Bài giảng điện tử số

HC VIN CNG NGH BU CHNH VIN THNG
BI GING MN
IN T S
Ging vin:
KS. Nguyn Trung Hiu
in thoi/E-mail:
0916566268; trunghieutq@gmail.com
B mn:
K thut in t - Khoa KTDT1
Hc k/Nm bin son: Hc k 1/2009-2010

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Bi ging in t s
KS. Nguyn Trung Hiu, B mn KTT
Ti liu tham kho
Gio trnh K thut s - Trn Vn Minh, NXB Bu in 2002.
C s k thut in t s, i hc Thanh Hoa, Bc Kinh, NXB Gio dc 1996.
K thut s, Nguyn Thy Vn, NXB Khoa hc v k thut 1994.
L thuyt mch logic v K thut s, Nguyn Xun Qunh, NXB Bu in 1984.
Fundamentals of logic design, fourth edition, Charles H. Roth, Prentice Hall

1991.
Digital engineering design, Richard F.Tinder, Prentice Hall 1991.
Digital design principles and practices, John F.Wakerly, Prentice Hall 1990.
VHDL for Programmable Logic by Kevin Skahill, Addison Wesley, 1996
The Designer's Guide to VHDL by Peter Ashenden, Morgan Kaufmann, 1996.
Analysis and Design of Digital Systems with VHDL by Dewey A., PWS
Publishing, 1993.
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Bi ging in t s
Ni dung
Chng 1: H m
Chng 2: i s Boole v cc phng php biu din hm
Chng 3: Cng logic
Chng 4: Mch logic t hp
Chng 5: Mch logic tun t
Chng 6: Mch pht xung v to dng xung
Chng 7: B nh bn dn
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Bi ging in t s
H m
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Bi ging in t s
Ni dung
Khi nim chung

Biu din s
Chuyn i gia cc h m
S nh phn c du
Du phy ng
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Bi ging in t s
Biu din s (1)

Nguyn tc chung
Dng mt s hu hn cc k hiu ghp vi nhau theo qui c v v tr.
Cc k hiu ny thng c gi l ch s. Do , ngi ta cn gi h
m l h thng s. S k hiu c dng l c s ca h k hiu l r.
Gi tr biu din ca cc ch khc nhau c phn bit thng qua trng
s ca h. Trng s ca mt h m bt k s bng ri, vi i l s nguyn
dng hoc m.
Tn gi, s k hiu v c s ca mt vi h m thng dng

Tn h m
S k hiu
C s (r)
H nh phn (Binary)
H bt phn (Octal)
H thp phn (Decimal)
H thp lc phn (Hexadecimal)
0, 1
0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7
0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9
0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, A, B, C, D, E, F
2
8
10
16
Ch : Ngi ta cng c th gi h m theo c s ca chng. V d: H nh phn =

H c s 2, H thp phn = H c s 10...
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Bi ging in t s
Biu din s (2)

Biu din s tng qut:
N = a n 1 r n 1 + ... + a1 r1 + a 0 r 0 + a 1 r 1 + ... + a m r m
m
= a i ri
n 1
Trong mt s trng hp, ta phi thm ch s trnh

nhm ln gia biu din ca cc h.
V d: 3610 , 368 , 3616
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Bi ging in t s
H thp phn (1)

Biu din tng qut:
N10 = d n 1 10n 1 + ... + d1 101 + d 0 100 + d 1 101 + ... + d m 10 m
m
= di 10i
n 1
Trong :
N10 : biu din bt k theo h 10,
d : cc h s nhn (k hiu bt k ca h),
n : s ch s phn nguyn,
m : s ch s phn phn s.
Gi tr biu din ca mt s trong h thp phn s bng tng cc tch ca

k hiu (c trong biu din) vi trng s tng ng
V d: 1265.34 l biu din s trong h thp phn:
1265.34 = 1 103 + 2 102 + 6 101 + 5 100 + 3 101 + 4 102

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Bi ging in t s
H thp phn (2)

u im ca h thp phn:
Tnh truyn thng i vi con ngi. y l h m con ngi d nhn
bit nht.
Ngoi ra, nh c nhiu k hiu nn kh nng biu din ca h rt ln,
cch biu din gn, tn t thi gian vit v c.
Nhc im:
Do c nhiu k hiu nn vic th hin bng thit b k thut s kh khn
v phc tp.
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Bi ging in t s
H nh phn (1)
Biu din tng qut:
N 2 = b n 1 2n 1 + ... + b1 21 + b 0 20 + b 1 21 + ... + b m 2 m
m
= b i 2i
n 1
Trong :
N 2 : biu din bt k theo h 2,
b : l h s nhn ly cc gi tr 0 hoc 1,
H nh phn (Binary number system) cn gi l h c s hai, gm ch

hai k hiu 0 v 1, c s ca h l 2, trng s ca h l 2n.
V d: 1010.012 l biu din s trong h nh phn.
1010.012 = 1 23 + 0 22 + 1 21 + 0 00 + 0 21 + 1 22
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Bi ging in t s
10
H nh phn (2)
u im:
Ch c hai k hiu nn rt d th hin bng cc thit b c, in.
H nh phn c xem l ngn ng ca cc mch logic, cc thit b tnh ton hin
i - ngn ng my.
Nhc im:
Biu din di, mt nhiu thi gian vit, c.
Cc php tnh:
Php cng:
0 + 0 = 0, 1 + 0 = 1, 1 + 1 = 10
Php tr:
0 - 0 = 0 ; 1 - 1 = 0 ; 1 - 0 = 1 ; 10 - 1 = 1 (mn 1)
Php nhn: (thc hin ging h thp phn)
0x0=0 , 0x1=0 ,1x0=0 ,1x1=1
Ch : Php nhn c th thay bng php dch v cng lin tip.
Php chia: Tng t php chia 2 s thp phn
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Bi ging in t s
11
H bt phn (1)
Biu din tng qut:
N8 = O n 1 8n 1 + ... + O0 80 + O 1 81 + ... + O m 8 m
m
= Oi 8i
n 1
Trong :
N 8 : biu din bt k theo h 8,

O : cc h s nhn (k hiu bt k ca h),
H ny gm 8 k hiu : 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 v 7. C s ca h l 8. Vic la chn c

s 8 l xut pht t ch 8 = 23. Do , mi ch s bt phn c th thay th cho 3
bit nh phn.
V d: 1265.348 l biu din s trong bt phn.
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Bi ging in t s
12
H bt phn (2)
Php cng
Php cng trong h bt phn c thc hin tng t nh trong h thp phn.
Tuy nhin, khi kt qu ca vic cng hai hoc nhiu ch s cng trng s ln hn
hoc bng 8 phi nh ln ch s c trng s ln hn k tip.
+
253
126
don vi : 3 + 6 = 9 = 1 + 8(viet 1 nho1len hang chuc)

chuc : 5 + 1 + 2 = 8 = 0 + 8 (viet 0 nho1len hang tram)
tram : 2 + 1 + 1 = 4 (1la nho tu hang chuc)
401
Php tr
Php tr cng c tin hnh nh trong h thp phn.
Ch rng khi mn 1 ch s c trng s ln hn th ch cn cng thm 8 ch
khng phi cng thm 10.
253
126
don vi : 3 < 6 8 + 3 6 = 5(no 1 hang chuc)

chuc : 5 1 2 = 2 (1la cho hang don vi vay )
125
Ch : Cc php tnh trong h bt phn t c s dng.

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Bi ging in t s
13
H thp lc phn (1)

Biu din tng qut:
N16
= H n 1 16n 1 + .... + H 0 160 + H 1 161 + .... + H m 16 m

m
= Hi 16i
n 1
Trong :
N16 : biu din bt k theo h 16,

d : cc h s nhn (k hiu bt k ca h),
H thp lc phn (hay h Hexadecimal, h c s 16).

H gm 16 k hiu l 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, A, B, C, D, E, F.
Trong , A = 1010 , B = 1110 , C = 1210 , D = 1310 , E = 1410 , F = 1510 .
V d: 1FFA l biu din s trong h thp lc phn

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Bi ging in t s
14
H thp lc phn (2)

Php cng
Khi tng hai ch s ln hn 15, ta ly tng chia cho 16.
S d c vit xung ch s tng v s thng c
nh ln ch s k tip. Nu cc ch s l A, B, C, D, E,
F th trc ht, ta phi i chng v gi tr thp phn
tng ng ri mi cng.
Php tr
Khi tr mt s b hn cho mt s ln hn ta cng mn
1 ct k tip bn tri, ngha l cng thm 16 ri mi
tr.
Php nhn
1 6 9
+ 2 5 8
3 C 1
2 5 8
1 6 9
0 E
Mun thc hin php nhn trong h 16 ta phi i cc s

trong mi tha s v thp phn, nhn hai s vi nhau.
Sau , i kt qu v h 16.
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Bi ging in t s
15
Ni dung
Biu din s
Chuyn i c s gia cc h m
S nh phn c du
Du phy ng
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Bi ging in t s
16
Chuyn i t h c s 10 sang cc h khc

V d: i s 22.12510, 83.8710 sang s nh phn
i vi phn nguyn:
Chia lin tip phn nguyn ca s thp phn cho c s ca h cn chuyn
n, s d sau mi ln chia vit o ngc trt t l kt qu cn tm.
Php chia dng li khi kt qu ln chia cui cng bng 0.
i vi phn phn s:
Nhn lin tip phn phn s ca s thp phn vi c s ca h cn
chuyn n, phn nguyn thu c sau mi ln nhn, vit tun t l kt
qu cn tm.
Php nhn dng li khi phn phn s trit tiu.
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Bi ging in t s
17
i s 22.12510 sang s nh phn

i vi phn nguyn:
Bc Chia c
i vi phn phn s:
LSB
Bc
Nhn
Kt
qu
Phn
nguyn
0.125 x 2
0.25
22/2
11
11/2
0.25 x 2
0.5
5/2
0.5 x 2
2/2
0x2
1/2
MSB
Kt qu biu din nh phn: 10110.001
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Bi ging in t s
18
i s 83.8710 sang s nh phn

i vi phn nguyn:
Bc Chia c
i vi phn phn s:
LSB
Bc
Nhn
Kt
qu
Phn
nguyn
0.87 x 2
1.74
83/2
41
41/2
20
0.74 x 2
1.48
20/2
10
0.48 x 2
0.96
10/2
0.96 x 2
1.92
5/2
0.92 x 2
1.84
2/2
0.84 x 2
1.68
1/2
0.68 x 2
1.36
0.36 x 2
0.72
MSB
Kt qu biu din nh phn: 1010011.11011110

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Bi ging in t s
19
i mt biu din trong h bt k sang h 10

Cng thc chuyn i:
= a n 1 r n 1 + a n 2 r n 2 .... + a 0 r 0 + a 1 r 1 + .... + a m r m
N10
Thc hin ly tng v phi s c kt qu cn tm. Trong biu thc trn, ai v r l

h s v c s h c biu din.
V d: Chuyn 1101110.102 sang h thp phn
N10 = 1 26 + 1 25 + 0 24 + 1 23 + 1 22 + 1 21 + 0 20 + 1 21 + 0 22
= 64 + 32 + 0 + 8 + 4 + 2 + 0 + 0.5 + 0 = 110.5
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Bi ging in t s
20
i cc s t h nh phn sang h c s 8, 16
Quy tc:
V 8 = 23 v 16 = 24 nn ta ch cn dng mt s nh phn 3 bit l ghi 8 k hiu
ca h c s 8 v t nh phn 4 bit cho h c s 16.
Do , mun i mt s nh phn sang h c s 8 v 16 ta chia s nh phn cn
i, k t du phn s sang tri v phi thnh tng nhm 3 bit hoc 4 bit. Sau
thay cc nhm bit phn bng k hiu tng ng ca h cn i ti.
V d: Chuyn 1101110.102 sang h c s 8 v 16

Tnh t du phn s, chia s
cho thnh cc nhm 3 bit
001
101
110
100
0110
1110
Kt qu: 1101110.102 = 156.4
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Tnh t du phn s, chia s

cho thnh cc nhm 4 bit
1000
Kt qu: 1101110.102 = 6E.8
Bi ging in t s
21
Ni dung
Biu din s
S nh phn c du
Du phy ng
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Bi ging in t s
22
3 phng php biu din s nh phn c du

S dng mt bit du.
Trong phng php ny ta dng mt bit ph, ng trc cc bit tr s biu
din du, 0 ch du dng (+), 1 ch du m (-).
V d: s 6: 00000110, s -6: 10000110.
S dng php b 1.
Gi nguyn bit du v ly b 1 cc bit tr s (b 1 bng o ca cc bit cn c
ly b).
V d: s 4: 00000100, s -4: 111111011.
S dng php b 2
L phng php ph bin nht. S dng th hin bng s nh phn khng b
(bit du bng 0), cn s m c biu din qua b 2 (bit du bng 1). B 2 bng
b 1 cng 1.
C th biu din s m theo phng php b 2 xen k: bt u t bit LSB, dch
v bn tri, gi nguyn cc bit cho n gp bit 1 u tin v ly b cc bit cn
li. Bit du gi nguyn.
V d: s 4: 00000100, s -4: 111111100.
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Bi ging in t s
23
Cng v tr cc s theo biu din bit du

Php cng
Hai s cng du: cng hai phn tr s vi nhau, cn du l du chung.
Hai s khc du v s dng ln hn: cng tr s ca s dng vi b 1 ca s
m. Bit trn c cng thm vo kt qu trung gian. Du l du dng.
Hai s khc du v s dng ln hn: cng tr s ca s dng vi b 1 ca s
m. Ly b 1 ca tng trung gian. Du l du m.
Php tr.
Nu lu rng, - (-) = + th trnh t thc hin php tr trong trng hp ny
cng ging php cng.
V d:
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Bi ging in t s
24
Cng v tr cc s theo biu din b 1

Php cng
Hai s dng: cng nh cng nh phn thng thng, k c bit du.
Hai s m: biu din chng dng b 1 v cng nh cng nh phn, k c bit
du. Bit trn cng vo kt qu. Ch , kt qu c vit di dng b 1.
Hai s khc du v s dng ln hn: cng s dng vi b 1 ca s m. Bit
trn c cng vo kt qu.
Hai s khc du v s m ln hn: cng s dng vi b 1 ca s m. Kt qu
khng c bit trn v dng b 1.
Php tr
thc hin php tr, ta ly b 1 ca s tr, sau thc hin cc bc nh
php cng.
V d:
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Bi ging in t s
25
Cng cc s theo biu din b 1: V d

Hai s dng: cng nh cng nh phn thng thng, k c bit du.
0 0 0 0 0 1 0 12
(510)
+ 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 12
(710)
0 0 0 0 1 1 0 02
(1210)
Hai s m: biu din chng dng b 1 v cng nh cng nh phn, k c

bit du. Bit trn cng vo kt qu. Ch , kt qu c vit di dng b 1
1 1 1 1 1 0 1 02
(-510)
+ 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 02
(-710)
1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 02
Bt trn
1 1 1 1 0 0 1 12
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(-12)
Bi ging in t s
26

Hai s khc du v s dng ln hn: cng s dng vi b 1 ca s m.
Bit trn c cng vo kt qu.
0 0 0 0 1 0 1 02
+ 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 02
(+1010)
(-510)
1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 02
Bt trn
0 0 0 0 0 1 0 12
(+510)
Hai s khc du v s m ln hn: cng s dng vi b 1 ca s m. Kt

qu khng c bit trn v dng b 1.
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1 1 1 1 0 1 0 12
(-1010)
+ 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 12
(+510)
1 1 1 1 1 0 1 02
(-510)
Bi ging in t s
27
Cng v tr cc s theo biu din b 2

Php cng
Hai s dng: cng nh cng nh phn thng thng. Kt qu l dng.
Hai s m: ly b 2 c hai s hng v cng, kt qu dng b 2.
Hai s khc du v s dng ln hn: ly s dng cng vi b 2 ca s m.
Kt qu bao gm c bit du, bit trn b i.
Hai s khc du v s m ln hn: s dng c cng vi b 2 ca s m, kt
qu dng b 2 ca s dng tng ng. Bit du l 1.
Php tr
Php tr hai s c du l cc trng hp ring ca php cng. V d, khi ly +9
tr i +6 l tng ng vi +9 cng vi -6.
V d:
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Bi ging in t s
28

Hai s dng: cng nh cng nh phn thng thng. Kt qu l dng.
0 0 0 0 1 0 1 12
(1110)
+ 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 12
(710)
0 0 0 1 0 0 1 02
(1810)
Hai s m: ly b 2 c hai s hng v cng, kt qu dng b 2.

1 1 1 1 0 1 0 12
(-1110)
+ 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 12
(-710)
1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 02
Bt trn b i
1 1 1 0 1 1 1 02
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(-1810)
Bi ging in t s
29

Hai s khc du v s dng ln hn: ly s dng cng vi b 2 ca s
m. Kt qu bao gm c bit du, bit trn b i.
0 0 0 0 1 0 1 12
(+1110)
+ 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 12
(-710)
1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 02
Bt trn b i
0 0 0 0 0 1 0 02
(+410)
Hai s khc du v s m ln hn: s dng c cng vi b 2 ca s

m, kt qu dng b 2 ca s dng tng ng. Bit du l 1.
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1 1 1 1 0 1 0 12
(-1110)
+ 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 12
(+710)
1 1 1 1 1 1 0 02
(-410)
Bi ging in t s
30
Ni dung
Biu din s
S nh phn c du
Du phy ng
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Bi ging in t s
31
Biu din theo du phy ng

V d:
197,62710 = 197627 x 10-3

197,62710 = 0,197627 x 10+3
Gm hai phn: s m E (phn c tnh) v phn nh tr M (trng

phn s). E c th c di t 5 n 20 bit, M t 8 n 200 bit ph
thuc vo tng ng dng v di t my tnh. Thng thng dng 1
s bit biu din E v cc bit cn li cho M vi iu kin:
X = 2E x ( M x )
1/ 2 M 1
E v M c th c biu din dng b 2. Gi tr ca chng c hiu

chnh m bo mi quan h trn y c gi l chun ha.
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Bi ging in t s
32
Cc php tnh vi biu din du phy ng

Ging nh cc php tnh ca hm m. Gi s c hai s theo du phy
ng chun ha:
E
X = 2E x ( M x ) Y = 2 y ( M y )
th:
Ex +E y
Nhn:
Z = X.Y = 2
Chia:
W = X/Y = 2
( M x .M y ) = 2E
E x E y
Mz
( M x / M y ) = 2E
Mw
Tch: Thng: Mun ly tng v hiu, cn a cc s hng v cng s

m, sau s m ca tng v hiu s ly s m chung, cn nh tr ca
tng v hiu s bng tng v hiu cc nh tr.
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Bi ging in t s
33
Cu hi
i s nh phn sau sang dng bt phn: 0101 1111 0100 1110
B) 57515
C) 57516
D) 57517
Thc hin php tnh hai s thp lc phn sau: 132,4416 + 215,0216.
A) 57514
A) 347,46
B) 357,46
C) 347,56
D) 357,67
Thc hin php cng hai s c du sau theo phng php b 1:

0000 11012 + 1000 10112
A) 0000 0101
B) 0000 0100
C) 0000 0011
D) 0000 0010
Thc hin php cng hai s c du sau theo phng php b 2:

0000 11012 1001 10002
A) 1000 1110
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B) 1000 1011
C) 1000 1100
Bi ging in t s
D) 1000 1110
34
Ni dung
Chng 1: H m
Chng 3: Cng logic
Chng 7: B nh bn dn
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Bi ging in t s
35
i s Boole v cc phng
php biu din hm
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Bi ging in t s
36
Ni dung
i s Boole
Cc phng php biu din hm Boole
Cc phng php rt gn hm
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Bi ging in t s
37
i s Boole
Cc nh l c bn:
Stt
Tn gi
Dng tch
Dng tng
ng nht
X.1 = X
X+0=X
Phn t 0, 1
X.0 = 0
X+1=1
X.X = 0
X + X =1
Bt bin
X.X = X
X+X=X
Hp th
X + X.Y = X
X.(X + Y) = X
Ph nh p
nh l
DeMorgan
X
Y
1 Z
X=X
( X.Y.Z...) = X + Y + Z + ... ( X + Y + Z + ...) = X.Y.Z...
Cc nh lut c bn:
Hon v:
X.Y = Y.X, X + Y = Y + X
Kt hp:
X.(Y.Z) = (X.Y).Z, X + (Y + Z) = (X + Y) + Z
Phn phi: X.(Y + Z) = X.Y + X.Z, (X + Y).(X + Z) = X + Y.Z
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Bi ging in t s
38
Cc phng php biu din hm Boole

C 3 phng php biu din:
Bng trng thi
Bng cc n (Karnaugh)
Phng php i s
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Bi ging in t s
39
Phng php Bng trng thi

Lit k gi tr (trng thi) mi bin theo
tng ct v gi tr hm theo mt ct
ring (thng l bn phi bng). Bng
trng thi cn c gi l bng s tht
hay bng chn l.
i vi hm n bin s c 2n t hp c
lp. Cc t hp ny c k hiu bng
ch mi, vi i = 0 2n -1 v c tn gi l
cc hng tch hay cn gi l mintex.
u im: R rng, trc quan. Sau khi xc

nh cc gi tr bin vo th ta c th tm
c gi tr u ra nh bng trng thi.
m0
m1
m2
m3
m4
m5
m6
m7
Nhc im: S phc tp nu s bin

qu nhiu, khng th dng cc cng thc
v nh l tnh ton
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Bi ging in t s
40
Phng php Bng Cc n (Karnaugh)

T chc ca bng Cc n:
Cc t hp bin c vit theo mt dng (thng l

pha trn) v mt ct (thng l bn tri).
Mt hm logic c n bin s c 2n .
Mi th hin mt hng tch hay mt hng tng, cc
hng tch trong hai k cn ch khc nhau mt bin.
Tnh tun hon ca bng Cc n:

Khng nhng cc k cn khc nhau mt bin m
cc u dng v cui dng, u ct v cui ct
cng ch khc nhau mt bin (k c 4 gc vung ca
bng). Bi vy cc ny cng gi l k cn.
Thit lp bng Cc n ca mt hm:

Di dng chun tng cc tch, ta ch vic ghi gi tr
1 vo cc ng vi hng tch c mt trong biu din,
cc cn li s ly gi tr 0 (theo nh l DeMorgan).
Di dng tch cc tng, cch lm cng tng t,
nhng cc ng vi hng tng c trong biu din li
ly gi tr 0 v cc khc ly gi tr 1.
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Bi ging in t s
00
01
11
10
00
01
11
10
0
1
BC
A
0
1
CD
AB
00
01
11
10
41
Phng php i s
C 2 dng biu din l dng tuyn (tng cc tch) v dng hi (tch cc tng).
Dng tuyn: Mi s hng l mt hng tch hay mintex, thng k hiu bng ch "mi".
Dng hi: Mi tha s l hng tng hay maxtex, thng c k hiu bng ch "Mi".
Nu trong tt c mi hng tch hay hng tng c mt cc bin, th dng

tng cc tch hay tch cc tng tng ng c gi l dng chun. Dng
chun l duy nht.
Tng qut, hm logic n bin c th biu din ch bng mt dng tng cc
tch:
n
f ( X n 1,..., X 0 ) =
2 1
a i mi
i =0
hoc bng ch mt dng tch cc tng:

f ( X n 1,..., X 0 ) =
2n 1
( a i + Mi )
i =0
ai ch ly hai gi tr 0 hoc 1. i vi mt hm th mintex v maxtex l b

ca nhau.
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Bi ging in t s
42
Cc phng php rt gn hm
C 3 phng php rt gn hm:
Phng php i s
Phng php bng Karnough
Phng php Quine Mc. Cluskey
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Bi ging in t s
43
Phng php i s
Da vo cc nh l hc a biu thc v dng ti gin.
V d: Hy a hm logic v dng ti gin:
f = AB + AC + BC
p dng nh l A + A = 1 , X + XY = X , ta c:
f = AB + AC + BC ( A + A )
= AB + ABC + AC + ABC
= AB + AC
Vy nu trong tng cc tch, xut hin mt bin v o ca bin

trong hai s hng khc nhau, cc tha s cn li trong hai s hng
to thnh tha s ca mt s hng th ba th s hng th ba l tha
v c th b i.
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Bi ging in t s
44
Phng php i s (tip)

V d: Hy a hm logic v dng ti gin:
f = AB + BCD + AC + BC
p dng nh l A + A = 1 , X + XY = X , ta c:
f = AB + BCD(A + A) + AC + BC
= (AB + ABCD) + (ABCD + AC) + BC
= AB + AC + BC = AB + AB.C
= AB(1 + C) + AB.C
= AB + C
f1 = AD + BD + BCD + ACD + ABC

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Bi ging in t s
45
Phng php Bng Cc n (Karnaugh)

Phng php ny thng c dng rt gn
cc hm c s bin khng vt qu 5.
Cc bc ti thiu ha:
1. Gp cc k cn c gi tr 1 (hoc 0) li thnh
tng nhm 2, 4, ...., 2i . S trong mi nhm cng
ln kt qu thu c cng ti gin. Mt c th c
gp nhiu ln trong cc nhm khc nhau. Nu gp
theo cc c gi tr 0 ta s thu c biu thc b
ca hm.
2. Thay mi nhm bng mt hng tch mi, trong
gi li cc bin ging nhau theo dng v ct.
3. Cng cc hng tch mi li, ta c hm ti gin.
V d: Hy dng bng Cc n gin c hm:
CD
11
10
00
01
AB
11
00
10
f1 = AB
01
f2 = C
f = AB + BCD + AC + BC
Kt qu f = AB + C
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f 3 ( A, B, C , D ) = (0,1,2,3,5,7,8,9,10,13)
Bi ging in t s
46
Phng php Quine Mc. Cluskey
Phng php ny c th ti thiu ha c hm nhiu bin v c th

tin hnh cng vic nh my tnh.
Cc bc ti thiu ha:
1. Lp bng lit k cc hng tch di dng nh phn theo tng nhm vi s bit 1
ging nhau v xp chng theo s bit 1 tng dn.
2. Gp 2 hng tch ca mi cp nhm ch khc nhau 1 bit to cc nhm mi.
Trong mi nhm mi, gi li cc bin ging nhau, bin b i thay bng mt
du ngang (-).
Lp li cho n khi trong cc nhm to thnh khng cn kh nng gp na. Mi
ln rt gn, ta nh du # vo cc hng ghp cp c. Cc hng khng nh
du trong mi ln rt gn s c tp hp li la chn biu thc ti gin.
V d: f ( A, B, C, D ) = (10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15 )
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Bi ging in t s
47
Phng php Quine Mc. Cluskey (tip)
Bc 1: Lp bng
Bng a
Bng b
Hng tch sp xp Nh phn (ABCD)

10
12
11
13
14
15
1010
1100
1011
1101
1110
1111
Rt gn ln 1 (ABCD)
1011-10
11011-0
1-11
11-1
111-
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
(10,11)
(10,14)
(12,13)
(12,14)
(11,15)
(13,15)
(14,15)
Rt gn ln th 2 (ABCD)
11-1-1-
(12,13,14,15)
(10,11,14,15)
Bc 2: Thc hin nhm cc hng tch
Ta nhn thy rng 4 ct c duy nht

mt du "x" ng vi hai hng 11-v 1-1-. Do , biu thc ti gin l:
f ( A, B, C, D ) = AB + AC
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A BCD
11-1-1-
10
11
12
x
Bi ging in t s
13
14
15
x
x
x
x
48
Ni dung
Chng 1: H m
Chng 3: Cng logic
Chng 7: B nh bn dn
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Bi ging in t s
49
Cng logic
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Bi ging in t s
50
Ni dung
Cc cng logic v cc tham s chnh
Cc h cng logic
Giao tip gia cc cng logic c bn
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Bi ging in t s
51
Cng logic v cc tham s chnh

Cng logic c bn
Mt s cng ghp thng dng
Logic dng v logic m
Cc tham s chnh
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Bi ging in t s
52
Cng logic c bn: AND, OR, NOT

Cng AND
Cng OR
Cng NOT
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Bi ging in t s
53
Cng AND
Hm ra ca cng AND 2 v nhiu bin vo nh sau:
f = f (A, B) = AB;
f = f (A, B, C, D,...) = A.B.C.D...
Bng trng thi cng AND 2 li vo
K hiu cng AND

A
A
B
B
A
B
C
Chun ANSI
A
B
C
&
&
0
0
Chun IEEE
Theo gi tr logic
Li vo A
Theo mc logic
Li ra
f
Li vo B
0
t0
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t1
t2
t3
t4
t5
t6
t7
t8
t9
t10
th dng xung vo, ra ca cng AND

Bi ging in t s
54
Cng OR
Hm ra ca cng OR 2 v nhiu bin vo nh sau:
f = f (A, B) = A + B;
f = f (A, B, C, D,...) = A + B + C + D + ...
Bng trng thi cng OR 2 li vo
K hiu cng OR
A
A
B
B
A
B
C
Chun ANSI
0
0
A
B
C
>=1
>=1
Chun IEEE
Theo gi tr logic
t0
t1
t2
t3
t4
t5
t6
t7
t8
t9
Theo mc logic
A
f
t10
th dng xung ca cng OR.

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Bi ging in t s
55
Cng NOT
Hm ra ca cng NOT:
f =A
K hiu cng NOT
f
Chun ANSI
Bng trng thi cng NOT

f
Theo gi tr logic
Theo mc logic
Chun IEEE
Dng xung ra
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Bi ging in t s
56
Mt s cng ghp thng dng

Cng NAND
Cng NOR
Cng khc du (XOR)
Cng ng du (XNOR)
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Bi ging in t s
57
Cng NAND
Ghp ni tip mt cng AND vi mt cng NOT ta c cng NAND.
Hm ra ca cng NAND 2 v nhiu bin vo nh sau:

f = AB
f = ABCD...
K hiu cng NAND

A
B
A
B
C
Chun ANSI
www.ptit.edu.vn
A
B
A
B
C
Bng trng thi cng NAND 2 li vo

0
&
0
0
&
0
Chun IEEE
Theo gi tr logic
Bi ging in t s
Theo mc logic
58
Cng NOR
Ghp ni tip mt cng OR vi mt cng NOT ta c cng NOR.
Hm ra ca cng NOR 2 v nhiu bin vo nh sau:

f =A+B
f = A + B + C + D + ...
Bng trng thi cng NOR 2 li vo
K hiu cng NOR

A
B
A
B
C
Chun ANSI
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A
B
A
B
C
>=1
0
0
0
0
>=1
0
Chun IEEE
Theo gi tr logic
Bi ging in t s
Theo mc logic
59
Cng NAND
Ghp ni tip mt cng AND vi mt cng NOT ta c cng NAND.
Hm ra ca cng NAND 2 v nhiu bin vo nh sau:

f = AB
f = ABCD...
K hiu cng NAND

A
B
A
B
C
Chun ANSI
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A
B
A
B
C
Bng trng thi cng NAND 2 li vo

0
&
0
0
&
0
Chun IEEE
Theo gi tr logic
Bi ging in t s
Theo mc logic
60
Cng NOR
Ghp ni tip mt cng OR vi mt cng NOT ta c cng NOR.
Hm ra ca cng NOR 2 v nhiu bin vo nh sau:

f =A+B
f = A + B + C + D + ...
Bng trng thi cng NOR 2 li vo
K hiu cng NOR

A
B
A
B
C
Chun ANSI
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A
B
A
B
C
>=1
0
0
0
0
>=1
0
Chun IEEE
Theo gi tr logic
Bi ging in t s
Theo mc logic
61
Cng XOR - cng khc du

Cng XOR cn gi l cng khc du, hay cng modul 2.
Hm ra ca cng XOR 2 bin vo nh sau:
f = AB + AB
hay
Bng trng thi cng XOR 2 li vo
K hiu cng XOR

A
B
A
B
C
Chun ANSI
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A
B
A
B
C
f = AB
=1
0
0
0
0
=1
0
Chun IEEE
Theo gi tr logic
Bi ging in t s
Theo mc logic
62
Cng XNOR - cng ng du

Cng XNOR cn gi l cng ng du.
Hm ra ca cng XNOR 2 bin vo nh sau:

f = AB + AB
hay
f = AB= A B
Bng trng thi cng XNOR 2 li vo
K hiu cng XNOR

A
B
A
B
C
Chun ANSI
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A
B
A
B
C
0
0
0
0
=
0
Chun IEEE
Theo gi tr logic
Bi ging in t s
Theo mc logic
63
Logic dng v logic m

Logic dng l logic c in th mc cao H lun ln hn in th mc
thp L (VH > VL).
Logic m l o ca logic dng (VH < VL).
Khi nim logic m thng c dng biu din tr cc bin.
Logic m v mc m ca logic l hon ton khc nhau.
V
H
L
0 0
0
t
0
a) Logic dng vi mc dng.
V
0
H
0
0 0
L
b) Logic dng vi mc m.
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Bi ging in t s
64
Cc tham s chnh
Mc logic
chng nhiu
H s ghp ti K
Cng sut tiu th
Tr truyn lan
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Bi ging in t s
65
Mc logic
5v
VVHmax
VRHmax
VRHmax
VVHmax
NH
4v
VVHmin
3,5v
VVLmax
1,5v
4,9v
VRHmin
0,1v
VRLmax
3v
2v
1v
VVHmin
0,8v
0v
VVLmax
NH
NL
2,4v
0,4v
VRHmin
VRLmax
H TTL
NL
H CMOS
Mc logic l mc in th trn u vo v u ra ca cng tng ng vi logic

"1" v logic "0", n ph thuc in th ngun nui ca cng (VCC i vi h
TTL (Transistor Transistor Logic) v VDD i vi h MOS (Metal Oxide
Semiconductor)).
Lu : mc logic vo vt qu in th ngun nui c th gy h hng cho cng.
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Bi ging in t s
66
chng nhiu
chng nhiu (hay phng v nhiu) l mc nhiu ln nht tc ng ti li
vo hoc li ra ca cng m cha lm thay i trng thi vn c ca n.
VNH
VVL
TTL
VRH
Cng I
VVH
VNL
VVH
TTL
TTL
VRL
Cng I
Cng II
a) Tc ng nhiu khi mc ra cao
VVL
VRH
TTL
Cng II
b) Tc ng nhiu khi mc ra thp
nh hng ca nhiu c th phn ra hai trng hp:

+ Nhiu mc cao: u ra cng I ly logic H (hnh a),
u ra cng II l logic L, nu cc cng vn hot
ng bnh thng. Khi tnh ti tc ng ca nhiu:
VRHmin + VNH VVHmin VNH VVHmin VRHmin
+ Nhiu mc thp: u ra cng I ly logic L

(hnh b), tng t ta c:
VRLmax + VNL VVLmax VNL VVLmax VRLmax
Vi cng TTL:
Vi cng TTL:
VNL 2V 2, 4V = 0, 4V
VNL 0,8V 0, 4V = 0, 4V
Vi cng CMOS:
VNL 3,5V 4,9V = 1, 4V
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Vi cng CMOS:
VNL 1,5V 0,1V = 1, 4V
Bi ging in t s
67
H s ghp ti K
Cho bit kh nng ni c bao nhiu li vo ti u ra ca 1 cng cho.
H s ghp ti ph thuc dng ra (hay dng phun) ca cng chu ti v
dng vo (hay dng ht) ca cc cng ti c hai trng thi H, L.
Cng chu ti
A
B
Cng chu ti
L
A
B
Cc cng ti
Cc cng ti
IRL
IRH
a) Mc ra ca cng chu ti l H
b) Mc ra ca cng chu ti l L
Cng thc tnh h s ghp ti:
Kt =
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I RL max
I RL
IRL=1,6mA gi l n v ghp ti (Dt)
Bi ging in t s
68
Cng sut tiu th

+Vcc
L
H
+Vcc
ICCH
H
H
H
ICCL
L
Hai trng thi tiu th dng ca cng logic

ICCH - L dng tiu th khi u ra ly mc H,
ICCL - L dng tiu th khi u ra ly mc L.
Theo thng k, tn hiu s c t l bit H / bit L khong 50%. Do , dng
tiu th trung bnh ICC c tnh theo cng thc:
ICC = (ICCH + ICCL)/ 2
Cng sut tiu th trung bnh ca mi cng s l:
P0 = ICC . VCC
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Bi ging in t s
69
Tr truyn lan
Tn hiu i qua mt cng phi mt mt khong thi gian, c gi l tr
truyn lan.
Vo
Vo
Ra
Ra
tTHL
tTLH
Tr truyn lan xy ra ti c hai sn ca xung ra. Nu k hiu tr truyn

lan ng vi sn trc l tTHL v sn sau l tTLH th tr truyn lan
trung bnh l:
tTbtb = (t THL + tTLH)/2
Thi gian tr truyn lan hn ch tn s cng tc ca cng. Tr cng ln
th tn s cng tc cc i cng thp.
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Bi ging in t s
70
Cc h cng logic
H DDL
H DTL
H RTL
H TTL
H MOS FET
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Bi ging in t s
71
H DDL
DDL (Diode Diode Logic) l h cng logic do cc diode bn dn to
thnh.
Cng AND, OR 2 li vo h DDL:
Bng trng thi

th hin nguyn l hot ng ca cc cng
AND, OR h DDL
+5V
A
B
D1
AND
R1
f
D2
A
B
a) Cng AND
A
B
D1
D2
R1
A
B
A(V) B(V)
f(V)
A(V) B(V)
f(V)
0,7
0,7
4,3
0,7
4,3
4,7
4,3
b) Cng OR
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OR
Theo mc in p vo/ra
Bi ging in t s
72
H DDL (2)
u im ca h DDL:
Mch in n gin, d to ra cc cng AND, OR nhiu li vo. u im
ny cho php xy dng cc ma trn diode vi nhiu ng dng khc nhau;
Tn s cng tc c th t cao bng cch chn cc diode chuyn mch
nhanh;
Cng sut tiu th nh.
Nhc im ca h DDL:
phng v nhiu thp (VRL ln) ;
H s ghp ti nh.
ci thin phng v nhiu ta c th ghp ni tip mch

ra mt diode. Tuy nhin, khi VRH cng b st i 0,6V.
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Bi ging in t s
73
H DTL
thc hin chc nng o, ta c th u ni tip vi cc cng DDL mt
transistor cng tc ch kho. Mch cng nh th c gi l h
DTL (Diode Transistor Logic).
V d cc cng NOT, NAND thuc h DTL
+5V
2k
4k
A
Q1
5k
+5V
2k
4k
D2 D3
D1
+5V
+5V
D1
D2 D3
D4
5k
A
B
a)
Q1
b)
Bng cch tng t, ta c th thit lp cng NOR hoc cc cng lin hp

phc tp hn.
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Bi ging in t s
74
H DTL (2)
u im ca h DTL:
Trong hai trng hp trn, nh cc diode D2, D3 chng nhiu trn li
vo ca Q1 c ci thin.
Mc logic thp ti li ra f gim xung khong 0,2 V ( bng th bo ho
UCE ca Q1).
Do IRHmax v IRLmax ca bn dn c th ln hn nhiu so vi diode nn h
s ghp ti ca cng cng tng ln.
Nhc im ca h DTL:
V ti ca cc cng l in tr nn h s ghp ti (c bit i vi NH)
cn b hn ch,
Tr truyn lan ca h cng ny cn ln.
Nhng tn ti trn s c khc phc tng phn cc h cng sau.
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Bi ging in t s
75
H RTL
H RTL (Resistor Transistor Logic) l cc cng logic c cu to bi
cc in tr v transistor.
Cng NOT h RTL
Cng NOR 2 li vo h RTL
Bng trng thi
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Bng trng thi
A(V)
f(V)
A(V)
B(V)
f(V)
5,7
5,7
Bi ging in t s
76
H TTL
Thay cc it u vo h DTL thnh transistor a lp tip
gip BE ta c h TTL (Transistor Transistor Logic).
Mt s mch TTL
Mch cng NAND
Mch cng OR
Mch cng collector h
Mch cng TTL 3 trng thi
H TTL c diode Schottky ( TTL + S )
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Bi ging in t s
77
Mch cng NAND TTL

S nguyn l ca mch NAND TTL c th c chia ra thnh 3 phn.
Mch u vo: gm
Transistor Q1, tr R1 v
cc diode D1, D2. Mch
ny thc hin chc nng
NAND.
Mch gia: gm
Transistor Q2, cc tr
R2, R4.
Mch u ra: gm Q3,
Q4, R3 v diode D3.
+Vcc
R1
4k
R2
1,6k
R3
300
Q3
Q1
Q2
D3
A
f
Q4
D1
D2
R4
1k
Khi bt k mt li vo mc thp th Q1 u tr thnh thng bo ho, do Q2 v Q4 ng,

cn Q3 thng nn u ra ca mch s mc cao. Li ra s ch xung mc thp khi tt c cc
li vo u mc logic cao v lm transistor Q1 cm. Diode D3 c s dng nh mch dch
mc in p, n c tc dng lm cho Q3 cm hon ton khi Q2 v Q4 thng. Diode ny nhiu
khi cn c mc vo mch gia collector Q2 v base ca Q3.
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Bi ging in t s
78
Mch cng OR TTL

S nguyn l ca mch NAND TTL c th c chia ra thnh 3 phn.
Mch u vo: gm
Transistor Q1, Q2, Q3,
tr R1, R2 v cc diode
D1, D2. Mch ny thc
hin chc nng OR.
Mch gia: gm
Transistor Q4, Q5, cc
tr R3, R4, v diode D3.
Mch u ra: gm Q6,
Q7, Q8, cc tr R5, R6,
R7 v diode D4.
+Vcc
R2
4k
R1
4k
R3
1,6k
D3
R5
1,6k
R7
130
Q7
Q6
Q4
Q1
Q2
D1
D2
D4
f
Q3
Q8
Q5
R4
1 k
R6
1 k
S mch in ca mt cng OR TTL 2 li vo.
Nguyn l hot ng ca mch vo ny cng ging vi cng

NAND
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Bi ging in t s
79
Mch cng collector h

Nhc im ca h cng TTL c mch ra khp kn l h s ti u ra
khng th thay i, nn nhiu khi gy kh khn trong vic kt ni vi
u vo ca cc mch in t tng sau. Cng logic collector h khc
phc c nhc im ny.
+5V
R1
4k
A
Q1
R2
1,6k
Q2
Q3
D1
R3
1,6k
Hnh trn l s ca mt cng TTL o collector h tiu chun. Mun

a cng vo hot ng, cn u thm tr gnh ngoi, t cc collector
n +Vcc.
Mt nhc im ca cng logic collector h l tn s hot ng ca
mch s gim xung do phi s dng in tr gnh ngoi.
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Bi ging in t s
80
Mch cng TTL 3 trng thi
+5V
R1
4k
R2
4k
D1
R3
1,6k
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R5
Q4
D2
B
E
R5
130
Q4
Q3
Q1
+Vcc
Li ra Z cao
f
Q2
Q5
R4
1k
Q5
Bi ging in t s
81
H MOS FET
Bn dn trng (MOS FET) cng c dng rt ph bin
xy dng mch in cc loi cng logic. c im chung
v ni bt ca h ny l:
Mch in ch bao gm cc MOS FET m khng c in tr
Di in th cng tc rng, c th t +3 n +15 V
tr thi gian ln, nhng cng sut tiu th rt b
Tu theo loi MOS FET c s dng, h ny c chia ra

cc tiu h:
PMOS
NMOS
CMOS
Cng truyn dn
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Bi ging in t s
82
PMOS
Mch in ca h cng ny ch dng MOSFET c knh dn loi P. Cng
ngh PMOS cho php sn xut cc mch tch hp vi mt cao nht.
Hnh di l s cng NOT v cng NOR loi PMOS. y MOSFET
Q2, Q5 ng chc nng cc in tr.
VDD
VDD
S
A
G
Q1
f=A
D
S
G
Q3
D
S
Q4
G
Q2
f= A+B
D
S
D
G
VSS
Q5
D
VSS
a) Cng NOT
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b) Cng NOR
Bi ging in t s
83
NMOS
Mch in ca h cng ny ch dng MOSFET c knh dn loi N.
Hnh di l s cng NAND v cng NOR loi NMOS. y
MOSFET Q1 ng vai tr in tr.
VDD
VDD
Q1
1
Q1
f
f
Q2
Q2
Q3
B
Q3
B
VSS
VSS
b) Cng NOR
a) Cng NAND
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Bi ging in t s
84
CMOS
CMOS Complementary MOS. Mch in ca h cng logic ny s
dng c hai loi MOS FET knh dn P v knh dn N. Bi vy c hin
tng b dng in trong mch. Chnh v th m cng sut tiu th ca
h cng, c bit trong trng thi tnh l rt b.
VDD
VDD
S
G
Q1
G
D
D
Q1
Q2
D
Q2
f
Q3
S
Q4
a) Cng NOT
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b) Cng NAND
Bi ging in t s
85
Cng truyn dn
Da trn cng ngh CMOS, ngi ta sn xut loi cng c th cho qua c
tn hiu s ln tn hiu tng t. Bi vy cng c gi l cng truyn dn
G
Q1
S
Vo/Ra
Vo/Ra
Ra/Vo
Ra/Vo
+5V
S
Q2
iu khin
G
a) Mch in
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Bi ging in t s
b) K hiu
86
H ECL
ECL (Emitter Coupled Logic) l h cng logic c cc E ca mt s bn
dn ni chung vi nhau. H mch ny cng s dng cng ngh TTL,
nhng cu trc mch c nhng im khc hn vi h TTL.
+Vcc
D
Li
vo
R5
R8
R6
Q8
Li ra
OR
Q7
A
Q4
Q1
R1
Q2
R2
Q3
Q5
R4
RE
D1
D2
R7
- 1,75 V
R9
-Vcc = - 5V
a) Mch in nguyn l
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- 0,9 V
Li ra NOR
Q6
-1,29 V
R3
Ra
- 1,4 V - 1,2 V Vo
b) th mc vo/ra
Bi ging in t s
87
Giao tip gia cc cng logic c bn

Giao tip gia TTL v CMOS
Giao tip gia CMOS v TTL
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Bi ging in t s
88
Cu hi
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Bi ging in t s
89
Ni dung
Chng 1: H m
Chng 3: Cng logic TTL v CMOS
Chng 7: B nh bn dn
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Bi ging in t s
90
Mch logic t hp
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Bi ging in t s
91
Ni dung
Khi nim chung
Phn tch mch logic t hp
Thit k mch logic t hp
Mch m ha v gii m
B hp knh v phn knh
Mch s hc
Mch to v kim tra chn l
n v s hc v logic (ALU)
Hazzards
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Bi ging in t s
92
Khi nim chung

c im c bn ca mch t hp
Trong mch s, mch t hp l mch m tr s n nh ca tn hiu u ra
thi im ang xt ch ph thuc vo t hp cc gi tr tn hiu u vo.
c im cu trc mch t hp l c cu trc nn t cc cng logic.
Vy cc mch in cng chng 2 v cc mch logic chng 3 u l
cc mch t hp.
Phng php biu din chc nng logic

Cc phng php thng dng biu din chc nng logic ca mch t
hp l hm s logic, bng trng thi, bng Cac n (Karnaugh), cng c
khi biu th bng th thi gian dng xung.
i vi vi mch c nh (SSI) thng biu din bng hm logic. i vi
vi mch c va (MSI) thng biu din bng bng trng thi.
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Bi ging in t s
93
Khi nim chung (2)

Phng php biu din chc nng logic (tip)
S khi tng qut ca mch logic t hp c trnh by hnh v.
Mch logic t hp c th c n li vo v
m li ra. Mi li ra l mt hm ca cc
bin vo. Quan h vo, ra ny c th
hin bng h phng trnh tng qut sau:
Y0 = f0(x0, x1, , xn-1);
Y1 = f1(x0, x1, , xn-1);
Ym-1 = fm-1(x0, x1, , xn-1).
x0
x1
Mch logic
t hp
Y0
Y1
xn-1
Ym-1
c im ni bt ca mch logic t hp l hm ra ch ph thuc cc bin

vo m khng ph thuc vo trng thi ca mch. Cng chnh v th,
trng thi ra ch tn ti trong thi gian c tc ng vo.
Th loi ca mch logic t hp rt phong ph. Phm vi ng dng ca
chng cng rt rng.
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Bi ging in t s
94
Phn tch mch logic t hp

nh ngha: l nh gi, ph phn mt mch. Trn c s ,
c th rt gn, chuyn i dng thc hin ca mch in
c c li gii ti u theo mt ngha no y.
Mch t hp c th bao gm hai hay nhiu tng, mc
phc tp ca ca mch cng rt khc nhau. Thc hin:
Nu mch n gin th ta tin hnh lp bng trng thi, vit biu thc, rt
gn, ti u (nu cn) v cui cng v li mch in.
Nu mch phc tp th ta tin hnh phn on mch vit biu thc, sau
rt gn, ti u (nu cn) v cui cng v li mch in.
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Bi ging in t s
95
V d
A
F=AB
Hnh 4-4. S logic th hin hm f
Bng 4-3. Bng trng thi m t hot ng ca h chiu sng
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Bi ging in t s

l bi ton ngc vi bi ton phn tch. Ni dung thit k
c th hin theo tun t sau:
1. Phn tch bi ton cho gn hm v bin, xc lp mi
quan h logic gia hm v cc bin ;
2. Lp bng trng thi tng ng;
3. T bng trng thi c th vit trc tip biu thc u ra
hoc thit lp bng Cac n tng ng;
4. Dng phng php thch hp rt gn, a hm v dng
ti gin hoc ti u theo mong mun;
5. V mch in th hin.
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Bi ging in t s
97
Cc bc thit k mch t hp
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Bi ging in t s

V d: Mt ngi nh hai tng. Ngi ta lp hai chuyn mch hai chiu ti
hai tng, sao cho tng no cng c th bt hoc tt n. Hy thit k
mt mch logic m phng h thng ?
1
1
A
Li gii:
B
0
H thng chiu sng nh s

Biu thc ca hm l:
f =A B+ A B = AB
hay f = AB A AB B
VAC
Mch in ca h thng chiu sng
Bng trng thi
S logic th hin hm f
A
B
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Bi ging in t s
0
99
Mch m ha
M ho l dng vn t, k hiu hay m biu th mt i tng xc
nh.
B m ho l mch in thao tc m ho, c nhiu b m ho khc nhau,
b m ho nh phn, b m ho nh - thp phn, b m ho u tin v.v.
M nh phn n bit c 2n trng thi, c th biu th 2n tn hiu. Vy
tin hnh m ho N tn hiu, cn s dng n bit sao cho 2n N.
Mt s loi m thng dng
M BCD v m d 3
M Gray
M chn, l
Mch m ho
Mch m ho t thp phn sang BCD 8421
Mch m ho u tin
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Bi ging in t s
100
Mch gii m
Gii m l mt qu trnh phin dch hm c gn bng
mt t m.
Mch in thc hin gii m gi l b gii m.
B gii m bin i t m thnh tn hiu u ra.
Mch gii m
Mch gii m 7 on
Mch gii m nh phn
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Bi ging in t s
M BCD v m d 3
M BCD (Binary Coded Decimal)
Cu to: dng t nh phn 4 bit m ha 10 k hiu thp
phn, nhng cch biu din vn theo thp phn.
V d i vi m NBCD, cc ch s thp phn c nh
phn ho theo trng s nh nhau 23, 22, 21, 20 nn c 6 t
hp d, ng vi cc s thp phn 10,11,12,13,14 v 15.
ng dng: Do trng s nh phn ca mi v tr biu din
thp phn l t nhin nn my c th thc hin trc tip cc
php tnh cng, tr, nhn, chia theo m NBCD.
Nhc im chnh ca m l tn ti t hp ton Zero, gy
kh khn trong vic ng b khi truyn dn tn hiu.
M D-3
Cu to: c hnh thnh t m NBCD bng cch cng
thm 3 vo mi t hp m. Nh vy, m khng bao gm t
hp ton Zero.
Thp BCD M
phn 8421 D 3
0
0000
0011
0001
0100
0010
0101
0011
0110
0100
0111
0101
1000
0110
1001
0111
1010
1000
1011
1001
1100
ng dng truyn dn tn hiu m khng dng cho vic

tnh ton trc tip.
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Bi ging in t s
102
M Gray
M Gray cn c gi l m cch 1,
l loi m m cc t hp m k nhau
ch khc nhau duy nht 1 bit. Loi
m ny khng c tnh trng s. Do
, gi tr thp phn c m ha
ch c gii m thng qua bng m
m khng th tnh theo tng trng s
nh i vi m BCD.
M Gray c th c t chc theo
nhiu bit. Bi vy, c th m theo
m Gray.
Cng tng t nh m BCD, ngoi
m Gray chnh cn c m Gray d-3.
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Thp phn
Gray
Gray D 3
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
0000
0001
0011
0010
0110
0111
0101
0100
1100
1101
1111
1110
1010
1011
1001
1000
0010
0110
0111
0101
0100
1100
1101
1111
1110
1010
1011
1001
1000
0000
0001
0011
Bi ging in t s
103
M chn, l
M chn v m l l hai loi m
c kh nng pht hin li hay
dng nht. thit lp loi m
ny ta ch cn thm mt bit
chn/ l (bit parity) vo t hp
m cho, nu tng s bit 1
trong t m (bit tin tc + bit
chn/l) l chn th ta c m
chn v ngc li ta c m l.
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BCD 8421 BCD 8421chn BCD 8421 l

PC
PL
0000
0000 0
0000 1
0001
0001 1
0001 0
0010
0010 1
0010 0
0011
0011 0
0011 1
0100
0100 1
0100 0
0101
0101 0
0101 1
0110
0110 0
0110 1
0111
0111 1
0111 0
1000
1000 1
1000 0
1001
1001 0
1001 1
Bi ging in t s
104

S khi tng qut ca mch m ho
Gm 9 li vo (bin) ng Vi cc ch s thp phn t 1 n 9. Li vo zero l
khng cn thit, v khi tt c cc li vo khc bng 0 th li ra cng bng 0.
Bn li ra A, B, C, D (hm) th hin t hp m tng ng vi mi ch s thp
phn trn li vo theo trng s 8421.
Bng trng thi
S khi ca mch m ha
Vo
Thp
phn
1
2
3
4 Mch
5 m ho
6
7
8
9
A
8
B
4
C
2
Ra
BCD
8421
D
1
T bng trng thi ta vit c cc hm ra:

A = 8 +9
B=4+5+6+7
C=2+3+6+7
D=1+3+5+7+9
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= (8,9)
= ( 4,5,6,7)
= (2,3,6,7)
= (1,3,5,7,9)
Bi ging in t s
Vo thp
phn
1
Ra BCD
8 4 2 1
0 0 0 1
0 0 1 0
0 0 1 1
0 1 0 0
0 1 0 1
0 1 1 0
0 1 1 1
1 0 0 0
1 0 0 1
105
Bng m ho BCD 8421

S thp phn
0 (Y0)
1 (Y1)
2 (Y2)
3 (Y3)
4 (Y4)
5 (Y5)
6 (Y6)
7 (Y7)
8 (Y8)
9 (Y9)
Bng 4-4. Bng m ho BCD 8421:
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Bi ging in t s

Cn c h phng trnh, ta xy dng
c mch in ca b m ho. Hoc
dng ma trn diode (cng OR) xy
dng
Hoc c th c vit li nh sau (dng
nh l DeMorgan) v dng ma trn
diode (cng AND) xy dng mch:
+5V
R4
R3
R2
R1
1
2
3
A = 8+9 = 8 . 9
B = 4+5+ 6+ 7 = 4 . 5 . 6 . 7
C = 2 +3+ 6 + 7 = 2 . 3 . 6 . 7
D = 1+ 3 + 5 + 7 + 9 = 1 . 3 . 5 . 7 . 9
7
8
9
A
B
C
D
Mch in ca b m ho dng diode
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Bi ging in t s
107
Mch m ha u tin
Trong b m ho va xt trn, tn hiu vo tn ti c lp, (khng c
trng hp c 2 t hp tr ln ng thi tc ng).
gii quyt trng hp c nhiu u vo tc ng ng thi ta c B
m ho u tin. Trong cc trng hp ny th b m ho u tin ch tin
hnh m ho tn hiu vo no c cp u tin cao nht thi im xt.
Vic xc nh cp u tin cho mi tn hiu vo l do ngi thit k mch.
Xt nguyn tc hot ng v qu trnh thit k ca b m ho u tin 9
li vo, 4 li ra.
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Bi ging in t s
108
Mch m ha u tin (tip)

D s ly logic 1 ng vi u vo l 1,
3, 5, 7, 9. Tuy nhin, li vo 1 ch hiu
lc khi tt c cc li vo cao hn u
bng 0; li vo 3 ch c hiu lc khi 4,
6, 8 u bng 0 v tng t i vi 5,
7, 9, ngha l:
1=1 v 2,4,6,8 bng 0
3=1 v 4,6,8 bng 0
D=1 nu 5=1 v 6,8 bng 0
Vo thp phn
Ra BCD
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 8 4 2 1
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
X 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0
X X 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
X X X 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0
7=1 v 8 bng 0
X X X X 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1
9=1
X X X X X 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0
D = 1.2.4.6.8 + 3.4.6.8 + 5.6.8 + 7.8 + 9

L lun tng t ta c:
X X X X X X 1 0 0 0 1 1 1
C = 2.4.5.8.9 + 3.4.5.8.9 + 6.8.9 + 7.8.9
X X X X X X X 1 0 1 0 0 0
B = 4.8.9 + 5.8.9 + 6.8.9 + 7.8.9

A = 8+9
X X X X X X X X 1 1 0 0 1
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Bi ging in t s
109
Mch gii m 7 on
Dng c 7 on
hin th ch s ca mt h m phn bt k, ta c
th dng dng c 7 on. Cu to ca n nh ch
hnh 4-15.
Cc on c hnh thnh bng nhiu loi vt liu
khc nhau, nhng phi c kh nng hin th c trong
cc iu kin nh sng khc nhau v tc chuyn
mch phi ln. Trong k thut s, cc on thng
c dng l LED hoc tinh th lng (LCD).
i vi LED, mi on l mt Diode pht quang v
khi c dng in i qua ln (5 n 30 mA) th on
tng ng s sng.
Ngoi 7 on sng chnh, mi LED cng c thm
Diode hin th du phn s khi cn thit. LED c
hai loi chnh: LED Ant chung v Ktt chung. Do
, logic ca tn hiu iu khin hai loi ny l ngc
nhau.
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Bi ging in t s
a
b
f
e
d
Cu to dng c 7 on
sng
110
Mch gii m 7 on
Mch gii m 7 on
Nhim v ca ta l phi thit k mt mch logic lin hp vi
4 li vo v 7 li ra chuyn m NBCD thnh m 7 on.
S khi tng qut ca b gii m nh hnh b).
T hnh a) d nhn thy rng, on a s sng khi hin th
ch s : 0 hoc 2, hoc 3, hoc 5, hoc 7, hoc 8, hoc 9. Do
, ta c th vit:
a = (0,2,3,5,6,7,8,9).
f
e
d
a) Cu to dng c 7 on
sng
Tng t, ta c:
b = (0,1,2,3,4,7,8,9),
c = (0,1,3,4,5,6,7,8,9),
d = (0,2,3,5,6,8,9),
e = (0,2,6,8),
f = (0,4,5,6,8,9),
g = (2,3,4,5,6,8,9).
IC 7447, 74247 (Ant chung), 7448 (K chung ), 4511

(CMOS) l cc IC gii m t NBCD sang thp phn theo
phng php hin th 7 on.
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Bi ging in t s
D
C
B
A
Mch
1 gii m
2 7 on
4
8
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
b) S khi ca mch
gii m 7 on sng
111
Mch gii m nh phn

B gii m nh phn cn c tn l b gii
m "1 t n", b gii m a ch hoc b
chn a ch nh phn. Chc nng ca n
l la chn duy nht mt li ra (ly gi
tr 1 hoc 0), khi tc ng ti u vo
mt s nh phn.
Nh vy, nu s nh phn l n bit (n li
vo) s nhn din c 2n a ch khc
nhau (trn 2n li ra). Ni khc i, mch
chn a ch nh phn l mt mch logic
t hp c n li vo v 2n li ra, nu tc
ng ti u vo mt s nh phn th ch
duy nht mt li ra c la chn, ly
gi tr 1 (tch cc cao) hoc 0 (tch cc
thp), cc li ra cn li u khng c
la chn, ly gi tr 0 hoc 1.
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A0
A1
D0
B gii m
nh phn
D1
An-1
D2n- 1
S khi ca b gii m nh phn
Bi ging in t s
112
B hp knh v phn knh

B hp knh (MUX-Multiplexer)
nh ngha: B hp knh l mch c 2n li vo d liu, n li vo iu
khin, 1 li vo chn mch v 1 li ra.
Tu theo gi tr ca n li vo iu khin m li ra s bng mt trong
nhng gi tr li vo (Xj). Nu gi tr thp phn ca n li vo iu khin
bng j th Y = Xj.
B phn knh (DEMUX-DeMultiplexer)

nh ngha: B phn knh l mch c 1 li vo d liu, n li vo iu
khin, 1 li vo chn mch v 2n li ra.
Tu theo gi tr ca n li vo iu khin m li ra th i (Yi) s bng gi tr
ca li vo. C th nu gi n li vo iu khin l An-1An-2A0 th Yi = X
khi (An-1An-2A0)2 = (i)10.
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Bi ging in t s
113
B hp knh (MUX-Multiplexer)
Phng trnh tn hiu ra ca MUX 2n 1:
Y = X 0 (A n 1 A n 2 ...A i ...A 0 ) + X1 (A n 1 A n 2 ...A i ...A 0 ) + ... + X 2n 1 (A n 1A n 2 ...A i ...A1A 0 )
En
X0
X1
MUX
2n 1
Xj
X2
Y- Li ra
X0
X1
A0
A1
A2
-1
Vo iu
khin
Vo d
liu
Xj
74151
X2n-1
(b). MUX l mt chuyn mch in t
An-1 An-2 A0
E1
n li vo iu khin
(a) S khi
Vo cho
php
E2
B hp knh MUX 2n 1
Thc cht, MUX l chuyn mch in t dng cc tn hiu iu khin (An-1An-2A0)

iu khin s ni mch ca li ra vi 1 trong s 2n li vo.
MUX c dng nh 1 phn t vn nng xy dng nhng mch t hp khc.
IC 74151 l b MUX 8 li vo d liu - 1 li ra.
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Bi ging in t s
114
B phn knh (DEMUX-DeMultiplexer)

Phng trnh tn hiu ra ca DEMUX 1 2n :
Y0 = X.A n 1 A n 2 ...A i ...A 0

Y1 = X.A n 1 A n 2 ...A i ...A1A 0
En
Chn mch
MUX
2n 1
Li vo X
Y0
Y1
Yj
Y0
Y1
..............
Y2n 1 = X.A n 1.A n 2 ...A i ...A 0
Yj
Li vo
Y2n-1
Y2n-1
(b). DEMUX l mt chuyn mch in t

An-1 An-2 A0
n li vo iu khin
(a) S khi
Hnh 4-19. B phn knh DEMUX 1 2n
B phn knh cn c gi l b gii m 1 trong 2n.

Ti mt thi im ch c 1 trong s 2n li ra mc
tch cc.
A0
A1
A2
74138
Vo iu
khin
Vo d
liu
Vo cho
php
IC 74138 l b DEMUX 1 li vo d liu - 8 li ra.
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Bi ging in t s
115
Mch cng: Mch ton tng

nh ngha: Mch logic thc hin php cng hai s nh phn 1 bit c li nh u vo
c gi l mch ton tng.
Theo s khi tng qut ca mch ton tng v nguyn l cng hai s nh phn mt
bit c trng s bt k, ta c th lp bng trng thi v cc hm ra Si, Ci.
Si = ai bi Ci 1
Ci-1
ai
Ci = ai bi Ci 1 + ai bi Ci 1 + ai bi Ci 1
Ci = ai bi + ( ai bi ) Ci 1
Si
bi
Ci
Bng trng thi

Ci-1
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
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ai
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
bi
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
Si
0
1
1
0
1
0
0
1
Ci
0
0
0
1
0
1
1
1
Bi ging in t s
Gi Pi
a) Mch in
Si
Pi
Ci-1
TT
Ci
Gi
ai
bi
b) K hiu
116
Mch cng: Mch cng nh phn song song

Ta c th ghp nhiu b cng hai s nh mt bit li vi nhau thc hin
php cng hai s nh phn nhiu bit.
S khi ca b cng c trnh by di, c gi l b cng song song
CRi
Si
S2
S1
S0
B ton
tng
B ton
tng
B ton
tng
B ton
tng
bi
CVi
CR2
CV2 CR1
CV1 CR0
ai
b2 a2
b1 a1
Hnh 4-22 S khi ca b cng nh phn song song
CV0
b0
a0
gim bt mc phc tp ca mch, trong thc t ngi ta thng sn

xut b tng 4 bit. Mun cng nhiu bit, c th hp ni tip mt vi b tng
mt bit theo phng php nu trn.
Mt trong nhng b cng thng dng hin nay l 7483. IC ny c sn xut
theo hai loi: 7483 v 7483A vi logic vo, ra khc nhau.
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Bi ging in t s
117
Mch so snh
Trong cc h thng s, c bit l trong my tnh, thng
thc hin vic so snh hai s.
Hai s cn so snh c th l cc s nh phn, c th l cc k
t m ho nh phn.
Mch so snh c th hot ng theo kiu ni tip hoc theo
kiu song song. Trong phn ny ta s nghin cu b so snh
theo kiu song song.
B so snh bng nhau
B so snh bng nhau 1 bit
B so snh
B so snh 1 bit
B so snh 4 bit (So snh ln hn)
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Bi ging in t s
118
B so snh bng nhau

Xt 2 bit ai v bi, gi gi l kt qu so snh.
Ta c:
g i = ai .bi + ai .bi = ai bi
Bng trng thi ca b
so snh bng 1 bit

ai
bi
gi
S logic ca hm ra
b so snh bng 1 bit
ai
bi
gi

So snh hai s nh phn 4 bit A = a3a2a1a0 vi B = b3b2b1b0.
C A = B a3 = b3, a2 = b2, a1 = b1, a0 = b0.

Biu thc u ra tng ng l: G = g3g2g1g0 vi:
g3 = a3 b3 , g 2 = a2 b2 , g1 = a1 b1 , g 0 = a0 b0
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Bi ging in t s
119
B so snh 1 bit
Mch in ca b so snh 1 bit
Bng trng thi ca mch so snh

ai
0
0
1
1
bi
0
1
0
1
f<
0
1
0
0
f=
1
0
0
1
Biu thc u ra:
f>
0
0
1
0
ai
bi
f<
f=
f>
f < = a i . bi
f = = a i bi
f > = a i . bi
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Bi ging in t s
120
B so snh 4 bit (So snh ln hn)

So snh hai s nh phn 4 bit A = a3a2a1a0 vi B = b3b2b1b0. C A > B khi:
hoc a3 > b3,
hoc a3 = b3, v a2 > b2,
hoc a3 = b3, v a2 = b2, v a1 > b1,
hoc a3 = b3, v a2 = b2, v a1 = b1, v a0 > b0.
T ta c biu thc hm ra l:
f > = a3 .b3 + a3 b3 .a2 .b2 +

a3 b3 .a2 b2 .a1.b1 +
a3 b3 .a2 b2 .a1 b1.a0 .b0
a3
b3
a2
b2
f>
a1
b1
a0
b0
Mch in ca b so snh ln hn 4 bit
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Bi ging in t s
121
Mch to v kim tra chn l

C nhiu phng php m ho d liu pht hin li v
sa li khi truyn d liu t ni ny sang ni khc. Phng
php n gin nht l thm mt bit vo d liu c truyn
i sao cho s ch s 1 trong d liu lun l chn hoc l. Bit
thm vo c gi l bit chn/l.
thc hin c vic truyn d liu theo kiu a thm bit
chn, l vo d liu chng ta phi:
Xy dng s to c bit chn, l thm vo n bit d liu.
Xy dng s kim tra h xem l h chn hay l vi (n + 1) bit u
vo (n bit d liu, 1 bit chn/l).
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Bi ging in t s
122
Mch to bit chn/l

n bit
d liu
To bit
chn/l
Xo
Xe
S khi tng qut ca

mch to bit chn/l
Xt trng hp 3 bit d liu d1, d2, d3

Gi Xe, X0 l 2 bit chn, l thm vo d liu.
T bng trng thi ta thy
X o = Xe hay Xe = Xo
V biu thc ca X0 v Xe l
Xe = d1 d 2 d 3
Xo = X e = d1 d 2 d3
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Bi ging in t s
Bng trng thi ca

mch to bit chn l
Vo
Ra
d1
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
d2
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
d3
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
Xe
0
1
1
0
1
0
0
1
123
Xo
1
0
0
1
0
1
1
0
Mch kim tra chn/l

n bit d liu
Kim tra
h chn/l
Fo
Fe
Bit chn l
(Xo, Xe)
S khi ca mch kim tra chn/l
T bng trng thi ca mch kim tra tnh

chn/l ta thy:
Fe = 1 nu h l chn (Fe ch ra tnh chn ca h).
Fo = 1 nu h l l (Fo ch ra tnh l ca h).
Hai hm kim tra chn/l lun l ph nh

ca nhau. Mt khc do tnh cht ca hm
cng XOR, ta c:
Fo = d1 d2 d3 X
Fe = Fo
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Bi ging in t s
Vo
Ra
d1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
d2
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
d3
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
X
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
Fo
0
1
1
0
1
0
0
1
Fe
1
0
0
1
0
1
1
0
124
74LS180
8
9 10 11 12 13 1
I0 I1 I2
4
I3
I4 I5
I6
I7
OI
54/74180
EI
VCC = 14
GND = 7
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Bi ging in t s
n v s hc v logic (ALU)
4
Thanh ghi A
Thanh ghi B
4
Cin
M (Mode)
F0 Chn chc nng
F1 (Php tnh)
ALU
4
Ghi trng thi
S khi ca ALU 4 bit
n v s hc v logic (Arithmetic Logic Unit) l mt thnh phn c

bn khng th thiu c trong cc my tnh. N bao gm 2 khi chnh
l khi logic v khi s hc v mt khi ghp knh.
Khi logic: Thc hin cc php tnh logic nh l AND, OR, NOT, XOR.
Khi s hc: Thc hin cc php tnh s hc nh l: cng, tr, tng 1, gim 1.
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Bi ging in t s
126
Hazzards/Glitch
Hazard cn c gi l s "sai nhm", hot ng lc c
lc khng ca mch logic.
S "sai nhm" ny c th xy ra trong mt mch in hon
ton khng b hng linh kin lm cho mch hot ng khng
c s tin cy.
Hin tng ca Hazard trong mch t hp c th gp l:
- Hazard ch xut hin mt ln v khng bao gi gp li na.
- Hazard c th xut hin nhiu ln (theo mt chu k no hoc khng
theo mt chu k no).
- Hazard c th do chnh chc nng ca mch in gy ra. y l trng
hp kh gii quyt nht khi thit k.
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Bi ging in t s
Hazzards
Bn cht ca hazzards
Do s chy ua gia cc tn hiu
VD: demo trn Logicworks
Phn loi hazzard

Hazzard tnh : u ra ch xung 0 hoc 1 mt ln
Hazzard ng : u ra c th thay i nhiu hn 1 ln
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Bi ging in t s
128
Ni dung
Chng 1: H m
Chng 7: B nh bn dn
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Bi ging in t s
129
Mch logic tun t
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Bi ging in t s
130
Ni dung
Khi nim chung
Phn t nh trong mch tun t
Phng php m t mch tun t
Phn tch v thit k mch tun t
Mch tun t ng b
Mch tun t khng ng b
Hin tng chu k v chy ua trong mch khng ng b
Mt s mch tun t thng dng
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Bi ging in t s
131
Khi nim chung v m hnh ton hc

Khi nim chung
Mch logic tun t hay cn gi l mch dy - Sequential Circuit.
Hot ng ca h ny c tnh cht k tip nhau, tc l trng thi hot ng ca
mch in khng nhng ph thuc trc tip li vo m cn ph thuc vo trng
thi bn trong trc ca chnh n. Ni cch khc cc h thng ny lm vic
theo nguyn tc c nh.
x
z
1
x2
M hnh ton hc
Z = f(Q, X)
z2
Mch t hp
xi
Q1
X - tp tn hiu vo.
Q - tp trng thi trong trc ca mch.
Ql
zj
W1
Mch nh
W - hm kch.
S khi ca mch tun t.
Z - cc hm ra
Biu din khc: Z = f (Q(n), X); Q (n +1) = f (Q(n), X)

Q(n +1): l trng thi tip theo ca mch.
Q(n): l trng thi bn trong trc .
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Bi ging in t s
132
Wk
Trig Phn t nh ca mch tun t

nh ngha: Trig l phn t c kh nng lu tr (nh) mt trong hai trng thi 0 v 1.
PR
Cu trc
Trig c t 1 n mt vi li iu khin, c hai li ra
lun lun ngc nhau l Q v Q. Tu tng loi trig
c th c thm cc li vo lp (PRESET) v li vo
xo (CLEAR). Ngoi ra, trig cn c li vo ng b
(CLOCK). Hnh bn l s khi tng qut ca trig.
Cc
li vo
iu
khin
Phn loi:
Theo chc nng lm vic ca ca cc li vo iu khin:
Q
TRIG
Q
Clock
CLR
Trig 1 li vo nh trig D, T;
Trig 2 li vo nh trig RS, trig JK.
Theo phng thc hot ng thi ta c hai loi:

Trig khng ng b
Trig ng b, c hai loi: trig thng v trig chnh-ph (Master-Slave).
TRIG
TRIG D
TRIG T
TRIG RS
TRIG JK
KHNG NG B
LOI THNG
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Bi ging in t s
NG B
CHNH - PH
133
Trig RS (1)
Trig RS l loi c hai li vo iu khin S, R. Chn S gi l li vo "lp" (SET)
v R c gi l li vo "xo" (RESET).
R
S khi:
R
S
S
Q
C
Q
Bng TT ca trig RS
S
0
0
1
1
R
0
1
0
1
Qk
Q
0
1
X
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Mod hot ng
Nh
Xa
Lp
Cm
S nguyn l ca trig RS v
RS ng b
Bng TT ca trig RS ng b cng NAND

C
0
1
1
1
1
S
X
0
0
1
1
R
X
0
1
0
1
Bi ging in t s
Qk
Q
Q
0
1
X
Mod hot ng
Nh
Nh
Xa
Lp
Cm
134
Trig RS (2)
Tri g RS khng ng b
Bng trng thi
Q
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
R
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
Biu thc
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S
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
Bng Cc n
Qk
0
1
0
X
1
1
0
X
RS
00
01
11
10
hnh trng thi
RS = 0 (dieu kien de tranh to hop cam)

Q K = S+ R .Q
Bi ging in t s
135
Trig RS (3)
Tri g RS khng ng b
R
Bng trng thi

Q
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
R
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
S
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
Qk
0
1
0
X
1
1
0
X
th dng xung
S
R
Q
t1
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t2
t3
t4
Bi ging in t s
136
Trig RS (4)
Tri g RS ng b
Bng trng thi
Bng TT ca trig RS ng b
cng NAND
C
0
1
1
1
1
th dng xung
CS=1
(lp)
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CR=1
(xa)
S
X
0
0
1
1
R
X
0
1
0
1
Qk
Q
Q
0
1
X
Mod h.ng
Nh
Nh
Xa
Lp
Cm
CRS=1
(khng xc nh)
Bi ging in t s
137
Trig D
Trig D l loi trig c mt li vo iu khin D.
Biu thc: Qk = D, mi khi xut hin xung nhp C.
S khi:
Bng trng thi

Q
0
0
1
1
D
0
1
0
1
hnh trng thi
Qk
0
1
0
1
ng dng: thng dng lm b ghi dch d liu hay b cht d liu.

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Bi ging in t s
138
Trig T
Trig T l loi trig c mt li vo iu khin T. Mi khi c xung ti li
vo T th li ra Q s thay i trng thi.
Biu thc:
Q K = TQ+ TQ = T Q
S khi:
Bng trng thi

T
0
0
1
1
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Q
0
1
0
1
Qk
0
1
1
0
Bng trng thi

rt gn
T
0
1
hnh trng thi
Qk
Q
Q_
Bi ging in t s
139
Trig JK (1)
Trig JK l loi trig c hai li vo iu khin J, K.
u im hn trig RS l khng cn tn ti t hp cm bng cc ng hi tip t
Q v chn R v t Q v S.
Trig JK cn c thm u vo ng b C. Trig c th lp hay xo trong khong
thi gian ng vi sn m hoc sn dng ca xung ng b C. Ta ni, trig JK
thuc loi ng b.
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Bi ging in t s
140
Trig JK (2)
Bng TT y
J
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
J
K
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
Q
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
U5
Qk
0
1
0
0
1
1
1
0
Bng TT
rt gn
J
0
0
1
1
K
0
1
0
1
Qk
Q
0
1
Q
U1
U3
Q
NAND_2
NAND_2
U4
U2
Q_
K
NAND_2
NAND_2
Bng TT ca trig
JK ng b
U7
Q
NAND_3
C
0
NAND_2
U6
U8
Q_
K
NAND_2
J
X
0
0
1
1
K
X
0
1
0
1
Qk
Q
Q
0
1
Q
NAND_3
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Bi ging in t s
141
Bng hm kch thch ca cc loi Trig

Q
Qk
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Bi ging in t s
142
Trig Chnh-Ph (Master-Slave)

Do cc loi trig ng b trn u hot ng ti sn dng hay sn m ca
xung nhp nn khi lm vic tn s cao th li ra Q khng p ng kp vi s
thay i ca xung nhp, dn n mch hot ng tnh trng khng c tin
cy.
Li ra ca trig MS thay i ti sn dng v sn m ca xung nhp, nn cu
trc ca n gm 2 trig ging nhau nhng cc tnh iu khin ca xung Clock
th ngc nhau m bo sao cho ti mi sn ca xung s c mt trig hot
ng.
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Bi ging in t s
Li vo khng ng b ca Trig
Cc li vo d liu thng thng ca trig nh D, S, R, J hoc K l nhng li
vo ng b
Cc trig cn c thm 2 u vo khng ng b, cc li ny tc ng trc
tip ln cc li ra m khng ph thuc vo xung Clock
Cc li vo ny thng c k hiu l: PRE (lp) v CLR (R -xa) hoc
PRE v CLR (R)
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Bi ging in t s
Mt s IC Trig thng dng

Trig JK: IC 54/7473- IC ny gm hai trig JK c li vo xa v khng c li vo
lp hot ngti sn m ca xung Clock
Trig D: IC 54/7474- IC ny gm hai trig D c li vo xa v li vo lp, hot
ng ti sn dng ca xung Clock
Trig JK: IC 54/7476- IC ny gm hai trig JK c li vo xa v li vo lp, hot
ng ti sn m ca xung Clock.
Q1
Q2
Q2
Q1
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Bi ging in t s
Q1
Q2
Phng php m t mch tun t

Phng trnh logic (hay phng php i s)
Dng cc phng trnh logic m t trng thi v u ra.
Bng trng thi

Bng chuyn i trng thi
Bng tn hiu ra
hnh trng thi

M hnh Mealy thc hin nh x
M hnh Moore
th dng xung
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Bi ging in t s
146
Bng trng thi (1)

Bng chuyn i trng thi
Bao gm cc hng v cc ct
Cc hng ghi cc trng thi trong
cc ct ghi cc gi tr ca tn hiu vo.
Cc ghi gi tr cc trng thi trong k tip m mch s chuyn n ng
vi cc gi tr hng v ct
Trng
thi
trong
Tn hiu vo
V
S
V1
V2
S1
Vn
S2
.
.
Sn
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Bi ging in t s
Trng thi k
tip Qk
Bng trng thi (2)

Bng tn hiu ra
Cc hng ca bng ghi cc trng thi trong
Cc ct ghi cc tn hiu vo.
Cc ghi gi tr ca tn hiu ra tng ng.
Trng
thi
trong
Tn hiu vo
V
S
V1
V2
S1
Vn
S2
:
:
Sn
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Bi ging in t s
Tn hiu ra
hnh trng thi

hnh trng thi l hnh v
phn nh quy lut chuyn i
trng thi v tnh trng cc gi
tr li vo v li ra tng ng
ca mch tun t.
hnh trng thi l mt hnh
c hng gm hai tp:
M - Tp cc nh v K - Tp cc
cung c hng.
Qk
M hnh Mealy
M hnh Moore
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Bi ging in t s
Phn tch mch tun t - L thuyt

Vit c.trnh logic
Vit chng trnh logic:

Vit chng trnh logic cho li vo ng b, ch ra iu kin
chuyn trng thi ca cc phn t nh.
Xc nh hm ra:
Xc nh hm ra
Tm hm kch thch:
Cn c loi TG tm kch thch, phng trnh chuyn i trng
thi (chnh l phng trnh c trng ca TG cho).
Tm hm kch thch
Phng trnh chuyn i trng thi:

Xc nh s t hp trng thi v thay cc t hp ny vo cc
phng trnh kch thch, phng trnh chuyn i trng thi
tnh bng chuyn i trng thi.
V hnh trng thi di dng nh phn hoc dng rt

gn
Pt chuyn i TT
hnh trng thi
V th dng xung gm:

Xung ng h,
Xung ca mi bin trng thi,
Xung ra.
th dng xung
Cc bc phn tch mch tun t
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Bi ging in t s
150
Phn tch mch tun t - V d

Bc 1: S c hai u vo l
tn hiu X v xung nhp Clock.
C mt tn hiu Z ra, mch s
dng hai phn t nh l hai trig
JK (Q0 v Q1).
Bc 2: Xc nh u vo, u ra
v s trng thi trong ca mch.
Mch ny c th c biu din
bng mt hp en c hai u
vo v mt u ra. Do mch
c cu to bng hai trig nn
s trng thi c th c ca mch
l 4. C th l:Q1Q0 = 00, 01, 10
v 11.
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Bi ging in t s
151

Bc 3: Xc nh phng trnh hm ra v hm kch cho
trig.
T s trn ta tm c:
Phng trnh hm ra:
Z = C Q1 Q0
Phng trnh hm kch
J0 = Q1; K0 = 1
J1 = Q0 ; K1 =
X Q0 = X + Q0
Bc 4. Bng chuyn i trng thi

k
Phng trnh c trng ca trig JK l Q = J Q + K Q
Phng trnh chuyn i trng thi:

Q0k = J 0 Q0 + K 0 Q0 = Q1 Q0
Q1k = J1 Q1 + K1 Q1 = Q0 Q1 + X + Q0 Q1 = Q0 Q1 + X Q0 Q1
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Bi ging in t s

Trng thi hin
ti
Trng thi k
tip
Tn hiu ra
Q0Q1
X=0
Q0Q1
X=1
Q0Q1
X=0
Z
X=1
Z
00
01
01
01
10
11
11
00
00
10
00
00
S
1
S
2
S
3
. Bng chuyn i trng thi
Bc 5: hnh trng thi.
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Bi ging in t s

Bc 6: Chc nng ca mch:
Trn hnh trng thi ta thy c hai ng chuyn i trng thi l S0 S1-
S2 S--0 v S0 S1- S3 S--0.
Theo ng S0 S1- S2 S--0 th tn hiu ra Z = 1 s c a ra cng thi
im c xung nhp th 3.
Theo ng S0 S1- S3 S--0 th khng c tn hiu ra (Z = 0). Do vy ta s
phn tch theo con ng th nht S0 S1- S2 S--0 : S chuyn i trng
thi u tin t S0 S1 ch nh tc ng ca xung nhp m khng ph thuc vo
trng thi ca X.
Chuyn i trng thi th hai t S1S2 nh tc ng ca xung nhp v s tc
ng ca tn hiu vo X = 1.
Cn s chuyn i trng thi th ba t S2 S0 ch nh tc ng ca xung nhp
m khng ph thuc vo tn hiu vo.
011
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011
Bi ging in t s
Thit k mch tun t - L thuyt

Bi ton ban u
Bi ton ban u:
Nhim v thit k c m t bng ngn ng hoc bng lu
thut ton.
Hnh thc ho:

T cc d kin bi cho m ta m t hot ng ca mch bng
cch hnh thc ho d kin ban u dng bng trng thi, bng
ra hay hnh trng thi. Sau rt gn cc trng thi ca mch
c c s trng thi trong t nht.
Hnh thc ho
M ho trng thi
M ho trng thi:
M ho tn hiu vo ra, trng thi trong nhn c m nh phn
(hoc c th l cc loi m khc) c tp tn hiu vo l X, tp tn
hiu ra l Y, tp cc trng thi trong l Q.
H hm ca mch
H hm ca mch:
Xc nh h phng trnh logic ca mch v ti thiu ho cc
phng trnh ny. Nu mch tun t khi thit k cn dng cc
trig v mch t hp th tu theo yu cu m ta vit h phng
trnh cho cc li vo kch cho tng loi trig .
Xy dng s :
T h phng trnh ca mch vit c ta xy dng mch in
thc hin.
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Bi ging in t s
S
Cc bc thit k mch tun t
155
Thit k mch tun t - V d

Bi ton :Thit k mch iu khin n ng
Hnh thc ha v m ha
K hiu trng thi cc n ( sng: 1, tt 0)
Tnh ton s trng thi
V s trng thi
M ha trng thi
Xy dng bng s tht
Xy dng hm
T bng s tht, rt gn v xy dng hm
Xy dng s mch
Xy dng s mch t cc phng trnh i s logic.
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Bi ging in t s
156
Mch tun t ng b
Bc 1: Xc nh bi ton, gn hm v bin, tm hiu
mi quan h gia chng.
Bc 2: Xy dng hnh trng thi, bng chuyn i
trng thi v hm ra.
Bc 3: Rt gn trng thi (ti thiu ho trng thi).
Bc 4: M ho trng thi.
Nu s lng trng thi trong l N, s bin nh phn
cn dng l n th n phi tho mn iu kin: n
log2N.
Bc 5: Xc nh h phng trnh ca mch. C hai
cch xc nh:
+ Lp bng chuyn i trng thi v tn hiu ra, t
xc nh cc phng trnh kch cho cc trig.
+ Da trc tip vo hnh trng thi, vit h phng
trnh Ton, Toff ca cc trig v phng trnh hm ra.
Bc 6: V s thc hin.
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Bi ging in t s
157
Mch tun t khng ng b
Bc 1: Xc nh bi ton, gn hm v bin, tm hiu mi quan h gia chng.

Bc 2: Xy dng hnh trng thi, bng chuyn i trng thi v hm ra.
Bc 3: Rt gn trng thi (ti thiu ho trng thi).
Bc 4: M ho trng thi.
Nu s lng trng thi trong l N, s bin nh phn cn dng l n th n phi tho
mn iu kin: n log2N.
Do mch khng ng b hot ng khng c s tc ng ca xung nhp cho nn
trong mch thng c cc hin tng chy ua lm cho hot ng ca mch b
sai, v vy khi m ho trng thi phi trnh hin tng ny.
Bc 5: Xc nh h phng trnh ca mch. C hai cch xc nh:
+ Lp bng chuyn i trng thi v tn hiu ra, t xc nh cc phng trnh
kch cho cc trig.
+ Da trc tip vo hnh trng thi, vit h phng trnh Ton, Toff ca cc
trig v phng trnh hm ra.
C hai cch ny u c dng phng trnh:
Phng trnh ca mch ch dng NAND.
Phng trnh ca mch dng trig RS khng ng b v cc mch NAND.
Phng trnh ca mch dng cc loi trig khc.
Bc 6: V s thc hin.
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Bi ging in t s
158
Cc cch thit k mch tun t

Cch 1: Da vo bng chuyn i trng thi.
K hiu : A, B, N l cc bin nh phn dng m ho cc trng thi trong ca
mch.
X1, X2Xm l cc tn hiu vo c m ho nh phn.
Z1, Z2Zm l cc tn hiu ra c m ho nh phn.
Da vo bng chuyn i trng thi xc nh h phng trnh:
Ak = fA (A, B, N , X1, X2Xm )
Bk = fB (A, B, N , X1, X2Xm )
Nk = fN (A, B, N , X1, X2Xm )

Z1 = g1 (A, B, N , X1, X2Xm )
Z2 = g2 (A, B, N , X1, X2Xm )
Zn = gn (A, B, N , X1, X2Xm )
Ti thiu ho h hm v vit phng trnh dng ch dng NAND.

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Bi ging in t s
Cc cch thit k mch tun t

Cch 2: Da trc tip vo hnh trng thi
Cho hnh trng thi ca mch c tp tn hiu vo V, tp tn hiu ra R,
tp trng thi trong S (cha m ho nh phn).
Cc bc thit k
M ho tn hiu vo V, tn hiu ra R, trng thi trong S chuyn thnh
mch dng nh phn c cc tp tn hiu vo X, tn hiu ra Y, trng thi
trong Q.
Xc nh h phng trnh tn hiu ra: Yi = fi (X, Q). Phng trnh ny
c xc nh trn cc cung vi m hnh kiu Mealy, trn cc nh vi
m hnh kiu Moore. Ti thiu cc hm ny.
Xc nh h phng trnh hm kch cho cc trig v ti thiu ho n.
Sau y gii thiu thut ton xc nh phng trnh li vo kch cho cc
trig t hnh trng thi.
i vi trig Qi bt k s thay i trng thi t Qi n Qki ch c th c
4 kh nng.
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Bi ging in t s
cc cung biu din s thay i t n c

k hiu nh sau:
0 0 l (0)
1 1 (l 1)
0 1 l (2)
1 0 l (3).
Thut ton xc nh phng trnh li vo kch
Qin +1 = Di
cho trig Qi loi D.
Di = Qin+1
= tuyn tt c cc cung i ti nh c Qi = 1.
= cc cung loi (2), k c khuyn ti nh
tc l cung loi 1
= (1) v (2)
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Bi ging in t s
V d
Thit k b m ng b c M = 5
Q1'
Q3' Q'2Q1'
Q'2Q1'
Bng 5-16. Bng m ha trng thi
'
1
Hnh 5-38. hnh trng thi
\
Bng 5-17. Bng chuyn i trng thi
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Bng 5-18. Bng Cc n tm hm ra
Bi ging in t s
V d dng trig D
Nhn vo hnh trng thi ta thy: Q3 = 1 ti nh (4), Q2
= 1 ti nh (2), (3), Q2 = 1 ti nh (1), (3).
D3 = Cc cung i n nh (4) = (3) = Q3 Q2 Q1
D2 = Cc cung i n nh (2), (3) = (1) + (2) =
Q3 Q2 Q1 + Q3 Q2 Q1
D1 = Cc cung i n nh (1), (3) = (0) + (2) =
Q3 Q2 Q1 + Q3 Q2 Q1
T ta lp bng Cc n ti thiu ha hm Di
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Bi ging in t s
V d trig D
Q 2Q1
Q3
00
0
1
01
11
Q 2 Q1
Q3
00
10
D 3 = Q2Q1
Q 2Q 1
Q3
00
0
1
01
11
01
11
D 2 = Q 2 .Q1 + Q 2 .Q1 = Q1 Q 2
10
B?ng 5-20. B?ng Cc n tm hm kch
D1 = Q1 .Q 3
D3 = Q2Q3
D2 = Q2 Q3 + Q2 Q3 = Q2 Q3
D1 = Q1 Q3
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10
Bi ging in t s
nh ngha hin tng chu k:

Hin tng chu k l hin tng ti mt t hp tn hiu vo no , mch
lin tc chuyn t trng thi ny sang trng thi khc theo mt chu k
kn.
Ngha l trong qu trnh khng c trng thi no n nh.
Do vy, khi thay i tn hiu vo khng xc nh c mch ang
trng thi no trong dy trng thi ni trn.
X+ X
X+ X
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Bi ging in t s
165
Hin tng chy ua trong mch khng B

nh ngha:
Hin tng chy ua trong mch khng ng b l hin tng: do tnh
khng ng nht ca cc phn t nh phn dng m ho trng thi, v
mch hot ng khng ng b, khi mch chuyn trng thi t Si Sj
mch c th chuyn bin trng thi theo nhng con ng khc nhau.
Nu trng thi cui cng ca nhng con ng l n nh v duy nht
th chy ua khng nguy him.
Ngc li, chy ua nguy him l nhng cch chuyn bin trng thi
khc nhau cui cng dn n cc trng thi n nh khc nhau, c th
ti trng thi kho v khng thot ra c.
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Bi ging in t s
Mt s mch tun t thng dng

B m
B ghi dch

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Bi ging in t s
167
B m
nh ngha : B m l mt mch tun t tun hon c mt li vo m
v mt li ra, mch c s trng thi trong bng chnh h s m (k hiu
l Md).
Di tc dng ca tn hiu vo m, mch s chuyn t trng thi trong
ny n mt trng thi trong khc theo mt th t nht nh.
C sau Md tn hiu vo m mch li tr v trng thi xut pht ban
u.
B m c dng rt nhiu trong cc dng c o lng ch th s, cc
my tnh in t.
Bt k h thng s hin i no u s dng cc b m.
X d/0
X d/0
X d/0
X d/0
X d/0
X d/0
X d/1
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Bi ging in t s
X d/0
X d/0
X d/0
Phn loi b m
Theo s chuyn i trng thi:
B m ng b (Synchronous): Cc trig u chu tc dng iu khin
ca mt xung ng h duy nht
B m khng ng b (Asynchronous): c trig chu tc dng iu
khin trc tip ca xung m u vo, nhng cng c trig chu tc dng
iu khin ca xung u ra ca trig khc .
Theo h s m
B m nh phn
B m thp phn
B m N phn
Theo xung m
B m thun (Up counter) hay cn gi l b m tin
B m nghch (Down counter) hay cn gi l b m li
B m thun nghch
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Bi ging in t s
Mt s IC m
Tn IC
M t
c tnh
7492
Gm 4 trig JK mc thnh hai b m

khng ng b mod 2 v mod 6 c lp.
7493
Gm 4 trig JK mc thnh hai b m

khng ng b mod 2 v mod 8 c lp.
74190
B m thun nghch (UP/DOWN) thp

phn
Preset ng b v khng Clear
74191
B m thun nghch (UP/DOWN) nh

phn 4 bit
Preset ng b v khng Clear
74192
B m thun nghch (UP/DOWN) thp

phn
Preset ng b v Clear
74193
B m thun nghch (UP/DOWN) nh

phn 4 bit
Preset ng b v Clear
74390
Gm hai khi ging ht nhau, mi khi

gm 4 trig JK mc thnh hai b m
khng ng b mod 2 v mod 5 c lp
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Bi ging in t s
IC 74192, 74193
Trong cc b m ny, khi thc hin m thun th xung Clock c ni
vi CLK-UP, cn chn CLK-DOWN c ni vi logic 1; khi m
nghch th ngc li.
Cc chn CARRY (nh) v BORROW (mn) c logic 1 v n s chuyn
mc thp khi trn mc hoc di mc.
Chn LOAD = 0 c th np d liu vo b m.
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Bi ging in t s
IC 7490, 74390
N bao gm 4 trig cung cp b m gm hai Mod m: Mod 2 v Mod
5.
Cc b m Mod 2 v Mod 5 c th c s dng mt cch c lp.
Trig A thc hin m Mod 2, Trig B, C, D thc hin m Mod 5.
IC 74390 l bn kp (dual) ca 7490
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Bi ging in t s
IC 7492, 7493, IC 74293, 74393

N bao gm 4 trig cung cp b m gm hai Mod m: Mod 2 v Mod
6 hoc mod 8.
Trig A thc hin m Mod 2, Trig B, C, D thc hin m Mod 5.
Hot ng ca nhng b m ny ging nh IC 7490, ch khc l khng
c cc li vo lp v Mod 6 khng m theo trnh t nh phn.
Cc IC ny thng khng dng lm cc b m m dng lm b chia
tn
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Bi ging in t s
Thit k b m bt k dng b m vn nng

Mt s b m c cc chn xa (CLR), li np d liu, chn RC (ripple
carry) ra c th lp trnh c
VD IC 74192, 74193
tm mt b m chia ht cho m th u vo np P c cho bi cng
thc: P=(16-m) (nu dng b m hex) hoc =10-m nu dng b m
thp phn
Khi b m m ti gi tr m th dng gi tr ny ni vo chn CLR.
Nhim v ca chn Clear l gp bit 1 th xa v 0. Nu s bit 1 nhiu hn
s chn Clear th ta phi dng thm cng NAND (hoc cng AND) ty
mc tch cc ca chn Clear
Nu b m khng bt u t 0 (VD m t n n m) th phi np gi tr
n khi bt u m li)
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Bi ging in t s
B ghi dch
C kh nng ghi (nh) s liu v dch thng tin (sang phi
hoc sang tri).
c cu to t mt dy phn t nh c mc lin tip vi
nhau v mt s cc cng logic c bn h tr.
Mun ghi v truyn mt t nh phn n bit cn n phn t nh
(n trigger)
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Bi ging in t s
175
Phn loi:
Phn theo cch a tn hiu vo v ly tn hiu ra:
Vo ni tip, ra song song SIPO (Serial Input, Parallel Output)
Vo song song, ra song song PIPO (Parallel Input, Parallel Output)
Vo ni tip, ra ni tip SISO (Serial Input, Serial Output)
Vo song song, ra ni tip PISO (Parallel Input, Serial Output):
Phn theo hng dch:
Dch phi, dch tri, dch hai hng, dch vng
Phn theo u vo:
u vo n:
u vo i:
Phn theo u ra:
u ra n:
u ra i:
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Bi ging in t s
ng dng ca b ghi dch

nh d liu
chuyn d liu t song song thnh ni tip v ngc li.
thit k b m
to dy tn hiu nh phn tun hon
Mt s IC ghi dch (gio trnh DTS mc 5.9.4)
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Bi ging in t s
B ghi dch song song

Cc s liu cn ghi a vo D1, D2, D3, D4
Khi c mt xung iu khin ghi a ti li vo CLK, d liu
c np vo b nh song song v cho li ra song song Q1
Q2 Q3 Q4 = D1 D2 D3 D4.
Mun cho d liu ti cc li ra, li vo iu khin ra phi
bng 1.
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Bi ging in t s
B ghi dch ni tip

c th dch phi, dch tri v cho ra song song hoc ra ni
tip
mun ghi ni tip 4 bit cn 4 xung CLK v cho ra li ra
song song.
Cn ly s liu ra ni tip cn thm 3 xung nhp na
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Bi ging in t s
B m vng
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Bi ging in t s
B m vng xon (m Johnson)

l b dm c s bit 1 trong t m tng dn, sau li gim
dn.
Tng t c b m vng xon t khi ng.
D1 = Qn
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Bi ging in t s
Thanh cht d liu (Latch)

l mch logic s c dng lu tr trng thi s (1 hoc 0) trong b
lu tr d liu.
thng c s dng trong cc mch giao tip Bus d liu, cc b phn
knh, hp knh, v trong cc mch iu khin
Dn
LE
H
L
X
OE
L
L
H
On
H
L
Z
Bng 5-64b. Bng chc nng ca IC 74374
Dn
LE
H
L
X
X
H
H
L
X
OE
L
L
L
H
On
H
L
Q0
Z
Bng 5-64a. Bng chc nng ca IC 74373
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Bi ging in t s
Ni dung
Chng 1: H m
Chng 7: B nh bn dn
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Bi ging in t s
183
Mch pht xung v to dng

xung
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Bi ging in t s
184
Ni dung
Mch pht xung
Mch dao ng a hi c bn cng NAND TTL
Mch dao ng a hi vng RC
Mch dao ng a hi thch anh
Mch dao ng a hi CMOS
Trig Schmit
Mch a hi i
Mch a hi i CMOS
Mch a hi i TTL
IC nh thi
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Bi ging in t s
185
Mch pht xung

Mch dao ng a hi c bn cng NAND TTL
Mch dao ng a hi vng RC
Mch dao ng a hi CMOS
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Bi ging in t s
186
Mch dao ng a hi c bn cng NAND TTL (1)

Cng NAND khi lm vic trong vng chuyn tip c th k.i mnh tn hiu u vo. 2
cng NAND c ghp in dung thnh mch vng th c b dao ng a hi. VK l u
vo iu khin, khi mc cao mch pht xung, v khi mc thp mch ngng pht.
Nu cc cng I v II thit lp im cng tc tnh trong
vng chuyn tip v VK = 1, th mch s pht xung khi
c ni ngun.
Nguyn tc lm vic ca mch:
Gi s do tc ng ca nhiu lm cho Vi1 tng mt cht, lp

tc xut hin qu trnh phn hi dng (hnh 6.2a). Cng I
nhanh chng tr thnh thng bo ho, cng II nhanh chng
ngt, mch bc vo trng thi tm n nh. Lc ny, C1 np
in v C2 phng in.
C1 np n khi Vi2 tng n ngng thng VT, trong mch
xut hin qu trnh phn hi dng (hnh 6.2b). Cng I
nhanh chng ngt cn cng II thng bo ho, mch in
bc vo trang thi tm n nh mi. Lc ny C2 np in
cn C1 phng cho n khi Vi1 bng ngng thng VT lm
xut hin qu trnh phn hi dng a mch v trng thi
n nh ban u.
Mch khng ngng dao ng.
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Bi ging in t s
Hnh 6.1
Hnh 6.2a
Hnh 6.2b
187
Mch dao ng a hi c bn cng NAND TTL (2)

Gi s do tc ng ca nhiu lm cho Vi1 tng mt cht,
lp tc xut hin qu trnh phn hi dng (hnh 6.2a).
Cng I nhanh chng tr thnh thng bo ho, cng II
nhanh chng ngt, mch bc vo trng thi tm n
nh. Lc ny, C1 np in v C2 phng in.
Hnh 6.2a
C1 np n khi Vi2 tng n ngng thng VT, trong

mch xut hin qu trnh phn hi dng (hnh 6.2b).
Cng I nhanh chng ngt cn cng II thng bo ho,
mch in bc vo trang thi tm n nh mi. Lc
ny C2 np in cn C1 phng cho n khi Vi1 bng
ngng thng VT lm xut hin qu trnh phn hi
dng a mch v trng thi n nh ban u.
Hnh 6.2b
Hnh 6.3
Mch khng ngng dao ng.

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Bi ging in t s
188

c cc tn hiu ng h c tn s chnh xc v c n nh cao, cc
mch a hi trnh by trn y khng p ng c. Tinh th thch anh
thng c s dng trong cc trng hp ny. Thch anh c tnh n
nh tn s tt, h s phm cht rt cao dn n tnh chn lc tn s rt
cao.
Hnh di l mt mch dao ng a hi in hnh s dng tinh th thch
anh. Tn s ca mch dao ng ch ph thuc vo tinh th thch anh m
khng ph thuc vo gi tr cc t in v in tr trong mch
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Bi ging in t s
189
Trig Schmit
Xem gio trnh
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Bi ging in t s
190
Mch a hi i
Xem gio trnh
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Bi ging in t s
191
IC nh thi (1)
8
Chn
1
2
3
4
Chc nng
t - GND
Chn kch thch
u ra
Xo - Reset
Chn
5
6
7
8
Chc nng
in p iu khin
Chn ngng
u phng in
Ngun Vcc
+
-
R
R
+
-
Bng 6-1. Bng m t chc nng ca cc chn trong IC
R
Q1
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Bi ging in t s
R1
Mch in IC 555.
192
To mch n n
Khi chn 2 nhn kch thch (ni t), ta thy S~ s lp Q
ln 1 v xung s xut hin li ra 3. Lc ny, Q~ = 0 nn
Q1 kha. T C np in. Khi in th trn t (chn 6) vt
qu 2/3Vcc th R~ = 0, do Q~ = 1. Xung li ra kt thc,
Q1 thng v t C phng rt nhanh qua Q1. Trng thi ny
gi nguyn cho ti xung kch thch sau (nn chn R1 ln
khng nng transistor Q1)
R
+
-
R
2
+
-
7
R
Q1
rng xung ra c tnh theo cng thc: T = 1,1RC

T C1 thng chn bng 0,1uF v c chc nng l t lc
hn ch nhiu do ngun nui gy ra.
R1
+Vcc
R
Vo
2/3Vcc
555
2 1
+
-
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8
6
Kch
thch
3
Ra
in th trn t
C
Xung ra
C1
Bi ging in t s
193
To mch dao ng a hi
Chn 2, 6 v t C c ni vi nhau, nn in th
trn t s iu khin ng thi c hai b so p. Nu
in th ny vt qu mc ngng 2/3Vcc, th xung
trn u ra ca TG s b xo. Ngc li, khi t
phng xung di mc 1/3 Vcc th xung ra li c
lp. Qu trnh ny s tip din v cho mt chui xung
li ra.
R
+
-
R
2
+
-
7
R
Q1
Chu k ca dao ng s l:
R1
T = TN + TP
TN l thi gian np v c tnh theo cng thc:
TN = 0,7C (R1+ R2)

TP thi gian phng v bng:
TP = 0,7.C.R2
Nh vy: T = 0,7C (R1+ 2R2)
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+Vcc
R1
7
R2
2/3VCC
1/3VCC
555
2 1
VCC
Ra
0
Xung ra
5
C1
Bi ging in t s
194
in
th trn
t C
To mch dao ng xung vung
Cc biu thc trn ch ra rng dy xung

ra ch vung u khi TN v TP bng
nhau, ngha l R1 = 0. iu ny khng
thc t, v lc cc C ca Q1 ni trc
tip vi Vcc. Khi Q1 dn in xem nh
ngun Vcc b ngn mch. C th cn
bng TN v TP bng cc diode ph nh
ch hnh bn.
R
+
-
R
2
+
-
7
R
Q1
R1
+Vcc
Tn s dao ng ca chui xung ra l:
1, 4
f =
C ( R1 + 2 R2 )
R1
D1
R2
6
Vi R1 = R2 = R th (c Diod):
8
555
D2
2 1
+
-
0, 7
f =
CR
5
C1
Hnh 6.
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Bi ging in t s
195
Ra
Cu hi
Thit k mch to xung dng 555 cho cc tn s 1Hz, 10Hz,
100Hz, 1KHz
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Bi ging in t s
196
Ni dung
Chng 1: H m
Chng 7: B nh bn dn
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Bi ging in t s
197
B nh bn dn
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Bi ging in t s
198
Ni dung
Khi nim chung
DRAM
SRAM
B nh c nh ROM
B nh bn c nh
M rng dung lng b nh
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Bi ging in t s
199
Khi nim chung

Khi nim:
B nh l mt thit b c kh nng lu tr thng tin (nh
phn). Mun s dng b nh, trc tin ta phi ghi d liu
v cc thng tin cn thit vo n, sau lc cn thit phi ly
d liu ghi trc s dng. Th tc ghi vo v c ra
phi c kim sot cht ch, trnh nhm ln nh nh v
chnh xc tng v tr nh v ni dung ca n theo mt m
a ch duy nht.
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Bi ging in t s
200
Khi nim chung

Nhng c trng chnh ca b nh
Dung lng ca b nh.
Dung lng b nh l s bit thng tin ti a c th lu gi trong n. Dung
lng cng c th biu th bng s t nh n bit. T nh n bit l s bit (n)
thng tin m ta c th c hoc ghi ng thi vo b nh. V d: Mt b nh
c dung lng l 256 bit; nu n c cu trc c th truy cp cng mt lcc
8 bit thng tin, th ta cng c th biu th dung lng b nh l 32 t nh x 8
bit = 32 byte.
Cch truy cp thng tin: C 2 cch l trc tip v gin tip
Truy cp trc tip, hay cn gi l truy cp ngu nhin (random access).
cch ny, khng gian b nh c chia thnh nhiu nh. Mi nh cha
c 1 t nh n bit v c mt a ch xc nh, m ho bng s nh phn k bit.
Nh vy, ngi s dng c th truy cp trc tip thng tin nh c a ch
no trong b nh. Mi b nh c k bit a ch s c 2k nh v c th ghi
c 2k t nh n bit.
Truy cp tun t (serial access) hay cn gi l kiu truy cp tun t. Cc a
t, bng t, trng t, thanh ghi dchc kiu truy cp ny. Cc bit thng tin
c a vo v ly ra mt cch tun t.
Tc truy cp thng tin.
y l thng s rt quan trng ca b nh. N c c trng bi thi gian
cn thit truy cp thng tin.
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Bi ging in t s
Khi nim chung Phn loi b nh

B NH BN DN
B nh c nh ROM
MROM
B nh bn c nh
PROM
EPROM
EEPROM
B nh c/vit
SRAM
DRAM
Da trn thi gian vit v cch vit, c th chia thnh: b nh c nh, b nh

bn c nh v b nh c/vit c.
B nh c nh ROM (Read Only Memory): c ni dung c vit sn mt ln.
MROM: l loi ROM sau khi c vit (bng mt n-mask) t nh my th khng vit
li c na.
PROM l mt dng khc, cc bit c th c vit bng thit b ghi ca ngi s dng
trong mt ln (Programmable ROM).
B nh c th c/ vit nhiu ln RAM (Random Access Memory) gm hai loi:

RAM tnh-SRAM (Static RAM) thng c xy dng trn cc mch in t trig.
RAM ng-DRAM (Dynamic RAM) c xy dng trn c s nh cc in tch t
in; b nh ny phi c hi phc ni dung u n, nu khng ni dung s mt i theo
s r in tch trn t.
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Bi ging in t s
202
Khi nim chung Phn loi b nh

B NH BN DN
B nh c nh ROM
MROM
B nh bn c nh
PROM
EPROM
EEPROM
B nh c/vit
SRAM
DRAM
Gia ROM v RAM c mt lp cc b nh c gi l EPROM (Erasable

PROM), d liu trong c th xo c bng tia cc tm v ghi li c,
EEPROM (Electric EPROM) c th xo c bng dng in. Cc loi ny
cn c gi l b nh bn c nh.
Cc b nh DRAM thng tho mn nhng yu cu khi cn b nh c dung
lng ln; trong khi khi cn c tc truy xut ln th phi dng cc b
nh SRAM c gi thnh t hn. Nhng c hai loi ny u c nhc im l
thuc loi bay hi (volatile), thng tin s b mt i khi ngun nui b ngt.
Do vy cc chng trnh dng cho vic khi ng PC nh BIOS thng phi
np trn cc b nh ROM.
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Bi ging in t s
203
Khi nim chung T chc ca b nh

B nh thng c t chc gm nhiu vi mch nh c ghp li c
di t v tng s t cn thit. Nhng chip nh c thit k sao cho
c y mt s chc nng ca b nh nh:
Mt ma trn nh gm cc nh, mi nh ng vi mt bit nh.
Mch logic gii m a ch nh.
Mch logic cho php c ni dung nh.
Mch logic cho php vit ni dung nh.
Cc b m vo, b m ra v b m rng a ch.
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Bi ging in t s
204
Cu trc c bn ca b nh ROM
ROM bao gm 4 khi c bn:
+ B nh cha cc nh v trong cc nh l cc t nh.
+ Mch iu khin tip nhn cc tn hiu vo t knh iu khin.
+ B gii m a ch dng nh v nh.
+ Mch ra dng a ni dung nh ti cc thit b c lin quan cn tip nhn
ni dung ny.
ROM
Knh
a ch
A9
A0
Knh CE1
iu CE2
khin CE3
Khi nh
B gii m a
ch
nh c nh v
B iu khin
Mch ra
D7
D0
Knh
d liu
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Bi ging in t s
B nh
Mi nh nh phn c chc nng lu gi mt trong hai trng thi 0 hoc 1.
M rng b nh
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Bi ging in t s
B gii m a ch
B gii m a ch l giao din gia knh a ch v khi nh.
N c kh nng truyn rt nhiu a ch trn mt s t ng truyn.
a ch nh phn phi c gii m trc khi tc ng ti mng nh.
33
32
31
30
23
22
21
20
13
12
11
10
03
02
01
00
A3 A2
Cho php c
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A1
A0
0
1
Bi ging in t s
VD
CS
Hnh 7-2. V d v b gii m cho ma trn ROM 128 x 128
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Bi ging in t s
Mch ra ca b nh
Mch ra c nhim v kt ni d liu chn vi knh d liu vo lc thch hp.
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Bi ging in t s
Mch iu khin
Mch iu khin trong ROM c chc nng kh n gin.
ROM
Knh
a ch
A9
A0
Knh CE1
iu CE2
khin CE3
Khi nh
B gii m a
ch
nh c nh v
B iu khin
Mch ra
D7
D0
Knh
d liu
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Bi ging in t s
B nh c nh MROM
Cc chip RAM khng thch hp cho cc chng trnh khi
ng do cc thng tin trn b mt khi tt ngun. Do vy
phi dng n ROM, trong cc s liu cn lu tr c
vit mt ln theo cch khng bay hi nhm gi c
mi.
MROM ROM lp trnh theo kiu mt n
+V
+5V
R4
1
0
R3
R2
R1
Cc dy
hng (i hng)
Cc dy bit (j ct)
Hnh 7-6. MROM diode n gin
c ch to trn mt phin silic theo mt s bc x l nh quang khc v

khch tn to ra nhng tip gip bn dn c tnh dn in theo mt chiu
(nh diode, transistor trng). Ngi thit k nh r chng trnh mun ghi
vo ROM, thng tin ny c s dng iu khin qu trnh lm mt n.
Hnh 7-6 l mt v d n gin v s MROM dng diode.
Ch giao nhau gia cc dy t (hng) v cc dy bit (ct) to nn mt phn t
nh ( nh). Mt diode c t ti (hnh v) s cho php lu tr s liu
0. Ngc li nhng v tr khng c diode th s cho php lu tr s liu 1.
Khi c mt t s liu th i ca ROM, b gii m s t dy t xung mc
logic thp, cc dy cn li mc cao. Do vy ch nhng diode ni vi dy ny
c phn cc thun, do n s dn lm cho in th li ra trn cc dy bit
tng ng mc logic thp, cc dy bit cn li s gi mc cao.
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Bi ging in t s
211
B nh c nh PROM
PROM cng gm c cc diode nh MROM nhng chng c mt y to
cc v tr giao nhau gia dy t v dy bit. Mi diode c ni vi mt cu
ch.
Bnh thng khi cha lp trnh, cc cu ch cn nguyn vn, ni dung ca
PROM s ton l 0. Khi nh v n mt bit bng cch t mt xung in
li ra tng ng, cu ch s b t v bit ny s bng 1. Bng cch ta c
th lp trnh ton b cc bit trong PROM.
Nh vy, vic lp trnh c th c thc hin bi ngi s dng ch mt
ln duy nht, khng th sa i c.
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Bi ging in t s
212
PROM
Hnh 7-11. PROM dng diode
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Bi ging in t s
B nh bn c nh - EPROM (Erasable PROM)

S liu vo c th c vit vo bng xung in nhng c lu gi theo kiu khng bay hi.
l loi ROM c th lp trnh c v xa c. Hnh 7- 7 ch ra cu trc ca mt transistor
dng lm mt nh gi l FAMOST (Floating gate avalanche injection MOS transistor).
Trong nh dng transistor ny, cc ca c ni vi ng t, cc mng c ni vi
ng bit v cc ngun c ni vi ngun chun c coi l ngun cho mc logic 1. Khc
vi transistor MOS bnh thng, transistor loi ny cn c thm mt ca gi l ca ni
(floating gate); l mt vng vt liu c thm vo vo gia lp cch in cao nh hnh
7-7. Nu ca ni khng c in tch th n khng nh hng g n cc ca iu khin v
transistor hot ng nh bnh thng. Tc l khi dy t c kch hot (cc ca c in th
dng) th transtor dn, cc mng v ngun c ni vi nhau qua knh dn v dy bit c
mc logic 1. Nu ca ni c cc in t trong vi in tch m th chng s ngn trng
iu khin ca ca ca v d dy t c kch hot th cng khng th pht ra trng u
mnh vi cc ca iu khin lm thng transistor. Lc ny ng bit khng c ni vi
ngun chun v nh coi nh c gi gi tr 0.
ID
v0
v1
vGS
Hnh 7-7. Cu trc ca mt EPROM

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Bi ging in t s
214

Vic np cc in t vo vng ca ni, tc l to ra cc nh mang gi tr 0
c thc hin bi xung in c di c 50 ms v ln + 20 V t gia
cc ca va cc mng. Lc nhng in tch mang nng lng ln s i qua
lp cch in gia v ca ni. Chng tch t trong vng ca ni v c
gi y sau khi xung lp trnh tt. l do ca ni c cch in cao vi
xung quanh v cc in t khng cn nng lng sau khi lnh i, c th
vt ra ngoi lp cch in na. Chng s c gi y trong mt thi
gian rt di (t nht l 10 nm).
xo cc thng tin, tc l lm mt cc in tch in t trong vng ca ni,
phi chiu nh sng t ngoi UV vo chp nh. Lc ny, nhng in t hp
th nng lng v s nhy ln cc mc nng lng cao v ri khi ca
ni ging nh cch m chng thm nhp vo. Trong chip EPROM c mt
ca s lm bng thu tinh thch anh ch cho nh sng t ngoi i qua khi
cn xo s liu trong b nh.
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Bi ging in t s
215
B nh bn c nh - EEPROM (Electrically Erasable

PROM)
Ca s thch anh c gi thnh kh t v khng tin li nn nhng nm gn y xut hin cc chip
PROM c th xo s liu bng phng php in. Cu trc ca nh ging nh hnh 7-8.
Vic np cc in t cho ca ni c thc hin nh cch EPROM. Bng mt xung in tng
i di, cc in tch mang nng lng cao c pht ra trong s thm qua lp ca xit v tch
t trong ca ni. xo EEPROM, mt lp knh mng mng xit gia vng ca ni tri xung
di v cc mng gi vai tr quan trng. Cc lp cch in khng th l l tng c, cc in
tch c th thm qua lp phn cch vi mt xc sut thp. Xc sut ny tng ln khi b dy ca lp
gim i v in th gia hai in cc hai mt lp cch in tng ln. Mun phng cc in tch
trong vng ca ni mt in th (-20 V) c t vo cc ca iu khin v cc mng. Lc ny cc
in t m trong ca ni c chy v cc mng qua knh mng mng xit v s liu lu gi c
xo i. iu lu l phi lm sao cho dng in tch ny chy khng qu lu v nu khng vng ca
ni ny li tr nn tch in dng lm cho hot ng ca transistor khng c trng thi bnh
Ngun
Mng
Ca
thng (mc nh 1)
Ca iu khin
Ca ni
Lp
Lpxit
xit
n- Ngun
- - - - -
- - Lp xit
n- Mng
ng hm xt
bn dn loi p
Hnh 7-8. Cu trc ca mt EEPROM

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Bi ging in t s
216
RAM
RAM c kh nng cho php ghi lu tr d liu thng tin
tam thi trong mt thi gian, sau li c thng tin
tip tc x l khi cn thit nn n c tn l b nh c/vit.
Mt c tnh quan trng khc ca RAM l cc d liu trong
RAM ch c tnh cht tm thi, d b xa khi mt ngun
nng lng cp
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Bi ging in t s
Cu trc khi ca RAM

RAM cng c 4 phn chnh nh m t trn hnh 7-17. im
khc bit l:
+ Mch iu khin ca RAM phi c thm u vo R/W iu khin hai
qu trnh c bn trong thao tc ca RAM: ghi d liu thng tin vo n v
qu trnh xut (c) thng tin ghi.
+ Mch u ra c kh nng kim sot hai chiu trc khi cho php giao
tip vi knh d liu. Qu trnh ny tun theo nguyn tc: (ng b vi
vic iu khin R/W) khi b nh ang c th khng c ghi v ngc
li; trng thi th ba c th ch quyt nh.
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Bi ging in t s
Cu trc RAM
Cu trc 4 khi ca mt RAM c 8 bit d liu v 8 bit a
ch
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Bi ging in t s
Bus d liu
Mch vo ra
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Bi ging in t s
Mch iu khin
+ Khi ch c, xung R/W mc logic 1. ng thi cc tn hiu cho php chn
CE1, CE2 c kch hot mc 1 nn lc ny RE = 1, tc l ch c c thit
lp. Khi tn hiu = 0 nn tn hiu cho php ghi WE = 0 (cm ghi).
+ Khi ch ghi, xung R/W mc logic 0, = 1, ng thi cc tn hiu cho php
chn CE1, CE2 c kch hot mc 1 nn lc ny WE = 1, tc l n ch ghi.
Khi tn hiu R/W = 0 nn tn hiu cho php c RE = 0 (cm c).
+ Tn hiu tch cc ng thi CE1 = CE2 = 1 c hai ch c v ghi phi c
chuyn cng lc ti mng nh nhm thng bo vic xut (khi c) hay vic nhp
(khi ghi) d liu ti a ch nh c mch gii m chn.
+ Khi tn hiu CE1 . CE2 = 0 (c t nht mt tn hiu CE trng thi khng tch cc)
th mch iu khin hnh 7-19 s chuyn b nh sang ch ch (Standby) bt chp
tn hiu R/W c tch cc hay khng, lc ny RE = 0 v WE = 0.
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Bi ging in t s
DRAM
Cc nh c xp xp theo hng v ct trong mt ma trn nh. a ch nh c

chia thnh hai phn: a ch hng v ct. Hai a ch ny c c vo b m mt
cch ln lt. X l kiu ny c gi l hp knh, l do l gim kch thc b
gii m, tc l gim kch thc v gi thnh vi mch. Qu trnh dn knh a ch ny
c iu khin bi cc tn hiu RAS (Row Access Strobe) v CAS (Column Access
Strobe).
Nu RAS mc tch cc thp th DRAM nhn c a ch t vo n v s dng
nh a ch hng.
Nu CAS mc tch cc thp th DRAM nhn c a ch t vo n v s dng
nh a ch ct.
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Bi ging in t s
222
DRAM
Mt nh ca DRAM gm c mt transistor trng MOS c tr li vo rt
ln v mt t in C l linh kin lu tr mt bit thng tin tng ng vi hai
trng thi c hoc khng c in tch trn t.
Transistor hot ng nh mt cng tc, cho php np hay phng in tch ca
t khi thc hin php c hay vit. Cc ca (Gate) ca transistor c ni vi
dy hng (cn gi l dy t-WL-Word Line) v cc mng (Drain) c ni
vi dy ct (cn c gi l dy bit BL-Bit Line), cc ngun (Source) c
ni vi t in. in p np trn t tng i nh, v th cn s dng khuch
i nhy trong mch nh.
Do dng r ca transistor nn nh cn c np li trc khi in p trn t
thp hn mt ngng no . Qu trnh ny c thc hin nh mt chu k
lm ti (refresh), khi in p trn t c xc nh ( trng thi 0 hay
1) v mc in p logic ny c vit li vo nh.
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Bi ging in t s
SRAM
VCC
Tra
Tra
Tra
WL
BL
Trs Trs
WL
BL
BL
BL
Mt nh ca SRAM gi thng tin bi trng thi ca mch trig. Thut ng

tnh ch ra rng khi ngun nui cha b ct th thng tin ca nh vn c
gi nguyn. Khc vi nh DRAM, y nh trig cung cp mt tn hiu s
mnh hn nhiu v c cc transistor trong cc nh, chng c kh nng
khuch i tn hiu v do c th cp trc tip cho cc ng bit. Trong
DRAM, s khuch i tn hiu trong cc b khuch i cn nhiu thi gian v
do thi gian truy nhp di hn. Khi nh a ch trong cc trig SRAM,
cc transistor b sung cho cc trig, cc b gii m a chcng c i hi
nh DRAM.
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Bi ging in t s
224
SRAM
Nh trong DRAM, cc ca ca transistor c ni vi
ng t v cc mng ni vi cp ng bit. Nu s liu
c c t nh, khi b gii m hng kch hot ng
dy t WL tng ng. Hai transistor T dn v ni trig nh
vi cp dy bit. Nh vy hai li ra Q v Q_ c ni vi cc
ng bit v cc tn hiu c truyn ti b khuch i
cui ng dy ny. V in th chnh lch ln nn x l
khuch i nh vy s nhanh hn trong DRAM (c 10 ns
hoc ngn hn), do chip SRAM cn a ch ct sm hn
nu thi gian truy nhp khng c gim. Nh vy SRAM
khng cn thc hin phn knh cc a ch hng v ct. Sau
khi s liu n nh, b gii m ct chn ct ph hp v cho
ra tn hiu s liu ti b m s liu ra v ti mch ra.
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Bi ging in t s
SRAM
Vit s liu c thc hin theo cch ngc li. Qua b m
vo v b gii m ct, s liu vit c t vo b khuch i
ph hp. Cng lc b gii m hng kch hot ng dy
t v lm transistor T dn. Trig a s liu c lu tr
vo cp dy bit. Tuy vy, b khuch i nhy hn cc
transistor nn n s cp cho cc ng bit mt tn hiu ph
hp vi s liu vit. Do , trig s chuyn trng thi ph
hp vi s liu mi hoc gi gi tr c lu tr ph
thuc vo vic s liu vit trng vi s liu lu tr hay
khng.
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Bi ging in t s
B nh bn c nh - B nh FLASH
Trong nhng nm gn y, mt loi b nh khng bay hi mi xut hin
trn th trng, thng c s dng thay th cho cc a mm v cng
trong nhng my tnh. l b nh flash. Cu trc ca chng c bn nh
EEPROM, ch c lp knh xit cc nh mng hn. Do vy ch cn in
th c 12 V l c th cho php thc hin 10 000 chu trnh xo v lp trnh. B
nh flash c th hot ng gn mm do nh DRAM v SRAM nhng li
khng b mt s liu khi b ct in. Hnh 7- 9 ch ra s khi ca n.
Phn chnh l mng nh bao gm cc nh FAMOST nh c m t mc
trn. Ging nh SRAM, b nh flash khng dn phn knh a ch. Cc b
gii m hng v ct chn mt ng t v mt hoc nhiu cp ng bit. S
liu c c a ra ngoi b m s liu I/O hoc c vit vo nh
c nh a ch bi b m ny qua cng I/O. X l c c thc hin vi
in th MOS thng thng l 5V. lp trnh mt nh, n v iu khin
flash t mt xung in th ngn c 10 s v 12 V gy nn mt s chc
thng thc l vo transistor nh np vo ca ni. Mt chip nh flash 1 Mb
c th c lp trnh trong khong 2 sec, nhng khc vi EEPROM vic xo
c thc hin tng chip mt. Thi gian xo cho ton b b nh flash
khong 1 sec. X l c, lp trnh v xo c iu khin bi cc lnh c
di 2 byte c b x l vit vo cc thanh ghi lnh ca mch iu khin
flash.
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Bi ging in t s
227
B nh bn c nh - B nh FLASH
Mc ch s dng chnh ca b nh
flash l thay th cho cc a mm
v a cng dung lng nh. Do n l
mch tch hp nn c u im l kch
thc nh v tiu th nng lng thp,
khng b nh hng ca va p. Cc
a cng cht rn da trn c s cc b
nh flash c li th v cng sut tiu
th cng nh gi thnh c dung lng
ti vi Mbyte. Cc card nh loi ny c
u im l khng gp phi vn mt
thng tin nh trng hp RAM CMOS
khi pin Ni-Cd b hng. Thi gian lu
tr thng tin trong b nh flash t nht
l 10 nm, thng thng l 100 nm,
vi khong thi gian ny th cc a
mm v cng b hng ri.
Nhc im ca b nh flash l ch c
th xo theo kiu ln lt tng chip
hoc ln lt tng trang.
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VPP
WE
CE
OE
Hnh 7-9. S b nh FLASH
Bi ging in t s
228

Vic np cc in t vo vng ca ni, tc l to ra cc nh mang gi tr 0
c thc hin bi xung in c di c 50 ms v ln + 20 V t gia
cc ca va cc mng. Lc nhng in tch mang nng lng ln s i qua
lp cch in gia v ca ni. Chng tch t trong vng ca ni v c
gi y sau khi xung lp trnh tt. l do ca ni c cch in cao vi
xung quanh v cc in t khng cn nng lng sau khi lnh i, c th
vt ra ngoi lp cch in na. Chng s c gi y trong mt thi
gian rt di (t nht l 10 nm).
xo cc thng tin, tc l lm mt cc in tch in t trong vng ca ni,
phi chiu nh sng t ngoi UV vo chp nh. Lc ny, nhng in t hp
th nng lng v s nhy ln cc mc nng lng cao v ri khi ca
ni ging nh cch m chng thm nhp vo. Trong chip EPROM c mt
ca s lm bng thu tinh thch anh ch cho nh sng t ngoi i qua khi
cn xo s liu trong b nh.
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Bi ging in t s
229
B nh bn c nh - B nh CACHE
Gia CPU v b nh chnh bng DRAM, ngi ta xen vo mt b nh
SRAM nhanh c dung lng nh bng 1/10 hoc 1/100 ln b nh chnh gi
l cache; di s iu khin ca mch iu khin cache, b nh ny s lu
tr tm thi cc s liu thng c gi v cung cp n cho CPU trong thi
gian ngn.
Cache cha cc thng tin mi va c CPU s dng gn y nht. Khi CPU
c s liu n s a ra mt a ch ti b iu khin cache. Sau mt trong
hai qu trnh sau s xy ra:
Cache hit: nu a ch c sn trong RAM cache.
Cache miss: ngc li, nu a ch khng c sn trong RAM cache.
SRAM Cache
DRAM trong b
nh chnh
CPU
B iu khin CACHE
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Bi ging in t s
230
M rng dung lng b nh

Cc vi mch nh bn dn ch c dung lng xc nh. Mun
c b nh c dung lng ln hn, ta tm cch ghp nhiu vi
mch nh nhm mt trong ba mc ch sau:
Tng di nh, nhng khng lm tng s lng t nh.
Tng s lng t nh nhng khng lm tng di t nh.
Tng c s lng v di t nh.
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Bi ging in t s
231
M rng di t
Trn mt chp nh, c th c
c 1 n mt s hu hn
li ra, thng l 4 hoc 8 bit.
Mun c di t ln hn,
chng hn t 4 ln 8 hoc 16
bit, ta tin hnh ghp nhiu
chp nh nh ch hnh 7-10
i vi RAM. i vi ROM
cch lm cng tng t, ch
khc trong trng hp ny, c
th khng c li vo R/W.
A0
BUS a ch
An-1
RAM
I
RAM
II
D0
BUS d liu
BUS d liu
Dn-1
Hnh 7-10. S m rng di t.
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Bi ging in t s
232
M rng dung lng (1)

Mun m rng dung lng, ta cng ghp nhiu chp li vi nhau. Nh
bit, dung lng c lin quan n s li vo a ch (C = 2N x di
t, vi N l s li vo a ch). C tng 1 chp th cn c thm mt li vo
a ch.
Khc vi trng hp m rng di t, khi m rng dung lng cc li
vo/ra d liu D v R/ c ni song song. Mt phn dung lng c
tr vo mi chp. S phn chia ny da trn c s t hp a ch vo v
li vo iu khin. Hnh 7-11 l mt s v d.
A0
A0
IC 1
A11
2k
A11
A12
A13
A0
IC 2
A11
2k
A0
IC 3
A11
2k
A0
IC 4
A11
2k
B gii
m vo
2 ra 4
Hnh 7-11. Phng php m rng dung lng.
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Bi ging in t s
233
M rng dung lng (2)

thc hin php m
rng ta phi s dng mt
s li vo a ch dnh
ring cho b gii m
(thng l cc a ch c
trng s cao). s
trn ta chn 2 a ch A12
v A13 gii m. Do
ta c th nhn c 4 gi
tr ra tng ng. Cc gi
tr ny tc ng ln cc li
vo CS m tun t cc
IC nh. Cc IC nh ny
c th lm ROM hoc
RAM hoc c hai l ty
chn. Tun t m cc IC
theo A12, A13 nh ch ra
bng hot ng sau.
A13
A12 _CS
IC I
000016 - 0FFF16
_CS1
_CS2
IC II
100016 - 1FFF16
_CS3
IC III
200016 - 2FFF16
_CS4
IC IV
300016 - 3FFF16
A0
IC 1
A11
2k
A11
A13
Khong a ch
A0
A12
IC m
A0
IC 2
A11
2k
A0
IC 3
A11
2k
B gii
m vo
2 ra 4
Hnh 7-11. Phng php m rng dung lng.
www.ptit.edu.vn
Bi ging in t s
234
A0
IC 4
A11
2k

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HC VIN CNG NGH BU CHNH VIN THNG

KS. Nguyn Trung Hiu

K thut in t - Khoa KTDT1

Hc k/Nm bin son: Hc k 1/2009-2010

Ti liu tham kho

Gio trnh K thut s - Trn Vn Minh, NXB Bu in 2002.

C s k thut in t s, i hc Thanh Hoa, Bc Kinh, NXB Gio dc 1996.

K thut s, Nguyn Thy Vn, NXB Khoa hc v k thut 1994.

L thuyt mch logic v K thut s, Nguyn Xun Qunh, NXB Bu in 1984.

Fundamentals of logic design, fourth edition, Charles H. Roth, Prentice Hall

Digital engineering design, Richard F.Tinder, Prentice Hall 1991.

VHDL for Programmable Logic by Kevin Skahill, Addison Wesley, 1996

The Designer's Guide to VHDL by Peter Ashenden, Morgan Kaufmann, 1996.

Khi nim chung

Biu din s (1)

Tn gi, s k hiu v c s ca mt vi h m thng dng

Ch : Ngi ta cng c th gi h m theo c s ca chng. V d: H nh phn =

Biu din s (2)

Trong mt s trng hp, ta phi thm ch s trnh

H thp phn (1)

Gi tr biu din ca mt s trong h thp phn s bng tng cc tch ca

1265.34 = 1 103 + 2 102 + 6 101 + 5 100 + 3 101 + 4 102

H thp phn (2)

H nh phn (Binary number system) cn gi l h c s hai, gm ch

N 8 : biu din bt k theo h 8,

H ny gm 8 k hiu : 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 v 7. C s ca h l 8. Vic la chn c

don vi : 3 + 6 = 9 = 1 + 8(viet 1 nho1len hang chuc)

don vi : 3 < 6 8 + 3 6 = 5(no 1 hang chuc)

Ch : Cc php tnh trong h bt phn t c s dng.

H thp lc phn (1)

= H n 1 16n 1 + .... + H 0 160 + H 1 161 + .... + H m 16 m

N16 : biu din bt k theo h 16,

H thp lc phn (hay h Hexadecimal, h c s 16).

V d: 1FFA l biu din s trong h thp lc phn

H thp lc phn (2)

Mun thc hin php nhn trong h 16 ta phi i cc s

Chuyn i t h c s 10 sang cc h khc

i s 22.12510 sang s nh phn

Kt qu biu din nh phn: 10110.001

i s 83.8710 sang s nh phn

Kt qu biu din nh phn: 1010011.11011110

i mt biu din trong h bt k sang h 10

Thc hin ly tng v phi s c kt qu cn tm. Trong biu thc trn, ai v r l

V d: Chuyn 1101110.102 sang h thp phn

V d: Chuyn 1101110.102 sang h c s 8 v 16

Kt qu: 1101110.102 = 156.4

Tnh t du phn s, chia s

Kt qu: 1101110.102 = 6E.8

3 phng php biu din s nh phn c du

Cng v tr cc s theo biu din bit du

Cng v tr cc s theo biu din b 1

Cng cc s theo biu din b 1: V d

Hai s m: biu din chng dng b 1 v cng nh cng nh phn, k c

Cng cc s theo biu din b 1: V d

Hai s khc du v s m ln hn: cng s dng vi b 1 ca s m. Kt

Cng v tr cc s theo biu din b 2

Cng cc s theo biu din b 2: V d

Hai s m: ly b 2 c hai s hng v cng, kt qu dng b 2.

Cng cc s theo biu din b 2: V d

Hai s khc du v s m ln hn: s dng c cng vi b 2 ca s

Biu din theo du phy ng

197,62710 = 197627 x 10-3

Gm hai phn: s m E (phn c tnh) v phn nh tr M (trng

E v M c th c biu din dng b 2. Gi tr ca chng c hiu