
I 2009
, 1 4 2009 .
c2=0
c2=0,5
c2=1,1
c2=2
c2=4
0,5
0
=2 0 , = 1 , =1
-0,5
-1
. 16. = 20 = 1.
5
= 2 0 , = 1 , = 1
c2=0
c2=0,5
c2=1,1
c2=2
c2=4
-1
0
. 17. = 20 = 1.
c2=0
c2=0,5
c2=1,1
c2=2
c2=4
0,5
-0,5
-0,5
0,5
1,5
=2 0 , =5 , =1
2,5
3,5
. 18. = 20 = 5.
c2=0
c2=0,5
c2=1,1
c2=2
c2=4
=2 0 , = 5 , =1
2
0
0
. 19. = 20 = 5.

,
.
:
50
I 2009
, 1 4 2009 .
k = U* /U0* , k/2 = k-/2 = U*/2 / U0* ,
(7)

, . . U0*
( +Ox), U* -
( -Ox), U*/2 = U*-/2 -
( Oy).

.
,
( . 6 c2* = 0,5, . 12 c2* = 0,5 . 18 c2* = 0,5).
(7) , . .
- .
:
- ; -
. Oy
( ) - k/2 = k-/2 << 1. Ox
:
k >1, . . - (-Ox)
= 5, = 1 c2* = 0,5 (. 4).
k <1, . . - (+Ox)
= 1, = 0,5 c2* = 2 (. 2) = 5, = 0,5 c2* = 2 (. 8).
- U0* U * 0.
0 -
(c2* 4). -
, - . 8,10,12,14,16,18. (7)
, -
. 12, 16, 18.

|| < / 2 || > / 2 (. 3
. 5). c2* =1 2.
=
0 c2* = / 2 c2* (. 7).
- (. 9,11,13,15,17,19) -
(- = / 2 ) . -
c2* - - (. 9 . 15).
-
:
1. ,
c2 -
. ,

() .
2. ,
, .
51
I 2009
, 1 4 2009 .
3.

.
4.
= 20, = 0,5 c2* = 2,
()
.
5.

, ,
.
[1] . , . ,
, XV

2005 (13-17 2005 ., ), . 432-437.
[2] ., . ,
,
, 56, . 2, 2006 ., . 351-359.
[3] .,
,
, 53, 2004 ., . 191 199.
[4] ., . ,
,
, ADVANCED ASPECTS
OF THEORETICAL ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING SOZOPOL' 09, 20.09-23.09.2009, .
. - . , , . (02) 965
23 18, email: sgg@tu-sofia.bg
. . . . , , . 0898949280,
email: val_iv@abv.bg
52
I 2009
, 1 4 2009 .

. , . , . .
:

,
.

- ,

.
1.

[1],
.
() -
,
-
().
0,2S,
,
, [2, 3
4].
, ,

0,2S .
2.
2.1.
()
KN , :
K KN
K
(1)

:
kc =
K
KN
(2)
53
I 2009
, 1 4 2009 .
(1 (2) :
kc =
1 + A +
:
U -
, :
(3)
(
- ),
cos ( ) cos
. tg
cos
.
=
(4)
(4)
.

:
= .ctg
(5)
(3), (4) (5) ,
K E*
:
K E* = KU K I K E = kcu kci KUN K IN K EN

(6)
kc
kc =
1 + I + U E + U I
1 I U U I + E
(7)

NE (imp/kWh), :
*
1
1
N EN
N = * =
=
*
K E kc K EN
kc
*
E
(8)
1

1.

KIN
KI
54
K IN =
KI =
I1N
I 2N
I1
= kci . K IN
I2
I 2009
, 1 4 2009 .
4
5
10
11
kci
I =
K IN K I
. 100
KI
1
1 + I + I
kci =

= I . tg
I
I . ctg
KUN
KUN =
KU
kcu
K EN
W . s VAr. s
imp imp
12
KE
W . s VAr. s
imp imp
13
14
kce
55
KU =
U =
U1N
U2N
U1
= kcu . KUN
U2
KUN KU
. 100
KU
kcu =
1
1 + U + U

= U . tg
U

= U .ctg
U
K EN =
KE =
P. t
n
E =
PN . t QN . t
n n
Q. t
= kce K EN
n
K E K EN
. 100
KE
kce =
1
1 E E
I 2009
, 1 4 2009 .
15
16
()

NEN
imp
kW h
17
()
NE
imp
kW h
18
19
20
21

()

K E*
Wa 2
Wr 2
Wa1
Wr1
*
E
kWh MWh
imp imp
imp imp
kWh MWh

= E (U I ) . tg
E

= E (U I ) . ctg
E
N EN =
NE =
1
K EN
1
N
= EN
KE
kce
K E* = K E .K I .KU =
= kce kci kcu K EN
N E* =
N EN
kce kci kcu
kWh
(kVArh)
K E .n
kWh
(kVArh)
*
K EN
.n
n
NE
n
*
N EN
2.2.
.1
,
, . 2 . 3 ,
.
56
I 2009
, 1 4 2009 .
P2
S2
S1
P1
BH
X
U
. 1.

+ U
I
+ I
I2
- I
- U
+ UU
+ I
- UU
- I
U
. 2. ,

U2
. 3. ,

2.2.1.
,
,
I , :
;
,
;
, ,
. 1.
2.2.1.
,
,
I , :
57
I 2009
, 1 4 2009 .
;
,
;
, ,
. 1.
2.2.2.
,
,
, U , :
;
,
;
, ,
. 1.
. 2 3 :
I2 ;
II ;
I ;
I - ;
U2 ;
UU ;
U ;
U - .

?
,
( 20 % ) ,
.

(1977 .), (1992 .)
(1994 .)
3.
:
1.
,
. ,
, .
, -
.
2.

,
.
:
58
I 2009
, 1 4 2009 .
[1] Handbook for Electricity Metering. Edison Electric Institute. 10 th Edition. 2002.
[2] , . ., . . , . . , . . , . . .
.
.
XVIII

2008.
, . 226 231. , 2008.
[3] , . ., . . , . . , . . . . .
,
, .
XVIII

2008. , . 232 237. ,
2008.
[4] , . ., . . , . . , . . , . . . .
.
. XIX
2009.
, . 246 250. , 2009.
[5]. , ., . . ., . . , . . . . .

. XVII
*2007. , . 66 71. ,
2007.
[6] , . ., . . , . . , . . . . .

. XVII
*2007. , . 155 157.
, 2007.
[7] BeetzSchroheForger. Elektrizitatszahler und Messwandler. Verlag G. Braun, Karlsruhe,
1959.
:
. - , , . , e-mail:
pzk@abv.bg
. - ,, . , e-mail: jdaskalov@tusofia.bg
. - , , . , e-mail: sgg@tusofia.bg
.. ,, . , e-mail: ktodorova@tusofia.bg
59
I 2009
, 1 4 2009 .

, , , ,
:
.
,

.

, , .

,
, ,
.
: i
.
6.3 kV
20 kV ,

. -
-
.
:
- (resin rich RR
) -
, ,

(VPI ).
F (RR
).
-.

.
- .
. , .
,
.
.1.
. 6
, 50% ,
, 7,
. 4 , .5.
, . 6
, 50% ,
,
.
60
I 2009
, 1 4 2009 .
.1
F (VPI
).

- ,
.
.
. ,
.

ISOVOLTA . 2,
. 3.
VPI
- . ,
155C,
180 C 100 .
VPI
H (Polyesterimide ,
Novolak) .
,
155-180C -
, -
.

. 4 , -
180-170 C. 30 C,
170-140 C.
61
I 2009
, 1 4 2009 .
.3 VPI

62
I 2009
, 1 4 2009 .
RR VPI

.
,
.

.
. 5. ,
,
.
.
.5
RR . .6

. ,
,
, . 5.
-,
, .7.
VPI -.
.8
. ,
,
- - .
- - . 9.
63
I 2009
, 1 4 2009 .
. 6
. 7
. 8
. 9
,
. ISOVOLTA
POROBAND ME 2072 0,14 mm.
1.
64
I 2009
, 1 4 2009 .
1
3,3 kV
3x
0,76 mm
2x
6,6 kV
6x
1,51 mm
4x
10,5 kV
9x
2,27 mm
7x
13,8 kV
11x
2,77 mm
9x

. . 10

nutfershlusfedern nutsaitfedern. To
RR VPI .
.
.10

(.11), - ,
-
. 12
VRI
. ,

.
65
I 2009
, 1 4 2009 .
.11
. 12
VPI
RR VPI.

.
.
1 10 MVA
6,3 kV
18,5125 mm. 4 .
8 ,
66
I 2009
, 1 4 2009 .
.
:
RR 5,62,8 mm
2,5 mm;
VPI 6,72,8 mm
1,5 mm.
VPI 13 MVA,
30% , RR.
2 35 MVA
10,5 kV
23145 mm. 1
40 ,
.
:
RR 6,32,36 mm
3,7 mm;
VPI 7,12,5 mm
2,5 mm.
VPI 40 MVA,
14,3% , RR.
3 17,45 VA
13,8 kV
22,1x117,7 mm. 3
4 ,
.
:
RR 112,5 mm
5 mm;
VPI 12,52,65 mm
3,7 mm.
VPI 20,5 MVA,
17,5% , RR.
1, 2 3 1.
:
1. RR
VPI
15 30%.
(
...).
1
1
2
3
RR
VPI
RR
VPI
RR
VPI
,
-
-
-
-
-
-
,
VA
10
13
35
40
17.45
20.5
, V
6300
6300
10500
10500
13800
13800
67
I 2009
, 1 4 2009 .
, A

, mm

, mm
, mm
. , mm2
, A/mm2
. , kW
.
, 0C
, 0C
, 0C
916.4
5
119
1.4
5
1924.5
5
2199.4
5
731
5
859
5
1560
1560
2750
2750
2258
2258
10
10
23
23
18
18
870
870
1300
1300
1310
1310
120
120
138
138
121.04
145.68
528
688
3.65
117
1.34
13.7
4
64.6
1
33.9
2
3.2
125
3.83
3.43
214.
36
13.9
63.1
4
34.3
9
12.4
12.8
37.9
43.3
24.1
25.2
3.7786
404.
08
10.8
7
54.1
3
29.9
7
4.09
582.
32
11.3
3
55.4
1
32.3
2
126
109,2
126
130,32
3.3
246
2. VPI
.
3.
.

.
1.Ladsttter W., Dr. P. Marek, W. Grubelnik, F. Senn, NEW INSULATION TECHNOLOGY

IMPACTS GENERATOR DESIGN, Isovolta Group Development HV Insulation Competence
Centre Werndorf 8402 Werndorf, Austria Power-Gen Conference 2006 / Orlando USA.
2.R. Vogelsang, R. Brutsch, and K. Frohlich, "Time to breakdown of high voltage winding
insulations at mechanical vibrations," 14th Int. Symp. High Voltage Engineering, ISH, Beijing,
China, Aug. 2005.
3.IEC 60243 -1, Electrical Strength of Insulating Materials - Test methods - Part 1: Tests at
Power Frequencies, 2nd Ed. 1998-01
4.R. Vogelsang, R. Brutsch, K. Frohlich, "Effect of electrical tree propagation on breakdown
in mica insulations", in Proc. 13th Int. Symp. High-Voltage Eng., ISH, Delft, The Netherlands, pp. \A, Aug. 2003
.
68
I 2009
, 1 4 2009 .

01.01.2007 . .

,
, EN
.
-
.
.
[1]
() (),
. .
.
,

.

.
. , , ,
. -
.
.

.

, , ,
. .
.

, ..

, ,
. ,

.
[2]
:
- ..
;
- ..
.
.
, , , .
69
I 2009
, 1 4 2009 .
, .
ISO 128 [3].
0.13; 0.18; 0.25; 0.35; 0.5; 0.7; 1.0; 1.4; 2 mm.
, - 2:1.
.
. . 1
.

. 1

,
,

, ,
,
,
70
;

;
,

; ,
I 2009
, 1 4 2009 .

.
EN ISO 5455 [4]. :
- (1:1),
;
- ;
- , ,
, ;
. 2.

. 2
50:1
5:1

20:1
2:1
1:2
1:20
1:200
1:2000
1:5
1:50
1:500
1:5000
10:1
1:1
1:10
1:100
1:1000
1:10000
,
. , EN ISO 5457 [5].
- ,
. [5] .3
. 1.

0
1
2
3
4

mm
1189 841
841 594
594 420
420 297
297 210
71
. 3

3 3 mm
1230 880
880 625
625 450
450 330
330 240
I 2009
, 1 4 2009 .
0 3
4
. 1.
, . 3, ..
. ,
.
(. 3) -
(. 1). (. 3.1).
. 2.
. 2.
72
I 2009
, 1 4 2009 .
0 3 , 4
( . 1).
.
:
, , ,
. 0 3
, 4
.
.
(. 3).
20 mm
. 10 mm.
0.7 mm.
1.
2.

3.
4.

5.
6.
. 3.

.
10 mm 0.7 mm,
(. 4).

, . . 50 mm.
(I O ),
. 4
. (. 4),
. ,
0.35 mm.
3.5 mm
.
73
I 2009
, 1 4 2009 .

0
24
16
1
16
12
2
12
8
. 4
3
8
6
4
6
4
. 4. ,

10 mm 5 mm (. 4).
. EN ISO 7200
[6] , ,
. :
1.
- ;
- ;
- ;
- ;
- ;
-
2.
- ;
3.
- ;
- ;
74
I 2009
, 1 4 2009 .
-
;
;
;
.
180 mm.
.
EN ISO 7200
: (. 5) (. 6).
. 5.
. 6.

, , ,
, .
.
,
,
, ,
.
-
,
75
I 2009
, 1 4 2009 .
, . EN
.

-
.
:
[1]. 2.109-80 . .
[2]. .., . , . , ,
, . , 2008.
[3]. EN ISO 128:1995 . .
[4]. EN ISO 5455 . .
[5]. EN ISO 5457:1994 .
.
[6]. EN ISO 7200:2004 . .
76
I 2009
, 1 4 2009 .

, , , ,
:
Matlab/Simulink.

.
.
MODELLING AND SIMULATION OF SQUIRREL CAGE INDUCTION GENERATOR
Vladimir Lazarov, Ludmil Stoyanov, Kostadinka Bundeva, Zahari Zarkov, Dimitar Spirov
Abstract: The paper deals with the squirrel cage induction generator model realization in
Matlab/Simulink environment. Some simulations are made to justify the model correct work in
different operation modes. Moreover there is shown the experimental and simulation results
comparison
1. Introduction
The electricity production from renewable energy sources (RES) is a priority for the modern
society. Bulgaria, as European Union member and Kyoto protocol signed, is obliged to increase
the part of the electricity produced by renewable energy sources to 20% in 2020 [1]. The wind
turbines are a reliable investment but their wide spread requires a good knowledge on the transient
processes of the grid connected generator behavior. The squirrel cage induction generators are
widely used for electricity production in parallel with the network because of its simple and reliable
structure and utilization [2], [3]. Therefore, the behavior of these machines in generator mode
represents interest for different studies.
In this paper the realization of induction machine mathematical model in the
Matlab/Simulink environment is shown. The model behavior in various operation modes is studied.
Some authors [4], [5], [6], [7] use the models in the SimPowerSystems toolbox of Matlab or
others software. Those models restrict the users freedom. Moreover sometimes, there are
problems with the simulation speed and the connections between the elements. Thus, the creation
of open model is necessary. In [8] is presented such model of induction machine in dq frame,
turning with the rotor.
2. Mathematical model
In the induction machine model the iron and mechanical losses are neglected and the
magnetic system is linear. Moreover there is the assumption for machine operation in parallel with
infinite power grid. The induction machine electrical model is composed by four equations obtained
with the application of Kirchoffs law in the dq frame [4], [9], [10], [11], [12]. This frame represents
the transformed three phase frame. It is transformed using the Parks transformation. Equation (1)
presents the equation system when the dq frame turns synchronously. The rotor voltages are
zeros because of the squirrel cage.
77
I 2009
, 1 4 2009 .
dd
s .q
dt
dq
uq = r1.iq +
+ s .d
dt
ddr
0 = r2 .idr +
( s r ).qr
dt
dqr
0 = r2 .iqr +
+ ( s r ).dr
dt
ud = r1 .id +
(1)
where ud and uq are the voltages on the transformed stator winding respectively on the direct
and the quadrature axes; r1 and r2 are the stator and referenced rotor resistances; d, q, dr and
qr are the stator and rotor flux linkages on the d and q axes; id, iq, idr and iqr are the stator and rotor
windings currents; s and r are the frame and rotor speeds.
This system is completed by another four equation system bonding the flux linkages and
the winding currents:
d = Ls .id + Lm .idr
q = Ls .iq + Lm .iqr
(2)
dr = Lm .id + Lr .idr
qr = Lm .iq + Lr .iqr
where Ls is the stator inductance; Lr is the referenced rotor inductance; Lm is the mutual
inductance.
To fulfill the goal to simulate transient process for random wind speed variation during the
parallel operation of the induction machine with the electrical grid, the mathematical model
implementation in the Matlab/Simulink environment is necessary. The presence of 2 unknown
variables in the right part of the equations in system (1) hobbles the software implementation. So,
using (2), the flux linkages are substituted by the currents in the system (1) [8]. Thus, the following
system with 4 differential equations with currents as state space variables is obtained:
did
1
=
Lr u d r1 Lr id + Ls Lr s iq L2m ( s r )iq + r2 Lm idr + Lm Lr r iqr
dt Ls Lr L2m
diq
dt
1
Lr uq Ls Lr s id L2m ( s r )id r1 Lr iq Lm Lr r idr + r2 Lmiqr
Ls Lr L2m
didr
1
=
Lmu d r1 Lm id Ls Lmr iq r2 Ls idr + L2m s iqr + Ls Lr ( s r )iqr
dt
Ls Lr L2m
diqr
dt
1
Lmu q + Ls Lmr id + r1 Lm iq + L2m g idr Ls Lr (s r )idr r2 Ls iqr
Ls Lr L2m
(3)
This system is more appropriate for implementation in Matlab/Simulink than Equation (1)
and the induction machine model is realized. The model simulation needs the rotor speed
knowledge, thus the swing equation is necessary [8]:
d r p
= (Tm Te )
dt
J
78
(4)
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where J is the rotor inertia, p is the machine pole pairs, Tm is the input mechanical torque and
Te is the electromagnetic torque found by [4], [8], [9]:
Te =
3
pLm isq ird isd irq
2
(5)
The total squirrel cage induction machine model is given by Equation (3), Equation (4) and
Equation (5). To estimate the model stability, it is tested in various operation modes. These
simulations are presented in the next chapter.
3. Simulation results
In the realized model, the machine data from the four-pole induction machine MAT 20 with
rated power of 1.5kW is entered. This machine is available in the Renewable energy sources
laboratory in the Technical University of Sofia. The presented simulations represent the model
behavior, during rotor speed variation, which correspond to different operation modes.
3.1. Mechanical characteristic
In this simulation, the rotor speed changes from 0 to 3000min-1. Thus, the machine
mechanical characteristic (the machine torque in slip function) can be obtained. The result,
presented on Figure 1, corresponds to the machine theory and moreover the results are similar to
the experimental data obtained on the laboratory test bench.
80
Simulation
Experim ent
60
40
M, Nm
20
-20
-40
-60
0
500
1000
1500
n, min -1
2000
2500
3000
Figure 1. Simulated mechanical characteristic

3.2 Operation mode variation
The operation mode change is observed if the rotor speed varies under and over the
machine synchronous speed. The machine is with 2 pole pairs, so the synchronous speed is equal
to 1500min-1. The speed variation during the simulation is presented on the Figure 2:
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1550
1540
1530
1520
n, min
-1
1510
1500
1490
1480
1470
1460
1450
0
3
t, s
Figure 2. Speed variation during simulation

First the induction machine operates as motor because the rotor speed is lower compared
to the synchronous speed. In this case the machine consumes both active and reactive power.
When the rotor speed exceeds 1500min-1 the machine operates as generator. The active power
change its sign because now the machine inject power to the grid, whereas the reactive power
keep its sign because the induction machine needs reactive power no matter of the operation
mode. The simulation results show that the model follows the physic phenomenon, which is
illustrated on Figure 3:
6000
P
Q
5000
4000
P, W;
Q, VAr
3000
2000
1000
-1000
-2000
0
3
t, s
Figure 3. Active and reactive power variation

3.3 Sudden input torque variation
In this simulation the input torque changes without sign variation. The model will be used
for simulation of grid connected renewable energy sources, so the coming results are in generator
operation mode. The torque varies from 3 to 9Nm (Figure 4). This torque variation reflects on rotor
speed augmentation from 159.8 to 165rad-1 (Figure 5). The injected active and the consumed
reactive power (Figure 6) and the stator currents (Figure 7) also increase respectively from
456.6W, 687.2VAr and 1.769A to 1358W, 864VAr and 3.45A. All quantities take their new value
after a transient process due to the rotor inertia.
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300
10
9
250
8
200
-1
w, rad
M, Nm
150
5
100
4
50
3
2
0
3
t, s
0
0
3
t, s
Figure 5. Rotor speed variation, with

transient process zoom
Figure 4. Torque variation

4000
25
20
3000
15
10
2000
Iabc, A
P, W
Q, VAr
1000
-5
0
-10
-15
-1000
-20
-2000
3
t, s
-25
0
3
t, s
Figure 7. Stator currents

3.4 Slowly input torque variation
In this case, the torque changes for about 0.5s (Figure 8). The others quantities follow this
variation without the previously observed transient process as its shown at Figure 9 for the active
and reactive power and Figure 10 for the stator currents.
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10
5000
9
4000
8
3000
P, W
Q, VAr
M, Nm
2000
1000
5
0
-1000
2
0
3
t, s
-2000
0
Figure 8. Input torque variation
3
t, s
3.5 Wind input simulation

Because of the stochastic wind character and the further model application it is interesting
to simulate an input mechanical power behavior similar to the wind power changes. On the Figure
11 it is shown the input wind power and the output electrical power. The output stator power
follows the input power changes. The difference between them is explained with the electrical
loses in the stator and rotor windings.
2000
30
Input m e chanical powe r

1800
Output e lectrical powe r
20
1600
1400
10
P, W
Iabc, A
1200
1000
800
-10
600
400
-20
200
-30
0
3
t, s
Figure 10. Stator currents variation
0.5
1.5
2.5
t, s
3.5
Figure 11. Wind behavior for the mechanical

and electrical power
3.6 The slip variation

This chapter presents the slip variation it two different cases. The first one is in the case of
sudden input torque variation (Figure 4). This result is presented on Figure 12. The second one is
presented on Figure 13 and here the input mechanical power variation is similar to the wind power
variation (Figure 11).
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0.02
-0.01
-0.02
-0.02
-0.03
-0.04
-0.04
s, -
s, -
-0.06
-0.05
-0.08
-0.06
-0.1
-0.07
-0.12
-0.08
-0.14
-0.16
2.9
-0.09
2.95
3.05
3.1
3.15
t, s
3.2
3.25
3.3
-0.1
0
3.35
Figure 12. Slip variation at sudden input torque

variation
0.5
1.5
2.5
t, s
3.5
4.5
Figure 13. Slip variation at wind behavior of

the input mechanical power
4. Results comparison
To verify the model behavior, the simulation results are compared with experimental results
obtained at two test benches. The first one is the six-pole induction machine MT 12-6 with rated
power of 3.5kW. Figure 14 presents the simulated and the experimental power values for different
rotor speeds. The difference between them is explained with the mechanical losses. Figure 15
show the stator currents comparison.
4500
20
Experiment
Sim ulation
Experiment
Simulation
18
4000
16
3500
14
3000
12
I, A
P, W
2500
10
2000
8
1500
6
1000
500
0
1020
1025
1030
1035
1040
1045
n, min-1
1050
1055
1060
1065
Figure 14. Power values comparison for MT

12-6
0
1020
1025
1030
1035
1040
1045
n, min-1
1050
1055
1060
1065
Figure 15. Current values comparison for MT

12-6
The second test bench contains induction machine MAT 20 with nominal power 1.5kW.
Figure 16 presents power values variation for different rotor speeds whereas Figure 17 shows the
stator current variation. One more time it can be seen that the model overestimate the
experimental data because of the mechanical losses neglecting.
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5
Experiment
Simulation
Experim ent
4.5
Simulation
-500
3.5
-1000
I, A
P, W
-1500
2.5
2
-2000
1.5
1
-2500
0.5
-3000
1510
1520
1530
1540
1550
1560
n, min-1
1570
1580
1590
1510
1520
1530
1540
1550
1560
-1
1570
1580
1590
n, min
Figure 16. Power values comparison for MAT

20
Figure 17. Current values comparison for

MAT 20
5. Conclusions
In the presented paper it is shown the squirrel cage induction machine model realization in
the Matlab/Simulink environment. This model is created for simulation of induction generator driven
by RES turbine connected in parallel with the electrical grid.
This model is tested with simulations in different operation modes. The model behavior
corresponds to the machine physic. Moreover the simulation results are compared with
experimental data obtained at two test benches. The comparison shows satisfying model behavior,
which allows its application in further studies of the transient processes during random primary
energy source variation.
Acknowledgements
The authors would like to thank the Bulgarian National Research Fund (contract EE 106/07)
and to the Technical University of Sofia (Research sector (NIS), contract 091ni094-01) for the
financial support.
References
[1] Gslason, . Energy policies and climate change. Is Europe taking the lead?, EFTA
Seminar on the EEA Spring 2008.
[2] Pierik, J. and J. Morren. Validation of dynamic models of wind farms, IEA rapport, 2007.
[3] Baroudi, J, V. Dinavahi and A. Knight. A review of power converter topologies for wind
generators, Renewable Energy, vol. 32, pp. 23692385, 2007.
[4] Bojilov, G. Transient processes and generalized theory of electrical machines, Technical
University-Sofia, Sofia 2007.
[5] Soe, N., T. Han Yee and S. Aung. Dynamic Modeling and Simulation of Threephase Small
Power Induction Motor, World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology 42, 2008.
[6] Ayasun, S. and C. Nwankpa. Induction Motor Tests Using MATLAB/Simulink and Their
Integration Into Undergraduate, IEEE Transactions on education, vol. 48, No. 1, pp. 37-46,
February 2005.
[7] Iov, F., A. Hansen, C. Jauch, P. Srensen and F. Blaabjerg. Advanced Tools for Modeling,
Design and Optimization of Wind Turbine Systems, Nordic wind power conference, 1-2 march,
2004, Chalmers University of Technology.
84
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, 1 4 2009 .
[8] Iov, F., A. Hansen, P. Srensen and F. Blaabjerg. Wind Turbine Blockset in
Matlab/Simulink. General Overview and Description of the Models, Aalborg University, March
2004.
[9] Dinov, V. Unsymmetrical regimes and transient processes in the electrical machines,
ECHNIKA, Sofia 1974.
[10] Panda, S. and N.P. Padhy. Investigating the Impact of Wind Speed on Active and
Reactive Power Penetration to the Distribution Network, International Journal of Electrical
Systems Science and Engineering, vol. 1, No 1.
[11] Garcia-Gracia, M., M. Comech, J. Salln and A. Llombart. Modelling wind farms for grid
disturbance studies, Renewable Energy, vol. 33, pp. 21092121, 2008
[12]
Dynamic
Model
of
Induction
Machine,
available
at:
http://encon.fke.utm.my/courses/mep1422/INDUCTION%20MOTOR_dyn_2.ppt
Authors:
Vladimir Lazarov is Associated Professor in the Faculty of Electrical Engineering of the
Technical University of Sofia and is responsible for the Laboratory on Renewable Energy
Sources.
Ludmil Stoyanov is graduated master engineer from the French Faculty of the Technical
University of Sofia and master of research of the Grenoble National Institute of Technology.
Actually he is PhD student in the Technical University of Sofia.
Kostadinka Bundeva is master-assistant in the Technical College of the University Prof.
Asen Zlatarov Burgas.
Zahari Zarkov is Associated Professor in the Faculty of Electrical Engineering of the
Technical University of Sofia
Dimitar Spirov is graduated master engineer from the French Faculty of the Technical
University of Sofia. Actually he is PhD student in the Technical University of Sofia.
85
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, , , ,
:
,
Matlab/Simulink.
,
.
,
.
MODELLING AND SIMULATION OF WOUND ROTOR INDUCTION GENERATOR
Vladimir Lazarov, Ludmil Stoyanov, Kostadinka Bundeva, Zahari Zarkov, Dimitar Spirov
Abstract: Due to great interest in wound rotor induction machines utilization and their
application in the renewable energy sources, this article presents a model of such machine in the
Matlab/Simulink environment. The goal is to create an accurate model with the aid of which further
performance simulations of double fed induction generator in parallel with the grid can be realized.
Therefore, here are shown simulations and comparisons with experimental results, showing the
correct model operation.
1. Introduction
The induction machine is widespread because of its great advantage the generation with
various rotor speeds. This solution is used in the wind generation [1], [2], [3]. The speed variation
margin can be increased with the utilization of wound rotor induction machine. Moreover the grid
connected power converters insertion in the rotor side, so called doubly fed induction generator
(DFIG) (Figure 1), allows the generation in both speed cases under and above the synchronous
speed [4]. The goal is to create an accurate wound rotor induction machine model for simulation of
grid connected renewable energy sources (RES). This goal fulfillment allows the power converters
models integration and the simulation the whole DFIG system with random primary potential
variation in parallel with the power network.
GRID
IG
Protor
Figure 1. Doubly fed induction machine schema
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This paper presents the wound rotor induction machine mathematical model. In first
approach, the available rotor power for injection in the grid is estimated by the resistances insertion
in the rotor side (Figure 2), because the Joule losses in those resistances are equals to this
available power.
Grid
Radd
IG
Figure 2. Wound rotor induction machine with supplementary resistances
2. Mathematical model
The model is created with the assumption of zero iron and mechanical losses, linear
magnetic system and connection with infinite power electrical grid. The electrical processes in the
wound rotor induction machine can be modeled with four equations [5], [6], [7], [8]. They are
obtained by the Kirchoffs law, applied to the stator and to the rotor two phase windings. Those
windings represent the real three phase stator and rotor windings transformed by the Parks
transformation. In this study the dq frame turns with the synchronous speed. The equation system
is presented in equations (1). Because of the rotor terminals, in the system there are rotor voltages
on the direct and the quadrature axes (udr, uqr) in the third and the fourth equation.
dd
s .q
dt
dq
uq = r1.iq +
+ s .d
dt
d
udr = r2 .idr + dr (s r ).qr
dt
dqr
+ (s r ).dr
uqr = r2 .iqr +
dt
ud = r1.id +
where ud and uq are the voltages on the transformed stator winding respectively on the direct
and the quadrature axes; r1 and r2 are the stator and referenced rotor resistances; d, q, dr and
qr are the stator and rotor flux linkages on the d and q axes; id, iq, idr and iqr are the stator and rotor
windings currents; s and r are the frame and rotor speeds.
The equation (1) is completed by the system bonding the flux linkages and the winding
currents. The four equations in this system are presented in (2).
87
(
1)
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d = Ls .id + Lm .idr
q = Ls .iq + Lm .iqr
(2)
dr = Lm .id + Lr .idr
qr = Lm .iq + Lr .iqr
where Ls is the stator inductance; Lr is the referenced rotor inductance; Lm is the mutual
inductance.
The model implementation in the Matlab/Simulink environment needs system composed by
differential equations with only one state space variable and the model in equation (1) is not
suitable [9]. In the model there are two possibilities for state space variable the currents and the
flux linkages [9], [10]. In this paper, the stator and rotor currents are chosen for state space
variables, so the flux linkages in the equation (1) are substituted using equations (2). In this way is
obtained system composed by 4 differential equations, presented in equations (3).
As it is said in the introduction, supplementary resistances are introduced on the rotor
terminals, so we need to take them into account in the model and their value (radd) is added to the
rotor winding resistance value (r2).
did
1
Lr u d Lm u rd r1 Lr id + Ls Lr s iq L2m ( s r )iq + (r2 + radd ) Lm idr + Lm Lr r
=
2
dt
Ls Lr Lm
diq
dt
1
Ls Lr L2m
(L u
r q
Lm u rq Ls Lr s id L2m ( s r )id r1 Lr iq Lm Lr r idr + (r2 + radd ) Lm
didr
1
=
Lm u d + Ls u rd r1 Lm id Ls Lm r iq ( r2 + radd ) Ls idr + L2m s iqr + Ls Lr ( s
dt
Ls Lr L2m
diqr
dt
(3
)
1
Lm u q + Ls u rq + Ls Lm r id + r1 Lmiq + L2m g idr Ls Lr ( s r )idr ( r2 + radd
2
Ls Lr Lm
The rotor speed knowledge is necessary for the model simulation, thus the swing equation
is calculated [9]:
d r p
= (Tm Te )
dt
J
(
4)
where J is the rotor inertia, p is the machine pole pairs, Tm is the input mechanical torque and
Te is the electromagnetic torque found by [5], [6], [9]:
Te =
3
pLm isq ird isd irq
2
(5)
Finally, the induction machine model contains Equations (3), Equation (4) and Equation (5).
It is implemented in Matlab/Simulink and in the following the realized simulations are presented.
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The parameters of the four-pole induction machine MAT 20 with 1.5kW rated power,
available in the Renewable Energy Sources Laboratory in the Technical University of Sofia, are
implemented in the machine model in Matlab/Simulink environment to simulate the machine
behavior.
First it is presented the simulation with sudden input torque variation (Figure 3). Initially the
torque takes the value of 2Nm. In time equal to 3s the input torque changes to its new value
8Nm. The Figure 4 presents the resulting variation of the input mechanical power (the top curve),
the output stator power (in the middle) and the losses in the supplementary resistances (lowest
curves). Figure 5 is a zoom at the transition time to see the transient process. This fading
oscillation is due to the rotor inertia. The difference between the mechanical and the stator
electrical power is due to the power losses in the additional resistances. Moreover there are losses
in the stator and rotor resistances which cannot be neglected because of the windings resistance
values. The losses in the resistances, added in the rotor, can be used to estimate the power that
can be injected in the electrical grid through power converters.
9
M, Nm
3
t, s
Figure 3. Input torque variation

4000
2000
2000
1500
P. W
P. W
1000
-2000
500
-4000
0
-6000
Mechanical power
Stator power
Supplem entary resistances loses
-8000
0
-500
3
t, s
2.9
Figure 4. Input mechanical, output stator

electrical power and resistances losses
Mechanical power
Stator pow er
Supplementary resistances loses
3
3.1
3.2
t, s
3.3
3.4
Figure 5. Zoom at the transition time
The further model utilization in simulations of doubly fed induction generators driven by a
wind turbine in parallel with the grid implies the model test with an input mechanical power
behavior similar to the wind power changes. This input simulates the stochastic wind variation and
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the model stability and reliability estimation is possible. Figure 6 represents the input mechanical
power variation (the top curve), the stator electrical power (the curve in the middle) and the
available power in the rotor resistances (lowest curve). The power, injected through the stator,
follows very close the input power variation. The Joule losses in the additional resistances remain
relatively constant. This phenomenon is favorable for the power converters operation.
2000
1800
1600
1400
P, W
1200
1000
800
Me chanical pow er
Stator powe r
Suppleme ntary resistances losses
600
400
200
0
0
0.5
1.5
2.5
t, s
3.5
4.5
Figure 6. Mechanical power, stator power and rotor losses at wind input simulation
-0.02
-0.02
-0.04
-0.04
-0.06
-0.06
-0.08
-0.08
s, -
s, -
It is interesting to see the slip variation during transient processes. Here two different cases
are shown. The first one represents sudden input torque variation as shown on Figure 3. This
result is presented on Figure 7. The second one is presented on Figure 8 and simulates the input
mechanical power variation is similar to the wind power variation (Figure 6). The transient process
duration increase with the additional resistances presence.
-0.1
-0.1
-0.12
-0.12
-0.14
-0.14
-0.16
-0.16
-0.18
-0.18
-0.2
2.9
3.1
3.2
3.3
t, s
3.4
3.5
3.6
-0.2
0
3.7
Figure 7. Slip variation at sudden input torque

variation
3
t, s
Figure 8. Slip variation at wind behavior of

the input mechanical power
4. Results comparison
The model accuracy must be verified with comparison of model and test bench results. In
the following is presented the result comparison between the simulations with the model and the
results obtained at two test benches. The first one is with six-pole induction machine MT 12-6 and
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15.7 supplementary rotor resistance. The simulated stator power and the experimentally obtained
electrical power for different rotor speeds are presented on Figure 9. The comparison of the power
losses in the supplementary resistances is presented on Figure 10. The interest in the DFIG use
can be seen first the available rotor power, that can be injected to the grid, reach about 20% of
the machine rated power and second the rotor speed margin increases with 30% of the
synchronous rotor speed, so the machine generates in larger rotor speed variation.
1000
1800
Experiment
Simulation
1600
900
1400
800
1200
700
1000
600
Protor, W
P, W
Experiment
Simulation
800
500
600
400
400
300
200
200
100
-200
1100
1150
1200
n, min-1
1250
1300
1100
1150
1200
-1
1250
1300
n, min
Figure 9. Power values comparison for MT 126
Figure 10. Power losses comparison for MT

12-6
Figure 11 shows the comparison of the effective stator current values and on Figure 12 we
can see the torque comparison.
25
15
Experiment
Simulation
Eksperim ent
Sim ulation
20
10
I, A
M, Nm
15
10
5
1100
1150
1200
-1
1250
1300
n, min
1100
1150
1200
n, min
Figure 11. Stator currents comparison for MT

12-6
-1
1250
1300
Figure 12. Torques comparison for MT

12-6
The second test bench contains the four-pole induction machine MAT 20 with additional
rotor resistance of 0.24. Figure 13 presents the stators power comparison and Figure 14 the
rotor powers one. Here the rotor losses are 10% from the nominal power because of the small
resistance value. However this power can be injected in the grid through power converters winning
supplementary incomes and bigger rotor speed variation margin.
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180
0
Experim ent
Simulation
Experim ent
Simulation
160
140
120
P, W
Protor, W
-500
-1000
100
80
60
40
20
-1500
1520
1540
1560
1580
1600
1620
-1
1640
1660
1680
1700
1520
1540
1560
1580
1600
n, min
1620
-1
1640
1660
1680
1700
n, min
Figure 13. Stator injected power comparison

for MAT 20
Figure 14. Rotor losses comparison for

MAT 20
Figure 15 and Figure 16 show respectively the comparison of the stator currents and of the
mechanical and the electromagnetic torques. The torques difference is due to the mechanical
losses not taken into account in this model.
4
16
Experiment
Simulation
3.5
14
12
2.5
10
M, Nm
I, A
Experim ent
Simulation
1.5
0.5
1520
1540
1560
1580
1600
1620
-1
1640
1660
1680
1700
1520
n, min
1540
1560
1580
1600
1620
n, min
-1
1640
1660
1680
1700
Figure 15. Stator currents comparison for MAT

Figure 16. Mechanical (experimental) and
20
electromagnetic (simulated) torque comparison
for MAT 20
5. Conclusions
The realization of wound rotor induction machine model in the Matlab/Simulink environment
was presented in this paper. The implemented mathematical model and the realized simulations
are shown. There is a comparison of the simulation results with experimental ones. The
implemented simulations and comparisons show the stable model behavior. The power that can be
injected in the grid through power converters by the rotor side can be estimated by the Joule
losses in the supplementary resistances. Thus, the interest in the doubly fed induction generators
utilization can be seen. Exactly the modeling of this generator type is the further work aim. This
model will be useful for the stochastic transient processes simulation during the grid connected
operation of DFIG driven by RES motor. Moreover the power converters sizing is possible with this
model.
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Acknowledgements
The authors would like to thank the Bulgarian National Research Fund (contract EE 106/07)
and to the Technical University of Sofia (Research sector (NIS), contract 091ni094-01) for the
financial support.
References
[1] Feijo, A., J. Cidrs and C. Carrillo. A third order model for the doubly-fed induction
machine, Electric Power Systems Research, vol. 56, pp. 121127, 2000.
[2] Baroudi, J., V. Dinavahi and A. Knight. A review of power converter topologies for wind
generators, Renewable Energy 32 (2007) 23692385.
[3] Perdana, A., O. Carlson and J. Persson. Dynamic Response of Grid-Connected Wind
Turbine with Doubly Fed Induction Generator during Disturbances, Nordic workshop on power and
industrial electronics, Trondheim 2004.
[4] Lazarov, V. and K. Bundeva. Power balance in wound rotor induction machine, (in
Bulgarian), Proceedings of TU Varna, vol. 10, pp. 3744, 2004.
University-Sofia, Sofia 2007.
[7] Ghedamsia, K., D. Aouzellaga and E.M. Berkoukb. Control of wind generator associated to
a flywheel energy storage system, Renewable Energy, vol. 33, pp. 21452156, 2008.
[8] Seman, S. Transient performance analysis of wind-power induction generators, PhD
Thesis, Helsinki University of Technology 2006.
[9] Iov, F., A. Hansen, P. Srensen and F. Blaabjerg. Wind Turbine Blockset in
Matlab/Simulink. General Overview and Description of the Models, Aalborg University, March
2004.
[10] Ozpineci, B. and L. Tolbert. Implementation of Induction Machine Model - A Modular
approach IEEE International Electric Machines and Drives Conference, June 1-4, pp. 728-734,
Madison, Wisconsin, 2003.
Authors:
Sources.
Kostadinka Bundeva is master-assistant in the Technical College of the University Prof.
Asen Zlatarov Burgas.
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Matlab/SIMULINK
.
: ,
.

.
.
.
MODELLING AND SIMULATION OF SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR
Vladimir Lazarov, Dimitar Spirov, Zahari Zarkov, Ludmil Stoyanov
This paper examines the process of modeling and simulation of synchronous generator with
exciter and damper winding in the programming environment of Matlab/Simulink for use in complex
wind energy conversion systems simulations. The aim is realized in the following stages:
mathematical modeling, program integration and series of model simulations. The mathematical
modeling is done by converting the existing synchronous machines mathematical equations in
generator mode. Model implementation and some simulation features are discussed. The results
confirmed the physical adequacy of the model and allow its use.
1. Introduction
Modeling the components of wind energy system is a crucial key to improve the wind
turbine system operation analysis. As the synchronous generator is important component of the
wind turbine electrical system, its variable speed operation under various conditions, represent
significant interest.
Different models of synchronous generator used in the wind turbine conversion systems
(WTCS) exist in the literature [1], [2], [3], [4], [10]. However, these models consider only
permanent-magnet synchronous generators (PMSG), which among the induction generators
(squirrel cage and wound rotor) are most widespread and used generators in the WTCS. Despite
the limited distribution of the salient-pole electrically excited (EE) synchronous generator in the
wind industry, his model can be used successfully in relative analysis, identifying the suitable
direct-drive generator concept for wind turbine. In [5] [6] [7] and [8] standard synchronous
generators with exciter are reviewed, but only generalized model are presented and simplifying
assumptions as neglected losses, constant rotor synchronous speed, constant resistances and
inductances and constant field voltage are made. Detailed Matlab/Simulink model of synchronous
generator with exciter and damper windings can be found in [9] for general type power system
stability simulations of large turbo and hydro generators connected to infinite power bus. The
modeling approach presented in [9] is used in this paper, but respecting the different operation
mode and variable speed conditions. The mathematical equations describing the generator
dynamics are updated to be easily integrated in the Matlab/Simulink program. Thus, the realized
model is slightly different and adapted for use in wind turbine applications.
2. System modeling
2.1. Mathematical model
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The mathematical model of the EE synchronous generator is based on the concept of two
poles synchronous machine with sinusoidal field distribution around the airgap, i.e. the space
harmonics are ignored. The ABC model of the synchronous generator assume that the machine
has a 3-phase symmetrical winding, located on the stator and exciter winding and two damper
windings, located on the rotor. Although the rotor may have only one physical field winding,
additional winding are used to represent damper winding or damping effects of eddy currents in the
solid iron. It is convenient to represent the generator by a model based on an equivalent idealized
machine which circuit is shown on fig. 1. The considered assumptions are: linear magnetic system,
i.e. the saturation is not explicitly taken into account, neglected iron and mechanical losses and
infinite bus power electric grid connection. The saturation can be accounted for by adjusting the
reactances along the two axes with saturation factors or by introducing a compensating component
to the main field excitation.
Fig. 1 Circuit representation of idealized generator

The equations are established for salient-pole synchronous generator and can be
presented as follow [11], [12]:
U S ( A, B, C ) = RS .iS ( A, B, C ) +
d S ( A, B, C )
dt
d F
dt
d D
U D = RD .i D +
dt
d Q
U Q = RQ .iQ +
dt
U F = RF .i F +
(1)
where U denotes the voltages, R the resistances, I the currents and the flux linkages.
For mathematical modeling of electrical components in practice, the 3-phase system ABC is
replaced by 2-phase reference frame DQ using the Park transformation. The transformation from
ABC to DQ and vice versa consists of two matrices. The direct matrix for ABC to DQ reference
frame is:
2
2
cos( r ) cos r
cos r +
3
3
[TQD ( r )] = 23
sin ( ) sin 2 sin + 2
r
r
r
3
3
Thus, the inverse matrix for DQ to ABC frame is:
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[T ( )]
QD
cos( )
sin ( r )
r
2
2
= cos r sin r

3
3
2
2
cos r +
sin r +
3
3

(3)
The angle r between the rotor Q-axis and the A-axis of the stator is defined as:
r (t ) = 0 r (t )dt + r (0 )
t
(4)
where r is the rotational speed of the rotor and r (0) can be either 0 or some initially fixed
value. The rotational speed can be expressed as:
r = (1 + s ) s
(4)
where s=2f is the speed of stator synchronously rotating magnetic field, s is the rotor slip
and f=50Hz is the grid frequency.
Different synchronous generator equations derived from Park's equations depend on the
particular choice of state variable. When modeling the synchronous generator, two electrical
parameters: the flux linkage or the current can be chosen as state variables. Relatively simpler
approach is to choose the flux linkage as state variables of the model. When choosing the flux
linkages, currents in the voltage equations are replaced by the equivalent flux linkage equations.
Then the matrix form of voltage equations is [13]:
1
d
t Tad

q r
t
f R f
= X
t fd
D RD
t X dD
t 0
1
Taq
0
0
RQ
X qQ
Ra
d U d
0
0

X qQ
q U q
Rf
1
0 x f + U f

T f X fD
D 0
RD
1
0 0
Q
X fD
Td
1

0
0
Tq
Ra
X fd
Ra
X dD
(9)
where T, T and X are generator transient and sub-transient time constants and reactances.
2.2. Program modeling

The Matlab/Simulink model of the synchronous generator can be considered as a box with
input/output variables representing the machine dynamics. The idea to use the model in wind
turbine system simulation enforces the voltages to be input variables and respectively currents
output variables. Thus, the flux linkages are state space variable option for this model. Once
defined the state variables, the state space form of the synchronous generator dynamic equations
to introduce in the Matlab/Simulink software environment has the following form:
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p[ ] = [A]x[ ] + [B ]x[U ]
(10)
where p is the differential operator d/dt, A is the parameter variables matrix from (9) and B is
unity matrix.
Instead of using matrix equations, more convenient way is to use the five flux linkage
equations in integral form, defined as:
r
d = u sd + r q + s ( md d )dt
L
r
q = u sq r d + s ( mq q )dt
L
r f
L md
(
f =
md f )dt
E f +
Lmd
Lf
r
D = D ( md D )dt
LD
Q =
rQ
LQ
mq
id =
iq =
(11)
i f =
i D =
Q )dt
iQ =
d md
Ls
q mq
Ls
f md
Lf
(12)
D md
LD
Q mq
LQ
where the flux linkages md and mq are:
md = Lmd (id + i f + iD )
mq = Lmq (iq + iQ )
(13)
The flux linkages and currents calculated the electromagnetic torque of the generator is
derived:
Te =
3
P( d iq q id )
2
(14)
where P is the pole pairs.

The rotational speed in (11) can be obtained solving the mechanical equation, where the
electromagnetic torque and the mechanical torque are swing together:
r (t ) =
Pt
(Tm Te )dt
J 0
(15)
where Tm is the mechanical torque and Te is the electromagnetic torque.

The structure of the programmed generator equations in the software environment of the
Matlab/Simulink is visualized in fig. 2.
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Vs ABC
Is ABC
Transformation
using equations (2)
and (3)
, 1 4 2009 .
Computing flux
linkages, currents
and electromagnetic
torque using
equations (11), (12)
and (13)
Vqd
Iqd
wr
Tm
Ef
If
Te
Computing the
motion equation
using (14)
Fig. 2 Structure model of the synchronous generator
The model has three inputs: the grid voltages, the field voltage and the mechanical torque
and two outputs: the stator currents and the field current. If different variables as the load angle,
the apparent power, the DQ current and voltage components, etc. are required, they can be also
visualized but the corresponding equations have to be introduced. The realized Matlab/Simulink
generator model can be viewed on fig. 3. The model is made following the structure of fig. 2 and
has one main system giving the main variables and interface ports to connect other models and
one sub-system calculating the equations (11)-(14).
Fig. 3 Matlab/SIMULINK realization of the synchronous generator model
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The synchronous generator model, realized in Matlab/Simulink, is tested under several
types of simulation conditions using the identified parameters of existing 1.5kW synchronous
machine Langlois MSM20 in the laboratory Renewable Energy Sources of the Technical
University of Sofia. For the simulation of the generator in different operation modes the simulated
conditions are fixed to: sudden step change of the system input power from 1000W to nominal
power and random change of the input power due to presumable stochastic nature of the wind in
WTCS model. The simulation results are shown on fig. 4-fig. 11.
The transient process at the start of the simulation can be important if initial conditions are
not considered and thus the simulation process can be instable. In fig. 4-fig. 7 for the step change
of the input power it can be seen that all system output variables settle down relatively fast after
the change with distinctive transient process. In fig. 8-fig. 11 it is apparent that all output system
variable follow tightly the changing input power curve. When rapid change in the input power
occurs, it can be seen that at specific moments the output signal (power and torque) can be bigger
than the input due to the inertia of the system.
1800
1400
1700
1200
1600
1000
800
1400
Input power [W]
Input power [W]
1500
1300
1200
600
400
1100
200
1000
0
900
800
0
0.5
1.5
Time [s]
2.5
-200
Fig. 4 Step change in the input power
1.5
Time [s]
2.5
2.5
Fig. 8 Variable input power
16
16
14
14
12
12
10
10
Load angle [deg]
Load Angle [deg]
0.5
4
4
2
2
0
0
-2
0
0.5
1.5
Time [s]
2.5
Fig. 5 Load angle at step change
0.5
1.5
Time [s]
Fig. 9 Load angle at fluctuating power

330
320
315
X: 1.078
Y: 314.2
X: 2.581
Y: 314.2
Electrical speed [rad/s]
Electrical speed [rad/s]
325
310
320
315
X: 0.3827
Y: 314.7
X: 2.355
Y: 314
X: 1.207
Y: 313.8
310
305
305
0
0.5
1.5
Time [s]
2.5
300
0
0.5
1.5
Time [s]
2.5
Fig. 10 Electrical speed at fluctuating

power-
Fig. 6 Electrical speed at step change
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20
20
Mechanical torque
Electromagnetic torque
Mechanical torque
Electromagnetic torque
15
15
10
X: 2.357
Y: 9.549
10
Torque [Nm]
Torque [Nm]
5
X: 1.084
Y: 6.366
-5
0
-10
-5
-15
-10
0
0.5
1.5
Time [s]
2.5
-20
0
0.5
1.5
Time [s]
2.5
Fig. 11 Generator torque at fluctuating

power
Fig. 7 Generator torque at step change
4. Conclusion
A model of synchronous generator has been realized using the software environment of
Matlab/Simulink. The model is based on the mathematical equations of synchronous machine in
generator convention. When modeling, different particularities must to be taken into account, the
most important are:
Suitable choice of state variable to favor the modeling process and speed up the
computing time;
Allocation of appropriate reference frame to perform the variable transformation;
Inclusion of motion equation to calculate the rotor speed in accordance to variable
input power and to keep the simulation stability.
The model is tested under various operation modes i.e. sudden change of the input power
and fluctuating change of the input power. The simulation results verify the reliability of the model
and disclose specific transient processes features at variable speed. The stability of the model
even at continuous transient operation warrants the possible usage in complex WTCS simulations.
The model can be also successfully used in investigation of large power stability simulations or in
3phase terminal faults simulation.
Acknowledgment
The authors would like to thanks the Ministry of Education and Science, National Science
Fund (contract EE 106/07) and the Technical University - Sofia, (contract. 091 094-01) for
their financial support.
References
[1] Grauers, A. Design of Direct-driven Permanent-magnet Generators for. Wind Turbines,
Ph.D. thesis, Chalmers University of Technology 1996
[2] M. Dubois, Optimized permanent magnet generator topologies for direct drive wind
turbines, PhD-thesis Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands, 2004.
[3] Dehkordi, A. B., Gole, A. M., Maguire, T. L. Permanent Magnet Synchronous Machine
Model for Real- Time Simulation, International Conference on Power Systems Transients
(IPST05), Montreal, Canada, June 19-23, 2005.
100
I 2009
, 1 4 2009 .
[4] Yin, M., Li, G., Zhou, M., Zhao, C. Modeling of the Wind Turbine with a Permanent Magnet
Synchronous Generator for Integration, IEEE Power Engineering Society General Meeting,
Page(s):1 - 6 2007.
[5] Lubosny, Z. Wind Turbine Operation in Electric Power Systems, Springer 2003.
[6] Achilles, S., Pller, M. Direct Drive Synchronous Machine Models for Stability Assessment
of Wind Farms, Proceedings of the Fourth International Workshop on Large Scale Integration of
Wind Power and Transmission Networks for Offshore Wind Farms, Billund, Denmark, October 2021 2003.
[7] Hirayama, K. Practical Detailed Model for Generators, IEEE Transactions on Energy
Conversion, Vol. 10, No. 1, March 1995.
[8] Alexandrovitz, A., Aval, M. Dynamical, Behavior of Synchronous Generator under Various
Transient Conditions, the 21st IEEE Convention of the Electrical and Electronic Engineers in
Israel, 2000.
[9] Ong, C.-M. Dynamic Simulation of Electric Machinery using Matlab/Simulink, Prentice
Hall, 1998.
[10] D. Roye, V. Lazarov, D. Spirov, L. Stoyanov; Comparison of energy conversion systems
for variable speed wind turbine application, 12th International Conference on Electrical Machines,
Drives and Power Systems ELMA 2008, Proceedings vol.1, pp. 136-141, Sofia, Bulgaria, 2008.
University-Sofia, Sofia 2007
[13] Krause, P., Wasynczuk, O., Sudhoff, S. Analysis of Electric Machinery and Drive
Systems, 2nd Edition, Wiley-IEEE Press, 2002.
Authors:
Technical University of Sofia and responsible for the Laboratory on Renewable Energy Sources.
University of Sofia. Actually, he is PhD student in the Technical University of Sofia.
Actually, he is PhD student in the Technical University of Sofia.
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, , , , ,
.
:
,
( ),
.
.

.
ENERGY FLOWS MANAGEMENT OF A HYBRID SYSTEM WITH RENEWABLE ENERGY
GENERATORS
Bruno Franois, Vladimir Lazarov, Gilles Notton , Lyudmil Stoyanov, Zahari Zarkov,
Hristiyan Kanchev.
Abstract: Taking in account the variable primary sources character in the hybrid system of
renewable energy sources and the consumers, powered by this system (some of them need a
constant power source), the need of a power management in a hybrid system emerges. This article
reviews the researches in the hybrid systems domain. Also the importance of managing and
planning the power production and consumption in the hybrid system is discussed.
1. Introduction
Following the rapid development of renewable energy sources (RES), in the recent years
there is a trend of using the so-called Distributed energy production. This means electricity
production not only in the large power plants, but also in smaller local installations near the
customers. A hybrid system is called a local system which comprises consumers, storage devices
and few electricity generators (renewable energy based generators as well as conventional units)
[1],[2]. The hybrid system operates in autonomous mode, independent from the power network or
in grid connected mode. More research of the autonomous mode of hybrid systems is presented in
the paper [3],[4],[5] and [6].
When connected to the power network, the hybrid system can supply electricity to the grid,
but it can also be powered from the electricity grid when needed. The distributed electricity
production use reduces the energy losses in the distribution network and also allows the local
combined heat and power production (CHP). Such system also has the possibility of supervising
the produced energy quality to supply consumers with critical importance [3],[7] and [8]. The use of
renewable energy sources reduces a lot of greenhouse gas emissions and the fossil fuel demand,
but has one considerable inconvenient: the stochastic primary source (sun, wind etc.) character[9].
For this reason every hybrid system should have power storage devices which assure the constant
energy supply even when there are no renewable energy sources available at the moment. Thus
the variations in the hybrid system power output can be eliminated [10].
2. Structure and characteristics of a hybrid system.
Figure 1 presents the simplified diagram of grid connected hybrid system [1], [11] and [12] .
The system contains different energy source types distributed generators (DG) and storage
devices - distributed storage (DS). The hybrid system is connected to the grid in the point of
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common coupling (PCC) at the local substation. The presented system can also work
autonomously, but need to synchronize instantly with the power grid in the case of passing to gridconnected mode.
.
Figure 1. A general diagram of a hybrid system
Figure 2 presents the possible energy flow directions between the hybrid system main
components, as well as the possible directions of the energy flows between the hybrid system and
the grid [12]. In the hybrid system also heat can be produced and consumed by combined heat
production (CHP) or RES[2], [13] and [14].
Figure 2. The possible energy flow directions between

the hybrid systems main blocks.
2.1. The energy sources in a hybrid system and their control.
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Small energy sources (less than 100kW) are most used in the hybrid systems [3], [15] and
[16]. Some power sources, frequently used in hybrid systems are presented in detail in [17].
Several models corresponding to the real characteristics of the generators are presented in [18],
[19]. According to [20] and [1], the generators in a hybrid system can be classified in two main
groups. The first group are conventional generators that are directly couples to the system without
an electronic converter. The second group includes power sources that need power converters for
grid connection (photovoltaic panels, batteries, fuel cells, etc.). The generators control strategies
and their characteristics can be significantly different. Also, the autonomous hybrid system control
differs considerably from the conventional power system control.
Both generator groups are connected to a low voltage AC bus. On fig.3 is presented the
block diagram of a generator in a hybrid system. It consists of primary source, converting the solar
irradiation in electric current, power converter to supply 220V/50Hz and protections at the point of
connection. As a feedback loop, observe and control devices are connected.
Figure 3. Block diagram of a generator for a hybrid system

The main parameters that can be controlled are: voltage, frequency and active/reactive
power, supplied to the hybrid system. Two methods for power converter control are presented in
papers [21], [22], [23] and [24]. In the first method (PQ inverter control), the signal references are
the active and reactive power values. The second method consists of maintaining predefined
voltage and frequency values. It is called VSI voltage source inverter.
2.2. Energy storage devices.
In autonomous hybrid system, some constraints, caused by the variable energy from the
RES and the constant consumers energy demand, occurs. In [25], it is discussed the need of
storage devices to maintain the energy balance in the autonomous hybrid system. Due to the
generators large time constant (10-200 s.), storage devices for power supply in short intervals are
also needed. It is realized by supercapacitors or batteries [25]. The supercapacitors are used for
compensation and additional system power supply in a very short period, whereas the batteries are
used for long period energy supply to the system. Control algorithms and operation optimization of
the storage devices for better system performance are indispensable [26].
In [26] the lead-acid batteries are considered to be very convenient for use in hybrid
systems. There are several types of batteries: lead-acid, based on Nickel or lithium based [27]. We
will pay more attention the lead-acid and the nickel based batteries, because the lithium-based
batteries by this time are mainly used in low-power storage
The single cell voltage of the lead-acid batteries is approximately 2V. The energy density is
about 30 Wh/kg [28]. They have a low self-discharge rate (about 2% per month), they are easy to
install and do not require special maintenance. Their disadvantage is the short lifecycle (1200
1500 cycles discharge/charge, or 5-15 years of operation).
The nickel-based batteries (NiCD, NiMH and NiZN) have a voltage of 1,2 V (for NiZN 1,6 V)
per cell. The density of energy storage is about 50-60 Wh/kg [27]. The exploitation period is longer
than the lead-acid batteries over 1500 cycles. Their inconvenient are the price (around 80%
higher than lead-acid) and high self-discharge rate (as high as 10% per month).
The supercapacitors (called also ultracapacitors) are capacitors with an extremely big
capacitance (from a few hundreds to a few thousand Farads). In the supercapacitors, no
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electrochemical processes run and for this reason the supercapacitors can support much more
operation cycles without characteristics degradation [28]. Some researches show that the
supercapacitor can support about 300 000 to 500 000 exploitation cycles. The operation life time is
about 12-15 years[17]. Another disadvantage is the self-discharge rate of about 12% per
month[17]. The supercapacitors are suitable for short period (from a few seconds to a few
minutes), large energy system supply. Batteries are more useful to supply energy for a longer
period. Different studies of the supercapacitor characteristics are discussed in [27] and [29].
2.3. Loads in a hybrid system.
The hybrid system can supply electrical and thermal loads [30], [31]. In grid-connected
mode, the hybrid system can supply to the grid the energy excess. It can consume energy from the
grid in emergency cases. Sometimes, in autonomous operation, the energy supply of some noncritical loads has to be stopped in order to maintain the balance of produced/consumed power.
From this emerges the need of planning and forecasting the power generation and consumption,
as well as the hybrid system sizing. The hybrid system main controller has to separate the two load
categories: loads of critical importance that need constant energy supply and non-critical loads that
can be disconnected.
According to [30] and [32], the system load forecasting can be done based on statistical
data. A good example is the power consumption of a typical household, as shown on fig.4. The 24
hour period is divided in 4 parts. The first one is the night, when most of the consumers are
switched off and the consumed power is not considerable. Then the morning peak between 7 and
12 oclock comes. In the afternoon there is no considerable consumption and during the last period
between 18h and 24h we can observe another consumption peak.
Typical power consumption of a household

20
P (kW)
15
10
5
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 1213 14 15 16 17 18 19 2021222324
Hours
Without load management
With load management
Figure 4. Daily forecast of the typical household power consumption

Classifying the loads in two categories the so-called load management can be introduced. It
consists of supplying the non-critical loads when the overall consumption is low and cutting their
energy supply when power consumption is at its peak. Thus, a part of peak consumption can be
displaced for the time, when the system has more available power. The load curves with and
without load management are shown on figure 4.
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3. Monitoring and control of the hybrid system.
The schematic of the hybrid system main controller operation is presented on fig.5. The
system consists of two active generators, gas turbine and loads. The generators are photovoltaic
arrays with batteries and they are active, because of possibility to deliver energy through the
batteries at system demands.
Hybrid system central controller
Loads forecasting
Power production
forecast
Economical data
Technico-economic
optimisation algorithms
Environeme
ntal impact
Power points
setting
Power
availability
Communication
bus
Local
controller
Local
controller
Active
generator 1
Active
generator 2
Local
controller
Gas turbine
Local
controller
Controllable
loads
Figure 2. Hybrid system management circuit

The active generators and the gas turbine are connected to the system through threephase inverters. According to [30] the management and control of a hybrid system can be
classified in short-term management and long-term management and planning of the generation
and loads.
In short term (milliseconds to a few seconds), the main controller regulates the produced
energy and the energy demand in the system. It can supply additional electricity from the electrical
grid when it is necessary. One of the most important main controller functions is the system voltage
and frequency supervision [33].
In [14] the hybrid system controllers are analyzed, their main characteristics and some of
the supervision and control algorithms are discussed.
In long term the hybrid system energy management consists of:
Hourly forecast of the produced electricity from renewable sources

Hourly forecast for the energy demand
Classification of the loads in two categories: loads of critical importance and non-critical
loads
Forecasting a sufficient power reserve
Planning the maintenance intervals
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The time classification of the main controllers functions is presented on Fig. 6:
Day
Hour
Economical data
Load
management
Production plan
Production
adjustment
Load
forecasting
RES production
forecast
Second
Milisecond
Fast dynamic
storage availability
Frequency and
voltage control
Energy
storage
availability
Power balance
Production from the

RES
Figure 6. Time classification of the main controllers functions

The main controller uses optimization algorithms, taking into account several parameters,
such as: forecast of the energy production and demand, price of the electricity delivered from the
utility grid, gas emissions (when conventional generators are used in the system), etc. [34] and
[35]. According to [3], [36] and [37] the main controller is connected to the generator and load
controllers through a communication bus. The communication circuit is shown on fig.7.
Figure 7. Communication circuit between the local controllers and the hybrid system central
controller
4.Conclusions.
The distributed energy production becomes more and more used in the utility grids. The
concepts of managing a decentralized power system can be significantly different to those of a
conventional centralized power system. At the other hand, the management of the energy flows in
a hybrid system taking in account the energy resources and the electricity demand in the system
implies difficult optimization problems, some of them are subject of ongoing research. According to
the papers and studies mentioned in the refernces, the experimental results show that the stable
autonomous hybrid system operation can be achieved together with system sizing and load
management. The transition from autonomous operation to grid-connected mode is another
aspect, which requires additional researches.
Acknowledgement
The authors would like to thanks the Bulgarian Ministry of Education and Science, National
Science Fund - contract EE 106/07 for the financial support.
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Information about the authors:
Sources.
Bruno Franois is Associated Professor at the department of Electrical Engeneering at Ecole
Centrale of Lille, France.
Hristiyan Kanchev is graduated master engineer from the French Faculty of the Technical
Gilles Notton is assistant professor and responsible of the French Research ADEME network
between France and Oriental and Central European Countries.
Zahari Zarkov is Associated Professor in the Faculty of Electrical Engineering of the Technical
University of Sofia
109
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, 1 4 2009 .
,

, ,
,
, , .
,
. Matlab/Simulink.
, .
dSPACE,
.
.
.
GRID-CONNECTED SINGLE-PHASE INVERTER FOR RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES
Vladimir Lazarov, Zahari Zarkov, Hristiyan Kanchev
This paper is devoted to the study of a single-phase inverter for connection of generator using
renewable energy sources (RES) to the utility grid. A computer model of the inverter is developed.
The model allows inverter operation with variable in the time input power. Thus the inverter can be
easily connected to a DC-DC converter with maximum power point tracking (MPPT) which is
commonly used in generators based on RES. A simulation study has been realized using
Matlab/Simulink software environment. The simulation results show the physical adequacy of the
model. In order to validate the model performance it has been implemented in dSPACE
microprocessor board. Experimental tests have been carried out demonstrating the model viability.
The results confirmed the physical adequacy of the model and allow its use in the practical control
of single-phase inverters for RES.
1. Introduction
As a result to the growing need of reducing the environment pollution, the interest of
developing ecologically clean energy sources emerges. For this reason primary sources which do
not cause pollution and which are inexhaustible are used, such as the sun, wind, biomasses, etc.
The use of these sources implies the development of more efficient electronic power conversion
devices with an optimal control. The distributed electricity production concept allows small power
plants using renewable energy sources to be grid connected. These can be small photovoltaic
plants, wind turbines or thermal plants. In the photovoltaic plants a conversion of the produced
electricity is required to interconnect the power network. For the smallest power outputs (under
10kW) the most used inverters are the single-phase inverters [1]. The photovoltaic plants
connected to the power network must operate in maximum power output mode of the PV panels.
This is achieved by using Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) algorithm integrated in the
inverter [2]. Usually the inverter consists of two parts [3]: a DC-DC converter with MPPT controller
and a DC-AC module (inverter and filter) that produces current with a sinusoidal shape supplied to
the power grid (illustrated on fig.1). The main directions of improving the performance of power
invertors are: low harmonics in the output current, elimination of the direct current in the output,
control of the active and reactive power supplied by the inverter and a digital inverter control [1].
The described converter configuration is not only used with photovoltaic panels but also
with small wind turbines [4], gas or water turbines and fuel cells for auxiliary power.
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Genera
tor
DC-DC
Converter
Inverter
with PWM
Utility
grid
Filte
r
Control
(MPPT, Controllers)
Fig.1. Block-schematic of a generator connected to the grid

through a single phase inverter.
In the small single-phase inverters usually control of the reactive power output is not
needed. For this reason they operate with a unity power factor, which means that the current
supplied to the grid is in phase with the grid voltage [3], [5]. This simplifies the control and also
makes the product cheaper. The general schematic of a renewable energy-based generator
connected to the grid through a single-phase inverter is shown on fig.2.
PV
DC-DC
Converter
Win
d
Generator
Inverte
r
D
C
A
PW
M
ACDC
Converter
Filter
G
PWM
Current
Controller
Io
Ip
V
pv
MPPT&Vdc
Controller
Multiplier
Synchronizing
Unit
Fig.2. General block diagram of a grid-connected generator with RES.

Although there are many publications in this domain, we can see rarely results illustrating
the operation of an inverter with a DC-DC converter and the generator with a variable power
output. Besides, often the results are not satisfying, because of the harmonics in the output current
supplied to the grid [4], [5].
The goal of this work is to create a computer model of a single-phase inverter for grid
connection of small renewable energy-based generators. Using the model the simulation of the
inverters operation with a variable input power can be performed. The model allows different
algorithms and strategies to be tested before their real-time implementation. The software
environment Matlab/Simulink is relatively fast and the microcontroller programming that can control
the inverter and the DC-DC converter is easily achievable.
2. Backgrounds
The paper examines the inverter and its control. In order to supply energy to the grid, the
inverter current must have a phase angle less than 90 from the grid voltage. This is achieved
when the inverter voltage phase is ahead from the grid voltage phase. In fig. 3 is presented a
simplified schematic of the inverters power unit. The inverter produces a sinusoidal voltage by the
111
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means of pulse width modulation (PWM). The filter at the grid connection point usually is only an
inductance which also determines the first harmonic of the current supplied to the grid.
Q3
Q1
Iout
Vgrid
Vinv
Vdc
Q2
Q4
Fig.3. Circuit of the inverters power stage with connection to the grid.
At low powers, the active resistance between the inverter and the grid cannot be neglected.
It is determined by the active resistance of the inductive coil, the conductors and also by the
resistances of the power bridges transistors. In this case the output grid current is determined by
the impedance
voltages:
Z&
between the inverter and the grid and by the difference between the two
V&Z = V&inv V&grid ,

where
V&Z
I&out =
V&inv V&grid
Z&
(1)
is the voltage drop on the impedance
of the inverters output voltage and
V&grid
Z& , V&inv
is the RMS value of the first harmonic
is the grid voltage.
The phasor-diagram corresponding to (1) is shown on fig.4a.
Vinv
V
Iou
V
Vg
Vinv
=0
Iou
Vgrid
b
Fig.4. Phasor-diagram of the voltages and currents of the single-phase inverter.
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In this figure, the phase angle between the current
I&out
and the voltage
V&Z
is less than 90
because of the active-inductive character of the impedance Z& . In real conditions =0, so the
current and the grid voltage are in phase. In this case the phasor-diagram is as shown of fig.4b.
3. Matlab/Simulink model of a single-phase inverter

One of the principal problems of a grid-connected inverter operating with renewable energy
sources is the variable power that the generator produces. Thus, a DC-DC converter should be
used to supply the inverter power unit with a DC voltage and current, which values however
fluctuate with the time. The need of coordination of the inverter and DC-DC converter powers
occurs. A reliable method performing this is to maintain the voltage in the DC-circuit Vdc constant.
So, the inverter control consists of two control loops: Vdc at the power stage input and Iout at the
inverter output, which is a slave control loop (fig.2). The current reference has to be sinusoidal and
in phase with the grid voltage Vgrid. Its amplitude is determined by multiplying a true sinusoidal
signal with the output voltage of the Vdc controller as shown on fig.2. The sinusoidal signal is
formed by a synchronizing circuit connected to the grid voltage. When the Vdc voltage is constant,
the current coming from the DC-DC converter is equal to the inverter input current and the inverter
supplies to the grid all the output power from the DC-DC converter.
The synchronizing circuit can form the sinusoidal signal in two ways [1]. The first is using
directly the grid voltage (after converting its value to a lower one). This way is simple and reliable,
although it has some inconvenient: the grid voltage at the connection point can contain some
distortions, parasite signals and other defects. The second method is to use a Phase locked loop
system (PLL). The PLL gives a clean sinusoidal signal with permanent amplitude and in phase with
the grid voltage [6].
To form the inverter output voltage, PWM is normally used with a carrier frequency of 5-10
kHZ to obtain a current with minimum harmonic content.
The modulation can be made in two ways [7]:
- Using a Sliding mode control SMC;
- With classic PWM method.
The first method gives good results because it is robust in the presence of parameter
uncertainties and disturbances and the current ripples are constant. Its disadvantage is the nonconstant switching frequency which can become very high if the required current ripples are small.
Also, this method is hard to be digitally implemented because the current change has to be
observed in real time. This implies the use of an external hysteresis comparator.
In this research the classical PWM method is chosen. The whole system is modeled and
simulated using Matlab/Simulink.
The general structure of the proposed model is shown on fig.5
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Fig.5. General structure of the proposed model in Simulink.

On fig.5 the controlled current source simulates the variable current from the DC-DC
converter. The current profile is taken from the signal generator (Signal 1). The DC circuit voltage
reference is 400V which is a normal value for a single-phase inverter operating with a grid voltage
with maximum value of 330V (RMS value 232V). The Vdc controller is PI with a large time constant
because it must not react to the voltage changes due to the pulsations of the current drawn by the
inverter. Otherwise, ripples with 100Hz frequency appear at the controller output and they cause a
distortion of the sinusoidal signal from the PLL after the multiplying. Thus, inverter output current
harmonics appear. The current regulator is also type PI with a large gain for 50Hz frequency
maintaining the current close to the reference signal.
The filter used is not only inductive, but a LCL two inductances and a capacitor. It
eliminates the high frequency pulsations of the current supplied to the grid. When using a LCL filter
better results are obtained as shown by the simulation results. The inverters power unit is a full
bridge with 4 IGBT type transistors and 4 diodes as shown on fig.3.
With this model several simulations have been performed at different operation conditions.
The parameters of the system are:
Inverter rated power: 1,5 kW at grid voltage 220V/50Hz

PWM switching frequency 10kHz;
Filter - L1=5mH, C=20uF, L2=1mH;
Inverter input capacitance 2000uF.
The most representative simulation results are shown next.

Figure 6 shows the voltages and currents at the inverter grid side. It illustrates the current
controller, PWM and the filter operation. The output current is in phase with the grid voltage. Highfrequency current ripples are very well filtered. However there are small distortions in the current
reference due to the non-constant output voltage of the Vdc controller.
In fig.7 are presented the results of the model with variable input power. The input power
variation is simulated by variation of the inverter input current upper curve. The voltage controller
calculates the value of the AC current at the inverter output and thus maintains Vdc constant. Vdc is
presented on the second graph. His changes are in the limits of 10V, which is 2,5% from the
desired value of 400V. The third graph shows the RMS value of the output current Iout. On the last
114
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graph is the active power supplied to the grid. It is clearly visible that the output current and active
power are following the curve of the input current which demonstrates a power balance and
controllers fluent operation.
Vg rid , V
400
200
0
-200
-400
0.1
0.11
0.12
0.13
0.14
0.15
0.16
0.17
0.18
0.19
0.2
0.11
0.12
0.13
0.14
0.15
0.16
0.17
0.18
0.19
0.2
0.11
0.12
0.13
0.14
0.15
0.16
0.17
0.18
0.19
0.2
0.11
0.12
0.13
0.14
0.15
0.16
0.17
0.18
0.19
0.2
500
Vin v, V
-500
0.1
10
Ia cre f
-10
0.1
10
Io u t, A
-10
0.1
tim e ,s
Fig.6. The inverter output currents and voltages.
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Idc,A
6
4
2
0
0.5
1.5
2.5
3.5
4.5
0.5
1.5
2.5
3.5
4.5
0.5
1.5
2.5
3.5
4.5
0.5
1.5
2.5
3.5
4.5
Vdc,V
450
400
350
300
Iout R M S, A
8
6
4
2
Pout, W
1600
1200
800
400
0
tim e ,s
Fig.7. Curves of the currents and voltages at the inverter output.

On top is the DC current at the inverter input Idc ; Inverter input voltage Vdc ;
RMS value of Iout ; active power supplied to the grid.
5. Experimental results
Based on this model, software for a dSPACE programmable controller is developed and
several experimentations are carried out. The operation of the synchronization block is verified with
the test-bench shown on fig.8. The grid voltage is lowered by a measuring transformer, and then it
is digitalized by one of the ADC on the dSPACE board. The PLL is implemented digitally in the
microprocessor. To verify its operation, the output signal is passed through a DAC and then
observed with an oscilloscope. The results are shown on fig.9 and fig.10. On fig.9 is presented the
synchronization of the PLL output signal with the grid voltage when initializing the software. It is
clearly visible that the synchronization is fast enough in 3 periods the two signals are already inphase.
In fig.10 is presented the operation in steady state. The signal generated from the PLL is
sinusoidal (even though the grid voltage has some defects) and is exactly synchronized with the
grid voltage.
116
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G
rid
Measurin
g
DAC
dSPACE
Digita
l
AD
C
Storage
Oscilloscope
Fig.8. Block diagram of the experimental test-bench.
Fig.9. Synchronization of the PLL signal

(CH2) with the grid voltage (CH1) after the
initialization.
Fig.10. The PLL signal (CH2), synchronized

with
the grid voltage (CH1).
6. Conclusions
This paper is focused on the simulation of a RES power system before its real-time
implementation. The structure of a renewable energy based generator connected to the grid
through a single-phase inverter is presented. Other main results are:
A computer model of a grid connected single-phase inverter operating with variable

input power is developed.
The simulation results show flawless work of the model.
The developed current controller follows exactly the current reference and the
output current ripples are non-considerable.
The voltage controller maintains a correct balance between the generator and the
inverter power.
The model presented can be developed to control also the reactive power supplied
to the gird.
A part of the model is tested in real-time application and the experimental results are
satisfactory.
The model can be used to develop a real-time system for controlling a low-power
inverter for a renewable energy generator.
Acknowledgment
117
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, 1 4 2009 .
The authors would like to thanks the Bulgarian Ministry of Education and Science, National
Science Fund - contract EE 106/07 for the financial support.
References
[1] Didat, J.R., I. Meny, P. Enrici, D. Matt. Modeling and experimental testing of a grid-connected
small Wind Energy Conversion System. EWEC 2006, Athens, Greece, 27 February - 2 March
2006.
[2] Ciobotaru, M., R. Teodorescu and F. Blaabjerg. Control of Single-Stage Single-Phase PV
Inverter. Proc. of EPE05, ISBN: 90-75815-08-5.
[3] Chayawatto, N, et al. DCAC switching converter modelings of a PV grid-connected system
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islanding
phenomena.
Renewable
Energy,
Elsevier,
2009,
doi:10.1016/j.renene.2009.05.002
[4] Nayar, C., H. Dehbonei and L. Chang. An IGBT Inverter for Interfacing Small Scale Wind
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Universe and Renewables, 30 November -3 December 2004, Murdoch University, Western
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[5] Marisa, T.I., St. Kourtesib, L. Ekonomouc, G.P. Fotisd. Modeling of a single-phase
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[6] Arruda, L.N., S.M. Silva and B.C. Filho. PLL Structures for Utility Connected Systems, Proc.
of IAS04, vol. 4, 2004, pp. 26552660.
[7] , ., .. , . . . ., , 2006.
ISBN: 954-323-233-4.
Information about the authors:
Sources.
Zahari Zarkov is Associated Professor in the Faculty of Electrical Engineering of the Technical
University of Sofia.
Hristiyan Kanchev is graduated master engineer from the French Faculty of the Technical
118
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,
, ,
(. argon linear ion beam bombardment), . .
-
.
CH2 CH3
Si-O-Si Si-O-C . ,
,
PDMS, . 2, Si-O-Si- ( , .
2).
,
SiOxCyHz,
PDMS .
124
I 2009
, 1 4 2009 .
2
85.0
C
2
85,0
2
85,9
80
85
90
95

BE, eV
70
a)
80
85
90
95

BE, eV
b)
. 4. ESCA- C1s PDMS: a

() PDMS ; b -
PDMS 2,2 W/cm2 60 s.
C1s PDMS ,
285,0 eV, CH2 -CH3 , Si , . 4.
-
285,9 V, -
, PDMS,
. 4b.
O
5
33,5
40
BE,
eV
. 5. ESCA O1s
PDMS:
1 d ()
PDMS;
2, 3 4 -
PDMS
60 s
,
- ,
ESCA 1s, . 5. PDMS-
532,1 V ( : Si).
ESCA- 533,5 V -
,
125
I 2009
, 1 4 2009 .
-.
(0,1 W/cm2), 1,2 W/cm2
( 2,2 W/cm2). -
SiOxCyHz PDMS- .
(AFM, atom force microscope) e -

(Mller, 1995; Schabert, 1995, Shao, 1996).

. , PDMS, - ,

PDMS- .
PDMS
Ra = 1,59 nm RRMS = 2,01 nm,
. 6a.
, , -
,
,
:
- 1,2 W/cm2 ( 60 s)
, PDMS-
- - - Ra = 1,06 nm
RRMS = 1,20 nm, . 6c, . .
;
126
I 2009
, 1 4 2009 .
. 6. ATM PDMS : - (
) Ra = 1,59 nm; RRMS = 2,01 nm; b -
(0,1 W/cm2; 60 s) Ra = 1,36 nm; RRMS = 1,60 nm; -
(1,2 W/cm2; 60 s) Ra = 1,06 nm; RRMS = 1,20 nm d (2,2 W/cm2; 60 s) Ra = 3,87 nm; RRMS = 5,81
nm.
PDMS-
- - -
- 2,2 W/cm2 ( 60 s), ,
PDMS
-
Ra = 3,87 nm, - RRMS = 5,81 nm, . 6d, . .
.
. 7. SEM PDMS : - ( ); b
- (0,1 W/cm2; 60 s); - : (1,2 W/cm2; 60 s); d (2,2 W/cm2; 60 s).
SEM- , . 7.
, - ,
PDMS-
,
, .
PDMS-
.
- PDMS-
127
I 2009
, 1 4 2009 .
, -
,
-
.
() , (
) .
PDMS ,
SiOxCyHz (SiOH) , . 2,
.
PDMS-
, [1, 2, 3, 5, 6 7]. -
,
() () .

(H2O, ) (CH2I2, ),
. 2.
2. (H2O) (CH2I2),
S Sp Sd,

PDMS.
PDMS
PDM
S
60 s
0,1
W/cm2
1,2
W/cm2
2,2
W/cm2
(H2O)
101,
90
87,9
0
60,8
0
39,4
0
(CH2I2)
70,2 0
66,7 0
49,5 0
61,8 0
Sd
Sp
mJ.
m
22,
9
26,
8
45,
6
57,
1
mJ.
m
mJ.
m
21,8
1,1
21,9
5,0
28,1
17,5
18,5
38,7
0,0
5
0,1
8
0,3
8
0,6
8
PDMS -
PDMS-
[ (H2O) = 101,9 0; CH2I2) = 70,2 0) . -
,
0,05 0,18; 0,38 0,68,
- , . 2.

Sp.
PDMS
0,1 2,2 W/cm2, . 2,
-
(H2O) -
(CH2I2), . 2.
, , , ,
PDMS- , . 1,
, . 2. ,
.
128
I 2009
, 1 4 2009 .

(H O), h

,
0,5 720 h (30 d), . 8.
5

( 24 h)

(24 h)
t,
. 8. (H2O)
t
PDMS: 1 PDMS ; 2, 3 4 -
PDMS 60 s
0,1; 1,2 2,2 W/cm2, .
PDMS,
24 .
.
- PDMS- .
-
() = 101,9 0 27 % 0,10 W/cm2; 36 % 1,20 W/cm2
52 % 2,2 W/cm2, . 8.
PDMS-
(- ), -
, (Ar+) . .
. ,
, , - -
, .
, ,
,
.
, . 8, -
- .
4.
PDMS- ,
- ( ) ,
:
129
I 2009
, 1 4 2009 .
- - PDMS-
,
, / ,

, . .
() ;
- - PDMS-
, (Ar+)
, - ,
RIE- ,

;
-
, , ,
(PIII) -
(3D-) ;
- , -
PDMS- ,

, [12, 13];
- - PDMS- ( 2,20 W/cm2, 60 s)
, [12];
- - PDMS

(2=),
(-COOH),
, [12];
- PDMS - ,
.
1. HILLBORG, H., J. ANKNER, U. GEDDE, G. SMITH, H. YASUDA, AND K. WIKSTROM,

CROSSLINKED POLYDIMETHYLSILOXANE EXPOSED TO OXYGEN PLASMA STUDIED BY
NEUTRON REFLECTOMETRY AND OTHER SURFACE SPECIFIC TECHNIQUES, POLYMER,
2000, 41, (18), PP. 68516863.
2. MOON, M.-W., A. VAZIRI. SURFACE MODIFICATION OF POLYMERS USING A MULTISTEP PLASMA TREATMENT. SCRIPTA MATERIALIA, 2009, 60 (1), PP. 4447.
3. Spanos, C., S. Ebbens, J. Badyal, A. Goodwin, and P. Merlin. Surface Segregation and
Plasma Oxidation of Poly(dimethylsiloxane)-Doped Polyolefins. Macromolecules, 2001, 34 (23),
pp. 81498155.
4. A. Anders (editor). Handbook of Plasma Immersion Ion Implantation and Deposition. John
Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2000.
5. M. Lieberman, A. Lichtenberg. Plasma Discharges and Material Processing. John Wiley &
Sons, Inc., New York, 2000 (2nd edition).
6. Roth, J. Reece. Plasma Industrial Engineering: Application of Non-thermal Plasma
Processing. IOP Publishing, Ltd., 2001.
7. Chen, F. Introduction to Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion. Plenum Pess, 1984 (2nd
edition).
8. Flitsch, R., Da-Yuan Shih. An XPS study of argon ion beam and oxygen RIE modified
BPDA-PDA polyimide as related to adhesion. Journal of Adhesion Science and Technology, Vol.
10, 12, 1996, pp. 12411253.
130
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, 1 4 2009 .
9. Noriaki, K., S. Jumpei, M. Makoto, K. Masaya, Y. Toshimoto. The influence of the argon ion
beam etching on the structure of the various set bonding resins. Adhesive Dentistry, 2003, vol. 21,
1, pp. 716.
10. O, ., . .
. , , 1982.
11. , . . . , 2000.
12. , .
. - . , 2008.
131
I 2009
, 1 4 2009 .

-
, (5,26 cm)
.
-
(-)
(0,15 0,30 cm) (50 Hz).

(0,60 cm) (1,20 cm) .
1.

(. atmospheric pressure dielectric barrier discharge, AP-DBD)
,
() .

, ,
: ,

- (Manley, 1943; Kgelschatz, 1988;
Falkenstein-Coogan, 1997), [1]; ,
,
(-, 1957; , 2002), [5].
() -
,

()
() . ,
.
-

- .
2.
,
OAUGDP- (. one
atmosphere uniform glow discharge plasma) , (Roth, 1994, 1995, 2001).
. . (Roth,
1994; Gardi, 1999),
(, ),
()
. 500
(1 000) Hz, ( (Roth, 2006), [1, 2, 3 4].
, . .
(. atmospheric pressure glow discharge, APGD),
,
(-)
, ,
132
I 2009
, 1 4 2009 .
.
Raether-Meek,
/ ,
, (Fridman, 2005, 2006). ,

, (Kanazava, 1987, 1988; Honda, Tochikubo, Watanabe, 2001; Montijn- Ebert, 2006).
(He) -
, [2, 3 4].

( 10 kV) ,
: ,
(
2530 mm, 3 mm)
, ,
(-) 210 m
10 mm, Dow Corning Plasma Solutions Plasma Ireland
Ltd. (, 2006)
, [3, 4].
,
,
,
, (50 Hz)
.
, .

.
3.
(
) ,
. ,

,
, ,

, [5].
-

[6] .
b = 0,3 m :
r = 10; V = 109 m;
tg = 25 ( 20 0).
651,5 cm2.
. (,
) d : d = 1,5; 3,0; 6,0; 9,0; 12,0 15,0 mm.
133
I 2009
Javg, A/cm2
, 1 4 2009 .
6
,140
1
0
9
4
,600
8
7
Urms, kV
0
3
0
,060
0
0
0
0
1
,520
0
2
4
6
()
b, mm
. 1. Javg
d
Urms.
A - (, ) ; B
( ) ; ( ) .
134
I 2009
pS,,
mW/cm2
, 1 4 2009 .
45
40
Urms, kV
22
35
21
20
30
19
18
25
17
16
20
15
14
15
13
12
11
10
10
9
8
0
0
10
12
14
d,
mm
. 2. pS
d
Urms.
pS, :
- (, ) ; B
( ) ;
( ) .

. 1 2 ,
Javg ( )
ps ( )
() d Urms (
).
Javg,
ps
d, -,
135
16
I 2009
, 1 4 2009 .
,
1,5 mm (A), 6,0 mm (B) 12 mm ().
, -
,
p d: pd < 5 333 Pa.m.
(1 atm = 101,325 kPa = 760 Torr),
d0 < 5,26 cm,
(dmax = 1,5 cm < d0). ,
- . .
. ,

e, [4].
() (, )
, , [4],
: ,
,
, ;
, v,
,
, . 3.
, v
0:
e
exp [ d ] E0 .
4 0 rA
rA 1 ,
Eav =

d :
d = ln
4 0 E0
20
e2
N e = exp ( d ) 3.108
(1)

cm-3.
(2)
Reather-Meek,
: d 20.
, . .
, , [4].
136
I 2009
, 1 4 2009 .
_ _
__
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
_ _ _
+ + + + + + + + +
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
_ _
_ _ _ _
+ _+ _+ + + + + + + + + +
_
E
E
_ _
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
_ _ _ _
+ + + + + + + + + + + +
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
_ _ _ _
+ + + + + + + + + + + +
. 3. (, ) (a, b, c, d e)
(, ) (a, b, f, g, h i)
: , b - ,
, ; c

- E = Eair + Eav; d
(); e
; f E = Eair + Eav; g - ,
; h -
(); i .
Reather-Meek,
()
, . . nep
137
I 2009
, 1 4 2009 .
, rA
( ; d ; L
), , [4]:
r
d A K ,
L
d K + nep rA2 d .
(3)
(4)
, 1 atm = 101,325 kPa, K 20. ,

, .. nep ; rA
, d, [4].
d 6 mm
( )

, . 1.
( )
, 0.
, .
1/,
- Ne xp ( x).
- 30 kV/cm (
), 0,1 cm-1, ,
- 1/ 0,1 cm.
0,1 cm,
1012 1013 cm-3, (Fridman-Kennedy, 2004).
,
()
. ,

() , . 3a, b, c, d.

, ,
. ,
.

(Loeb, 1960; Raether, 1964; Meek Craggs,
1978). 0,010,10 m
.
,
- 1012 1013 cm-3.
108 cm.s-1
, . 3.
, 10-3 V/mol,
10 K, [1].
d 12 mm,
.
,
. ,
, . 3a, b , f, g, h.
138
I 2009
, 1 4 2009 .
E
)
_ _ _ _ _ )_ _ _ _ _
_ _ _
+ + + + + + + + + +
)
E
E0 +
E
_ _ _ _ _ _) _ _ _ _ _ _ _
_ _ _ _
+ + + + + + + + + + + +
. 4. (, ) (a, b, c, d)
,
.

, 0
. -
d (0,6 cm) , ,
, . 4. -
d (1,2 cm), ,
. ,
ps,
- , . 2.

. 12,5 kV (rms),
ps d = 0,6 m,
0,150,30 m. ( 12,5
kV), - 0,15 cm.
- 0,20 cm
, . 2.

,
()
.
(-)
- 500 Hz.
139
I 2009
, 1 4 2009 .
1. Roth, J. R. Industrial Plasma Engineering: Application of non-thermal plasma processing.
Bristol and Phyladelphia: Institute of Physics Publishing, 2001.
2. Becker, K., U. Kgelschatz, K. Schoenbach, R. Barker (Eds). Non-equilibrium Air Plasmas
at Atmospheric Pressure. Bristol and Philadelphia: Institute of Physics Publishing, 2005.
3. Shishoo, R. Plasma Technologies for Textile. Cambrige: Woodhead, 2007.
4. Fridman, A. Plasma Chemistry. Cambridge University Press, 2008.
5. Dineff, P., D. Gospodinova. Energy-effective plasma-chemical surface modification of
polymers and polymeric materials at atmospheric pressure. International C o n f e r e n c e
"MEDPOWER'02", November 0406, 2002, Athens, Greece. P r o c e e d i n g s of Papers,
pp. 0106.
6. , ., . , . . . -,
, 2008.
140
I 2009
, 1 4 2009 .

-
,
: -
-
.
()
.
,
( ) .
.
, -
,
, , ,
, .
, .

() , ,
[1, 2, 3].
,

- ( ) , ,
, , , . -

.
, ,
,
, [1, 2, 3].
- -
(PVC, PET, PE, PP, PTFE) , , , . ,
,
. ,
, [1, 2].
(. atmospheric-pressure dielectric barrier discharge)
-
, [1, 2, 3]:
- , ,
, -
, , Enercon, Pilar, Sigma Technologies Tantec (CA),
Ahlbrandt, AFS Softal (), Vetaphone (), ,
, , . 1;
- (. homogeneous dielectric barrier discharge),
Dow Corning Plasma Solutions Plasma Ireland Ltd. (, 2006),

( 10 kV).
141
I 2009
, 1 4 2009 .

L = 130
. 1. : -
; b -
.
-
,
- . (. sessile drop test)
,
, [5].
-

,
- ,
.

(PET, polyethylene terephthalate) Hostaphan KN (Mitsubishi Polyester Film, GmbH,
) 25 m 10 mm,.
. -
, , , .

.
a)
b)
c)
. 2. () ;
S -
L (b) S -
L ().
142
I 2009
, 1 4 2009 .
()
()
- ,
-
.
, .2.
EasyDrop DSA16 (Krss, ),
0 180 0 0,1 0. : ( = 73 3 0;
, S = 72,8 mJ/m2; SD = 21,8 mJ/m2;
SP = 51,0 mJ/m2), CAS No. 7732-18-5; ( = 46 3 0; S =
47,7 mJ/m2; SD = 30,9 mJ/m2; SP =16,8 mJ/m2), CAS No. 107-21-1; n ( = 2 2 0;
S = 27,6 mJ/m2; SD = 27,6 mJ/m2; SP = 0 mJ/m2), CAS No. 544-76-3, [4].
: ,
- .
, , , . 2c, [5].
,
(C2H5OH, 96 %).

( 60 min).
1.
PET- (Hostaphan KN).
1
2

-
:

10 kV, 50 Hz
15 kV, 50 Hz
7 kV, 50 Hz
9,5 kV, 50 Hz
11 kV, 50 Hz
- .

(50 Hz) : -
(10 kV);
i) (15 kV); ii)
7,0; 9,5 11,0 kV, . 2.
180 s (3 min).

.
( 60 s) PET ( SP > SD; 51,0 > 21,8 mJ/m2; S =
72 mJ/m2) . 3.
143
I 2009
, 1 4 2009 .

, 0
PET-
,
( , , ) , . 3.

. -
(10 kV),
.
-
, . 3.
(4260 0)
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
,5
1
0
5
Urms,
kV
. 3. PET- :
(), () ()
.

S, mJ/m2

, ,
. , , 180 s
, . 3.
, [6],
( ) 300 s (5 min)
.
, , . 3.

Zisman
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
7
9,5

144
11
10
15
Urms,
kV
I 2009
, 1 4 2009 .
. 4. S PET- , Zisman:
(), () ()
.
2
S, mJ/m
, Zisman, . 4,
, . .
cos = 1. (Accudynetest Inc.; Enercon Industries
Corp., ), [5],
Zisman, .
( mJ/m2),

4656; 4252; - 4660.

4246;
4248; - 4248. ()

4456; 4660; - 4460, [4].
Owens-Wendt
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
K
7
9,5

11
10
15
Urms,
kV
. 5. S PET- , OwensWendt (a): (), () ()

.

. , , ,
,
. Zisman ,
PET.
, ,
. ,
. 4.
145
I 2009

S, mN/m
, 1 4 2009 .
Wu
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
K
7
9,5

11
10
15
Urms,
kV
. 6. S PET- , Wu:
(), () ()
.

S, mJ/m2
Wu e PET-
, 35 mJ/m2.
, Wu e
, [4]. S
-
, . 6.

Fowkes
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
K
7
9,5

146
11
15
10
Urms,
kV
a)
I 2009

SP, mJ/m2

SD, mJ/m2
, 1 4 2009 .
28

Fowkes
27
26
25
K
7
9,5

25
11
10
15
Urms,
kV
b)

Fowkes
20
15
10
5
0
7
9,5

11
10
15
Urms,
kV
c)
. 7. S (a), S D (b) SP(c)

PET- , Fowkes:
(), () ()
.
, Owens Wendt, . 5, Fowkes, . 7,

. Fowkes
S, S - SD
SP, . 7, , . 8.
- -
, PET- 17
mJ/m2 ( ), . 7.
,
SP ,
. S
SP
PET- , . 7.

- .

0,49, . 8.
147
I 2009
, 1 4 2009 .
p, -

,
, . 5 7.

Fowkes
0,5
0,4
0,3
0,2
0,1
0
9,5
7

11
10
15
Urms,
kV
. 8. p PET- , Fowkes:
(), () ()
.
, PET-

.

. , ,
, ,

.
PET-
,

.

PET-

- ,
PET- .
-
091-093-01 2009.
7. Roth, J. R. Industrial Plasma Engineering: Application of non-thermal plasma processing.

Bristol and Phyladelphia: Institute of Physics Publishing, 2001.
8. Shishoo, R. Plasma Technologies for Textile. Cambrige: Woodhead, 2007.
9. Fridman, A. Plasma Chemistry. Cambridge University Press, 2008.
10. Contact angle. www. kruss.de Krss GmbH, ;
11. Markgraf, D. Cororna treatment: An Owervue. www. enerconind.com.
148
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, 1 4 2009 .
12. Nashuta, G., G. Rusu, I. Topala, A. Chiper, G. Popa. Surface Modifications of Polymer
Induced by Atmospheric DBD Plasma in Different Configurations. Journal of Optoelectronics and
Advanced Materials, Vol. 10, No. 8, August 2008, pp. 2038 2042.

- e
.
: ,
, ,
.
. 1000, , .
-
.
: ,
.
. 1000,
.
149
I 2009
, 1 4 2009 .
150
I 2009
, 1 4 2009 .
-

, , , , ,
, , , ,
,
:

.
,
.

.
, ,
,
, ,
,
.

.

( ). :
,
, -
;

;

1.
:
,
;
,

.
.
.
.
151
I 2009
, 1 4 2009 .
4: -
3: -
152
I 2009
, 1 4 2009 .
,

. 2.
. Q1

. Q2
, .
,
, , ( ).

MATPLC, HMI_GTK2
5: -
LOGGER_DB.

153
3.
I 2009
, 1 4 2009 .

DP99 DIOS,
.
.
.
,
. - DIOS
DP99 DIOSBUS.
31 DIOS .
136 (X) 136 (Y).

RS232
D99 RS232 .
Modbus .
DIOSBUS
DIOSBUS RS485, .
DIOSBUS . DIOSBUS
MASTER/SLAVE, DP99 MASTER,
, , DIOS, SLAVE
DP99.
.
4
800/600/1800 mm.
.
6: -
154
I 2009
, 1 4 2009 .

, (U1,
UD1, UD2), UA.
.
, , ,
.

,
.
.
.
.

.
,
, ,
.

, .
.
-
.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
, .. . ., , 1994.
, . . ., ,
1990.
3 9 2004 .
.
, . , , 1982.
DEF Stan 00-25 Human factors for designers of equipment, 1989
IEC 60964 Design for control rooms to nuclear power plants,1989
IEEE 1023 IEEE guide for the application of human factors engineering to systems,
equipment and facilities of nuclear power generation stations, 1988
. - . , , . 02/9652119, ankrumov@tu-sofia.bg
. - . , , . 02/9652093, aovcharov@tusofia.bg
. - . , , . 02/9652117, boevkr@tu-sofia.bg
. . .
. , , . 02/9652119,
desislav_todorov@tu-sofia.bg
, , , , ,
, , ,
.
155
I 2009
, 1 4 2009 .

, , , ,
(117 kW) (225
kW).
,
, .

-
.
.

. .
.
- .
. ,

. ,
, .
,

. ,

, ,
. ,

.

,
.
,
117 kW 225 kW, , 2008 . , 2009 .
.

1.
,
(), ,
. ,
.
, ,
(.1, .2) (. 3, .4) .
,
, -
(13:00...14:00) h (.1).
- ,
. . .
- (10...12) % (.2).
156
I 2009
, 1 4 2009 .
1200
100
90
80
70
60
E, kWh 50
40
30
20
10
0
1000
800
P, kW
-2
G, W.m 600
400
200
P, kW
G, W.m-2
.1.

(30.04.2009-02. 05.2009 .)
.2.

(02.05.2009 .)
,
, (.3).
.

.4 , .
.3. ,
15 min,
(30.04.200902.05.2009 .).
.4.

(30.04.2009-02.05.2009 .).

,
. , - ,
, .
, 5 , , .1,
[2,3].
,
., , .
BX - .
1

12:00 AM/ 3
10:00 PM/ 2
8:00 PM/ 2
6:00 PM/ 2
4:00 PM/ 2
2:00 PM/ 2
12:00 PM/ 2
10:00 AM/ 2
8:00 AM/ 2
6:00 AM/ 2
4:00 AM/ 2
2:00 AM/ 2
12:00 AM/ 2
6:00 PM/ 2
1:00 PM/ 2
8:00 AM/ 2
3:00 AM/ 2
10:00 PM/ 1
5:00 PM/ 1
7:00 AM/ 1
12:00 PM/ 1
2:00 AM/ 1
9:00 PM/ 30
11:00 AM/
4:00 PM/ 30
6:00 AM/ 30
1:00 AM/ 30
157
I 2009
, 1 4 2009 .

BX
B XI
1
-
B X / (1 + r )
BIX / (1 + r )
BIX / (1 + r )
36
BIX / (1 + r )
BIX / (1 + r )48
B X / (1 + r )13
B X / (1 + r )25
B X / (1 + r )37
B X / (1 + r )49
12
24
B XII
B XI / (1 + r )2
B XI / (1 + r )14
B XI / (1 + r )26
B XI / (1 + r )38
B XI / (1 + r )50
BI
B XII / (1 + r )3
B XII / (1 + r )15
B XII / (1 + r )27
B XII / (1 + r )39
BII
BI / (1 + r )4
BI / (1 + r )16
BI / (1 + r )28
BI / (1 + r )40
B XII / (1 + r )51
BIII
BII / (1 + r )5
BII / (1 + r )17
BII / (1 + r )29
BII / (1 + r )41
BII / (1 + r )53
BIV
BIII / (1 + r )6
BIII / (1 + r )18
BIII / (1 + r )30
BIII / (1 + r )42
BIII / (1 + r )54
BV
BIV / (1 + r )7
BIV / (1 + r )19
BIV / (1 + r )31
BIV / (1 + r )43
B IV / (1 + r )55
B VI
B V / (1 + r )8
B V / (1 + r )20
B V / (1 + r )44
B V / (1 + r )56
B VII
B VI / (1 + r )9
B VI / (1 + r )21
B VI / (1 + r )57
B VIII
B VII / (1 + r )10
B VI / (1 + r )45
B VII / (1 + r )22
B VII / (1 + r )46
B VII / (1 + r )58
BIX
B VIII / (1 + r )11
B VIII / (1 + r )23
B VIII / (1 + r )47
B VIII / (1 + r )59
BV / (1 + r )
32
BVI / (1 + r )
33
BVII / (1 + r )
34
BVIII / (1 + r )
35
BI / (1 + r )52
r , (..),
[1]:
n b
r= r
,
1+ b
nr , ..;
(1)
b - , ..
, .1,
.
2.
, ,
.
,
, . ,
[4],
(. 2). b1,b 2 , b 3 , b 4 ,... ,
, .., .

W ,
, .
.WX - .
158
......
I 2009
, 1 4 2009 .
B.BWX
B.BWXI
B.BWXII
B.BWI
B.BWII
B.BWIII
B.BWIV
B.BWV
B.BWVI
B.BWVII
B.B WX.(1 + b1 )11
B.B WIX.(1 + b 2 )23
B.B WIX.(1 + b3 )35
B.BWIX .(1 + b4 )
47
.....
B.B WX .(1 + b 3 )34
B.B WX .(1 + b 4 )46
.....
B.B WXII .(1 + b1 )
B.B WX .(1 + b 2 )22

B.B WXI .(1 + b 2 )21
B.B WXI .(1 + b 3 )33
B.B WXI .(1 + b 4 )45
....
B.B WXII .(1 + b 2 )20
B.B WXII .(1 + b 3 )32
B.B WXII.(1 + b 4 )44
.....
B.B WI.(1 + b 2 )19
B.B WI .(1 + b 3 )31
B.B WI .(1 + b 4 )43
....
B.B WII.(1 + b 2 )18
B.B WII .(1 + b 3 )30
B.B WII .(1 + b 4 )42
.....
B.B WIII .(1 + b 2 )17
B.B WIII .(1 + b 3 )29
B.B WIII .(1 + b 4 )41
......
B.B WIV .(1 + b 2 )16
B.B WIV .(1 + b 3 )28
B.B WIV .(1 + b 4 )40
....
B.B WV .(1 + b 2 )15
B.B WV .(1 + b 3 )27
B.B WV .(1 + b 4 )39
...
B.B WVI .(1 + b 2 )14
B.B WVI .(1 + b 3 )26
B.B WVI .(1 + b 4 )38
....
B.B WXI. 1 + b1
10
9
B.BWI .(1 + b1 )
B.BWII .(1 + b1 )
B.BWIII .(1 + b1 )
B.BWIV .(1 + b1 )
B.BWV .(1 + b1 )
B.BWVI .(1 + b1 )
B.BWVII .(1 + b1 )
B.BWVIII
B.BWVIII.(1+ b1 )
B.B WVII .(1 + b 2 )13
B.B WVII .(1 + b 3 )25
B.B WVII.(1 + b 4 )37
...
B.BWIX
B.BWIX
B.B WVIII.(1 + b 2 )12
B.B WVIII .(1 + b 3 )24
B.B WVIII.(1 + b 4 )36
....
, EUR/kWh, .2 , [1]
B = fi .10 6.CEcP ,
(2)
CEcP e , EUR/t CO2;
f i - i - , g
CO2/kWh.
3.
3.1. .

(), . , 2008 . . , 2009 ., .3.
718 ./MWh .
.1 (1),
6% 12 %. .3.
3

1
VIII
IX
X
XI
XII
,
kWh
2
3707
6008
5837
2463
3758
1
I
II
2
4853
7570
, .
1
, .
1 .
2 .
3
2662
4314
4191
1768
2698
4
2520
4104
4007
1699
2606
5
2373
3865
3774
1601
2454
3
3484
5435
4
3382
5301
5
3185
4993
159
3 .
4 .
5 .
6
7
8
2246
2116
2003
3659
3447
3263
3573
3365
3186
1515
1427
1351
2312
2188
2071
.3
6
7
8
3000
2840
2688
4703
4452
4215
I 2009
, 1 4 2009 .
III
IV
V
VI
VII
12489
17500
19119
18726
18275
121811
8967
12565
13727
13445
13121
87460
8790
12378
13591
13378
13121
84878
8279
11659
12802
12601
12359
79947
7798
10982
12058
11869
11641
75357
7382
10396
11414
11235
11020
71282
6988
9841
10805
10636
10431
67477
3.2.
[1]. ,
, fi = 700 g 2/kWh [5].
(t CO2) .4.
, kWh, ( 2,
.3) fi = 700.10-6 t 2/kWh.
, .2,
0,47 % . 5 .4.
4

VIII
IX
X
XI
XII
I
II
III
IV
V
VI
VII

,
t CO2
2,6
4,2
4,1
1,7
2,6
3,4
5,3
8,7
12,2
13,4
13,1
12,8
85,3
, .
1
, .
1 .
2 .
3 .
4 .
5 .
172
278
270
114
174
224
350
577
809
883
865
844
5628
181
292
282
118
180
231
359
588
821
892
870
844
5658
192
310
300
125
191
245
381
625
871
947
923
896
6007
203
328
317
133
203
261
404
663
925
1005
980
951
6373
216
348
336
141
214
275
427
701
977
1062
1035
1005
6737
228
367
355
149
226
291
451
740
1032
1122
1094
1062
7117
, 40 EUR/t CO2
, 2009. 5628 . 7117 .,
1489 .
1.
.
,
.
2.

,
.
.
160
I 2009
, 1 4 2009 .
3.

.
.
1. . -
. , , 2003.
2. ., . , . .
.
, ISSN 1311-1094, .4, 2, 2003.
3. . , . E, . ,. .
.
, ISSN 1312-0751, 3, 2007.
4. . , . , . , . , T. .
),
: V
08, , ISSN 1310-3946, . 1, 2008.
5. SMA Solar Technology AG, www.SMA.de.
, . , , 082/888
kandonov@ru.acad.bg
, . -, , 082/888
kmartev@ru.acad.bg
, . . -, , 082/888
kkoev@ru.acad.bg
, -, , 082/888 302, odinolov@ru.acad.bg
, . .
161
302,
281,
661,
I 2009
, 1 4 2009 .

, , ,

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162
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, 1 4 2009 .
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163
I 2009
, 1 4 2009 .
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; 6 ...; 4 7 -

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MICROMASTER EMPS D 412R

420
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164
I 2009
, 1 4 2009 .
, .
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1.
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2.
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[1]. ., . , . , . .
. - , 5, 2008 . 14 24.
[2]. ., . , . , . .
. - , 8, 2007, . 26 - 33.
[3]. .
. & , 2009 ( ).
[4]. .
. - , 5, 2007, . 37 43.
[5]. O., . , . , . .
. - . . . , . 46, 3.1,
2007, . 16 22.
[6]. ., K. .
. & , 2009 (
).
[7]. Malinowski J. Finding Efficiency and Reliability in Motor Selection. - Pollution Engineering, 7,
2004, pp. 12 - 16.
- . , ,
, .: (082) 888 330 -mail: dinollov@gmail.com.
. ... . , ,
,
.:
(082)
888
302,
-mail:
kandonov@ru.acad.bg.
- . , , , .: (086) 821
521., -mail: pkj@abv.bg.
- . , ,
, .: (082) 888 329, -mail: kkoev@ru.acad.bg.
165
I 2009
, 1 4 2009 .

, ,
:
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.

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.
GSM .

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[1], LonWorks (.2).
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[2,3].
.1. [1]
166
I 2009
, 1 4 2009 .
Trending
Visualization
PC / Browser
Alarming
Scheduling
TCP/IP
SMS / e-mail
GSM
GPRS
UMTS
AnalogModem
S0 Input
Modbus
LONWORKS
Local I/O
.2. LonWorks iLON100

, LNS [2]
.3.

Intelligent Energy of Europe Intelligent Road and Street Lighting in Europe EStreet [4]. 13 12 ,
-
.

,
, , ,
.
, ,
[5].
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:
167
I 2009
, 1 4 2009 .
CSCS,
RSCS
DB (ECG)
GUI
IAAAC
LM
LSC (BN)
Central Supervisory Control System,

Region Supervisory Control System
Dimmable Ballast (Electronic Control Gear)
Graphical User Interface
Information Access and Analysis
Administration Center
Luminance Meter
Lighting Sub Central (Bridge node)
MB
PC
PLC (TU)
SCS
Magnetic Ballast
Personal Computer
Power Line Controller (Target Unit)
Slipperiness Control System
TC
TMC
WMC
Traffic Management Center

Traffic Measurement Central
Weather Monitoring Central.
()

-
[3].
,
.
, -,
.
-

,
.
. ( ,
) 2006 . [6,7].
PLC ,
.4.
50% . ,
-
, . ,
100% ( - ).
.4. PLC ,

168
I 2009
, 1 4 2009 .
.5
( 180 50 35 ). ( 105 85
60 ) DIN ,
/
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100%, 50%
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PLC
LSC, :
;
;
;
, :
- () (./ ./ 50%);
- ( 50%/100%);
- ;
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PLC :

( , , );
100% ;

.
169
I 2009
, 1 4 2009 .
LSC
:
(router), (LAN) /
;
;

( , ).
GSM/GPRS
;
- .
.6 , .
LSC (BN)
:
GSM-. ,
- - [8, .119],

, 50%, .
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ST7537
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().
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(.8). 32 KB
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32 KB ; ) GSM-, ,
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170
I 2009
, 1 4 2009 .
a)
)
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; )
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, LSC
:
;
171
I 2009
, 1 4 2009 .
: -100%, ;
: 100% , ;
: 100% , ;
- : 100%, .
, LSC :
,
;
;
,
;
( UPS) 3-
;

.

, ,
.
.
.
,
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, (.11).
(2 4 )
.
:
P- , kk - - ;
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)
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172
I 2009
, 1 4 2009 .
-kk
: 11
-
:
100%
50%
:
100%
50%
100/50%
:
100%
%
50%
%
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.
LSC
, .
,
.
- 50 % .
,
- .
,
, , --07
.
., . , . . E-Street.
, 2007
[8] ., . , LonWorks
. XII , 2007
[9] Administration system for street lighting and Client service application for street lighting, Hafslund,
Norway, 2006
[10] http://www.e-streetlight.com/work_packages.htm - Intelligent Road and
Street Lighting in Europe E-Street, , 10-11 2007
[7]
173
I 2009
, 1 4 2009 .
[11] ., . , . .
. , 2007
[12] ., . , . , . .
. .
3-4/2007
[13] . ( ).
-, 2007 (271 ., ISBN 978-954-323-251-2)
[14] ., . , . . . , -2006
:
1. - . , ,
, ,
Ka.12325, Te. 965-21-81, E-mail: pach@tu-sofia.bg
2. . . ,
, ,
, Ka.12323, Te. 965-21-79, E-mail: nsm@tu-sofia.bg
3. . . , -07
, , -mail: ko.hristov@mail.bg
174
I 2009
, 1 4 2009 .

SIMATIC S7-200
SIEMENS
,
:

SIMATIC S7-200 .
,
.

. ,
, -
.
,
.
.
,
, .
.

.
,
,
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.

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.

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.
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, -
.
175
I 2009
, 1 4 2009 .

(. 1).
-
, ,
.

.
. 1 -

, ,
1 - TP177micro Touch Panel;
2 LOGO!POWER 220 VAC/24 VDC;
3 (PLC) S7-200 224XP;
4 ;
5 - Sinamics G120;
6 1LA7 ;
7 -;
8 , STEP 7-Micro/WIN (
PLC), WinCC-flexible ( ), Starter (
- ) S7-200 PC ACCESS.
(programmable logic controller PLC) Simatic S7200, Siemens,
. -
, , ,
, , ,
, .
.
, ,
, .
PLC ,
.
CPU 224XP
DC/DC/DC, 24 VDC.
LOGO!POWER,
, (, ..).
TP177micro Touch Panel
PLC S7-200.
(,
176
I 2009
, 1 4 2009 .
, , .).
, - Sinamics G120.
Siemens Sinamics
, ,
.
, SINAMICS
.
- Sinamics G120
0.37-250kW. e
, (. 2).
. 2 - Sinamics G120-240
CU240S
.
- , .
240S
. IGBT
CU240S. ,
.
1LA7
, Eff 2
-
177
I 2009
, 1 4 2009 .
.
- -
,
,
,
.
, S7-200
(RUN mode), PLC S7-200
, ,
,
, ( ),
.
- 0,22 s . PLC S7200
:
1. : S7200
.
2. : S7200 ,
.
3. : S7200 ,
.
4. CPU: S7200 ,
.
5. : ,
, .
3 10 ms
. :
( 1 ms) 1, 4 5
( 2 3).
CPU - .
PLC, .
(.
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(
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1
)

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I0.0
.
j
.

- . (sigmadelta),
.
,
.
S7200 ,
PLC.
, .
, S7200
.
178
I 2009
, 1 4 2009 .
(L)
( 2) S7-200 ,
.
, .
, ,
, .
.
4

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,
:
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-

.

1 ms*

,
( 3 ) S7-200

1 ms*

.
CPU
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1 ms*

1 ms*
.
( 5)

, .

.
1 ms*

2

* 1 ms
.

Q0.0-Q1.1 (. 5).

,
.
. 4 - S7-200
179
I 2009
, 1 4 2009 .

(. Q0.0)

2, 3, 4 5 .
e Q0.0
2
. 5 -
Q0.0
S7-200 PC Access e
(, , .) PLC.
,
,
.
-, - - ( STEP 7-Micro/WIN)

,
,
.
,
,
SIMATIC S7-200,

:
-
,
;
-
,
;
-

;
-
:
.
:
1. Closed-Loop Positioning Control with standard Drives, Siemens, 2008
2. SIMATIC S7-200 - Programmable Controller, System Manual, Siemens, 2008
3. SINAMICS G120 - Function Manual, Siemens, 2007
4. SINAMICS G120 - Power Modules PM240, Hardware Installation Manual, Siemens, 2006
5. IEC Squirrel-Cage Motors, Catalog, Siemens, 2008
:
, . -,
, . 9709348, E-mail: g_pavlov61@abv.bg
, . ., , . 9709373, E-mail: vdimitroff@abv.bg
180
I 2009
, 1 4 2009 .

:
,
2005 2009 .

,
.
-
. -
.
,
,
[8]. , ,
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,
.

, . -
.
,

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[6, 10].

,
, . .

2004 . ,
434922 26119 ,

, 1 11 2 (SOLRAD
Integrator) 3 [9].
( 1 min) , W/m2,
( 1 ), kJ/m2.

SunSet [3].
AS110 4,
10, SR20M 5, 2 12 V 105 Ah 6, 12/230 V
400 W 7 8 (. 1).
181
I 2009
, 1 4 2009 .
. 1.
,
DAQ6008 9 [7].

, [2, 4]. ,
, (. 2). ,

, .. .
. 2. W H

[1, 2]
. .
182
I 2009
, 1 4 2009 .
,
.
,
,
W
:
W jk = W jk + S jk + jk ,
W jk
..
(1)
j- k-
;
j = 1,2,..., n ;
k = 1,2,..., 12 .

[1]:
( )
.
12- W
jk

W jk
jk = W jk W jk .
W jk :
(2)
( ak )
ak :
ak
ak
ak
ak = ak
(3)
S jk :
1)
ak
bk =
12
ak
, k = 1, 2, ...,12;
(4)
k =1
2)
3)
4)
Fjk = bk . jk ;
jk =
(5)
k +5
Fjk ;
(6)
j =k 6
S jk = ak . jk .
(7)
jk
jk = jk S jk .
(8)
6
, , jk
.
183
I 2009
, 1 4 2009 .
. 3 . 4 .
,
,
3 3,6 kWh/m2 (. 3).
. 3.
(7) (8)

(. 4).
, S
. 4. W

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, 5,7 kWh/m2.
184
I 2009
, 1 4 2009 .
. , ,
,
. , ,
, .
-
,
-.
. -
, .
.
, - -0,2
+0,6 kWh/m2, = 0,31 kWh/m2.
.
. , -

, 5,7 kWh/m2.
- .

.
1. .,
- , , , 1981.
2. ., . , ,
, , 2000, 480 .
3. SunSet Solar. http://www.sunset-solar.de.
4. , . . - ---
, , 1995, 213 .
5. .
http://www.meteo.bg/projects/projects/solarrad_bg/solarradiation.
6. Mihailov, N., I. Stoyanov. Statistical parameters of the process global solar radiation. CIGR
World Congress Agricultural Engineering for a Better World, 03-07 September, Bonn, VDI
Berichte Nr. 1958, 2006, EN 378 A, pp. 749 750.
7. NI USB-6008. http://sine.ni.com/nips/cds/view/p/lang/en/nid/14604.
8. Photovoltaic Geographical Information System (PVGIS). http://re.jrc.ec.europa.eu/pvgis/.
9. SOLRAD solar radiation integrator. Manual Kipp & Zonen. www.kippzonen.com.
10. Stoyanov, I., N. Mihailov. Analysis of the Daily and Monthly Solar Radiation for the Region of
Ruse. Twelfth International Conference on Electrical Machines, Drives and Power Systems
ELMA 2008, 16 18 October 2008, Sofia, Bulgaria, 2008, pp. 332-335.
. . - ., ,
, , . 8, 7017 ,
. .: (082) 888 843, -mail: stoyanov@ru.acad.bg.
185
I 2009
, 1 4 2009 .
A

, ,
- .

.

.

EN 50160
.

, , ,
.
,
,
.
- . -
.

.

.
,

( .)
.

.
EN 50160
[1, 2].

QUALISTAR C.A. 8352, ,

EN 50160.
Data Viewer Professional.
,

186
I 2009
, 1 4 2009 .
: =30kW, f=50Hz, /, UH=690/400V, IH=31/54A, Imax=56A, nH=2950min-1,
cos=0,87, S1, IP55, 132 kg. ()
1.
().
UH ,V
3AC 400480
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07.07.2009
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189
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190
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191
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.
[1] EN 50160:2006 ,
.
[2] , , , 2004.
[3] ., . , . ,
, 2008,
, 11-14 2008, , . 321-329.
[4] IEC 61000-3-4:1998 Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) - Part 3-4: Limits - Limitation of
emission of harmonic currents in low-voltage power supply systems for equipment with rated
current greater than 16 A.
, ., -, ., -, e-mail:stzvet@tu-sofia.bg
, . ., ., -, e-mail: apetl@tu-sofia.bg
, ., -, ., -, e-mail: ttzanev@tu-sofia.bg
192
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Photovoltaic Systems Planning & Installing, Earthscan, United Kingdom, 2008

Handbook of Photovoltaic Science and Engineering, An. Luque, St. Hegedus, USA, 2003
Practical Handbook of Photovoltaics, Tom Makvart, Luis Castafier, Elsevier , USA, 2003
. . -. . , -, 052 383 570, vladimir_128@abv.bg

. . . , -, 052 383 515, valentin.giurov@tu-varna.bg
.
-.
.
,
-,
052 383 515,
kvc_electroinvest@yahoo.com
198
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.
[1]
. , . , ,
- 2008, 47, 3.1, . 44.
[2]
, , 2004, . 17,
(. ., . 62 31.07.2007).
[3]
6 9.06.2004 .

, , 2004, . 74 (. ., . 25 5.03.2008).
[4]
, , 2008, . 46.
[5]
R. S. Vedam, M. S. Sarma Power Quality Var Compensation in Power Systems,
CRC Press 2009.
[6]
C. Hsu, MO-S. Chen, Reactive Power Planning and Operating in the Deregulated
Power Utilities, International Conference on Electric Utility Deregulation and Restructuring and
Power Technologies 2000, City University, London, 4-7 April 2000
[7]
Gueorgiev V., N. Matanov, B. Bojchev, V. Gospodinov, Energy Efficiency of
Different Approaches for Compensation of Capacitive Loads, in proceedings of XVI-th
International Symposium on Electrical Apparatus and Technologies SIELA 2009, June 2009,
Burgas, Bulgaria, vol.II. pp.123-129.
[8]
Rodriges Limongi L, R. Bojoi, G. Griva, A. Tenconi, Digital Current Control
Schemes, IEEE Industrial Electronics Magazine, vol 3, num 1, March 2009, pp.21-31.
203
I 2009
, 1 4 2009 .

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(8)
206
I 2009
, 1 4 2009 .
g T = [g1 , g 2 ,...g n ]
(9)
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(14)
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BL .
[8]:
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Lnom
: BLpu BL,
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Matlab .
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1
[..]
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.
.

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,
208
I 2009
, 1 4 2009 .
.

.
.

.

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IEEE Transactions on AES, Vol.22, No.5, September, 1986, pp.605-617.
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Damping by Static Var Compensator, IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, Vol.4, No.3, August,
1989, pp.1115-1121.
4. Z. Gu, D.T. Rizy, Neural Networks for Combined Control of Capacitors Banks and Voltage
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1996, pp.1921-1928.
5. K. H. Abdul-Rahman, S. M. Shahidehpour A Fuzzi-Bazed Optimal Reactive Power
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IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, Vol.8, No.2, May 1993, pp.662-670.
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7. .., . -,
1998, 281 .
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. ..
, djagarov@abv.bg, +359 52 383 265;
. . -
, grozdew@yahoo.com, +359 52 383 345;
. . - -
, bonevi_km@abv.bg, +359 52 383 345;
209
I 2009
, 1 4 2009 .
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(LED) .

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, 250-280 lm/W,
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60 , 120 ,
, . , [1]
Thomas Kuhn et all. - - ,
p-n (Tj) 55 .
, Tj .
15% -20% 85% .
210
I 2009
, 1 4 2009 .

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211
I 2009
, 1 4 2009 .
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OSRAM Opto
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Tj. .
p-n / . ,
, . . 6
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RJB, p-n
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/ /.
5.
R
6.

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:
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, :
R JB = (TJ TB ) / Pd = (1250 C 1110 C ) /1.4W = 100 C / W

:
TB =1100C- 1 W LED;
Tj = 1250 C p-n ;
Vf = 4.0 V, If = 350 mA Vf 350 mA;
Pd = Vf x If = 4.0V x 0.350 A = 1.4 W, RJB = 100 C/W
1.2.
212
I 2009
, 1 4 2009 .
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213
I 2009
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214
I 2009
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.

1.Thomas Kuhn, Christoph Schiler, Tran Quoc Khanh, Eine Analyse aktueller LEDStrassenleuchten aus lichttechnischer Sicht, LICHT, 1-2/2009.
2.Thermal management design of LED, NICHIA .
3.B , ,
-, 2008.
4..H.Vasilev, K.Velinov, Influence of geometrical parameters and rule requirements on the
Optimum light distribution of the street luminaires, Iluminat 2007, Cluj-Napoca 31.05-01.06 2007
5.Hr. Vasilev, St. Stefanov and Kr. Velinov. Minimizing lighting flux of luminaries for street
lighting systems designed by Small Target Visibility Criteria ELMA 2008, 16-18 October
2008,Sofia, Vol 1, paper 206-210
6.., . ,
-2008 .,
7.., . Optimization of LEDs Lighting Distribution in Road Lighting Luminaire,
2008 .-XII , 16-18 .2008-
215
I 2009
, 1 4 2009 .
8.., . ,. O
E , 17-20 2009 ,

1. , 2001 , e-mail: h.vasilev@denima2001.com;
.+3592 962 35 81;
2. : - e-mail: vulchy@tu-sofia.bg); Tel:
3. , 2001, e-mail: gancho.ganchev@denima2001.com
.+3592 868 32 29
216
I 2009
, 1 4 2009 .
-
. - , . . . , . - ,
.

PV Enlargement Technology
Transfer, Demonstration and Scientific Exchange Action for the Establishment of a strong
European PV Sector. 27 10
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ktoe
1 000
100
10
1
3 608
2 276
326
1.

2.

2
, 1
.
1

,
, h
kWh/m2/y
-
o-
-
1640
400
1450
-
1750
400-500
1500
1750
500
1550
10 ,

.
217
I 2009
, 1 4 2009 .
2000 -
4226'30'' , 2526'30''
, 11,2, 310
1450 kWh/m2 ( 2).
, - 6,5
- 0,41 kW/m2
170 180 .
PV
/
.
EA-SWI
400-12
IBC 80
AGM 12/100
DCC 4000-E
Uhlman
Ui = 12 V DC
PB 12 V,
Solartechnik
Ui min = 10 V
mtc
Solarelectro
A-75
Ui max = 15 V
nic
magnetronic
100 AH
Sun Power
Pnom = 320 W
Pmax = 350 W
SM 200
PW2 Solara
P = 400 W
3.
PV
2000 . - (PV)
( 3): (PV );
; - ; DC
AC 50Hz; - .
: 2 -75 SunPower, 2x IBC80
Solartechnik 1x SM200PW2 Solara,
.
- 12V
- 220V, 50Hz.

.
-

(Wp),
(STC): 1000W/m2,
250, 1,5.
PV-

. Isc Uoc
PV , -
. ,
(PV) ,
218
I 2009
, 1 4 2009 .

1000 W/m2.
07.05.2002
IBC-80Solartechnik;
42
PV- IBC80
20.10.2003
11:00 h;22C
12:00 h;23C
13:00 h;25C
P,W
I,A
10:00 h;19C
14:00 h;25C
15:00 h;26C
3
2
1
50
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
555W/m;17,13:00h
609W/m;21.5,14:00h
261W/m;18.5,15:00h
242W/m;19.5,16:00h
0
0
0
10
U,V
12
14
16
18
8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22
U,V
10. V-

5
I,[A]
4
07.05.2002
IBC-80Solartechnik;
42
60
20
7. V-A

A-75 SunPower
10:00 h;19C
11:00 h;22C
50
12:00 h;23C
40
P,W
400W/m;14.6,11:00h
13:00 h;25C
14:00 h;25C
30
15:00 h;26C
20
18.03.2003,
13:30h, 8.5C
2
1
10.06.2003,
13:40h, 31C
10
0
0
10
U,V
15
20
10
15
U,
20[V]
25
11.
V-A

8. V-

70
P,[W]
60
PV- IBC80
20.10.2003
A-75 SunPower
I,A
50
5
4.5
4
3.5
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
400W/m;14.6,11:00h
555W/m;17,13:00h
609W/m;21.5,14:00h
4 6
40
30
261W/m;18.5,15:00h
20
242W/m;19.5,16:00h
10
8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22
18.03.2003,
13:30h, 8.5C
10.06.2003,
13:40h, 31C
U,V
9. V-A

10
15
U,
20[V]
12.
V-

219
25
I 2009
, 1 4 2009 .
21.10.2003 14:10h ; t=24 ; Rad=299W/m
PV : Solara
3
21.10.2003 14:10h ; t=24 ; Rad=299W/m

PV : Solara
,
2.5
0
21
I,A 1.5
30
42
0.5
90
0
0
10 12
14 16 18
40
35
30
25
P,W 20
15
10
5
0
,
0
21
30
42
90
20 22
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
U,V
U,V
14. V-
PV
13. V-A
PV
7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13 14

(V-A) I=f(U) (V-P) P=f(U)
: A-75 SunPower, IBC Solartechnik SM200PW2 Solara.
.
-
,
().
- ,
- ,
,
.
,
- .
, 0,3 % / C.

SOLOMON
(Sunset)
15.

,
:

SOC,
UBAT, IM IL.

,
.
15.
220
I 2009
, 1 4 2009 .
20032006 . 10 kWp ,

10 kWp ,
0,38/20kV.
16
. RWE Shott Solar
:
- : 1 2 24 ASE-250 DG-FT/MC
6.84 kWp. PV : Pnom=285 Wp, Umpp=59.7 V,
Impp=4.77 A, Uoc=73.6 V, Isc=5.15 A, 1605 x 1336 mm, 41 kg;
- : 3 100 ASE-F 32/12 3.22
kWp. PV : Pnom=32.2 Wp, Umpp=16.8 V, Impp=1.92 A,
Uoc=22.8 V, Isc=2.50 A, 1005 x 635 mm, 6.2 kg.

SUN PROFI SP 2800-550,
3500 Wp.
196330 V DC, 15.5
DC. 2800 W
49.850.2 Hz, .
94 %. ,

(MPP).
17
,
30 .
, .
, (1, 2, 3, -),
,
, PV-
.
,
, :
- - CM21 (KIPP & ZONEN);
- PV - ()
;
- Pt-100 (THIES CLIMA);
- PV - ASE-250 DG-FT/MC ASE-F 32/12,
Pt-100;
- , ;
-
EZWS4 (LLER ZIEGLER);
- PV
EMPS D 412 R (MPS) CMPS IT R2 CM18
RS232.
- ISC (LLER
ZIEGLER) UDAS .
Visual Designer
10 .
221
I 2009
, 1 4 2009 .
16.
17.
PV
,
,

.
,
222
I 2009
, 1 4 2009 .

.
, -
1 kWp, 1342 kWh
32 . 2006 .
5,45 EUR/Wp
.

PV .

,
.
[1] Markova D., Platikanov S., Konstantinoff M., Opportunities for using renewable
energy sources in Bulgaria, 25 June 1999, Athens, Greece
[2] Platikanov S., Markova D., Tzankov P., Photovoltaic-system in der technischen
Universitt Gabrovo, 14 Internationale Wissentschaftliche Konferenz Mittweida, 811
November 2000, Deutschland
[3] Lmmel J., Solartechnik- umweltfreundliche Energie aus der Sonne, International
Scientific Conference, Unitech 03, 2003, Gabrovo
[4] ., . , . , . ,
, 2002,
[5] Hagemann, I. B., Gebudeintegrierte Photovoltaik, Kln, Rudolf Mller, 2002
[6] Platikanov S., D. Markova, P. Tzankov, Experimental study of photovoltaic system
modules under outdoor conditions, 16 Internationale Wissenschaftliche Konferenz
Mittweida, IWKM 2003, November 2003, Mittweida, Deutschland
[7] ., . , . ,
,
23 24 2003., ,
[8] ., . , . , . ,
, 2004,
[9] ., . , . , . ,
,
, vol. 292004(15-22)
[10] ., . , . , . , 10 kWp
- ,
2008, . . ,
. -
. . .
. -
. .
-
-
-
-
223
066 827271
066 827271
066 801144
02 8054707
E-mail
platikanov@tugab.bg
plamen@tugab.bg
markova@tugab.bg
miroslav.petkov@enemona.com
I 2009
, 1 4 2009 .
.

-
, ,
.
.

-
.
.
,
(cos,
.) ,
.
. .
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[1;2].
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.
.
, .
-
185 2. T ,
.
,
.
:
. ,
C C;

, ,
.

:
6, 10, 20 0,4 kV;
;
;
[MW/km2] ;
;
.
:
224
I 2009
, 1 4 2009 .
. ,
;
. ,
.
.
:
(1)
, , :
(2)

:
:
(3)
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< 0 - ;
> 0 - .
(3), :
= 10 . ; = 0,1 :
(4)
,
,
, , ,
225
I 2009
, 1 4 2009 .
. (3)
..
0,4, 10 20 kV (. 1).
, ,
: ,

, , .

,
n=1.

.
. 10 20 kV 0,4 kV.
57 , 20 kV, 10 kV.
2x1000 kVA 2x630
kVA.
, , ,
: = (2 13) [MVA/km2].
(7,5 8) MVA/km2.
(S = 1540 1640 MVA) F 205 km2.
.1 *
226
I 2009
, 1 4 2009 .

n (>0 <0),
.2. 0,4, 10 20 kV 4 2x1000/20 kV;
2x630/20 kV; 2x1000/10 kV 2x630/10 kV.
:
;
;
, ;
, , ;
;
.
. 2 n
227
I 2009
, 1 4 2009 .
. 1 . 2 .
.1
<0

<6 [MVA/km2]
6 [MVA/km2]
34 50, 70,
12 90 120
0,4 kV 2x1000 kVA; 2x630 kVA
2
90, 120
2
23 120,
12 120 150
10 kV 2x1000 kVA; 2x630 kVA
2
150, 185
2
12 150
1 185 2
20 kV 2x1000kVA; 2x630 kVA
185 2
. 2
<0

<6 [MVA/km2]
6 [MVA/km2]
48 25, 35 50,
35 50, 90, 120,
0,4 kV 2x1000 kVA; 2x630 kVA
2
90, 120, 150, 185
150 185 2
10 kV 2x1000 kVA; 2x630 kVA
35 35, 50, 90,
34 50, 90, 120
228
I 2009
, 1 4 2009 .
20 kV 2x1000kVA; 2x630 kVA
120, 150 2
34 90, 120, 150
185 2
150 2
3 120, 150 185
2
:
1.
2.
, 6 MVA/km2,
n = 3. < 6 MVA/km2 n = 6 .

. 15
, 18 .
:
., ., , , ,
1991 .
. . .,
. , , , 1987
. . . , -, 052 383 515, valentin.giurov@tu-varna.bg
.
-.
.
,
-,
052 383 515,
kvc_electroinvest@yahoo.com
. . -. . , -, 052 383 570, vladimir_128@abv.bg
229
I 2009
, 1 4 2009 .

, ,
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, 1 4 2009 .

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, 1 4 2009 .
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232
I 2009
, 1 4 2009 .
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2000 . ST7537. : ,
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;
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, 7-
, 8-
, 9- ;
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; 11-12, 11-13 230V~/5
, 11-14, 11-15 230V~/5 ;
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I 2009
, 1 4 2009 .
16-20 (230V=,
0.5mA), :
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, HU Host PC
(RS232).
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-,

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, PLM Power Line Modem,
)
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:
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I 2009
, 1 4 2009 .
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235
I 2009
, 1 4 2009 .

lx
: 1
, W
:

(-, -):
,
(O-, -)
:
:
lx
:
cd/m 2
.8. :
1 , 2 , 3
, 4 , 5
PIR , 6 , 7 -
, 8 ; 9
; 10

. (.7) .
DIN- , 12303
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(Host PC)
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236
I 2009
, 1 4 2009 .
, ,
- .

-, 09101401/2009
.
1. Mainardi E.,S. Banzi, M. Bonfe, S. Beghelli, A Low Cost Home Automation System based on
Powerline Communication Links 22nd International Symposium on Automation and Robotics in
Construction, ISARC 2005 - September 11-14, 2005, Ferrara (Italy)
2. Simpson R., Lighting Control Technology and Applications, Focal Press 2003, ISBN 0 240
51566 8
3. . ( ).
-, 2007 (271 ., ISBN 978-954-323-251-2).
4. ., . ,
, XII
2007, 10-12 2007, , , .126-131
5. ., . . .
, .106331/21.01.2002 ( 2008, .
)
6. STMicroelectronics, ST7540 - FSK power line transceiver
7. http://www.tunnellighting.com
1. - . ,
, ,
, Ka.12325, Te. 965-21-81, E-mail: pach@tu-sofia.bg
2. .. ,
, ,
, .12303, E-mail: ipetrinska@tu-sofia.bg
3. . . ,
, ,
, Ka.12323, Te. 965-21-79, E-mail: nsm@tu-sofia.bg
237
I 2009
, 1 4 2009 .

:

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- ,
.
(A-G)

.

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.
12% .
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[1].
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.

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[2].
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. [3,4],
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.
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[ m2
200 lx].
238
I 2009
, 1 4 2009 .
oo
e eo.

,
(),
(), - (),
() () [8].
()
a
[9],
D 60W .

- ,
[W/m2
200lx W/m2 300lx]. ,
(230V),
(12V) .

.
(
), .
, 230V
.

(). 1.
1.
1
1
2
3
4
5
6
2
1x13
W
1x13
W
1x13
W
1x13
W
2x24
W
1x18
I
III
II
IV
p, W/m2
,
%
3
4
a
79
8,05
75
8,05
71
8,05
72
8,05
d 70
9,13
V
VI
1 2
13 2x13
W
14 2x13
W
58
10,31
ac
57
10,31
15 50W/
12V b 100
16 1x22
W
17 1x32
W
18 1x18
W
19 1x18
W
20 1x18
239
10,66
10,62
11,65
11,36
c 44
10,99
c 58
11,04
ac 60
12,08
b 55
12,08
11,65
11,36
I 2009
, 1 4 2009 .
W
1x18
W
8 1x26
W
9 1x13
W
10 1x13
W
11 1x13
W
12 2x13
W
b 58
9,21
b 57
9,21
b 63
9,47
a 69
9,94
70
9,94
59
9,94
61
10,31
W
21 1x18
W
22 1x26
W
23 1x13
W
24 1x13
W
25 1x13
W
26 1x13
W
8
9
2
3
1
x13W b 42
14,04
1
x22W c 40
15,03
2
x18W ac
15,50
49
2
x18W ac
2
2
4
5
15,50
1
x13W ac 38
15,73
5
2
b 100
0W/
12V
17,76
17,63
19,41
18,74
17,76
17,63
19,41
18,74
5
3
0W/
12V
13,31
b 46
13,31
ac 52
13,60
c 58
14,04
b 52
14,04
b 49
14,04
b 47
14,04
26,22
22,16
26,01
24,58
b 68
28,42
26,12
29,84
28,17
b 67
28,42
26,12
29,84
28,17
b 92
31,29
31,05
a 100
0W/
12V
1
x18W ac 26
6
0W/ d
230V
96
26,28
26,66
26,
38
6
43
b 52
b 90
0W/ d
230V
93
26,66
26,
38
6
0W/ c
230V
89
26,66
26,
38
6
0W/ b
230V
88
26,66
26,
38
6
0W/ d
230V
69
26,66
26,
38
5
4
0W/
12V
0W/
12V
0W/
12V
0W/
b 100
18,61
b 101
18,61
17,63
19,41
18,74
b 76
18,61
17,63
19,41
18,74
b 70
18,61
19,41
240
1x13
W
3
5W/
12V
3
5W/
12V
2
0W/
ac 26
27,06
I 2009
, 1 4 2009 .
12V
17,63
18,74
12V
1
x18W ac 48
18,35
0W/
12V
1
x32W ac 31
18,72
0W/
12V
1
x32W ac 26
5W/
12V
5W/
12V
19,48
0W/
12V
0W/
12V
0W/
12V
0W/
12V
0W/
12V
0W/
12V
23,00
21,14
24,15
22,82
b 90
23,00
21,14
24,15
22,82
a 88
23,00
21,14
24,15
22,82
5W/
12V
b 74
23,09
23,00
25,42
24,65
0W/
12V
b 70
23,09
23,00
25,42
24,65
0W/
12V
b 68
23,09
23,00
25,42
24,65
0W/
12V
0W/
12V
0W/
12V
b 67
23,09
23,00
25,42
24,65
0W/
12V
a 45
31,63
30,04
33,00
32,10
b 63
35,18
32,61
37,00
35,88
b 60
36,37
30,75
36,14
33,34
b 53
39,07
37,11
40,92
39,87
a 42
39,07
37,11
40,92
39,87
a 37
48,38
46,48
50,54
48,87
b 32
48,38
a 42
50,07
46,01
52,57
45,73
a 40
50,07
46,01
52,57
45,73
105,7
92,92
104,7
93,77
69
34,78
34,
50
5
b 66
23,09
23,00
25,42
24,65
0W/
12V
b 64
23,09
23,00
25,42
24,65
5W/
12V
b 62
23,09
23,00
25,42
24,65
5W/
12V
a 54
23,09
23,00
25,42
24,65
26,22
22,16
26,01
24,58
6
0W/ c
230V
2
0W/
12V
30,48
a 49
31,05
28,63
0W/
12V
31,29
26,45
a 88
0W/
12V
31,05
28,63
6
0W/ c
230V
31,29
26,45
5
a 92
3
5W/
12V
b 90
28,63
3
1
26,45
2
45
51,08
50,
74
2
a 101
0W/
12V
g 61
: ; - - ; -
; - (-, b-, -, d-
241
I 2009
, 1 4 2009 .
, -, f-, g, , 8345-83 [13]; , % ... ;
: I ; II ; III
; IV ; V
; VI

e , 30 2 ,
200lx, 3,20 ,
0,75, UGR<22,

.

110,00
120,00
100,00
105,00
90,00
80,00
90,00
70,00
p, W/m2
p , W /m 2
75,00
60,00
60,00
50,00
40,00
45,00
30,00
30,00
20,00
15,00
10,00
161
141
121
101
81
61
41
21
0,00
0,00
)
)
. 1.
:
) ; )

, . 1 .
,
6 7 (, B, C, D, E, F G),
[10].

.1 ( 2)
2. )
)
(200lx)
..
) ... W/m2
) ...
kW/m2/
A
8 - 15
58-108
B
15 22
108-158
C
22 - 29
158-208
D
29 - 39
208-258
E
39 - 49
258-338
F
49 - 69
338-438
242
I 2009
, 1 4 2009 .
69
438
7

.

.

, 2. - . 2.

100,00
WA 1x13W
90,00
WD 1x26W
WB 2x13W,
80,00
WB 1x13W
W, kWh/m2/
70,00
WB 1x18W
60,00
W 50W/12V
50,00
W 50W/12V
40,00
W 50W/12V
30,00
W 50W/12V
WC 1x22W
20,00
WC 1x32W
10,00
WB 2x24W
0,00
. 2. ,

,
EN 15193 [11]. LENI (Lighting Energy Numeric Indicator)
[kWh/m2/year] 3.
3. LENI [11]
Pn,
td, h tn, h Fc1 Fo,
W/m
Man Auto
0,7
0,7
LENI,
kWh/(m2/year)
Man
Auto
(cte)
38,1
38,1
0,7
0,7
72,1
72,1
0,7
0,7
108,1
108,1
10
3000
2000
**
20
3000
2000
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9
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Auto
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:
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243
I 2009
, 1 4 2009 .
1
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; td - ,
; tn - ,
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; Fd - ,
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4. LENI ,
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Pn,
td, h tn, h Fc1,Aut Fd,
W,
W/m
o
Auto
kWh/m2/year
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n 15193
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3000 2000 0,9
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34,00
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1
59,76
Dialux
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*
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5256 3504 58,67
.09
LENI . 5
LENI
.
5. LENI
,
1x13W
Pn, td, h
tn, h Fc1,
Fd,
W,
W/
Auto
Auto kWh/m2/yea
m2
r
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3000 2000 0,9
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244
I 2009
, 1 4 2009 .
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6%>Dc4%
*

4%>Dc2%
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8,05
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/
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Dc

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(.6).
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, 200 lx ()
(200lx)
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.
/m2/year/
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B
35-48
C
48-61
D
61-81
E
81- 111
F
111-151
G
151
- - . 3.

40,00
Z 50W/12V
Z, /m2/
35,00
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30,00
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25,00
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20,00
ZB 2x24W
15,00
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5,00
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245
I 2009
, 1 4 2009 .
. 3. ,
( 2009 .)
:

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- ,
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(),
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.

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- - ( ).

,
.
, .
National Action Plan for Energy Efficiency Sector Collaborative on Energy Efficiency, Hotel
Energy Use Profile - http://www.epa.gov/RDEE/documents/sector-meeting/4bii_hotelenergy.pdf
Good lighting for Hotels and Restaurants 11 - http://www.licht.de
., .
. 64452/28.02.2005 105872/03.09.2001
. ( ).
-, 2007 (271 ., ISBN 978-954-323-251-2).
., . ,
, XII
246
I 2009
, 1 4 2009 .
2007, 10-12 2007, , ,
.126-131
., . . .
, .106331/21.01.2002 ( 2008, .
)
., . .
,
6/1997, .31-35,
. ,
Petrinska I., A. Pachamanov, Energy Efficiency Classification of Lighting Systems in Public

Buildings, ICEST2009, May 25-27 2009, Veliko Tarnovo
Annex 2 Working document on possible ecodesign requirements for general lighting
Equipment
EN 15193
Pachamanov A., www.tunnellighting.com
8345-83
:
1. . . ,
, ,
, .12303, E-mail: knikolova@tu-sofia.bg
247
I 2009
, 1 4 2009 .

, 2009/72/
,
: 2003 . .
-
. ,

/ ( DSM, FACTS, .).

,
.
2009/72/ [1] 2005/89/ [2],

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2003 . (., .107 09.12.2003 .)
(,.59 20.07.2007 .) .

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248
I 2009
, 1 4 2009 .
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( )

(global welfare)[4]
.
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=
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q
dq
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d
q d
(2)
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249
I 2009
, 1 4 2009 .
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250
I 2009
, 1 4 2009 .
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management) / .

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251
I 2009
, 1 4 2009 .
.

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FACTS

. FACTS
- ,

, .
,
.
, , . :
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() .
,
.
2009 UCTE
- ENTSO-E (European
Network of Transmission System Operators for Electricity), 42 34
ATSOI, BALTSO, ETSO,
NORDEL, UCTE UKTSOA. , ENTSO-E : ,
, (Reliable. Sustainable. Connected) [3].
, ,
252
I 2009
, 1 4 2009 .
, , ,
.
:
1. http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2009:211:0055:0093:EN:PDF
2. http://www.energy.eu/directives/l_03320060204en00220027.pdf
3. http://www.entsoe.eu/
4. Daniel Kirschen, Goran Strbac, Fundamentals of Power System Economics, John Wiley &
Sons, Ltd, 2006
5. http://www.dker.bg/rules.htm
6. http://www.tso.bg/default.aspx/prenosni-sposobnosti/bg
7. . .,
, , 7, 2006., .
20-25.
8. Services publics en concurrence, dossier No 28 runi par Jean-Pierre Chamoux, Hiver,
1995
9. , ..
, . ., 2008 .
10. , , FACTS
, . , #1, 2005
:
, , -,
, , -,
253
I 2009
, 1 4 2009 .

[1].
. .

.
.

.
1. UP5035-1
.
:
78x44x25mm;
13mm;
9V DC 1mA;
199.9mV DC;
;
100mV;
.1
- 0.5%;
2 3
;
100M;
ICL7106
Intersil [2]. 3
. , ,
.
.
2 ICL7106.
.2
.
254
I 2009
, 1 4 2009 .

, 60mV.
,
60mV. 150A.
150.0 .
[2],
/1/
V
DCOUNT = 1000 IN
VREF
: DCOUNT ; VIN VREF

.

100mV. 199.9mV 1999
.
199.9, .
150A 60.0mV.
1500 ,
150.0.
DCOUNT = 1500; VIN = 60.0mV
, . /1/ :
/2/
VREF =
1000 VIN
DCOUNT
/2/ :
VREF =
1000 60.0
= 40.0mV
1500
, R1
( 2) 40mV R4.
150,
0.0 150.0.

75mV.
1
60mV 75mV.
1
INOM
VIN
VREF
A
mV
mV
50
60
120
500
50.0
100
60
60
1000
100.0
150
60
40
1500
150.0
200
60
30
1999
199.9
50
75
150
500
50.0
100
75
75
1000
100.0
150
75
50
1500
150.0
200
75
37.5
1999
199.9
,
( ) .
255
I 2009
, 1 4 2009 .
-, 500 2000,
.
.
# : 50
. 200 199.9.
.
150,
, 199.9. ,
- .

9V
6F22.
. .
, ,
220V.
, .
4.
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9V.
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,
.
.
4
( 220V~ ).
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.
5 . ,
.
.
( )
.

.
.
.
256
I 2009
, 1 4 2009 .
.5
,
, .
.
.
:
1. . . , ., - .
2. Intersil datasheet, ICL7106, http://www.intersil.com/
257
I 2009
, 1 4 2009 .

.
(PV ),
, ,
.
.
(PV) ,
,
.
, ,
, .
I.
. 1
: PV ,
, .
,

.
II.

() .
1. . .
Calculux
Philips, - .
258
I 2009
, 1 4 2009 .
. 2
. 2
259
I 2009
, 1 4 2009 .
. 2
2. PV .
,
[1].
Pmax =
E.S
G.K TK .K
[1],
:
[kWh/d]
G [kWh/m2.d]
S = 1[kW/m2]
KTK ( = 0,82).
- - 250
.
(0,9 0,95).
- PV
:
95%
85%
( ) 90%
=0,95*0,85=0,81
P ' max =
Pmax
[2]
.2 PV
.

PV [kW]
No:
[]
[kWh]
.
.
.I
. II
III
IV
0
0,
0,
0,
1
1 x ..
0,288
,207
125
105
081
1 x ..
0,288
. IX
.X
0
,073
093
.
XI
0,
.
XII
0,
173
0,
216
, - PV , ,
, .
3. .

300.
.
4.

:
260
I 2009
, 1 4 2009 .
[V]

.
- n - .
BAT :
-
BAT = E.n [Wh]

:
C=
E BAT
. .V
[3]
[4],
: ... = 0,85
= 0,5
V [V]
.3 .
. [Ah]
No:
[kWh]
[]
[V]

n= 5
n=3
282,35
169,41
1
1 x .. 36 W
0,288
12
5. /
,
. : 1)
PV ; 2)

.
.
6.

261
I 2009
, 1 4 2009 .
. 3
III.

.
a 4, .
:
- PV [Ah Wh]
- [Wh/m2.]
- [Ah]
-

[%].
4.
:
.
, V:
.
, V:
PV, Ah:
, Ah:
. . . . . . . .
08
08
08
08
08
08
08
08
08
08
07
07
14
14,4 14,4 14,4 14,5 14,7 14,6 14,6
14,4 13,3
13
13,4
12,2 12,4 12,4 12,5 12,4 12,3 12,2 12,2
11,9 11,8 11,8 11,8
510 465
510 527
464
406
403
434
403
403
390
390
262
341
310
360
330
420
390
279
248
279
248
360
330
I 2009
, 1 4 2009 .
PV , Ah:
. %
:
. PV %
:
%
():
150 620
496
651
570
589
390
390
319
31
30
16
19
18
19
16
16
15
15
15
11
11
11
63
65
71
68
73
76
66
74
61
32
32
39
46
59
66
66
89
53
46
40
20
13
13
% (): 73
99
92
92
86
79
79
73
59
33
26
33
6701 6110, 5295, 5295, 5124, 4480, 4730, 5518, 6096,9 3666, 3666, 4703,4
,4
1
42
42
6
74
4
8
6
06
06
0
1971 8146, 6517, 8554, 7489, 7739, 5124, 5124, 4191,6 407,3
PV , Wh/:
0 394,20
,0
8
44
14
8
46
6
6
6
4
PV, Wh/:
: 2007 - 2008
. 4
. 4
263
I 2009
, 1 4 2009 .
1270,73 kWh/m2
10,85 %
IV.
12 - 2007
2008.
:
- ,
. : 2007,
2007, 2008, 2008.
- 385 ( ,
12 ) 61
5 .

, ;
- 2008 2008
;
- 4
10,85 %.
:
1. V. K. Sharma, A. Colangelo, G. Spagna and G. Cornaccia, Design Methodology and
Experimental Evaluation of Some Photovoltaic Water Pumping Systems, REPIC International
Energy Journal, vol. 17, 2, December, 1995
. .

: 0889 242256
e-mail: miroslav.petkov@enemona.com
264
I 2009
, 1 4 2009 .

,
. EIB
, .

EIB
.
EIB?
EIB Europen Instalattion Bus, Instabus [1,2,3].
(,
, .).

,
. (
, , , .)
, .
,
,
.
EIB ?
EIB - -, - -,
.

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.
EIB :
(
, , , , , - , ,
, , , );

( ,
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BUS , ,
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BUS, . ,
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265
I 2009
, 1 4 2009 .
, ,
.
[2]:
: ( );
( - );
. ( - , );
; (, , ,
.); (SOS );
: ; ;
; SOS ;
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; b)
( ); c)
( ,
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; e)
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.
. 1
, .2. .
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.1.
.
- ,
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Bus Bus .
(. 3 b).
,
, - , ,
: , ,
, ,
.
, : a) : , , ;
266
I 2009
, 1 4 2009 .
b)
: , ; c)
: , ; d)
: ,
; e) : (.4.) [1].
:
.

, .
Bus .
( ) , (29V
DC), (. . ), ,
.
Light
230
.3 a).

.3 b).
BUS
.4. BUS
- : 1)
; 2) .
,
, ,
. ,
, SMS GSM .
32 .
(.5) [1] .
:
267
I 2009
, 1 4 2009 .
- ALL ON / /: 100% ;
- ALL OFF / / : ;
- TV: , 50%, ;
- LECTURE // : 100%, - 30%, .
:
- : , , 20%;
- : , , 50%;
- : , , 100%;
.5.

: , , .
,
(2 x 0.5mm2 ). 01840 [1]
230V .
. EIB/KNX .
BUS,
. ( .6., .7., .8.,
BUS ( 1000 m).
P
P
SU
SU
P
SU
P
SU
.6.
P
SU
.7.
P
SU
.8.
268
I 2009
, 1 4 2009 .
128 (.9.) (BUS-)

; By-Me BUS
( ).
16 ,
(coupler), .
3 -
(coupler), .
.9.

.3.
.3.

3
( .12).
V ,
. ,
3, .1768 [4].
32,5mm2.
31,5 mm2 .
30 mm .
DIN (.10) :a)
29V DC 1; b) 8 - 8
1.; c) 16 - 16 1.; d)
GSM + Internet - DIN .

PC ; e) .
,
, ,
.
.10. DIN
269
I 2009
, 1 4 2009 .

(. 11).
min 4 mm
.12.
-
.

1,5 m . 22 C
3 C. 22 C ,
1 .

24:00 . 18 (-
), ,
.
,
[1]: a) 10 bar; b)
270
I 2009
, 1 4 2009 .
-10C +55C (); c) 12V DC; d)
13W.
EIB DIAL
, ,
6% [7].
.13.
. 13 Dialux [6].
3 100% DALI [5].
-
. -
34
.
1. Vimar, Catalogue 2008

2. http://www.elmah.hr/index.php
3. http://www.intelkey.ru/
4. 3
, 2004 .
5. http://www.dalicontrol.com/dali/
6. http://www.dialux.com/
7. www.dial.de
: - . ,
(), mail: zai@tu-sofia.bg;
271
I 2009
, 1 4 2009 .

:
(
), ().

,
.
,
, .
a,
.
. ,
,
. ,

.
.
.

. 70- 80-

. ,
,
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,
:
;
;
;
;
;
;
. [1, 2]

,
,
.

.
. ,
.
.
, .

272
I 2009
, 1 4 2009 .
100.km. ,
.

, .

. , ,
.

,
.
.
,
, .

.
100 ,
, .

,

. ,

.
,
300 ,
.
:
;

;

;
;

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,

.
, . ,
10k.km,
.

273
I 2009
, 1 4 2009 .
,
.
.
.

.
.
( ),

. ,
.
, e
.

,
, .

.
,
, ,
, .

,
. [2, 3]

:
.
.
(, , .)
.
. .
,
. . 1 ,
.
274
I 2009
, 1 4 2009 .

.1
,
[1].
.

.
,
. ,
. ,
.
. ,
,
, , .

. , ,
,
.
. ,
.
, .
,
.
, .

- .
, .. -. [4]
,
.

.
.
275
I 2009
, 1 4 2009 .
. ,
.
,
;

,
.

1. .., . .,
, 1986.
2. K. S. Bahra and R. E. Catlow, Mott MacDonald Llmlted, CONTROL OF STRAY
CURRENTS FOR D.C. TRACTION SYSTEMS.
3. C. Charalambous, I. Cotton, Influence of soil structures on corrosion performance of
floating-DC transit systems.
4. 4.
. , .
. , , 1981.
276
I 2009
, 1 4 2009 .

:
.
,
.
.
.
1992 .
,
. 1997 . . ()
, 37 20082012 . 5%. 2012 .
,
. .
, ,
.
, .
, - .
.
,
350 500 . $, 1% -
.
?
2 ,
.
- 2 10,7 Mt 2.
, , 9,1 Mt.
277
I 2009
, 1 4 2009 .
, 1,6 Mt 2,
24 . (.. 15 /t.),
. .
2
.

,
. . 3 . 2020 .
20%. .
, - .
, 50%
6 . .
70% .
.
.
, - - .
.
(, ,
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30%,
. ,
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.
.
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!!!

2006 . 138 lm.h
1lm.h = 1015 lm.h
20 Mlm.h
( 101 Mlm.h , 8 10 Mlm.h )
. 2650 TWh (19 %
.. ., .)
. 460 . USD
1% .
1,6
.
EU 14%
. .
EU 19.10.2006
EU 2020. 20% !
,
: ; ; .
278
I 2009
, 1 4 2009 .

.
.
14%
. .
14% . .
. , . .
.

.
EU 1 , 35
2010 .

.
(IP) .
-

A
B
(),
,
C
D
E

1.
279
01.01.2010
I 2009
, 1 4 2009 .
2. I-
01.01.2012
3. - I-
01.01.2012
4.

01.01.2014
5. - II-
01.01.2017
= N * ( + ) * [kWh / ]
N 1 2 3 4 =
Em * S
* 1 *MF 2 * 3 *K 4
Em [lx]
S - [m2]
[lm/W]
MF
...

1. . 258W
2. . 258W
3. . 258W
4. . Al MIRO
5
5. . -
Al MIRO 5
280
I 2009
, 1 4 2009 .

7,9%
, 400 . kWh/.
:
(
),
( ,
),
.

.

, ( )
(
).

.
50%, ,
.
,
, -.
,
.
,
(
).
281
I 2009
, 1 4 2009 .

2007 .
~250 . Kwh
=100%
100%
5.04 . Kwh
=100%
17%
12%
2.04%
0.16%
0.4 . Kwh
=7.9%
0.95%
- 100%
. - 17%
. - 2.04%
. - 0.16%

,

;
,
;
, 50W 70 lm/W,
150W 100 lm/W;
;
:
,
,
;
( ).

:
- ;
- :
- ,
- .
,
- 5 .

282
I 2009
, 1 4 2009 .

.
, -
3%
,
:
3% 12 . =360 . .

.

:
.
;
. ;
. - (Cosmopolis Philips);
V. - ;
V. () .
70 W
24 W
283
I 2009
, 1 4 2009 .

( )

( )
3.5
3.0
1.2
2.5
2.0
0.8
1.5
0.6
1.0
0.4
0.5
0.2
0.0
0.00
0
0
0. 2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1. 2
0.20
0 .40
0.60
0.80
1.00
-
. ,
50% , 65% .
. ,
50% 1/3

:
31 %
MF - 15%
( , )
46%
=2,55 W

284
I 2009
, 1 4 2009 .

4000
. 0.15 /kW h, 0.107 /kW h
2760
3000
2500
2000
/ 1500
2515
2276
20
3000
15
MWh 10
1800
1000
500
0
:
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e-mail:
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287

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I

2009/72/ ......................... 248

r = const (. 1). N1 2a1

U& (v x , v y ) = jg~ p2 2 f m e p (h1+ h2 )e jc2 sin a1 sin a1 sin a 2 sin a 2 dd

U& (v x , v y ) U& (0,0 )

a2* = 1; h1* = 0,055 ; h2* = 0,06 .

K E* = KU K I K E = kcu kci KUN K IN K EN

1.Ladsttter W., Dr. P. Marek, W. Grubelnik, F. Senn, NEW INSULATION TECHNOLOGY

Figure 1. Simulated mechanical characteristic

Figure 2. Speed variation during simulation

Figure 3. Active and reactive power variation

Figure 5. Rotor speed variation, with

Figure 4. Torque variation

Figure 7. Stator currents

Figure 6. Active and reactive power variation

Figure 8. Input torque variation

Figure 9. Active and reactive power variation

3.5 Wind input simulation

Input m e chanical powe r

Output e lectrical powe r

Figure 10. Stator currents variation

Figure 11. Wind behavior for the mechanical

3.6 The slip variation

Figure 12. Slip variation at sudden input torque

Figure 13. Slip variation at wind behavior of

Figure 14. Power values comparison for MT

Figure 15. Current values comparison for MT

Figure 16. Power values comparison for MAT

Figure 17. Current values comparison for

Figure 1. Doubly fed induction machine schema

Lm u rq Ls Lr s id L2m ( s r )id r1 Lr iq Lm Lr r idr + (r2 + radd ) Lm

Figure 3. Input torque variation

Figure 4. Input mechanical, output stator

Figure 5. Zoom at the transition time

Figure 7. Slip variation at sudden input torque

Figure 8. Slip variation at wind behavior of

Figure 9. Power values comparison for MT 126

Figure 10. Power losses comparison for MT

Figure 11. Stator currents comparison for MT

Figure 12. Torques comparison for MT

Figure 13. Stator injected power comparison

Figure 14. Rotor losses comparison for

Figure 15. Stator currents comparison for MAT

Fig. 1 Circuit representation of idealized generator

Thus, the inverse matrix for DQ to ABC frame is:

2.2. Program modeling

where the flux linkages md and mq are:

where P is the pole pairs.

where Tm is the mechanical torque and Te is the electromagnetic torque.

Fig. 2 Structure model of the synchronous generator

Fig. 3 Matlab/SIMULINK realization of the synchronous generator model

Input power [W]

Input power [W]

Fig. 4 Step change in the input power

Fig. 8 Variable input power

Load Angle [deg]

Fig. 5 Load angle at step change

Fig. 9 Load angle at fluctuating power

Electrical speed [rad/s]