Simona Avramova Cholakova PHD

-
:
03.01.28.
(. )
:
... II . , ..
2009 .

..................................................................................................................................2
.........................................................................5
1. .................................8
1.1. ..............................................................................8
1.2. .............................................10
1.3. ...................................................................12
1.4. ........................................15
1.5. .................................................21
1.5.1. ................................................................................................21
1.5.2. ....................................................................................................22
1.5.3. ....24
1.5.4. ...........................................................25
1.6. ................................................................27
1.6.1. ..................27
1.6.2. ....................................................................28
1.6.3. ...........................................29
1.6.4. ................................32
1.6.5. ................................................36
1.7.
............................................................................................................................................38
1.7.1. ..........................................................................................................39
1.7.2. ..........................................................................................42
1.7.3. ....................................................................................................44
1.7.4. ........................................................................................44
1.7.5. - ..........................................................................................46
1.7.6. () .............................49
1.7.7. ...................................................................................50
1.8. ................................................................................................53
1.8.1. ............................................................................................54
1.8.2. ..........................................................................................57
2. ...................................................................................59
3. .........................................................................................................60
3.1. , ...................................................................60
3.2. ..........................................................................................................60
3.3. .......64
3.3.1. - ................................................65
3.3.2. , ..............................66
3.3.3. - .........66
3.3.4. .....................................................66
3.3.5. ................................................................................................67
3.3.6. () .............................67
3.3.7. ........................................68
3.3.8. -,
.........................................................................................68
3.3.9. .............................................................................69
3.3.10. .....................................................................................................................70
3.3.11. ..............................................................70
3.3.12. .........................................................................70
2
3.4. ....................................................................71
3.4.1. .......................................................71
. ....................................................................71
. ........................................................................72
3.4.2. ....................................................73
. ....................................................................73
. ........................................................................73
3.4.3. ...............................................74
3.5. .................................................................75
3.5.1. ..............................................................................75
3.5.2. Barts.......................................................75
3.5.3. ACR .......................................................76
3.5.4. ..............................................76
4. ...................................................................................................77
4.1.
............................................................................................................................................77
4.1.1. - ................................................77
4.1.2. , ..............................79
4.1.3. - .........80
4.1.4. .....................................................81
4.1.5. ................................................................................................82
. ........................82
. ........84
. .......................................................................85
. ......................................86
. ..............................87
4.1.6. () .............................89
.
,
, ,
.............................89
. .....................................................91
4.1.7. ........................................97
4.1.8. -,
.........................................................................................97
4.1.9. .............................................................................99
4.1.10. ...................................................................................................................107
4.1.11. ............................................................108
4.1.12. .......................................................................109
4.1.13. .........................................................................110
4.2. .....................................................117
4.2.1 117
. .................................................117
. .....................................................................121
.

..............................................................................................................................................121
4.2.2. ......................................122
4.2.3.
..................................................................................................................................................124
3
4.2.4. ...............................................................................133
4.2.5. .............................................143
4.3. .......145
4.3.1. ....................................................................................145
. ......................................................................146
. ..................148
. ........149
. .......................149
. .........................150
. ...........................151
. ...........................................152
. ,
....................................................................................................................153
4.3.2. ........................154
. ..........................................................................155
. ..............................................................................158
4.3.3. ......................................161
4.3.4. .......................................164
. .......................................................................164
. ...............167
4.3.5.
..................................................................................................................................................168
..........................................................................................................................................177
.............................................................................179
..............................................180
...............................181
....................................................................................................................................182
.......................................................................................................................202

-

-
CC - (craniocaudal projection)
DQE (detective quantum efficiency)
LSF (line spread function)
ML - (mediolateral projection)
MLO - (mediolateral oblique projection)
MTF (modulation transfer function)
NEQ (noise equivalent quanta)
PMMA
PSF (point spread function)
5
ACR
(American College of Radiology)
BEIR
(Biological Effects of Ionizing Radiation Committee)
IAEA
(International Atomic Energy Agency)
ICRP
(International Commission on Radiation Protection)
ICRU
(International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements)
IPEM
(Institute of Physics and Engineering in Medicine)
ISO
(International Organization for Standardization)
ISR
(International Society of Radiology)
NCRP
(National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements)
NRPB
(National Radiological Protection Board)
UNSCEAR
(United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation)
C
d
D
d 1/2
g
G
It
K air
K air
Ki
6
OD
OD 0
OD 1
S
SF -
U
Y
Y1
r

7
1.

1.1.
() -
[111]. 2006 . 429 900 ,
13,5 % 28,9 %
.
(7,8 %) [111].
2004 .,
Cancer Research UK, 74 100 000 1975 . 120
2004 . 1980 2004 . 53 %,
12 % [60].

1975 . . 1975-
1980 . 3,7 % 1980 1987 . [35].

, -
, - . in situ
( 2 cm) , -
( 3 cm) 27 %. 1987-2001 .
0,5 % .
,
- . 3,5 %
2001-2004 . , ,
- (..
),
- .

[9]. -
. 1.1.
, - [9]. 1993 .
2662 [21], 2004 . 3548 , 23,5 %
[9];
8
2004 . 88,7 100 000 .
(), 2005 . 83,2, 2006 . 85,9,
2007 86 100 000 [23, 24].
: 2007 . 0,92; 2008 . 0,94; 2009 . 0,96; 2010 . 0,98 1000 [22].
. 1.1. -
1981-2004 . [9].
100 I II III IV
80
(%)
60
40
20
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

. 1.2. ,
1985 1999 . [61].

. -
, [27]. -
,
9
(pT1-2; N0-1; M0) [85]. -
(pT3; N2-3; M0), - (T4)
(1).
90 % - 1 cm [85].
,
() 1985-1989 .
1999 ., . 1.2 [61].
1.2.
,
, ,
.
.
,
.
- () .
- . ,
: ;
, ;

; ;
;
.
,
.

.
. ;
,
; . -
.
[36, 139, 174].
()

10
. ,
-.
,
[36, 172, 200].
, ,
. .

[36, 182, 206].
,
. ,
99m
[36]. TcMIBI
99m
Tc tetrofosmin , ,
, .
[27].
,
, .
.
[36, 186].

.
, .

, .
,
[36].
.
,
15 mm. 5 mm -
. 20 mm [85].
,
. in situ
, - 5 mm. 95 %
5 10 mm [202].
.
11
- in situ .
,
0,1-0,15 mm.

, . 50-
85 90%
[85]. .
.
150 3-4 ,
- .
1.3.

.
, .

[27, 36].
o ,

.
[36].
,
[202].

. ,
,
, . [40, 135, 136, 137, 188, 197, 202,
230, 249, 250]. (Biological
Effects of Ionizing Radiation, BEIR, Committee)
[64],
(National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements, NCRP) 2004 . [201].
Preston .
[218]. Law .

12
Preston, , Berrington de Gonzalez [47,
180]. (National Radiological Protection
Board, NRPB) , ,
[46].

.
[110, 202]. Beckett .
BEIR [46].
Brenner Amols,
, , 1,3 -
[55].
, ,
, ,
[27].
,
20-30 % [27, 46, 110, 138, 177, 178, 202, 203, 242,
259]. ,
50 64 ,
[205]. ,
, .
, , ,
, , , . [229].
- . ,
-
[202, 254]. -
40 , ,
50 [46, 202]. 35
[180], 40-
49 [198], . ,
-
[100, 108].
25-34 , 35
[48]. -
13
,
.
, [46].

70 - -,
50-64 [46].
. Beckett . - -
3 , - -
, 1 [46]. Michaelson . , 2
22 %,
1 51 %, 6 80 % [194]. 2003 .
,
50-64
( )
24 % 8 % [46].
,
,
. ,

. -
.
[35].
2002 . ,
, ,
50-69 , 70 % [91].
,
. ,

[93, 94].
2003 .
, [89].
.
14
2006 . 2002 .

, [92].
[11].
, .
.
2001 .
,
- -
2001-2010 . [12]. [27].
2008 .
2008-2013 . [20].
.

.
2008-2013.
,
. ,
.
1.4.
(United
Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation, UNSCEAR),
1000 I
, , 1991-1996 ., 25 [255].
0,51 mSv,
0,06 mSv 0,62 mSv .
3,29 mGy
15,2 mGy ,
1 mGy 2,71 mGy .
, I , 19 400 .-Sv.
3 %
I 2 % .
15
, ,
1 % I 0,9 % [255].
,
1998-2006 ., , 1.1.
, ,
,
.
1.1.
, 1998-2006 . [].

(%)
1998 40 121 39 277 2,55
2001 57 066 40 244 2,79
2002 57 734 35 405 2,33
2003 65 093 43 562 2,92
2004 95 529 57 604 4,01
2005 89 809 43 039 3,15
2006 79 425 50 071 3,8
2002-2003 .

, 3,2 mGy 70,5 mGy 0,9 mGy 15,5 mGy [5].
, ,
.
.
,
26 (International Commission
on Radiation Protection, ICRP) 1977 .
[152].
,
, .

, ,
. .. ALARA (As Low As Reasonably
Achievable).
-
16
[99]. ,
.
ICRP,
: 60 1990 . [149]
103 2007 . [154],
73 1996 ., [150] 105 2007 . [151].

(International Atomic Energy Agency,
IAEA) 1996 . [143], , 96/29/
1996 . [87] 97/43/ 1997 . [88].
60 ICRP ,
,
[149].
- , .
73 [150],
(), 97/43/ [88].

,
.
.
,
1999 . [99].
.

.
, ,
.
,
, .
- ,
. ,
( )
( ) .
.
17

.
, ,
- .

[99].
1982 . ()
.

,
- -
[269]. 97/43 ,
,
, , ,
, [88]. -

.
: ;
;
[214, 269].
.

,
[140, 141, 269].
(,
) .
,
, , [88, 269].

,
.
, [140, 141].
.
18
, -

, .
,
,
.
,
, [29].

. -
, .
, ,
. ,
,
.
.

. , ,
.
.
(),
[3, 29, 140, 141, 269].

.
, .
.
: () ().
,
, -
.
,
. [3].
.
,
19
,
, [29, 140, 141, 269].

[34, 93, 94, 132, 140,
141, 181, 211]. -
. - - ,
,
. , ,
.
, .
,
.

.
,
[10].
[17]
[16].

.
,
,
,
. 1971 .
300 keV
[15]

300 kV [14].
.
,
- 97/43 [88].
, 2004 .,
, , ,
20
[18].
[90]. 30
2005 .
, ,

[19]. -
, .
()
(), - . ,
30, ,
( )
[102]
[93, 94].
.

[4].
,
[93].
, , 30 [19].

30 ,
.
1.5.
1.5.1.
,
.
, ,
.
, .
15-20 (), -
() 0,5 1-2 mm. - ,
, . 1-2 mm,
21

4 mm, , .
- , , .
25-35 (),
.
(. 1.3) [1, 27, 85, 202].
. 1.3. .
1.5.2.

() () . -
, , , ,
[2, 27, 85].
: 2
6-10 cm; 1 cm;
1 cm. ,

. .
- , -
, .
,
, - 1 5 cm.
, .
.
22
,
, .
.
()
.
. -
.
( ).

.
, .
.
.
in situ
()
(), .
in situ - .
,
. in situ
, .
,
[2, 27, 85].
( 75 %
), ,
.
. .
( 10-15 %
). ,
.
. 25 % ,
.
. -
- -
.
23

,
.
( 2-6 % ),
, . .
.
(5-7 % )
, .
.
() 3 %
. ,
.
:
, 30 % ;
Paget ,

;
, ,
, ,
, .
1.5.3.
, ,
[231, 232]. 1993 . (American
College of Radiology, ACR), ,
BI-RADS (Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System)
[86].

, [7, 37].
, ,
, . :
, ;

; ,
24
.
: ( ), (
,
) ( ) [7].

, .
[141].
,
.
0,1 mm [141]. 0,5 mm ,
2 mm . - -
, - .
,
, - ,
,
, [7].

, .

.

- ,
[7].
, , ,
, , .
1.5.4.
- - -
.
, ,
, 45 .
,
- .
.
25
.
.
- (MLO)
45 ( ,
), -
-
, (. 1.4).
.
. MLO - ,
, -
, -
[41, 85, 166, 202].
- () 0 ,
- . -
, MLO
(. 1.4).
,. .
- , -
. 10-20
, -
, [41, 85, 166, 202].
) )
. 1.4. - () - () .
- -
, -, (
) .
26
1.6.
1.6.1.
(. 1.5.1).
, , :
(10,2 10,6 %), (10,8 33,2 %), (3 %),
(52,7 75,9 %), (11,2 %), (49,1 69,1 %),
(18,9 35,7 %). , , [120, 140, 141,
148]. 0,93 1,04 g.cm-3 [120, 140,
141]. Woodard ., ,
, 30,2 72,6 %, 56,2 5,6 %
13,3 21,5 % [268].
Johns Yaffe , (20-30 keV)

,
31 keV [140, 141, 162].
- ,
.
17-20 keV.
:
, ()
[73, 140, 141, 241].
,
, .. .
.

. 22 keV
,
,

[13, 26, 28, 66, 161, 241].
, ,
, , .
27
1.6.2.
.
, ,
( ) [146]. ,
.
: ,
[58, 66, 85, 145, 146, 161, 238].
. ,
.

() [146].
.

(), [6, 58].
.
- ().

,
, (
), [58, 66, 157, 161, 241]. -
, - . ,
,

[6, 66].
. ( )
, .
.
. ,
- , .. -
. ()
. - .

.
28
. - ,

. ,
,
,
[66].
. ,
- , [66].

.
.
. Rossmann , [146].

, .
, .. .
,
, , - [66, 238].

. , .
.
1.6.3.
1996 .
(International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements, ICRU) 54,

[145]. ,
.
,
.
(point spread function, PSF)
, [146].
(line spread function, LSF)

, [146].
29
(modulation transfer function, MTF).

.
.
() ().

.
[30, 58, 145, 146, 241]. MTF
- LSF [58, 145, 146]
(
) [85, 146]. , , MTF
MTF .

- -
, [96].
,
(mm-1) [146].
(noise power spectrum, NPS)
.
.
- [145, 146]. -
,
[145].
-
. :
[241]. Rose
, - - 5 [67].
(detective quantum efficiency, DQE)
, Rose 1946 . [146].
-
- ( ).
- [67]

[146]. DQE .
30
(noise equivalent quanta, NEQ)
Show [146]. ,
[146].
,
,
[145].
.
,
. ,
,
.
.
(),
, . Hessler
. ,
, .
, , ,
,
,
.
[133]. Desponds . ,
-
[79]. Mayo . ,

[187]. Aichinger .
, , ,
. -
[31]. Trueblood . ,
ACR [251].
Chakraborty Eckert,
, ,
[63].
,
31
. Castellano Smith .
,
TOR(MAX) , ,
,
- .
- [62]. MTF, NPS, DQE NEQ Monnin .
Kodak Min-R EV
Fuji CR Profect . ,
- , DQE CR -
[199]. Bosmans .
[53]. Pachoud .

, [212].

.
, - .

, .
1.6.4.

.
.
,

[145].
(Method of Constant Stimulus)
, .
.

.
, .

32
- ..
, [145].
(Diagnostic Accuracy)
(.
), - - .
[145].
ROC (Receiver Operating Characteristic)

[38, 58].
. ROC-
- , -
. [38, 58, 115, 145].
(Forced Choice
Experiments)
. -
. -
. , ,
[145].
- (Contrast-Detail Experiments)
Rose. -
. ,
, [38, 85, 115]. Dance ,
( ),
, [67].
, ( )
. -
, ,
[38, 58, 85, 115, 145].
,
. .

[145].
33
o ,
.
, [245].
,

.
. ACR,
, .
,
,
[131, 140, 141, 155]. ACR .
1.6.3,
. TOR(MAX) TOR(MAM) ,
.
[140, 141]. Law Faulkner
, TOR(MAM) -
[107, 175]. Underwood 19
, [253]. Barts
-
. ,
[140, 155]. CDMAM - ,
.
, e ,
. [141].

.
(International Society of Radiology, ISR)
. ,
.
[134].
Bassett .
MLO CC [42].

,
34
,
. 1987 . 1990 .,
1996 . [90, 97, 98].
22
[18].

. .
.
, 1987
1991 . [90].
IAEA,
. ,
[144].
Bosmans
[52]. Hemdal .
, [129]. Grahn . -

[118].
Caldwell .
.
.

,
, , ,
.
.
-
[59].
,
, , ,
, ,
.
-
, .
35
1.6.5.
Young . , ( 10 mm)
( 50 %) -
1,4-1,8 OD, 1,2 OD [276, 277].

1,3 OD 1 OD 1,4 OD [90, 272].
0,6-2,2 OD, 1,3-1,8 OD [19,
85, 90, 93, 140].
- 1,4 1,9 OD 1,5 OD
1,9 OD [94, 141]. ACR
1,4-2 OD 1 3 OD [132].

(-) ( - )
[219]. Meeson .
Sterling Microvision C
0,8-2,9 OD [192]. ,
, 0,8 OD.
Meeson . ,
- 0,6 OD Fuji AD-M
0,8 OD Kodak Min-R 2000 [191]. Robson .
1,71 OD -
- [225].
- ,
, - -
.
,
4 OD [123]. Panayiotakis . Skiadopoulos .

,
,
[213, 233].
,
100 cd.m-2 [78, 272]. 300 cd.m-2 [85].
36
(
)
, ,
. -
-
.
30
3000-6000 cd.m-2 (
) 30 % [19, 93, 94, 140, 141].

- 20 000 cd.m-2 [34, 132, 140, 141].
30 [19, 93, 94].

,
.
30
- 50 lx [19, 93, 94, 140, 141]. ,
, ,
[58, 85, 90,
93, 94, 123, 132, 140, 141, 164, 219, 262, 272].
22 30 [18, 19].
Rill . ,
- (
860 3300 cd.m-2),
[220].
Robson . ,
[224]. - Robson
,
- . ,
e ,
[222,
223]. Kimme-Smith . ,

, - [164].
37
Wang Grey,
-

, - - [262].
1.7.

,
[207]. . 1969 .

CGR Senographe [121, 227].
, .
.
. 1.5. .

(. 1.5): , , ,
(), , ,
38
, , ,
(), .

,
, .
1.7.1.

.

, . Charles-Marie Gros,
, ,

[121, 227].

.
,
- , -
. Dance Day
-, 100 m,
, D = 1 mGy,
(. 1.6) [69, 140]. - r
.
. 1.6. - r
100 m D = 1 mGy.
: () 2 cm; () 4 cm; () 6 cm; (D) 8 cm [69, 140].
39

1.2.
1.2. ,
- [140, 141].
(cm) 2 4 6 8
(keV) 14-18 17-21 19-23 20-26

.

17,4 19,6 keV.
, ,
, 30 m.
20 keV, -
.
[6, 140, 141]. Kimme-Smith .,
Gingold ., Thilander-Klang . Dance . ,
, ,
, 2-3 - - 6 cm
[72, 116, 165, 247]. ,
, Beaman Lillicrap, Desponds ., Dance
., Thilander-Klang . Aichinger . [31, 43, 44, 72, 80, 247]. Jennings .
Beaman Lillicrap [44, 160], Dance .
- -
[72]. Whall
, ,
[264].
Aichinger . ,
[31]. Thilander-Klang . -
,
, -
- [247]. Logan .
[183]. Fahrig .
40
,
- [104, 105].

[106]. Dance .
2 cm /
, 4-6 cm ,
8-10 cm / [72]. Boone . Cranley .
,
, [51, 65].

, .
.
, 4 % [258].
- , ,
,
(1.6.2).
.
. -
.. Ardran-Crooke (
Wisconsin) .
[258].

.
/ , .
22 35 kV [121].

d 1/2 . ,
. /
d 1/2 0,3-0,45 mm Al [58]. d 1/2
,
( ). Robson
.
d 1/2 [221].
Cranley .
41
/,
[65]. Wagner . Terry . ,
[246, 261].
, ,
[95, 142]. ,
, ,
IAEA TRS 457
,
[4, 34, 93, 94, 95, 132, 140, 141, 142].
Y(h) K air (h)
h
It [147]. , ,
, [58].

, (
), [140, 141].
,
.

[4, 93, 94, 140, 141]. ,
, [132].
-
[58, 66]. ,
, .
, -
- [6, 58].

, - .
1.7.2.

,
, Haus . 1975 .

42
- [121,
124, 227]. ,
.
- -
. 1,1 - 60-65 cm.
0,5 mm
[140, 141]. 1,5-2 [58].

.
, -
. -
0,15 mm.
, .
100 mA, 30 mA,
28 kV [140, 141].
( ) 0,3 mm 0,1 mm
( - 0,6 0,4 mm).

: slit-, pinhole-, multi-pinhole , -
.
, .

,
. -
.
pinhole multi-pinhole
, [141].
. pinhole, slit
- , Doi . ,
[84]. , pinhole slit
. Everson .
[103]. ,
- pinhole-. Kimme-Smith .
, pinhole slit ,
43
, [167].
,
-. Nickoloff . ,
-
[209]. Tang .
slit-
,
[244]. Goodsitt . ,
[117].

,
.
, -
50%, [34].
1.7.3.

. ,
,
.
, .
, -
. , ,
- , .
-
. :
- ,
; ,
- - .
[58, 140, 141, 227].
1.7.4.
44
- [140, 141].
, ,
. ..
(),
. (- )
, .
,
[140, 141, 241].

, . -
,
,
[140, 141, 241]. -
2-2,5 [121]. -
( ),
.
Philips 1978 . [121, 227]. Dance .
.
5 cm, 28 kV,
40 % 30 % .
90 % 150 % [75].
, ,
, - ( 54 %
2,1 8 cm ), - - -
( 17 % 1,7 2 cm). 5 cm
17 % 29 %
25 30 kV [75, 140, 141]. Lorad
(High
Transmission Cellular HTC),
. ,
, .

, [121, 141].
.
45
1.7.5. -
50- 60-
. 1972 . DuPont
, [121, 227].
. 10-20
.
1975 . Kodak ,
. - - [121, 227].

- .
.
- ,
.

[241]. ,

. ,
.
, ,
. ,
- , - -
[58, 121].
.
(CaWO 4 ).
, -
(
) [140, 141]. -
, (Gd 2 O 2 S:Tb) [58].
,
. .
-, [6].
(. 1.6.2),
(. 1.6.5), , .
46
.
. - . -
,
.
.
,
. -
-,
, [58,
66, 161, 238]. -

[67, 140, 141].
.
,
(International Organization for Standardization, ISO),
, mGy, 1
[157]. ,
,
.
[58, 122].
( )
-, . Kimme-Smith
. 20-30 % ,
- 1,3 s [168]. Almeida .
2 3,5
50 [33].
. Haus,
24 3 % 18 %
[122]. Kimme-Smith . 6
11 % 32 % [168].

.
.
, ,
47
, .
,
. :
; ; ,
;
;
[237]. -
, ,
- (35-36) - [140]. Tabar
Haus 30 % 13 %
90 180 s (
), Kodak Ortho M SO-
177 Kodak T-Mat M II, [243].
.
Kimme-Smith .
,
.
33 36, -
[170]. Kimme-Smith .
.
(.. - )
[169]. ,
- [58, 141].
.
[19, 93, 94, 140,
141].

[122].
, ,
, , , , .
West Spelic, ,
,
[263]. Tsalafoutas
48
. , ,
, [252].

, ,
.
1.7.6. ()

, (
, ) [58,
241]. ,
, .
.

[34].
-
[173]. -
, - ,
[210].
1988 . LaFrance ., 1990 . Aichinger . 1991 . Frederick .
[32, 112, 173].
Aichinger .
,
, .

[85, 228, 248].
,
( /)
: ,
; ,
; [141].

.
[58].
49
, -
.
,
, .
, ,
.
Meeson .
.
,
[193].

.

.

(. 1.6.5).
.
[4, 19, 93, 94, 140, 141].
1.7.7.
()
[58, 109, 130, 163, 185, 217].
() .
-
.
.
:
(computed radiography, CR)
. , .. ,
, , -
, . ,

, .
.
50

, .
- ( )
, ,
. 50 m,
.
CR
- ,
- . ,
.
.
, , CsI(Tl),
, (thin-film transistor, TFT).
,
.
.
(100 m), .
.
, (a-Se),
.
,
TFT .
, .
.
.
:
CCD (charged-coupled device) .
, , ,
. - , .
(CsI (Tl)),
CCD , .
( 6 s),

; -
51
. -
, .
.
.
. .
, ,
CCD .
.
- -
[125, 204].
. ,
.
,
-.
, .
.
. .

, .

, , [39].
..
(computer-aided diagnosis, CAD).
-
[235].
.
.

2005 . [19]. ,

[131, 184].

.
52
1.8.
-
[25, 143].
.
,

.
,
[202, 240]. , -
, .
[120, 140, 141, 202]. ,
. 1987 . ICRP

(), mean glandular dose (MGD),
[153]. .

()
.
, .
.
K i (f) ()
, f
, [147].
incident air kerma [142, 147] entrance
surface air kerma [93, 94, 95].
(), (entrance surface dose [93, 94,
95] entrance surface air kerma [142, 147]).
Ke(f) ()
, f ,
. [147].
B:
[147]. ,
, .
53
1.8.1.
[120, 240]
. , ,
,
.
,
. ,
,
.

, -
. Beckett Kotre, 50 %
50-64
13 %. ,
,
8 %. ,
1 % [45]. Geise Palchevski -
.
, 30 % 70 %
[114]. 11 cm,
5-5,5 cm, [141].

.. . Hammerstein .
[120].
,
, ,
[142].

IAEA 2007 . TRS 457,
[93, 94, 95, 142]. 40 mm,
50 % : 50 %,
5 mm. 80 mm
54
50 mm.
, 45 mm [140].
53 mm
29 %. ,

50-64 [141].
(, ) 45 mm [93, 94, 95, 141,
142]. - ,
40 mm [140]. ACR 50 % 50 %
, 42 mm [132]. , .
ACR (. 1.6.4).
1980 . Doi Chan Dance.

, ,
,
[71, 83]. 1984 . Stanton .
,
BR12 .
,
. , - [240]. Rosenstein .
, ,
,
[226]. Wu .
, ,
/, / /.
,
[270, 271]. Sobol Wu
, ,
.
, ,
[236]. Boone
120 keV
/ (/,
/, /, /, /, /).
55

,
[49]. Boone ,
1 50 keV [50].
Dance
50 % 2 8 cm,
/ /, /, /,
/ / 1990 .
,
5 mm [70]. - 2000 . Dance .
11 cm,
, ,
/
(/, /, / /) [74].
Dance . , -
,
. 9 59 %
,
[68, 77]. Dance .
2009 . .
- ,
/ / [76]. Klein .,
/,

2 9 cm. 15 %
50 % 50 % [171]. Zankl .
,
.
,
. 40 %
- [278]. Zoetelief Jansen
, ,
[279]. : 7 %
, 10 %
56
, 19 %
14 % , Hammerstein [120] ICRU [148].
[95]
[140]
, Dance 1990 . [70].
2006 . 2005 . [94,
141] IAEA TRS 457 [142]
2000 . [74].
. ACR [132]
Wu . Stanton ., / [240, 270, 271].
.
1.8.2.
. -
, BR12 [155].
, RF-1, ,
. [148, 155, 158, 265, 266, 267]. McLean
,
[189].
[31, 70, 74, 76].
().

, ,
. TRS 457 ,

[142].

/ ,
,
.

.
.
,
57
30 , 6 cm
, [4, 19, 93, 94, 95]. ,
TRS 457 ACR 4 cm [132,
140, 141, 142]. ,
, [132]. Ng . ,
-
8 %,
1,3 % [208].
3 cm [128].
,
(. 1.7.1), .
,
,
[93, 94, 95, 140].
() ,
, , ,
[256]. ,
5 cm [141]. TRS 457
, ,
[142].
Dance [70, 74]. ACR
,
[132]. Hemdal ,
, [126].
, [127].
.
,
,
,
.
,
,
. .
58
2.

.
1.

,
.
2.

.
3.

.
4.

, .
.
59
3.
3.1. ,

, .
3.1.
(). 8 10
.
3.2.
:
1. UNIDOS E (PTW Freiburg, )
77337 1 cm3 (. 3.1). 32074 (PTW Freiburg,
)
1,05 25 kV 1,02 35 kV, 0,03 mm Mo .
. 3.1. UNIDOS E 77337.
2. UNIDOS (PTW Freiburg, )

34069 6 cm3 (. 3.2). 710802 (PTW Freiburg,
)
1,01 RQR-1 0,99 RQR-4.
. 3.2. UNIDOS 34069.
60
3.1. , .

0,3 mm ; Mamoray HD S Mamoray HDR-C Curix 160
1 Siemens Mammomat 2 P49 Mo G 0,03 mm Mo
0,15 mm Agfa Agfa Agfa
0,3 mm ; Quanta Vision Mamoray HDR-C Optimax 1170-1

2 Siemens Mammomat C3 0,03 mm Mo
0,1 mm Du Pont Agfa Protec
0,3 mm 0,03 mm Mo ; Min-R Min-R L Medical 102

3 Siemens Mammomat C3 RAD - 71
0,1 mm 0,025 Rh Kodak Kodak Kodak
TuR 0,03 mm Mo Mamoray HD S Mamoray HDR-C MI-5

4 TuR D-240/DG-40 0,6 mm
D-240/DG-40 0,5 mm Cu Agfa Agfa Medical Index
;
0,3 mm Mamoray HD S Mamoray HDR-C Curix 60
5 Metaltronica FLAT E Comet MXS50 0,03 mm Mo ;

;
0,3 mm Min-R 2, 2190 Min-R S Optimax
6 Italray Italray I.A.E.XM12i 0,03 mm Mo ;
0,1 mm Kodak Kodak Protec

;
0,3 mm 0,03 mm Mo Mamoray MR Mamoray CP 1000
7 Villa Melody-B Varian M-147 ;
0,1 mm 0,025 Rh Detail S Agfa Agfa Agfa

;
0,3 mm Min-R 2 Min-R S Compact 2
8 Villa Melody I.A.E. XM12i 0,03 mm Mo ;
0,1 mm Kodak Kodak Protec

;
0,3 mm Mamoray HD S Mamoray HDR-C CP 1000
9 IMS Gioto ST Gioto ST 95 0,03 mm Mo ;

;
0,3 mm 0,03 mm Mo Min-R 2, 2190 Min-R S Compact 2
10 Lorad Affinity Varian IM-113 ;
0,1 mm 0,025 Rh Kodak Kodak Protec

;
0,3 mm 0,03 mm Mo Mamoray HD S Mamoray HDR-C Optimax
11 Lorad Affinity Varian IM-113 ;
0,1 mm 0,025 Rh Agfa Agfa Protec

Mammo 0,3 mm 0,03 mm Mo ; AD-MA CM-H QX 60
12 Philips Rotalix ROM 20
Diagnost UC 0,1 mm 0,5 mm Al Fuji Konica Minolta Sakura
;
0,3 mm Mamoray HD S Mamoray HDR-C CP 1000
13 Italray Italray I.A.E.XM12i 0,03 mm Mo ;

61
:
1. Mult-O-Meter (Unfors Instruments AB, ) ,
(. 3.3). ,
, .
22 40 kV.
5 % 25 30 kVp, 0,03 mm Mo .
2. Barracuda (RTI Electronics, ) MPD,
(. 3.4). ,
,
, . . 20 35 kV
0,03 mm , 1,5 % 0,7 kV.
0,2 Gy 2000 Gy, 5 %.
. 3.4.
. 3.3.
Barracuda.
Mult-O-Meter.
PTW-DensiX (PTW Freiburg, )

OD (. 3.5). 7 mm2,
OD = 0,00 4,00. OD < 0,02
OD 1 OD < 1,5 % OD > 1.
PTW-SensiX (PTW Freiburg, )
21 (. 3.6).
0,15.
. 3.6.
. 3.5.
SensiX.
DensiX.
62
LXplus (Wellhofer Dosimetry, ).
0,05 200 000 cd.m-2 0,01 200 000 lx.
:
1. Barts
, , (. 3.7).
St. Bartholomews Hospital,
, BR 12 [155]. 170 mm
45 mm.
. 3.8.
. 3.7.

ACR.
Barts.
74 : (S)
3; 2; 1; 0,5 0,25 mm; - - (F, )
10 mm 1; 0,8; 0,6 0,4 mm; ()
0,4 2,4 mm; (, ),
, 1; 0,8; 0,6 0,4 mm;
, a a (, )
5 mm 10; 8; 6; 4; 2; 1 0,5 mm;
(1 2, ),
0,05; 0,15; 0,25 0,35 mm 0,3; 0,2; 0,1 0,05 mm;
, 5 mm 0,35; 0,30; 0,25; 0,20;
0,15; 0,10 0,05 mm.
2. ACR
18-220 41 , , (. 3.8).
ACR ,
. 7 mm,
44 mm. :
63
1 6 1,56; 1,12; 0,89; 0,75; 0,54 0,4 mm;
7 11 Al 2 O 3 0,54; 0,40; 0,32; 0,24 0,16 mm;
12 16 , , 2; 1; 0,75; 0,50 0,25 mm.
3. () ,
15 24 cm (5; 10 20 mm).
:
1. - 45 mm (. 3.9).
= 0,5.
.
. 3.9. -.
2. , ,
20 mm-1.
3.
1,5 mm.
4. 99,99 %
.
3.3.

[4, 93]:
1.
, .
2.
.
OD = 1,4 .

.
, ,
60 mm .
64
, ,
,
.
PMMA 45 mm.
:
U = 28 kV, , ,
, ,
- ,
- ,
, ,
.
: ,
,
, ,
- ,
- ,
,
, .

.

.
3.3.1. -
- ,

.
-,

, .
f d blur
:
65
. d blur
f . (3.1)
180 M 1
,
, = 0,5 .
3.3.2. ,

, ,
, .
3.3.3. -
K air mGy K air

( ),

. ,
,
, .
, U = 28 kV It,
.
1 m Y1, Gy.mAs-1,
:
2
K h
Y 1 air 1000 , (3.2)
I .t 100
h .
-
K air .
3.3.4.
U
,
It, .
.
66

.
,
.
3.3.5.
d 1/2 .
, .

.
0 1 2
1 2 . :
2K 2 2K
X 1 ln X 2 ln 1
d1 / 2 K0 K0 (3.3)
K
ln 2
K1
3.3.6. ()

,
.
ODi
ODi.

, .
Ki ,
,
. K i
r :
Ki K i
r 100% (3.4)
Ki

67
( 20 60 mm).
. ODi

, .

,
, ODi
It, .
3.3.7.
3.3.8. -,

- ,
,
, U = 28 kV It =
20 mAs, .
, ,
. -
,
.

, ,
, ,
,
, .
K i ODi
.
K i r
.
ODi.
68

,
.
.
3.3.9.
.
SensiX
.
DensiX :
- OD 0 ;
- N 1 , -
OD 0 + 1; , ,
OD 1 , ;
- N 2 , -
OD 0 + 2; , ,
OD 2 , = OD 2 - OD 1 ;
- OD max
.

,
,
( ).
G, ,
, 0,25 2 , :
1,75
G , (3.5)
lg E2 lg E0, 25
2 0,25 ,
2 0,25 ,
.
0,15. lg Ei , i-
( - ) 0,15 [196].
,
, 1 2 :
69
1
(3.6)
lg E2 lg E1
1 ,
1 .
S
, 1 .
3.3.10.
, ,
.
, , ,
, .
- .
.
OD b OD f .
OD. , ,
, .
3.3.11.

.
.

.
, .
3.3.12.
()
, ,
, ,
, .

,
( ),
70
5,5 cm . -
- .
, ,
.
,
.

.
3.4.

0,03 mm.
3.4.1.
It,
, ,
50 mm. .
,

. ,
,

U It.
. ,
, ,
,
.
( ) , .
K auto .
( ) ,
.
K man It man .
71

:
It auto = (K auto /K man ).It man (3.7)

,
, 45 mm ,
.
. K i
U It.
, - ,
It
.
. ,
, .
.
() D K i
50 % 50 mm c DG 50 , Ki , PMMA
d 1/2 :
D cDG 50 ,Ki , PMMA K i (3.8)
d 1/2
3.2.
3.2. c DG 50 , Ki , PMMA D
50 mm 50 % , K i 45 mm PMMA [94, 95, 142].
d 1/2 (mm Al) 0,25 0,30 0,35 0,40 0,45 0,50 0,55 0,60 0,65
c DG 50 , Ki , PMMA
0,149 0,177 0,202 0,223 0,248 0,276 0,304 0,326 0,349
(mGy/mGy)
72
3.4.2.
: ,
, , (CC, MLO ..),
d, U, It pat
.
Y(U)
U It.
, ,
, It,
U.
, ,
45 mm .
. U It.
Y(U) It
U.
.
K i
Y(U), :
2
d 45
K i Y (U ) P It pat , (3.9)
dP d
d p mm e
.
D K i :
D c DG 50 , Ki K i (3.10)
c DG 50 , Ki 50 %
. , d 1/2 d, 3.3.
73
3.3. c DG 50 , Ki (mGy/mGy) D 50 %
, K i . [94, 95, 142].
d 1/2 (mm Al)

d (mm) 0,25 0,3 0,35 0,40 0,45 0,50 0,55 0,60
20 0,390 0,433 0,473 0,509 0,543 0,573 0,587

30 0,234 0,274 0,309 0,342 0,374 0,406 0,437 0,466
40 0,174 0,207 0,235 0,261 0,289 0,318 0,346 0,374
50 0,137 0,164 0,187 0,209 0,232 0,258 0,287 0,310
60 0,112 0,135 0,154 0,172 0,192 0,214 0,236 0,261
70 0,094 0,114 0,130 0,145 0,163 0,177 0,202 0,224
80 0,081 0,098 0,112 0,126 0,140 0,154 0,175 0,195
90 0,086 0,098 0,111 0,123 0,136 0,154 0,172
100 0,076 0,087 0,099 0,110 0,121 0,138 0,154
110 0,069 0,079 0,089 0,099 0.109 0,124 0,139
, D
() ,
[95].
3.4.3.

[101].
,
.

w T :
E wT H T (3.11)

2008 . w T ,
, ,
[101].
74
,
.
.
, NCRP 2004 . [201].
, BEIR [64], RR
15 ,
, :
RR 1 1,22.D.e 0,104. LT 2, 212.LT20 0, 0628. A , (3.12)
D Gy; LT ,
20; LT20 ,
20; , 15 .
3.5.
3.5.1.

, 3.3.9. ,
,
:
. EXCEL
, - .
. ,
, .
3.5.2. Barts
Barts
().

(. 3.7) , .

, . ,
-, -.
75

(74).
, .
3.5.3. ACR
ACR (. 3.8)
. :
1
: ( 1 6) ( 12 16)
(11), ;
2
( 7 11, )
(30), ;
0
, .
3.5.4.
,
, , 22
[18],
[90].
(
: , , , ).
MLO CC .
.
,
. ,
.
.
.
, ,
.
76
4.
4.1.

[4].

[93]. ,
, 2003-2008 . 12
( 3.1).
30
[19].
, 5
.
() ,
. 5

.
-
,
30.
13 8
( ). 4.1 4.16,
, (),
()
.
. 5
II III, .
.
4.1.1. -
4.1 -
. , 3.3.1,
, .
77
4.1. - .

- (mm) (mm)

600 mm (mm)

1 605 0,3
2 620 0,39 x 0,38 0,3
3 618 0, 41 x 0,34 0,3
4 500 0,87 x 1,01 0,6
5 600 0,29 x 0,20 0,3
5 (II) 600 0,3
5 (III) 700 0,3
6 680 0,3
7 650 0,3
8 650 0,3
9 620 0,3
10 650 0,3
11 650 0,3
12 0,3
- 12
.
5 ,
600 700 mm,
. .
4 . (TuR D-240/DG-40),
.
.
- ,
30 %. 4 ,
-, .
,
- 0,3 mm.

-, slit-, pinhole-
multi-pinhole [4].
[84, 103, 167],

.
78
. -
-.

-.

.
4.1.2. ,

, -
,
.
4.2. , .
: 5 mm

: < 4 mm

(mm)
(mm)

2 0 4
3 0 3
4 0 9
5 0 2
5 (III) 15 2
6 * 3
7 0 2
8 4 1
10 * 2
12 2 *
,
3.3.2.
4.2. .
5 ,
. TuR D-240/DG-40 ( 4) ,
,
.
.
79
,
, ,
.
4.1.3. -
, 3.3.3.
4.3.
- . ,
4.
4.3. - .

- > 10 mGy.s-1, > 40 Gy.mAs-1,
(Gy.mAs-1)
(mGy.s-1) > 5 mGy.s-1 > 30 Gy.mAs-1
1 17,7 0,9 51,1 2,6
2 15,9 0,8 43,9 2,2
3 14,7 0,7 55,5 2,8
4 29,5 1,3 24,2 1,2
5 12,4 0,6 48,6 2,4
6 10,8 0,5 60,9 3,0
7 9,9 0,5 35,5 1,8
8 9,6 0,5 50,3 2,5
9 26,2 1,3 89,5 4,5
10 10,9 0,5 46,3 2,3
11 11,5 0,6 62,4 3,1
12 7,7 0,4 49,7 2,5

( 30):
1. ,
28 kV . ,
, , .
2. -
,
45 mm, 60 mm
. ,
(
, ),
80
.
, ,
,
.
.
4.1.4.

4.4. , 3.3.4.

.
4.4. .

:

: 0,5 kV
: :
1 kV

- 3

(%)

(kV)
1 0,9 0,04
2 0,3 0
3 0,3 0
4 4,9 0,26
5 0,3 0,26
5 (II) 0,5 *
5 (III) 0,3 0,02
6 0,8 0
7 1,7 0,07
8 0,7 0,08
9 1,3 0,09
10 1 0,05
11 0,8 0,02
12 0,4 0,04

. ,
( 4) 4,9 kV.
. ,
-
. ,
.
81
4.1.5.
d 1/2
- .
. ,
d 1/2 .
,
.
.
.
8,
- 0,14 %.
UNIDOS E 77337
3 %. d 1/2
, 3.3.5, 28 kV
20 mAs, .
28,1 kV. 7,5 cm
, .
, (27 cm
), ,
.
. 4.1.

0.
d 1/2 = (0,36 0,01) mm Al,
d 1/2 = 0,38 0,01) mm Al, d 1/2 = (0,32 0,01) mm Al.
d 1/2
,
. , ,
, ,
.
d 1/2 ,
. Terry
82
. d 1/2
11,5 % 32 kV 13,9 % 24 kV [246].
[93, 94],
[95], TRS 457 [142] [4] ,

.
1.1

1

0.9
0.8
0.7
K/K0
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
(mm Al)
. 4.1.
.
10
.
28 kV 20 mAs, , 5,3 cm
. 27,0 kV,
(3,6 %) . -
0,34 %. d 1/2
(0,34 0,01) mm Al, (0,29 0,01) mm Al. -
d 1/2 8 -
.
d 1/2
.
0,17 mm Al 8 0,14 mm Al 10.
,
,
83
, .
-
.
Mult-O-Meter
, 1 2, Barracuda, MPD.
5 %.
- .
,
.
-
.
.
,
8,
, 28 kV 20mAs.

, ,
.
. 4.2.
1.1
1 MoM 1 2 Barracuda UNIDOS E
0.9
0.8
0.7
K/K0
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6
(mm Al)
. 4.2. ,
.
84
d 1/2 , 1 2, (0,43 0,02) mm Al,
Barracuda (0,44 0,02) mm Al.
,
22 %. 3 %.
Wagner .,
[261]. , d 1/2 17 %
.

.

.
.

TRS 457 IAEA (. 1.8.2).

d 1/2 [93, 94, 95, 142].
12 UNIDOS
34069 28 kV 20 mAs, 3 %.
- 0,09 %.
10,4 cm , 4 cm ,
, 6 cm .
, ( 10 cm).
d 1/2 (0,36 0,01) mm Al,
(0,37 0,01) mm Al, .
Wagner . d 1/2 5 %,
, - ,
. (..
) - [261]. Terry .,
d 1/2 9 %
[246].
d 1/2 ,
.
85

TRS 457
,
.

d 1/2 .
.
d 1/2 .
IPEM
. ,
,
[65].
8, :
, 12; ,
0,5 mm Be, 0,03 mm Mo,
3 mm PMMA; 580 mm. ,
Robson [221]. /
Y d 1/2
(U = 28 kV),
4.1 4.2.
log10 (Y ) 3,06 log10 (U ) log10 ( A) (4.1)
d1 / 2 0,000326U 2 0.0273U c (4.2)

Y d 1/2
. , Y d 1/2
U.
.
[95]
TRS 457 [142]. d 1/2 4.5, 1 2
.
86
4.5. d 1/2 8, 28 kV;
IPEM (1) Robson (2); d 1/2
[95]; TRS 457 [142].
U (kV) 24,5 25 25,5 26 26,5 27 27,5 28
d 1/2 (mm Al) - - - - - - - 0,36
d 1/2 1 (mm Al) 0,32 0,326 0,332 0,337 0,343 0,348 0,353 0,358
d 1/2 2 (mm Al) 0,324 0,330 0,335 0,341 0,346 0,351 0,355 0,360
d 1/2 (mm Al) [95] - 0,34 - - - - - 0,37
d 1/2 (mm Al) [142] - 0,326 - 0,336 - 0,345 - 0,355
( 0,005 mm Al)
Robson, ,
TRS 457.
0,010-0,014 mm Al.
, /, d 1/2
U
28 kV.
-
.
/

.
d 1/2
4.6.
28 kV,
.
87
4.6. ,
.
( mm Al)
: 0,30,4 mm Al-
28 kV / /,
: > 0,3 mm Al

1 0,36 0,01
2 0,34 0,01
3 0,36 0,01
4 0,34 0,01
5 0,36 0,01
5 (III) 0,35 0,02
6 0,36 0,02
7 0,37 0,01
8 0,36 0,01
9 0,3 0,02
10 0,34 0,01
11 0,33 0,02
12 0,37 0,01
. 5,
, - ,
. d 1/2

.
, .
,
.
d 1/2 ,
, .
.

.
13 30 1.4.
,
. ,
;
.
88
4.1.6. ()
.
,
, ,

3.3.6.
4.7, 4.8 4.9.
4.7.
.
:

1,3-1,8 OD ,

:
(OD)
> 1,0 OD < 2,0 OD
1 1,19 0,02
2 1,65 0,03
3 1,32 0,02
4 1,79 0,03
5 2,74 0,04
6 1,08 0,02
7 1,18 0,02
8 0,86 0,02
9 1,62 0,02
10 1,15 0,02
12 1,91 0,03

45 % , . 18 %
.
77 % ,
14 %,
, 43 % .
,
, .
,
.
89
4.8.
.
: 2%

:
10

,
(OD) :
: 5%
r

0,05-0,2 OD

(%)
10

1 0,11 0,13 0,08
2 0,19 0,35 0,13
3 0,15 1,01 0,07
4 0,26 0,42 2,38
5 0,11 0,34 1,96
5 (II) 0,1 0,21 *
5 (III) 0,24 0,32 0,87
6 0,04 0,06 0,7
7 0,08 0,2 1,65
8 0,07 0,2 2
9 0,18 0,3 0,15
10 0,01 0,21 0,3
11 * 48
12 0,04 0,19 0,7
4.9.
.
: 0,1 OD
,

,

: 0,15 OD
,
,
(OD)

1 0,06
2 0,02
3 0,4
4 0,62
5 0,21
5 (II) 0,13
5 (III) 0,21
6 0,02
7 0,08
8 0,16
9 0,24
10 0,07
11 0,01
12 0,14
90
- (
4) 11.
11
.

( )
.
, 1,3-1,8 .
30
1,4 (. 3.3). ,
, , ,
,
.
.
30
,
, .
( 1,3-1,8)
.
,
. .

30.
5.
, 3.3.6. . 4.3,
, . ()
1,69, .
- 0,2 ()
- 0,15 ().

, .
91

(mAs)
23
.2 23
.2 .2
.2
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
00
4 00
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
08 4
.3 08
.2 .3
00 .2
22 4 00
4
.3 22
.2 .3
00 .2
4 00
4
05 05
.4 .4
.2 .2
00 00
19 4 4 (mAs)
.4 19 17
.2 .4 .7
00 .2 17 .2
4 00
4 .7
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
03 .2 24 003
50
55
60
65
70
75
80
85
.5 03 .7
.2 .5 24 003 .2
00 .2 .7 31 003
4 00 .2 .7
17 4 31 003 .2
.5 17 .7
.2 .5 .2 07 003
00 .2 .8
4 00 07 003 .2
31 4 .8
.2 14 003
.5 31 .8
.2 .5 14 003 .2
00 .2 .8
00 .2 21 003
14 4 4 .8
14 21 003 .2
.6 .6 .8
.2 .2 .2 28 003
00 00 28 003 .8
4 .2
28 4 .8
28 .2 04 003
.6 .6 04 003 .9
.2 .2 .2
00 00 .9
4 .2 11 003
12 4 11 003 .9
12 .2
.7 .7 .9
.2 .2 .2 18 003
00 00 18 003 .9
4 4 .2
)
26 .9
26 .2 25 003

.7

.2 .7 25 003 .9
.2 .9 .2
00 00 . 02 0

4 4 .1 03
2003
2003
2004
2004
09 02 200
.8
09
.8 .1 3 0.
.2 .2 0. 09 200
00 00 09 200 .1 3
4 4 .1 3 0.
23 23 0. 16 200
.8 .8 16 200 .1 3
.2
00
.2
00 .1 3 0.
0.
06 4 4 23 200
23 200
.1 3
06
.9 .9 .1 3 0.
.2 .2 0. 30 200
00 00 30 200 .1 3
4 4 .1 3 0.
20 20 0. 06 200
.9 .9 06 200 .1 3
.2 .2 .1 3 1.
00 00 1.
04 4 04 4 13 200
.1 .1
13 200 .1 3
0. 0. .1 3 1.
20 20 1. 20 200
04 04 20 200
.1 3 .1 3
18 18 1. 1.
.1 .1 27 200
0. 0. 27 200 .1 3
20 20 .1 3 1.
04 04 1. 20
01 01 20 03
.1 .1 03
1. 1.
20 20
04 04
15 15
.1 .1
1. 1.
20 20
04 04
29 29
.1 .1
1. 1.
20 20
04 04
13 13
.1 .1
2. 2.
20 20
04 04
92

(mAs) (mAs)
09 03
.1 09 .1 03
.2 .1 .2 .1
00 .2 .2
50
55
60
65
70
75
80
00
50
55
60
65
70
75
80
85
6 00 5 00
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
23 6 17 17 5
.1 23 .1 .1
.2 .1 .2 .2
00 .2 00 00
6 00 31 5 5
06 06 6 .1 31
.2 .2 .2 .1
.2 .2 00 .2
00
6 00 14 5 00
5
20 20 6 .2 14
.2 .2 .2 .2
.2 .2 00 .2
00 5 00
06 6 00
6
28 28 5
.3 06 .2 .2
.2 .3 .2 .2
.2 00 00
00
6 00 14 5 5
20 6 .3 14
.3 20 .2 .3
.2 .3 00 .2
.2 00
00 28 5 5
03 6 00
6 .3 28
.4 03 .2 .3
.2 .4 00 .2
00 .2 5 00
6 00 11 11 5
17 17 6 .4
.2 .4
.4 .4 00 .2
.2 .2 00
00 00 25 5 25 5
01 6 6 .4 .4
.5 01 .2 .2
.2 .5 00 00
00 .2 09 5 5
6 00 .5 09
15 15 6 .2 .5
.5 .2
.2 .5 00 00
00 .2 23 5 23 5
6 00 .5
29 29 6 .2 .5
.5 00 .2
.5 00
.2
00 .2 06 5 06 5
00 .6
12 6 6 .2 .6
12 .2
.6 .6 00 00
.2 .2 20 5 20 5
00 00 .6
6 6 .2 .6
26 26 .2
)
)
.6 00 00
.6 5 5

.2 .2 04

04

00 00 .7 .7
10 6 6 .2 .2
10 00
.7 .7 00
2005
2006
2005
2006
.2 .2 18 5 18 5
00 00 .7 .7
24 6 6 .2 .2
24 00 00
.7 .7 5 5
.2 .2 01 01
00 00 .8 .8
07 6 6 .2 .2
07 00 00
.8 .8 15 5 15 5
.2 .2
00 00 .8 .8
21 6 6 .2
00
.2
00
21
.8 .8 29 5 29 5
.2 .2 .8
00 00 .8
6 .2 .2
04 04 6 00 00
.9 .9 12 5 12 5
.2 .2 .9 .9
00 00 .2 .2
18 6 6 00 00
18
.9 .9 26 5 26 5
.2 .2 .9 .9
5.
00 00 .2 .2
02 6 02 6 0 00
.1 .1 10 05 10 5
0. 0. .1 .1
20 20 0. 0.
16 06 16 06 20 20
.1 .1 24 05 24 05
0. 0. .1 .1
20 20 0. 0.
06 06 20 20
30 30 07 05 07 05
.1 .1 .1 .1
0. 0. 1. 1.
20 20 20
06 06 20
13 13 21 05 21 05
.1 .1 .1 .1
1. 1. 1. 1.
20 20 20 20
27 06 27 06 05 05
05 05
.1 .1 .1 .1
1. 1. 2. 2.
20 20 20 20
11 06 11 06 19 05 19 05
45 mm PMMA
.1 .1 .1 .1
2. 2. 2. 2.
20 20 20 20
06 06 05
. 4.3.
05
93
2003 . (. 4.3)
- . (12.11 21.11),
-4
-5.
, .
(. 4.6), OD 1
G , , .
,
, .
-
(. 4.3, 23.10 6.11) .
2004 . (. 4.3) -
7.09 20.09 -5 -3,
.
(. 4.6) ,
.

25.03, - -
. , , ,
-5. ,
.
2005 . -5 10 mAs
(. 4.3)
. 1.08 1,25 ( 1,49)
68 mAs, .
9.08 1,21 69,3 mAs, 15.08 1,16 65,2 mAs 29.08 1,34
68,8 mAs. OD 1 G , (. 4.6).
2006 (. 4.3). - 14.08
1,28 73,3 mAs, OD 1 G
(. 4.6), 21.08 1,14 74,8 mAs, OD 1 G
, 28.08 1,3 74,7 mAs, .

. - ,
-, -
94
-.

.
- .
.
2007 .
8 10. . 4.4
4.5. 8 0,89, 10 1,21.
2007
1.4

1.2
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
7
7
7
7
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
.3
.3
.1
.1
.2
.2
22
29
05
12
19
26
05
12

2007
(mAs)
110
100

90
80
70
60
50
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
.3
.2
.2
.3
.2
.1
.1
.2
12
19
26
05
22
29
05
12
. 4.4.
45 mm PMMA
8.
95
2007
1.6

1.4
1.2
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
7
7
7
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
.1
.1
.2
.2
.2
.2
.3
.3
19
26
22
05
12
29
05
12

2007
(mAs)
90
85

80
75
70
65
60
55
50
7
7
7
7
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
.3
.2
.2
.3
.1
.1
.2
.2
26
05
12
22
29
05
12
19
. 4.5.
45 mm PMMA
10.
, .
(. 4.7).
8 ,
(. 4.4).
0, 15 mAs.
10 0,
5 mAs (. 4.5).

.
96
4.1.7.
,
3.3.7, 4.10. .
4.10. .
:

: 5 mm

15 mm ,
(mm)

2 4
3 1
4 3
7 2
4.1.8. -,

- 3.3.8 ,

, .
- .
, ,
, ,
. ,
, . -
,
. ,
,
. - 4.11.
.
- .
,
.

, 3.3.8, 4.12.
r
97
,
ODi ,
.
.
( 4.8).
4.11. -, .
- : - 3
2 1,7
3 1,81
4.12. ,
.
: 5 % : 0,08 OD
OD

,

,

: 0,1 OD

,ODi OD
, r (%)
(OD) ,

3 10,4 0,14
5 18,5 0,13
12 0,7 0,05
.
.
.
5 ,
.
, r 1 % .
2, 3, 4 5.
3.3.8. 4 .
2
, ,
. 3 1 cm
, 5 -
1 .
98
4.1.9.
5
3.3.9. Agfa HDR-C
Agfa.
OD 0 , OD 1 ,
G. .
. 4.6. , .
0,2 0,3.
0,3 (), 0,2 (). OD 1 = 1,4
11 .
: 0,2 0,3 ,
= 1, 13 11 .
G 3,0-4,0, 2,8.
, ,
.
,
34-35,6, ( 2). 4.1.6.
.
G 2003 . ,
, 2 ,
. 180 s,
.
, 34-35,
. 1
0,1 [140].
, ,
. 21.11
28.11.2003 ., 0,5, OD 1 1,4 (1,61
0,21 ), 1,01 ( 1,08, 0,07).
99
G OD0
17 OD1 17
.0 .0
0
1
2
3
4
5
17 17
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
0.35
7. 7.
2 .0 .0 2
7
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
04 00 04 00
.8 3 . 7.
.8 3
.2 04 2 00 04 2 00 .2
11 0 0 .8 3 .8 3
.8 3 . . 11 0 0
.8 3
. 11 20 0
.8 3
11 20 0
.8 3 .
18 20 0
.8 3 .2 . 18 20 0
.8 3
.2 18 0 0 18 20 0 .2
.8 3 .8 3
25 0 0 . . 25 0 0
.8 3 25 20 0 25 20 0 .8 3
.2 .8 3 .8 3 .
01 0 0 . . 01 20 0
.9 3 01 20 0 01 20 0 .9 3
. .9 3 .9 3 .2
08 20 0 . . 08 0 0
.9 3 08 20 0 08 20 0 .9 3
.2 .9 3 .9 3 .2
10 0 0 . . 10 0 0
.9 3 10 20 0 10 20 0 .9 3
.2 .9 3 .9 3 .
15 0 0 .2 . 15 20 0
.9 3 15 0 0 15 20 0 .9 3
01 . 20 .9 3 .9 3
)
01 .20

01 . 20 01 . 20

.1 03 .1 03

0 .1 03 .1 03 0
07 .2 0 0 0 07 .2 0
.1 03 07 .2 0 07 .2 0 .1 03
2003
2003
2003
2003
0 .1 03 .1 03 0
14 .2 0 0 0 14 .2 0
.1 03 14 .2 0 14 .2 0 .1 03
0 .1 03
0. .1 03
0. 0
21 .2 0 21 2 0 21 2 0 21 .2 0
.1 03 .1 03
0. .1 03
0 .1 03
0 0
30 2 0 30 .2 0 30 .2 0 30 .2 0
.1 03 .1 03
0 .1 03
0
.1 03
0. 0
05 .2 0 05 .2 0 05 2 0 05 .2 0
.1 03 .1 03 .1 03 .1 03
1 1 1 1
12 .2 0 12 .2 0 12 .2 0 12 .2 0
.1 03 .1 03 .1 03 .1 03
1. 1 1 1.
21 2 0 21 .2 0 21 .2 0 21 2 0
.1 03 .1 03 .1 03 .1 03
1 1 1. 1
28 .2 0 28 .2 0 28 2 0 28 .2 0
.1 03 .1 03 .1 03 .1 03
1. 1. 1. 1.
20 20 20 20
03 03 03 03
100
G OD0
OD1
23 23
.2 .2
.2 23 23 .2
.2
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
0.35
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
08 0 04 .2 .2 08 0 04
.3 .2 .3
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
.2 08 0 04 .2
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
08 0 0
22 0 04 .3 4 .3 22 0 04
.2 .2
.3 22 0 0 .3
.2 22 0 04 .2
.3 .3 4
05 0 04
.2 .2 05 0 04
.4 .4
.2 05 0 0 05 0 04 .2
.4 4 .4
19 0 04 .2 .2 19 0 04
.4 19 0 0 .4
.2 19 0 0 .2
.4 4 .4 4
03 0 04 .2 .2 03 0 04
.5 03 0 04 .5
.2 03 0 04 .2
.5 .5
17 0 04 .2 .2 17 0 04
.5 17 0 0 .5
.2 17 0 0
.5 4 .2
.5 4 .2
31 0 04 .2 31 0 04
.5 31 0 0 31 0 04 .5
.2 .5 .2
.5 4 .2
14 0 04 .2 14 0 04
.6 14 0 04 14 0 0 .6
.2 .6 4 .2
.6 .2
28 0 04 .2 28 0 04
.6 28 0 0 28 0 04 .6
.2 .6 4 .6 .2
12 0 04 .2 .2 12 0 04
.7 12 0 0 12 0 0 .7
.2 .7 4 .7 4 .2
.2 .2
)
26 0 04 26 0 04

.7 26 0 04 26 0 04 .7
.2 .7 .7 .2
09 0 04 .2 .2 09 0 04
2004
2004
2004
2004
.8 09 0 0 09 0 0 .8
.2 .8 4 .8 4 .2
23 0 04 .2 .2 23 0 04
.8 23 0 04 23 0 04 .8
.2 .8 .8 .2
.2 .2
06 0 04 06 0 0 06 0 04
.9 06 0 0 .9
.2 .9 4 .9 4 .2
.2 .2
20 0 04 20 0 0 20 0 04 20 0 04
.9 .9
. .9 4
.
.9
. .
04 20 0 04 20 0
.1 4 04 20 0
.1 4
04 20 0
.1 4 .1 4
0. 0 0. 0.
18 2 00 18 .2 0 18 2 0 18 2 00
.1 4 .1 0 .1 04 .1 4
0. 0 4 0. 0.
01 2 00 01 .2 0 01 2 00 01 2 00
.1 4 .1 04 .1 4 .1 4
1. 1. 1 1.
15 2 00 15 2 00 15 .2 0 15 2 00
.1 4 .1 4 .1 04 .1 4
1. 1 1. 1.
29 2 00 29 .2 0 29 2 00 29 2 00
.1 4 .1 04 .1 4 .1 4
1. 1 1 1.
13 2 00 13 .2 0 13 .2 0 13 2 00
.1 4 .1 04 .1 04 .1 4
2. 2. 2. 2.
20 20 20 20
04 04 04 04
101
G OD0
OD1
03 03
.1 .1
.2 03 03 .2
.1
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
0.35
17 0 0 17 0 0
.1 5 .1
. . .1 5
.2 17 20 0 .
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
31 0 0 17 20 0 .1 5 31 20 0
.1 5 .1 5
. . .1 5
.2 31 20 0 31 20 0 .2
14 0 0 .1 5 14 0 0
.2 5
.1 5
. . .2 5
. 14 20 0 14 20 0 .2
28 20 0 .2 5 .2 5 28 0 0
.2 5 . .2 .2 5
.2 28 20 0 28 0 0 .2
14 0 0 .2 5 .2 5
.3 5 . . 14 0 0
.3 5
.2 14 20 0 14 20 0
.3 5 .
28 0 0 .3 5 . 28 20 0
.3 5 . 28 20 0 .3 5
.2 28 20 0 .3 5 .2
11 0 0 .3 5 . 11 0 0
.4 5 . 11 20 0 .4 5
.2 11 20 0
.4 5 .2
25 0 0 .4 5 .2 25 0 0
.4 5 . 25 0 0 .4 5
.2 25 20 0 .2
.4 5 .4 5
09 0 0 . . 09 0 0
.5 5 09 20 0 09 20 0 .5 5
.2 .5 5 .2
.5 5 .2 23 0 0
23 0 0
.5 5 . 23 0 0 .5 5
.2 23 20 0 .2
.5 5 .5 5
06 0 0 . . 06 0 0
.6 5 06 20 0 06 20 0 .6 5
.2 .6 5 .6 5 .2
20 0 0 . .2 20 0 0
.6 5 20 20 0 20 0 0 .6 5
. .
)
.6 5 .6 5

04 20 0 .2 04 20 0
.7 5 04 0 0 04 20 0 .7 5
.2 .7 5 .7 5 .2
18 0 0 . . 18 0 0
2005
2005
2005
2005
.7 5 18 20 0 18 20 0 .7 5
.2 .7 5 .7 5 .2
01 0 0 . .2 01 0 0
.8 5 01 20 0 01 0 0 .8 5
.2 .8 5 .8 5 .2
15 0 0 . .2 15 0 0
.8 5 15 20 0 15 0 0 .8 5
.2 .8 5 .8 5
. .
29 0 0 . 29 20 0
.8 5 29 20 0 29 20 0 .8 5
.2 .8 5 .8 5 .2
12 0 0 . . 12 0 0
.9 5 12 20 0 12 20 0 .9 5
.2 .9 5 .9 5 .2
26 0 0 . . 26 0 0
26 20 0 26 20 0
.9 5 .9 5 .9 5 .9 5
10 .20 10 .20 10 .20 10 .20
.1 05 .1 05
0 .1 05
0
.1 05
0 0
24 .2 0 24 .2 0 24 .2 0 24 .2 0
.1 05 .1 05 .1 05
0 .1 05
0 0 0.
07 .2 0 07 .2 0 07 .2 0 07 2 0
.1 05 .1 05 .1 05
1 .1 05
1 1 1
21 .2 0 21 .2 0 21 .2 0 21 .2 0
.1 05 .1 05 .1 05 .1 05
1 1 1. 1
05 .2 0 05 .2 0 05 2 0 05 .2 0
.1 05 .1 05 .1 05 .1 05
2
2 2. 2
19 .2 0 19 2 0 19 .2 0 19 .2 0
.1 05 .1 05 .1 05 .1 05
2. 2. 2. 2.
20 20 20 20
05 05 05 05
102
G OD0
OD1
09 09
.1 .1
.2 09 09 .2
.1
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
0.35
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
23 00 .1 23 00
.1 6 .2 .2 .1 6
.2 .2
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
23 00
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
23 0 0
06 00 .1 6 .1 6 06 00
.2 6 .2 .2 .2 6
.2 06 0 0 06 00 .2
20 00 .2 6 .2 6 20 00
.2 6 .2 .2 .2 6
.2 20 0 0 20 00 .2
06 00 .2 6 .2 6 06 00
.3 6 .2 .2 .3 6
.2 06 0 0 06 00 .2
20 00 .3 6 .3 6 20 00
.3 6 .2 .2 .3 6
.2 20 0 0 20 00 .2
03 00 .3 6 .3 6 03 00
.2 .2 .4 6
.4 6 03 00 .2
.2 03 0 0
17 00 .4 6 .4 6 17 00
.2 .2
.4 6 17 00 .4 6
.2 17 0 0
.4 6 .2
01 0 0 .4 6 .2 01 00
.5 6 .2 .5 6
.2 01 0 0 01 00 .2
.5 6 .5 6
15 00 .2 .2 15 00
.5 6 15 0 0 15 00 .5 6
.2 .5 6 .2
29 00 .5 6 .2 29 00
.2
.5 6 29 00 29 00 .5 6
.2 .5 6 .2
12 00 .5 6 .2 12 00
.2
.6 6 12 0 0 12 00 .6 6
.2 .6 6 .6 6 .2
26 00 .2 .2 26 00
)
.6 6 .6 6

26 00

26 0 0
.2 .6 6 .6 6 .2
10 00 .2 .2 10 00
.7 6 10 0 0 10 00 .7 6
2006
.2
2006
2006
2006
.2 .7 6 .7 6
24 0 0 .2 .2 24 00
.7 6 24 00 24 00 .7 6
.2 .7 6 .7 6 .2
07 00 .2 .2 07 00
.8 6 07 00 07 00 .8 6
.2 .8 6 .8 6 .2
21 00 .2 .2 21 00
.8 6 21 0 0 21 00 .8 6
.2 .8 6 .8 6 .2
04 00 .2 .2 04 00
.9 6 04 0 0 04 00 .9 6
.2 .9 6 .9 6 .2
18 00 .2 .2 18 00
.9 6 18 00 18 00 .9 6
.9 6 .9 6
02 .20 02 .20 02 .20 02 .20
.1 06 .1 06 .1 06
0 .1 06
0 0 0
16 .20 16 .2 0 16 .20 16 .2 0
.1 06 .1 06 .1 06 .1 06
0 0 0 0
30 .20 30 .2 0 30 .20 30 .2 0
.1 06 .1 06 .1 06 .1 06
0 0 0 0
13 .20 13 .2 0 13 .20 13 .2 0
.1 06 .1 06 .1 06 .1 06
1 1 1 1
27 .20 27 .2 0 27 .20 27 .2 0
.1 06 .1 06 .1 06 .1 06
1 1 1 1
11 .20 11 .2 0 11 .20 11 .2 0
.1 06 .1 06 .1 06 .1 06
2.
C G 5 .
2. 2. 2.
20 20 20 20
06 06 06 06
. 4.6. OD 0 , OD 1 ,
103

, ,
, (
), .
,
; , .
( ),
.
,
. -
.
-
[122]. ,
[241].
, ,
. -
, -
[140].
-
. -
- [122, 237]. 5
2003-2004 . (
) ( -)
, . -
. 2005-2006 .
.

.

2007 . 8 10,
. Kodak MIN-R S Kodak:
X-Omat EXII RP X-Omat LO.
. 4.7. , 3.3.9.
.
104
G OD0
OD1
22 22
.1 .1
. 22 22 .
2.65
2.7
2.75
2.8
2.85
2.9
2.95
3
3.05
3.1
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
0.35
20 .1 .1 20
07 . . 07
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
20
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
20
07 07
29 29
.1 .1
. 20
29
.1
29 . 20
. .1
07 20 . 20 07
07 07
05 05
.2 05 05 .2
. 20 .2 .2 . 20
07 . 20 . 20 07
07 07
12 12
.2 12 12 .2
. 20 .2 .2 . 20
07 . 20 . 20 07
07 07
19 19

.2 19 19 .2
. 20 .2 .2 .
. . 20
2007
2007
2007
2007
07 20 20 07
07 07
26 26 26 26
.2 .2
. 20 .2
. .2
. . 20
07 20 20 07
07 07
05 05 05 05
.3 .3 .3 .3
. 20 . 20 . . 20
07 20 07
07 07
12 12 12 12
.3 .3 .3 .3
. 20 . 20 . 20 . 20
07 07 07 07
105
2007
1.74
S
1.72
1.7
1.68
1.66
1.64
1.62
1.6
1.58
07
07
07
07
07
07
07
07
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
.
.
.1
.1
.2
.2
.2
.2
.3
.3
22
29
05
12
19
26
05
12

. 4.7. OD 0 , OD 1 ,
C, G S 8 10,
, .

, .
, 3-4 .
31. -
. .
.
. (. 4.1.10) .
.

, .
,
-
.
3 5 ,

.
[140, 141].

, .
5 .
30 ,

[93] ,
106
ISO [157].
(
), 1 . -
- .
ISO mGy,
1
(. 1.7.5). , - -
.
,
.

. ,
, .
4.1.10.

4.13. 3.3.10.
4.13. .
: :
0,02 OD OD 0,1 OD OD
, ,

2 min 2 min
:
:
OD=OD f OD b
OD=OD f OD b

1 * 0,04
2 0,07 0,29
3 0,11 0,1
4 0,73 0,22
5 0,01 0,07
8 * 0,06
10 * 0,06
12 0 0,05
, ,
. - 4,

, .
107
4.1.11.

, .
, 3.3.11, 5
. 4.14.
4.14.
.
: 3000-
6000 cd.m-2 :
30 %
: < 50 lx

,

-2 : > r (%)
(cd.m ) (lx)
1700 cd.m-2

1 548-1069 58 2
2 1005-1290 25,8 19,5
3 1028-1604 34,8 40,57
4 1210-1883 79 135
5 155-664 80 100
5 (III) 109-262 58,4 95
6 1070-1500 29 18
11 2000-2880 29 20
12 1200-1700 21 13

30. ,
, ( 1700 cd.m-2).
.
. 5 ,

, .
,
, .

.
108
4.1.12.
(),
3.3.12.
4.15, 4.16.
4.15. .
: > 13 mm-1
: 14 mGy

1,4, (mm-1) ,

: 15 mGy \ : > 10 mm-1
(mGy)
1,4

1 8,74 14
2 13,32 15\15
3 13,27 16\12 \
4 4,39 8\8
5 5,42 14\13
6 14,4 16\14
7 5 *
8 15,3 16\14
9 9,4 14\10 \
10 10,12 16\14
11 8,1 17\16
12 4 17\15
.
.
4,
- ( 4.1).
-
.
,
, - 15 min ,
. Goodsitt .
3 mm-1 [117].
,
[141].

,
109
.
.
4.16. .
(s) : <1,5 s, : < 2 s
1 0,310
2 0,511
3 1,046
4 0,150
5 1,072
6 1,986
7 0,697
8 1,248
9 0,270
10 0,809
11 0,576
12 1,010
4.1.13.

.
,
.

.
, .
, 30.
.
, ,
:
1. 30.
2. .
3. 77 % .
4. 38 %
.
5. 25 % .
110
6. TuR D-240/DG-40 ,
.
7. -
.
8. 30
.
9. ,
.
10.
, , ,
.

, .
11.
.
4.17 13, 8
30 .
, 1 ,

.
4.17. 30
( )
().

1 2 3 4 5 6
1.
1.1. 1 >= 600 mm
-
1.2. 1 1
kV
6

1.3.
1 5 %

kV
6

- 3
111

1 2 3 4 5 6

1.4. 1 0,3-0,4 mm Al - > 0,3 mm Al -
: 28 kV, Mo-,
,

1.5. 1 > 40 Gy(mA.s)(-1) > 30 Gy(mA.s)(-1) 28 kV
1 m 1 m
6
1.6. 1 -

<= 0,3 mm
,
50 %

1.7. 1 > 10 mGy.s(-1) > 5 mGy.s(-1) 28
28 kV kV ,
6 , ,
-

, ,

1.8. 1 1 mGy
1 h 1 m

1 m

1.9. 1 <= 5 mm

,

< 4 mm

2.

2.1. 1

- PMMA

OD 1,3 - 1,8
6 > 1,0 OD 45
OD
< 2,0 OD mm

OD
2.2. 0,15 0,20
1 -
OD OD

. 2.1

2 % 5 %
2.3. 1

PMMA

6 45

10 10 mm
112

1 2 3 4 5 6

2.4. 1 OD
0,05 - 0,20 OD
-

OD 6

OD
0,10 0,15
2.5. 1 1.
OD OD

6
, ,
1, 2.
2 45 mm PMMA 45 mm PMMA 20
70 mm PMMA
, ,

( . ,

3) ,
..
3.
20, 45,
65 mm PMMA

0,10 0,15
2.6. 1
OD OD

6 .
, ,
U
45 mm PMMA 45 mm PMMA

, ,

U U

2.7.

3. -
3.1. 1

130 N
- 200 N,

- 1 min.
3.2. 1

:
5 mm

15 mm
,

.
113

1 2 3 4 5 6
4. 1 - <= 3
5.
5.1. 1 5 % 0,10 OD

6
OD ,

.

0,08 OD

OD ,

.
5.2. 2 . 1.1 - 1.3 9

6. - . 2 9;
:
6.1. 2 . 2.1 - 2.3
, 9

,

6.2. 2

2 < 1 C < 2 C
6.3. 1
3,0 > 2,8;
- 4,0; < 0,30 OD
<
0,15 OD

6.4. 1 0,03 0,05
OD OD

6.5. 1,
2 , 40 - 60 mm

7.
7.1. 1, 0,02
2 6 OD OD
, .
2 min

1,0 OD.
.
7.2. 1, 0,1
2 6 OD OD
, -
2 min
114

1 2 3 4 5 6

.

.

1,0 OD.
8.
8.1. 1 3000 - 6000 > 1700 cd..
cd..

8.2. 30 %

8.3. 1 < 50 lx

9.
9.1. 1 <= 14 mGy <= 15 mGy

(
1,4 1,4 )

PMMA
45
mm
9.2.
1, > 13 mm(-1) > 10 mm(-1)
-
2
45 mm
PMMA 6 cm

.

4

9.3. 1, < 1,3 % < 1,8 %
2 4
6 mm, 6 mm,
45 mm PMMA 45 mm PMMA

9.4. 1 < 1,5 s <2s
45 mm PMMA

115
4.1:

.
,
.
- .

,

.

.
,
.
116
4.2.

: TRS 457
IAEA [142], [93, 94]
[95].
,

Y, (. 1.8.2)

Y. d 1/2 ,
, 4.1.5.
4.2.1

.
It = 20 mAs.
.
It ,
, .
8 UNIDOS E,
77337 3 %. ,
(. 3.1). -
0,14 %. .
:
5 cm ,
20 cm ;
1 (. 4.8);
5 cm
, ;
2 (. 4.8);
117
5 cm ,
, ;
3 (. 4.8).
) ) )
. 4.8.
(),
, ()
, ().

U 4.18.
4.18. ,
8 UNIDOS E
77337.
U (kV) K 1 (mGy) K 2 (mGy) K 3 (mGy) (K 2 K 1 )/K 1 (%) (K 3 K 1 )/K 1 (%)
23 1,044 0,031 1,112 0,033 1,120 0,034 6,5 7,3
25 1,453 0,044 1,551 0,047 1,569 0,047 6,8 8,0
28 2,115 0,064 2,261 0,068 2,293 0,069 6,9 8,4
1 ,
, .
0,8-1,5 %,
,
- 6,5-7 %.
.
12 UNIDOS,
34069, , 3 % (. 3.2).

- 0,09 %. :
10 cm ,
,
118
(. 4.8);
1 ;
,
(. 4.8); 2 .
U
4.19.
4.19. ,
12 UNIDOS
34069.
U (kV) 1 (mGy) 2 (mGy) (K 2 K 1 )/K 1 (%)
25 1,970 0,059 2,000 0,060 1,5
26 2,250 0,068 2,300 0,069 2,2
27 2,556 0,077 2,600 0,078 1,7
28 2,874 0,086 2,924 0,088 1,7
29 3,202 0,096 3,264 0,098 1,9
30 3,552 0,107 3,640 0,109 2,5
U ,
- 1,5-2,5 %.
. -
77337
.
11 Barracuda
MPD.
(. 4.1.5.).
5 %, 0,17 %.
:
1 , 2 .
U 4.20.
, K 2
-, -, .
-
: - MPD
119
. Hemdal .
6 % -
, MPD Barracuda 10 -
[125]. ,
, [126]. ,
-, - ,
77337 .
4.20. ,
11 Barracuda
MPD.
U (kV) 1 (mGy) 2 (mGy) (K 2 K 1 )/K 1 (%)
22 1,102 0,055 1,074 0,054 2,5
23 1,302 0,065 1,275 0,064 2,1
24 1,518 0,076 1,483 0,074 2,3
25 1,726 0,086 1,696 0,085 1,7
26 1,979 0,099 1,935 0,097 2,2
27 2,221 0,111 2,187 0,109 1,3
28 2,487 0,124 2,440 0,122 1,9
29 2,783 0,139 2,731 0,137 1,9
30 3,081 0,154 3,019 0,151 2,0
31 3,380 0,169 3,311 0,166 2,0
32 3,723 0,186 3,642 0,182 2,2
,
, Dance
() () (. 3.4).

2 mm,
[70].
. , , ..
. ,
, .
,
120
Dance, , 5 cm [141].
TRS 457 ,
[142]. Dance
., , ,
[76]. ,

. -
, .
,
,
11 %
.

, ..
-
.
.
.

.

d 1/2 (. 4.1.5.). 4 cm
(2,877 0,086) mGy, 6 cm (2,795 0,084) mGy. -,
-,
.
4.1.5 ,
d 1/2 .
. 4.21 d 1/2 8
121
(4.1.5) c DG 50 , Ki
3.3 - - (2 cm 11 cm), 50 %
.

d 1/2 = 0,36 mm Al,
.
4.21. d 1/2 8 ,
c DG 50 , K i 2 cm 11 cm
.
c DG 50 , K i
c DG 50 , Ki d 1/2
d 1/2 (mm Al)
0,36 mm Al (%)
2 cm 11 cm 2 cm 11 cm
0,32 0,407 0,073 7,7 9,9
0,36 0,441 0,081 * *
0,38 0,457 0,085 3,6 4,9
0,43 0,495 0,095 12,2 17,3
0,44 0,502 0,097 13,8 19,8
( d 1/2 )
7,7 % 9,9 %
. ( d 1/2 ),
3,6 4,9 %.
( ), 12,2 %
19,8 %.
. DeWerd .
1,8 % + 2,5 % [81].

10 % 20 %.
4.2.2.
TRS 457 [142],

[93, 94] [95],
(. 4.2.1),
. : ,
, , .
122
,
.

. , TRS 457

.
, - 5 cm
;
, 4-5 cm
.
, Dance ,
.
50 % , ( 20 80 mm 20
110 mm ) ( 0,25
0,60 mm Al).
/,
/.

,
. TRS 457
50 %
g
, -
. 50 %
,

[94] ,
.
.
123
4.2.3.
2002-2004

(), 30
[19]. ,

. .

.
PHARE
2008-2009
STUK, .
[99].
.
,
45 mm , 3.4.1. 3.4.1..
,
, , , ,
.
32 ,
22 % . -
: , , , , , , , ,
41 % . ,
60 %
( ) 40 %
- . 7 Alpha (GE), 6 Mammo Diagnost (Philips), 5
Italray, 4 Mammomat (Siemens), 3 Melody (Villa), 2 Affinity (Lorad) Flat E (Metaltronica),
Gioto (IMS), Sylvia (Gilardoni), MX-500 (Korea) TuR DG-40 (TuR).
.
[99].
,
. 4.9.
(k = 2) 7 % 9 % .
124

25 30
%
%
20 25
20
15
15
10
10
5 5
0 0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5 6
Ki (mGy) D (mGy)
) )
40
35
%
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
(OD)
. 4.9. (), ()
() 32 .
(24,3 mGy)
=5,7 mGy, - -
. -
. - 4 mGy-10 mGy.
. - 1,5,
0,5 2,5, [19].
11,2 mGy, 2,3 mGy.
7,9 mGy 1,6 mGy,
5 mGy 1 mGy, 2 mGy 0,4 mGy,
24,3 mGy 5,7 mGy, 8,6 mGy 1,8 mGy.
,
12 mGy. 1 mGy -
13 mGy [216].
15 mGy,
1,2. .
125

, 13 mGy [95].
12 mGy
.
. 4.10 ( )
( ;
10 -
). .
OD
30
25
Ki (mGy), OD x 10
20
15
10
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33

OD OD
. 4.10. ,
( 10), ,
30 [4, 19]
[95].
.
(19 % ) : 0,5 mGy,
2 mGy - .
(36 %) 1,3-1,8, [4, 19].
, .. (27 %)
.
,
[95]. ,
,
. . ,
126
-, 0,95.
(50 %) ,
.
K i , D
4.22 4.27.
U It ,
, ,

. , .
K i
3.1.
4.22. Alpha (GE).
Alpha (GE)

U (kV) mAs K i (mGy) D (mGy)

?
1 30 24 3,5 0,8 0,52 "0"
2 27 55 5,5 1,1 1,25 "-4"
3 27 55 6,7 1,4 0,6 "-5"
4 26 161 10,9 2,1 1,79 "1"
5 27 88 11,0 2,2 1,49 "0"
6 28 97 11,2 2,3 CR * "0"
7 27 32 12,5 2,5 0,77 "-4"
1 Alpha (GE) ( 4.22)

U = 30 kV (0,75),
Ki = 3,5 mGy. 7,
(0,77), Ki 12,5 mGy.
.
, .
Alpha,

26 30 kV .
127
4.23. Mammo Diagnost
(Philips).
Mammo Diagnost (Philips)


?
1 25 * 2,2 0,4 0,88
2 28 39 3,9 0,8 1,72 "-1"
3 27 54,4 5,0 1,0 0,87 "0"

4 26 125 11,1 2,1 *

5 28 * 13,7 2,8 2,06
6 35 103 24,3 5,7 0,95 "3"
Mammo Diagnost (Philips), 4.23,

, 4, ,
[18]. 4
, . 5
K i = 13,7 mGy ,
2,06. -
, K i . 6 -
K i = 24,3 mGy.
(35 kV) 103 mAs.
Kodak MIN-R S Kodak
MIN-R 2190. .

,
( 0,95).
4.24 Italray 2 5
, . ( 2)
Agfa HDR-C Kodak MIN-R 2190, ( 5)
, Kodak MIN-R 2000, - .
- K i 12,1 mGy - 1,46
9,1 mGy 1,67 -
. 4 (K i = 12 mGy)
2,43. Agfa HDR-C
128
Agfa Mamoray HD S Agfa CP 1000.
- ,
, , .

(. 4.3.2.).
ACR -4 ,
- K i = 7,2 mGy 1,98, ..
. 1,39, 6,
. K i = 13,9 mGy
.
[99],
.
4.24. Italray.
Italray


?
1 27 140 6,7 1,4 0,64 "-5"
2 27,5 88,6 9,1 1,8 1,67 "0"
3 26,5 117,1 12,0 2,4 1,08 "0"
4 27 123,2 12,0 2,4 2,43 "0"
5 27,5 117,8 12,1 2,4 1,46 "0"
6 26,5 159,1 13,9 2,7 1,39 "0"
4.25. Mammomat
(Siemens).
Mammomat (Siemens)


?
1 30 * 4,4 0,9 0,87 "0"

2 30 32 4,4 0,9 1,07

3 30 36 4,6 1,0 1,48

4 28 45,6 5,5 1,1 1,17 "0"
129
Mammomat (Siemens) ( 4.25) .
( 1, 2 4),
. 2 , 3
,
. ,
.
4.26. Melody (Villa).

Melody (Villa)


?
1 28 53,7 5,0 1,0 1,6 "3"
2 27 74,7 6,5 1,3 0,9 "0"
3 26,5 145,4 13,7 2,7 1,61 "1"
3, Melody (Villa) ( 4.26), 2008 .

7,
Affinity (Lorad) ( 4.27). 2007 .,
(K i = 10,2 mGy 1,15)
. Melody 10,1 mGy 0,84
. Kodak MIN-R S, Melody
Kodak MIN-R, Affinity Kodak MIN-R 2190.
100, 190. 0,31 -
, K i
.
, -
, - 3 .

4.27: 1 TuR DG-40 (TuR), 2 Sylvia (Gilardoni), 3 Flat E
(Metaltronica), 4 7 Affinity (Lorad), 5 MX-500 (Korea) 6 Gioto
(IMS). . 1, -
K i (2 mGy),
. K i
; ,
130
. , 4 7, ,
.
, 28 kV,
25 kV. 4 K i 2 mGy -
.
- 7 1,9 mGy 2 mGy
6, - K i = 10,2 mGy 7 K i = 9,4 mGy
6. ,
,
( 3.2).
4.27.
1. TuR DG-40; 2. Sylvia (Gilardoni); 3. Flat E (Metaltronica); 4 7. Affinity (Lorad); 5. MX-500
(Korea); 6. Gioto (IMS).


?
1 28 28 2,0 0,4 CR *

2 26,5 26,5 6,6 1,3 1,02 "-1"
3 26,5 26,5 7,7 1,5 1,69 "-3"
4 28 28 7,9 1,6 1,02 "-2"
5 25 25 9,1 1,7 1,37 "0"
6 29 29 9,4 2,0 1,62 "0"
7 25 25 10,2 1,9 1,15 "0"

.
1,2,
, K i = 10,2 mGy ( 15 mGy
). -
. .
.
10 mGy 2005 . [257],
2008 [215]. 2002 .
,
131
, 1,5 mGy
[239]. 2005 . ,
55 mm MLO ,
3,5 mGy [119]. 2008 . ,
50 mm; CC
1,3 mGy, MLO 1,5 mGy , [113].
Michielsen . , , ,
, 2008 .
2,37 mGy
48-58 mm [195]. ,
, , 95 %
.
,
.
. , 2005 .
2,46 mGy 2,08 mGy
[234].
Dance. 12 mGy
( 2,3 mGy) , - .

.

( 12 )
, ,
, ,
,
.
12 mGy, 1 mGy -
.
19 % .
50 % ,
.

.
132
27 %
.
-
,
.
4.2.4.
, 5, 8, 9, 10
11 ( 3.1). , 3.4.2
. 374
873 ; .
/ /,
,
U It.
, 9
, U = 26 kV.
9, 10 11
, , 5 8
. , 9, d 1/2
28 kV. 9
U = 26 kV.
d 1/2 IPEM ,
,
[65].
UNIDOS E 77337
( 8 10) Barracuda MPD ( 5, 9 11).
d 1/2 ,
, 4.29.
. -
d 1/2 9, 10 11 -
.
133
4.29. d 1/2
.
(kV) 24 25 26 27 28 29
5, d 1/2 (mm Al) * 0,325 0,337 0,348 0,360 *

(mGy/mAs) * 0,061 0,070 0,080 * *
8, d 1/2 (mm Al) 0,317 0,326 0,337 0,348 0,358 *
(mGy/mAs) 0,076 0,088 0,102 0,115 0,129 *
9, d 1/2 (mm Al) * * 0,25 * * *
(mGy/mAs) * * 0,075 * * *
10, d 1/2 (mm Al) * 0,311 0,323 0,335 0,345 0,355
(mGy/mAs) * 0,116 0,132 0,150 0,167 0,187
11, d 1/2 (mm Al) * 0,311 0,323 0,335 0,345 *
(mGy/mAs) * 0,086 0,099 0,111 0,124 *
. 4.11 .
%
35
30
25
20
15
10
0
25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80

5 8 9 10 11
. 4.11. .
40-49 (
[94]) 28 % ,
5, 32 % 8, 55 %, 37 % 54 % 9, 10 11.
50-64 ( ) 48 %
5 42 % . 65 16 %, 20 %, 1 %, 14 %
2 % 5, 8, 9, 10 11.
, , - -
. -.
134
d 5 mm
. 4.12.
25
20
15
10
0
20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100
d (mm)
5 8 9 10 11
. 4.12. d.
40 75 mm,
9, 55 mm. -
,
, MLO .

. 4.13, . 4.14
.
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
24 24.5 25 25.5 26 26.5 27 27.5 28 28.5 29
U (kV)
5 8 9 10 11
. 4.13. .
135
U (kV)
30
29
28
27
26
25
24
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
d (mm)
5 8 9 10 11
. 4.14.
.
, 9
26 kV. 10 11 Affinity (Lorad) 4.27
7 4 .
(. 4.2.3)
10
25 kV, 11 28 kV. -
, .
- 25 kV,
28 kV [275]. 5 8
5 -.
. 4.15 . 4.16 D
(.. ) 0,5 mGy.
(k = 2)
15 %.
9 ,
. -
. ,
26 kV - .
, , 1 kV -
( 4.4), .. 25 kV,
136
- (0,25 mm Al 26 kV
) ( 0,323
0,337 mm Al ( 4.29)). -
. ,
.
,
+3 +7, .
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
0
0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5 6 6.5 7 7.5 8 8.5 9
D (mGy)
5 8 9 10 11
. 4.15. D, .
%
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
0
0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5 6 6.5 7 7.5 8 8.5 9
D (mGy)
5 8 9 10 11
. 4.16. D, .
137
5 (. 4.15).
,
ML, MLO , .
, - ,
. -
,
,
(. 4.16). -
, - 11
- 10.
,
, [54, 56, 273, 274, 275].
,
, ,
.
. ,
d,
4.30.
4.30. D
d.
d
D (mGy)
(mm)
() (1 ; (1 ;
3 ) 3 )
5 - 200 51 11 50 (43; 59) 1,2 0,6 1,0 (0,8; 1,5)
ML 100 53 12 51 (44; 61) 1,3 0,8 1,1 (0,9; 1,6)
CC 100 49 9 50 (41; 55) 1,1 0,6 0,9 (0,8; 1,3)
8 - 117 57 13 58 (49; 65) 2,4 1,6 1,8 (1,4; 3,1)
MLO 106 57 13 59 (48; 66) 2,5 1,6 2,0 (1,5; 3,1)
CC 11 54 10 55 (50; 60) 1,9 1,0 1,6 (1,1; 2,2)
9 (MLO) 334 38 13 40 (30; 45) 2,8 1,2 2,7 (2,1; 3,3)
10 - 121 56 15 58 (44; 67) 2,0 0,9 1,9 (1,3; 2,7)
MLO 106 57 16 59 (44; 69) 2,0 0,9 1,9 (1,3; 2,7)
CC 15 52 13 51 (42; 60) 2,0 0,9 1,8 (1,4; 2,8)
11 (CC) 101 52 11 52 (44; 61) 1,8 0,7 1,6 (1,4; 2,1)
873 48 15 48 (39; 59) 2,2 1,2 1,9 (1,3; 2,9)
MLO , CC .
5 11. 5
138
ML CC. 11 CC
. - MLO
CC , .
- . ,
9 - ( 38 mm
40 mm), D
- 2,8 2,7 mGy. D 0,9 mGy
5 mm, 8,5 mGy 70 mm.
D
. 5
D - 1,2 1 mGy.
D 0,4 5,5 mGy 29 mm 95 mm.
D 8, 10 11 : 0,3 mGy
24 mm 10,6 mGy 90 mm; 0,4 mGy 21 mm 4,6 mGy 89 mm; 0,7 mGy 29 mm
4,6 mGy 72 mm. D
. 4.17.
D (mGy)
12
10
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
d (mm)
5 8 9 10 11
. 4.17. D d.
d .
.
Burch . [56]. . 4.17 - 9.
8 , 10
139
11 ( Affinity (Lorad)) - .
. 4.18 , 9.
D d .
D (mGy)
9
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
d (mm)
"+3" "+7"
. 4.18. D d 9
.
-
D 1,5 2 30 mm.
D , D
40-60 mm,
D ,
, 4.31.
4.31.
40-60 mm.
D (mGy)

D

D (mGy)

(mGy) (%)
40-60 mm
5 1,45 3,3 1,9 0,2 1,1 0,2 58
8 0,84 1,8 2,0 0,2 1,6 0,3 21
9 1,80 4,0 2,3 0,2 3,5 0,5 43
10 1,15 2,6 1,8 0,2 1,8 0,3 1
11 1,02 2,3 1,1 0,1 1,7 0,3 41
140
,
[156].
k = 2 9 %
15 % .
. D
.
- 5, 9 11.
8 . 5 8
- 58 % 21 %. 9 11
- 43 % 41 % ,
10 .
, 44 %, 19 %,
22 %, 13 % 48 % 5, 8, 9, 10 11.

- 50 % [95], 5.
(58 %) ML
, .

,
,
.
, TRS 457 (. 1.8.1), 50 % 50 %
, 5 mm
50 mm, 45 mm PMMA
[93, 94, 95, 142]. ,
,
. 53 mm ,
29 % 50-64 [141].
Dance . , 50-64,
, 50 mm 33 % [74].
,
. .
, ,
,
141
, ,
15 % [147].
Dance . ,
, , 59 %
-
[77].
Burch . 1998 . ,
9021 MLO CC 1,98 mGy
1,63 mGy 57 mm 52 mm.
1,7 mGy 1,4 mGy [56]. 1997 1998 .,
8745 23752 , 171 , Young .
D 2,03 mGy MLO 1,65 mGy CC
54 mm 52 mm. 0,7 2,2 mGy,
45 mm,
40 mm PMMA [273]. ,
2296 40-48 ,
Young D 2,5 mGy MLO 2,0 mGy
CC [274]. ,
,
. -
2001-2002 ., 16 505
290 , D 2,23 mGy MLO 1,96 mGy CC
[275]. Smans .
2001-2002 [234]. 22 50 .
, ,
1,67 mGy.
45 mm PMMA 48-58 mm,
15 % - . - ,
, ,
SENTINEL, D 1,69 mGy
1,48 mGy [195]. 50 4
200 . 3 300
, D 1,82 1,54 mGy MLO CC [159].
,
142
. , 4 , 246 946
, D 1,63 mGy MLO 1,2 mGy CC
[54]. .
.

.
.

,
.

.
4.2.5.
3.4.3
(. 4.2.3),
D = 1,8 mGy.
60 ICRP w T = 0,05 [149].
= 0,18 mSv. 103 ICRP 2007 . -
w T = 0,12 [154], = 0,42 mSv.
RR 10, 20 30
, 30 70 , 1,8 mGy
, .
4.28 100 000 .
4.28. 100 000

, 1,8 mGy
.

10 20 30
30 32 86 57
40 17 46 30
50 9 24 16
55 7 18 12
60 5 13 9
65 4 10 6
70 3 7 5
143
Law Faulkner 1 mGy
1 000 000 18,4; 18,2; 17,8; 16,6; 15,0; 13,2; 11,5; 9,4
25-29, 30-34, 35-39, 40-44, 45-49, 50-54, 55-59, 60-64 [177, 179].
,
NRPB .
. .
4.2:
,
. ,
.
.

.

.

, .

.
144
4.3.
4.3.1.
,

, .
- :
Kodak MIN-R 2/MIN-R 2190, Agfa Mamoray HD S, Fujifilm AD Mammo Medium
Kodak MIN-R S Agfa Mamoray HDR-C.
.
,
, .
Italray 13 3.1
CP 1000 (Agfa, ), G 139 (Agfa) G 334i (Agfa).
2 min 20 s, 33,5 .

.
,

. (
) ACR
. ,
,
3.5.3. 3000
3900 cd.m-2 , - 20 %, a o
50 lx [19]. ()
, 3.4.1,
Barracuda
5 %.
- 0,35 %
30 2 %.
145
.

, 3.3.9. Kodak MIN-R S Agfa Mamoray
HDR-C SensiX
.
OD 0 ,
OD 1 , , OD max ,
G .
() 4.32 [19]. ,
. -

, . : Kodak
OD = 0,11 Agfa OD = 0,15.
4.32. Kodak MIN-R S Agfa Mamoray HDR-C

,
30.
OD 0 OD max OD 1 G
Agfa 0,27 4,04 1,12 1,04 2,78 3,33
Agfa 0,25 4,13 0,99 1,05 2,71 3,33
Kodak 0,25 4,23 1,42 0,81 3,33 5,13
Kodak 0,25 4,12 1,47 0,65 3,24 4,44
(Agfa) 0,02 0,09 0,13 0,01 0,07 0
(Kodak) 0 0,11 0,05 0,16 0,09 0,69
* * 0,2 0,2 0,15 *
,
3.5.1 , . 4.19 . 4.19,
. 4.19. . 4.20
,
[82].
146
Agfa Agfa
Kodak Kodak
4.5 4.5
4 4
OD
OD
3.5 3.5
3 3
2.5 2.5
2 2
1.5 1.5
1 1
0.5 0.5
0 0
0 5 10 15 20 0 5 10 15 20

) )
Agfa
Kodak
4.5
4
3.5
3
g
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
0 1 2 3 4 5
OD
4.19. (), ()
, (), Kodak MIN-R S
Agfa Mamoray HDR-C, .
Agfa Kodak

4.5
4.5
4
4
OD
OD
3.5
3.5
3 3
2.5 2.5
2 2
1.5 1.5
1
1
0.5
0.5
0
0 5 10 15 20 0
0 5 10 15 20

) )
. 4.20. Agfa Mamoray HDR-C () Kodak MIN-R S ()

, .
Kodak -
( 4.19, ), , -
Agfa. . 4.19,
Kodak 1 - Agfa.
147
Kodak MIN-R S -
- Agfa
Mamoray HDR-C.

. 27 kV
28 kV Fuji. -
27 kV . ,
,
,
K i
() ACR 4.33. 1
( ), 2 ,
0 .
4.33. ,

13.

1 2 0
K i (mGy)
/ (OD) (%) (%) (%)
(mAs)
2 Kodak/Agfa 0 84,5 8,33 0,42 2,39 0,15 54,55 60,00 58,54
3 Agfa/Agfa 0 97,7 9,63 0,48 2,39 0,15 54,55 60,00 58,54
4 Fuji/Agfa 0 254,6 25,09 1,25 3,36 0,15 0 0 0
5 Kodak/Agfa 2 73 7,19 0,36 2,05 0,15 68,18 60,00 62,20
6 Agfa/Agfa 2 83,5 8,23 0,42 2,23 0,15 72,73 60,00 63,41
8 Kodak/Agfa 5 59 5,81 0,29 1,86 0,15 77,27 73,33 74,39
9 Agfa/Agfa 5 67 6,6 0,33 1,96 0,15 72,73 60,00 63,41
7 Fuji/Agfa 5 173,9 17,14 0,86 3,03 0,15 0 0 0
14 Kodak/Kodak 2 72,5 7,14 0,36 2,66 0,11 63,64 60,00 60,98
15 Agfa/Kodak 2 82,7 8,15 0,41 2,73 0,11 50,00 56,67 54,88
13 Fuji/Kodak 2 219,2 21,6 1,08 3,81 0,11 0 0 0
11 Kodak/Kodak 5 57,4 5,66 0,28 2,01 0,11 72,73 76,67 75,61
12 Agfa/Kodak 5 67,2 6,62 0,33 2,37 0,11 77,27 70,00 71,95
10 Fuji/Kodak 5 171,1 16,86 0,84 3,73 0,11 0 0 0
148
Fuji 2,5 -
, -
. - -
.
, Fuji, 1 -,
.
( = 0 4,
7, 10 13 4.33). Fuji -
.
- .
0 ( 4.33) Kodak/Agfa Agfa/Agfa (

2 3) -
K i 1,3 mGy Agfa.
-2 -5 Agfa/Agfa ( 6
9), , Kodak/Agfa ( 5 8), K i
Agfa - 1,1 mGy 0,8 mGy. Agfa -
.
K i -
Agfa/Kodak ( 12 15) Kodak/Kodak ( 11 14) 1 mGy
.
Agfa Mamoray HD S - Kodak
MIN-R 2/MIN-R 2190. -
.
,
-2, Kodak ( 4.33), Agfa Kodak ( 5
14, OD > 2), K i ,
- 0,5. -5 , Kodak
Agfa Kodak ( 8 11, OD = 1,9 2)
K i . Agfa
Agfa Kodak ( 6 15 (OD = 2,23 2,73) 9 12 (OD = 1,96 2,37))
149
0,4-0,5 -

.
,
(. 4.19), , OD > 2 Kodak
- Agfa . OD = 2
.
,
.
Agfa Kodak
27 kV
,
(1,3-1,8 OD [4, 19]).
4.34.
4.34. ,
, 13.

1 2 0
K i (mGy)
/ (OD) (%) (%) (%)
(mAs)
16 Kodak/Agfa 63 6,21 0,32 1,79 0,15 72,73 76,67 75,61
17 Agfa/Agfa 63 6,21 0,32 1,79 0,15 72,73 65,00 67,07
21 Kodak/Kodak 63 6,21 0,32 2,26 0,11 68,18 63,33 64,63
22 Agfa/Kodak 63 6,21 0,32 2,14 0,11 72,73 66,67 68,29
18 Kodak/Kodak 50 4,93 0,25 1,65 0,11 81,82 70,00 73,17
19 Agfa/Kodak 50 4,93 0,25 1,57 0,11 77,27 70,00 71,95
Kodak/Agfa Agfa/Agfa ( 16 17)

, .. K i . Kodak/Kodak
Agfa/Kodak ( 18, 19, 21 22)
.
- ,
, Agfa - K i .
, Agfa -
150
( 18, 19, 21 22),
.
Kodak, 63 mAs, - Agfa
K i .

(. 4.20), K i
1,79
Kodak/Kodak Agfa/Kodak .
K i = (5,42 0,27) mGy, K i = (5,22 0,26) mGy.
, Agfa ( 16 17)
(6,21 0,32) mGy, -
Kodak. - ,
Kodak - Agfa
2. - 1,79.
,
, , 2
1,5 OD (. 4.19). - Kodak
Agfa, - -.
, 4.34, - ,
.
4.34
, 1
. ,

(. 4.20).
1
SF ,
ISO [157].
, . SF
.
4.35.
151
4.35. SF (mGy-1) .
1 OD (mGy) SF (mGy-1)
Kodak/Agfa 3,28 0,16 0,305 0,015
Agfa/Agfa 1,71 0,9 0,585 0,029
Kodak/Kodak 3,93 0,2 0,254 0,013
Agfa/Kodak 1,86 0,09 0,538 0,027
Agfa -
Kodak. SF Agfa/Agfa -
Agfa/Kodak, . Kodak/Agfa
- Kodak/Kodak.

(1 ) Agfa -
Kodak. -
Agfa/Agfa, Agfa/Kodak, Kodak/Agfa Kodak/Kodak.
, Kodak/Kodak
190, gfa/Agfa 140.
,
[58, 219]. Kodak
, Agfa,
- .
0 ( 4.33)
-2 Kodak/Agfa Agfa/Agfa, -5 Kodak/Agfa -
, .
-2 - Kodak/Kodak
Agfa/Kodak, -5 Agfa/Kodak -
, Kodak/Kodak .
- -5,
-. . 4.21.
Agfa 1,86-1,96 Kodak 2-2,37.
( ) (. 4.19).
152
90
80
70
60
1
50
(%)
2
40
0
30
20
10
0
Kodak/Agfa (1,86 OD) Agfa/Agfa (1,96 OD) Kodak/Kodak (2,01 OD) Agfa/Kodak (2,37 OD)
4.21. -5 . 1
( ), 2
0 .
Kodak/Kodak Agfa/Agfa
, - (. 4.21).
(Kodak/Agfa Agfa/Kodak) -
, -
Kodak/Kodak Agfa/Agfa. -
Kodak/Agfa, Agfa/Kodak. - 0
Kodak/Kodak Kodak/Agfa.
, -5 , Kodak
( 8, 9 11, 12), - .
-2 Agfa ( 5 6),
.
4.34
.
4.3.2..
. ,

, 3.3.12.
, ,
4.36.
. -
Kodak, -
153
. -
Kodak, ,
(. 4.19).
4.36.
.
(mm-1)

Kodak/Agfa 1,45 14 16
Agfa/Agfa 1,43 14 16
Kodak/Kodak 1,08 14 15
Agfa/Kodak 1,04 14 15

1 1,45. .
.

.
,
.
4.3.2.

Barts ACR (. 3.2).
, .
,
.
, 3.5.
Barts (3.5.2) ,
ACR (3.5.3).
,
Barts
. Barracuda
, 3.4.1.A.
154
.

1 Barts.
26 kV, 27 kV 28 kV
. , 1
( 3.1). , I II,
, .
II
( 4.14). I
1700 cd.m-2 , - 30 %. ,
(
. (I), . (II) .), K i
, 4.37.
4.37. Barts,
1.

. (I) . (II) .
U (kV) mAs OD K i (mGy)
(%) (%) (OD)

3 26 51,3 0,79 0 53 45 0,64 0,01 5,04 0,35
4 26 57,2 0,9 0,5 53 49 0,71 0,01 5,62 0,39
5 26 64,4 1,01 1 55 49 0,79 0,01 6,33 0,44
6 26 90 1,41 1,5 52 49 0,81 0,01 8,84 0,62
7 26 100 1,52 2 52 48 0,88 0,01 9,83 0,69
8 27 62,6 1,28 2 51 47 0,74 0,01 7,00 0,49
9 28 47,7 1,19 1,5 51 47 0,66 0,01 6,00 0,42
K i 7 %,
1,5 % [156]. K i
( 7 8 2 6 9
1,5 4.37) . 4.22.
I II,
( 20 -
) .
155
. (%)/ . (%)/
. (OD) x20/ . (OD) x 20/
(mGy) (mGy)
60 60
50 50
40 40
30 30
20 20
10 10
0 0
26 27 U (kV) 26 28
U (kV)
. I (%) . II (%) . (OD) X 20 (mGy) . I (%) . II (%) . (OD) X 20 (mGy)
) )
. 4.22.
2 () 1,5 () 1.
1 kV (. 4.22),
3 % ( ),
17 % K i 1,8 mGy (34 %). 31 %.
2 kV (. 4.22)
3 % 6 % , 20 %
K i 2,8 mGy ( K i 38 % 33 %).
,
, (. 1.6.1, 1.6.2).
, -
- 0,2,
( 4.3.2., ,
).
. ,
.

.

10 Barts, ,
. 4.38.
I
1700 cd.m-2.
25 kV 32 kV . 4.23.
156
4.38. Barts,
10.

U (kV) mAs OD . (%) . (OD) K i (mGy)

1 28 53,6 0,98 -2 53 0,89 0,01 8,04 0,56
2 27 63,5 0,95 -3 53 0,91 0,01 8,51 0,60
3 27 56,7 0,86 -4 50 0,91 0,01 7,60 0,53
4 28 59,5 1,12 -1 54 0,94 0,01 8,93 0,63
5 28 64,2 1,21 0 56 1,04 0,02 9,63 0,67
6 25 113 1,07 -2 52 1,05 0,02 11,77 0,82
7 30 32,6 0,96 -2 50 0,81 0,01 6,06 0,42
8 32 24,9 0,98 -2 49 0,72 0,01 5,59 0,39
. (%)/
. (OD) x 20/
(mGy)
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
25 28 30 32 U (kV)
. (%) . (OD) X 20 (mGy)
. 4.23. 10.
7 kV
7 % (o ), 37 %,
K i 71 %, 58 %.
Wagner Frey
0,32 % 1,38 % 25 kV
0,23 % 1,11 % 35 kV [260]. Law Faulkner [176].

, -
.
.
.
157
.
,
1 26 kV, . 4.24 ( 3 7 4.37).
4.3.2..
. (%)/
. (OD) x 20/
(m Gy)
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0.79 0.9 1.01 1.41 1.52 OD
. I (%) . II (%) . (OD) X 20 (mGy)
. 4.24.
26 kV 1.
0,73 . (I)
2 %, . (II) 7 % (o )
. 32 %. K i , ,
, 64 %. I, -
1, II
1-1,4, - .
- , II,
- - .
-
.
[93],
[4],
[90],
1,3-1,8.
[94] [141] -,
1,4-1,9 1,5-1,9.

0,8 1,5.
158
, , .
,
( 4.14).
1,2 ( 6-9 4.37)
, ,
(. 3.7).
(. 1.6.5),
[34]. Meeson .

, Agfa HDR (High Dynamic Range),
[192].
. 4.25 K i
28 kV, 10 ( 1, 4 5 4.38).
. (%)/
. (OD) x 20/
(mGy)
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0.98 1.12 1.21 OD
. (%) . (OD) X 20 (mGy)
. 4.25.
28 kV 10.
0,23 ( 0,98 1,21)

5 % 16 %, K i 18 %,
18 %.
Barts
0,8 1,5 ,

.
, (4.3.1, 4.33),
.
159
3000 3900 cd.m-2.
ACR -
. . 4.26.
(%) Agfa/Agfa (%) Kodak/Agfa

(mGy) (mGy)
80 90
70 80
70
60
60
50
50
40 40
30 30
20 20
10 10
0 0
1.96 2.23 2.39 1.86 2.05 2.39
OD OD
1 2 0 1 2 0
) )
(% ) Agfa/Kodak (% ) Kodak/Kodak
(mGy) (mGy)
90 90
80 80
70 70
60 60
50 50
40 40
30 30
20 20
10 10
0 0
2.37 2.73 2.01 2.66
OD OD
1 2 0 1 2 0
) )
. 4.26.
27 kV 13 Agfa/Agfa (), Kodak/Agfa (), Agfa/Kodak ()
Kodak/Kodak () (4.3.1).
, Agfa/Agfa,
1,9-2
( 1, . 4.26),
( 2 . 4.26). Agfa/Agfa,
1,96 2,39
. -
2,39, 0. K i
21 % 37 % .
( 2,4 Agfa 2,7
Kodak)
(. 4.19). -
. 1.6.5 ,
160
0,6 2,2
- 2000 cd.m-2 [272].
, , 100 cd.m-2,
. -
10 000 cd.m-2.
3000 cd.m-2,
- .
, ACR, 2
.
-
- .
ACR
ACR [63, 131].
- 1-4 ( 3.8), -
7 8, 9
- 12, 13 14. ACR
,
. ACR 13.
Barts ACR
.

.
4.3.3.

[90].
. 22
,
[18]. 8, 10 11
.
, , 3.5.4.
161
4.39. 8, 10 11
MLO () CC () ..
() MLO
(%)
(MLO )
8 10
1.1. musculus pectoralis 97 93
1.2. 85 97
1.3. 100 100
1.4. 97 97
1.5. , 94 100
1.6. 100 100
1.7. 97 100
2.1. (
)
100 100
2.2. , - 100 100

2.3. ,
musculus pectoralis
100 100
2.4. ( )
musculus pectoralis
97 100
97 99
(%)
(CC )
8 10 11
1.1. musculus pectoralis 0 0 5
1.2. 100 100 100
1.3. 100 100 100
1.4. 100 100 100
1.5. 100 100 100
1.6. 83 100 100

2.1.
( )
100 100 100
2.2. , -
100 100 100

2.3. ,
musculus pectoralis
100 100 100
2.4. ( )
musculus pectoralis
83 100 95
86.6 90 90
162
8 10 ,
.
K i (4.2.4). 8 10 33 30
MLO 6 8 CC ( CC -
). 11 42 , CC .
4.39.
( 1.1-1.7),
( 2.1-2.4). -
CC ( 1.1
4.39). . Bassett
. 1000
[42]. MLO : 49 %
1.2, 77 % 1.4, 88 % 1.5
85 % 1.6. CC 1.1, 1.2, 1.4 1.5
32 %, 81 %, 37 % 90 % .
IAEA ,
10 , [144].

, .
- MLO
: 1.1 40 %, 1.2 82 %, 1.3 30 %, 1.4 31 %, 1.5 53 %, 1.6 44 %, 1.7 90 %,
2.1 94 %, 2.2 92 %, 2.3 20 %, 2.4 11 %. CC : 1.1 90 %, 1.2
31 %, 1.3 24 %, 1.4 59 %, 1.5 37 %, 1.6 84 %, 2.1 33 %, 2.2 18 %, 2.3 25 %, 2.4
14 %. . MLO
,
,
. -
( 1.3)
( 1.4), ,
musculus pectoralis ( 2.3)
( ) musculus pectoralis
( 2.4). , CC 90 %
, ,
.
163
, . -
- ,
.

(5 cm ) 10 mGy
[90].
4-6 cm
.
,
1,07.
8, 10 11 (9,7 1,4) mGy, (11,2 1,6) mGy (10 1,4) mGy.
10 mGy.

.

.
4.3.4.
,
12 Barts ACR
,
( ). ,

. ,
Barts.

[18, 19].
, .
I , II
.
, 1, 2 3. ,
. 1
164
2800 cd.m-2 - 26 %,
20 lx. 2 1520 cd.m-2, 21 % 13 lx,
3 530 cd.m-2, 47 % 16 lx.
Barts
. 4.27,
ACR,
( ) . 4.28.
. (%)
. (%)
I . (OD)X40 II
. (OD)X40
60 60
55 55
50 50
45 45
40 40
35 35
30 30
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
. 1 (%) . 2 (%) . 3 (%) . . 1 (%) . 2 (%) . 3 (%) .
) )
. 4.27. ( 40),
Barts I (a) II ().
, ,
1, 2 3 , (
, 40). .
I - , 1, (. 4.27
. 4.28),
- 2 (. 4.28). II - ,
, , 2 (. 4.27 . 4.28).
Barts -
2, 2 1
- 1.
ACR II (. 4.28),
- 2 -
1 (. 4.28).
,
.
165
. (%) I - . (%) II -
75 75
70 70
65 65
60 60
55 55
50 50
45 45
40 40
35 35
30 30
1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5

. 1 (%) . 2 (%) . 3 (%) . 1 (%) . 2 (%) . 3 (%)
a) )
. (%) I - . (%) II -
65 65
60 60
55 55
50 50
45 45
40 40
35 35
30 30
1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5

. 1 (%) . 2 (%) . 3 (%) . 1 (%) . 2 (%) . 3 (%)
) )
. 4.28. , ACR
I II, (a) ()
I II, () ().

1,5-2,
3100 10 000 cd.m-2 [272].
- . 1
1,5, -
. -
1,
() ( ).
. ,
,
, .

. Kimme-Smith .
, [164].
1763 cd.m-2 4365 cd.m-2 ,
166
- .
- . Wang
.

3000 cd.m-2 8000 cd.m-2 [262].
, -
-, - .

, (4.3.1, 4.33).
3000 3900 cd.m-2
20 %, o 50 lx [18, 19].
I ACR . 4.29.
1
2
( )
( )
10 25
9
8 20
7
6 15
5
4 10
3
2 5
1
0 0
2 3 5 6 8 9 11 12 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 2 3 5 6 8 9 11 12 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22

) )
. 4.29. , ACR
(a) ().
,
, .
, .
( 1, . 4.29) 12 %
59 %; 32 %
(. 4.29). ,
. Wang . -
-
(1,83-2,27) [262]. - (0,9)
167
. 1,86-
2,73. .

.
. ,
.

, .

.
4.3.5.

U ( ). U
,
d
g .
,
.
4.40. U
kV d
g .
U (kV)

d (mm) g g g
0 39 % 40 69 % 70 100 %
20 29 24 25 25
30 39 25 26 27
40 49 26 27 28
50 59 27 28 28
60 69 28 28 29
70 79 28 29 30
80 30 31 32

.
/.
[8, 58, 140, 141, 190],
168
(4.2.4, 4.3.2, 4.3.3).
U d g 4.40.
U
54 116 , 12.

( 4.4). It
.
, 3.4.2.
28 kV, U
IPEM [65]. Y
UNIDOS
34069. g
, ,
, .
4.3.3 [18,
90].
- .
, - -.
.
Kodak MIN-R S. 3 min 17 s,
31 . Konika Minolta KD Super Rapid
Konika Minolta KF Super Rapid.
. ,
,
,
1
( 5 ) -2 ( 51 ). 0
41 , -1 19 . , -
10 25 .
30 50 MLO .
ML 90 .
. 4.30 ,
. 4.30 5 mm d.
169
% %
35 35
30 30
25 25
20 20
15 15
10 10
5 5
0 0
35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80
d (mm)
) )
. 4.30. ()
d ().
40-49 30 % , 50-64 56 %
65 10 %. , 4.2.4,
45 .
40 60 mm.

. 4.31, U
. 4.31.
U (kV)
%
31
45
40 30
35 29
30 28
25
27
20
26
15
10 25
5 24
0 23
24 25 26 27 28 29 30 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
U (kV) d (mm)
) )
. 4.31. U ()
U ().

27 kV 28 kV.
D , .. ,
, , . 4.32 . 4.32
0,5 mGy.
170
% %
60 60
50 50
40 40
30 30
20 20
10 10
0 0
0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
D (mGy) D (mGy)
) )
. 4.32. D, ()
D, .
- D 1,5 mGy, 1 mGy.

-,
.
. 4.33.
D (mGy)
2.5
1.5
0.5
0
20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
d (mm)
. 4.33. D d.
, D -,
. d = 54 mm
g = 45 %, D = 2,2 mGy. 4.40
28 kV, 26 kV, - .
d = 60 mm g = 85 % (D = 1,9 mGy),
27 kV 29 kV d = 65 mm g = 5 % (D = 2,3 mGy),
27 kV, 28 kV.
171
. 4.34
.
% %
35 30
30 25
25
20
20
15
15
10
10
5 5
0 0
0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2 2.2 2.4 2.6 2.8

) )
. 4.34. ()
() .
0,8 1,2,
1,8 2,2.
0,6 2,2,
[90, 272].
, ,
-
.
.
, 1,72,
1,3-1,8 [4, 93]. Haus .,
2,8 1500 cd.m-2,
( 4.14) [123]. -
(1700 cd.m-2) ,
. - (),
() 30. ,
2,8 (
4) -,
.
4.41 : ,
D
d , ,
172
, ,
, - - .
4.41. D, d
.
MLO 57
ML 9
CC 50
D (mGy) MLO 1,1 0,3
D (mGy) ML 1,5 0,4
D (mGy) CC 1,2 0,3
D (mGy) 1,2 0,3

d (mm) MLO 49 14
d (mm) ML 54 12
d (mm) CC 54 9
d (mm) 51 11
D (mGy) MLO 1,0 (0,9; 1,3)
D (mGy) ML 1,5 (1,3; 1,8)
D (mGy) CC 1,2 (1,0; 1,3)
D (mGy) 1,1 (0,9; 1,4)
(1 ; 3 )
d (mm) MLO 51 (39; 57)
d (mm) ML 55 (46; 60)
d (mm) CC 54 (48; 59)
d (mm) 53 (42; 58)
D (mGy) 0,5
d (mm) 21
OD 0,41
OD 0,92 0,25
OD 1,78
D (mGy) 2,3
d (mm) 81
OD 1,17
OD 1,94 0,32
OD 2,75
1,2 mGy 1,1 mGy

- ,
5 (4.2.4). d.
1,1 mGy 1 mGy MLO -
, -
49 mm. -
- Fujifilm AD Mammo Medium (. 4.3.1) [57, 175].
4.42
3.5.4.
173
4.42. 12
MLO () CC () .
() MLO
(MLO ) (%)
1.1. musculus pectoralis 59
1.2. ; 92
1.3. 100
1.4. 100
1.5. , 89
1.6. 99
1.7. . 94
2.1. (
)
100
2.2. , - 97
2.3. ,
musculus pectoralis
99
2.4. ( )
musculus pectoralis
97
93
(CC ) (%)
1.1 musculus pectoralis 12
1.2. 100
1.3. 98
1.4. 100
1.5. 100
1.6. 100
2.1. (
)
100
2.2. , - 98
2.3. ,
musculus pectoralis
100
2.4. ( )
musculus pectoralis
98
90.6
174
4.3.3 8, 10 11
( 4.39). MLO

, 45 . CC ,
, 12 %. ,
, .
,

. MLO 2.2 ,
27, 28 kV,
4.40.
2.3 28, 27 kV,
. 2.4
- 26,
27, 28 kV. CC 2.2 ,
27, 28 kV. 2.4 .
- 2,2 mGy, -,
26, 28 kV.

, .
,
, ,
.
175
4.3:
, -
, .

( )
.

.

.

.
176

1.
. TuR D-240/DG-
40 .
2.
.
77 % .
3.
.

, .
4. 38 %
.
, .
5.
d 1/2
22 % 10 + 20 %. d 1/2
, -
.
. /
d 1/2
.
6.
-,
-
.
.
7. ,
, 2 14 mGy, 24,3 mGy.
,
.
8.
12 mGy.
177
9.
.
.

.
10. .
,
.
11.
,
.
12.
.
.
.
178

1.
.
.
.
2.

.
8 30/2005
.
3.
.
.
4. .
5. 22 %

.
6.
873 .
.
,
.
7. ,
, -
.
.
8.
.
.
179

1. -, ., . , . . .

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(keV) 14-18 17-21 19-23 20-26

. 3.1. UNIDOS E 77337.

2. UNIDOS (PTW Freiburg, )

. 3.2. UNIDOS 34069.

0,3 mm ; Quanta Vision Mamoray HDR-C Optimax 1170-1

0,3 mm 0,03 mm Mo ; Min-R Min-R L Medical 102

TuR 0,03 mm Mo Mamoray HD S Mamoray HDR-C MI-5

PTW-DensiX (PTW Freiburg, )

K air mGy K air

d 1/2 (mm Al)

20 0,390 0,433 0,473 0,509 0,543 0,573 0,587

1 MoM 1 2 Barracuda UNIDOS E

d1 / 2 0,000326U 2 0.0273U c (4.2)

U (kV) 24,5 25 25,5 26 26,5 27 27,5 28

d 1/2 (mm Al) - - - - - - - 0,36

d 1/2 (mm Al) [95] - 0,34 - - - - - 0,37

d 1/2 (mm Al) [142] - 0,326 - 0,336 - 0,345 - 0,355

(s) : <1,5 s, : < 2 s

U (kV) K 1 (mGy) K 2 (mGy) K 3 (mGy) (K 2 K 1 )/K 1 (%) (K 3 K 1 )/K 1 (%)

23 1,044 0,031 1,112 0,033 1,120 0,034 6,5 7,3

25 1,453 0,044 1,551 0,047 1,569 0,047 6,8 8,0

28 2,115 0,064 2,261 0,068 2,293 0,069 6,9 8,4

U (kV) 1 (mGy) 2 (mGy) (K 2 K 1 )/K 1 (%)

25 1,970 0,059 2,000 0,060 1,5

26 2,250 0,068 2,300 0,069 2,2

27 2,556 0,077 2,600 0,078 1,7

28 2,874 0,086 2,924 0,088 1,7

29 3,202 0,096 3,264 0,098 1,9

30 3,552 0,107 3,640 0,109 2,5

U (kV) 1 (mGy) 2 (mGy) (K 2 K 1 )/K 1 (%)

22 1,102 0,055 1,074 0,054 2,5

23 1,302 0,065 1,275 0,064 2,1

24 1,518 0,076 1,483 0,074 2,3

25 1,726 0,086 1,696 0,085 1,7

26 1,979 0,099 1,935 0,097 2,2

27 2,221 0,111 2,187 0,109 1,3

28 2,487 0,124 2,440 0,122 1,9

29 2,783 0,139 2,731 0,137 1,9

30 3,081 0,154 3,019 0,151 2,0

31 3,380 0,169 3,311 0,166 2,0

32 3,723 0,186 3,642 0,182 2,2

TRS 457 [142],

4.22. Alpha (GE).

2 27 55 5,5 1,1 1,25 "-4"

3 27 55 6,7 1,4 0,6 "-5"

4 26 161 10,9 2,1 1,79 "1"

5 27 88 11,0 2,2 1,49 "0"

6 28 97 11,2 2,3 CR * "0"

7 27 32 12,5 2,5 0,77 "-4"

1 Alpha (GE) ( 4.22)

2 28 39 3,9 0,8 1,72 "-1"

3 27 54,4 5,0 1,0 0,87 "0"

6 35 103 24,3 5,7 0,95 "3"

Mammo Diagnost (Philips), 4.23,

2 27,5 88,6 9,1 1,8 1,67 "0"

3 26,5 117,1 12,0 2,4 1,08 "0"

4 27 123,2 12,0 2,4 2,43 "0"

5 27,5 117,8 12,1 2,4 1,46 "0"

6 26,5 159,1 13,9 2,7 1,39 "0"

4.26. Melody (Villa).

2 27 74,7 6,5 1,3 0,9 "0"

3 26,5 145,4 13,7 2,7 1,61 "1"

3, Melody (Villa) ( 4.26), 2008 .