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Phn Nh :
CN KIM V NG KIM THI I
Chng Su
GIO HI NG TRC VN
TN GIO, CHNH TR, X HI
THI CN I (1850-1914)
I. Gio hi t c Pi IX n c Pi X
1. c Thnh Cha Pi IX t nm 1850
v vic i Li Tr xm chim nc Ta
thnh (1870)
2. i Cng ng Vatican I (1869-70)
3. c Le XIII (1878-1903) v c Pi X
(1903-14)
II. Gio hi ti cc nc u chu thi Cn kim
1. Gio hi Cng gio c vi Mt trn Vn
ha
2. Gio hi Cng gio o, Thy S v Bc u
3. Gio hi Cng gio Php, Anh, Ty Ban
Nha v B o Nha
4. Gio hi Cng gio v Chnh thng ng
u
III. i sng ni b ca Gio hi Cn i
1. K lut, phng v v ngh thut
2. Sng o, hi on v dng tu
3. Khoa hc thnh v Duy tn thuyt
Lch s Gio hi cui th k XIX sang XX l mt
cuc i ph lin min vi cc lc thuyt, di sn ca
ch ngha t do th k XVIII, c bit trong hai nc
c v Php. c, phong tro bi tn gio do
Bismarck cm u ly tn l Mt trn Vn ha.
Php, tri li, n khng phi do mt ngi cm u,
nhng l c mt t chc, tc hi Tam im, vi nhng
Mt trn mang danh hiu khc nhau. Cp tin, X
hi Cp tin, X hi Cng sn... V do mt t chc cm
u, nn n tn ti lu hn v tai hi cng nhiu hn.
V phng din chnh ti, t h bn th k XIX,
lch s Gio hi i ra hai ng ng c v tri ngc
nhau. Mt ng, quyn li trn th cng nh ti sn b
tc ot dn, v kt thc vo nm 1870, khi thnh
Roma b xm chim v sp nhp vo nc thng
nht: lnh th Ta thnh b thu hp trong mt khu t
trn i Vatican. Nhng trong khi , quyn thing
ling ca ngi Gio hong li c knh trng v vn
v Petrus Reichensperger.
Tt c mi ngi bt u chn ngy nhng cuc
tranh chp v ch mong mun ha bnh tr li. Chnh
quyn gp nhiu kh khn, ng X hi dn ch hot
ng mnh, ri n nhng ri lon (v mu st hong
Wilhelem I nm 1878) l nhng ting ci bo ng.
Vic th tng Bismarck tr li chnh sch bo th, v
s cn t mt hng ro ngn cn tin ca X hi
ch ngha bng nhng o lut x hi lnh mnh,
gip cho cuc chin phi tm ngng. Vic thay i
ngi Gio hong cng tip tay cho vic ngng chin
ny. c Thnh Cha Le XIII nhn thy c nhim v
ti thit ha bnh ti c quc v phi i ph vi
chnh quyn Ph. Sau nhng cuc m phn dn
ng ca cc S thn Ta thnh ti Munich (Masella)
v Vienna (Jacobini), v sau vic bi chc tng trng
Falk (1879), Bismarck bng lng bi b dn nhng o
lut chng Gio hi ca Mt trn Vn ha. Nhiu
gim mc c tr v a phn, v nm 1882 ta i s
Ph Vatican m ca li vi v tn i s Von
Schlozer. Vic thit lp ta S thn Ta thnh ti Berlin
khng thnh, do s ph quyt ca hong . Hai tng
gim mc Melchers v Ledochowski t chc li
Roma, ln chc hng y ti Gio triu.
S bang giao gia Bismarck v Le XIII mi ngy
thm tt p. Hai o lut mi 1886-87 bi b ta n
tn gio v vic kim sot cc chng vin, ng thi
dc.
Tu hi Thnh Phanxic Salding (Socit de
Saint Franois de Sales) cng gi l dng Salding,
thnh lp ti Turino () nm 1859 do thnh Gioan Don
Bosco (1815-88), c mc ch gio dc nam thanh
thiu nin, c bit nhng tr bi i. T nm 1875,
dng c nhng x Truyn gio, nh Patagonia
(Achentina), Ratjaburi (Thi Lan). Nm 1872, thm
dng n Saleding do thnh Gioan Bosco vi s hp
tc ca thnh n Maria Mazzarello (+1881) lp ti
Mornese (), cng mt mc ch gio dc nh dng
nam, nhng cho n gii. Dng n Salding hin ang
hot ng trong 71 Quc gia, iu khin cc trng k
thut, trung tiu hc v c nhi vin.
Tu hi Cha Cu chuc (Socit du Sauveur),
cng gi l dng Salvatorian, do mt linh mc triu tn
l J. B. Jordan ngi x Bade (c) sng lp ti Roma
nm 1881, nh mt tu hi Tng gio dc c mc
ch truyn b c tin bng ging dy v sch bo.
Ngnh n tu mang tn N tu Cha Cu chuc (Soeurs
du Divin Sauveur) thnh lp vo 7 nm sau.
Sang th k XX, c thm nhiu tu hi mi nh:
Dng N Bin c Thnh Batilda c thnh lp
nm 1921 do m Bndicte (Marguerite Waddington
Delmas), theo sng kin v tinh thn ca cha Dom
Besse (+ 1920); nh m t ti Vanves. Cc n tu sng
214
[19] C. Bihlmeyer H. Tuchle: op. cit., Q. IV, tr 214222.
[20]
Nhn k nim 100 nm ngy t th, thnh
n c c Gioan Phaol II tn phong Tin s
Hi thnh ngy 19.10.1997.
[21] Sau y l nhng con s tu s thuc cc dng nam
ng nht trong nm 1970:
1- Tn Cha Gisu: 33.828, 2- Phansinh: 26.666, 3Salding 21.905, 4- Lasan: 15.394, 5- Capuxin:
14.127, 6- Bin c: 10.936, 7- aminh: 9.399, 8Marist 9.229, 9- Cha Cu th: 8.155, 10- Oblat:
7.387, 11- Lazarist: 5.817, 12- Verbit: 5.502, 13Spiritain: 4.681, 14- Conventual: 4.590, 15- utinh:
4.447, 16- Ct minh: 3.874, 17- Passionist: 3.824,
18- Cha Trng: 3.659, 19- Trappist: 3.432, 20Clarettiani: 3.416. Mt vi con s khc: Tr th
Thnh Gioan Thin Cha: 2.170, Montfortain: 1.855;
Xit: 1.536, Thnh Th: 1.458, Columban: 1.190,
Tha sai Paris: 789, St-Sulpice: 671, Tiu
(Foucauld): 240 (Annuario Pontificio 1971).
Ba Dng n c con s tu s ln nht (1970) l: N t
Bc i Thnh Vinh sn Phaol: 43.742, Salding:
18.789, v Ctminh: 13.643.
Mt vi con s khc: ng Chn lnh (Angers):
10.885, Phansinh Tha sai c Maria: 10.120,