Aim: M.I. of disc, by Torsional pendulum.

Apparatus: Ring, disc, experimental wire, telescope, stopwatch, vernier

caliper, screw gauge, etc.
Figure:

Formula:
M ( D 2 +d 2 )
Ir =
2

I d=I r

T 20
T 21T 20

8 Id l
r 4 T 2o

Where,

Ir

=M.I. of ring

M =mass of ring
D= outer diameter of ring.
d= Inner diameter of ring.

Id

= M.I. of Disc

=Modulus of rigidity.
l =length of wire.
Observation : 1.Inner Diameter of Ring(d):_________
2. Outer diameter of ring (D):__________
3. Mass of Ring (m):____________
4.Radius of the wire:______________
Observation Table:
Obs.No Lengt
.
h of
wire

Time for
10Oscillatio
n

Period (Period
T=t/1 )
0

Result :
1.

Ir

2.

Id

3.

=_______________gm.cm2.

=_______________ gm.cm2.
= _______________dyne/cm2
_______________dyne/cm2

T 20
2
1

T T

2
0

Mea
n

Y Flat spiral spring

Aim: To determine Youngs modulus and modulus of rigidity of a given
metal spring.
Apparatus: Experimental spring, Masses, rod and disc system, stands,
Telescope, Stopwatch.
Diagram:

Formula:
16 2 R 3
=
r4

1.

Y=

m
3

( )
M+

T2

2
2
32 2 NR 2 MD ( x x ' )
r4
( T 2T ' 2 )

Where, R= Average radius of spring.

N= No. of turns of spring.
R= Inner radius of spring.
R= Outer diameter of spring.
R= Radius of wire.
M= Load attached to spring.

M= mass of spring.
T=Periodic time.
Mo= Mass of each disc.
Observation table :A) To Determine of Spring.
Load
M(gm.
)

M+

m
3

Time for 10 Oscillation

Period

T2

M+
T2

Mean

100
200
300
400
500
B) To Determine Y of spring
Distance
of disc
from
center
x=
x=

Time for Oscillation

1

Mean

Calculation:

Results:
1. Modulus of Rigidity=_________________ dyne/cm2
2. Modulus of Rigidity=_________________ dyne/cm2
3.
Youngs Modulus==_________________ dyne/cm2

t
T= 10

T2

m
3

RANGE AND LEAST COUNT

Aim: To study range and least count of instruments, measurement using different
instruments and error analysis.
Apparatus: Meter scale, vernier caliper Micrometer screw gauge, Travelling
microscope, spectrometer, spherometer, Magnifying glass.
Figure:

Observation:
1. Meter scale : a) Range :__________ b) Least count:____________
2. Vernier caliper: a) Range :__________ b) Least count:____________ c)
Smallest division on main scale : ___________ d) Total no. of division on
vernier scale:_________
3. Micrometer screw guage: a) Range :__________ b) Least
count:____________ c) Smallest division on main scale : ___________ d)
Total no. of rotation to travel smallest division on main scale:_________
4. Travelling microscope: a) Range :__________ b) Least
count:____________ c) Smallest division on main scale : ___________ d)
Total no. of division on vernier scale:_________
5. Spectrometer : a) Range :__________ b) Least count:____________ c)
Smallest division on main scale : ___________ d) Total no. of division on
vernier scale:_________
6. Spherometer: a) Range :__________ b) Least count:____________ c)
Smallest division on main scale : ___________ d) Total no. of division on
circular scale:_________

Observation table:
1. Measurements using vernier scale:
Obs. No.

2.

Instruments

M.S.R. (a)

V.S.R(b)

L.C.

Total
Reading

L.C.

Total
Reading

Measurements using micrometer screw guage :

Obs. No.

Instruments

M.S.R. (a)

V.S.R(b)

3. Measurement using travelling microscope:

Obs. No.

T.M.
M.S.R
focused at

L.S.R

Total
reading

Mean

Diameter
D=(d1-d2)

4. Measurement using spectrometer:

Obs. No.

window

Circular
scale
reading

Result:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

meter scale:
Vernier caliper:
Micrometer Screw Guage :
Travelling Microscope:
Spectrometer:
Spherometer:

Vernier
scale
reading

L.C.

Total
reading

Angular
separation
=(1-2

SURFACE TENSION
Aim: To Determine the surface tension of water by Jaegers methods
Apparatus : Jaegers apparatus ,microscope, beaker, adjustable stand, etc.
Diagram:

Formula:
T=

r. g
( h . d . )
2

Where,
r=radius of capillary tube.
G= acceleration due to gravity.
=density of liquid in the beaker.

=density of liquid in the beaker.

h=height difference in v tube
d=depth of capillary.
Observation table:
g =980cm/sec2
=1gm/c.c.
=1gm/c.c.
Observation Table:
For measurement of Radius of capillary tube:
A

D= | AB|

R=d/2

For vertical
For horizontal
For measurement of height and depth:
H1

H2

H=
|H 1H 2|

Pointer
reading (X)

Capillary
reading(Y)

Result:
Surface tension of water by Jaegers method (T)= ________________.

D=X-Y

Temperature co-efficient of resistance.

Aim: To determine temperature co-efficient of resistance.
Apparatus: oil bath, resistances, thermistor, D.C. power supply, Resistance box,
etc.
Diagram:

Formula:
R
= T
R0

Where,
=temperature coefficient of resistance.
RR0
= ( T T 0 )
R0
R=R [ 1+ ( T T 0 ) ]

R0=Initial value of resistance.

T0= Initial value of Temperature.

T=Heated to Temperature T.
Observation table:
Obs. No.

Temperature

Result:
1. Slope

( dRT
dt )

2. Temperature co-efficient of Resistance ()=

Resistance R

Lees Method.
Aim: To find the co-efficient of thermal conductivity of bad conductor by lees
method.
Apparatus : Lees disc apparatus, two thermometers, circular disc of the specimen
of bad conductor, a stop watch a screw guage, vernier callliper, Etc.
Diagram:

Formula:

k=

m. s . d .
d
2
r ( 12 ) dt

( )

Observation:
1. Mass of metallic disc(m) :
2. Specific heat of metallic disc(s):
3. Steady temperature (1):
4. Steady temperature (2):
5. Radius of specimen disc(r):

6. Thickness of specimen disc (d):

Observation table:
Obs. No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20

Time t sec
0
30

Temperature

Calculation:

Result: Co-efficient of thermal conductivity of bad conductor by Lees method is

=_______

Determination of frequency of A.C. mains.

Aim: To determine the frequency of A.C. mains using vibrating wire of a
sonometer.
Apparatus: Sonometer, step down transformer, slotted weights, two strong bar
magnets, Rheostat, connecting wire, etc.
Diagram:

Formula
1

Frequency of A.C. mains: N= 2l m

N

1 T
= 2m l

= 2 m slope

= 2m l

By calculation.
1

...By graph.

Observation;
L.C. of micrometer screw guage =_________
Diameter of wire (d)=___________

Radius of wire (r) =________

Density of material of wire () = 7.7gm/cc
Mass per unit length of wire (m) =r2

Observation table:
Mass
Tension
attached T=mg
M gm. dyne

Resonating length

T
l

mean

100
150
200
250
300
350
Calculation:

Result:
1. Frequency of A.C. mains =___________________. (by calculation)
2. Frequency of A.C. mains =___________________.(by Graph)

Mean

Angle of Prism.
Aim: To determine the angle of prism of a given prism.
Apparatus: Spectrometer, spirit level, Flint glass prism, lens, etc.
Diagram:

Observation:
L.C. of Spectrometer=

Smallest division onthe main scale

Total no . of divisionon the varnier scale

Observation Table:
Sr. No.

Vernier

Reflectio
n from
face AB
Total

Reflectio
n from
face AC
Total

Differenc
e between
two
readings

Mean

Reading
(a)
1
2

Reading
(b)

of same
vernier
(2A)

V1
V2

Result: Angle of Prism =_______

Spectrometer Calibration
Aim: To determine refractive index of different colours using spectrometer.
Apparatus: Spectrometer, prism, spirit level, etc.
Diagram:

Formula:

( A+2m )
A
sin ( )
2

sin
=

Where,

= Refractive index

A=Angle of prism= 600

m = Angle of minimum devation.
Observation:
L.C. of Spectrometer=

Smallest division onthe main scale

Total no . of divisionon the varnier scale

Observation Table:
Colour

Wavelength

Reading
window
V1

Direct
Reading
V1

Angle of
minimum
index
deviation
(m)

Violet
Blue
Green 1
Green 2
Yellow1
Yellow2
Orange
red
Result: The Refractive index of given prism is __________.

Refractive
idex

Grating elements by using laser point.

Aim: To determine the grating element by using laser point
Apparatus: Diode laser beam, grating element, screen, meter scale, etc.
Diagram:

Formula:
d=

n
sin

Where,
d = grating elements

n = Order of diffraction pattern

= Wavelength of He-Ne laser.
= Angle of diffraction.

Order of
diffractio
n

Sr. No.

Distance
D cm.

Distance
x cm

1
2
First(n=1) 3
4
5
6

Second
(n=2)

1
2
3
4
5
6

Result: Grating element for first order:

Grating element for Second order:

tan =

x
D

Mean

Charging and Discharging

Aim: Determine R-C time constant for charging and discharging of a capacitor
Apparatus: Circuit board, Digital multimeter or voltmeter, stopwatch,
connecting wires etc.
Diagram:

Observation Table:
A) For Charging of a capacitor:
R=150k
C= 1000F

Obs. No.

Voltage across

Time

capacitor(V)

(sec.)

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
B) For Discharging of a capacitor:
R=100k
C=1000 F

Obs. No.

Voltage across
capacitor(V)

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Calculation
1) Charging time constant : Rc*C =
2) Discharging time constant: R0*C=

Time
(sec.)

Result:
1) Charging= a) Rc*C time constant =
b) Rc*C time constant =

2) Discharging = a) R0*C time constant =

b) R0*C time constant =

(by Calculation)
(by graph)

(by Calculation)
(by graph)