Professional Documents
Culture Documents
E
Phn Nht :
THNG C V TRUNG C
Chng Tm
HI GIO, LY GIO NG PHNG
V BINH THNH GI (t.k. VII-XIII)
I. Kit gio vi Hi gio
1. Islam hay Hi gio v sch Coran
2. Nhng cuc xm lng v bo ca Hi gio (636737)
3. S phn ngi Cng gio v tinh thn qut khi
ca h
II. Gio hi Cng gio ng phng
1. Cuc khng hong Monothelisme (t.k. VII)
2. S th knh nh tng thnh v b Iconoclasme
Ph nh tng (t.k. VIII)
3. V gio ch Photius v vn Bo Gia Li (t.k.
IX)
4. Michael Cerularius v ly gio ng phng
(1054)
III. Gio hi thi binh Thnh gi
1. Binh Thnh gi v vng quc Gierusalem
(1096-1291)
2. Binh Thnh gi cu vin Gierusalem (t.k. XIIXIII)
3. Lc gio Cathar hay Albigens v binh Thnh gi
thnh Albi
4. Vic dp yn lc gio Cathar : thnh aminh v
ta Truy t (Inquisition)
n lc mt m my en ti bao trm c bu tri
Kit gio u chu, l ni tuy tng b xu x bi nhng
cuc tranh chp si ni, nhng cn gi vng c nn
thng nht v s trung bnh vi c tin. My en l
Islam, lm en nght c gc tri ng Nam Kit gii, k
c nhng ni c tn sng nht, tc t Thnh. N
chim ot ca Cng gio c mt vng rng ln; n lm
cho Persia, Ai Cp, Bc Phi mt o, tr li vi Thn gio;
n cn e da xm nhp u chu. Tnh trng ny s i ti
u? u chu v Gio hi phi hnh ng ra sao trc
nguy c ny? Vi s hng dn ca cp lnh o i cng
nh o, cc nc ng phng cng nh Ty phng
lm g i ph, ng bo ton c tin ? l nhng nt
chnh m chng ti s trnh by trong chng ny. [1]
Nhng trong cng cuc bo v cng nh qut khi
.[19]
Cuc bch hi tm chm dt khi Irenea ln ngi n
hong (780-790 v 792-802) cai tr thay con l
Constantinus VI (780-797) cn nh tui. Nm 787, i
Cng ng c triu tp Nicea, ln n lc thuyt
Iconoclasme (Ph-nh-tng) v cng b vic tn sng
nh tng l chnh ng, cng Cng ng ny ln n lc
thuyt Adoptianisme, ch trng Cha Kit ch l Con
nui ca Thin Cha. Nhng nm 802, n hong Irenea
b lt v cht ni lu y (803): vic bch hi cc k
tn sng nh tng tr li di thi Leo V (813-820) v
Theophilus (829-842), tuy khng c lit v d man nh th
k trc. Gio hi ng phng ch c bnh an hn khi
Theophilus mt v thi hu Theodora ln cai tr thay con l
Michael III (842-867) cn t tui, v khi hi ng cc gim
mc hp ti Constantinopoli ngy 11.3.843, tuyn b nhn
nhn v thc thi cc Sc lnh ca Cng ng Nicea II
(787). Ngy c coi l mt trong nhng ngy lch s
trng i ca Gio hi Chnh thng.
3. V gio ch Photius v vn Bo Gia Li (th k
IX)
T cng ng Trullo (691-692), vic kim sot k lut
v ct c hng Gio phm ng phng dn dn khng
mun thuc quyn Gio hong Roma na. Gio hi
Byzantin li gt b nh hng ca bc an s, v c trao
III
GIO HI THI BINH THNH GI
1. Binh Thnh gi v vng quc Gierusalem (10961291)
Binh Thnh gi bt ngun t nhng cuc hnh hng
t Thnh c v trang. Vic hnh hng Gierusalem cho
ti th k XI vn d dng, ch tr thnh kh khn v nguy
him t khi vng Tiu ri vo tay ngi Th Nh K
Seldjoukide (1070). Gio dn hnh hng by gi phi t
chc thnh on mang v kh. T hon cnh , ny ra
nh mt cuc hnh hng quy m nhm ti chim
Gierusalem.[27]
Ngy 27.11.1095, ti cng ng Clermont (Php), khi
c Urban II (1088-99) ln ting ku gi th gii Cng
gio ng ln cu t Thnh, c l c Thnh Cha ch ni
ln ngh c sn trong thm tm ca c Gregori VII
(1073-85). S lo u v nhng cuc tn ph nng n m
Gio hi ng phng phi hng chu, khin v thnh
Gio hong ny ngh n s vin binh ca cc vua Ty
phng, ng bo v Byzantin (1073). Gi nh khng
vng mc v Henry IV, th c l ngi thnh cng trong
vic thng nht cc vua u chu, v lin qun Kit gio
ngn cn c cuc xm lng ca Th Nh K vo Tiu .
iu m c Gregori VII c gng thc hin bng ngoi
thnh Albi.
Lc gio Cathar c ni trong lch s di nhiu
danh hiu: Bogomil, Patarin, Albigens. Gio hi Cng
gio sut bn th k phi i ph vi lc gio ny, nht l
Bo Gia Li (t th k X), ri Bc v Nam Php
(th k XII v XIII).[33]
Gio thuyt Cathar na n ging gio thuyt ca Mans
(= 273), nhng khng c tnh thn thoi ca Maniks
nguyn thy, du vy ngi ta cng gi n l lc gio Tn
Maniks. S thc y l mt gio thuyt Slavo c k
m mu Kit gio. Cuc tranh chp gia Gisu Kit v
Satanael, l mt t tng bt ngun t Thn gio ca
ngi Slavo pha ln thn thoi Bielobog (Thn trng) v
Tchernobog (Thn en). Cc ph thy Volkivy (Carphatia)
ni: C hai phn, mt trn cao, mt di thp. Thin
trn cao, c di thp gm vt cht v xc tht.[34] Do
y, pht sinh mt th lun l cc oan: khinh ch xc
tht, kinh tm hn nhn, chn ght s sng...
c mu sc tn gio, h cng lp ra nhiu B
tch. Cc tn hu phi khun mnh trong k lut st, v
chu kim sot nghim ngt do cp lnh o b mt iu
khin. Gung my t chc ca lc gio rt c h thng t
trung ng ti h tng, c c quan u no, c quan h
tr, thng tin tuyn truyn, gio dc v c bit nhng
trung tm o to ph n thnh chin s can trng. Nh
c t chc quy c lc gio hnh ng gy nh hng mnh
ng v trch nhim ?
ng trc tng Cha Chuc ti, suy ngh trong
thinh lng, quan n ca ta Truy t d thot c nhng
thin kin v nh hng ca hn th; t l th. Quyn hnh
ca quan ta rt ln, nhng ng tng ng c quyn
buc ti v nghim pht mt cch c on. ng phi tr
l trc mt c Thnh Cha, v thc s c nhiu v b
khin trch, trng pht v mt chc. Ngoi ra, cn c mt
c vn khn ngoan lun lun theo st ng trong khi thi
hnh nhim v, c th can gin v gip ng gii quyt
nhiu v lm bi ri lng tm. T gia th k XIII, cn
thm mt khon lut na cho quan ta, l khng mt bn
n nng no, nh l t chung thn hay x t c cng b,
nu cha c s ng ca c gim mc a phn.
Nguyn iu , cng m bo cho b co khi s nng
ny hoc thiu v t ca mt ta n lu ng.
Bn n thng c cng b trong mt khung cnh
trang nghim. M u bng mt bi thuyt trnh, m Ty
Ban Nha ngi ta gi l auto-da-f (acte de foi), nhm gy
cho cc ngi d cuc c cm tng v quyn ti phn
ca Gio hi, ng thi mi ngi chng kin s hi
hn hay c chp ca phm nhn. Thng l n t , tuy
nhin cng c nhiu cch n ti khc, nh hnh hng,
b th. n t hnh (ha thiu) ch dnh cho nhng u
ng c chp hoc c tha nay ti phm. Nhng cng
c nhiu u ng nh Gottachalk, Brenger, Ablard,
Henri Lausanne, Wiclif ch phi chu hnh pht theo gio