BECAUSE - SO

Theory:
BECAUSE is used to explain why an action is done.
EXAMPLE:
He ate the cake
- why did he eat the cake?
- BECAUSE he was hungry.
SO is used to explain the consequence of a situation.
EXAMPLE:
He was hungry - SO he ate the cake.
BECAUSE and SO are related because CAUSE and
CONSEQUENCE are related.
This means a sentence using BECAUSE can be transformed into a
sentence using SO,
and a sentence using SO can be transformed into a sentence using
BECAUSE.

Practice Exercises:
- John left the party (1)
-John felt sick (2)

he felt sick.
he left the party.

- Frank couldn't play (3)

he was injured.

- Frank was injured (4)

he couldn't play in the match.

- She didn't pass the test (5)

- She didn't study (6)

she didn't study.

she didn't pass the test.

TYPICAL PET TRANSFORMATIONS:

I went to France because I wanted to improve my French.
I wanted to improve my French (7)

SO, SUCH

I went to France.

Theory:
SO is used to emphasise an adjective, and is alway used without a
noun.
SUCH is used in the same way, but is always used with a noun.
EXAMPLE:
This apple is SO SWEET, but, This is SUCH a sweet APPLE.
SO and SUCH are used with THAT to give justification.
EXAMPLE:
This apple is SO SWEET THAT I will have another one, but, This
is SUCH a sweet APPLE THAT I will have another one.
SO can also be used with MUCH and MANY
SO MUCH for NON COUNTABLE nouns, SO MANY for
COUNTABLE nouns.
SUCH MUCH and SUCH MANY don't exist.
EXAMPLE:
There is SO MUCH PAINT (non countable)
and there are SO MANY ANIMALS (countable).

HEAVY

(1)

A HEAVY BAG

(2)

PEOPLE

(3)

FAST

(4)

A FAST CAR

(5)

MONEY

(6)

LOUD MUSIC

(7)

LOUD

(8)

WATER

(9)

HORSES

(10)

A LOVELY DRESS

(11)

LOVELY

(12)

NEVER BEFORE - FIRST TIME

Theory:
I have never BEEN HERE BEFORE, means two things:
I am here now,
and, this is my FIRST TIME here.
So a sentence using BEEN HERE BEFORE can be transformed
into a sentence using MY FIRST TIME.
EXAMPLE: I have never eaten snails before.
This is the first time I am eating snails.

Exercises:
- Have you spoken to Maria (1)
- Is this the (2)

you have spoken to Maria?

- We have never eaten here (3)

- This is the (4)

we are eating here.

- I have never been in this shop (5)

- This is the (6)

that I have come into this shop.

Typical PET Transformations:

I've never been to this restaurant before.

This is the (7)

that I have been to this restaurant.

NOT AS GOOD AS - BETTER THAN - THE BEST

Theory:
Maria is tall and David is tall.
To compare them, it is necessary to use TALLER THAN, and NOT
AS TALL AS.
To identify the maximum, THE TALLEST is used.
EXAMPLE: Maria ia TALLER THAN David.
If Maria is TALLER THAN David, then, David is NOT AS TALL AS
Maria.
Also, If Maria is TALLER THAN David, then, Maria is THE
TALLEST.
TALLER THAN can be transformed into NOT AS TALL AS.
EXAMPLE: Maria is TALLER THAN David.
David is NOT AS TALL AS Maria.
For words that are longer than TALL, like DIFFICULT, MORE and
MOST are used.
EXAMPLE: Chinese is MORE DIFFICULT THAN Spanish.
and Spanish is NOT AS DIFFICULT AS Chinese.
also, Chinese is THE MOST difficult.
MORE DIFFICULT THAN can be transformed into NOT AS
DIFFICULT AS.
EXAMPLE: Chinese is MORE DIFFICULT THAN Spanish.
Spanish is NOT AS DIFFICULT AS Chinese.

Exercises:
-The food in the city is (1)

the food in the market.

- The food in the market is not (2)

- The food in the city is (3)

the food in the city.

.

- The blue jacket is (4)

the red jacket.

- The red jacket is (5)

the blue jacket.

- the blue jacket is (6)

- Linda's behaviour was very bad. Dan's behaviour was good.

- Linda's behaviour was (7)

Dan's behaviour.

- Dan's behaviour was (8)

Linda's behaviour.

- Linda's behaviour was (9)

Typical PET Transformations::

The choice of food here is not as good as in the market.
The choice of food in the market is (10)

here.

Fish is better for you than meat.

Meat isn't (11)

for you as fish.

Living abroad is better than going on holiday.

Going on holiday isn't (12)

as living abroad.

That caf has better food than any other caf in the area.
That caf has (13)

food in the area.

Jane had a better seat than David.

David's seat is not (14)

as Jane's.

A) as good as

B) better than

C) the best

D) worse than

E) not as bad as

F) the worst

G) the most expensive

H) not as expensive as

I) more expensive than

J) as good

Typical FCE Transformations::

(You have to type your answer.)
His first novel was better than this one.
GOOD
This novel is not (15)

one he wrote.