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sjfb sjfb Iskfqfv swsN sjfb sjfb mcIkD nfsrshv bfsmv nQsjk hAhrfv jvf
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mrfb zffrv jfsY iafKGbf, dkdb spb zfmt jhct j'sv sbb. zfmDb.
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15/2/2012
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jvf rsqdYt sp, kfvf wcLcmf jj ifsnAv ifnbf jvsh, dpdb hAkDk (nkA)
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kfv iadk mfb bf sb mfvf pfsh, sn ufrffmhfnD rsh. (mcndtm)
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jhvsj sj j'sv kfWqfI jvf, bpv hf mfbk mfbf, jhvsj dnulf jvf,
jhvhfnDv jfsY iafKGbf hf jfmbf jvf kAfdl dwsjG zfjhfv. mb jfsu mcndtm
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3. sp nfrfpA yfWqf rsY, sn nfrfpA jvfv mskf kfv [mkf Kfjsk rsh.
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ifnA zfsY dj? skfmvf zdk nfmfbA islw oarB j'sv Kfj. (bfmXt } 62)
mrfbhD hstb, pJb kcdm yfsh, kJb zffrv jfsY sysqf. zfv pJb kcdm
iafKGbf jvsh, kJb jmf zffrv jfsY nfrfpA iafKGbf jsvf. (dkvdmpD)
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k]fv bfifjDv pC-sofnstv iasqfub rskf. (dkvdmpD 2491bQ) uDdhk dYstb, djft
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jsv.' (jfrI } 110, rf-mDm nfulfr } 6)
i[fsv sjfb mfbcN k]fv mskf (nmfb) bq. zfmvf k]fv mskf mfbcN b.
zdkiafjxk dhNsq sj k]fv mskf bq. dkdb jefbf svfpf vfJskb. nfrfhDoB
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skf vfd zdkhfdrk jdv, zfv zfmfv iadkiftj zfmfsj ifbfrfv jvfb.' (mcndtm
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k]fv slsrv Ofm dYt swa ncod. jlf dkdb sm nctfm (vfdpqff zfbrf)v
Osv sn sq Ocdmsq sostb. dkdb OmGf rst sm nctfm sn Ofm umf jvsk
tfostb. dkdb suso sE kf slsJ dufnf jvstb, `jD hAfifv sm nctfm?'
htstb, `zfibfv Ofm. zfmfslv ncodsk dmdwsq slh. zfv kf rsh swa ncod.'
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slJsk if, spmb nfmsb slJsk if. (zfrmfl 9796, hcJfvD 418, mcndtm 986, rfsjm
zKGf{, zfdm nxd jsvdY dub W mfbcNsj sjht ubA sp, kfvf zfmfv hflk
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Ffsj nfVf dl. zkh kfvfW zfmfv Ffsj nfVf dlj hQ zfmfsk dhhfn fib
jvj, pfsk kfvf dEj isK ytsk ifsv. (hfjfvfr } 186)
zfv mcrfmfl -v znDtfq zflm -v lczf jvfv jKf iamfdBk bq.
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nshv ltDt vsqsY zfjDlfv hdtsk. i[fsv swN bhD -v znDtfq
zflm -v lczfv rflDn nrDr bq. ltDt-nr ndhfv hA `kfWrDl-sjZmclD'.
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nQOej W nxdjkGf zffrsj Hcst hsn. jfuW j iajfv dwjG, ksh kfsk mfbcN
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zfsvfoAlfkf sp jmf zffr hQ yfjdv W WNcL Lc srkcmf---kf Hcst hsn.
de dwsjG zfnofv.
3. mb srkcv iv Hvnf jsv, pf zfnst wvqD W srkc. dj srkcv
nQOej W nxdjkGf zffrv isv idviCBG Hvnf vfsJ. sn ufsb, zffrv Yf
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sndYstb hafrDm
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iaw jvf rsh kAfdl, zKy dkdb nh ufsbb. spsrkc hflfsj dkdb hcUfsk yfb sp,
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stJf W nf[A zbcpfqD sn hcUsk ifsv sp, kfv iadk zdhyfv jvf rsY bf.
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iaw } pfvf jfhDvf sofbfr jsv, zKGf{ hAdHyfv jsv, Jcb jsv, mlAifb jsv, dmKAf
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sp ilGf smfdyk rst k]fv zfbb-lDd nmoa nxdjctsj lDHCk j'sv sItsh.
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jfsu slfN shv jvf hL dj?
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dwjGW rsk ifsv.
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rt zmcj (stfsjv) ic zmcj (stfsjv) iakfvBf. (mcndtm 1735bQ, hsb drfb,
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rflDnde uft W oVf rflDn. zbA jde pqDI rflDn rflDsnv uft
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dkdb snJfsb zfkdk rb. nckvfQ duhvDt zhkvB jsvb hQ zfpfb dlsk v
jsvb, `zfwrflc zft-tf tfrf ffr' 2hfv hQ `zfwrflc zff mcrfmflfv
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msLA swN bhD.'
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zfmfv (zffv) jhv dpqfvskv hQ doIfsvv ([mf iafKGbf jvfv) zbcmdk
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iaw } zflm
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zH
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nckvfQ pfv lfo efbfv idk iqosvv idk zbcnfsv rsh, kf ndEj hst
dhshdyk rsh (bsy{ bf). (mcndtm)
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zfsn, sjfb nfLfvB mfbcsNv jfsY bq. zkh rfk yftfsbf hQ rfk yfdtsq htf
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zfv LfvBjfvDv mskf. sn pcsov zfmtjfvDv rsh ifw ub icvsNv nmfb
nWqfh. dufnf jvf rt, `sr zffrv vnCt! ifw ub icvN zfmfslv mLA rsk,
bfdj kfslv mLA rsk?' dkdb htstb, bf, hvQ skfmfslv mLA rsk! zbA hBGbfq
zfsY, skfmfslv ifwub wrDslv nmfb nWqfh! (zfhC lfl, dkvdmpD, hsb
mfufr, kfhfvfbD, n} ufsm' 2234bQ)
nfrfhfoB ntfsmv iafvdjjfst jk j hvB jsvsYb, jfsIvslv zkAfyfsv
jk LpG LfvB jsvsYb, jk wk hfLf-dhid QOb j'sv mfb W ntfmsj
pKfKGvsi iftb j'sv sosYb. zfv ivhkGD pcsov LpGwDt stfsjvfW bfbf dIkbfv
mfsU, bfbf jfvD lt W mskv mfsU, nhGoafnD W nhGbfwD mfb W ydv-dhLQnD
iayfvmfLAsmv mfsU, zwDtkf W sbfQvfdmv mfsU mfb de]djsq vfsJ. sp njt
dIkbf W iayfvmfLAm nfrfhfosBv pcso dYt bf. kf skf kfslv ifw B nWqfh
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dub W wqkfb
iaw } msbv dHksv zffr W ofqhD dhNqnmCsr bfbf nslsrv nxd rst jD jvf
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sn jcmBfsj mb sKsj mcsY sItfv syf zhAfrk vfJf dyk hQ (o) `zfmfbkc
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iaw } dub pfsk jfsY hf hfdVsk bf zfsn, sn sswA hfsOv Yft hf mfKf Osv
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iaw } dub dj hw jvf pfq?
v } wqkfb iajdx kv dubsj kc j'sv hw jvf pfq. (du)
iaw } dub dj sjfb mfbcsNv nfsK spZbspZb-dmtsb dt rsk ifsv?

v } dub-bnfsbv dmtb znh bq. (du)
iaw } sjfb mxskv `vr' dj rfdpv jvf pfq?
v } bf. sjfb mxskv `vr' rfdpv jvf pfq bf. ksh kc j'sv wqkfb dub
rfdpv jvf pfq. (du)
iaw } dub dj mfbcNsj zirvB W rkAf jvsk ifsv?
v } rflDsn hdBGk zfsY, Jfpvfsuv nlGfv nf'l dhb hflfr dub jkGj
x Jcb
rsqdYstb. (kfhfjfsk hsb nf'l 3/617, mcflvfj 3/283, mcnffI zf}
vfpXpfj 11/434) mlDbfq j nfrfhDsj j dub nfsiv zfjxdk dbsq rkAf
jsvdYt. (mcndtm, dmwjfk 4118bQ) zbcvi mfv -v sJtfIkjfst
jub mcndtm mcwdvj dub jkGj
x zirk rq. idvswsN mcndtm dubvf kfslv
dhvs pc yfdtsq kfsj mc j'sv zfsb. (du)
iaw } dub jkGj

x Jcb-rkAf, zirvB kAfdl nkA rst, pfslv dub hw zfsY,
kfvf kfv fvf hV hV zivfLDslvsj LQn jvfq bf sjb?
v } kf jvfsk sost rqskf dhsvfLD dub kfsj hfLf slsh. mfbcsNv spmb hc W
w zfsY, skmdb kfslvW zfsY. zfv mfbcsNv ijfv jvsk dosq dubslv
zfsifsnv oxrpc hfLsh, spmb mfv -v sJtfIkjfst OsedYt.
iaw } zsbj nmq svfoD hV WUfv jfsY Hft rq bf. dub ifWqfv iafq nm
zftfmk KfjskW idvswsN Fffsvv jfsY Hft rq. kfrst dub ifWqfv hAfifvef
dj mfbdnj svfo bq?
v } rsk ifsv. ksh swaBDv mfbdnj zsbj svfo sjfb Fffsvv jfsYW
Hft rq bf. htf hftA swaBDv svfo drdedvqf rsk ifsv, uflc-Odek rsk ifsv,
dub ifWqf rsk ifsv, idvjdik zdHbqW rsk ifsv. pfv spmb svfo, kfv skmb
WNcL bf iVst nfvsh sjb?
iaw } sp hAd dub zDjfv jsv, ntfsm kfv dhLfb jD?
v } sp hAd dusbv zdk zDjfv jsv, sn hAd jfsIv. jfvB djkfh W

ncfrsk kfslv zdk W uDhsbv jKf zfstfdyk rsqsY. zlxwA uo{ dIdvwXkfv
iadk mfb spmb uvvD, skmdb dub ufdkv zdskv dhwfnW uvvD.
23
iaw } dub ufdk zfb sKsj nx. kfslv uffkuffk-ufrffm rst ufrffsmv
ufrffsmv
zfsb zfb icVsh hf wfd ifsh jDHfsh?
v } zffrv slWqf wfdsk znh djYc sb. mrfb zffr dubslv jKf
xk j'sv hstsYb,
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shdw. zhwA mbW rsk ifsv sp, kfslvsj zfpfh slWqfv ubA ixKj zfb iak
zfsY. spsrkc ivjfstv dhNqfhtD rjfstv dhNqfhtD sKsj niCBG dH. (du)
mfbcN mfde sKsj kdv rWqf nsW pdl mfdev (sTtf kAfdlv) zfOfsk j ifq,
kfrst dub zfb sKsj kdv rWqf nsW kfslv zfb fvf j ifWqf sjfb
dhdy jKf bq.
djkfh W ncfr
iaw } svdFW hf dedHsk jcvzfb bsk bsk Jhsvv nmq rst kf swfbf hfl
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v } jcvzfb sp sjfb nmsq swfbf pfq hQ sjfb hAd pdl pKfnmsq jcvzfb
swfsb zk}iv Jhsvv nmq jcvzfsbv snefv hf yAfsbt h j'sv Jhv swfsb--spsrkc Jhv dbdlG nmsq rq, kfrst kf jcvzfb sKsj mcJ dIdvsq sbWqfv ipGfsq
iVsh bf. (tflf)
iaw } zsbsjv svdFW, dedH, sei hf smfhfst jcvzfb dktfzk ytsk Kfsj
hQ kfvf zfsifsn oisk mo Kfsj. zfyvB dj dEj?
v } smfse dEj bq. jcvzfb dktfzk rst dbyci bsk rsh. oi jvst
jcvzfb dktfzk h j'sv dlsk rsh. spsrkc mrfb zffr hstb,
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hQ dbyci rsq Kfj; pfsk skfmfslv iadk lqf jvf rq. (zf'vfI } 204)
iaw } dhkdjGk nmnAfq

nmnAfq jfv nmfLfb oarB jvh?
24
---- DbD iaswfv ---v } sjfb dhNsq mksHl Kfjst zKhf j nmsq lc zfstsmv dHmcJD
Iskfqf rst k]fv Iskfqf oarB jvsk rsh, p]fv Iskfqf jcvzfb W nrDr ncfrv
shdw dbjehkGD msb jsvb. p]fsj tXm W kfjWqfq shdw hV msb rq. spmb j
svfsov lc Fffsvv lc vjm dydj{nf-idk W vfq swfsbb, kfrst p]fsj zfidb
hV W zdH Fffv msb jsvb, k]fv dydj{nf W iKA oarB jvshb.
pdl kctbf jvfv ifq bf Kfsj, kfrst p]fv Iskfqfef mfbfv dlj sKsj nru,
k]fv Iskfqf zbcpfqD zfmt jvshb. spsrkc Db nru. mrfb zffr hstsYb,
j 7 EF {. / , V, b
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zKGf{, zffr skfmfslv (ubA pf) nru (kf) jvsk yfb, dkdb skfmfslv j yfb
bf. (hfjfvfr } 185)
m 7 EF { . 0
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zKGf{, zffr skfmfslvsj sjfb iajfv j dlsk yfb bf. (mfdqlfr } 6)
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(rf } 78)
zfv mrfbhD hstsYb,
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zKGf{, nru jv, jdEb jsvf bf.
zfhfvW hdt sp, rt nfLfvB mfbcsNv ubA, pfvf dbsu ltDt pfyf-hfYf
jvsk ifsv bf hQ lc zfstsmv mfsU ifKGjA dbBGq jvsk ifsv bf. i[fsv
pfslv sn [mkf zfsY, kfslv ubA zbcnfb yfdtsq ndEj nmfLfb susb sbWqf
uvvD. ()
iaw } zsbj dwd[k

dwd[k mcndtm idvhfv zfsY, pfvf jcvzfb swsJ bf, dwsJ KfjstW
dbqdmk dktfzk jsv bf, dktfzk jvstW mfsb hcsU (isV) bf, hcUstW
pKfpKHfsh zfmt jsv bf. slv zftmfvD zKhf slWqfstv kfsj hV pskv nfsK
jcvzfb vfJf Kfsj. slv hAfifsv islw jD?
v } swaBDv mcndtmvf sn stfsjslv mskf, pfslv dhvs zdHspfo
jcvzfb huGb jvfv zdHspfo vsqsY. mrfb zffr hstsYb,
7 EF {f 7 u
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kfslv msLA mb stfjW Kfjsk ifsv, pfslv hAfifsv mrfb zffr hstsYb,
25
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dYt zifvo. (jfrI } 100-101)
slv msLA zsbsj lcdbqflfv, vf i-idjf isV, oi-ibAfn isV, dj
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ufsbb, sj kf]v iK rsk dhycAk hQ dkdb Hft ufsbb, sj n{iKiaf. (bfuXm }
29-30)
zsbsj jcvzfbsj sjht kfhDp W mxskv zfkfv jtAfsB hAhrfv jsv. zKy
jcvzfb zhkDBG rsqsY uDdhk mfbcsNv zfmstv ubA. mrfb zffr hstsYb,
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26
iCBG iadklfb slshb hQ dkdb dbu zbcoasr kfslvsj zfvW shwD slshb. dkdb skf
[mfwDt, BoafrD. (Ifdkv } 29-30)
zfv mrfbhD hstsYb, skfmvf jcvzfb ifE jv. sjbbf, kf djqfmskv dlb
kfv ifEjfvDslv ubA ncifdvwjfvDvsi idk rsh. (mcndtm 804 bQ)
sp hAd zffrv djkfh (jcvzfb mfuDl)v jde hBG ifE jvsh, kfv jde
sbjD rsh. zfv jde sbjD, lwde sbjDv nmfb rq. zfdm htdY bf sp, `zfdtItfm-mDm' jde hBG; hvQ zfdtI jde hBG, tfm jde hBG hQ mDm jde hBG.
(zKGf{, dkbde hBG fvf odEk `zfdtI-tfm-mDm, pfv sbjDv nQJAf rsh dw.)
sysq shwD zffrsj Hq jdv, kfv Hq zsv skfmfslv sysq shwD vfdJ. dj zfdm
(bIt) svfpf vfdJ hQ svfpf sYsVW dl, bfmfp idV hQ dblafW pf. zfv bfvDslv
dhsqW jdv. nckvfQ sp zfmfv nck rsk mcJ dIdvsq dbsh, sn zfmfv ltHc bq.
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iaw } mskv JdktfI dj vrmk?
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hstsYb,
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dlsj iakAfhkGb jvf Wqfsuh. zfv nfrfhfslv JdktfI udkrflD. zfv
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zfv udkrflD Hct hf JdktfsI isV Kfjf hL bq? iv `JdktfIc mfkD
vfrmfr' rflDn nrDr bq. (hfbD)
iaw } Dsb mLAmif jD?
Db W ntfm
v } Db mfbsk djYc stfj yvmiD zfsY, djYc zfsY bvm W dTstiD hQ

djYc zfsY mLAmiD. sj Db W hflskv s[s hfVfhfdV W zdkvb jsv,
nruefsj jdEb jsv hQ sj sjhfsv dTstdm jsv, zhf W zhsrtf jsv hQ
jdEbefsj nru msb jsv. zKy iaskAj dudbsnv mfUfmfdUef dEj.
zfmfslv Db rt mLAmiD. kfsk zdkvb sb. mrfbhD
W k]fv
nfrfhfhsoGv iK rt mLAmif. mrfbhD -v kvDjf rt mfUfmfdU zfyvB.
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kJb kf]vf spb kf zi msb jvstb hQ htstb, `zfmfslv ns bhD -v
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(snsrkc zfmfslv kf]v sysq shwD hflk jvf iasqfub).' nckvfQ k]fslv msLA
jub htstb, `zfdm nfvf uDhb vfkHv bfmfp iVh.' dkDqub htstb, `zfdm
nfvf uDhb svfpf vfJh, jJsbf svfpf YfVh bf.' kxkDqub htstb, `zfdm bfvD sKsj
lCsv Kfjh, uDhbHv dhsq jvh bf.' zk}iv vfnCtc fr k]fslv dbje stb
hQ htstb, skfmvf jKf hstY? swfsbf! zffrv jnm! zfdm skfmfslv
27
(hcJfvD-mcndtm)
nckvfQ k]fv kvDjfsk vsqsY mLAmiD zfyvB. dkdb hstsYb, dbyq Db

nru. sp hAd zsrkcj Dbsj jdEb hfbfsh, kfv iv Db uqD rsq pfsh. (zKGf{
mfbcN ivfduk rsq zfmt sYsV slsh.) nckvfQ skfmvf snfuf isK Kfj hQ
(hflsk) mLAmif zhtb jv. skfmvf ncnQhfl bfW. zfv njft-nAf W
vfskv djYc zQsw hflk jvfv mfLAsm nfrfpA bfW. (hcJfvD)
hcJfvDv zbA j hBGbfq zfsY, skfmvf nvt isK Kfsjf, mLAmif zhtb jv,
njft-nAfq yt (hflk jv) hQ vfskv djYc zQsw. zfv skfmvf mLAmif
zhtb jv, mLAmif zhtb jv, kfrst ohAst si]ZsY pfsh.
pfvf dTstiD, kfvf ncskv iv zfmt jsv bf, bIt zflfq jvsk nsy rq
bf, hvQ zsbj nmq Ivp zflfsqW wdKtA jsv.
lfrvB vi }(j) jde stfj Ifsnj (ififyfv), sn jfhDvf sofbfr jsv, dj bfmfp isV hQ
dwjG jsv bf. yvmiD hst, `zfdm kfsj nftfm jvh bf, kfv nfsK nijG dY
jvh, kfv nfsK jKf hth bf.'
bvmiD hst, ìfisj OxBf jv, ifiDsj bq. zfdm kfsj nftfm jvh, kfv nfsK
ncnijG vfJh, kfv nfsK srsn-sJst Efhnf jvh.'
zfv mLAmiD hst, `zfdm kfv ifsiv ubA kfsj OxBf jvh hQ mfsbv ubA
Hfstfhfnh. kfsj huGb jvfq pdl sjfb ijfv Kfsj, kfrst kfsj huGb jvh.'
(J) yvmiD stfj Dsj yvsBv lfnD msb jsv. bvmiD kfsj dbsuv iaHc msb
jsv, hfbsvv mskf kfv jKfq WE-hn jsv. zfv mLAmiD kfsj hc msb jsv. sn
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icvNslv. dj bfvDslv iv icvNslv djYcef mpGflf zfsY. zffr
mrfivfmwftD, iafmq. (hfjfvfr } 228)
vfnCtcfr hstsYb, sjfb mfblfv icvN spb sjfb mfblfv bfvD (Dsj)
OxBf bf jsv. pdl sn kfv jde zfyvsB zn rq, ksh zbA zfyvsB n rsh.
(mcndtm)
iaw } mrfb zffr sp dudbnsj rftft jsvsYb, kf rfvfm hQ sp dudbnsj
rfvfm
rfvfm jsvsYb, kf rftft jvfv hAfifsv sjfb mfm, zfstm hf nvjfsvv zfbcokA
28
---- DbD iaswfv ---jvf jD?
v } swaBDv zfbcokA dkbHfsh rsk ifsv }(j) zffrv dhLfsb znsfN iajfv j'sv zKhf kf ziYl j'sv ofqvfrv
dhLfbsj iYl j'sv kfv zfbcokA jvf. v Ist mcndtm `jfsIv' rsq pfq.
spsrkc mrfb zffr hstsYb,
7 EF {V/ P, 2 . / 2 2 . 0
/ X2 L2 $, ^ . Q. 2 *. 7,D3 @
2 V/ P, 1 X2 )> T
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nckvfQ zffr kfslv jmGnmCr dbIt j'sv slshb. (mcrfmfl } 9)
zfv jKf dhdlk sp, jmf jfsIvslv pfhkDq zfmt dbIt jvf rq.
(J) ofqvfrv dhLfsbv zfbcokA jsv. ksh jKf msb-iafsB dhwfn vfsJ sp,
zffrv dhLfb nhGswa hQ mfbcsNv ubA zdLj jtAfBjv. dj sjfb
jciahdx hsw, sjfb stfH hf tfsHv Jfdksv ofqvfrv dhLfsbv zfbcokA jsv.
zfbcoskA mcndtm `jfsIv' rsh bf. spsrkc sn zffrv dhLfbsj zDjfv W
iakAfJAfb jsv bf. hvQ fKGhsw kf iftb jsv bf. nckvfQ kfsj Ifsnj htf pfsh.
(o) bf susb ofqvfrv dhLfsbv zfbcokA jsv. zKhf sn msb jsv sp, snef
zffrv dhLfb. s[s lc zhf rsk ifsv }j } kfv is[ zffrv dhLfb ufbf nh. dj sn ufbfv syf jsv bf. zKy
mrfb zffr zufbf dhLfb tfmfv dbje dufnf j'sv susb dbsk zfslw
dlsqsYb. dkdb hstsYb,
B p `% 7 EF {. 7, 2/ a. g2 V/ 8, @
W 3h 3 @
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zKGf{, skfmvf pdl bf ufb, kfrst fbDslvsj dufnf jv; (bfrXt } 43,
zfdqfg } 7)
zhfq sn sofbfrofv rsh.
lc } kfv is[ zffrv dhLfb ufbf nh bq. nckvfQ sn sjfb zfstm, sbkf hf
nvjfsvv zfbcjvB jsv. mkfhfq kfv sjfb zivfL rsh bf. spsrkc mrfbhD
hstsYb,
K@ o, 8. L 2 -/ *. 2. $, , r/ h3 . @
2 V > 3 / . )> . 8> L W -/ *. A
zKGf{, sp hAdsj dhbf tXsm (Hct) Iskfqf slWqf rq, kfv ifi hskG mcIkDv
iv. (zfhC lfl 3657, hsb mfufr 57, lfsvmD 159bQ)
zhfq pdl zfbcjvBjfvDv zivfL oBA jvf rq, kfrst kfsk hV nmnAf
slJf slsh hQ Hcstv zfwfq sj sjfb zfstsmv jKfq Hvnf vfJsh bf. ()
iaw } sp hAd wvDqskv sjfb dhLfbsj `zyt' hf `hfiyf' msb jsv, sn hAdv
dhLfb jD?
v } sn hAd jfsIv. spsrkc wvDqskv sjfb dhLfb zyt W hfiyf bq.
29
---- DbD iaswfv ---wvDqskv dhLfb hcUfv ubA zKhf kf hrft jvfv ubA mfbcsNv dhshj-hcd zyt
rsk ifsv. dj sn dhLfb wfwk, dyvb W jftuqD. (hf)
iaw } sp hAd msb jsv, bfvDbfvD-icvsNv nmfb zdLjfv bf dlsq ntfm bfvDv iadk
pctcm jsvsY, sn hAdv dhLfb jD?
v } ntfm bfvDsj icvsNv nmfb zdLjfv bf dlstW, kfsj kfv pKfpK
zdLjfv lfb jsvsY. ntfm kfv iadk sjfb zbAfq jsvdb. ntfsmv zdLjfv
hebsj pdl sj zDjfv jsv hQ zbAfq W zdhyfv msb jsv, kfrst sn
jfsIv. (hf)
dhlzfk
iaw } `dhlzfk' jfsj hst? jJb sjfbX jfusj `dhlzfk' hst zfJAfqb jvf
rsh?
v } dhlzfk htf rq Db W hflsk bh zfdhjk
x jfusj. zKGf{, Db hf
hflk msb j'sv jvf mb jfusj dhlzfk htf rsh, sp jfsuv jcvzfb W nrDr
ncfrv sjfb ltDt sb. vfnCtcfr hstb,
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zKGf{, skfmvf (Dsb) bh fdhk jmGnmCr (dhlzfk) sKsj sh]sy Kfjsh. jfvB,
iaskAj dhlzfk kf. (zfhC lfl, dkvdmpD)
V
i I $> 2. A _2 81 *, KEEq . 7. P, L2 $, / *> =
. / 2 *. .]D. . 3 */
. .0
/ -/ *. FF
KEEq . 7. P, L2 , * $> 2. =
. / 2 . . `. > . -/ *. FF W
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jvt---pf kfv msLA sb, kf iakAfJAfbspfoA. (hcJfvD W mcndtm)
mcndtsmv zbA j hBGbfq zfsY, sp hAd mb jfu jvt, sp hAfifsv zfmfslv
dbslGw sb, kf huGbDq.
htf hftA, bh zfdhjk
x ifdKGh sjfb dhNqsj dhlzfk htf pfsh bf. spmb
wvDqsk dbdN sjfb jfusj dhlzfk htf rq bf. hvQ kfsj zShL, rfvfm hf
mjvr htf rq.
iaw } dhlzfk
dhlzfk jfsj hst? `dhlzfsk rfnfbfr' hst dj sjfb dhlzfk zfsY?
v } dhlzfk htf rq Db dhNqj sjfb bkcb jmGsj, pfv sjfb ltDt wvDqsk
sb. mrfbhD hstsYb, zhwA skfmfslv msLA pfvf zfmfv dhlfsqv iv uDdhk
Kfjsh kfvf zsbj vjsmv mksHl slJsk ifsh. zkh skfmvf zfmfv hQ
zfmfv nciKiaf sJftfIfsq vfswlDsbv ncfr zhtb jsvf, kf l]fk fvf lxPkfv
nfsK LfvB jsvf. (kfsk pf ifW mfbA jv hQ zbA sjfbW mskv dlsj zfjx rsqf
30
bf.) zfv (Dsb) bhvdyk jmGnmCr rsk nfhLfb! jfvB, dbyq iaskAj dhlzfk
(bkcb zfmt) rt kf. (zfhc lfl 4443, dkvdmpD 2815, hsb bfufr 42 bQ)
zfv bfnfv j hBGbfq zfsY, zfv iaskAj kf ufrffsm (dbsq pfq).
rflDn sKsj jKfW iamfB rq sp, dhlzfsk rfnfbfr (Hft dhlzfk) hst
sjfb dhlzfk sb. jfvB mrfbhD hstsYb, iaskAj dhlzfk rt kf.
zhdrk. (nCvf rfwXv 18 zfqfk) nckvfQ iaskAj hAd spb dbu lDbfv
(BGmclaf), dlvrfm (svZiAmclaf), jfiV, j nf' om W j nf' sJucv sKsj nfljfr
jsv. mbdj dkdb htstb, sJucsvv zfLf ecjvf rstW (kf spb lfb jsv).
nckvfQ zfbnfvslv jde stfj (y]fdlv) jde Kst dbsq t, stfjdev jvkt spb
kf LfvB jvsk ifvdYt bf; hvQ kf LfvB jvsk z[m dYt. zk}iv (kf slsJ)
stfsjvf iviv lfb zfbsk zfv jvt. mbdj JflA nfmoaD W jfisVv lc'de Ci
slJtfm. idvswsN zfdm slJtfm sp, vfnCtcfr -v syrfvf spb snfbfv mk
Utmt jvsY. zk}iv vfnCtcfr htstb, sp hAd ntfsm Hft vDdk yftc
jvsh, sn kfv dbsuv hQ nm stfsjv nWqfh ifsh, pfvf kfv (mxkcAv) iv kfv
iv zfmt jvsh. kfslv nWqfshv djYc idvmfBW jm jvf rsh bf. zfv sp hAd
ntfsm sjfb ml vDdkv iaytb jvsh, kfv iv kfv dbsuv hQ stfjslv
sofbfr hkGfsh, pfvf kfv (mxkcAv) iv kfv iv zfmt jvsh. kfslv sofbfrv djYc
idvmfBW jm jvf rsh bf. (mcndtm)
t[BDq sp, lfb jvf jde Hft vDdk. dj zsbsjv msLA sp iaKm v jvsh,
kfv rsh nWqfh. sjfb bkcb vDdk zfdhjfv jvf swA bq. rflDsnv ws
vDdksj `ncfr' htf rsqsY, pf dhlzfskv dhivDk. nckvfQ `dhlzfsk rfnfbf'v
ltDt kfsk sb.
htf hftA, rflDsn bkcb vDdk yftc jvfv ipGfqHc dkb iajfv jfu }(j) wvDqknmk Hft jfu. dj zsbsjv msLA nhGiaKm jvf.
(J) sjfb nck jfu, pf sE dosqdYt hf stfjmfsU iaydtk dYt bf zKhf zufbf
dYt, kf bkcbHfsh iadkf jvf, stfjmfsU iaydtk jvf zKhf ufdbsq kfv iaytb
jvf.
(o) sjfb mb jfu jvf, pf sjfb wvDqknmk Hft jfsuv mfLAm. spmb DbD
mffnf dbmGfB jvf, DbD h-i Yfif kAfdl. ()
iaw } `dhlzfsk rfnfbfr' bfmj sjfb dhlzfk zfsY dj, pf jvst nWqfh rq.
spsrkc rflDsn zfsY, sp hAd ntfsm Hft vDdk yftc jvsh, sn kfv dbsuv hQ
nm stfsjv nWqfh ifsh, pfvf kfv (mxkcAv) iv kfv iv zfmt jvsh. kfslv
nWqfshv djYc idvmfBW jm jvf rsh bf. (mcndtm)
v } `dhlzfsk rfnfbfr' (Hft dhlzfk) hst sjfb dhlzfk sb. hvQ
iaskAj dhlzfk `nfdqAzfr' (ml). mrfbhD hstsYb,
]* 7,)2 o KEE i2 2 }
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zfv rflDsn sp Hft vDdk yftc jvfv jKf htf rsqsY, kf bkcb sjfb vDdk bq.
hvQ sp vDdk wvDqk nmk dj sjfb ufqofq kf yftc dYt bf. sjfb hAd kf yftc
jvst kfv nWqfh rq. iCBG rflDnde iVst zfidb dbsu hcUsk ifvshb, sjfbX
swaBDv vDdkv jKf htf rsqsY.
ufvDv hsb zfcfr hstb, jlf zfmvf dlsbv iaKm Hfso vfnCtc fr -v
dbje dYtfm. zk}iv kf]v dbje djYc stfj t, pfslv slr dhh dYt, iwsmv
sFfvf jfef yflv (mfKf iashswv mk ufqof mfsU sjse) isv dYt zKhf `zfhf'
(zfQvfJf) isv dYt, kvhfdv kfvf dbsuslv olGfsb Ucdtsq svsJdYt. kfslv
zdLjfQw mcpfv sofsv (stfj) dYt; hvQ kfvf njst mcpfv sofsv dYt. kfslv
ldvlakf slsJ vfnCtcfr -v syrfvf idvhkGb rsq sot. nckvfQ dkdb (hfdVv
dHkv) iashw jvstb hQ icbvfq shv rstb. kfviv dkdb shtftsj (zfpfb
slWqfv) zfslw jvstb. Ist dkdb zfpfb dlstb hQ jfmk dlstb. zk}iv
dkdb bfmfp isV stfjslvsj (nsfLb j'sv) HfNB dlstb. dkdb htstb, sr
mfbh nialfq! skfmvf skfmfslv iadkiftjsj Hq jv, dpdb skfmfslv j hAd
rsk nxd jsvsYb W kf rsk kfv ndbD nxd jsvsYb, dpdb kfslv lc'ub sKsj h
bvbfvD (ixdKhDsk) dhfv jsvsYb. sn zffrsj Hq jv, pfv bfsm skfmvf sj
zisvv dbje pff jv hQ fdk-hb dY jvfsj Hq jv. dbyq zffr
skfmfslv iv kD[ lxd vfsJb. (nCvf dbnf 1 zfqfk) zk}iv dkDq zfqfk
spde nCvf rfwsvv swsN zfsY snde ifE jvstb, sr dhwfnDoB! skfmvf zffrsj
Hq jv. zfv iaskAsj sHsh slJcj sp, zfofmDjfstv (djqfmskv) ubA sn zdoam
jD ifdEsqsY. skfmvf zffrsj Hq jv. dbyq skfmvf pf jv zffr sn nisjG
31
iaw } sl mDtflcb bfhD dhlzfk sjb?
v } spsrkc wvDqsk kfv sjfb ltDt sb. sJfl bhD hf k]fv sjfb nfrfhD,
sjfb kfsh hf mfm kf iftb jsv pfbdb, jvfv dbslGwW slbdb.
nhGiaKm sl mDtfl (bhDdlhn) zfdhjfv jsvb vfsjv vdht wrsvv zfmDv
(oHbGv) mcpfIXIfvDb jCjchcvD dEj druvD nm wkfDv sofVfv dlsj 604
(mkfsv 625) druvDsk. dmnsv nhGiaKm yftc jsv IfskmDvf; pfslv ians hsb
jfnDv hstb, (IfskmD wfnjsofD) jfsIv, Ifsnj, ififyfv, LmGLuD, LmGslafrD,
zffrv dnIfk (BfhtD) znDjfvjfvD W ntfm znDjfvjfvD mfuCnD LmG-dhwfnD
dYt. (zft-dhlfqfr zb-dbrfqfr' 11/346)
zsbsj hstsYb, mDtfsl smfIf jde bhA zfdhjfv; pf zfu sKsj iafq hfv wk
hYv iCshG druvD dkDq wkfDv swNHfso wfqJ mfv dhb mcrfmfl nhGiaKm iahkGb
32
jsvb. mfWsnstv zdLhfnD mfv dhb mcrfmfl bfdj Jch zfswsj vnCt W
zffrv ztD dYstb. dkdb vnCt -v Hfthfnfq jf zbcvfsov hsw mDtfl
kKf vnCt -v um-hxf zfbcfdbjHfsh zfstfybfq hakD rb. dhJAfk nDvfsk
wfmD oas jKf Djfv jvf rsqsY. (slJcb } YrDr mfjYCsl mc'smbDb 369ix})
kfYfVf sk vsqsY dhufdkv zbcjvB hQ wvDqk-dhsvfLD h jmGjf. (`hfsvf
mfsn sksvf ivh' })
hstb, sp hAd sjfb nialfsqv nflxwA zhtb jsv sn kfslv jub.
iaw } `sl mDtflcb bfhD' (bhD(bhD-dlhn) iftb jvf hL bq sjb?
v } mrfb zffr zfmfslv Db ntfmsj iCBfG jsv dlsqsYb k]fv bhDv

uDhwfsk. mrfb zffr hstb,
. 2 / 3 V, b
W 2J
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W / 2. J
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W . I> V/ b
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zKGf{, zfu skfmfslv ubA skfmfslv Db iCBfG jvtfm W skfmfslv iadk zfmfv
zbcoar (sbqfmk) niCBG jvtfm hQ ntfmsj skfmfslv LmGvsi msbfbDk
jvtfm. (nCvf mfsqlfr 3 zfqfk)
zfv mrfbhD hstb, sp hAd zfmfslv (Db) hAfifsv bkcb djYc zfdhjfv
jsv, sn hAdv sn jfu iakAfJAfk. (hcJfvD W mcndtm) sp hAd mb sjfb jfu
jsv, pfv iv zfmfslv sjfb dbslGw sb, sn hAdv sn jfu iakAfJAfk.
(mcndtm)
ntfsm iftbDq l rt mf lcde; lct dIkXv W lct zfprf. kxkDq sjfb l

ntfsm sb. mrfbhD bhcqskv 23 hYv jft dbsuv uDhsb sjfb hYv dbsuv
umdlb iftb jsv pfbdb. sjfb nfrfhDsj kf iftb jvfv dbslGwW slbdb. k]fv
iChhG kGD bhDslv um-mxkcA its[A sjfb zfbl zKhf swfjiftb jsv pfbdb.
k]fv ivhkGDjfst k]fv yfvub JtDIf k]fslv sJtfIkjfst vfDqHfsh zKhf
jjHfsh bhDdlhn iftb jsv pfbdb. zbA sjfb nfrfhD hf zfkDqW k]fv iadk k
Hfstfhfnf W waf Kfjf nsW k]fv umdlb its[A zfbl zKhf mxkAc dlb
its[A swfj iftb jsvbdb. k]fslv isvW sjfb kfsh zKhf k]fslv sjfb
jdb zbcnfvD zKhf sjfb mfm k]fv um djQhf mxkAc dlb iftb jvfv dk dlsq
pfbdb. nckvfQ kf sp bh zfdhjk
x dhlzfk, kf htf hftA.
dJafbvf zflfsu 25sw dFsnv pDnc dJasev usmf{nh (mDtfl, hVdlb hf
demfn sF) hQ kfslv idvhfsvv iaskAj hAdv umdlb (hfKGsF') hV
zfbslv nfsK iftb jsv Kfsj. mcndtmvf kfslv mk zfbsl mfskfqfvf rWqfv
sswA dhlzfk Wslv dbje rsk oarB jsv dbsqsY. kf vfW Wslv mk
bhDdlhn (sl-mDtflcb-bhD) hQ idvhfsvv nHAslv (dhswN jsv dwslv) `rAfdi
hfKG sF'v zbcfb lXpfib jsv Kfsj. zKy kfslv vnCt kfslvsj nfhLfb jsv
33
(zfhclfl)
iaw } sjj sjse, smfmhfdk dbdHsq hfKG-sF hf umdlb iftb jvf dj?
v } hfKG-sF hf umdlb, dhhfrhfdNGjD iftb jvf nck. ksh sn nck, pfv

ubA mrfbhD
hstsYb, zhwA skfmvf skfmfslv iChhG kDG ufdkv nck
(kvDjf) zbcnvB jvsh dhOk dhOk hQ rfk rfk idvmfB (niCBvG si). mbdj
kfvf pdl nffv (sofnfi ufkDq j iajfv rftft uv) oskG iashw jsv, ksh
skfmvfW kfslv zbcnvB jvsh (hQ kfslv sj pdl vffv iv iajfswA DnQom jsv ksh skfmvfW kf jvsh)! nfrfhfoB htstb, `zffrv vnCt qfl
W dJaefbvf?' dkdb htstb ksh zfhfv jfvf? (hcJfvD, mcndtm W rfsjm)
htf hftA, dhufkDv zbcjvsB mb {nh hf zbcfb iftb jvf hL bq.
spsrkc mrfbhD
hstb, sp hAd sp nialfsqv zfbcviA zhtb jsv, sn
kfslv ltHc. (zfhC lfl, hf)
j ipGfsq isV } Hfthfnf-dlhn, mfkx-dlhn kAfdl.
iaw } knhDr bsk knhDrknhDr-mftf hAhrfv jvf dj dhlzfk?
v } zsbsj dhlzfk hstsYb. kf bf rstW kf hAhrfv bf jvf m.

jfvB}1. mrfbhD zfct fvf knhDr jsvsYb hQ hstsYb,
KEs
A j2 v
2 / 8. / *, s
A 2 7,/ *. -1 P, 1 h3 F
zKGf{, zfctstfsj (kfv fvf jxk jsmGv hAfifsv) dufnf jvf rsh, jKf
htfsbf rsh. (zfrmfl 6/371, zfhC lfl 1501, dkvdmpD 3583bQ)
nckvfQ djqfmsk zfctstf knhDr iVfv nf[A slsh, mftf nf[A slsh bf.
2. mftf hAhrfv j'sv knhDr iVst nfLfvBk} msbfspfo W jfoakf dhdY rsk
ifsv. zfct bst kf rq bf.
3. knhDr-mftf hAhrfsv stfj-slJfdb hf `dvqf' rWqfv zfwf Kfsj. vMshvsMv mftf W kfv JeXXJeX w mfbcsNv lxd W mb zfjNGB jsv. zfv zfmst `dvqf'
Tcjst nWqfshv ufqofq dwjG Ose hnsh.
htf hftA, knhDr-lfbfv yfsk zfct sofbf wvDqknmk. ()
iaw } mclfG v bfsm jcvzfbJfdb, IfskrfJfdb, jctJfdb wvDqknmk dj?
v } bf. hvQ kf dhlzfk. jfu mrfbhD hQ k]fv isv k]fv nfrfhfoB,

kfshb W ntIoB j'sv pfbdb. zfv zffrv vnct hstb, sp hAd zfmfslv
Db dhNsq zdHbh djYc vybf jvsh, pf v zHc
G bq kf iakAfJAfk. (hcJfvD
2697, mcndtm 1718bQ)
34
mcndtm wvDsIv j hBGbfq dkdb hstb, sp hAd mb sjfb jmG jsv, pfsk
zfmfslv sjfb dbslGw sb kf iakAfJAfk. (mcndtm 1718bQ)
knhDrjfvD lfn rsq Kfsj. spsrkc sofbf mftf skf o]fKf zfsY. kf sJqft Kfsj
bf oBbfq hQ sJqft Kfsj bf knhDrsk. lc } sk `dvqf' hf stfjialwGsbv
nfhbf zfsY zsbj. spsrkc `knhDr-mftf' slsJ stfsj kfv iawQnf jvsh.
(hf, )
zsbsj htshb, `zfct fvf oBbfq nQJAfq Hct rsk ifsv. mftf fvf dbHGct
oBbf nh.' zfmvf hdt, òBbfq Hct rst nmnAf dj? dbqk pJb dEj Kfsj, kJb
nWqfh skf jsm pfsh bf. dhswN j'sv zfct pJb djqfmsk jKf hst knhDrjfvDv
ubA nf[A slsh, (zfrmfl 6/371, zfhC lfl 1501, dkvdmpD 3583bQ) kJb
kfsk IpDtk shwD bq dj?'
iaw } jfvDslv jcvzfb dktfzskv swsN `nflfjfft zfpDm' iVf dj

wvDqknmk?
v } bf. ipGc jfvsB kf dhlzfk. (tflf) wvDqsk jfsuv sjfb dHd

sb. jlf mrfbhD hsb mfnl -v dbje djvfzfk bstb. idvswsN
dkdb k]fsj `rfnhcj' hst Kfmsk htstb. (hcJfvD 5050bQ) kJb dkdbW
`nflfjfft zfpDm' hstbdb hQ hsb mfnlW hstbdb. (hf)
iaw } dktfzk
dktfzk swsN jcvzfb ycb slWqf dj wvDqknmk?
v } j jfvsB jfuW dhlzfk. (tflf)
iaw } `mfkx-dlhn' iftb jvf dj hL?
v } de zfnst zmcndtmslv zfdhjk

x jde l. nckvfQ mcndtmslv kf
iftb jvf dhlzfk hQ sn nfsK jfsIvslv nflxwA zhtb W z zbcjvBW.
mcndtmslv hf{ndvj l lc'de hQ nffdrj l jde. YfVf zfv sjfb l hf
iftbDq `dlhn' sb. htf hftA jfsIvslv zbcjvsB zbcvi njt l huGbDq.
vfnCtcfr hstb, sp hAd zfmfv Dsb (dbsuv i[ sKsj) sjfb bkcb jKf
fhb jvt---pf kfv msLA sb, kf iakAfJAfbspfoA. (hcJfvD W mcndtm)
mfsqv sp rj zfsY, kf h{nsvv jde dlhnsj kfv bfsm iftb j'sv, lc'-yfvde
irfv-isTZjb siw j'sv, ifb-sHfusbv zbcfb j'sv zflfq rsq pfq bf.
mfsqv iadk jkGhA zfsY iafkAdrj. mfsqv ilkst zfsY sYstv shsrwXk. mfsqv
jKfv zhfLA rsq `mfkx-dlhn' iftb j'sv ifdKGh zfbcfdbj zfbslfisHfo YfVf
zfv jD rsk ifsv? ()
iaw } rflDsn snsY, vfnCtcfr -sj snfmhfv dlsb svfpf vfJf nisjG dufnf
jvf rst dkdb htstb, Wde mb jde dlb, spdlb zfmfv um rsqsY.
(mcndtm) rflDn sKsj dj iamfB rq bf sp, mrfbhD dbsuv umdlb iftb
jvskb?
v } rflDn sKsj umdlb iftb jvfv jKf iamfdBk rq bf. pdl rsqW Kfsj,
kfrst iaskAj snfmhfvsj k]fv umdlb drnfsh iftb jvsk rsh hQ sjht svfpf
vfJfv mfLAsm. bsy{ kf jfmfv-icjcsvv ltDt sldJsq jcsmfv-icjvc lJt jvfv mskf
hAfifv rsh.
iaw } knhDr bsk `knhDr`knhDr-lfbf' hf `knhDr`knhDr-mftf' hAhrfv jvf dj dhlzfk?
v } `knhDr-lfbf' hAhrfvsj dhlzfk htf rq bf. spsrkc kf hflskv

jde znDtf. zfv hflskv znDtfsj dhlzfk htf rq bf. ksh kf ncfrv
idviD. spsrkc mrfbhD
Ffb rfskv zfct fvf knhDr sbsYb. nckvfQ
`knhDr-mftf' hAhrfv bf jvf m. v zfvW lc'de jfvB zfsY. j } sk
35
iaw } jcvzfb dktfzk

dktfzk swsN `nflfjfft zfpDm' htf dj dhsLq?
v } jcvzfb dktfzk swsN `nflfjfft zfpDm' htf dhsLq bq, hvQ

dhlzfk. spsrkc jfu mrfbhD , k]fv sjfb nfrfhD zKhf k]fslv ivhkGD sjfb
mfm j'sv pfbdb. zKy k]fvf dYstb zdLj zdLj jcvzfb dktfzkjfvD. zfcfr
hsb mfnl
hstb, jlf vfnCtcfr
zfmfsj htstb, (sr hsb
mfnl!) zfmfsj jcvzfb isV bfW. zfdm httfm, `sr zffrv vnCt! zfdm
zfibfsj isV swfbfh, zKy zfibfv isv kf zhkDBG jvf rsqsY?' dkdb
htstb, zisvv mcJ sKsj (jcvzfb iVf) bsk zfdm Hfthfdn. nckvfQ kf]v
nfmsb zfdm nCvf dbnf iVsk tfotfm, iVsk iVsk pJb (41bQ) zfqfsk
si]ZYtfm---pfv zKG, kJb kfslv jD zhf rsh, pJb iaskAj nialfq sKsj
jub nf[D idk jvh hQ skfmfsjW kfslv nf[Dvsi idk jvh? kJb
dkdb htstb, psK, Jb Kfm. zk}iv zfdm kf]v dlsj dIsv sldJ, kf]v bqb
pcot zwa UvfsY. (hcJfvD, mcndtm) j? Jfsb dkdb `nflfjfft zfpDm'
hstbdb.
mrfb zffr hstsYb, ht, `nflfjffr'. (zfst mvfb } 95) dj dkdb hstbdb
sp, jcvzfb iVf swN rst `nflfjffr' ht. htf hftA, sjfb zfm dbslGwsj dhswN
jfsuv ubA Jfn jvf wvqD bDdk bq. (hf, tflf)
iaw } jstfsfv j mnduslv Ffb dlsj bhD -v jhsvv Ydh effsbf zfsY.
kfv nfmsb mcnDvf l]fdVsq bhD -v iv lvl ifE jsv. jfu dj
wvDqknmk?
v } mnduslv dHksv bhD -v jhsvv (hf nhcu ocsuv) Ydh vfJf jde
zfidjv dhlzfk. iv kfv nfmsb l]fdVsq lvl ifE jvf zbA jde zfidjv
dhlzfk. de zdkvbhwk} jxk zfyvB. zfv bhD hstsYb, skfmvf Dsbv
hAfifsv zdkvb jvf sKsj lCsv sKsjf. sjbbf zdkvb iChhG kDG h mksj
LQn jsvsY. (zfrmfl 1/215, 347, bfnf, hsb mfufr 3029bQ)
dkdb zfsvf hstsYb,
36
---- DbD iaswfv ---$> ^ , / . 7 W 7WjL2 o, , / . . 2 . 1 3 L2 V. I. / *. -. )/ 6. . 1 s

/ .<
2 .@
2 C> , v
a, g2 FF
KEE$, W 7, . .
zKGf{, skfmvf zfmfsj dbsq (zfmfv kf'pDsm) hfVfhfdV jsvf bf, spmb dJaefbvf
(nf) hsb mfvqAfmsj dbsq jsvsY. zfdm skf zffv lfn mf. zkh skfmvf
zfmfsj zffrv lfn W k]fv vnCt hstf. (hcJfvD 3445, mcndtm, dmwjfk 4897bQ)
lvl sp sjfb (idh) ufqof sKsj l]fdVsq-hsn iVf pfq. mrfbhD -v jhsvv
Ydh nfmsb svsJ l]fdVsq lvl iVf dhlzfk. k]fv kf'pDsmv sswA hnf sYsV sE
l]fdVsq lvl iVf dhlzfk. j nfsK ufmfzfkD lvl iVf dhlzfk.
kfYfVf mnduslv slWqfst bhD-ztDv jhsvv Ydh zb jvf zKhf effsbf
mndusl k]fslvsj lfIb jvfv dhLfsbv zHc
G . spsrkc kf mfbcNsj dwsjGv dlsj
sesb dbsq pfq. Ydhv nfmsb lvl iVsk iVsk bhD -v jfsY iafKGbfW v
rsq pfq. nckvfQ mb jfu kWhfv nfsK huGbDq. (tflf)
idhkf
iaw } pCsk kvkDh Wqfsuh dj?
v } zsbsjv msk pCsk kvkDh Wqfsuh. spsrkc mrfb zffr pCv zfqfsk
kvkDh hufq svsJ mfKf mfnfrv isv if sLfqfv jKf sJ jsvsYb. zKy sLfqfv
jKf mfnfrv iCshG zfsY hQ kfv 'vfsh `zfvuctfjcm'- uhv rsqsY. dj
rflDsn snsY,
V1 r, rf 2r. $> / _^ @
2 `. . . L2 X2 }
1 7. 8. L2 BM 7 }
, 7. )> V. ^ . . $> / 2. $, ^ & ^
. $> ^ , 7 , . C
. a> W F
$> > . )> S. . *. . rf 2r. . H
. / 8. / .
. .[
/ *. V1 r, rf 2r. $> / . . ` >. . ~2 V1 r, rf 2r. $, P.
/ . `. . ~2
7) $ o E rf 2r. rf 2r. $> / 2
/ 3 `. . ~2 . . P3 > <
> ). . . D> 3 D>
2 $> / . , W .
zKGf{, zffrv vnCt -v jfsY pCv ifdb zfbf rt. dkdb pC jvsk dbsuv
rfk jd ipG dkbhfv Lcstb. zk}iv dbu mcJ dkbhfv Lcstb. zk}iv dbu rfk
jbc ipG dkbhfv Lcstb. zk}iv jcd jvstb W bfsj ifdb dbstb dkbhfv hQ
mfKf mfnfr jvstb. lc jfsbv iv W dHksvv zQw mfnfr jvstb. zfv if
lcdesj dkbhfv j'sv Lcstb. (zfrmfl, zfhC lfl)
shfUf sot, bhD jJsbf jJsbf jcd jvf W bfsj ifdb slWqfv zfso mcJ-rfk
LcsqsYb. Wqfsuh rst kf jvskb bf. ksh zdLjfQw hBGbfq sp kvkDh snsY,
kfv dHdsk kf nck htf pfq. (hfbD)
iaw } zidh zhfq dj jcvzfb iVf ufsqp?
v } zidhkf lc swaBDv } sYfe zidhkf, pfsk pC uvvD rq hQ hV

zidhkf, pfsk sofnt uvvD rq. sYfe zidh zhfq Kfjst jcvzfb iwG bf
37
---- DbD iaswfv ---j'sv mcJ iVf ufsqp. zfv hV zidh zhfq jcvzfb iVf ufsqp bq. zhwA
zhfq jcvzfbD zfqfskv dpjXv spmb, `dhndmfdrv vfrmfdbv vfrDm, f dtfdr
zf tfdr vfdub kAfdl iVf pfq. ()
zftD
hstb, `hV bfifjDv zhf YfVf zbAfbA zhfq zffrv vnCt
zfmfslvsj jcvzfb iVfskb.' (zfrmfl 627, dkvdmpD 131bQ, zfthfbDv dbje
rflDnde pqDI)
iaw } zidh zhfq ucplfsb
lfsb vfJf jcvzfb iwG jvf dj hL?
v } r]Af, jcvzfb ucplfb, hf, hAfo hf zbA sjfb smfVsjv dHksv Kfjst
zidh zhfq kf iwG jvf hL. (nfIf)
iaw } zidh hf mfdnj zhfq jcvzfsbv jAfsne iwG jvf dj hL?
v } zidh hf mfdnj zhfq jcvzfsbv jAfsne iwG jvf, sesi tfofsbf

kAfdl hL. spsrkc kf mcnrfI bq. (tflf)
iaw } pC jvfv iv fmDv ycsbv Ist dj jfsvf pc sHs pfq?
v } bf, sjht Dsj ycb W iwG jvfv Ist fmDv pC Hfs bf, DvW bf.
mrfbhD
D ycb j'sv bfmfp iVskb hQ (kfv zfso) pC jvskb bf.
(zfrmfl, zfhC lfl, bfnf, n} ufsm' 4997bQ)
zhwA sn ycb hf iswGv Ist ianafh-fv rsk `mpD' (ifktf zfEfstf ilfKG)
shv rst pC sHs pfsh.
iaw } kcsvfLj WNcL hAhrfv j'sv mfdnj kc h svsJ pKfnmsq svfpf hf r

jvf dj mdrtfslv ubA hL?
v } hL, pdl kfsk sjfb ifwGiadkdqf hf fAok [dk bf Kfsj ksh.

hAfifsv dhdw dydj{nsjv ivfmwG sbWqf dyk. (tflf)
iaw } sp snse didve zfsY, kf hAhrfv jvf hL dj?
v } sp snse didve hf Aftjcrt zfsY, kf hAhrfv jvfv hAfifsv

tfmfosBv mksHl zfsY. iChnG kjGkfmCtjHfsh kf hAhrfv bf jvf m, dhswN
j'sv bfmfspv zfso. (hf)
iaw } ifdb YfVf zbA sjfb kvt ilfKG fvf zidh dudbnsj idh jvf pfq dj?
v } sjfb zidh dudbnsj idh jvsk rst idh ifdb uvvD. zbA sjfb
kvt ilfKG fvf idhkf tfH rq bf (hfbD)
iaw } zidhkf j dlvrfm idvmfB rst kf mfuG

mfuGbDq. jKf dEj dj?
v } jKf dEj bq. hAfifsv hdBGk rflDnde uft. nckvfQ zidhkf j

dlvrfm sKsj jm rstW kf lCv jvsk rsh. bsy{ kfsk bfmfp rsh bf. (hfbD)
iaw } mfbcsNv hdm dj zidh?
v } hAfifsv mksHl vsqsY. ksh ndEj msk kf zidh bq. (hfbD)
iaw } zmcndtmvf mb zsbj JflA H[B jsv, pf ntfsm rfvfm. nckvfQ kfslv
38
---- DbD iaswfv ---if hAhrfv jvf hL dj?
v } zmcndtmslv ifs (kfslv slfjfb W srfsest) JfWqf hL bq. ksh

kfslv if (slfjfb hf srfset) YfVf pdl mcndtmslv sjfb if (slfjfb hf srfset)
bf ifWqf pfq, kfrst dbvifq zhfq kfslv sn if (sLfqfv iv kfslv slfjfb
hf srfsest) JfWqfv zbcmdk zfsY. (hcJfvD, mcndtm 1930bQ iamcJ)
jlf j nfrfhD mrfbhD -sj dufnf jvstb, `zfmvf zfrst djkfhslv
ifwfifdw hfn jdv. zfv kfvf kfslv ifs wCjv vff jsv hQ ml ifb jsv.
(Jb zfmvf dj kfslv ifs ifbfrfv jvsk ifdv?) sv zffrv vnCt
htstb, pdl skfmvf kf YfVf zbA if ifW, kfrst kfsk ifbfrfv jv. zfv
pdl kf YfVf zbA if bf ifW, kfrst kf Lcsq bfW hQ kfsk ifbfrfv jv. (zfhC
lfl 3839bQ)
iaw } hfKvm iashw jvfv iCshG `dhndmfr' dj nws iVsk rsh?
v } rflDsn snsY, ianafhfofv hf ifqJfbf Osv hf fsb iashw rWqfv iCshG

`dhndmfr' iVst zffrv jcsm dubslv syfsJ ilGf isV pfq. (dkvdmpD 606,
hsb mfufr 297bQ) dj nws htfv dbslGw sb. nckvfQ db}ws htf dhsLq.
(hfbD)
iaw } hfKvsmv dHksv dj djhtfmcJD rsq ianafhh-ifqJfbf jvf hL?
v } ndEj msk hL bq. vsmv dHksv pdl djhtfv dlsj KcKc sItf dbdN rq,
kfrst djhtfv dlsj mcJ hf diE j'sv hsn ianafh-ifqJfbf zdLjvsi dbdN rWqfv
jKf. (hfbD)
iaw } swZyjsmGv nmq dTt W ifdb Hq hAhrfv jvf dhsLq?
v } hAfifsv sjfb nrDr ltDt sb. nckvfQ ifdbv iCshG dTt hAhrfv jvfef
zdkvsbv ipGfqHc. spsrkc mrfbhD -v jmG rt, lc'dev msLA jde hAhrfv
jvf. zfv k]fv zflwG rt, nhGswa zflwG. (hfbD)
iaw } l]fdVsq ianafh jvf dj hL?
v } ianafshv dYef tfofv Hq bf Kfjst l]fdVsq ianafh jvf hL. v hLkf W

zShLkfv dhNsq Hq iajfv ltDt vsqsY. (hfbD)
iaw } zfhC vfvf hstb, zfdm vnCtfr -sj htsk sbdY sp, dbyq
zfmfv mksj djqfmskv dlb mb zhfq Ffjf rsh, sp nmq kfslv pCv
zstf ymjfsk Kfjsh. nckvfQ skfmfslv msLA sp kfv ymj hfVfsk yfq, sn spb
kf jsv. (zKGf{ sn spb kfv pCv nDmfv zdkdv zQwW Lcsq sIst.) (hcJfvD,
mcndtm) tfmfoB hstsYb, nckvfQ skfmfslv msLA sp kfv ymj hfVfsk yfq, sn
spb kf jsv--jsv---
--- hfjAde bhD -v bq, hvQ kf zfhC vfvfv. zfv zfhC
vfvf dbsuW pCsk rfk sLfqfv nmq hot ipG Lcskb. zkh zfmfslv dj kf
jvf hL?
39
---- DbD iaswfv ---v } zsbsjv msk kf hL. spsrkc rflDsnv hhA sKsj zfhC vfvf kf
hcsUdYstb hQ nfrfhfslv hcsU zfmfslv rflDn hcUf lvjfv. dj ndEj sp, kf
sjht zfhC vfvfv hcU. spsrkc `vGfr' hst syrfvfv tAsj. zfv kf hxd
jvfv ifq sb. nckvfQ jcvzfsb dbLGfdvk nDmf ipG (zKGf{, jbc W o]fe) ipG
sLfqf dhsLq. (hfbD)
iaw } spZb subfv nmq ifdbv mskf zfEfstf sp kvt ilfKG shv rq, kfdj
bfifj?
v } sj `mpD' hst. zfv kf bfifj. kf shv rst pC b rsq pfq. wvmofr

Lcsk rq hQ jfisV tfost idvjfv jvsk rq. zhwA Jcst bf LcstW yst. sjht
j stfe ifdb dbsq kfv iv dYdesq dlst rq. (zfhC lfl 210, dkvdmpD 115,
hsb mfufr 506bQ) spsrkc kf mb j zidh ilfKG, pf sKsj h]fyf zsbj
lcjv. kf kfv hAfifsv idhkfv rff dhLfb.
iaw } oHGfhfq dbqdmk Jcb slJf sost, kf rfsqp, bfdj drfpf?
v } ndEj msk kf rfsqp hf mfdnsjv Jcb. pdl mdrtfv iCshGjfv zHAfn

zbcpfqD kf sn Kfsj. spsrkc djkfh W ncfrsk mb ltDt sb, pfsk hcUf pfq
sp, oHGjfstv Jcb mfdnj bq. ()
Jtfn W dbqk
iaw } mcsJ dbqk iVf dj wvDqknmk?
v } smfse bf. mcsJ dbqk iVf dhlzfk. dbqk jvf uvvD, dj iVf
dhlzfk. jk wk hflskv msLA zfv jqef dbqk hf zfvhDsk mcJ jvshb?
msbv nQji rt dbqk.
iaw } zsbj nmq Hft jfu jdv. zk}iv msbv dHksv iawQnfv stfH rq.
kfsk dj kf hfdkt rsq pfsh?
v } rt wqkfbD znznf (jcmBf). v iadk s[i jvf dyk bq. ksh

znznfv nfsK nfsK wqkfb sKsj ifbfr sysq sbWqf dyk. ()
iaw } zsbj nmq Hft jfu jdv. zk}iv kfv Ist stfjmfsU kfv yyGf rq,
zfmfv ncbfm W ncJAfdk rq. zKy zfdm msb msb kf yfdb. kfsk dj kf hfdkt rsq
pfsh?
v } msb ncbfsmv jfmbf bf Kfjf nsW pdl mfbcsNv mfsU jfsvf ncbfm rq,
kfrst ufbsk rsh ef kfv nkv nWqfh. ksh kfsk kfv ivjfstv nWqfh
hvhfl rsq pfsh bf. jlf vfnCtcfr -sj dufnf jvf rt; htcb, `sp mfbcN
n{jfu jsv, zfv stfsj kfv iawQnf j'sv Kfsj, (kfrst vi jfu dj dvqf hst
oBA rsh?)' dkdb htstb, ef mc'dmsbv nkv ncnQhfl. (mcndtm)
iaw } j jmGyfvD shbfmfpD dYt. mfdtj htt, `kcdm bfmfp iVst skfmfv shkb
40
100 efjf hfdVsq slWqf rsh.

rsh. kJb sKsj sn bfmfp iVf v jvt.
jvt. iaw rt,
rt, kfv
bfmfp dj zffrv dbje oaoarBspfoA?
jfu dj dvqf hst oBA rsh?)' dkdb htstb, ef mc'dmsbv nkv ncnQhfl.
v } zffrv nd YfVf zbA sjfb sswA, zKG, odl, ncbfm, ncdhLf kAfdl
ifuGsbv sswA sjfb hflk jvst kf mrfb zffrv jfsY oarBspfoA bq.
vnCt
hstsYb, pfhkDq jfpG dbqk hf nQjsiv iv dbHGvwDt. zfv
mfbcsNv ubA kf iafiA rsh, pfv sn dbqk jvsh. zkh sp hAdv druvk
(slwkAfo) zffrv (nsfN tfsHv) sswA W kf]v vnCstv ubA rsh; kfv
druvk zffr W kf]v vnCstv ubA rsh. zfv sp hAdv druvk ifdKGh nil
zuGb djQhf sjfb mdrtfsj dhhfr jvfv sswA rsh, kfv druvk sp nQji
dbsq jvsh kfv ubA rsh. (hcJfvD-mcndtm)
zfhC mCnf zfcfr hsb jfqn zfwzfvD hstb, zffrv vnCt -sj mb
hAd nisjG dufnf jvf rt, sp hDvk ialwGsbv ubA pc jsv, z i[ifdkskv
ubA pc jsv hQ stfj ialwGsbv ubA (ncbfm sbWqfv sswA) pc jsv, v sjfbX
pcde zffrv isK rsh? zffrv vnCt htstb, sp hAd zffrv jfstmfsj
]yc jvfv sswA pc jsv, jmf kfv pc zffrv isK rq. (hcJfvD W
mcndtm)
vfnCtcfr
hstb, mrfb zffr hstsYb, zfdm nm zQwDlfvslv yfsk
zQwDlfdv (dwjG) sKsj zdLj zmcJfsi[D. sj pdl mb jfu jsv, pfsk sn
zfmfv ns zbA jfsj zQwDlfv fib jsv, kfrst zfdm kfsj kfv zQwDlfdv
(dwjG) nr huGb jdv. (zKGf{ kfv zfmt b j'sv dl.) (mcndtm)
nckvfQ sn jmGyfvDv dyk, dbqk ifse dbsq sjht zffrv sswA bfmfp
iVf. shkb sn oarB jvj, dj bfmfp iVcj zffrv Hsq.
sJA sp, zdHHfhsjv Hsq bfmfp iVf, nmfsu lcbfG smv Hsq svfpf vfJf, zKG
stfsH hlt r jvf, yfjdvv zfwfq DbD tXm zuGb jvf, shksbv stfsH
mfmdk jvf, JAfdkv stfsH lfb jvf, bfm W zsKGv stfsH DbD lfWqfskv jfu jvf
kAfdl `dvqf'v dhLfb j.
iaw } sjfb sjfb Hft zfmstv iawQnf swfbf sost kfv Ist dj zfmt hfdkt
oBA rq?
v } zfmtjfvDv dbqsk iawQnf sbWqfv dbqk bf Kfjst iawQnbDq zfmt

hfdkt rq bf. spsrkc
-. *> `. . . ` , . / I. >] ^ ` .
, 1 J
. I/ . W !
> 7, . > `. N> W . N2
C)2 -/ .
V * o KEE -3 *> Z/ W 6. H
/ ), `,
> . T
2 a> FF W . N2 $> / 2.
, 1 o, , . %
/ I. . 3 /
2
zfhC pfvG rsk hdBGk, dkdb hstb, jlf vfnCtc fr -sj dufnf jvf rt;
htcb, `sp mfbcN n{jfu jsv, zfv stfsj kfv iawQnf j'sv Kfsj (kfrst vi
41
(mcndtm)
iaw } WpC, bfmfp kAfdlv dbqk mcsJ yfvB jvf dj dhsLq?
v } hflskv dbqk mcsJ yfvB jvf dhlzfk. spsrkc kf mrfbhD zKhf

k]fv sjfb nfrfhD jkGj
x iamfdBk bq. nckvfQ kf huGb jvf Wqfsuh. dbqk mfsb
nQji. zfv kfv fb rt msb. zkh kf mcsJ yfvB jvfv sjfb iasqfub
sb. (hf, )
bfmfp
iaw } jfsuv yfsi nmq ifv j'sv bfmfp didYsq slWqf dj hL?
v } dbsuv jfu hf nxdv jfu zfso jvf hQ nafv jfu didYsq slWqf hL
rsk ifsv bf. mrfb zffr hstsYb,
B 7 EF { af 7WN7/ *1 )f 8. @
> . > *> Z/ , 2. J
/ .@
2 2 2 1 1 h3 }
zKGf{, dbyq bfmfpsj dhwfnDslv ubA dbLGfdvk nmsq zhwA jkGhA jvf rsqsY.
(dbnf } 103)
pc ytfjfstW bfmfp didYsq bf dlsq `nftfkct JfWI' iVfv dbslGw zfsY.
nckvfQ jfsuv I]fsj bfmfp zflfq j'sv sbWqfv syf vfJf uvvD. jfsuv jfiV
sbfQvf rst ixKj jfiV svsJ bfmfp iVsk rsh. mfsE-mqlfsb dHsu ufqofq
l]fdVsqW bfmfp isV dbsk rsh. jf sj dbvifq rst sn jKf dH. spmb svfoD
W mcnfdIv umf kfjlDm hf kf'JDv jvsk ifsv. hxdv ubAW umf kfjlDm rsk
ifsv.
iaw } zfmfv vfs sk slvD rq. dFde v rq njft nfkef sKsj. Iuv rq
yfvefq. Iusvv nmq sE ufmfzfsk bfmfp iVst hQ kfviv st zfv Ocm rq
bf. nckvfQ zfdm pdl dFde vv j Oef zfso tfmG tfdosq hQ dFdesk
pfWqfv zfso Iusvv bfmfpef isV db, kfrst
kfrst dj psK rsh bf?
v } bf, nmq ifv j'sv bfmfp iVf psK bq. Yfjxk nmq ifv j'sv bfmfp
iVst kf b jvfv wfdmt. h tfmfv msk mb hAd `jfsIv' rsq pfsh.
(hf)
sp bfmfpDvf nmq ifv j'sv bfmfp isV, kfslv ubA vsqsY ufrffsmv òf'
ikAjf. mrfb zffr hstb,
{ ~2 . 7/ j2 I. . 7/ . L2 s
> .7P. H
1 7, . a1 . 2 21 7, }
. 2w
A y
. V/ D> > / ). ->* w
. 2e
. L2 }
EF
zKGf{, kfslv iv t zilfKG ivhdkGoB, kfvf bfmfp b jvt W iahdx ivfqB
42
rt; nckvfQ kfvf zdysv òf' iakA[ jvsh. (mfvqAfm } 59)

bfmfp dhb jvfv zKG } sjhfsv bfmfp bf iVf; pf mCtk} jcIvD, zKhf bfmfspv
nmq dhb jvf; pfv zKG ndEj nmsq bfmfp zflfq bf jvf, pJb Yf iVf hf dhbf
Wpsv lc hf kskfdLj bfmfpsj js iVf, zKhf jJsbf lc, jJsbf yfv, jJsbf
j, jJsbf i]fy zsv bfmfp iVf. nm bfmfp dhb jvfv zsKG wfdmt.
zfmfv ifsw l]fdVsq zfmfv dlf jvsk Kfsj. ef dj hL? hL rst zfmfv jD
jvf dyk?
iaw } bfmfsp wdKtA hf dTstdm jvf zKhf bfmfpsj HfvD msb jvf jfslv jfu?
v } bfmfsp wdKtA hf dTstdm jvf zKhf bfmfpsj HfvD msb jvf mcbfdIjslv
jfu. mrfb zffr hstsYb,
7,* N2 > 2 1 2 h3 7,* N2 .h3 . V/ P, , >y
. 7. D, . $. R . 7, >e
. I, . j> L> . , 1 h3 }
B 7 EF { >N2 g^ h3 $. R . , @
W ]/ I. g2 .
. 1 . ,'. I, 2 . @
W
zKGf{, dbyq mcbfdIj (jie) hAdvf zffrsj iakfdvk jvsk yfq. hk}
dkdbW kfslvsj iakfdvk jsv Kfsjb hQ pJb kfvf bfmfsp l]fVfq kJb wdKstAv
nfsK dbYj stfj-slJfsbfv ubA l]fVfq hQ zffrsj kfvf zi nvB jsv Kfsj.
(dbnf } 142)
. 7,aX I. g2 . $> > 7 , . )> . $> R )> , _2 @
2 V/ P, 1 2 g^ h3 V/ P, a, j2 _2 . V/ P, / *> `. . j a, 2 V/ P, . . *. *. . }
i)78 7 EF {. 7,D3 @
2 V/ D, . g^ h3 . 7Wj_> I, g2 . 2 . @
W V/ D, . g^ h3 2 2 1
zKGf{, zfv kfslv lfb-Jqvfk oarBspfoA bf rWqfv jfvB YfVf zfv djYc bq
sp, kfvf zffr W kf]v vnCstv nfsK jcIvD jsvsY, zfv kfvf bfmfsp wdKstAv
nfsK idk rq hQ kfvf zdbYfjxkHfsh lfb j'sv Kfsj. (kfWhfr } 54)
zffrv vnCt
hstb, mcbfdIjslv is[ nhsysq HfvD bfmfp rt wf W
Iusvv bfmfp. lc bfmfspv dj mfrfkA zfsY, kf pdl kfvf ufbk, kfrst
rfmfocdV dlsq rstW zhwA kfsk idk rk. zfmfv Yf dYt sp, jfsj
bfmfspv jfmk dlsk zfslw dl, zk}iv jubsj bfmfp iVskW jcm jdv,
zk}iv mb jlt stfj ns jsv db; pfslv nfsK Kfjsh jfsEv shfUf. kfslv
dbsq mb nialfsqv dbje pf, pfvf bfmfsp rfduv rq bf. zk}iv kfslvsj Osv
svsJ kfslv OvhfdVsj zfb tfdosq icdVsq dl. (hcJfvD 657, mcndtm
651bQ)
Ffsb--hfsmv
iaw } slsJdY, zsbj stfj bfmfspv nftfm dIvfv iv kfslv Ffsb
stfsjslv nfsK mcnfIfrfr jsv. ef dj nck?
v } bf, hvQ jfu dhlzfk. ksh pdl sn mcnfIfrfr iaKm nf[fskv ubA
nftfm-nr rq, kfrst kf nck. zKGf{, bfmfp v rWqfv iv ifsw l]fVfsbfv nmq
nftfm-mcnfIfrfrv ncspfo bf rWqfv Ist bfmfp swN rWqfv isv kf jvst lCNBDq
bq. (hf)
iaw } ufmfzfk swsN zsbj nmq mndusl nck idV. mb nmq sjfb stfj
43
v } ufmfzfskv nWqfh sbWqfv sswA kf hL. kJb zfibfv dyk

mfmdkv dbqk j'sv kjhDvfdl nws iVf. zfidb nck iVsYb hQ sn dbyq
Ivp iVsY. zfibfslv dbqskv dHkf bfmfspv sjfb [dk jvsh bf. nfrfhD
mczfp dhb ufhft zffrv vnCt -v nfsK bfmfp iVskb, kfviv dbsuv
sofs dIsv dosq kfslv mfmdk j'sv bfmfp iVskb. (hcJfvD, mcndtm,
dmwjfk 1150bQ) k]fv iaKm bfmfp Ivp rskf hQ swsNvef bIt.
jlf dkdb nftfm dIsv slJstb, mnduslv j iafs lc hAd ufmfzfsk bfmfp
isVdb. jfvB dufnf jvst kfvf j]fisk j]fisk htt, `zfmvf zfmfslv hfnfq
bfmfp isV dbsqdY.' dkdb htstb, mbde zfv jsvf bf. hvQ pJb skfmfslv
sj dbu hfnfq bfmfp isV sbq, zk}iv (mndusl sn) slsJ sp, mfm bfmfp
isVdb, kJb sn spb (dkDqhfv) k]fv nfsK bfmfp isV. zfv bfmfp kfv ubA
bIt rsh. (zfhC lfl 575, dkvdmpD, bfnf, dmwjfk 1152bQ)
mrfbhD
jlf j hAdsj jfjD bfmfp iVsk slJst dkdb zbAfbA
nfrfhDslv sswA htstb, mb sj dj sb, sp v nfsK bfmfp isV sj
(ufmfzfskv nWqfh) lfb jvsh? jKf wcsb j hAd sE kfv nfsK bfmfp
iVt. (zfhC lfl 574, dkvdmpD, dmwjfk 1146bQ) zKy sn mrfbhD v
nfsK bfmfp iCshG isVdYt. nckvfQ mfsmv dYt Ivp hQ mcflDv bIt.
sKsj zfsvf hcUf pfq sp, ufmfzfk swN rWqfv iv dkDq ufmfzfk jfsqm
jvf slfNfhr bq.
iaw } sjfb hAd mndusl sn pdl slsJ sp, mfm swN kfwfrXsl zfsYb, kfrst
sn dj ufmfzfsk
ufmfzfsk wfdmt rsh, bfdj wfdmt bf rsq ivhkGD ufmfzfskv zsi[f
jvsh?
v } pdl sn dbdykHfsh ufsb sp, ivhkGD ufmfzfskv ubA stfj zfsY,

kfrst sn swN hEsj wfdmt bf rsq zsi[f jvsh hQ ufmfzfskv nfsK bfmfp
iVsh. spsrkc ndEj msk iCBG j vfjzfk bf sist ufmfzfk ifWqf pfq bf. dj
pdl sjfb stfj zfnfv zfwf bf Kfsj, kfrst m ufmfzfsk wfdmt rsq bfmfp
zflfq jvf; pdlW kf swN hEj. jfvB ufmfzfk nrjfsv bfmfspv djYc zQw
ifWqf, smfse djYc bf ifWqf sKsj m. zk}iv sn pdl ufmfzfskv swN hEsj
wfdmt rWqfv iv bsk ifq sp, dkDq ufmfzfk JfVf rsqsY, kfrst sn bfmfp
(nftfm bf dIsv) hfdkt j'sv kfslv nfsK ufmfzfk nrjfsv bfmfp zflfq jvsk
ifsv. zKhf lc' vfjzfk rsq Kfjst kf bIstv dbqk j'sv nftfm dIsv bfmfp
swN j'sv ufmfzfsk wfdmt rsk ifsv. iv sn jfjD bfmfp swN jvstW
kfsk sjfb slfN sb. sn dkbdev msLA jdesj Jdkqfv jvsk ifsv. ()
44
---- DbD iaswfv ---iaw } sisb jDHfsh bfmfp iVf pfsh?
v } spHfsh nh, snHfsh isV dbsk rsh. djhtf mcsJ l]fdVsq, vjC-dnulf
pKf dbqsm jvf nh rst, kf jvsk rsh. bsy{ hsn wfvfq vjC-dnulf j'sv
bfmfp zflfq jvsk rsh. mrfb zffr hstsYb,
-) 8 7 EF {V/ 8, / v
2 8. / * . $. ^ 7Wja1 L2 }
zKGf{, zffrsj pKfnfLA Hq j'sv yt. (kfofhcb } 16)
dkdb mvfb dhb nfb -sj hstdYstb, kcdm l]fdVsq bfmfp iV. bf ifvst
hsn iV. kfW bf ifvst ifwsG lsw wcsq iV. (hcJfvD, zfhC lfl, zfrmfl,
dmwjfk 1248 bQ)
m rt iaKm zs bfmfp isV sbWqf. zhwA ohAst mfdesk sbsm swN

zs bfmfp zflfq jvfv zfwf Kfjst kfW jvsk ifsv. zbcvi smfevofdV, seb W
ifdbufrfsu bfmfspv nmq rst j dbqm. (hf)
iaw } sp mndusl jhv zfsY, sn mndusl bfmfp dj?
v } sp mndusl jhv zfsY, sn mndusl bfmfp bq, yfsr sn jhv

bfmfpDslv diYsb hf nfmsb, Ffsb hf hfsm srfj. spsrkc bhD hstsYb, qflD
dJaefbslv iv zffrv zdHwfi, jfvB kfvf kfslv bhDslv jhvsj mndul
hfdbsq dbsqsY. (hcJfvD 1330, mcndtm 529bQ)
dkdb zfsvf hstsYb, nfhLfb! skfmfslv iChhG kGD stfsjvf kfslv bhD W sbj
stfsjslv jhvsj mndul hfdbsq dbk. nfhLfb! skfmvf jhvocstfsj mndul
hfdbsq dbsqf bf. vi jvsk zfdm skfmfslvsj dbsNL jvdY. (mcndtm 532bQ)
zfv spsrkc jhsvv Lfsv-ifsw bfmfp iVf dwsjGv zbAkm znDtf hQ kfsk
Kfsj jhv hAdsj dbsq zdkvb, snsrkc rflDnq hQ zbcvi zfsvf
zbAfbA rflDsnv iv zfmt j'sv dwsjGv dYiK h jvfv ts[A jhvpc
mndusl bfmfp dbdN rWqf zfhwAj. (hf)
iaw } zsbj bfmfpD Osv bfmfp isV, mndusl zfsn bf. kfslv hAfifsv dhLfb jD?
v } kfslv ubA hL bq Osv bfmfp iVf. hvQ kfslv ubA Wqfsuh rt,
mndusl idk rsq ufmfzfk nrjfsv bfmfp zflfq jvf. spsrkc
mrfbhD hstb, sp hAd zfpfb swfbf nsW mndusl ufmfzfsk sn bfmfp
zflfq jsv bf, sjfb Wuv bf Kfjst sn hAdv bfmfp jhct rq bf. (zfhC lfl
551, hsb mfufr, hsb drfb, rfsjm, n} ufsm' 6300 bQ)
jde z stfj bhD -v dbje sn dbshlb jvt, `sr zffrv vnCt! zfmfv
sjfb idvyftj sb, sp zfmfsj mndul ipG dbsq pfsh.' nckvfQ sn dbu hfdVsk
bfmfp iVfv ubA zffrv vnCt -v dbje zbcmdk yft. dkdb kfsj zbcmdk
dlstb. dj pJb sn diE Ocdvsq vWbf dlt, kJb dkdb kfsj sFsj htstb, kcdm
45
---- DbD iaswfv ---dj zfrhfb (zfpfb) bsk ifW? sn htt, ùD rA]f.' dkdb htstb, kfrst
kcdm nfVf lfW. (zKGf{ mndusl sn bfmfp iV.) (mcndtm)
vfnCtcfr hstsYb, sn mrfb nfv wiK! p]fv rfsk zfmfv uDhb zfsY.
zfmfv Yf rsY sp, uftfbD jfE umf jvfv zfslw dl. kfviv bfmfspv ubA
zfpfb slWqfv zfslw dl. kfviv sjfb stfjsj stfsjslv mfmdk jvsk zfslw
dl. kfviv zfdm qQ sn nh (icvN) stfjslv jfsY pf (pfvf mndusl bfmfp
iVsk zfsndb) hQ kfslvsjnr kfslv Ov-hfdVsk zfb Ldvsq dl. (hcJfvD W
mcndtm)
zfcfr hsb mfnl hstb, pfsj jKf zfbl slq sp, sn jft djqfmskv
dlb zffrv ns mcndtm rsq nf[f{ jvsh, kfv dyk, sn spb bfmfpnmCr
zflfsqv iadk pk vfsJ, spJfsb kfv ubA zfpfb slWqf rq (zKGf{, mndusl).
sjbbf, mrfb zffr skfmfslv bhD -v dbdms drlfqfskv if dbLGfvB jsvsYb.
zfv dbyq bfmfpnmCr drlfsqskv zbAkm if W ifq. pdl skfmvf (Ivp)
bfmfp dbsuslv Osv iV, spmb didYsq Kfjf stfj dbu Osv bfmfp isV, kfrst
skfmvf skfmfslv bhDv kvDjf idvrfv jvsh. zfv (msb svsJf,) pdl skfmvf
skfmfslv bhDv kvDjf idvrfv jv, kfrst db}nslsr skfmvf iKrfvf rsq pfsh.
zfdm zfmfslv stfsjslv idvddk slsJdY sp, bfmfp (ufmfknr iVf) sKsj
sjht sn mcbfdIj (jie mcndtm) didYsq Kfsj, sp iajfwA mcbfdIj. zfv (slsJdY
sp, iDdVk) hAdsj lc'usbv (j]fsLv) iv Hv dlsq dbsq sn (bfmfspv) nfdvsk
lf]V jvfsbf rskf.' (mcndtm)
iaw } ifktf jfisV bfmfp iVst bfmfp dj?
v } sp jfiV ivf nsW icvNslv bfdHv dbsy sKsj r]fec ipG sjfb zQw
sJftf Kfsj zKhf zfhYf slJf pfq, sn jfisV bfmfp rq bf. zbcvi sp wfdV hf
WVbfq mdrtfv mfKfv yct, OfV, rfskv vtf, sie hf disEv zQw sJftf Kfsj zKhf
zfhYf slJf pfq, kfsk bfmfp rq bf. bfmfsp nkv Tfjf uvvD. kf sJftf sost
bfmfp sOftf rsq pfq.
iaw } ifktf wfdV hf WVbf isv smsqslv bfmfp dj?
v } sp sthfn ivfv isvW dHksvv yfmVf hf yct busv zfsn, sn sthfn isv
bfmfp bq. ()
iaw } j]fyf di]qfufu-vncb sJsq bfmfp dj bq?
vfnCtcfr hstsYb, sp hAd (j]fyf) vnCb zKhf di]qfu Jfq, sn spb zfmfslv
dbje rsk lCsv zhfb jsv zKhf zfmfslv mndul sKsj lCsv Kfsj. (hcJfvD W
mcndtm)
mcndtsmv j hBGbfq zfsY sp, sp hAd (jf]yf) di]qfu, vnCb hQ tDj ifkf
Jfq, sn spb zhwA zfmfslv mnduslv dbjehkGD bf rq. sjbbf, dIdvfoB sn
46
dudbsn j ifb, pfsk zflm-nfb j ifq.

j]fyf di]qfu-vncb, tDj ifkf bfmfspv zfso JfWqf dyk bq. sJsk hfLA rst
hQ mcsJv lcoG lCvDHCk bf jvsk ifvst ufmfzfsk wfdmt rWqf hL bq. ksh
jfjD zKhf ufmfzfsk bfmfp iVst bfmfp rsq pfq. zbcvi dhdV-dnofsve
JfWqfv Ist mcsJ hf sthfsn lcoG nxd rq. kf JfWqf rfvfm hQ kfv lcoG dbsq
mndusl hf ufmfzfsk zfnfW zShL. jHfsh pfslv ofsq sjfb iajfsvv lcoG
zfsY, kfslv ubA ufmfzfsk idk rWqf mfjvr. njstv ubA uvvD, njt
iajfv lcoGmc rsq ufmfzfsk idk rWqf. (hf)
Jfvfi rst skf kfsj `rfvfm' htf rq. iv dhlzfskv `Hft-ml' (rfnfbfrnfdqzfr) hst sjfb iajfv sb. spsrkc `jcc dhlzfdkb pftftfr'. zKGf{,
iaskAjde dhlzfk kf. (tflf)
iaw } mrfv hf oafsmv mndul sYsV zbA mrf hf oafsmv mndusl ucmzfr hf
kfvfhDr kAfdlv bfmfp iVsk pfWqf hL dj?
dj? kfsk swA Kfsj Hft JkDshv
Hft hhA swfbf hQ ncmLcv jdhdw jfvD mfsmv jvc zfb sb ijxk rWqf.
nfsjt hf ofdVspfso sost dj kf rflDsn hdBGk dbsNsLv zfWkfq isV, pfsk htf
rsqsY, dkb mndul YfVf zbA sjfKfW nIv jvf pfsh bf; mlDbf wvDsIv mndusl
bhhD, mfndulc
mfndulct rfvfm (jf'hf wvDI) W mndusl zfjnf (iAfstfsbv
suvufstsmv mndul).
mndul).
). (hcJfvD 1995,
1995, mcndtm 1397 bQ)
bQ)
iaw } ufmfzfk ytfjfst

ytfjfst mfm vjC zhfq Kfjst zsbj bfmfpD dhdH
zfyvsBv mfLAsm vjCsk slvD jvsk hst. pfsk sn vjC hf vfjzfk sisq pfq.
sj slZsV zfsn, sj nsufsv ils[i jsv, sj otfotf-nfVf slq, sj `ffrf
mfzfnX nfshvDb' hst. wvDqskv lxdsk mb jfu hL dj?
v } kfslv mb jfu hL bq. spsrkc mrfbhD hstb, bfmfspv jfmk
rsq sost skfmvf slZsV snf bf. hvQ skfmvf fHfdhjHfsh yst snf. zfv
skfmfslv mfsU spb dvkf Kfsj. zk}iv specjc bfmfp ifW, kf isV bfW hQ pf
Ycse pfq, kf icvf jsv bfW. (hcJfvD 635, mcndtm 602bQ)
zfHfsN-dsk mfmsj zsi[f jvsk htfq vsqsY shzfldh. kfsk njt
bfmfpDv dFefhG rq hQ kfslv msbfspfo W dhbq dhb rsq pfq. (du)
iaw } vjC zhfq jfsvf zfnf hcUsk ifvst mfsmv ubA vjC tf jvf dj
dhsLq?
v } bf. nIv dbdN nIsvv ipGfqHc bq. jfvB mnduslv hjGktfsHv

sswA sn nIv jvf rq bf. hvQ nIv tXm ktshv nIv drnfsh idvodBk.
zfv tXm ktshv ubA nIv dbdN bq. ntsI nfstrDb tXm ktshv ubA lCvlCvfsv iK nIv jsvsYb. zfv mrfbhD hstsYb, sp hAd mb iK zhtb
j'sv yst, pfsk sn tXm (wvqD fb) zshNB jsv, zffr kfv dhdbmsq kfv ubA
uffsk pfWqfv iK nru j'sv slb. (mcndtm 2699bQ, zfhc lfl, dkvdmpD,
bfnf, hsb mfufr, hsb drfb, rfsjm)
v } kecjc nmq zsi[f jvf hL, pfsk bfmfpvk bfmfpDslv msb dhvd bf
zfsn. jfvB hfsv sKsj zfoj hAd zsi[f kfslv zhfv sJqft vfJf zdLj
uvvD. dhswN j'sv swN vfjzfsk vjC ifsq slWqfq tfH rq sp, kfv bfmfp
W ufmfzfk ifWqf rsq pfq. bhD hstsYb, sp hAd bfmfspv j vfjzfk
sit, sn bfmfp sisq sot. (hcJfvD 580, mcndtm 607bQ)
zbcvi swN kfwfrl ifsq slWqfv ubA djd{ sldv jvfq slfN sb. (hf)
v } kfvfhDrv bfmfspv lc hf yfv vfjzfk isV zKhf nhswsN iEbDq dbdlG

sjfb lczf-lvl sb. st dbdlG sjfb lczf hf lvl nws hf db}ws, jfjD hf
nmshk ncsv iVst dhlzfk hst idvodBk rsh. vfnCtc fr hstb, sp hAd
zfmfv Dsb (dbsuv i[ sKsj) sjfb bkcb jKf fhb jvt---pf kfv msLA
sb, kf iakAfJAfbspfoA. (hcJfvD W mcndtm)
mcndtsmv zbA j hBGbfq zfsY, sp hAd mb jfu jvt, sp hAfifsv zfmfslv
dbslGw sb kf huGbDq.
v } iaskAj dhNsqv hAdkm zhf Kfsj. vjC sist vfjzfk oBA rWqfv
hAfifvefW sn vjm. djqfm bfmfspv vjXb. dj zncdhLfv s[s djqfm YfVf
bfmfp rsq pfq. zfhC hfjvfr jlf mndul iashw jvsk slJstb, bhD
vjCsk yst sosYb. dkdb kfVfsVf j'sv jfkfsv wfdmt rWqfv zfso vjC
jvstb. zk}iv vjCv zhfq ytsk ytsk jfkfsv dosq wfdmt rstb. jKf
bhD -sj htf rst dkdb k]fv sswA htstb, zffr skfmfv zfoar zfsvf hxd
jvb. zfv kcdm dkDq hfv mbde jsvf bf. (zKhf zfv kcdm Ycse snf bf. zKhf
kcdm bfmfp dIdvsq isVf bf.) (hcJfvD, zfhC lfl, dmwjfk 1110bQ)
iaw } kfvfhDrv bfmfspv mfsUmfsU-msLA iEbDq sjfb dbdlG lczf hf lvl zfsY dj?
iaw } Iusvv zfpfsbv

zfpfsbv iCshG mfsj jcvzfb, lczf (hf out) iVf, zbcvi
ucmzfv Jckhfv iCshG jfvDv jcvzfb iVf (hf jfsvf hxkf jvf) dj wvDqknmk?
iaw } nCvf Ifdkrf bf iVst pdl bfmfp bf rq, kfrst vjC sist vfjzfk oBA rq
jDHfsh?
dlsbvv
iaw } bfmfp Ycse sost jfpf iVh jJb? zfofmD Wqf zKhf zfofmD dlsb
bfmfspv nmq ipG dj didYsq slWqf yst?
v } bf. mb jfu wvDknmk bq. jcvzfb iVf Hft jfu rstW nmsq
iVf dhlzfk rsh. jfvB, kfv sjfb ltDt sb. jfu Hft hst skf wvDqk jkGj
x
dbLGfdvk nmq, idvmfB hf idkv hfsv kf jvst dhlzfk rq. i[fsv jfu
v } zfofmDsk pJb nmq ifWqf pfsh, kJb kf isV dbsk rsh. dbdN
nmsqW kf iVf pfsh. zfofmD Wqf ipG dht jvf pfsh bf. mrfbhD hstb,
47
48
dbf zhfq sjfb wdKtA sb. wdKtA skf ufoak zhfq rq. nckvfQ pJb
skfmfslv msLA sj sjfb bfmfp iVsk Hcst pfq zKhf Ocdmsq isV, kJb kfv
dyk, nvB rWqf mf kf isV sbWqf. sjbbf, zffr kfzftf hstb, zfv
zfmfsj nvB jvfv sswA kcdm bfmfp jfsqm jv. (kfrf } 14, mcndtm, dmwjfk
v } bf. nckvfQ kfv nfmsb dlsq ifv rWqf hL bq hQ sj ifv rsk yfst
kfv hfLf slWqf uvvD. ()
604bQ)
iaw } bfmfp jfpf svsJ mfvf sost zsbsj drnfh j'sv sYsV slWqf bfmfspv
`jfIXIfvf' zflfq jsv, kf dj dhsLq?
v } svfoD hAdv ubA bfmfp mfI bq. pk[B fb Kfsj, kk[B kfsj bfmfp
iVsk rsh. Ycse sost jfpf isV dbsk rsh. ef kfv jfIXIfvf. mrfbhD
hstsYb,
KE D. . @
2 . . h3 P. . . I, 2 $, a, . _^ b
2 L2 P. . . . 2 2 &
. C
. > . -*. F
KET> . g^ h
2 2 . _^ @
2 g2 F W iI
pJb sj sjfb bfmfp iVsk Hcst pfq zKhf Ocdmsq isV, kJb kfv jfIXIfvf
rt mvB rWqf mf kf isV sbWqf. zbA j hBGbfq zfsY, ( jfpf zflfq
jvf YfVf) v ubA zfv zbA sjfb jfIXIfvf sb. (hcJfvD, mcndtm, dmwjfk 603bQ)
i[fsv sp hAd Yfjxk bfmfp sYsV mfvf sosY, kfv kvI sKsj yft hf efjfv
jfIXIfvf zflfq jvstW sjfb jfsuv bq. jfsuv bq kfv bfsm lfb-Jqvfk hf
zbA sjfb nfst nWqfh jvf.
iaw } sjfb hAd bfmfp svsJ mfvf sost kfv kvI sKsj kf zflfq j'sv slWqf
pfq dj bf?
v } bf. jfvB bfmfsp bfsqdh yst bf. sj zflfq j'sv dlstW kf ijfvD
rsh bf. (tflf) zfv sn hAd pdl Yfjxk bfmfp kAfo bf j'sv Kfsj, kfrst sjfb
[dk rsh bf.
iaw } nfmsb zfb zKhf ut hfdk hf LCi Kfjst bfmfp iVf hL dj?
v } nfmsb zfb svsJ bfmfp iVsk tfmfoB dbsNL jsvb. jfvB kfsk
zdoiCujslv nflxwA nfLb rq. i[fsv ut sjsvfdnb hf smfmhfdk, stdj
hfhX hf drefv zKhf LCi kAfdl nfmsb Kfjst bfmfp iVf zShL bq. jfvB
zdoiCujvf Hfsh zdoiCuf jsv bf hQ sn nh ut dudbn kf'pDsmv ubAW
nfmsb vfJf rq bf. ()
iaw } sp mfm dEjHfsh jcvzfb iVsk ufsb bf, kfv diYsb bfmfp dj?
v } sp mfm Hfsh jcvzfb iVsk ifsv bf hQ mbHfsh jcvzfb isV,

pfsk kfv mfsb hlst pfq, sn mfsmv diYsb bfmfp bq. dhswN j'sv sn
ufmfzfsk pdl j'sv jcvzfb iVfv mskf sjfb stfj Kfsj. ()
iaw } mfsmv nftfm dIvfv iv dkdb dj mnhCsjv nckvfr Kfsjb?

49
iaw } sp bfmfpD lfdV y]fsY zKhf o]fsev dbsy jfiV sUftfq, kfv diYsb bfmfp
iVf dj?
v } hAfifsv jde nfLfvB bDdk rt } pfv dbsuv bfmfp , kfv diYsb

bfmfp . jfsIv hf mcwdvsjv bfmfp bq, kfv diYsb bfmfp bq.
Ifsnsjv bfmfp , kfv diYsb bfmfp . ksh kfsj mfm hfbfsbf dyk bq.
() nckvfQ sp mfm lfdV y]fsY hf sYfe j'sv Y]fse, o]fsev dbsy jfiV sUftfq,
dhdV-dnofsve Jfq, hAfQsjv nCl Jfq, h-shdesj wvqD ilGf jsv bf, sjfb zShL
smsqv nfsK Idbd jsv, dmKAf hst, oDhk jsv, zKhf zfsvf sjfb jfhDvf sofbfrv
jfu jsv, kfv diYsb bfmfp rsq pfsh. ksh mb stfjsj mfm hfbfsbf dyk bq
ufmfzfskv. dj ufmfzfskv msLA sn pdl nhfv yfsk Hft stfj rq, kfrst
`spmb r]fdV skmdb wvf, spmb blD skmdb yvf.'
iaw } bfmfp iVsk l]fVfsbfv iv pdl hfnfv jdtQjdtQ-sht hfvhfv shsu WsE hQ
hfnfq bfmfpD
bfmfpD YfVf zbA sj bf Kfsj, kfrst sn jD jvsk ifsv?
v } bIt bfmfp rst skf nru. dj Ivp bfmfp rst icvN `nchrfbffr'
hst hQ mdrtf rfskv sysef fvf w j'sv ufdbsq slsh sp, sn bfmfp iVsY.
kfskW pdl sht shsu pfq hQ hcUsk ifsv zfoj hf hAfifvef vkiCBG,
kfrst bfmfp sYsV dlsq lvuf Jcst sn icbvfq bfmfp v jvsh. (hf)
iaw } spfrsvv bfmfp iVfv djYc isv zfmfv mvB rt, zfdm dkb vfjzfk bfmfp
isVdY. Jb zfdm jD jvh? zfvW j vfjzfk isV dbsq dbqdmk n dnulf
jvh, bfdj icbvfq bkcb j'sv yfv vfjzfk iVh?
v } zi nmq (spmb i]fy dmdbsev) dHksv msb iVst hQ kJbW mndusl

zKhf dbu mcnffq Kfjst zfvW j vfjzfk isV dbqdmk n dnulf j'sv
sbshb. i[fsv nmq tf rsq sost hQ mndul zKhf mcnff sYsV yst sost
icbvfq bkcb j'sv yfv vfjzfk iVshb. spsrkc kJb vfjzfkdtv Lfvfhfdrjkf
dhdY rsq pfq. (du)
iaw } Ydhpc sifwfj isv bfmfp hL dj?
v } iafBD, mCdkG, dwCt, cw kAfdlv Ydhpc zKhf dhdH stJfpc sifwfj

isv bfmfp hL bq. mb Ydhpc sifwfj isv bfmfp hL bq, pfsk dbsuv zKhf
zisvv lxd W mb zfjx rq. (du)
iaw } jfvBhwk} jf bfmfp

bfmfp iVsk rst jfmk slWqfv mfb jD?
v } jf bfmfpDv ubA jfmk slWqf uvvD bq. spmb survD bfmfsp nws
djvfzfk iVfW uvvD bq. Lc ufmfzfskv bfmfspv s[s uvvD. (du)
iaw } zsbj nmq jf l]fdVsq bfmfp idV, kJb sj sn zfmfv Ffb ifsw
50
---- DbD iaswfv ---l]fdVsq sost zfmfv jD jvf dyk?
v } mfmdkv dbqk j'sv nws kjhDv htf hQ survD bfmfp rst nws
djvfzfk jvf dyk. sj hfm dlsj l]fdVsq sost kfsj sesb Ffb dlsj j'sv
sbWqf dyk. mbde jsvdYstb vnCt
hsb zffsnv nfsK. (hcJfvD 117,
mcndtm 763bQ)
s[s zfidb nck zfv sn Ivp iVst zKhf v dhivDk rstW sjfb [dk
rsh bf. mczfp dhb ufhft mrfbhD -v nfsK k]fv mndusl (bhhDsk) bfmfp
iVskb. zk}iv dbu sofs dIsv sn bfmfspv mfmdk jvskb. (hcJfvD,
mcndtm, dmwjfk 1150 bQ) ivhkGD mfmdkv bfmfpde k]fv bIt rskf. zbcvi
iCshG bfmfp isV icbvfq mndusl st hQ snJfsb ufmfzfk ytsk Kfjst sn
bfmfpW bIt vi iVsk htf rsqsY. (zfhC lfl 575, dkvdmpD 219, bfnf,
dmwjfk 1152, n} ufsm' 667bQ)
mrfbhD
jlf j hAdsj jfjD bfmfp iVsk slJst dkdb zbAfbA
nfrfhDslv sswA htstb, mb sj dj sb, sp v nfsK bfmfp isV sj
(ufmfzfskv nWqfh) lfb jsv? jKf wcsb j hAd sE kfv nfsK bfmfp
iVt. (zfhC lfl 574, dkvdmpD, dmwjfk 1146 bQ) zKy sn mrfbhD -v
nfsK bfmfp iCshG isVdYt.
iaw } nlD zfvshv zdLjfQw stfsjvf bfmfsp ùftnfsq dvfrfr' jsv bf

sjb?
v } snJfbfv zdLjfQw tfmf msb jsvb, kf nck bq. jfvB bhD -v

bfmfp-idkv zdLjfQw rflDsn kf hdBGk rqdb. sjht mfstj dhb qfdvsnv
jdemf rflDsn kf hdBGk rsqsY. (hcJfvD 818bQ) zfv k]fvf msb jsvb, bhD
hfLGjA zKhf zbA jfvsB (dkDq hf ykcKG vfjzfsk WEfv iCshG) hEsj
hsnsYb. ksh ndEj sp ùftnfr' nhGlf mcfrfh. zfv zbA hBGbfq sJ
bf rWqf jKfv ltDt bq sp, kf nck hf mcfrfh bq. spsrkc bhD sp jfu
jsvb, nfLfvBk} kf zbcnvBDq kvDjf drnfsh jsvb. kfYfVf zfhC mfl
nfsqlDv rflDsnW uftnfv jKf sJ rsqsY. dkdb lwub nfrfhDv nfmsb
uftnfr j'sv bhD -v bfmfspv idk hBGbf jsvsYb hQ njst kf nmKGb
jsvsYb. (zfrmfl 5/424, zfhC lfl 730bQ) (tflf)
iaw } zdLjfQw hfftD mdrtfvf wfdV isv bfmfp isV. kfsk zsbj nmq kfv
rfskv hfuc shv rsq pfq. nckvfQ kfv bfmfp dj rsh?
v } nfmsb sjfb shofbf icvN bf Kfjst mdrtf kfv bfmfsp sjht syrfvf W
jd ipG lc rfk shv j'sv vfJsh. YfVf zbA sjfb z shv rsq sost kfv
bfmfp hfdkt rsq pfsh. kf dIdvsq iVsk rsh. mbdj ifsqv ifkfW shv rsq
sost bfmfp bq. (hf})
51
---- DbD iaswfv ---iaw } spfrsvv iCshG 4 vfjzfk nck j nftfsm iVf yst dj?
dj?
v } spfrsvv iCshG W isv hQ zfnsvv iCshG 4 vfjzfk nck 2 vfjzfk

j'sv isV nftfm dIvf m. jfvB, mrfbhD hstb, vfk W dlsbv bfmfp 2
vfjzfk j'sv. (zfhC lfl) ksh jefbf 4 vfjzfk j nftfsmW iVf ShL.
mrfbhD hstb, spfrsvv iCshG 4 vfjzfk; (pfv mfsU sjfb nftfm sb,) kfv
ubA zfnmfsbv lvufnmCr mc jvf rq. (zfhC lfl 1270, hsb mfufr
1157, hsb Jcpfmf 1214, nrDt ufsm' 885bQ)
zffmf zfthfbDv swN kfrjDsj hbDv mfsUv wdt nrDr bq. dj zbA
hBGbf fvf 4 vfjzfk j nftfsm iVfv nmKGb smst. zfhC zfqch zfbnfvD
hstb, bhD
nCpG Ttfv nmq 4 vfjzfk bfmfp iakAr iVskb. jlf zfdm
httfm, `sr zffrv vnCt! zfidb nCpG Ttfv nmq 4 vfjzfk iakAr iVsYb?'
dkdb htstb, nCpG Ttfv nmq zfnmfsbv lvufnmCr sJftf rq hQ spfrsvv bfmfp
bf iVf ipG h jvf rq bf. zkh zfdm iYl jdv sp, nmq zfmfv sbj
zfmt (zfjfsw zffrv dbje) Efsbf srfj. zfdm httfm, `kfv iaskAj
vfjzfsk dj djvfzfk zfsY?' dkdb htstb, r]Af. zfdm httfm, `kfv mfsU
dj ixKjjfvD nftfm zfsY?' dkdb htstb, bf. (mcJkfnfvw wfmfdtt
mcrfmfdlqAfr, zfthfbD 249bQ)
zftD hstb, `bhD zfnsvv iCshG 4 vfjzfk bfmfp iVskb hQ iaskAj

lc vfjzfsk zffrv dbjehkGD dIdvf, zfdqf W k]fslv zbcnfvD mcdmbmcndtmslv iadk nftfm (kfwfrl) dlsq kf ixKj jvskb. zfv nhGswsN nftfm
dIvskb.' (zfrmfl, dkvdmpD, bfnf, hsb mfufr, dn} nrDrfr 237bQ)
iaw } sjfb sjfb mdrtf kc hsv isvW sofnt jvsk sldv jsv. zk}iv pJb
sofnt jsv, kfviv sKsj bfmfp iVsk v jsv. kfslv mb jfu dj hL? spmb
j mdrtfv zfnsvv nmq Jcb h rt. zk}iv dbdyk rWqfv zsi[fq sKsj
vfs zfv sofnt jvt bf. ivdlb lcicsv sofnt j'sv spfrsvv
spfrsvv bfmfp iVt. sofnt
jvfv iCshG sp bfmfpdt sYsV dlt, sndt dj mfI?
v } zhwA mfI bq. kfv dyk, pKfnmsq sofnt j'sv bfmfp v jvf.
sjfb hL jfvsB pdl sofnt jvsk sldvW rq, kfrst Jcb h rWqfv iv sKsj sp
bfmfp Ycse sosY, sndt jfpf iVsk rsh. bfmfp dbsuv Yfmskf iVfv dudbn
bq. dmKAf Wuv dlsq dVsq dosq nmfb h]fyfsbfv dudbn bq. mrfb zffrv jfsY
drnfh tfosh. mfbcNsj Ejfsbf sostW, k]fsj Ejfsbf pfsh bf. dkdb hstsYb,
{ ~2 . 7/ j2 I. . 7/ . L2 s
> .7P. H
1 7, . a1 . 2 21 7, }
. 2w
A y
. V/ D> > / ). ->* w
. 2e
. L2 }
EF
zKGf{, kfslv iv t zilfKG ivhdkGoB, kfvf bfmfp b jvt W iahdx ivfqB
52
---- DbD iaswfv ---rt; nckvfQ kfvf zdysv zmt iakA[ jvsh.( mfvqAfm }59)
EF {. ,. I, V/ D, -. I>]^ EF . 7,D . V/ P3 a> 2&
. -. V/ D, -. I>]^ EF . . , À I/ 7. L2 }
7
zKGf{, nckvfQ idvkfi sn bfmfp zflfqjfvDslv ubA; pfvf kfslv bfmfsp
zmsbfspfoD. pfvf stfj ialwGb (j'sv kf zflfq) jsv. (mfb } 4-6)
iaw } djYc bfmfpD ufmfzfk v rWqfv iv zfsn. dj kfvf vfjzfk hf vjC

ifWqfv ubA slZsV zfsn. Ist kfslv ifsqv ws zbA bfmfpDslv hV dFefhG rq.
jfu dj kfslv ubA hL?
v } ufmfzfsk wfdmt rWqfv ubA slZsV zfnf hL bq. spsrkc mrfbhD

hstb, bfmfspv jfmk rsq sost skfmvf slZsV n bf. hvQ skfmvf
fHfdhjHfsh yst n. zfv skfmfslv mfsU spb dvkf Kfsj. zk}iv specjc
bfmfp ifW kf isV bfW hQ pf Ycse pfq kf icvf jsv bfW. (hcJfvD 636, mcndtm 602bQ)
iaw } mnhCj bfmfpDv dlf j'sv ufmfzfk jvf

jvf hL dj?
v } pdl sjfb bfmfpD mndusl sn slsJ sp, ufmzfk swN rsq sosY, dj djYc
mnhCj (pfslv djYc bfmfp Ycse sosY kfvf) sE jfjD bfmfp iCBG jvsY, kfrst
ufmfzfskv nWqfh tfsHv zfwfq bfmfpDv sjfb j mnhCsjv Ffsb l]fdVsq
kfv dlf j'sv bfmfp iVf ShL. (IfkfWqf ntfdmqAfr 1/266) dj spsrkc
ndEj iamfB sb hQ zsbsj vi bq hstsYb, snsrkc kf bf jvf m.
zfv mrfbhD hstb, sp dhNsq nslr zfsY sn dhNq huGb jsv kf jv pfsk
nslr sb. (dkvdmpD 2518, nrDr ufsm' 3378bQ) nckvfQ sp ndlrfb
dhNqfhtD sKsj lCsv Kfjsh, sn kfv Db W ksj h]fdysq sbsh. (hcJfvD 52,
mcndtm 1599bQ)
htf hftA, zsbsj kf ufsqp htstW bf jvfef m. (IfkfWqf NfmDb 1/371)
iaw } zsbj nmq jfjD bfmfp iVsk rst jfmk slWqf hQ vfskv bfmfp
nws iVf uvvD dj?
v } jfjD bfmfpDv ubA jfmk slWqf hQ vfskv bfmfp nws iVf uvvD
bq. sjht ufmfzfskv ubA uvvD. (du)
iaw } jfkfsv ufqof bf sist jf l]fdVsq bfmfp rsh dj?
v } jfkfsv ufqof bf ifWqfv jKf pdl hfh rq hQ ns l]fVfhfv mskf

jfsj bf ifWqf pfq, kfrst jf l]fdVsq bfmfp rsq pfsh. jfkfsvv diYsb jf
l]fdVsq bfmfp rsh bf kJb, pJb nfmsbv jfkfsv ufqof Jfdt Kfjsh. nckvfQ de
rsh hAdkmLmGD hAfifv. spsrkc jfkfv sKsj jfsj sesb sbWqfv rflDn nrDr
bq. zfv sn efbfsk zsbj bfmfpDv bfmfspv jfoakfq hAfOfk nxd jsv. ()
bfj sKsj v iVsk v jvst zKhf pC b rsq sost skf hfLA rsq spsk rq.
53
---- DbD iaswfv ---zfv kfv Ist nx hAfOfk nfmsb sKsj jfsj sesb sbWqfv mskf bq. spsrkc
jef hAfifv hfltDt hQ zivde shltDt.
iaw } jfkfsvv disY jf bfmfpDv bfmfp rq bf. dj zfsov jfkfsv ufqof bf

sist jD jvsh? nfmsb sKsj dj jfsj sesb sbsh?
v } pdl sjfb hAd ufmfzfsk sn slsJ sp, jfkfv idviCBG, kfrst sn

jfkfsv sjfKfW I]fj Kfjst snJfsb iashw jvsh. bsy{ nfmfbA[B jfsvf zsi[f
jsv sj st kfv ns jfkfv h]fLf dyk. sn zfwf bf Kfjst hf ufmfzfk Ycefv
Hq Kfjst (dmrvfh YfVf hfsv bfmfp iVfv nmq) pdl mfsmv ifsw ufqof Kfsj
hQ snJfsb pfWqf nHh rq, kfrst kfv ifsw dosq l]fVfsh hQ nh ifq
Kfjsk diYsb jf l]fVfsh bf.
iv jfkfv h]fLfv ubA nfmsbv jfkfv sKsj jfsj sesb sbWqf dEj bq.
hAfifsv sp rflDn snsY kf nrDr W bq. (pqDIct ufsm' 2261bQ) kfYfVf
jfsu jfdLj [dkW vsqsY. spmb; sp mcnDsj efbf rsh kfv bfmfspv jfoakf b
rsh, iaKm jfkfsvv IpDtk sKsj hdk rsh, jfkfsvv mfsU I]fj rsq pfsh, sn
I]fj h jvfv ubA ifswv mcnD nsv zfnsk hfLA rsh, Ist kfv ufqof I]fj rsh
hQ swN ipG iaKm hf nfmsbv jfkfsvv Ffb zKhf hfm dljjfv njt mcnDsj
bVsk-nvsk rsh. zfv sk kfslv njstv jfoakf b rsh. zhwA rflDn nrDr
rst k [dk Djfv jvsk hfLf dYt bf. spmb bfj sKsj v iVsk v rst
djQhf WpC sHs sost jfkfv sYsV zfnsk hfLf sb. spsrkc bhD hstb, pJb
skfmfslv sj bfmfsp shWpC rsq pfq, kJb sn spb bfj Lsv bfmfp kAfo j'sv
shdvsq zfsn. (zfhC lfl 1114bQ)
klbcvi mfsmv ifsw spskW pdl zbcvi [dkv dwjfv rsk rq, kfrst kfW
jvf pfsh bf.
dEj ki ufqof bf KfjstW jfkfsvv mcnDslvsj j j jsv sEst zKhf
nsv spsk dk jsv ufqof j'sv sbWqfskW mcnDslv bfmfspv jfoakfq hV
hAfOfk nxd rq. nckvfQ jfuW ShL bq.
htf hftA, hAfifsv ndEj Ifqnftf sp, nfmsb jfkfsv ufqof bf sist
diYsb jf l]fdVsq bfmfp rsq pfsh. jfvB, sn dbvifq. zfv mrfb zffr jfsj
kfv nfsLAv hfsv Hfv slb bf. (dtjf hfdht mfIkCr 227ix})
iajfw Kfsj sp, mdrtf ufmfzfskv mdrtf jfkfsv ufqof Kfjsk sp mdrtf diYsb
jf l]fdVsq bfmfp iVsh kfvW bfmfp icvsNv mk rsh bf. (mcmsk' 4/387)
i[fsv icvNslv diYsb jf l]fdVsq mdrtfv bfmfp rsq pfsh.
iaw } mcwdvj W dhlzfkD mfsmv diYsb bfmfp dj?
sp hAd zffrv nfsK sjfb hflsk zbA sjfb nxdsj wvDj jsv, spmb mfpfv
iCuf jsv, mfpfsv dosq dnulf, bpv-dbqfp, mfbk, jcvhfbD, kWqfI iaHdx k dbshlb
54
jsv, snJfsb ncJ-nmxd hf nfb yfq, nfrfpA iafKGbf jsv, sp hAd ofqhD (zlxswAv
Jhv ufbfv) lfhD jsv W stfsjv rfk hf HfoA-HdhNAk hst slq, sp (sjfb i hf
ifJDv yfmVf, rfV, stfm hf iftj dlsq, sjfb ofYiftfv dwjV hf Ict-ifkf dlsq,
jfsvf jfisVv sjfb zQw dlsq, dIdvf, dub, bhD, nfrfhD, WtD hf wqkfsbv bfm
dtsJ zKhf dhdH nQJAfv bjwf hfdbsq, zKhf skstmfdk dhdH jfvnfdu jsv,
sbfQvf W bfifj sjfb dudbn dlsq) dwjGD kfhDp dtsJ, sp hAd lc usbv mfsU
(dhswN jsv fmD-Dv mfsU) siam hf dhsN nxd jvfv ubA kfhDp jsv, spfo hf pflc
jsv, swaBDv mfsmv bfmfp bq, mfmdk bq hQ kfv iyfsk bfmfpW
bq. (mfuffkct hcrCN 19/159, 22/82, 24/78, 89, 26/97, 28/55)
klbcvi dhlzfkD pdl dhlzfsk mcjfIXdIvfr hf mb dhlzfk jsv pfsk mfbcN
jfsIv rsq pfq, kfrst sn dhlzfkDv diYsb bfmfp bq.
iaw } zfmfslv mnduslv mfm nfsrh Iusvv zfpfsbv

zfpfsbv iCshG mfsj jcvzfb ifE
jsvb, djYc lczf-f-lvl isVb, kfviv zfpfb slb. ef dj wvDqknmk?
iaw } Ifsnj mfsmv diYsb bfmfp dj?
v } Ifsnj rt sn hAd, sp zShL, rfvfm hf dbdN jfu jsv hQ Ivp hf

Wqfsuh jfu kAfo jsv; zKGf{ jfhDvf sofbfr jsv. spmb, LCmifb jsv, dhdVdnofsve, ulGf-kfmfj iaHdx k mfljhA hAhrfv jsv, o]fsev dbsy Ucdtsq jfiV isv,
zKhf nCl hf Ocn Jfq, zKhf dmKAf hst, zKhf (zShL siam) hAdHyfv jsv, zKhf
lfdV y]fsY hf (j mcdEv jm) sY]se sIst, zKhf mcwdvjslv pshr (rftft msb bf
jsv) Jfq, (rftft msb jsv sJst kfv diYsb bfmfp rsh bf.) zKhf D-jbAfsj
shilGf svsJ kfslv hAfifsv NGfrDb rq, zKhf mf-hfisj slsJ bf hf kfslvsj Hfk
slq bf kAfdl.
njt hAd hQ kfslv zbcvi zbAfbA hAdv diYsb bfmfp mjvr
(ziYlbDq). dhLfq kfsj mfmvsi dbhGfyb W dbsqfo jvf ShL W dyk bq.
dj pdl sjfb jfvsB hf yfsi isV hfLA rsq kfv diYsb bfmfp iVsk rq,
kfrst bfmfp rsq pfsh. (mfuffkct hcrCdNt ntfdmqAfr 5/290, 300, 6/251,
15/80, 18/90, 111, 19/152, 22/75, 77, 92, 24/78)
nfrfhfosBv pfmfbfq nfrfhfoB Ifsnsjv diYsb bfmfp isVsYb. zfcfr dhb

mfv
rffsuv diYsb bfmfp isVsYb. (hcJfvD) zfhC nfl JclvD
mfvWqfsbv diYsb bfmfp isVsYb. (mcndtm, zfhC lfl, dkvdmpD)
dkDq JtDIf Nmfb
dIkbfv nmq pJb oxsr zhv dYstb, kJb
hflcfr dhb zflD dhb dJqfv k]fv dbje idk rsq htstb, `zfidb
ubnfLfvsBv mfm. zfv zfibfv iv sp dhil snsY, kf skf slJsk ifsYb.
dIkbfv mfm zfmfslv bfmfspv mfmdk jvsY; zKy kfv iyfsk bfmfp iVsk
zfmvf dLfshfL jdv.' dkdb htstb, `bfmfp rt mfbcsNv nhGswa zfmt. nckvfQ
stfsj Hfstf hAhrfv jvst kfslv nfsKW Hfstf hAhrfv jv. zfv ml hAhrfv
jvst kfslv nfsK ml hAhrfv jvf sKsj lCsv Kfj.' (hcJfvD 695, dmwjfk 623bQ)
55
v } Iusvv zfpfsbv iCshG mfsj jcvzfb ifE jvf, djYc lczf-lvl iVf,
kfviv zfpfb slWqf wvDqknmk bq, hvQ kf dhlzfk. (tflf)
iaw } ucmzfv dlb dmsv ysV JkDshv Jckhf slWqfv iCshG jub j
jfvD jcvzfb
dktfzk j'sv (zKhf hxkf j'sv) swfbfq. ef dj wvDqknmk?
v } jfsuv sjfb ltDt zfmfslv ufbf sb. zfv mrfbhD hstb, sp
hAd zfmfslv (Db) hAfifsv bkcb djYc zfdhjfv jsv, sn hAdv sn jfu
iakAfJAfk. (hcJfvD W mcndtm) sp hAd mb sjfb jfu jsv, pfv iv zfmfslv
sjfb dbslGw sb, sn hAdv sn jfu iakAfJAfk. (mcndtm, tflf)
zfmfslv zflwG bhD mcrfmfl . dkdb dmsv Jckhf slWqfv zfso dbsy l]fdVsq
Jckhf slbdb. dkdb mksj dbslGw dlsq hstsYb, sp hAd ucmzfv dlb bfifdjv
sofnstv bAfq sofnt jvt hQ (nCpG Ttfv ns ns) iaKm zs mndusl t, sn
spb jde e lfb jvt. sp hAd dkDq nmsq t, sn spb jde ofHD lfb jvt.
sp hAd kxkDq nmsq t, sn spb jde dwQdhdw lcf lfb jvt. sp hAd ykcKG
nmsq t, sn spb jde mcvoD lfb jvt. zfv sp hAd im nmsq t, sn spb
jde dFm lfb jvt. kfviv mfm pJb JckXhfr ialfsbv ubA shv rb, kJb
(stJj) dIdvfoB dpjXv swfbfvgubA rfduv rsq pfb. (hcJfvD W mcndtm)
dkdb zfsvf hstsYb, sp sjfb hAd ucmzfv dlb sofnt W nfLAmk idhkf
zuGb jsv, dbu skt ofsq tfofq zKhf dbu Osvv ncod (zfkv) hAhrfv jsv,
zk}iv (mndusl) dosq lc'usbv msLA ifKGjA nxd bf jsv (spJfsb fb ifq, hsn
pfq) hQ kfv HfsoA pk vfjzfk bfmfp sufse, zflfq jsv. kfviv mfm Jckhf
zfv jvst bDvh Kfsj, sn hAdv nQdw ucmzfr sKsj ivhkDG ucmzfr ipG
jxk nmclq (nfoDvf) bfrvfdwsj mfI j'sv slWqf rq. (hcJfvD)
nckvfQ mndusl dosq bfmfp iVf jkGhA mcnDslv. zk}iv mfm Jckhf dlst
bDvh rsq hsn Jckhf bsh. nckvfQ kfv zfso zfhfv Jckhf swfbfv zhnv sjfKfq?
dmsv Jckhf v rWqfv zfso sj bf sj zfnsk Kfjsh. nckvfQ kfslvsj
bfmfp iVsk bf dlsq stjyfv dbsq dFefhG jvf jDHfsh hL rsk ifsv?
zKy vnCt nfrfhfoBsj nws jcvzfb iVsk dbsNL j'sv hstb, skfmvf
sj zivsj j dlsqf bf hQ sj zisvv iv djvfzfsk w ]yc jsvf bf.
(zfrmfl 3/94, zfhC lfl 1232bQ, bfnf, hsb mfufr iamcJ)
iv dkdb ucmzfv dlb bfmfspv iCshG lsnGv ubA rftjf h]fLsk dbsNLW jsvsYb.
(zfhC lfl 991, bfnf 714, hsb mfufr 1133bQ)
kfrst ucmzfv Jckhfv iCshG bfmfspv nmq zdkdv stjyfv jDHfsh hL rsk
ifsv?
56
zfnst fbDq HfNfq Jckhf `rfvfm' j'sv `stjyfsvv dhlzfk' zfdhjk

x
rsqsY.
K3 '/ jW -. *> iM I. k>) J

. . N2 7/ 2 . @
2 . 7WbI. / 2
zKGf{, dnulfq jcvzfb iVf mjvr kJb, pJb djvfzfskv sswA kf iVf
rsh. i[fsv kf pdl lczf zKhf (zffrv) iawQnf drnfsh iVf rq, kfrst kf
jcvzfbD zfqfk dlsq jcbCk iVfv mskf rWqf dyk. (rfdwqfkc hdbt zfshlDb
1/440, rfdwqfkcl lcnCjD zftfw wfvdrt jfhDv 1/253, mfumC 3/414)
iaw } ucmzfv nmq jub Jckhf dlst hQ zbAub bfmfp iVst [dk zfsY
dj?
v } jub Jckhf dlst hQ zivub mfmdk jvst sjfb slfsNv bq.

spsrkc dpdb JkDh, dkdb mfm rshb---mb sjfb hfLAhfLjkf sb. zhwA m
rt, dpdb Jckhf slshb, dkdb bfmfp iVfshb. spsrkc ef bhD -v zfmt.
(hf) zfv sjfb zncdhLfv jfvsB rst skf sjfb iaw sb. spmb JkDh Jckhfq
Hft, dj mfm mfmdkv shdw rjlfv rst---sn s[sW k]fsj mfmdkv ubA
hfdVsq dlst ncfrv iv zfmt rq.
iaw } zsbj bfmfpD bfmfpvk zhfq bfj, lfdV hf jfiV kAfdl dbsq sJtf
jsv. slv hAfifsv djYc htfv zfsY dj?
v } bfmfpvk zhfq bfj, lfdV kAfdl dbsq lfn rWqf dyk bq. spsrkc
kf bfmfspv jfoakfv idviD. zfv mrfb zffr hstsYb,
7 *Z 7 EF {. 7, > y
. V/ P3 a> 2&
. C>L V/ D, -. I>]^ EF . 7, *> Z/ , S. 2L 2 / N2 }
zKGf{, zhwA dhwfdnoB nItjfm rsqsY. pfvf dbsuslv bfmfsp dhbq-bma.
(mc'dmbCb } 1-2)
iaw } bfmfspv swN kfwfrsl dj dbsuv HfNfq lczf jvf pfq?
v } zsbj tfmfv msk hL bq. spsrkc bfmfp zffr W k]fv vnCstv HfNfq,
nckvfQ sn HfNfsk lczf rWqf dyk. sp nh jcvzfbD W rflDnD lczf ufbf zfsY,
kf iVf dyk. pf ufbf sb, kf bfmfspv hfsv zbA nmq dbsuv HfNfq jvf
dyk. zsbsj `Yfmskf lczf' htsk `Yfmskf HfNf'q lczf hstsYb. nckvfQ
dbsuv HfNfq lczf jvf pfsh. zfmvf hdt, bf jvf dyk. spsrkc hflk
iamfBnfsi[. zfv bhD -v hfBD, pJb skfmfslv msLA sj (swN) kfwfrXl
ni jvsh, kJb sn spb zffrv dbje yfvde dudbn sKsj zfwaq iafKGbf jsv.
viv sn Yfmskf lczf jvsh. hAfifsv mfm zfrmfl (vfdrmffr) hstsYb,
`hdBGk W dhdlk lczf jvsh.' spsrkc dbsuv HfNfq lczf rt nfLfvB mfbcsNv jKf.
zfv kf bfmfsp htf hL bq. (zft-mcobD 1/620)
iaw } dnulfq dj jcvzfbD lczf jvf pfq?
iaw } jmGs[s ifdb sb. hfnfq ifdb zfsY. bfmfspv Wqf pfWqfv zfso hfnfq
si]ZsY pfh. bfmfspv nmq rst kfqfmcm j'sv zfWqft Wqfs bfmfp isV sbh,
bfdj hfnfq dIsv swN Wqfs pC j'sv bfmfp iVh?
v } nmq ifv rWqfv zfwf Kfjst hQ kfv zfso ifdb bf ifWqfv jKf
dbdyk rst kfqfmcm j'sv zfWqft zs bfmfp isV sbshb. i[fsv hfnfq
dIsv Wqf hfjD Kfjfv jKf dbdyk rst hfnfq dIsv pC jsv bfmfp iVshb.
iaw } j]fyf di]qfufu-vncb sJst mcsJv osv Ist mndusl hf ufmfzfsk zfnf
dbsNL. dj pfslv mcsJ iajdx kokHfsh lcoG Kfsj, kfslv ubAW dj dbsNL?
v } pfslv mcsJ iajdx kokHfsh lcoG Kfsj, kfslv ubAW mndul hf
ufmfzfsk zfnf dbsNL htf pfq bf. spsrkc ef kfv JdkqfvHc bq. (hfbD)
pfjfk
iaw } lfWqfskv
lfWqfskv jfsuv ubA, ntfmD hh-icj sYsi
sYsi hf jAfsnejAfsne-dndF kdv
j'sv dhkvsBv ubA dj pfjfskv zKG hAhrfv jvf pfq?
v } ntfmD lfWqfskv jfsu pfjfskv zKG hAhrfv jvf pfq. spsrkc kf
zfmHfsh pfjfskv jde Jfk ÌD nfhDdtfr'v zHCk
G . (du)
iaw } siwflfv dH[cjslvsj dj pfjfskv mft slWqf pfsh?
v } pdl ufbf pfq sp, pffjfvD jde siwflfv dH[cj, sn pfjfskv rjlfv
bq hQ dH[f jvf kfv ubA hLW bq, kfrst kfsj dH[fW slshb bf. (du)
dhlfqD rsv nmsq zffrv vnCt nfljfr dhkvB jvdYstb. mb nmq lcde
stfj sn k]fv jfsY pff jvt. dkdb stfj lcdev dlsj buv kcst icbvfq bfdmsq
dbstb. slJstb, kfvf Hsq jmG[m stfj. zk}iv dkdb htstb, skfmvf pdl
yfW, kfrst zfdm dlsk ifdv. dj mfst sjfb LbD W ifuGbwDt jmGE stfsjv
sjfb zQw sb. (zfhC lfl 1633bQ)
v } dnulfq jcvzfsbv zfqfk iVf dbsNL. dj mcbfufskv lczf drnfsh kf

iVst slfN sb. () `zfmfsj dnulfq jcvzfb iVsk dbsNL jvf rsqsY' spmdb
zfm, skmdb `skfmvf dnulfq shdw shdw lczf jv' dbslGwW zfm. kfsk jcvzfbD W
rflDnD nh vjm lczf jvf pfsh. pfvjfwD (vfdrmffr) hstsYb,
C > . / . L2 B. . ?1 . B. . x P. )> . . N2 / 3 L2 2 B. . j> P. )> . . N2 .h3 *. i> D. . b
2 ` .%*.
iaw } jub stfjsj ovDh sHsh pfjfskv zKG dltfm. snW rqskf rfdlqf sHsh
rfk sisk dbsq dbt. dj ivhkGDsk ufbsk ifvtfm, sn LbD hAd. Jb zfmfv
pfjfk dj jhct rsh?
57
58
v } sjfb hAdsj pfjfskv rjlfv sHsh pfjfk slWqfv iv pdl msb rq sp,
sn zfnst pfjfskv rjlfv bq, kfrst zufbfv jfvsB kf jhct rsq pfsh. jlf
---- DbD iaswfv ---(hbD nvfstv) j hAd j vfsk zufs j syfvsj nfljfr jvt. njfst
sn ufbsk ifvt sp sn syfv dYt. dj kfsk sn zffrv iawQnf jvt. kfvisvv
vfsk zfhfv zufs j shwAfsj nfljfr jvt. njft shtfq kf ufbsk sisv kfv
ubAW zft-rfmlc dtfr iVt. kxkDq vfskW zufs j LbDv rfsk nfljfr
dlt. njfst kf ufbsk sisv zffrv iawQnf jvt. zk}iv (bhD zKhf
ispfso) kfsj htf rt sp, skfmfv nfljfr jhct rsq sosY. zfv nHhk}
skfmfv lfb dbsq syfv ycdv jvf rsk dhvk rsh, shwAf shwAfhxd rsk kfWhfr
jvsh hQ LbD islw oarB jsv lfb jvsk dwJsh. (hcJfvD, mcndtm 1022bQ)
iaw } jfsj pfjfk slWqfv nmq sn pfjfskv rjlfv dj bf, kf dufnf jvf
uvvD dj?
v } slWqfv nmq sn pfjfskv rjlfv djbf kf dufnf jvf uvvD bq? kfsk
mcndtsmv shdk rq. pdl zfidb zfibfv iaht LfvBfq msb jsvb sp, zmcj
pfjfskv rjlfv, kfrst kfsj dlsq sItcb. rfk-ifkf IjDv bf rstW sn dmnjDb
rsk ifsv. zkh zfibfv nfljfr zflfq W jhct rsq pfsh---b wfzffr.
iaw } jfsj pfjfk slWqfv nmq kfsj ufdbsq slWqf uvvD dj?
v } pfsj pfjfskv mft dlsq nfrfpA jvf rsh, kfsj jKf ufbfsbf uvvD bq
sp, kf pfjfskv mft. zfidb kfsj rjlfv hcUst, kfsj dlb. sn pf msb j'sv oarB
jvsh, jvj.
iaw } sjfbX swaBDv Boasj pfjfskv mft dlsq nfrfpA jvsk ifvf pfq?
v } sp hAd sjfb dhsLq hf ShL jfu jvsk dosq Boa rq, kfsj pfjfk
sKsj nfrfpA jvf pfsh. i[fsv sp hAd zShL jfu jvsk dosq; spmb ml sJsk
zHAfnD rsq, shwAfomsb zKhf ucqf sJtfq nhG rfdvsq Boa rq, kfsj pfjfk
dlsq nfrfpA jvf pfsh bf. (dIjp pfjfk 2/625)
iaw } jfsj B slWqfv iv sn pfjfskv rjlfv rst, pfjfskv dbqsk B

mWjch j'sv slWqf ShL dj?
v } jfsj B slWqfv iv sn pfjfskv rjlfv rst, pfjfskv dbqsk B

mWjch j'sv slWqf ShL dj bf--- dhNsq tfmfslv mfsU mksHl vsqsY. zsbsj
hstsYb, dbsuv efjf h]fyfsbfv sswA mb jvf ShL bq. dj zbAfbA zsbsj
hstsYb sp, pdl nkA sn pfjfskv rjlfv rq, kfrst kfv B mjch jsv, pfjfk
sKsj swfL jvf rt, kfsj jKf ufdbsq dlst mb jfu ShL. zfv zffr zdLj
ufsbb. (dIjp pfjfk 2/849)
---- DbD iaswfv ---sjfb hfLf sb. (, du)
iaw } zfmfv mf ixKj Kfsj. zfdm dj zfmfv mfmf-sj pfjfk dlsk ifdv?
v } mf-sj pfjfk slWqf hL bq. mfsqv HvBsifNB jvf skf sYstv ubA
Wqfsuh. zfv kf rsh kfv isje sKsj. zbcvi hfi, D W sYstsj pfjfk slWqf
pfsh bf. (hf)
iaw } zfmfv fmD dhslsw iVfswfbf jsv. dj kfv zsKGv hV zHfh. zfdm dj
zfmfv mfstv pfjfk kfsj dlsk ifdv?
v } D kfv fmDsj iasqfusb pfjfk dlsk ifsv. spsrkc fmDv HvBsifNB
jvf Dv iv Wqfsuh bq.
iaw } shbfmfpDsj pfjfk slWqf hL dj?
v } shbfmfpDsj pfjfk slWqf hL bq. ksh kfsj bfmfspv dlsj zfjNGB

jvfv sswA pfjfk slWqf pfq.
iaw } sjfb dmnjDb zfmfv dbje yfjdv jvst zfdm kfsj zfmfv pfjfk dlsk
ifdv dj
dj bf?
v } kfv zHfh hst kfsj slWqf pfsh. ksh sn slWqfsk zfibfv swA
spb kfsj zfibfv jfsu c jvf bf rq, jfsu kfv zfdvjkf ifWqf bf rq,
kfv jfsuv shfbfn vi bf rq, kf kfv iafiA rj sKsj sjse bf sbWqf rq. (du)
iaw } sB slWqf efjf hf zbA jfsu isV Kfjf efjfv pfjfk dlsk rsh dj?
v } dbnfh idvmfB efjf jfsj B slWqf Kfjst, djYcv HfVf zflfq hfjD
Kfjst, mfstv mCtA hsjqf Kfjst, slbsmfrv hfjD Kfjst zflfq rWqf mf sn
hYsvv pfjfk zflfq dlsk rsh. v iCshGv hYvstfv pfjfk tfosh bf. htf hftA,
pdl sjfb mb hAd hf nQfsj B slWqf Kfsj, pfv dbje yfWqf mf idvswfL
ifWqf pfsh bf, kfrst mb sB slWqf efjfv pfjfk zflfq jvf Ivp bq. zhwA
idvswfL sist sn hYsvv pfjfk (hYv iCBG bf rstW) zflfq jvsk rsh.
klbcvi rfdvsq pfWqf zKhf ycdv rsq pfWqf mft dIsv sist Hfsh pfjfk
zflfq jvsk rsh.
spmb sibwsbv efjf j nfsK dbnfh idvmfB sist kfv (1 hYsvv) pfjfk nfsK
nfsK zflfq jvsk rsh. (mfumC IfkfWqf hsb NfmDb 18/175)
iaw } sB sbWqf efjfv pfjfk zflfq jvsk rsh dj?

dj?
iaw } zfdm jub iahfnD. zfmfv pfjfk dj zfmfv slswv mfbcNslvsj dlsk
ifvh?
v } pfjfk fbDq rjlfvsj slWqf m. ksh snJfsb pdl rjlfv bf Kfsj

zKhf zbA ufqofv rjlfv shdw rjlfv rq, kfrst snJfsb slWqf pfq. kfsk
v } sB sbWqf efjf pdl pfjfskv dbnfh idvmfB rq zKhf kf dmdtsq dbnfh

iCBG rq hQ kf hAhnf kAfdlsk sKsj hYv iCBG rq, kfrst BoarDkfsj kfv
pfjfk zflfq jvsk rsh.
Boa hAdv pdl pfjfskv dbnfh idvmfB zKG Kfsj hQ B idvswfL jvfv ivW
dbnfh hrft Kfsj, kfrst kfsj pfjfk zhwA zflfq jvsk rsh. zbAKf B idvswfL
jvfv iv pdl dbnfh hrft bf Kfsj, kfrst kfv iv pfjfk Ivp bq.
59
60
B idvswfL bf jsv pfjfk Ivp bq msb jvf dEj bq. nckvfQ B Kfjst zfso
B idvswfL jsv sItcb. kfviv pdl dbnfh idvmfB mft Kfsj kfrst pfjfk dlb,
bsy{ bf. zfv B idvswfL bf jvst hQ dbnfh idvmfB mft nfvf hYv umf Kfjst
zfibfsj pfjfk dlsk rsh.
fkhA sp, Boa hAdv udmv Wwv zKhf iv pfjfk Ivp rstW zbcvi
kfv dyk zfso B idvswfL jvf. zk}iv dbnfh idvmfB Kfjst kfv Wwv hf
pfjfk zflfq jvf.
v } sp dudbn hAhnfv ubA vfJf zfsY, sn dudbsnv mCtA dbnfh idvmfB rst
dI-hYv kfsk pfjfk zfsY. iBAhA, ofdV, hfdV, udm kAfdl hAhnfv ubA rst
kfsk pfjfk zfsY. (hf, du)
iaw } hAfQsj dFsifdue

dFsifdue W umf vfJf efjfv pfjfk dlsk rsh dj?
v } hAfQsj umf vfJf efjf zfmfbk; kf sp sjfb nmq skftf pfq. zkh kf
dbnfh idvmfB rst hQ hYv Ocvst Blfkfsj sn efjfv hf{ndvj pfjfk zflfq
jvsk rsh. klbcvi sjfb hAd dhswsNv jfsY vfJf zfmfbskv efjf; pf yfhf mf
ifWqf pfsh kfvW pfjfk hf{ndvj zflfq jvf Ivp.
iajfw Kfsj sp, hAfQsjv nCl rfvfm. zkh sn nCsl pfjfkW sb.
iaw } dw, kDm W ifostv mfstW pfjfk Ivp dj?
v } pfjfk Ivp rq mfst. kf kf Ivp rWqfv ubA mfdtsjv fbni W

nfhftj rWqf wkG bq. htf hftA dw, kDm W ifostv mfstW pfjfk Ivp.
kfslv kvI sKsj kfslv zdHHfhj (ztD hf znD) drnfh jsv zflfq jvsh. sk
hfrA lxdsk mft jmsk KfjstW hfsh kfslv mfst hjGk hxd ifsh. kfYfVf
zdHHfhsjv dyk, kfslv mft hAhnfq dhdbsqfo jvf. (zft-mcmsk 6/26-27)
iaw } Jqvfdk Ifsv efjfv pfjfk

pfjfk zfsY dj?
v } nfljfr, pfjfk, lfb hf WqfjXI iaHdx k Jqvfdk Ifsv (mndul hf

mffnfv) mft (hf wnA) dbnfh idvmfB rstW kfsk pfjfk sb. jfvB sn mft
zffrv. zfv kf zffrv isK hAq rsh. (mfuffkct hcrCdnt ntfdmqAfr
8/150, 161, 25/44, 30/119)

iaw } jfvJfbf W sia
siasnv mfdtj djsnv pfjfk slsh?
v } jfvJfbf W siasnv pifdkv sjfb pfjfk sb. pfjfk zfsY dbnfh

idvmfB efjf-iqnf W dhsq iBA-nfmoaDv. (tflf)
iaw } j hAd h j j'

j'sv 2/3 hYv sKsj efjf udmsqsY smsqv dhsq slWqfv
sswA. sn efjfvW dj pfjfk zfsY?
v } dbnfh idvmfB rst sn efjfvW iaskAj hYv pfjfk zflfq jvsk rsh.
(hf)
iaw } HfVfq slWqfv ubA jfdLj ofdV zfsY. kfsk dj pfjfk zfsY?
iaw } hAfQj hf sjfifdbv swqfsv dj pfjfk zfsY?
v } iBAshAv mskf dI-hYv kfv pfjfk zfsY. (tflf)
iaw } drsvv pfjfk zfsY dj?
v } drsvv pfjfk sb. ksh iBAhA rst kfsk dbqdmk pfjfk zfsY. (hf)
iaw } dIkvfv pfjfk dj mfstv pfjfskv mskf zfe swaBDv rjlfsvv mfsU
dhkvB jvf pfsh?
v } dIkvfv pfjfk zfm bq, hvQ kf sjht dmnjDbslv ubA Jfn. (hfbD,
kfmfmct dmfr)
iaw } pfjfskv mft dj sjfb dmnjDbsj r jvfv ubA slWqf pfq?
v } pfjfskv mft sjfb dmnjDbsj r jvfv ubA slWqf pfq. spsrkc r

`nfhDdtfr'v ipGfHc. (hfbD)
iaw } zfmfv shkb mfdnj dw rfufv efjf. zfmfv dbnfh idvmfB

idvmfB efjf hAfQsj
zfsY. zfdm dj iaskAj mfsnv shksbv efjfv pfjfk iaskAj mfsn shv jvh?
v } sp dbnfh idvmfB efjf sp mfsn rfsk snsY, sn efjf hYv Ocvst sn

mfsn pfjfk dlsk rsh. zhwA kfv drnfh vfJf hV jdEb. ubA pdl djYc mfsnv
pfjfk zfofm slWqf rq, kfrst kf m. nckvfQ nfvf hYsvv msLA pdl hjGkmq
vmpfb mfnsj pfjfk zflfsqv ubA dbLGfdvk jvf rq hQ wfhfb mfsnv shksbv
pfjfkW nh efjfv nfsK dmdtsq zflfq j'sv slWqf rq, kfrst nmnAf Vfsbf
pfsh. zffrv isK lc'efjf shdw pfj, kf Hft. dj spb jm bf pfq.
iaw } ztfsvv pfjfk slWqfv nmq dj mfmf-smsqv ztfv jdk j'sv pfjfk
dlsk rsh?
v } bf. iaskAj mdrtfv ztfv dbnfh idvmfB (85 oafm) rst ksh pfjfk
tfosh. mfsqv nfsK smsqv ztfv jdk j'sv dbnfh slJf uvvD bq.
iaw } zfdm jDHfsh sBGv pfjfk zflfq jvh?
v } zfibfv jfsY sp mfsbv BG zfsY, sn mfsbv sBGv hfufv-lv susb

sbshb. kfv ndEj Wub susb sbshb. zk}iv kfv mCtA dbLGfvB j'sv iaskAj
jw efjfq zfVf efjf, iaskAj rfufsv 250 hQ iaskAj tfsJ 2500 efjf
pfjfk zflfq jvshb.
iaw } zdkdv hfdV W ofdVv pfjfk jDHfsh zflfq jvh?
v } kfsk pfjfk sb. HfVfv efjf-nr zbA efjf dbnfh idvmfB si]ZYst dIhYv kfsk pfjfk zfsY. (tflf)
iaw } swfswf-vsm jfdLj ofdV vfJf zfsY

zfsY dhdv ubA, kfsk dj pfjfk zfsY?
v } hfdV hf ofdVv pfjfk sb. ksh pdl kf hAhnfv nfmoaD rq, kfrst kfv
mCstA pfjfk zfsY. zfv HfVfv ubA rst HfVfv efjf dbnfh idvmfB rst kfsk
pfjfk zfsY.
61
62
---- DbD iaswfv ---iaw } ufmfzfskv stfsjvf dbu dbu pfjfk mfm nfsrshv dbje umf jsv.
pfsk dkdb ndEj ufqofq hAq jvsk ifsvb. dkdb zHfhD
zHfhD rst ufmfzfksj bf
ufdbsq sn pfjfskv djYc zQw dbsu hAhrfv jvsk ifsvb dj bf?
v } bf. jfvB dkdb ufmfzfskv zfmfbklfv. zHfhD rstW dkdb kfslvsj
bf ufdbsq kf dbsk ifsvb bf. (du)
dnqfm W svfpf
jD??
iaw } smO hf zbA sjfb jfvsB y]fl pKfnmsq bf slJf sost jvBDq jD
v } smO hf zbA sjfb jfvsB y]fl pKfnmsq bf slJf sost mfsnv kfvDJ 30 iCBG
jsv dbsk rsh. zhwA slv y]fl iamfB jvfv ubA 2 ub mcndtsmv nf[A iasqfub.
spsrkc mrfbhD hstb, skfmvf y]fl slsJ svfpf vfJ, y]fl slsJ svfpf YfV. pdl
y]fl bf slJf pfq, kfrst mfn 30 iCBG jsv bfW. dj pdl lc ub mcndtm nf[A slq,
kfrst skfmvf svfpf vfJ W svfpf YfV. (zfrmfl 4/321, bfnf, lfvfjckbD, o} 909bQ)
i[fsv svfpfv mfsnv v rWqfv jKf iamfB jvfv ubA jKf iamfdBk sp,
zffrv vnCt jub stfsjv nfd[ dbsq svfpf svsJsYb. (zfhC lfl 2342,
lfsvmD, lfvfjckbD, hfrfjD 4/212, vWqft oftDt 908bQ)

iaw } slv y]fl sj jf slJst sn dj jf jf l jvsk ifsv?
v } slv y]fl sj jf slJst sn dj jf jf l jvsk ifsv bf. hvQ

y]fl slJf nsW kfv ubA svfpf vfJf Wqfsuh. sjbbf, wWqfstv y]fl lc ub
mcndtm slJfv nf[A bf slWqf ipG wvDqskv lxdsk iamfB rq bf. kf YfVf mrfbhD
hstb, l sndlb, spdlb stfsjvf l jsv. jcvhfbD sndlb, spdlb stfsjvf
jcvhfbD jsv. (nrDr dkvdmpD 643, vWqft oftDt 905bQ) spsrkc wvDqsk
ufmfzfskv hV mpGflf zfsY.
mkfsv sp hAd jf y]fl slJsh sn isvv dlb svfpf vfJsh bf. spsrkc mrfbhD
hstb, skfmvf y]fl slsJ svfpf vfJ, y]fl slsJ svfpf YfV. ksh iajfswA bq,
hvQ sofisb Ikfv jvsh sn. pfsk sn ufmfzfk-dhsvfLD bf rsq pfq. zKhf kfsj
sj znk zihfl bf dlsq hsn. zfv zffr zdLj ufsbb. (mcmsk' 6/329)
iaw } 28 dlb svfpf vfJfv iv wWqfstv y]yfl

]fl wvqD nf[
nf[A fvf iamfdBk
fdBk rst
jvBDq jD?
v } 28 dlb svfpf vfJfv iv wWqfstv y]fl wvqD nf[A fvf iamfdBk rst
ufbsk rsh sp, vmpfb mfsnv iaKm dlb zhwA Ycse sosY. nckvfQ sn s[s dlb
slv isv jfpf jvsk rsh. jfvB, yf mfn 28 dlsbv rsk ifsv bf. rq 30
dlsb mfn rsh, bsy{ 29 dlsb. (IfkfWqfn dnqfm, mcndbl 15ix})
iaw } sp slswv svfpf 2/1 dlb diYsb,

diYsb, swN vmpfsb sn slsw nIv jvst zKhf
63
---- DbD iaswfv ---sn slw sKsj dIsv st jvBDq jD?
iChG dljjfv (iafsyAv) slwdtsk y]fl 1 zKhf 2 dlb isv slJf slq. Jb 29sw
vmpfb y]fl slJfv iv zKhf 30sw vmpfb dljjfv sjfb slsw nIv jvst
snJfsb dosq slJsh kfv isvv dlbW svfpf. sn s[s kfsj slswv mcndtmslv
nfsK svfpf vfJsk rsh. zk}iv kfvf l jvst kfslv nfsK snW l jvsh; pdlW
kfv svfpf 31de rsq pfq. jfvB, mrfb zffr hstb,
E$, / , . L2 . P/ H
1 V, b
W / *> . P3 . -/ . L2 F
zKGf{, zkh skfmfslv msLA sp sj mfn ifsh sn spb mfsn svfpf vfsJ.
(jc} 2/185)
zfv mrfbhD hstb, svfpf sndlb, spdlb stfsjvf svfpf vfsJ. l sndlb,
spdlb stfsjvf l jsv. (dkvdmpD, vWqft oftDt 905, dn} nrDrfr 224bQ)
dj pdl sj iChG sKsj idym dlsj 28sw vmpfb nIv jsv, zk}iv kfv iv
dlb snJfsb l rq, kfrst snW svfpf sHs stfjslv nfsK l jvsh. zhwA kfv
isv sn jde svfpf jfpf vfJsh. jfvB, mfn 29 dlsbv jm rq bf. i[fsv pdl
29sw vmpfb nIv jsv kfv isvv dlb l rq, kfrst kfslv nfsK l jvfv iv
kfsj zfv sjfb svfpf jfpf jvsk rsh bf. jfvB, kfv 29de svfpf rsq sosY hQ
mfn 29 dlsbW rq. (hf, IfkfWqfn dnqfm, mcndbl 16ix})
zbcvi 30swv njfst svfpf zhfq nIv j'sv dbu slsw dIsv l slJst,
kfslv nfsK l jvsh. (tflf)
iv pdl sj slv dlsb l jsv iafsyAv slsw nIv jsv hQ snJfsb dosq
slsJ snJfbjfv stfsjslv svfpf ytsY, kfrst sn s[s kfsj ifbfrfv h jvsk
rsh bf hQ svfpf jfpf jvskW rsh bf. sjbbf, sn wvqD dbqm msk svfpf sHssY.
zkh dlb kfv ubA ifbfrfv ShL rWqfv dlb. (zfntfr zzfudhhfr ID
nftfdkt lfb 28ix})

iaw } j slsw y]fl slJf sost dj ixdKhDv njt slsw svfpf hf l jvf uvvD
bq?
v } mrfb zffr hstsYb, `skfmfslv msLA sp hAd mfsn ibDk rsh, sn
spb svfpf vfsJ.' (hfjfvfr } 185) zfv mrfbhD hstsYb, `skfmvf y]fl slJst
svfpf vfsJf.' (hcJfvD 1900, mcndtm 1080bQ)
dbslGw sKsj zsbsj hcsUsYb sp, nfvf dhswv 2/1 ub mcndtm y]fl slJst
njt mcndtmslv ubA svfpf hf l jvf uvvD.
dj nfrfhfoB vi hcsUbdb. k]fvf lqstv ifKGjA smsb dbsq wfm slswv
y]fslv Jhv dbsq mlDbfq l jsvbdb.
jcvfh hstb, jlf mct IfpXt dht rfsvN zfmfsj wfm slsw mczfdhqfv
dbje ifEfstb. zfdm wfm (dndvqf) si]ZsY k]fv iasqfub iCBG jvtfm. zk}iv
64
zfmfv wfsm Kfjf jfst vmpfb v rt. (hxridkhfv dlhfok) ucmzfv vfs y]fl
slJtfm. zk}iv mfsnv swN dlsj mlDbfq tfm. zfcfr dhb zffn zfmfsj
y]fslv hAfifsv dufnf jvstb, `skfmvf jsh y]fl slsJY?' zfdm httfm, `zfmvf
ucmzfv vfs slsJdY.' dkdb htstb, `kcdm dbsu slsJY?' zfdm httfm, ùD rA]f.
zfv stfsjvfW slsJ svfpf svsJsY hQ mczfdhqfW svfpf svsJsYb.' hsb zffn
htstb, `dj zfmvf skf (hfv dlhfok) wdbhfv vfs y]fl slsJdY. zkh
zfmvf 30 iCBG bf rWqf ipG zKhf bkcb y]fl bf slJf ipG svfpf vfJsk Kfjh.'
zfdm httfm, `mczfdhqfv lwGb W k]fv svfpfv Jhv dj zfibfv ubA psK bq?'
dkdb htstb, `bf. zffrv vnCt
zfmfslvsj vjm zfslw dlsqsYb.'
jvst rflDsnv iv k]fslv zfmt rq bf, sp rflDn siw j'sv k]fvf msb jsvb
sp, nfvf dhswv mcndtmoBsj j nfsK svfpf-l jvsk rsh.
(mcndtm 1078 bQ)
zfmvf msb jdv, zfmvf nftfID. zkh nftfIslv hcU dbsq zfmfslv dyk
jcvzfb-rflDn hcUf hQ lqstv dHkf oBA j'sv sbWqf.
kfYfVf zfmHfsh wvDqskv njt dbslGw j nmsq mfbA jvf zsbj s[s nh
bq. spmb }mrfb zffr hstsYb, `skfmvf ifbfrfv jv; pk[B jfstf nckf (vfskv jfstf
svJf) rsk Nfv nflf nckf (nflf svJf) ivsi skfmfslv dbje iadkHfk bf rq.
zk}iv vfd ipG svfpf iCBG jv.' (hfjfvfr } 187)
mrfbhD hstb, vfk pJb dlj (iChG oob) sKsj zfok rsh, dlb pJb
dlj (idym oob) sKsj dhlfq sbsh hQ nCpG pJb z pfsh, kJb svfpflfv
Ikfv jvsh. (hcJfvD 1941, 1954, mcndtm 1100, 1101, zfhC lfl 2351, 2352, dkvdmpD)
dbslGw lc'de nfvf dhswv njt mcndtmslv ubA j nfsK mfbA jvf nh
bq. s[s sj hstb bf sp, dbslGw hAfij. zkh nfvf dhswv 2/1 ub mcndtm
Iuv lq slJst njt mcndtmslv ubA ifbfrfv h jvf uvvD. zKhf nfvf
dhswv 2/1 ub mcndtm nCpfG slJst njt mcndtmslv ubA IkfvD jvf uvvD.
hvQ dhswv iakDsyAv stfj pJb IkfvD jsv, iafsyAv stfj IkfvD jsv kfslv
sKsj iafq 12-15 Oef isv.
nckvfQ l nfvf dhsw jdlsb j nmsq rWqfW nh bq. zfv bf-hf rt
j dlsb l. jD mb jA zfsY sk? jk wk dhNsq mksHl W mkfSbjA.
rlsq-rlsq, dhwfsn W zfyvsB jk dHkf. sjht slv dlsbv zdHkf dbsq
sjfbX It Itsh? khcW hth, dhNsq tfmfslv ùmf' rst slfN sb.
iajfw Kfsj sp, p]fvf rflDsnv iv zfmt jvsk dosq nlD zfvshv nfsK
svfpf-l j'sv Kfsjb, k]fvfW dj zsbj nmq Hct jsvb. jfvB nlD zfvh
zbA slswv y]fl slsJ l jsv bf. kfv idysm zfdIjfv sjfb slswv y]fl slsJ
nlDvf svfpf-l jsvb bf. kfrst imrfslw sKsj syfJ hcsu ndlqfv zbcjvB
65
iaw } vmpfb mfsn zfofmD jft njfst nIsvv dbqk KfjstW dj Iusvv iCshG
svfpfv dbqk jvsk rsh?
v } zhwA. svfpfv dbqsk svfpf svsJ oafm hf wrv sYsV shv rsq dosq
kfviv svfpf Hff ytsh. lcicsv nIv jvsh hst njft sKsj hfdVsk hsn svfpf h
jvf hL bq.
iaw } ofsvf mfn bfmfp isV bf. vmpfb st svfpf vfsJ W bfmfp isV. mb stfsjv
svfpf jhct rsh dj? svfpfv iv bfmfspv iaHfh
Hfh zfsY dj? kfvf svfpf svsJ (uffskv)
`vfqfb' sose iashwjfvDslv ns iashw jvsh bf dj? `j vmpfb sKsj ziv vmpfb
mLAhkGD njt sofbfrsj smfyb jsv slq.'--slq.'---
--- jKf dEj bq dj?
v } shbfmfpDv svfpf jhct rsh bf. spsrkc bfmfp ntfsmv J]cde, pf hAdksvsj
ntfm iadkdk rsk ifsv bf. iv shbfmfpD jfsIv W ntfsmv dmk sKsj
hdrHGCk.
vfnCtcfr hstsYb, mfbcN W jcIvDv msLA (ilGf) rt, bfmfp kAfo jvf.
(mcndtm)
dkdb zfsvf hstsYb, sp ycd zfmfslv W kfslv (jfsIvslv) msLA dhlAmfb, kf

rsY bfmfp (iVf). zkh sp bfmfp kAfo jvsh, sn dbyq jfsIv rsq pfsh.
(dkvdmpD)
wfjDj hsb zfcfr kfsh (vfdrmffr) hstb, `mcrfmfl -v nryvhxl

bfmfp YfVf zbA sjfb zfmt kAfo jvfsj jcIvDmCtj jfu hst msb jvskb bf.'
(dkvdmpD) (IfkfWqf hsb NfmDb 2/687)
zfv jfsIsvv dbje sKsj zffr svfpf, nfljf, r hQ zbAfbA sjfbW sbj
zfmt jhct jsvb bf. spsrkc zffr ifj hstb,
. 7/ a, X I. g2 . $> > 7/ , . )> . !
> )> /, _2 @
2 V/ P, 1 2 g^ h3 V/ P, a, j2 _2 . V/ P, / *> `. . j a, / 2 V/ P, . . *. *. . z
x. 7/ D, 3 @
2 V/ D, . g^ h3 . 7/ jW _> / I, g2 . . @
W V/ D, . g^ h3 2 2 1
zKGf{, Wslv zKG-nfrfpA oxrDk rsk sjfb hfLf dYt bf. ksh hfLf dYt sp,
Wvf zffr W klDq vnCtsj znDjfv (jcIvD) jsv hQ bfmfsp zftsnAv ns
idk rq. zfv zdbYfjxkHfsh zKGlfb jsv. (nCvf kfWhf 54 zfqfk)
nckvfQ pdl sj svfpf vfsJ hQ bfmfp bf isV, kfrst kfv svfpf hfdkt W
zwc. zffrv dbje kf sjfb ijfsv zfnsh bf hQ kf kfsj zffrv nfdLA
lfb jvskW ifvsh bf.
zfv kfv zmCtj LfvBf sp, `j vmpfb sKsj ziv vmpfb mLAhkGD njt
sofbfrsj smfyb j'sv slq'- skf v uWqfsh hdt sp, sn dhNsq hdBGk rflDnef
66
---- DbD iaswfv ---ufbsk (hf hcUsk) ifsvdb. vnCt hstb, i]fy Wqf bfmfp, ucmzfr sKsj
ucmzfr hQ vmpfb sKsj vmpfb; v mLAhkGD njt sofbfrsj smfyb j'sv slq--pk[B ipG jfhDvf sofbfrnmCr sKsj lCsv Kfjf rq. (mcndtm, dmwjfk 564bQ)
nckvfQ vmpfb sKsj vmpfsbv mLAhkGD ifinmCr smfyb rWqfv ubA mrfbhD
wkGfsvfi jsvsYb sp, jfhDvf sofbfrnmCr sKsj lCsv Kfjsk rsh. dj sn skf
bfmfp isV bf, zfv svfpf vfsJ. pfsk sn jfhDvf sofbfr sKsj lCsv Kfjsk ifsv bf.
spsrkc bfmfp kAfo jvfv sysq zdLj hV jfhDvf sofbfrv jfu zfv jD zfsY? hvQ
bfmfp kAfo jvf skf jcIXvD. kfrst jD j'sv nh sp, svfpf kfv ifi smfyb jvsh?
nckvfQ dbu iaHcv jfsY kfv ubA kWhf (zbcswfybfv nfsK iakAfhkGb) jvf
Wqfsuh. zffr sp kfv iv bfmfp Ivp jsvsYb, kf iftb j'sv kfviv svfpf
vfJf dyk. spsrkc bhD mczfp -sj qfmfb siavBjfst hstdYstb, Wslvsj
skfmfv iaKm lfWqfk spb `zffr YfVf sjfb nkA ifnA sb hQ mcrfmfl k]fv
vnCt'- nf[Alfsbv iadk rq. pdl Wvf kf skfmfv dbje sKsj oarB jsv, ksh
kfslvsj ufdbsq lfW sp, zffr Wslv iv iaskAj dlhf-vfs i]fy Wqf bfmfp
Ivp jsvsYb.
zkh lc nf[Alfsbv iv bfmfp, zk}iv pfjfk dlsq (lfWqfk) v jsvsYb.
()
dbjx mfbcN sn, sp dbu iaHcsj sjht vmpfsb sysb W mvB jsv, hfjD ofsvf
mfn Hcst Kfsj! zKy sn j mfsnv sybf kfslv sjfb jfsu tfosh bf. (tflf)
iaw } svfpflfsvv ubA mb

mb slsw nIv j'sv svfpf vfJf ShL dj, spJfsbv dlb
Eff W sYfe?
svfpflfsvv ubA mb slsw nIv jsv svfpf vfJf ShL, spJfsbv dlb Eff W sYfe.
(hsb NfmDb, mfumC IfkfWqf 1/506)

iaw } zfmfv djFXbDv nmnAf zfsY. svfpf vfJst nmnAf hfsV. Fffv svfpf
vfJsk dbsNLW jsvsY.
jsvsY. zfmfv Jb jD jvf dyk?
v } nmnAf pdl dyv-nmnAf rq, zKGf{, isv jfpf jvskW bf ifvf pfq,
kfrst iaskAj svfpfv dhdbmsq jde j'sv dmnjDb JfWqfsk rsh. mrfb zffr
hstsYb,
.y
. W I1 2 -/ *K 1 > L2 _2 . 2. / 2 [
f I3 *1 VWb *> . @
2 - . L2 s
M ., / *1 *f I1 2 }
---- DbD iaswfv ---iaw } swfbf pfq, dIkvf bf dlst svfpf jhct rq bf.--bf.---
--- jKf dj dEj?
v } msmG jde rflDn hdBGk zfsY, pf nrDr bq. (dn} pqDIfr 43bQ)
iaw } idvusbv nfsK j ns svfpf vfJfv sswA mdrtfvf eAfhste sJsq mfdnj
h vfJsk ifsv dj?
v } mrfb zffrv slWqf iajdx ksj svfL jvst kfv ifwGiadkdqf slJf
dlsk ifsv. mfdnj-dbhfvj eAfhste hAhrfsv mdrtfv oHGfwsqvW bfbfb [dkv
zfwf vsqsY; spmb sn jKf FffvoB sJ j'sv Kfsjb. nckvfQ WNcL hAhrfv bf
j'sv jfpf jvf m. dj pdl mdrtf Hfsh mfdnj h svsJ hQ idhf sKsj
svfpf vfsJ, kfrst sn svfpf W psK rsq pfsh. ()
iaw } vmpfsbv jfdLj svfpf jfpf jvsk rst dj jefbf jvf uvvD?
v } jefbf rWqf uvvD bq. sjse sjseW vfJf pfq. ksh m rt jefbf
vfJf. (du)
iaw } sj svfpf svsJ mfvf sost kfv kvI sKsj dmnjDb JfWqfsk rsh, bfdj
Wqfsvnsj svfpf svsJ dlsk rsh?
v } vmpfsbv svfpf jfpf svsJ mfvf sost kfv kvI sKsj dmnjDb JfWqfsk
rsh. zfv bpsvv svfpf bf svsJ mfvf sost kfv kvI sKsj Wqfsvnsj svfpf
vfJsk rsh.
zfmvfrv mf vmpfsbv svfpf hfjD svsJ djft jvst dkdb mf zfsqwf (vf})sj
dufnf jvstb, `zfdm zfmfv mfsqv kvI sKsj jfpf j'sv slh dj?' zfsqwf
(vf}) htstb, `bf. hvQ kfv kvI sKsj iaskAj dlsbv idvhskG j jde
dmnjDbsj zLG nf' (iafq 1 djstf 250 oafm JflA) nljfr j'sv lfW.' (kfrfhD
3/142, mcrff 7/4, zfrjfmct ufbfp, eDjf 170ix})
hsb zffn hstb, `sjfb hAd vmpfb mfsn znc rsq iVst hQ kfviv
svfpf bf vfJf zhfq mfvf sost kfv kvI sKsj dmnjDb JfWqfsk rsh; kfv jfpf
sb. i[fsv bpsvv svfpf hfjD svsJ sost kfv kvI sKsj kfv zdHHfhj (hf
Wqfsvn) svfpf vfJsh.' (zfhC lfl 2401bQ iamcJ)
iaw } svfpf
svfpf bf vfJfv dbqk jvst hQ kfv dbqk hfdkt j'sv dlst svfpf hfdkt
rsq pfsh dj?
j 7 EF { b
> / *> , . <
2 i I. / L> $, . 7Wj v
> I, -. I>]^ 2. .
zKGf{, (svfpf) dbdlG jsqj dlsbv ubA. skfmfslv msLA sj znc rst hf nIv
zhfq Kfjst zbA dlsb nQJAf iCvB jsv sbsh. zfv pfvf svfpf vfJfv nfmKGA
Kfjf nsW svfpf vfJsk yfq bf (pfvf svfpf vfJsk z[m), kfvf v idvhskG
jub dmnjDbsj JflA lfb jvsh. (hfjfvfr } 184)
v } dbqk iaskAj hflk kKf svfpfv zbAkm vjXb. zfv nfvf dlb sn dbqk
dbvhdYHfsh msb ufoak vfJsk rsh; pfsk svfpflfv svfpf bf vfJfv hf svfpf hfdkt
jvfv sjfb iajfv lxP nQji bf jsv hsn. htf hftA, svfpf bf vfJfv dbqk jvst
hQ kfv dbqk hfdkt jsv dlst nfvfdlb ifbfrfv zfdl bf jsv ihfn jvstW
svfpf hfdkt oBA rsh. (} dIjn ncfr 1/412, mcmsk' 6/376)
i[fsv sp hAd djYc JfWqf zKhf ifb jvfv iafKdmj Yf sifNB jvfv iv SLpG
Lsv ifbfrfv jvfv Yf hfdkt jsv ifbfrfv jsv bf, sn hAdv sjht svfpf
67
68
Hffv Yf sifNB jvfv Ist svfpf b rsh bf; pk[B bf sn nkAnkA ifbfrfv
jsv sbsh. zfv v lfrvB sn hAdv mk, sp bfmfsp jKf htfv Yf sifNB
jvfv iv jKf bf hst zKhf bfmfp iVsk iVsk rfWqf YfVfv Yf jvfv iv kf
nfmst dbsk ifsv. mb hAdv spmb bfmfp W WpC hfdkt bq, dEj skmdb
svfpflfsvv svfpf. (hsb NfmDb, jAfsne, zfrjfmcb dmbfn dnqfm)
svfpflfsvv mcsJv o zffrv jfsY diaq hst kf Yfjxk sYsV vfJf dhsLq bq.
kfYfVf l]fkb jvst mcsJv o pfq bf. jfvB kf zfsn sie JflAwCbA rWqfv jfvsB.
(du)
iaw } Iusvv zfpfb rst dj ifbfrfv h jvf uvvD?
v } zfpfb slJfv dhNq bq. slJfv dhNq rt Iuv lsqv nmq. spmb nmsqv
OdVW muhck rWqf iasqfub. bsy{ mczfpXdpb zfso zfpfb dlst zKhf OdV IfeGX
Kfjst spmb JfWqf h jvf dhsLq bq, skmdb mczfpXdpb sldv j'sv zfpfb dlst
zKhf OdV snf Kfjst sJsq spsk Kfjf hL bq. htf hftA, dhNsq dhswN
nkjGkf zhtb jvf jkGhA. (hf})
iaw } j hAd Ocm sKsj sE snrvD sJt. zk}iv ufbsk ifvt sp, kfv
JfWqfef Iusvv zfpfsbv iv rsqsY. nckvfQ kfv svfpf dj rsh?
v } zfpfb ndEj nmsq rsq Kfjst hQ sn zfpfb rsq sosY--- jKf bf

ufbst kfv svfpf . jfvB zufs hf Hcst zdbYfjxkHfsh ifbfrfv j'sv
sItst svfpfv sjfb [dk rq bf.
mrfbhD hstb, sp svfpflfv Hcst dosq ifbfrfv jsv sIst, sn spb kfv svfpf
iCBG jsv sbq. ifbfrfv kfsj zffr jdvsqsYb. (hcJfvD 1933, mcndtm 1155, zfhC lfl
2398, dkvdmpD, lfsvmD, hsb mfufr 1673, lfvfjckbD, hfrfjD 4/229, zfrmfl 2/395, 425, 491, 513)
zfnmf dhs zfhD hfjXv (vf}) hstb, `bhD -v pcso jlf zfmvf smOtf dlsb
Ikfv jvtfm. kfviv nCpG slJf sot.' (hcJfvD 1959, zfhC lfl 2359, hsb
mfufr 1674bQ)
zhfq svfpf jfpf jvfv dbslGw slWqf rqdb. kfv mfsb svfpf .
iaw } syfsJ hf jfsb WNc

WNcL dlst dj svfpf sHs pfq?
v } syfsJ hf jfsb WNcL dlst svfpf Hfs bf. jfvB syfJ W jfb JflAbftD bq
hQ sn WNcLW sjfb Jfhfsvv jfu jsv bf. ksh nslr rst kf vfsk hAhrfv jvf
iChnG kjGkfmCtj jmG. (tflf)
iaw } hdm jvst dj svfpf sHs pfq?
iaw } svfpfv dlsb l]fskv mfub (ecK-sieX hf ifWFfv) hAhrfv jvst svfpf
rsh dj?
v } svfpfv dlsb l]fskv mfub (ecK sieX hf ifWFfv) hAhrfv bf jvf m.

hvQ kf vfs hQ Iusvv zfso hAhrfv jvf dyk. jfvB, mfusbv mb
iadkdqf W nfv [mkf zfsY, pfv Ist kf otf W ifjtDsk sbsm pfWqfv
zfwf Kfsj. zbcvi zfwfv Ist mrfbhD tfjDk dhb nfhvfrsj hstdYstb,
(WpC jvfv nmq) kcdm bfsj Jch zdkvdkHfsh ifdb sesb dbsqf. dj skfmfv
svfpf Kfjst bq. (zfrmfl 4/33, zfhC lfl 142, dkvdmpD, bfnf, n} hsb mfufr
328bQ)
i[fsv sbwflfv W slsr zhn zfbqbjfvD mfub; spmb, t-Vfjc iaHdx k;

pf hAhrfsvv Ist mfKf sOfsv zKhf hAhrfvjfvD fbwCbA rsq pfq, kf hAhrfv jvf
ShL bq; bf svfpf zhfq hQ bf zbA nmq. jfvB, kf mrfbhD -v hfBDv
zfWkfHc rsk ifsv, pfsk dkdb hstb, iaskAj mfljkf zfbqbjfvD hA
rfvfm. (hcJfvD, mcndtm, ncbfsb zfvhfzfr, n} ufsm' 4550bQ)
iaw } svfpf zhfq kvjfdvv thB hf yfsqv dmd syj jvf hL dj?
v } vff jvsk jvsk iasqfusb Jfhfsvv thB hf dmd ndEj rsqsY dj bf, kf
sysJ slJf svfpflfsvv ubA ShL. klbcvi sjfb djYc sjbfv nmq sysJ ivD[f jvfv
lvjfv rst kf jvsk ifsv. hsb zffn hstb, `sjfb JflA, dnjGf hQ sjfb
djYc djbsk rst kf sysJ slJfsk sjfb slfN sb.' (} hcJfvD 380ix}, hsb zfhD
wfhfr 2/305, hfrfjD 4/261, vWqft oftDt 937bQ)
zbcviHfsh zdk iasqfusb mf kfv dwv ubA sjfb w Jfhfv dydhsq bvm jsv
dlsk ifsv, Lfb djsqsY dj bf hQ mcdVv yft rsqsY dj bf kf dydhsq slJsk
ifsv. zhwA njt s[s wkG rt, spb ydhGk sjfb zQw svfpflfsvv sise bf yst
pfq. hvQ zdk nfhLfbkfv nfsK sjht l]fsk dydhsq hQ dusH kfv fl sysJ ns
ns hfsv sItf uvvD. (IfkfWqf ntfdmqAfr 2/128)
iaw } svfpflfv hAd dj lDOG[B n]fkfv jfesk ifsv?
v } Yfjxk hdm jvst svfpf b rsq pfq. mrfbhD hstb, svfpf zhfq
sp hAd hmbsj lmb jvsk n[m rq bf, kfv ubA jfpf sb. i[fsv sp
YfjxkHfsh hdm jsv, sn spb svfpf jfpf jsv. (zfrmfl 2/498, zfhC lfl 2380,
v } svfpflfsvv ubA n]fkfv jfesk sjfb hfLf sb. ksh nkjG Kfjsk rsh,
pfsk ifdb sise yst bf pfq. ()
v } svfpflfv dlsbv iaKm W swNHfso sp sjfb nmq l]fkb jvsk ifsv.
v } sjse-sIse dosq zKhf Of deisk dosq zKhf l]fk kctsk dosq zKhf
l]fkb jvsk dosq v iVst zKhf v ivD[fv ubA dlst svfpfv sjfb [dk rq
bf. mcsJv v sotf pfsh bf. ()
dkvdmpD 716, hsb mfufr 1676, n} ufsm' 6243bQ)

iaw } svfpflfv dj l]fkb jvsk ifsv? kfv Ist zffrv
zffrv dbje jdv zsi[f
shdw ncomq o dj lCv rsq pfq bf?
69
iaw } slr sKsj v iVst dj svfpfv sjfb [dk

[dk rq?
70
---- DbD iaswfv ---iaw } KcKc hf osqv dotst dj svfpfv [dk rq?
v } KcKc W osqv sKsj h]fyf lc}nfLA. jfvB, kf mcsJ hf otfv sofVfq umf rsq
dbsy mdbsk yst pfq. zkh sk svfpf b rsh bf hQ hfvhfv KcKc sItfvW
lvjfv rsh bf.
zhwA sp jI, osqv, J]fjfv hf swmf shwD smfef hQ pf jJsbf mfbcsNv hcj
(wfnp) sKsj, zfhfv jJsbf mfKf (Sinuses) sKsj shv rsq zfsn, kf otf
sUsV shv jsv hfsv sItf Wqfsuh hQ kf dost sItf ShL bq. spsrkc kf OxdBk;
nHhk} kfsk wvDv sKsj shdvsq zfnf sjfb svfouDhfBcW Kfjsk ifsv. nckvfQ
kf dost sItfsk fsAv [dkW rsk ifsv. ksh pdl sj sItsk bf sisv dost
sIst, kfrst kfsk svfpf b rsh bf.
i[fsv mcsJv dHkvjfv fHfdhj tftf dotfsk sjfb [dk sb. svfpfskW
sjfb iaHfh isV bf. (mcmsk' 6/428-429, IfkfWqf ntfdmqAfr 2/125,
IfkfWqfn dnqfm 38ix})

iaw } vffv Lcstf hf zfefv ]sVf bfsjv dHksv sost svfpf b rsq pfsh dj?
v } vffv LCtf svfpflfsvv db}wfsnv nfsK sise sost svfpfv sjfb [dk rq
bf. klbcvi sp hAd zfefyfdjsk jfu jsv zKhf kfv jfsY pfq sn hAdv sise
zfefv ]sVf sostW svfpfv sjfb [dk rsh bf. (du) jfvB, nh sKsj h]fyfv
ifq sb. zhwA mcsJ mcsJfw hAhrfv jsv hf jfiV sh]sL jfu jvf m.
iaw } svfpf zhfq ncvmf tfofsbf hQ syfsJ W jfsb WNcL hAhrfv jvf hL dj?
v } svfpf zhfq ncvmf tfofsbf hQ syfsJ W jfsb WNcL hAhrfv ShL. dj

hAhrfv jvfv iv pdl otfq ncvmf hf WNcsLv fl zbcHCk rq, kfrst (djYc tfmfv
dbje svfpf sHs pfsh hQ sn svfpf) jfpf svsJ sbWqf rt iChnG kjGkfmCtj jmG.
(hf) jfvB, syfJ W jfb JflA W ifbDq sise pfWqfv iK bq hQ ncvmf hf WNcL
tfofsbfsj JfWqf hf ifb jvfW htf pfq bf; bf nfLfvB iaydtk jKfq hQ bf-
wvqD idvHfNfq. zhwA svfpflfv pdl syfsJ hf jfsb WNcL dlsb hAhrfv bf jsv vfsk
jsv, kfrst snef rsh iChnG fhLfbkfmCtj jmG. (mcmsk' 6/382, tflf, IfkfWqf
ntfdmqAfr 2/129)
rpvk zfbfn
2082bQ)
svfpf Kfjf zhfq ncvmf hAhrfv jvskb. (nrDr zfhC lfl
i[fsv svfpf Kfjf zhfq bfsj WNcL hAhrfv ShL bq. jfvB, bfsjv mfLAsm
ifbfrfv sise si]ZsY Kfsj. zfv ubA mrfbhD hstsYb, (WpC jvfv nmq)
kcdm bfsj Jch zdkvdkHfsh ifdb sesb dbW. dj skfmfv svfpf Kfjst bq.
(zfrmfl 4/33, zfhC lfl 142, dkvdmpD, bfnf, nrDr hsb mfufr 328bQ)
htf hftA, rflDn hQ zbcvi zsKGv zbAfbA rflDsnv dHdsk bfsj WNcL
hAhrfv jvfv iv pdl otfsk kfv fl zbcHCk rq, kfrst svfpf b rsq pfsh hQ
71
---- DbD iaswfv ---sn svfpf jfpf jvsk rsh. (hf, IfkfWqf mcdrmfr, kfkfzffjc dhnXdnqfm 28ix})
iaw } svfpf zhfq ifqJfbfifqJfbf-fsv WNcL hAhrfv jvf pfq dj?
v } svfpflfsvv uv rst kfv ubA ifqJfbf-fsv WNcL (nfsifduedv) vfJf

pfq. klbcvi uv mfif hf zbA sjfb ivD[fv ubA mt-fsv sjfb p hAhrfv jvf
slfNfhr hf svfpfv is[ [dkjv bq. jfvB, jfusj JfWqf hf ifb jvf djYc
htf rq bf. (hQ ifqJfbf-fv ifbfrfsvv iKW bq.) (mcmsk' 6/381)
svfpf zhfq sise (sfnjdi smdwb)

smdwb) bt nftb jvst svfpfv [dk rq dj?
v } sisev dHkv sjfb ivD[fv ubA (sfnjdi smdwb) bt hf emfj deh

nftb jvfv Ist svfpfv sjfb [dk rq bf. ksh rA]f, pdl ifsiv nfsK sjfb
(ktf) ilfKG Kfsj hQ kf kfv nfsK sise dosq si]ZsY, kfrst kfsk svfpf b
rsq pfsh. zkh jf iasqfub YfVf jfu Ivp hf Wqfsuh svfpfq jvf ShL
bq. (mcmsk' 6/383-384)
iaw } svfpf zhfq hfdrAj wvDsv skt, mtm, ifWFfv hf dm hAhrfv jvf hL dj?
v } hfdrAj wvDsvv yfmVfq ifWFfv hf mtm hAhrfv jvf svfpflfsvv ubA

ShL. jfvB, kf sise si]ZsY bf.
klbcvi iasqfusb kjsj bvm vfJfv ubA sjfb skt, HAfndtb hf dm hAhrfv
jvfW svfpf zhfq zShL bq. jfvB, nh djYc sjht yfmVfv hfdrsvv zQw bvm
jsv Kfsj hQ wvDsvv dHksv iashw jsv bf. iv pdlW stfmjCsi kf iashw
rWqfv jKf Lsv sbWqf pfq, khcW kfsk svfpf b rsh bf. (du, IfkfWqf
ntfdmqAfr 2/127)
klbcvi svfpf zhfq mdrtfslv ubA rfsk smsrlD, ifsq zftkf zKhf ycst
(jfstf YfVf zbA vsMv) jtI hAhrfv ShL. nsh svfpf hf svfpflfsvv iv sjfb
(ml) iaHfh sIst bf. (IfkfWqf ntfdmqAfr 2/127)
iaw } fmDfmD-Dv zfsifsNv ycb W siamsjdtsk svfpfv [dk rq dj bf?
v } sp svfpflfv fmD-D dmtsb SLpG vfJsk ifsv; zKGf{ nm hf hDpGifk Ose

pfWqfv zfwf bf jsv, kfslv ubA zfsifsn ycb W siamsjdt hf sjftfjcdt jvf
ShL hQ kf kfslv ubA mjvr bq. jfvB, mrfbhD svfpf vfJf zhfq D-ycb
jvskb hQ svfpf zhfq siamsjdtW jvskb. zfv dkdb dYstb spZb hAfifsv hV
nQpmD. (hcJfvD 1927, mcndtm 1106, zfhC lfl 2382, dkvdmpD 729, hsb
zfhD wfhfr 9392bQ) zbA j hBGbfq zfsY sp, zffrv vnCt D-ycb
jvskb vmpfsb svfpf vfJf zhfq; (mcndtm 1106bQ) svfpfv mfsn. (zfhC lfl
2383, hsb zfhD wfhfr 9390bQ)
zfv j hBGbfq zfsY, mf zfsqwf (vfdpqff zfbrf) hstb, `zffrv vnCt

zfmfsj ycb dlskb. zfv sn nmq zfmvf Hsq svfpf zhfq Kfjkfm.' (zfhC
lfl 2384, hsb zfhD wfhfr 9397bQ)

72
---- DbD iaswfv ---sm nftfmfr (vfdpqff zfbrf) hstb, dkdb k]fv nfsKW zbcvi jvskb.
(mcndtm 1108bQ) zfv ki hstb rfInf (vfdpqff zfbrf)W. ( 1107bQ)
mfv hstb, jlf Dsj JcwD jvsk dosq svfpf zhfq zfdm kfsj ycb dlsq
sIttfm. zk}iv bhD -v dbje idk rsq httfm, `zfu zfdm jde dhvfe
Hct jsv sIstdY; svfpf zhfq D-ycb jsv sIstdY.' zffrv vnCt htstb,
pdl svfpf svsJ ifdb fvf jcd jvsk, kfrst kfsk skfmfv zdHmk jD? zfdm
httfm, `kfsk sjfb [dk sb.' mrfbhD
htstb, kfrst Hct djsnv?
(zfrmfl 1/21, 52, nrDr zfhC lfl 2089, lfsvmD 1675, hsb zfhD wfhfr
9406bQ)
i[fsv svfpflfv pdl zfwf jsv sp, siamsjdt hf ycsbv Ist kfv hDpGifk
Ose spsk ifsv zKhf (fmD-D) Hsqv subfv Ist nrnfq dmtb Ose spsk
ifsv, jfvB sn nmq sn rqskf kfslv loa jfm-tftnfsj nQpk jvsk ifvsh bf,
kfrst sn jfu kfslv ubA rfvfm. zfv kf rfvfm ubA sp, pfsk ifsiv dYiK
h Kfsj hQ kfslv svfpf b rWqf sKsj v[f ifq.
iaw } D-ycsbv s[s hx W pchsjv mfsU sjfb ifKGjA zfsY dj?
v } s[s hx W pchsjv mfsU sjfb ifKGjA sb; pdl Hsqv jfmwd j

ipGfsqv rq. nckvfQ slJfv dhNq rt, jfm subf nxd hQ hDpGJtsbv zfwf.
zkh sn jfu pdl pchj hf jfmwdni hxsv subf nxd jsv, kfrst kf
Hsqv ubA mjvr. zfv pdl kf bf jsv kfrst kf hx, spZb-lcht
G hQ nQpmD
pchsjv ubA mjvr bq. i[fsv Hsqv mfsU ifKGjA jvfv hAfifsv sp rflDn
hdBGk rsqsY (nzflf} 2090bQ) kf zfnst jfmwd shwD Kfjf W bf Kfjfv
jfvsB. spsrkc nfLfvBk} hx spZb hAfifsv wf rsq Kfsj. i[fsv pchj kfv
dhivDk.
ItjKf, njt swaBDv lidkv ubA m rt svfpf svsJ siamsjdt, sjftfjcdt W
ycb dhdbmq iaHdx k spZbfyfsvv HCdmjf idvrfv jvf. jfvB, sp ov nhcu Intudmv zfswifsw ysv, zfwf Kfsj sp, sn djYc isv Int sJsk v jsv slsh.
nckvfQ fmD pdl Ikfv jvf zhdL SLpG LfvB jsv, kfrst snef rt nshGfm. zfv
vfd skf zdk dbjse hQ kfskf psK tf. ztX-rfmlc dtfr. mrfb zffr hstb,
svfpfv vfsk skfmfslv ubA D-nsHfo rftft jvf rsqsY. (hfjfvfr } 187)
---- DbD iaswfv ---kfrst kfsk svfpfv sjfb [dk rq bf. (mcmsk' 6/390, 432-433)
iaw } Dv duH syfNsBv Ist svfpfv

svfpfv sjfb [dk rsh dj?
v } duH syfNfv Ist sj zsbAv durfvn dost sItst svfpf sHs pfsh.
spmb bhx syfNsBv Ist mcsJ lc sn otfq sbsm sostW svfpf sHs pfsh.
iaw } Dv slrfsv sp sjfb zQw slJf svfpflfv fmDv ubA ShL dj?
v } Dv slrfsv sp sjfb zQw slJf svfpflfv fmDv ubAW ShL. zhwA

jhfv slJfv Ist yvm sduk rsq jfsvf mpD hf hDpGifk Oest sjfb [dk
rsh bf. (hcJfvD 1927bQ }) jfvB, zShL buvhfuDv hAfifsv mrfbhD hstb,
iaKm lxd skfmfv ubA ShL. dj dkDq lxd ShL bq. (zfhC lfl 2149,
dkvdmpD 2778, nrDr zfhC lfl 1881bQ) kfYfVf kikboa mb lcht
G
fmDv mb Wpv oarBspfoA.
i[fsv sj hfvhfv slJfv Ist mpD dboGk jvst svfpfv sjfb [dk rq bf.
dj hfvhfv slJfv Ist hDpGifk jsv sItst svfpf b rsq pfsh.
iaw } Dv slrf dbsq jibfdhrfsv hDpGifk Oest svfpf b rsh dj?
v } D-slr dbsq jibf jvfv Ist jfsvf mpD hf hDpGifk rst svfpf b rq
bf. spsrkc mrfbhD -v hAfij dbslGw jKfv iadk dk jsv. dkdb hstb,
dbyq zffr zfmfv mskv msbv jibf si[f jsvb, pk[B sj kf jfsu
idvBk zKhf jKfq iajfw bf jsv. (hcJfvD 2528, mcndtm 127, } mcmsk'
6/390-391)
iaw } svfpf zhfq l]fk skftf hL dj?
v } svfpflfsvv ubA l]fk (sefb kAfdl sKsj) idvjfv jvf, FffvD HvB
(bst) hAhrfv jvf hQ pBfq l]fk kcst sItf ShL. ksh nh s[s kfsj
jf nfhLfbkf zhtb jvf dyk, pfsk sjfb iajfv WNcL hf v dotf bf pfq.
(hf, IfkfWqf mcdrmfr, kfkfzffjc dhnXdnqfm 29ix})

iaw } svfpf zhfq slsrv vswfLb hL dj?
v } svfpflfsvv djFXbD zyt rst svfpf zhfq iasqfusb slsrv v idvjfv

W swfLb (Dialysis) jvf ShL. idv jvfv iv icbvfq slsr dIdvsq dlsk
pdlW v slr sKsj shv rq, khcW kfsk svfpfv sjfb [dk rsh bf. ()
iaw } svfpf zhfq sjwb

sjwb sbWqf hL dj?
iaw } ycb YfVf zbA wxfvfyfsvv hAfifsv dhLfb jD? nmq mpD shv rsq sost
svfpfv [dk rsh dj?
v } ycsbv s[s ycb ofst srfj zKhf sE]fse Hq zhf nmfb. klbcvi
nsmv njt iajfv HCdmjf W wxfvfyfv; njfm iwG, ONGB, lQwb, mlGb, iayfib,
zfdtb iaHdx kv mfbW ycsbv mk. nshv mfsU sjfb ifKGjA sb. zfv nh
jvsk dosq pdl jfsvf mpD (hf subfv nmq zfEfstf kvt ifdb) db}nxk rq,
v } svfpflfsvv ubA dydj{nfv s[s sn sjwb hAhrfv jvf ShL, pf

ifbfrfsvv jfu jsv bf. spmb, sidbdndtb hf bXncdtb sjwb zKhf
zAfdehfsqfdej hf edbj djQhf dHefdmb sjwb zKhf HAfjXdnb sjwb iaHdx k
rfsk, sjfmsv hf zbA ufqofq, slsrv siwD zKhf dwvfq hAhrfv jvst svfpfv [dk
rq bf. khcW dbkf uvvD bf rst kf dlsb hAhrfv bf jsv vfs hAhrfv jvf
m W iChnG fhLfbkfmCtj jmG. spsrkc mrfbhD hstb, sp dhNsq nslr zfsY,
73
74
sn dhNq huGb jsv kf jv, pfsk nslr sb. (zfrmfl, dkvdmpD 2518, bfnf,
hsb drfb, kfhfvfbD iamcJ, nrDt ufsm' 3377, 3378bQ) nckvfQ sp
ndlrfb dhNqfhtD sKsj lCsv Kfjsh, sn kfv Db W ksj h]fdysq sbsh.
rt j iajfv jmsianXFX oAfn; pfv dFfq sianfv iVst sV dosq (db}wfsnv

hfkfsnv nfsK) IcnIcsn si]ZsY hQ wfnj lCv jsv. mb oAfn sjfb iajfv JflA
bq. zfv vmpfb zvmpfb hQ dlsb vfsk nh nmsq (dhswN jsv wfnsvfL hf wfnj
ufkDq spmb r]fIfdbv svfoD) v mcJfsi[D Kfsj. (hf, IfkfWqf mcdrmfr,
kfkfzffjc dhnXdnqfm 36ix})
zbcviHfsh mcsJv lcoG lCvDjvsBv sswA hAhrfpG sia svfpflfsvv ubA hAhrfv
jvf slfNfhr bq. ksh wkG rt, sn sia idh W rftft rsk rsh. (mfuffkct
(zfrmfl 4/269, 270, hcJfvD 52, mcndtm 1599bQ, zfhC lfl, dkvdmpD, hsb
mfufr, lfsvmD)
iaw } svfpf zhfq [kfsb WNcL hAhrfv jvf hL dj?
v } svfpflfsvv ubA dbu slsrv [kfsb WNcL dlsq hAfsu kAfdl jvf
lCNBDq bq. kfsk sn [k oHDv srfj zKhf zoHDv. jfvB, jfusj bf djYc
JfWqf htf pfsh, zfv bf ifb jvf. kf YfVf [kfb fHfdhj ifbfrfsvv iK bq.
(zfrjfmcn nfWdm zt-'dkjfI 140ix})
iaw } svfpf zhfq mfKfv yct hf bfdHv dbsyv stfm y]fYf hL dj?
v } svfpflfsvv ubA dbu mfKfv yct hf bfdHv dbsyv stfm kAfdl y]fYf ShL.
kfsk pdl sjfb fb sjse v iVstW svfpfv sjfb [dk rq bf. i[fsv lfdV
y]fYf nh nmqjfv ubA rfvfm; svfpf zhfq zKhf zbA sjfb zhfq. (mfuffkct
hcrCdnt ntfdmqAfr 19/165)

iaw } svfpf zhfq ncodv ncOafB sbWqf hL dj?
v } svfpf vfJf zhfq zfkv hf zbA iajfv ncod hAhrfv jvf hQ nhGiajfv
ncOafB bfsj sbWqf svfpflfsvv ubA ShL. ksh L]cqf ufkDq ncod (spmb zfovhfdk,
ylb-L]cqf iaHdx k) Yfjxk bfsj sbWqf ShL bq. jfvB, swaBDv ncodv Obk
zfsY; pf ifjdtsk dosq si]ZsY. (IfkfWqf ntfdmqAfr 2/128)
htf hftA, vffwfstv sp L]cqf zdbYf nsW bfsj sn iashw jsv, kfsk svfpfv
sjfb [dk rsh bf. jfvB, kf sKsj h]fyfv ifq sb. (, mfumC' IfkfWqf
1/508)
iajfw Kfsj sp bdnA hAhrfv jvst svfpf b rsq pfsh. jfvB, kfvW Obk zfsY
hQ kfv ]Vf sisev dHksv si]ZsY Kfsj. kf YfVf kf mfljshAv swaBDHc rst
hAhrfv jvf sp sjfb nmsq mdbsk rfvfm.

iaw } snrvDv swN nmq ipG ifbfrfv W D-nrhfn jvf svfpflfsvv ubA ShL dj?
v } snrvDv swN nmq ipG ifbfrfv W D-nrhfn jvf svfpflfsvv ubA ShL.
dj Iuv lq (nmq hf zfpfb) rWqfv nfsK nfsK mcsJv Jfhfv ost sItf
Wqfsuh. ( hAfifsv mksHl iCshG zfstfdyk rsqsY.) zbcvi nrhfn jvsk
Kfjst ns ns fmD-D ixKj rsq pfWqf uvvD. vi jvst svfpf rsq pfsh.
i[fsv snrvDv nmq swN rsq sosY hf Iusvv zfpfb v rsq sosY susb hf
sbW pdl sj ifbfrfv hf D-nsm m Kfsj, kfrst kfv svfpf rsh bf. mrfbhD
hstb, dhtft vfsk zfpfb slq. nckvfQ skfmvf kk[B ipG ifbfrfv jvsk
Kfj, pk[B ipG bf hsb sm mfjkCm zfpfb slq. (hcJfvD 617bQ, mcndtm)
iaw } Iuv lq rWqfv

rWqfv isvW bfifj Kfjf svfpflfsvv ubA hL dj?
v } sia lc iajfv; iaKm iajfv rt jAfinct sia ifWFfv ufkDq. pf distv

mk sjfb ifs svsJ icw jsv sia jvf rq hQ LCstfv mk sV dosq otfq si]ZYst
svfoD kf dotsk Kfsj. iajfv siask svfpf b rsq pfsh. svfpflfvsj pdl mb
sia hYsvv nh mfsn hQ dlsbW hAhrfv jvsk rq, kfrst kfsj mb svfoD oBA
jvf rsh, pfv svfo nfvfv sjfb zfwf sb. nckvfQ sn svfpf bf svsJ iaskAj dlsbv
dhdbmsq jde jsv dmnjDb Jfsq slsh.
dkDq iajfv sia rt hfi ufkDq. iajfv siask svfpf Hfsh bf. sjbbf, kf
ifjtDsk si]ZsY bf. (hsb NfmDb, jAfsne} zfrjfmcb dmbfn dnqfm) jfvB, kf
D-nm zKhf islfN rWqfv isvW nmq zHfsh sofnt bf jsv bfifj
zhfsk svfpflfv svfpfv dbqk jvsk hQ snrvD sJsk ifsv. mb dj snrvDv
nmq swN rsq sostW zfpfsbv iv sofnt jvsk ifsv. s[s svfpfv vv djYc
zQw bfifsj zdkhfdrk rstW svfpfv sjfb [dk rsh bf. zhwA bfmfspv ubA
sofnt uvvD.
mf zfsqwf W sm nftfmfr (vfdpqff zfbmf) hstb, `zffrv vnCt -v
(jJsbf jJsbf) D-dmtb jsv zidh zhfq Iuv rsq spk. kfviv dkdb
sofnt jvskb hQ svfpf vfJskb.' (hcJfvD 1925, mcndtm 1109bQ)
kfYfVf mrfb zffr Iuv lq rWqfv nmq ipG D-dmtsbv zbcmdk dlsqsYb
hQ kfv iv sKsj svfpf vfJfv zfslw dlsqsYb. zfv kfv mfsb rt sp,
svfpflfsvv ubA (Iuv lsqv iCshG) dmtsbv iv (Iuv lsqv isv) bfifjDv
sofnt jvf ShL. (} mcrff 6/220)
klbcvi dbIfn W kcmkD mdrtfv vfs Jcb h rst (svfpfv dbqk jsv hQ
snrvD sJsq) Iusvv iv svfpfq sKsj isv sofnt jsv bfmfp iVsk ifsv. ipGc
bfifj icvN W mdrtfv ubA bfifjDv sofntsj njft hf lcicsvv nmq ipG
dhtdk jvf ShL bq. hvQ nCpG lsqv iCshG sofnt jsv pKfnmsq bfmfp zflfq
jvf kfslv ubA Wqfsuh. spmb icvsNv ubA Wqfsuh mb nmsqv dHksv nkv
75
76
iaw } svfpf zhfq bfsj hf mcsJ sia hAhrfv hL dj?
sofnt jvf, pfsk Iusvv bfmfp ufmfzfk nrjfsv mndusl zflfq jvsk n[m
rq. (dIjn ncfr 1/411, hf, IfkfWqfn dnqfm 51ix})
fkhA sp, vmpfsbv dlsbv shtfq svfpflfsvv islfN rsq sost kfv svfpf
hfdkt bq. sjbbf, kf kfv Jdkqfvjxk bq. zkh kfv ubA uvvD rt,
bfifjDv sofnt jvf. zhwA Iusvv bfmfp iVfv iv Ocmfsk dosq islfN rst,
ns ns sofnt bf jsv pdl spfrsvv zfso ipG dht jsv sofnt jsv, kfrst
kfsk slfN rsh bf. (hf, IfkfWqfn dnqfm 51 ix}) zhwA m rt, bfifsj bf
sKsj nHh rst ns ns sofnt jsv dhdHHfsh zffrv dpjXv jvf.
iaw } vmpfsbv dlsbv shtfq pdl sjfb svfpflfv iaKsm djYc sJsq svfpf b jvfv
iv D-nrhfn jsv,
jsv, kfrst dj kfsj jfIXIfvf tfosh bf?
iaw } svfpfv dlsb Ocdmsq Kfjf hL dj?
v } svfpflfsvv ubA dlsb Ocmfsbf ShL. dj njt bfmfp kfv pKfnmsq

ufmfzfk nrjfsv zflfq jvsk zhsrtf ialwGb jvf ShL bq. spmb, dhdH
hflskv jtAfB sKsj dbsusj hdk jvf dyk bq. hvQ dyk rt, Ocdmsq nmq
b bf jsv vmpfsbv sn mfrfkAiCBG nmqsj bIt bfmfp, dpjXv-zfpjfv W
jcvzfb jfvDm sktfzk fvf zfhfl jvf. pfsk kfv svfpfv dHksv bfbf iajfv
hflskv nmfshw Ose. (hsb NfmDb, IfkfWqfn dnqfm 31-32ix})
iaw } snrvDv nmq zfdm mfdnj sKsj idhkf t[A jvtfm. nckvfQ snrvD sJsq
svfpfv dbqk jvtfm. nCpG WEfv zfsoW slJtfm, zidhkfv sjfb dyr dIsv
zfsndb. zkh sofnt j'sv Iusvv bfmfp iVtfm. zfmfv dlsbv svfpf dj
rsh?
v } Jcb h rWqfv iv sofnt bf j'sv snrvD sJsq hQ Iusvv nmq rWqfv
iv nCpG WEfv zfso sofnt j'sv Iusvv bfmfp iVst svfpf rsq pfsh. (du)
iaw } snrvDv nmq sE sldJ, kJbW zidhkfv dyr vsq

vsq sosY. nckvfQ svfpf
vfJtfm bf. dj njfst sE sldJ, zfdm idh rsq sodY. kJb zfmfv jvBDq jD?
v } zfidb nfvf dlb djYc ifbfrfv jvshb bf. sofnt j'sv spfrsvv bfmfp
iVshb. ksh dlbjfv svfpf zfibfv rsh bf, jfpf jvsk rsh.
iaw } nfvfdlb svfpf Kfjfv iv Ikfsvv

Ikfsvv i]fy dmdbe zfso mfdnj slJf dlst,
sndlbjfv svfpfef hvhfl pfsh dj?
v } Iuv lsqv iv sKsj dbsq nCpG sFfhfv zfso ipG nmsq mfdnj v rst
svfpf b rsq pfsh.
iaw } kchkD mdrtf dj svfpfv dlsb ifbfrfv jvsk ifsv bf?
v } kc Kfjf zhfq ifsv. snrvD sJsq njfst Jcb slJst nfvfdlb sn

ifbfrfv jvsk ifsv. dj kc h rsq sost zfv ifbfrfv jvsk ifsv bf. spmb
snrvDv nmq Jcb slsJ njfst idhkf t[A jvst nfvfdlb ifbfrfv jvsk ifsv
bf.
77
v } pdl sn mcnfdIv rq, kfrst kfv ubA hL. kfsj jfIXIfvf tfosh bf.
dj hfdVsk Kfjf zhfq mb Yt-hfrfbf j'sv D-nrhfn jvst jfIXIfvf sKsj
svrf ifsh bf. hvQ mb mfbcsNv sofbfr shdw.
iaw } vmpfsbv jfpf svfpf svsJ nrhfn

nrhfn jvstW dj zbcvi jfIXIfvf zflfq
jvsk rsh?
v } vmpfsbv jfpf svfpf, sjfb nck hf bIt svfpf, bpv hf jnsmv
jfIXIfvfv svfpf vfJf zhfq nrhfn rsq sost sjfb jfIXIfvf zflfq jvsk rq
bf.
iaw } fmDfmD-D nIsv dYt. snrvD sJsq vmpfsbv svfpfW svsJdYt. dj lcicsv
dmtb
dmtb Ose pfq? sk dj jfIXIfvf Wqfsuh?
v } sp nIsv svfpf jfpf jvf yst, sn nIsv svfpf zhfq dmtb Ose sost
jfIXIfvf tfosh bf. spmb nIsv kfv ubA ifbfrfv hL, skmdb D-dmtbW hL.
(du)
r W mvfr
iaw } j hAd rsv Ivp iftb jvfv zfso mfvf sosY. Jb jD jvf dyk?
v } Jb dyk rt, kfv kA nid sKsj rsv Jvy dbsq sjfb rfuDsj
dlsq hlt r jvfsbf. (tflf)
iaw } j mdrtf mvfr zflfsq jfdjbD spsk yfq. kfv ofbf zfkDq dvqfp
qfvsifseG sisb dEsq dlsq zfsn hQ zbA ofbf zfkDq duf qfvsifeG sKsj
kfsj mvfr jdvsq
jdvsq zbcvi hfdV dIdvsq dlst kfsk sjfb nmnAf zfsY dj?
v } mvfr hf zbA sjfb hflskv nIv rstW sjfb mdrtfv jfdjbD nIv
hL bq. spsrkc mrfbhD hstsYb, sjfb icvN spb sjfb shofbf bfvDv ns kfv
nfsK ofbf icvN YfVf zhwA dbuGbkf zhtb bf jsv. zfv mfrvfm hAdksvsj
sjfb bfvD spb nIv bf jsv. j hAd zfshlb jvt, `sr zffrv vnCt! zfmfv
D r iftb jvsk shv rsqsY. zfv zfdm zmcj zmcj pcs bfm dtdJsqdY.' dkdb
htstb, pfW, kcdm skfmfv Dv ns r jv. (hcJfvD W mcndtm)
Jfsb jKf htf dEj bq sp, sisbv nIv dbvfil. j qfvsifseG ysV ivhkGD
qfvsifseG nrsu bfmsk ifvsh. jfvB rflDsn sn wkG zfsvfi jvf rqdb sp, nIv
dhibj rst mdrtf ofbf icvN YfVf nIv jvsk ifvsh bf. ()
iaw } r zflfq jvfv nmq mdrtfslv eAfhste sJsq mfdnj h vfJf hL dj?
v } siwfdte Fffsvv nfsK ivfmwG j'sv pdl ufbf pfq sp, kfv Ist
mdrtfv fAok sjfb [dk rsh bf, kfrst mfdnj h svsJ r-mvfr jvsk
78
---- DbD iaswfv ---ifsv. (tflf)
iaw } zfdm j LbD mdrtf. zfmfv iv r Ivp rsqsY. dj zfmfv fmD

nfsK spsk vfdu bq, zfmfsj jfsvf ns YfVskW vfdu bq. hYsv zfmfv hV Hf
rs pfsh. zfdm dj kfv nfsK fmDv zbcmdkv skfqff bf j'sv r jvsk
ifdv? bfdj fmDv zbcmdk uvvD?
v } zfibfv fmDv dyk bq, Ivp iftsb zfibfsj hfLf slWqf. nckvfQ
bfmfp-svfpfv mskf r jvsk fmDv zbcmdk bf KfjstW zflfq jvsk rsh.
(du) spsrkc zffrv Ivp rj nhfv isv. zfv bhD
hstsYb, nafv
zhfLAkf j'sv sjfb nxdv zfbcokA sb. (zfrmfl)
iaw } D r jvsk yfst hQ fmD kfsk hfLf dlst sn jD jvsh?
v } D r jvsk yfst hQ fmD kfsk hfLf dlst fmDv jKf bf smsb sjfb
mfrvfsmv nfsK zhwA r jvsh. s[s fmDv hfLf mfbst kfsj sofbfrofv
rsq mvsk rsh. (IfkfWqf ntfdmqAfr 2/184)
iaw } B j'sv dj r jvf pfq?
v } B jsv r jvf pfq, pdl idvswfL jvfv nru ifq Kfsj (zKhf
sBv kfoflf bf Kfsj) ksh. zbAKf B jsv r bf jvf Hfstf. jfvB nHhk}
B jvfv isv idvswfL jvfv nfmKGA bfW rsk ifsv. svfoff hf mxkAc -jhdtk
rst idvswfL bfW rsk ifsv. zkh iCBG nfmKGAhfb rWqf ipG zsi[f jvf
swaq}. (IfkfWqf hsb NfmDb 2/675)
iaw } uft ifnsifeG hfdbsq rs sost r rsh dj?
v } nvjfvsj sLfjf dlsq uft bfm W ifnsifeG dbsq r jvst r rsq

pfsh, ksh sLfjf slWqfv ubA sofbfrofv rsk rsh. ( 2/675)
idvhfv--idvub r bf
iaw } h dlb ndlqfq sKsj Ycdev nmq r rst hQ idvhfv
j'sv hfdV dIvsk zfslw jvst hQ r jvfsk kfslv nmdk bf rst jD jvf pfsh?
---- DbD iaswfv ---dIsv dosq rvfm h]fLsk rsh. duf sKsj rvfm sh]sL mvfr jsv Kfjst lm
(jde Yfot zKhf sH]Vf zKhf nfk Hfsov j Hfo ov hf e) tfosh; pf mfq
pshr jsv mfv IjDvslv mfsU heb jvsk rsh. (IfkfWqf mcdrmfr 34ix})
zhwA pdl sj bf susb sjfb zfstmsj dufnf jsv `duf sKsj rvfm h]fLf
rsh' Iskfqf dbsq duf sKsj rvfm sh]sL r mvfr jsv sIst, ksh kfv
iv lm sb. jfvB, sn kfv Wqfsuh iftb jsvsY. zfv Hcstv mfnCt
mcIkDv OfsV. (IfkfWqf hsb NfmDb 2/569)
iaw } sib nvfndv mlDbf qfvsifeG sost rvfm sjfKfq h]fLsk rsh?
v } nIsvv vsk mlDbf pfWqfv dbqk Kfjst isK mDjfsk rvfm bf sh]sL
mlDbfv dpqfvskv iv mlDbf sKsj rvfm sh]sL mf sn r-mvfr jvf ytsh.
iaw } mDjfk zfnfv zfso rvfm h]fLf rst sjfb [dk rsh dj?
v } dbdlG mDjfskv iCshGW rvfm h]fLf yst. (mfbfdnjct rf, zfthfbD
12ix}) zhwA dbdlG mDjfk rsk rvfm h]fLf m.
iaw } Hcthwk} ofdVofdV-yftj mDjfk zdkm j'sv hlCv yst sost snJfb sKsj
rvfm sh]sL mvfr rsh dj?
v } Hcthwk} mDjfk zdkm j'sv hlCv yst sostW mDjfsk dIsv sn
rvfm h]fLf Wqfsuh. snJfb sKsj rvfm h]fLst lm tfosh. ()
iaw } r hf mvfv dbqk bf Kfjst mf iashswv nmq rvfm h]fLsk rsh dj?
mfq si]ZsY ivhkGDsk r hf mvfv dbqk rst sjfKf sKsj rvfm h]fLsk rsh?
v } r W mvfv dbqk bf Kfjst mf iashswv ubA rvfm h]fLsk rsh bf.

dj mfq sjfb zfkDq hf hcv hfdV hf hAhnfv ubA zfnfv iv mvfr jvfv Yf
rst rfvfm-nDmfv hfsv shv rsq rvfm sh]sL sn mvfr jvsh. r jvfv Yf
rst hfnfb sKsj rsv rvfm h]fLsh. (IfkfWqf mcdrmfr 22ix}) dmbfq
Kfjst dmbf sKsj rsv rvfm h]fLsh. ( 26ix})
v } h dlb ndlqfq sKsj Ycdev nmq r rst hQ idvhfv-idvub r

bf jsv hfdV dIvsk zfslw jvst hQ r jvfsk kfslv nmdk bf rst, pdl
Ivp r rq, ksh kfslv jKf bf smsb r jvsh, zk}iv hfdV dIvsh. bIt
rst kfslv mb JcwD jvfv ubA r bf j'sv hfdV dIvsh. (mfuffkct hcrCdnt
iaw } Yf dYt zfso zfkDqzfkDq-hfdVsk shVfh. zk}iv nmqmskf mvfr hf r

jvh. ubA rvfm bf sh]sL mfq sndY. Jb ifq jD?
v } sVf djQhf ifdb-ufrfsu r hf mvfq st dbdlG mDjfk hvfvhv

ufqofq zfnfv iCshG (ufrfsuv jmGDslv dk sist) rvfm h]fLsk rsh. zhwA
yVfv iCshG qfvsifeG sKsj sofntfdl snsv jfiV isv Jfsb sjht dbqk jvf
Hfstf. duf sKsj rvfm h]fLf psK bq. dhbf rvfsm dufq bfmst dbdlG mDjfsk
19/169)
iaw } ns ifvdme bf Kfjfv jfvsB
jfvsB icdtsw mf iashw jvsk bf dlst zKhf sjfb
znckfv jfvsB rvfm sh]sL mvfr hf r jvsk bf ifvst jvBDq jD?
79
80
ntfdmqAfr 13/67)
iaw } imrfslw sKsj rr-mvfq spsk sjfKfq
sjfKfq rvfm h]fLsk rsh? dufq
sbsm rvfm hf]Lst rsh dj?
v } iChG sKsj r hf mvfv dbqsk dhbf rvfsm mDjfskv nDmf zdkm

j'sv nDmfv dHksv sjfb wrsv zfkDq-hfdVsk sKsj snJfb sKsj rvfm hf r
jvst lm tfosh. bsy{ mDjfsk dIsv dosq rvfm sh]sL zfnsh. zhwA mDjfk
zdkm jvfv nmq r hf mvfv dbqk bf Kfjst hQ isv zfkDq-hfdVsk
dbqk rst hfdV sKsj rvfm h]fLsk ifsv. (mfuffkct hcrCdnt ntfdmqAfr
v } rvfm h]fLfv iv sjfb jfvBhwk} r (hf mvfr) nfvsk bf ifvst
pKffsb jde jcvhfbD jsv mfKfv sjw mcb hf jkGb jsv rftft rsq hfdV
dIvsh. zhwA rvfsmv nmq wkG tfdosq Kfjst kfv iv djYc Wqfsuh bq.
v } nfmKGA Kfjf nsW jcvhfbD slWqfv Hsq Ivfslv rvfm sh]sL r snsv
icbvfq kfbm- dosq mvfrv rvfm sh]sL mvfr jvf wvDqskv dbslGw W
dbqsmv idviD hQ mb jvf wvDqskv nfsK Yt-hfrfbf jvfv bfmfv.
(mfuffkct hcrCdnt ntfdmqAfr 14/138)

iaw } kfmfc rsv dbqsk mvfrv rvfm sh]sL mvfr snsv rsv rvfm
h]fLfv iCshG pdl sjfb jfvBhwk} hfdV dIvsk rq hf r jvf bf rq, kfrst
jvBDq jD?
v } kfmfc rsv dbqsk mvfrv rvfm sh]sL mvfr snsv rsv rvfm
h]fLfv iCshG pdl sjfb jfvBhwk} hfdV dIvsk rq hf r jvf bf rq, kfrst kfv
ivW djYc Wqfsuh rsh bf. (IfkfWqf ntfdmqAfr 2/210)
iaw } mvfv rvfm sh]sL sj zjfvsB mvfr bf j'sv dIsv

dIsv dosq susbsusb-sb
rvfm Jcst sItst kfsj jD jvsk rsh?
v } mvfv rvfm sh]sL sj zjfvsB mvfr bf j'sv dIsv dosq susb-sb

rvfm Jcst sItst 1de jcvhfbD jvsh, zKhf dkb dlb svfpf iftb jvsh zKhf
Yqde dmnjDb (db})sj mfKf diYc zLG nf' (nWqf j djstf) jsv JflA (yft)
nljfr jvsh. (zfv JflA hf mfQn rfvfm wvDsIv dmnjDbslv mfsU heb
jvsk rsh.) D-nrhfn jvst lm tfosh hQ mf dIsv sn mvfr zhwA icvf
jvsk rsh. (IfkfWqf hsb NfmDb 2/300)
iaw } kfmfcv mvfr jvfv iv mlDbfv dpqfvsk sost zKhf sjfb iasqfusb
mDjfskv hfsv
hfsv sost icbvfq rsv ubA zfnfv nmq mDjfk sKsj rvfm h]fLsk
rsh dj?
v } kfmfcv mvfr jvfv iv mlDbfv dpqfvsk sost zKhf sjfb iasqfusb
mDjfskv hfsv sost icbvfq rsv ubA zfnfv nmq mDjfk sKsj rvfm h]fLf
uvvD. (mkfsv uvvD bq.) rvfsm zfsvf jde mvfrW jvsk ifvf pfq.
iaw } dkb iajfv rsv dbqsk dj idvhkGb jvf pfq?
v } djvfb hf kfmfc rsv dbqk j'sv rvfm sh]sL icbvfq Ivfslv dbqk
rq bf. spmb rsv mfsn mvfr snsv mlDbf hf sjfb (oxr YfVf) nIsv sost
rsv nmq dIsv sn Ivfl rq bf. zhwA djvfsbv dbqk jsv kfmfcv dbqk
jvf pfq. (IfkfWqf mcdrmfr 36ix})
iaw } zfdm rvfm sh]sL mDjfk ifv rsq sodY. kJb j idvdyk zfmfsj
smfhfst htstb, `zfidb zfmfv bfsm hlt r jvb.' dj dbsuv bfsm dbqk
j'sv zsbAv bfsm idvhkGb jvf pfq dj?
(rffkcfhD, zfthfbD 20ix})

iaw } mDjfsk sofnt jvf dj uvvD? Eff hf dHsVv Hsq pdl hfnf hf srfset
sKsj sofnt j'sv pf zKhf sofnt bf jvsk ifdv, kfrst sjfb [dk zfsY dj?
v } mDjfsk sofnt jvf ncfsk mczfflfr. hfnf sKsjW sofnt jvf yst.
sofnt bf jvsk ifvst rvfm hf r-mvfrv sjfb [dk rq bf.
iaw } nhGlf siwfh Uvfv svfo Kfjst rvfsmv sjfb [dk rsh dj?
v } siwfh Uvfv svfo Kfjst rvfsmv sjfb [dk rq bf. bfmfp W kWqfsIv
iCshG dbuf j'sv (jfisV tfost kf Lcsq) Wpc uvvD. (IfkfWqf mcdrmfr
24ix})
iaw } rvfm sh]sL mfv isK pdl sj kftdhqAfr iVsk Hcst pfq, kfrst sjfb
[dk rsh dj?
v } kftdhqfr iVsk Hcst sost sjfb [dk rq bf. jfvB kf nck.
(IfkfWqf mcdrmfr 17ix})

iaw } rvfm zhfq zdbYfjxkHfsh ofdVv Lffq dhVft smsv sItst sjfb lm
zfsY dj?
v } rvfm zhfq zdbYfjxkHfsh dhVft smsv sItst djYc Wqfsuh bq.
(IfkfWqf hsb NfmDb 2/676)

iaw } mvfr jvsk dosq iCshG mdrtfv mfdnj v rsq sost jD jvsh?
v } mvfr jvsk dosq iCshG mdrtfv mfdnj v rsq sost idhkfv

zsi[f jvsh. nIv jvf uvvD rst rvfm zhfq sKsj nIv jsv icbvfq dIsv
sn mvfr zflfq jvsh. dj hdrslGswv rst Jvy, dHnf kAfdlv Ufsmtf sKsj
h]fysk mvfr jsv dbsk ifvsh. zKGf{, dHnf swN rWqfv Hq Kfjst tffsb
ide sh]sL dbsq kWqfI W nf jsv ycstv Fof sjse mvfr ni jsv rftft rsq
pfsh. spsrkc nmq kWqfI jvf kfv ubA uvvD iasqfub. zfv zdk iasqfub W
zncdhLfv s[s dbdN dudbN ShL rsq pfq. (IfkfWqf hsb NfmDb 2/643)
ksh rsv mvfr rst rsv jfu nfvfv iv mvfr j'sv sbsh.
iaw } kWqfsI Ifpfv iCshG mfdnj v rst mdrtfv jkGhA jD?
iaw } nfmKGA Kfjf nsW jcvhfbD slWqfv Hsq Ivfslv rvfm sh]sL r snsv
icbvfq kfbmkfbm- dosq mvfrv rvfm sh]sL mvfr jvfv yftfdj wvDqknmk dj?
v } kWqfsI Ifpfv iCshG mfdnj v rst kWqfI W nf YfVf rsv nh

djYc jvsh. zk}iv nIv jvfv zfso idhf bf rst hQ nIv uvvD rst nIv
jvsh. dj hfdVsk rvfm zhfsk Kfjsh. ncod kAfdl hAhrfv jvsh bf.
fmDv nfsK sjfb iajfv spZbfyfsv dt rsh bf. zk}iv idhf rst mfq dIsv
sn kWqfI W nf jvsh. pdl dIsv zfnf znHh msb rq, kfrst mfq mfdnj
81
82
v } dbsuv bfsm rsv hf mvfv dbqk jsv rvfm sh]sL mDjfk ifv rsq
isv zsbAv bfsm idvhkGb jvf pfq bf. (IfkfWqf hsb NfmDb 2/676)
h jvfv sjwb (hf eAfhste) hAhrfv jvsh. kf nHh bf rst tffsb ide
sh]sL kWqfI j'sv sbsh. (IfkfWqf ntfdmqAfr 2/237)
v } kWqfsI bfvDslr iwG rst pdl tffsb sjfb kvt ilfKG zbcHCk bf
rq, kfrst sjfb [dk rsh bf. zhwA njstv dyk, shofbf bfvDv iwG sKsj lCsv
Kfjsk syf jvf. (IfkfWqf hsb NfmDb 2/613)
iaw } sjfb mdrtf idhf rWqfv iv mvfv kWqfI W nf j'sv icbvfq Jcb
slJst jD jvsh?
v } mvfv kWqfI W nf jvfv iv icbvfq Jcb slJst, pdl kf nkA

mfdnsjv Jcb rq, ksh icbvfq kWqfI W nf jvsk rsh. spsrkc zidhkfv
jfvsB iCshGv kWqfI-zfdl hfdkt rsq pfsh. (IfkfWqf hsb NfmDb 2/647)
zfv mvfrsk kWqfsIv zfso nf bq. rsv kWqfI nf rst zfv nf

jvsk rskf bf. jfvB mfdnj zhfq nf jvf yst.)
iaw } kWqfsI Ifpfr jvf jftDb nmsq
nmsq sjfb mdrtfv mfdnj v rst jD
kWqfI-jvsh? zdHHfhjsj tfq htsk bf sisv sj pdl sn zhfsk kWqfI
zfdl snsv hfdV dIsv iajfw jsv, kfrst jvBDq jD?
v } kWqfsI Ifpfr jvf jftDb nmsq sjfb mdrtfv mfdnj v rst
kWqfI sYsV mnduslv hfsv yst pfsh. dj tfq htsk bf sisv sj pdl sn
zhfsk kWqfI-zfdl snsv hfdV dIsv iajfw jsv, kfrst kfv fmD hf
zdHHfhsjv dyk, kfsj icbvfq mfq dbsq sn kWqfI jvfsbf. (zfv nf
rsq sosY.) v msLA pdl sn ncod kAfdl hAhrfv j'sv Kfsj, kfrst 3de svfpf
vfJsh zKhf 6de dmnjDbsj (nWqf 1djstf j'sv yft) JflA lfb jvsh zKhf 1de
Yfot hf sH]Vf jcvhfbD dlsk rsh. fmD-nrhfn j'sv Kfjst mfq 1de jcvhfbD
dlsq kfv sofX rfvfsmv IjDvslv mfsU dhkvB jvsh. zfv mb mdrtfsj
jfsuv ubA zhwA kWhf jvsk rsh. (IfkfWqf ntfdmqAfr 2/238)
iaw } kWqfsIv iv nf jvfv

jvfv iCshG mfdnj v rst mdrtf jD jvsh?
v } kWqfsIv iv nf jvfv iCshG mfdnj v rst nf snsv sbsh. jfvB,

nfv ubA idhkf wkG W uvvD bq hQ nfv fbW mnduslv msLA oBA bq.
kf sn snJfsb zhfb W zsi[fW jvsk ifsv. ( 2/239)
nh Ufsmtfv rfk sKsj h]fyfv ubA mdrtf mfdnj zfnfv nmq hcsU mfdnj h
vfJfv eAfhste kAfdl hAhrfv jvsk ifsv. ( 2/185)
iaw } Ivfslv dbqk rst kWqfsI jclCm bf jvsk ifvst sjfb [dk rsh dj?
v } Ivfslv dbqk rst kWqfsI jclCm bf jvsk ifvstW sjfb [dk sb.
(IfkfWqf ntfdmqAfr 2/251) sjht rsv kWqfI psK. s[s sn
nvfndv dmbfq spsk ifsv.
iaw } kWqfI jvsk jvsk Wpc b rst jD jvsk rsh?
v } kWqfI jvsk jvsk Wpc b rst kWqfI sYsV Wpc jsv icbvfq bkcb
j'sv kWqfI jvsk rsh.
iaw } jfsj hrb j'sv kWqfIkWqfI-nf jvfst dbsuv kWqfIW dj psK rsh?
v } kWqfI W nfv ubA pdl sj jfsj hrb jsv, ksh hfrsjv ubAW kf
psK rsh. hfrjsj zfv bkcb j'sv ixKjHfsh kWqfI W nf jvsk rsh bf.
(mfuffkct hcrCdnt ntfdmqAfr 23/95)

iaw } kfdrqAfkck kfWqfI iVsk pdl sj Hcst pfq, kfrst jD jvsh?
v } kWqfsIv iv 2 vfjzfk bfmfp nck. sj Hcst kf bf iVst sjfb

[dk rq bf. (IfkfWqf mcdrmfr 40ix})
iaw } kWqfI jvsk jvsk jKf htf dj hL?
v } kWqfI jvfjfst uvvD jKfhfkGf htf lCNBDq bq. mrfbhD hstsYb,

kWqfI rt bfmfp. ksh zffr kfsk jKf htf hL jsvsYb. nckvfQ sj jKf
htst, sn spb Hft jKf hst. (dkvdmpD, lfvfjkbD, rfsjm, hsb Jcpfmf) dkdb
zfsvf hstsYb, kWqfI rt bfmfp. nckvfQ skfmvf kWqfI jvst jKf jm
hstf. (zfrmfl 3/214, nrDt ufsm' 3956bQ)
iaw } kfWqfI W nf jvsk jvsk jec dhwafm sbWqf, ifdb ifb jvf pfq dj?
v } kWqfI W nf jvsk jvsk ShL jKf htf, ifdb ifb jvf, jf rsq
iVst jec zfvfm sbWqf ShL. ( 2/620)
iaw } rsv nmq rfufsv zfnWqfl ycb jvf hV jdEb. nckvfQ LffLfd j'sv
zKhf jfsj Ocn dlsq ycb jvst nWqfh rsh dj?
v } rfufsv zfnWqfl ycb jvf nck. kf ycmsk dosq tVf jvf hf jfsj
Ocn slWqf mrfifi. (mfuffkct hcrCdnt ntfdmqAfr 13/17)
iaw } dHsVv
dHsVv jfvsB dkDq hf kxkDq kst dj kWqfIkWqfI-nf jvf pfq?
v } dHsVv jfvsB dkDq hf kxkDq ktfq sE kWqfI W nf jvf pfq. kfsk

sjfb nmnAf sb. (mfuffkct hcrCdnt ntfdmqAfr 1/194)
iaw } kWqfI jvfv iv zfdm znc

znc rsq idV. zk}iv rfnifkfst sKsj nc
rsq nf jdv. sk sjfb [dk rsh dj?
v } jfvBhwk} kWqfsIv 2/3 dlb ivW nf jvsk ifvf pfq. spsrkc kf

kWqfsIv iviv jvf sjfb wkG bq. (IfkfWqf ntfdmqAfr 2/252)
iaw } kWqfsIv zfso pdl sj nf j'sv sbq, kfrst kfsk sjfb [dk
[dk zfsY
dj?
iaw } kWqfI jvsk jvsk dHsVv yfsi ivbfvDv slr iwG rst jvBDq jD?
v } rsv kWqfsIv zfso nf j'sv sbWqf pfq. zhwA m rt,

kWqfsIv iv nf jvf. ksh mvfv kWqfsIv iCshG nf jvf pfq bf; jvst
kWqfsIv iv icbvfq nf jvsk rsh. (IfkfWqf hsb NfmDb 2/622, 624)
83
84
iaw } Hctsm nfv jde yv Ycse sost hQ isv msb iVst jvBDq jD?
rftft rsq nIv jvfv iv hfdVsk sn msb iVst jD jvf pfsh?
v } zfvfIf sKsj mcplfdtIf zfnsk zfnsk pdl zLGvfd ifv rWqfv zfwf
Kfsj ksh mfodvh-wfv bfmfp ytfv isK mcplfdtIfv hfsv rstW isV sbsh.
v } nfv j yv Ycse sost hQ h isv msb iVst zKhf ncspfo rst

icbvfq bkcbHfsh 7 yv nf jvsh. ( 2/623) rftft rsq nIv jsv Kfjst
msb iVf mf icbvfq rvfm sh]sL mfq sn bkcbHfsh nf jsv yct jfesh. (
2/628)
iaw } bf susb dEj kWqfsIv mk nfW 7 yv (zKGf{ 14 hfv pfkfqfk)
pfkfqfk) j'sv
sItst nf rsh dj?
v } bf susb dEj kWqfsIv mk nfW 7 yv (zKGf{ 14 hfv pfkfqfk)
j'sv KfjstW 7 hfv oBA rsh hQ zufs hfVdk jvfq sjfb [dk rsh bf. (
2/626)
iaw } nfIfv
nfIfv idvhskG mfvWqf sKsj nf v jvst rsh dj?
v } nfIfv idvhskG mfvWqf sKsj nf v jvst nf rsh bf. icbvfq

nfIf sKsj v j'sv nf jvsk rsh. ( 2/628)
iaw } pct-rsv 8 kfvDsJ dmbfq i]

ify
]fy Wqf bfmfp bf iVst hQ vfd hfn bf
jvst rsv sjfb [dk rq dj?
v } pct rsv 8 kfvDsJ dmbfq i]fy Wqf bfmfp bf iVst hQ vfd hfn bf
jvst sjfb [dk rq bf. zhwA kf nck. mkfsv Wqfsuh. (mfbfdnjct rf,
zfthfbD 7ix})
iaw } zfvfIfv mqlfsb rfk kcst lczf jvf pfq dj?
v } zfvfIfv mqlfsb rfk kcst lczf jvf pfq. ufmfzfskv jub lczf W
hfjD `zfmDb-zfmDb' jvstW slfN sb. ksh jfjD lczf Jfsb wvDqk-nmk
W m. (IfkfWqf ntfdmqAfr 2/267-268, zft-mcmsk 7/329-330)
iaw } zfvfIfv nDmf sKsj nCpG sFfhfv iCshG shv rsq st sjfb [dk rsh dj?
v } zfvfIfv nDmf sKsj nCpG sFfhfv iCshG shv rsq st dIlXqAfr tfosh; pf
mfq pshr jsv snJfbjfv ovDhslv mfsU dhkvB jvsk rsh. slsw dIsv sost
hQ icbvfq mfq pfWqf nHh bf rst mfv mcnfdIv hf idvdyk jfsj
lfdqkHfv nmiGB jvsh. sj bf Kfjst slsw pshr jsv sofX ovDhslv mfsU
heb j'sv slsh. (mfuffkct hcrCdnt ntfdmqAfr 6/254, IfkfWqf ntfdmqAfr 2/264)
iaw } mcplfdtIfq vfdhfn bf jvsk ifvst jvBDq jD?
v } mcplfdtIfq vfdhfn Wqfsuh. kAfo jvst lm tfosh. mcplfdtIfq

Iusvv bfmfp sist snecjc psK. (IfkfWqf ntfdmqAfr 2/271)
iaw } dbqm rt mcplfdtIfq si]ZsY mfodvhmfodvh-wf umf j'sv iVf. dj dHsVv yfsi
zfvfIf sKsj mcplfdtIf zfnsk zfnsk pdl zLGvfd ifv rWqfv zfwf rq,
kfrst jvBDq jD?
85
(IfkfWqf ntfdmqAfr 2/270)

iaw } dHsVv jfvsB mfwzfvt rfvfsmv dbje dosq lczf jvf pdl nh bf rq,
kfrst sjfb [dk rsh dj?
v } mfwzfvt rfvfsm dosq lczf jvf Wqfsuh bq; jvf Hfstf. (IfkfWqf
ntfdmqAfr 2/271)
iaw } dHsVv jfvsB Iusvv zfso ipG mcplfdtIfv nDmfbfq
nDmfbfq iashw bf jvsk
ifvst jvBDq jD?
v } dHV djQhf zbA sjfb jfvsB mcplfdtIfv nDmfbfq iashw bf jvsk ifvst
snJfsb vfdhfn mfI rsq pfsh hQ lm tfosh bf. spsrkc pf nfsLAv hfsv, kf
[mfrG. ()
zhwA nkjGkfmCtjHfsh mfq jde jcvhfbD jvf dyk. nfmKGA bf Kfjst mfI.
()
iaw } mcplfdtIf sKsj mczfdsmv hfn zLGvfdv iCshG kfVfVf j'sv yst spsk
yfst jvBDq jD?
v } mcplfdtIf sKsj mczfdsmv hfn zLGvfdv iCshG kfVfVf j'sv yst spsk
yfst hfn sYsV ifsq sr]se Iusvv iv dmbfq pfsh. rfdvsq pfWqfv Hq Kfjst
hfsn pfsh. hfLA rWqfv jfvsB kfv iv lm Wqfsuh rsh bf. (IfkfWqf hsb
NfmDb 2/600)
iaw } mcplfdtIf sKsj dmbfq jk zfso pfWqf pfq?
v } mcplfdtIf rsk zLGvfdv iv dmbf pfWqf pfq. ksh y z pfWqf ipG

zsi[f jvf m. zfv Lc lcht
G swaBDv mfbcN (W kfslv nrspfoD nD)slv
ubA. (IfkfWqf ntfdmqAfr 2/272) zLGvfdv iv swaBDv mfbcNvf ufmvfsq zfjfhfq
ifKv smsv mfq rsv kWqfIW jvsk ifsv. (mfuffkct hcrCdnt ntfdmqAfr 13/86)
ksh zLGvfdv iCshG vmX W kWqfI jvst kf rsh bf. jsv sItst icbvfq
jvsk rsh. bsy{ vmXv ubA mfq lm slsh hQ kWqfI pct-rsv hf
mcrfvGfsmv swsN zKhf pJb Hct hcUsk ifvsh kJb mf sn iCBG jvsh. bsy{
r rsh bf.
iaw } dHsVv Hsq kWqfsI Ifpfr nIv jvf ipG didYsq vfJf pfq dj? jkdlb
iv kf jvf pfq?
v } kWqfsI Ifpfr nIv jvf ipG didYsq vfJf pfq. dHsVv Hsq pct
rsv swsNv dlsjW jvf pfq. (IfkfWqf hsb NfmDb 2/624) hvQ ndEj
Wpv Kfjst pct r mfsnv isvW jvsk ifsv. ( 2/640)
iaw } kWqfsI Ifpfv iCshG sj mfvf sost kfv kvI sKsj kWqfI iCBG jvsk
86
---- DbD iaswfv ---rsh dj?
v } kWqfsI Ifpfv iCshG sj mfvf sost kfv kvI sKsj kWqfI iCBG
jvsk rsh bf. (IfkfWqf hsb NfmDb 2/612)
iaw } ifKv smsv sjw mcb jvfv iv kWqfsI Ifpfrv iCshG D-ycb hf
zfdtsbv Ist hDpGifk jvst jvBDq jD?
v } ifKv smsv sjw mcb jvfv iv kWqfsI Ifpfrv iCshG D-ycb hf

zfdtsbv Ist hDpGifk jvst kWhf nr lm tfosh. (mfuffkct hcrCdnt
ntfdmqAfr 13/74)
iaw } iaKm rftfstv iCshG pdl sj D-nrhfn j'sv sIst, kfrst kfv r rsh dj?
v } iaKm rftfstv iCshG pdl sj D-nrhfn j'sv sIst, ksh kfv r

hfdkt rsq pfsh. zhwA hfjD rsv jfu kfsj iCvB jvsk rsh hQ jfIXIfvf
vi jde e jcvhfbD dlsq kfv sofX mfv dmnjDbslv mfsU dhkvB jvsk rsh.
zfv hfdkt r bIt rstW kfsj zfofmDsk bkcbHfsh iftb jvsk rsh.

iaw } rvfm zhfq Ocdmsq Kfjfjfst islfN rst sjfb [dk rq dj?
v } islfsN hDpGifk Oest r hf mvfv sjfb [dk rq bf. spsrkc kf

dbsuv JdkqfHc bq. ( 2/233-234)
j kfv bfsqh
iaw } kWqfsI Ifpfr hf nf sj jvsk n[m bf rst zbA ssj
rsq j'sv dlsk ifsv dj?
v } kWqfsI Ifpfr hf nf sj jvsk n[m bf rst zbA sj kfv bfsqh

rsq j'sv dlsk ifsv bf. Jfe hf sEtf ofdVsk hsn zKhf jfsvf j]fsL hf disE ysV
kfsj dbsu jvsk rsh. pdl nHh bf rq, ksh svfo hf lcht
G kf lCv rWqf ipG
zsi[f jvsh hQ rvfm Jctsh bf. pdl zfsvfsoAv zfwf bf Kfsj, ksh jde
Yfot hf sH]Vf pshr j'sv kfv sofX mfv ovDhslv mfsU dhkvB j'sv rftft rsq
pfsh hQ r zfofmDsk jfpf jvsh. ( 2/243)
iaw } sjfb jfvBhwk} rsv jcvhfbD dlsk bf ifvst rfuD jD jvsh?
v } sjfb jfvBhwk} rsv jcvhfbD dlsk bf ifvst 10de svfpf vfJsh. 3de
rs, zfvfIfv dlsbv iCshG svsJ sbsh hQ hfjD 7de slsw dIsv vfJsh. zfvfIfv
dlb svfpf vfJsh bf. (IfkfWqf mcdrmfr 38ix}) rsv msLA 3de svfpf
kfwvDsjv dlbdtsk 11, 12, 13 kfvDsJW vfJsk ifsv. zfv ef dlbdtsk
svfpf vfJf dbdN zfsbv hAdkm. ksh zfvfIfv dlsbv iCshG svfpf svsJ sbWqf
m; pdl kfv iChG sKsj ufbf Kfsj sp, sn jcvhfbD dlsk ifvsh bf. (IfkfWqf
ntfdmqAfr 2/295-296) mfhfnD rfuDslv ubA jcvhfbD sb. mrfb zffr hstsYb,
/u
> I. V/ ^ - . L2
3 / P. -. *> . . / 8. / . L2 K %
. 2 h3 > . / , )> E. 81 . a. -. L2 V/ 8, *> 2 .3 L2 }
87
---- DbD iaswfv ---V/ ^ - . > T

2 > . i 2*> @
2 . H
. . T
2 a> V/ 8, /
. . .h3 iM . / . . K %
. C L> I1 2 i> r. r. , . > L2
j 7 EF {3 . %
. > u
> / . 3 }
> 0
. $, WD/ 2 -/ b
W I.
zKGf{, zk}iv pJb skfmvf dbvfil rsh, kJb skfmfslv msLA sp hAd rsv
iaffst mvfr fvf tfHhfb rsk yfq, sn nrutHA jcvhfbD jvsh. dj pdl sj
jcvhfbD bf ifq (hf dlsk z[m rq), kfrst kfsj rsv nmq dkb dlb hQ oxsr
iakAfhkGsbv iv nfk dlb -- iCBG lw dlb svfpf iftb jvsk rsh. dbqm
sn hAdv ubA, pfv idvhfv-idvub idh jf'hfv dbjse (mfq) hfn jsv bf.
(hfjfvfr } 196)
iaw } sHshdYtfm jcvhfbD dlsk ifvh bf. kf kfwvDsjv dlbdtsk svfpf

vfJtfm.
vfJtfm. dj 13 kfvDsJv vfs msb rt,
rt, zfmfv jfsY sp efjf zfsY,
zfsY, kfsk jcvhfbD
slWqf spskf.
spskf. kfYfVf hfdV dIsv 7de svfpf vfJfW jdEb.
jdEb. nckvfQ 14 kfvDsJv vfsk
hf dlsb jcvhfbD dlst kf psK rsh dj?
v } 13 kfvDsJv nCpG z sost zfv jcvhfbD rsh bf. ( 2/296)
zkh 3de svfpf svsJ kfwvDsjv dlbnmCr zdkhfdrk j'sv icbvfq jcvhfbD dlsk
yfst zfv rsh bf. hfjD 7de svfpf slsw iCBG jvsk rsh. (IfkfWqf hsb NfmDb 2/660)
iaw } jcvhfbD dj dmbfsk rWqf uvvD?
v } jcvhfbD dmbfsk pshr jvf uvvD bq. mfv rfvfsmv nDmfv dHksv sp
sjfb fsb jcvhfbD pshr jvf pfq. rfvfsmv nDmfv hfsv rsv jcvhfbD dn rsh
bf; pdlW kfv sofX rfvfsmv dHksv dhkvB jvf rq.
iaw } slJf pfq, zsbsj jcvhfbD dbu rfsk pshr j'sv sIst yst pfq. ef dj
dEj?
v } jcvhfbD pshr jsv niCBG sIst slWqf ShL bq. hvQ kfv djYc JfWqf W
lfb jvf jkGhA. kfsk j zfsY msb jvst dbdlG nQfq efjf umf slWqf pfq.
iaw } yct jfesk Hcst dosq nIv jvfv iv nvB rst jvBDq jD?
v } yct jfesk Hcst dosq nIv jvfv iv nvB rst, nvB rWqf mf (icvN
rst hQ rvfsmv jfiV Jcst sItst) rvfsmv jfiV ivsh hQ r icvf jvfv
dbqsk yct sjse sbsh. zk}iv pdl v iCshG mfq D-nrhfn j'sv Kfsj ksh
mfq 1de (Yfot hf sH]Vf, bsy{ e hf ovv 7 Hfsov 1 Hfo) lm tfosh. zfv sn
sofX snJfbjfv ovDhslv mfsU dhkvB jvsk rsh. ksh pdl nrhfn mfv hfsv
sjfKfW rq ksh slsw dIlXqAfr pshr jsv slswv ovDhslv mfsU kfv sofX
dhkvB jvsk ifsv. (mfuffkct hcrCdnt ntfdmqAfr 13/67) klbcvi sp hAd
bf susb mfKfv niCBG yct bf sY]se sjht Jfb-WJfb sKsj djYc yct sjse rftft
rsqsY sn hAdv ubAW dhLfb . (IfkfWqf hsb NfmDb 2/634)
iaw } kfwvDsjv vfddt dmbfq bf jfefst jvBDq jD?

88
v } kfwvDsjv vfdstf dmbfq pfib jvf uvvD. zhwA 12 kfvDsJv

nCpfG sv iCshG shv rsq sost 13 kfvDsJv vfd pfib jvsk rq bf. dj pdl sj
11 kfvDsJ dmbf kAfo jsv yst pfq, ksh kfsj dIlXqAfr dlsk rsh. (mfuffkct
hcrCdnt ntfdmqAfr 13/88) zhwA zncsJv jfvsB kAfo jvsk hfLA rst sjfb
djYc Wqfsuh bq. zffr jfsj kfv nfmsKGAv zdLj lfdqk ziGB jsvb bf.
v } kfwvDsjv (11, 12, W 13 kfvDsJv) dlbdtsk nCpG Ttfv zfso ifKv

mfvf W psK bq. nCpG Ttfv iCshG ifKv smsv nIv jsv Kfjst mfq dIlXqAfr
tfosh. (ksh dHsVv yfsi rfuD mvfv Ist zfLcdbj Iskfqf zbcpfqD njfstW ifKv
mfvf ytsh.)

iaw } vfdv zdLjfQw nmq dmbfq jfdesq hfjD nmq (zKhf nfvf dlb) zbA
sjfKfW hf mfndulct rfvfsm jfefsbf pfq dj?
v } vfdv zdLjfQw nmq dmbfq jfdesq hfjD nmq (zKhf nfvf dlb) zbA
sjfKfW hf mfndulct rfvfsm jfefsbf pfq. kfsk sjfb [dk rq bf. ( 2/274)
iaw } dmbfq Kfjfv ubA ufqof bf sist jvBDq jD?
v } dmbfq Kfjfv ubA ufqof bf sist dmbfv nQto ifwhG kGD sjfb ufqofq
dmbfq zhfbjfvD zbAfbA rfuDslv ifwfifdw fb dbsq hfn jvsh. dmbfv nDmfbfv
dHksv ufqof ifqdb hst mfq vfdpfib ShL rsh bf. (IfkfWqf hsb NfmDb 2/604)
spmb nfmKGA Kfjsk jm HfVf sisq dmbf sYsV mcplfdtIfq dJmf sbWqf ShL bq.
iaw } vfdsk ifKv mfvf pfq dj? kf dj isvv dlb jfpf jvf pfq?
v } dbvifq rst vfdskW ifKv mfvf pfq. j dlsbv ifKv iv dlsb smsv
jfpf jvf pfq. ( 2/284) zhwA zfofmD jfstv ifKv zfu zfofm mfvf pfq bf.
iaw } lc dlsbv vmX dj swN dlsb jfpf jvf pfq? sjfbX dbqsm jvsk rsh?
v } swN dlsb dkb dlsbv ifKv j nfsK mfvsk rst iaKsm 11 kfvDsJv
ifKv pKf dbqsm dkbde ufmvfsk mfvsk rsh. kfviv sYfe ufmvfq dIsv dosq 12
kfvDsJv ifKv pKf dbqsm dkbde ufmvfsk mfvsk rsh. nhswsN 13 kfvDsJv
ifKv pKf dbqsm dkbde ufmvfsk mfvsk rsh. (hf)
iaw } ifKv mfvsk n[m hAd zivsj iadkdbdL jvsk ifsv dj? sjfb zrfuD
bfsqh rsq ifKv
ifKv smsv dlsk ifsv dj?
v } ifKv mfvsk n[m hAd zivsj iadkdbdL jvsk ifsv bf; jsv Kfjst
lm tfosh. pfsj iadkdbdL jvf rsh kfsj hkGmfsb rfuD rsk rsh. (mfuffkct

iaw } jfsj ifKv mfvfv iadkdbdL hfdbsq dlsq kfv ifKv mfvfv iCshG rfuDv dmbf
kAfo jvf pfsh dj?
v } iadkdbdL ifKv bf mfvf ipG rfuDv dmbf kAfo jvf pfsh bf. nckvfQ 12
kfvDsJv njfst jfsj ifKv mfvsk iadkdbdL dbpc j'sv dmbf kAfo jvf ShL bq.
(IfkfWqf ntfdmqAfr 2/240-242)

iaw } kfwvDsjv (11,
11, 12,
12, W 13 kfvDsJv)
kfvDsJv) dlbdtsk njfst ifKv
ifKv mfvst
rsh dj?
89
iaw } 7de ifKvsj j ns Y]csV mfvst, sYfe ufmvfr sKsj v bf j'sv

dhivDk dlsj hV ufmvfr sKsj v j'sv ifKv smsv Kfjst rsh dj?
v } 7de ifKvsj j ns Y]csV mfvst, sYfe ufmvfr sKsj v bf jsv
dhivDk dlsj hV ufmvfr sKsj v jsv ifKv smsv KfjstW mfq lm tfosh.
(IfkfWqf ntfdmqAfr 2/285, 286) zhwA nmq Kfjsk jfpf j'sv dbst lm
tfosh bf.
iaw } ifKv dj slWqfst tfof uvvD? slWqfst stso pdl rWsp bf isV, kfrst
psK dj? ifKv pdl bf Y]csV rWspv djbfvfq l]fdVsq kfsk sYsV slWqf rq, kfrst
rsh dj?
v } ifKv slWqfst tfof uvvD bq; uvvD rt rWsp iVf. rWsp bf iVst
lm tfosh. (IfkfWqf hsb NfmDb 2/635-636) spmb ifKv rWsp sIst
dlst psK bq; hvQ kf Y]csV smsv rWsp sItsk rsh.
iaw } vmX swN rWqfv iCshG ifKv swN rsq sost jD jvf pfsh? rWspv dbjehkGD
ifKv dbsq mfvf pfsh dj?
v } vmX swN rWqfv iCshG ifKv swN rsq sost rWp sKsj lCsv sjfb ufqof
rsk ifKv jcdVsq sb hfjD vmX iCBG j'sv sbWqf pfsh. ( 236)
iaw } vmXv ubA dj ifKv hf j]fjv rsk rsh?
v } vmXv ifKv ifKv rsk rsh. vk, mfde, dnsme hf disyv sTtf rst kf
dlsq vmX nrDr bq. (zft-mcmsk' 7/357)
j--jde
iaw } dmbfq vfdhfn W nm vmX kAfo jvst dj iaskAjdev dhdbmsq j
dIlXqAfr tfosh?
v } dmbfq vfdhfn W nm vmX kAfo jvst 1de mf dIlXqAfr dlst psK

rsh. (mfuffkct hcrCdnt ntfdmqAfr 23/94) zhwA dIlXqAfr slWqfv iv
icbvfq sjfb Wqfsuh kAfo jvst icbvfq dIlXqAfr tfosh.
iaw } dhlfqD kWqfI jvfv zfso mdrtfv mfdnj v rsqsY. sj sj lcht

G W
znc rsq isVsY. Wdlsj nIvnIv-nDvf pKfnmsq dhlfq dbsY. kfrst mdrtf W
znc hAd dhlfqD kWqfI bf jvsk ifvst dj lm tfosh?
v } kcmkD mdrtfv ubA kWqfsI dhlf' mfI. lcht
G W svfoD rfuDslvsj hrb
j'sv dhlfqD kWqfI jvfsk rsh. kAfo jvst lm tfosh. (mfuffkct hcrCdnt
ntfdmqAfr 6/254, 14/137)

iaw } dhlfqD kWqfsIv iv djYc sjbfsjbf-jfef jvfq W nDslv zsi[fq djYc slvD
90
---- DbD iaswfv ---rWqfq slfNzfsY dj?
v } kWqfsI dhlf'v iviv mf kAfo jvsk rsh. h slvD j'sv sItst

icbvfq kWqfI jvsk rsh. zhwA kWqfsIv iv djYc sjbf-jfef jvfq W nDslv
zsi[fq djYc slvD rWqfq slfN sb. (IfkfWqf mcdrmfr 43ix})
iaw } nmq h]fyfsk dosq nIsvv dlb mfq dosq dhlfqD kWqfI j'sv icbvfq
dmbfq sn j]fjv smsv hfdV sIvf pfq dj?
v } nIsvv dlb mfq dosq dhlfqD kWqfI j'sv icbvfq dmbfq sn j]fjv
smsv hfdV sIvf ShL bq. hvQ dmbf kAfo j'sv mfq dosq dhlfqD kWqfI j'sv hfdV
dIvsk rsh. (ltDtct rf })
iaw } dhlfqD kWqfsIv iv bf susb Hctsm nf j'sv sItst sjfb [dk rsh dj?
v } dhlfqD kWqfsIv iv bf susb Hctsm nf j'sv sItst sjfb djYc

Wqfsuh rq bf. (IfkfWqf hsb NfmDb 2/625)
iaw } zsbjsj slJf pfq, dhlfqjfst jf'hfv mndul sKsj shv rWqfv nmq ef
ifsq didYsq didYsq shv rsq pfsY. ef dj wvDqknmk?
v } dhlfqjfst jfhfv mndul sKsj shv rWqfv nmq ef ifsq shv rsq
nmfb ialwGb hQ mnduslv lvufq dhswN dhlfqD lczf ifE wvDqk-nmk bq.
iaw } sjfb mdrtfv i[ sKsj sjfb icvN hlthlt-r jvsk ifsv dj?
v } icvN mdrtfv kvI sKsj hQ mdrtf icvsNv kvI sKsj rs hlt

jvsk ifsv. ksh v ubA wkG sp, kfsj dbsuv r zfso j'sv Kfjsk rsh.
jlf mrfbhD
bstb, jde stfj htsY, `hvmfv i[ sKsj tffj.'
dkdb kfsj dufnf jvstb, hvmf sj? sn htt, `zfmfv j Hf (zKhf
zfkDq).' dkdb htstb, kcdm dbsuv r jsvY? sn htt, ùD bf.' dkdb
htstb, kcdm dbsuv r zfso jv, kfviv hvmfv r (isv) jsvf. (zfhC
lfl 1811, hsb mfufr 2903 iamcJ)
iaw } zfdm nlD zfvsh jfu jdv. dbsuv r jsvdY. Jb ovDh dikfmfkfv
kvI sKsj hlt r jvf pfq dj?
v } ovDh nfmKGArDb dikf-mfkfv kvI sKsj r jvf pfq. (mfuffkct
hcrCdnt ntfdmqAfr 13/72-73)
iaw } uDdhk zhfq sj jfdLjhfv r j'sv mfvf sost kfv kvI sKsj
hlt r jvf pfq dj?
v } uDdhk zhfq sj jfdLjhfv r j'sv mfvf sostW kfv kvI sKsj
nfst nWqfshv sswA bIt r jvf pfq. ( 18/118)
iaw } j nIsv dikfv bfsm mvfr W mfkfv bfsm r jvf pfq dj?
v } j nIsv dikfv bfsm mvfr W mfkfv bfsm r jvf pfq. (
12/97)
---- DbD iaswfv ---iaw } wdwd-nfmKGA zfsY, zKy zbA stfj ifdEsq r jvfsk yfsY. kf dj psK
rsh?
v } wd W nfmKGA Kfjsk jfsvf fvf rs hlt jvfsbf bq. kfsk Ivp

zflfq rsh bf. (IfkfWqf hsb NfmDb 2/650)
iaw } mxk mfmf-hfsiv kvI sKsj bfsqh hfdbsq r jvfsbf pfq dj?
v } mxk mf-hfsiv kvI sKsj bfsqh hfdbsq r jvfsbf pfq. ( 2/651)
iaw } rs hlstv ubA Jvy dbsq shsV sost jD jvf pfsh?
v } rs hlstv ubA Jvy dbsq shsV sost pdl slWqfv nmq mcWqfst hst
sp, `pf Jvy rq jsvf hf zKG sKsj Jvy jsvf' kfrst hfjD zKG sIv{ dlsk
rsh. zbAKf pdl zKG slWqfv nmq hst sp, ` zKG skfmfsj zfmfv bfsm r
jvfv ubA dltfm' kfrst sIv{ bf dlstW slfN sb. ( 2/652)
iaw } j hYsv dj lc'usbv kvI sKsj r jvf pfq?
v } j hYsv lc usbv kvI sKsj r jvf pfq bf. j nfsK lc usbv

bfsqh rWqf pfq bf. (tflf)
iaw } j nIsv jfdLj mvfr jvf pfq dj? iaKsm mDjfk sKsj jhfv hQ
isv zfsqwf mndul sKsj rvfm sh]sL hfvhfv mvfr dj?
v } j nIsv hfvhfv mvfr; jhfv mfsqv ubA, dkDqhfv hfsiv ubA,

kxkDqhfv lflDv ubA hQ Hfsh zfv jfsvf ubA (hf dbsuv ubA) kfbm sKsj
zfnf-pfWqf jsv zflfq jvf dhdLnmk bq. kfYfVf mxskv bfsm r jvfv sysq
lczf jvf shwD m. ( 2/198, 266)
hflsk smZdtj lc'de wkG iCvB rWqf uvvD; Jtfn W mcrfmflD kvDjf. (pfvf
j nIsv hfvhfv mvfr jsv) kfvf dj nfrfhf sKsjW Hft jfsu shwD zfoarD?
zffrv jnm! bf. kfvf k]fslv sKsj shwD zfoarD bq. zffrv wvDqskv hAfifsv
nfrfhf sKsj shwD fbD bq. kfvf jde rflDn siw j'sv iamfB jvj sp, nfrfhfoB
vmpfb zKhf zvmpfsb hfvhfv mvfr jvskb. susb vfJcb, hAfifsv sjfb nrDr
zKhf pqDI jde rvIW sb, pfsk iamfB rq sp, nfrfhfoB vmpfb hf zbA mfsn
hfvhfv mvfr jsvsYb. zKhf sj mvfr sKsj rftft rst zfhfv kfbm dosq
zfv jde mvfr jvsh. mbdj mfhfnDslv IjDr mfm zfkf (vfdrmffr)
hstsYb, ùfdb bf sp, pfvf kfbm dosq mvfr jvsY, kfvf sofbfrofv rsh, bfdj
nWqfh ifsh!' zKGf{, kfslv jfsu j zfsY, sjfb nWqfh sb; zffrv ifbfr.
spsrkc kfvf wvDqskv hdrHCk
G jfu jsv. ( } zft-dtjfw wfrvD 41/1)
zfv dhdlk sp, sn pcso nIv zdkwq j rWqf nsW mrfbhD kKf nfrfhf
oB j nIsv jfdLj mvfv ncspfo oarB jsvbdb. kfrst pcso nIv nru
rWqf nsW sn ncspfo oarB jvfv jD pcd Kfjsk ifsv?
iaw } zfmvf nlD zfvsh zi shksb jfu jdv. r jvfv mskf efjf umfsk
91
92
---- DbD iaswfv ---ifdv bf. ntfdmj lfWqfklfWqfk-snefsvv nrspfdokfq zfmvf r jsvdY. ivhkG
ivhkGDsk
dbsu r jvfv mskf nfmKGA rsqsY. Jb zfmfslv rsv Ivp zflfq rsq sosY,
bfdj dkDqhfv dbsuv efjfq r jvsk rsh?
v } r jvfv ubA sj zKG dlsq nrspfdokf jvst kf oarB jvf hL hQ
lfsbv efjfq r jvstW Ivp zflfq rsq pfq.
iaw } dikf, wv zKhf Dv efjfq r jvst Ivp zflfq rsh dj?
v } dikfv iqnfq r jvst icsv Ivp zflfq rsq pfsh. zbcvi zsbAv
iqnfsk r jvstW kf rsq pfsh. ( 2/188)
iaw } zfmfv iv r Ivp bq. sj zfmfv iadk rnfbD j'sv rsv Jvy
dlsk st kf oarB jvf dj uvvD. kfv Ist dj zfmfv iv r Ivp rsq pfsh?
v } zisvv rnfbD oarB jvf uvvD bq hQ kfv Ist r IvpW rq bf.
ksh lfkf pdl hfi hf Hf rq, kfrst kf oarB j'sv r jvf dyk. jfvB hfiHf rnfbD j'sv djYc slq bf. ()
iaw } Ivp rWqf nsW dikf r bf jsv mfvf sost ic hf Wqfsvsnv jD

jvf dyk?
v } Ivp rWqf nsW dikf r bf jsv mfvf sost ic hf Wqfsvsnv
dyk, dbsuv r zflfq jsv kfv kvI sKsj r jvf, zKhf dikfv sYsV
pfWqf zKG sKsj sjfb rfuDsj Jvy dlsq kfv kvI sKsj r jvfv lfdqk slWqf.
( 2/194) spmb sYst r Ivp svsJ mfvf sost kfv dikf hf zdHHfhsjv
dyk, kfv kvI sKsj Ivp iftb j'sv slWqf. ( 2/195)
iaw } sjfbXef shdw

shdw m? bIt r jvf, bfdj sn zKG durfslv Jfsk lfb
jvf?
v } bIt r-mvfr jvsk zKG hAq jvfv sysq zKG durfslv Jfsk hAq
jvf zdLj m. (IfkfWqf hsb NfmDb 2/677)
iaw } dwsj r jvfst, dw pdl mb jfu j'sv hsn pfsk dIlXqAfr

Wqfsuh, kfrst zdHHfhjsj dj kf zflfq jvsk rsh?
v } dwsj r jvfst, dw pdl mb jfu j'sv hsn pfsk dIlXqAfr
Wqfsuh, kfrst zdHHfhjsj kfv kvI sKsj kf zflfq jvsk rsh. (IfkfWqf
ntfdmqAfr 2/182)
iaw } zsbj rfuD zfsY, pfvf iqnfv sufsv r skf jsv, dj ififyfv huGb
jvsk ifsv bf. kfslv rsv zh
zhf jD?
v } ifijsmG zet sKsj r jvst r , ksh zniCBG. ifi sKsj

kWhf uvvD. dwjG jvf zhfq r jvst skf kf mjhCt bq. (mfuffkct
---- DbD iaswfv ---shbfmfpDv r dj jhCt rsh?
v } sjfb shbfmfpD rfuDv r oxrDk bq. spsrkc shbfmfpD zfnst `mcndtm'

Kfsj bf. vfnCtcfr hstsYb, mfbcN W jcIvDv msLA (ilGf) rt, bfmfp kAfo
jvf. (mcndtm)
dkdb zfsvf hstsYb, sp ycd zfmfslv W kfslv (jfsIvslv) msLA dhlAmfb, kf
rsY bfmfp (iVf). zkh sp bfmfp kAfo jvsh, sn dbyq jfsIv rsq pfsh.
(dkvdmpD)
wfjDj hsb zfcfr kfsh (vfdrmffr) hstb, `mcrfmfl -v nryvhxl

bfmfp YfVf zbA sjfb zfmt kAfo jvfsj jcIvDmCtj jfu hst msb jvskb bf.'
(dkvdmpD) (IfkfWqf hsb NfmDb 2/687)

iaw } zfmfv zff mfvf sosYb. zfdm k]fv kvI sKsj r jvst k]fv ijfv
rsh dj? sJA sp, dkdb shbfmfpD dYstb. sjht ucmzfv bfmfp iVskb.
v } mxk shbfmfpDv kvI sKsj r oxrDk rsh bf. spsrkc ndEj msk
shbfmfpD jfsIv. (IfkfWqf ntfdmqAfr 2/186)
hlt--r jsv.
iaw } zsbj rfuD zfsY, pfvf sjht zKG ifuGsbv ubA hlt
zsbsj r jvsk dosq mft dbsq dosq, dbsq sn hAhnf jsv. kfslv r
rsh dj?
dj?
v } rsv bfsm swA dH rst r rq bf. (mfuffkct hcrCdnt
ntfdmqAfr 13/68)
mrfbhD hstsYb, pfhkDq jfpG dbqk hf nQjsiv iv dbHGvwDt. zfv

mfbcsNv ubA kf iafiA rsh, pfv sn dbqk jvsh. zkh sp hAdv druvk
(slwkAfo) zffrv (nsfN tfsHv) sswA W kf]v vnCstv ubA rsh; kfv
druvk zffr W kf]v vnCstv ubA rsh. zfv sp hAdv druvk ifdKGh nil
zuGb djQhf sjfb mdrtfsj dhhfr jvfv sswA rsh, kfv druvk sp nQji
dbsq jvsh kfv ubA rsh. (hcJfvD-mcndtm)
dkdb zfsvf hstsYb, sp hAd zfsJvfskv jmG lcdbqf tfsHv sswA jvsh,
kfv ubA zfsJvfskv sjfb Hfo Kfjsh bf. (zfrmfl)
ksh zfnt swA r rst hQ kfv nfsK djYc q-dhq W hL hAhnf jvst
rsv sjfb [dk rq bf. mrfb zffr hstsYb,
s
M L2 . . -/ *K V,8[
/ L2 2 .3 L2 V/ b
W )K 1 - *K [
/ L2 7 , 8. / a. 2 A .
, V/ b
W / 2. =
. / 2}
$> >/ N2 - *K V,8 @
W 3h. V/ @
W . D. . @
2 o, , @
W / . 3 . %
. 3 . H
/ . . > $. R , @
W / L2

iaw } bfmfp isV bf. dj zKGwftD hst r j'sv `rfuD`rfuD-nfsrh' rsqsY.
j 7 EF {. k1[ -. > 2
zKGf{, (rsv nmq) skfmfslv ubA skfmfslv iadkiftsjv zbcoar jfmbfq
(hAhnf-hfdBsuA) sjfb slfN sb. pJb skfmvf zfvfIfk (iafv) rsk iakAfhkGb
93
94
jvsh, kJb (mcplfdtIfq) mfwzfvt rfvfsmv dbjse si]ZsY zffrsj nvB jv

hQ dkdb spHfsh dbslGw dlsqsYb, dEj snHfsh kf]sj nvB jv; pdlW iCshG skfmvf
dhfslv zH
cG dYst. (hfjfvfr } 198)
v } mfKfq sjfb yct bf Kfjst, mfKf sbVf jvf Wqfsuh bq. shF hctfsbfW
dhsLq bq. ()
iaw } dhdVdhdV-IAfdv, kfmfjkfmfj-IAfdv, mlAmlA-Hfde iaHdx k zShL hAhnf W iadkfsbv

mfdtjvf r jvsk zfsn. kfslv r dj rq?
v } r jvfv ubA rftft ifsq zduGk zKG rWqf uvvD. dhdV-dnofsve

iaHdx k mfljshAv hAhnfv zsKG r rq bf. (mfuffkct hcrCdnt ntfdmqAfr
16/116)
iaw } dhjtf rWqf lvb zKhf zbA sjfb jfvsB pdl sjfb icvN rvfsmv
r--mvfr
jfiV ivsk bf ifsv, kfrst dj sp jfiV isv zfsY, sn jfisV r
rsh?
v } r-mvfr rsq pfsh. dj rvfsmv dbsNL zmfbA jvfv lvb kfsj
dkbdev msLA jde jvsk rsh; mfq jde Yfot hf sH]Vf jcvhfbD dlsk rsh zKhf
Yqde dmnjDb JfWqfsk rsh zKhf dkbde svfpf vfJsk rsh. mrfb zffr hstsYb,
$> )> / 2 [ I3 *1 VWb *> . @
2 -. L2 $, ^%
> *.
, / P. -. W/ I. 81 0
. V/ b
W . ,, 7Wj>%
/ a. g2 . }
j 7 EF {T
M , , / 2 iM N2 . &
. / 2 . &
> -K* i I. / _> L2 $> > 1 -K* 6f2
zKGf{, sp ipG jcvhfbDv (i) kfv pshrst idk bf rq, skfmvf mj
mcb jsvf bf (rftft rsqf bf). zkh skfmfslv msLA sj iDdVk rst, zKhf
mfKfq sjfb hAfdL Kfjst (hQ kfv ubA mj mcb jvsk rst, kfv idvhskG) sn
svfpf vfJsh djQhf nfljfr jvsh, djQhf jcvhfbD fvf kfv dIlXqf (dhdbmq) slsh.
(hfjfvfr } 196)
iaw } zfdm r
r jvsk pfh, dj zfmfv mfKfq efj zfsY. kfsk svfl nsk ifdv
bf. nckvfQ zfdm rvfm zhfq pdl mfKf sTsj Kfdj, kfrst sjfb [dk zfsY dj?
v } zhwA [dk zfsY. rvfsmv dbsNL zmfbA jvfv lvb zfibfsj

dkbdev msLA jde jvsk rsh; mfq jde Yfot hf sH]Vf jcvhfbD dlsk rsh zKhf
Yqde dmnjDb JfWqfsk rsh zKhf dkbde svfpf vfJsk rsh.
iaw } rs shdw r]fefr]fdev Ist smfef mfbcNslv lc'ifsqv ufs ONf stso dYst
zffv--iAfe ivf
pfq hQ uftfsifVf v rst r]fesk hV j rq. slv ubA dj zffv
ufsqp rsh?
v } kfslv ubA zffv-iAfe ivf ufsqp rsh bf. ksh ide sh]sL dbsk ifsv.
zffv-iAfe iVsk rst dIlXqAfr tfosh; mfq jde Yfot hf sH]Vf jcvhfbD
dlsk rsh zKhf Yqde dmnjDb JfWqfsk rsh zKhf dkbde svfpf vfJsk rsh. ()
iaw } mf W dufv rfuDvf dj kfwvDsjv vfd dmbfq hfn j'sv dlsb dbu dbu
hfnf hf hAhnfq dIsv zfnsk ifsv?
v } kfwvDsjv dlbdtsk dmbfq vfdhfn Wqfsuh. dlbhfn jvf Wqfsuh bq.
nckvfQ iasqfusb mf hf duf dosq dIsv sn dmbfq vfdhfn jvst psK. ksh
zhwA dmbfq kfwvDsjv dlbdtW hfn jvf nck. zisqfusb kf YfVf dyk bq.
spsrkc mrfbhD dlbdtsk dmbfq hfn jsvsYb. ()
iaw } 11 kfvDsJv sjfb nmsq sjfb uvvD iasqfusb pdl duf

duf hf zbA sjfKfW
spsk rq, kfrst dj dhlfqD kWqfI jvsk rsh?
v } bf. dhlfqD kWqfI rsv nm jfu swN j'sv sjhfsv mf kAfo
jvfv nmq Wqfsuh. (hf)
iaw } slv dlb sjfb uvvD iasqfusb pdl duf hf zbA sjfKfW spsk rq,
kfrst kf hL dj?
v } bf. slv dlb rfuDv duf hf zbA sjfKfW pfWqf hL bq. (hf)
iaw } mfv hfsvv zbA ufqof sKsj jcvhfbD sjbf hL dj?
v } mfv hfsvv sp sjfb ufqof sKsj jcvhfbD sjbf hL. ksh pshr rsk
rsh mfsk. (hf)
iaw } rsv jcvhfbD, dIlXqAfr zKhf lm mfsk pshr jvf uvvD dj?
v } rsv jcvhfbD, dIlXqAfr zKhf lm mfsk pshr jvf uvvD. kf duf

hf zbA sjfKfW pshr jvf hL bq. (hf)
iaw } dufv hfdnlf rsv jfu swN j'sv dHV slsJ dhlfqD kWqfI bf j'sv
pdl dufq dIsv pfq hQ lc-j nfr isv mfq sn kf jsv, kfrst rsh
dj?
v } bf. sn kWqfI dhlfqD hst oBA rsh bf. dhlfqD kWqfI rsv jfu swN
j'sv mf kAfo jvfv iCshG jvsk rsh. sj vi j'sv Kfjst kfsj lm dlsk
rsh. (hf)
iaw } sk Kfjf zhfq mdrtf ofbfv nfsK r jvsk spsk ifsv dj bf?
v } fmD mxkcAv sk Kfjst sn Ov sYsV shv rsk ifvsh bf. spsrkc mrfb
zffr hstsYb,
{f H
/ . . P, / 2 i2 . ). / 2 -1 P3 > _W X2 )> -. / )1 . 8. I.
f ./ 2 . , ]. I. . V/ b
W *> . 7/ L^ 7. 8. I, -. I>]^ .}
iaw } zfmfv mfKfq smfse sjfb yct sb. kfrst rs mfKf sbVf jvsk dj Lc
shF hcdtsq
tsq dbst rsh?
EF
zKGf{, skfmfslv msLA pfvf D svsJ mfvf pfq, kfslv DoB yfv mfn lw dlb
zsi[f jvsh. (hfjfvfr } 234)
95
96
---- DbD iaswfv ---kftfsjv sk fmDv zbcmdk rst spsk ifvsh. (du)
iaw } jf'hfoxsrv slWqfst hcj tfdosq lczf jvf zKhf jf'hfv dotfI Lsv lczf
jvf dj wvDqknmk?
v } jfsu dHd dmst bf wvDqsk. jf'hfoxsrv sp zQw iwG jvf bhD
jkGj
x iamfdBk, sjht sn zQw iwG jsv kWqfI W lczf jvf dyk. jlf
zfmDv mczfdhqf
jf'hfoxsrv kWqfI jvdYstb. dkdb rfufsv zfnWqfl W
vjXsb qfmfbD YfVfW zbA lcde vjXb (sjfB)sj iwG jvdYstb. ns dYstb hsb
zffn . k]fv zfmt slsJ k]fsj htstb, `zffrv vnCt
rfuXsv
zfnWqfl W vjXsb qfmfbD YfVf zbA vjXb iwG jvskb bf.' mczfdhqf htstb,
`zffrv oxsrv sjfb djYc skf idvkAfuA bq.' hsb zffn htstb, `dj (mrfb
zffr hstb,)
E Q0pF u|xm u& !$# u 3s9 t%x. s)9
zKGf{, skfmfslv ubA vfnCtcfrv (ydvsv) msLA m zflwG vsqsY. (nCvf
zfrpfh 21 zfqfk) jKf sb mczfdhqf htstb, `kcdm dEj hstY.' (dkvdmpD,
wfsIqD, zfrmfl)
iaw } djYc rfuD zfsY, pfvf rr-nIsvW dhdVdhdV-dnofsve sJsk YfsV bf, ofdVsk
hsn ofbofb-hfubf swfbf huGb jsv bf. slv hAfifsv wvDqskv dbslGw jD?
v } vf rt ififyfvD. zfv mrfb zffr hstsYb,
. .
> g2 . . 7, LW g2 .
. L2 . 2 L2 1 %
. -1 P3 L>
. . L2 - . L2 s
A *. 7W/ *1 A P, / 2 x %
. }
j 7 EF {K %
. C>L
zKGf{, ncdhdlk mfsn (pKf } wWqft, dptjl W dptrs) r rq. nckvfQ sp
sj mfndtsk r jvfv nQji jsv, sn spb rsv nmq D-nrhfn
(sjfb iajfv spZbfyfv), sjfb ifi jfu hQ sjfb iajfv UoVf-dhhfl bf jsv.
(hfjfvfr } 197)
dj pdl hflskv nIsvW rfvfmsJfdvv mfLAsm ififyfv huGb bf jvsk ifsv,
kfrst kfslv iadk zfs[i iajfw YfVf htfv zfv jD Kfjsk ifsv? ()
iaw } kfwvDsjv jef vfk znc

znckfv jfvsB dmbfq zhfb jvf rqdb. kfv ubA
dj lm dlsk rsh?
v } znckf jde Wuv. nckvfQ lm Wqfsuh rsh bf. iasqfusbv kfjDsl
dmbfq vfdhfn huGsb zbcmdk zfsY. bhD ifdb-idvshwj W i-v[jslvsj
dmbfq vfdhfn huGsb zbcmdk dlsqdYstb. (hf)
iaw } dmbfq ufqof bf

bf sist mfq vfdvfd-pfisb zbcmdk zfsY dj?
v } dmbfq ufqof bf sist dmbfv tfoftfdo swN JDmfv Lfsv vfdhfn jvsk
97
---- DbD iaswfv ---rsh. mfq vfdhfn jvf hL rsh bf. spmb mndusl ufqof bf sist mnduslv
tfoftfdo ufqofq ifwfifdw jfkfv sh]sL bfmfp iVsk rsh. sn s[s Osv dosq
bfmfp iVst ytsh bf. ()
iaw } j swaBDv rfuD zfsY, pfvf sufsvswfsv lczf isV. iaskAj ysv dbdlG W
dbLGfdvk lczf ifE jsv. jub hst, kfv diYsb njst hst yst. sk dFefhG rq
hV. hAfifsv wvDqskv dhLfb jD?
v } idh jf'hfv kWqfI jde hflk, pfsk zfsY mrfb zffrv lvhfsv
dhbq-bmakf iajfw. kWqfIjfvDv jkGhA rt, nkA rlq dbsq lczf W iawQnf,
zfwf, Hq W Hvnfv nfsK zffrv dbje zfwaq iafKGbf jvf. dj kWqfsIv ysv
ysv sjfb dbdlG lczf hdBGk rqdb. sjht lc ifKsvv mLAhkGD ufqofq `vffbf
zf-dkbf' lczf htsk rq. zKy iaydtk Hctdtv msLA jde Hct sp,
stfsjvf ns mb h-i dbsq slsJ slsJ iaskAj ysvv ubA Jfn mb nh lczf
isV Kfsj, djkfh W ncfrsk pfv sjfb ltDt sb. hvQ kf mboVf dhlzfk.
zsbsj rqskf pf isV, kfv mfsbW hcsU bf. hvQ kfv ndEj yfvBW ufsb bf.
zsbsj slfrfsvv mk zisvv idEk lczfv niCBG hcUsk hf bsk bf sisq swsNv
wdt hst. zKy kfsk zKG dhosV pfq. kfYfVf sk ifwGhkGD kWqfIjfvDslv
hV dFefhG rq. zffrv vnCt nfrfhfoBsj nws jcvzfb iVsk dbsNL j'sv
hstb, skfmvf sj zivsj j dlsqf bf hQ sj zisvv iv djvfzfsk w
]yc jsvf bf. (zfrmfl 3/94, zfhC lfl 1232bQ, bfnf, hsb mfufr iamcJ)
pdl jcvzfb iVfv jKf rq, kfrst mboVf dhlzfkD lczf sufsvswfsv isV
zisvv dFefhG jvf jk hV Hct ? sp lczf isV kWqfIjfvD sjfb dmkf zbcHh
jsv bf. i[fsv kfvf pdl mb lczf W dpjXv iVk, pfv mfsb hcsU hQ pf kfslv
mcJ zfsY, kfrst kf- kfslv ubA m rk hQ jhct rWqfv zdLj ipc
rk. iv kf- psK W hjGkmq rk.
iaw } mvfr jvfv iv dhlfsqv nmq dhlfqD kWqfI jvf Wqfsuh dj?
v } pdl mvfr jsv sj nfsK nfsK dIsv zfsn, kfrst kfsj dhlfqD
kfWqfI jvsk rsh bf, mvfrv kfWqfI psK. dj sj pdl mvfrv iv lDOG
nmq zhfb jsv, kfrst ndEj msk dhlfqD kWqfI Wqfsuh. jfvB (j) bhD
hstsYb,
KJ ) 7v o P y' 7bI 80 0 _ I g
zKGf{, skfmfslv sj spb (jf'hf)oxsrv nfsK swN nmq zdkhfdrk bf j'sv iafb
bf jsv. (zfrmfl 1/222, mcndtm 1327bQ)
(lc) mvfrsj `sYfe r' htf rq. nckvfQ rs dhlfqD kWqfI Wqfsuh
rst, mvfskW Wqfsuh. (dkb) j mvfrjfvD qAf'tf dhb mfqfsj hstdYstb,
98
---- DbD iaswfv ---KTu0 E a @ Ta

E &
zKGf{, kcdm skfmfv mvfsk kf jv, pf rs j'sv Kfsjf. (hcJfvD, mcndtm)
htf hftA, iChnG kjGkfmCtj jfu sp, mvfr j'svW dhlfqD kWqfI jvsk
rsh. ()
mkfsv mvfrsk dhlfqD kWqfI Wqfsuh bq. spsrkc bhD -v zfslw
dYt rfuDslv ubA. (tflf)
iaw } rvfsm dntfjxk jfiV ivf dbdN. jfisV sp sjfb dntf rst dj kf
ivf pfsh bf?
v } dntfjxk jfiV mfsb rt, pf slsrv znmCsrv mfsi sjse ufmf hf

ifqufmfv zfjfsv dntf jvf rq. jfef tcd hf yflsv dntf Kfjf slfN bq. sIse
hf dY]sV sost kf dntf jvfW slfN bq. sheX, OdV, hAfo hf uckfq dntf Kfjst kf
ivf lCNBDq bq. (hf)
iaw } r jhct rWqfv sjfb i zftfmk zfsY dj?
v } r jhct rWqfv i zftfmk rt, rfuDv uDhsbv zfmCt idvhkGb.

rsv iCshGv zhf sKsj pdl isvv zhf Hft rq, kfrst ufbsk rsh, kfv r
jhct rsqsY. ()
iaw } kWqfIkWqfI-yksv sjfb sjfb ufmfzfksj slJf pfq, kfvf kfslv mdrtfslvsj
mdrtfslvsj
ivicvsNv slrslr-iwG sKsj h]fyfsk rfsk rfk dlsq dOsv vfsJ. Ist kfslv jfsvf
jfsvf hcj hf diE jf'hfv dlsj rq. kfslv kWqfI dj rsh?
v } kWqfsIv nmq wkG W Wqfsuh rt jf'hf kWqfIjfvDv hfm dlsj
Kfjsh. zkh pfvf jf'hfsj nfmsb zKhf diYsb j'sv kWqfI jvsh kfslv
kWqfI rsh bf, dhLfq kfslv r hf mvfrW rsh bf. ()
iaw } r jvsk dosq bhD -v jhv dpqfvk jvf dj uvvD?

v } r jvsk dosq bhD -v jhv dpqfvk uvvD rWqfv hAfifsv sp
rflDn hBGbf jvf rq, kf nrDr bq. (dlIfb zfdbt rflDdnb bfhfhD, zfthfbD
1/46) nckvfQ r hf mvfv nmq mlDbfq pfWqf uvvD bq.
iaw } r jvsk dosq mlDbfq 40 zsv bfmfp iVf dj uvvD?

uvvD?
v } hvQ mb LfvBf jvfef dhlzfk. (mfbfdnjct rf zfthfbD 63ix})

mlDbfv mndusl 40 Wqfsv bfmfp iVfv rflDnde mcbjfv (pqDI). (dn} pqDIfr
364bQ)
iaw } r jvfv iv pdl

pdl sjfb mcndtm `mcvkf' rsq pfq, kfviv zfhfv kWhf
j'sv ntfsm dIsv zfsn, kfrst dj kfv iaKm r hfdkt rsq pfsh hQ kfsj
dkDqhfv r jvsk rsh?
v } kfv iaKm r hfdkt rsq pfsh bf hQ kfsj dkDqhfv r jvsk rsh

bf. (hfbD, dn} nrDrfr 248bQ)
99
---- DbD iaswfv ---iaw } rsv jfudt sr]

srs] e jvf m, bfdj nWqfv rsq jvf m?
v } nWqfv rsq r jvf m. spsrkc mrfbhD nWqfv rsq r
jsvsYb. pdl ifsq sr]se r jvf m rskf, kfrst dbyq dkdb nWqfv rsq
r jvskb bf. (hfbD, dn} pqDIfr 495bQ)
jcvhfbD
iaw } oxsr zhfb jvst dj ov jcvhfbDsk HfofHfdo

HfofHfdo ytsh bf?
v } mfq sp dbqsm jcvhfbD slWqf rq, j dbqsm oxsr zhfb jfstW

jcvhfbD slWqf pfsh. zKGf{, mfq spmb jde ovsk nfkub wvDj rsk ifsv,
skmdb hfdVsk hsn jcvhfbD dlstW nfk hAd hf idvhfv wvDj rsk ifvsh.
hsb zffn hstb,
C L> . i . / . > . j2 . C>L . @
. 8. / L2 %
.}
/ X2 . [
. %
. L2 _2 . C>L C
K > 1 E. *. 1 @
W
K . H
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.
zKGf{, zfmfvf j nIsv dYtfm. zk}iv jcvhfbD t. nckvfQ zfmvf ofHDsk
nfkub hQ se lwub wvDj rtfm. (dkvdmpD 905, hsb mfufr 3131bQ)
zsbsj rflDn sKsj msb jvsk ifsvb sp, HfofHfdov hAfifvef sjht
nIsvv. dj rflDsn Oebf hBGbf jvf rsqsY, sjfb wkG hBGbf jvf rqdb.
kfYfVf hsb zffsnv Oebf sjfb zfm nIsvv dYt bf, hvQ kf dYt r
nIsvv, zKGf{ mfv jcvhfbDv. spsrkc hsb zffn mrfbhD -v nfsK jcvhfbD
nIsv dYstb sjht dhlfqD rs. dkiCshG dkdb dbu dikfv ns mf dhuq ipG
hnhfn jsvsYb. zk}iv dkdb sjfb pcsW bhD -v ns shv rbdb. jfvB,
dkdb nfhftj dYstb bf. (mcJkfnfv IfkfWqf dmndvqAfr hsb kfdmqAfr 1/521)
nckvfQ rflDsn nIsvv jKf sjfb nfLfvB nIv hf mcnfdIsvv jKf bq. rflDsn
hdBGk rsqsY r nIsv jcvhfbDv dhLfb. zfv dhLfb oxrhfnDvW.
hsb rfpXm hstsYb,
$
* g ]D _ i % }p g ) N
K [I
zKGf{, tfN nIsv jcvhfbDsk HfofHfdo hL hstsYb. zKy dbdlGjvsBv
sjfb zKG rq bf. (zft-mcrff 7/381)
oxsr hfn j'sv nfLfvB jcvhfbDsk HfofHfdov ltDt dlsq zftD zKhf rfnfb
dhb zftD -v rflDn sJ jvf pfq. dkdb hstsYb,
100
---- DbD iaswfv ---/ 2 . , u

> . *. >7.
/ X2 )> t
. 1v
2 8. . / 2 . , u
> . *. . 7.
/ 2=
. . . / 2
---- DbD iaswfv ---$> ^ , 7, . . . *. 2
. P3
, / 2 . M . H
. . -/ . , ,Q u
. . iM . / . -/ . W . j2 . , u
> . *. -3 . / X2 )> C
.%
K[
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K, N2 7. . iW . b
> 1 . / 2. . F
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81
zKGf{, zffrv vnCt zfmfslvsj zfslw jsvsYb sp, (jcvhfbDv dlsb) zfmvf
spb pKfnfLA nhsysq nclv sifwfj idv, pKfnfLA nhsysq Hft ncod hAhrfv jdv,
pKfnfLA nhsysq smfef-kfuf jcvhfbD dl---ov nfkusbv i[ sKsj hQ e
lwusbv i[ sKsj. zfv zfmvf spb `kjhDv' nws hdt hQ iawfd W Hkf
hufq vfdJ. (kfhfvfbDv jfhDv 3/152, rfsjm 4/256, kfrfhD 14/33, zfhct
mfb hfrfjD 3/342)
rflDndev hAfifsv rfsjm W pfrfhD hstsYb, hBGbfjfvD nrfj dhb hfpvfu
zfk-idvyq bf rst rflDndesj `nrDr' hst nfhA jvkfm.
zffmf zfthfbD hstb, `( hBGbfjfvD zfk-idvyq bq. spsrkc) zfplD
kfv idvyq dlsq kfsj `lcht
G ' hstsYb hQ hsb drfb kfsj `dnjfkck
kfshb' (1/24) sJ jsvsYb. (kfmfmct dmfr 346ix})
iaw } zsbsj hstb, `nfkHfso jcvhfbD dlsk rst nfkub stfj rsk rsh,
bsy{
bsy{ sofef dlsk rsh.
rsh. kfsk 2, 3, 4, 5 hf 6 Hfso HfofHfdo ytsh bf.
bf.' jKf dj
dEj?
v } jcvhfbD Osv Kfjf zhfq dlstW jde ov jcvhfbDsk nfk hAd zQw
dbsk ifvsh, zbcvi nIsv hf rs KfjstW HfofHfdo jvf ytsh. zhwA j
nmfQw Hfo sKsj jm slWqf ytsh bf. ksh j nmfQw Hfsov shdw dlsk
ifsv. spmb jde ovsk lc, dkb, yfv, i]fy hf Yq ubW nmfbHfsh zKhf jmshdw
Hfo dbsq zQw oarB jvsk ifsv. ksh jfsvf Hfo spb j nmfQw sKsj jm bf
rq. nckvfQ sj zsLGj, sj j kxkDqfQw W sj j NfQw Hfo jcvhfbD dlsk
ifsv.
jde ovsk pdl nfkusbv wvDj rWqf hL rq, kfrst kfv sKsj zfvW jm
usbv wvDj rWqf zdLjvsi hL rsh. zfv specjc shdw slsh, snecjc kfslv kvI
sKsj bIt rsh. spmb pfv jef Yfot dlst ytk, sn pdl jde ov zKhf e
slq, kfrst kfv kvI sKsj kf bIt oBA rsh.
mfm wfsIqD (vfdrmffr) hstsYb,
@ `[ _ ) 7 7v8* V D VP s Q i
- * ` N 7 @ h
K H - P [_) 7v8* 7bI
$8*Q - EF F Q Q
zKGf{, wvDjvf pdl nfkub zsi[f jm rq, kfrstW kf psK. zdkdv Hfo
dlsq kfvf bIt jsv. spmb pfsj Yfot dlsk rsh, sn pdl e slq, kfrst kfW
101
psK rsh. zfv Yfot sKsj pf shdw, kf rsh bIt. (djkfhct mX 2/244)
jfnfbD hstb,
/ 2 i r. 2r. / 2 3 . r/
2 . 8. / / X2 )> iM . / . -/ *> `1 N2 2 -/ . M . j2 ). / 2 iM . . ). 3 .7
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zKGf{, sk sjfb nslr sb sp, ov djQhf e nfkusbv jm hAdv kvI
sKsjW jcvhfbD hL. spmb jde ov hf se 2, 3, 4, 5 hf 6 ub wvDj rsk ifsv.
spsrkc pJb nfk Hfsov j Hfo jcvhfbD hL, kJb kfv shdw zdLjvsi hL.
yfsr kfslv njstv zQw j vjm srfj zKhf dH vjm. spmb jfsvf zsLGj,
jfsvf dkb Hfsov j Hfo hQ jfsvf Yq Hfsov j Hfo; zhwA nfk Hfsov j
Hfo sKsj jm spb jfsvf bf rq. (hflfqcn nfbfdq' 5/17)
iaw } jde ovv Hfso pdl djYc stfsjv dbqk jcvhfbDv bf Kfsj, kfrst dj hfjD
stfsjv jcvhfbD ndEj rsq pfsh?
v } iaskAsjv dbu dbu dbqk zbcpfqD It ifsh. pfv jcvhfbDv dbqk zfsY,
kfv jcvhfbD rsq pfsh. (mfuffkct hcrCdNt ntfdmqAfr 62/366)
iaw } jcvhfbDv Hfsov nfsK dj zfjDjf slWqf pfsh?
v } jcvhfbDv nfsK jde Hfo zfjDjfv sswA slWqf psK bq. spmb
psK bq jde i jcvhfbD W zfjDjfv dbqsk pshr jvf. jcvhfbD W zfjDjfv
ubA ixKj ixKj i rsk rsh. zhwA pdl sjfb dwv zfjDjfv dlb jcvhfbDv
dlsb isV hQ zfjDjf pshr jsv, kfrst zfv jcvhfbD bf dlstW yst. spmb,
lcde sofnstv jfvB idk rst jde sofnt jvst psK, ucmzfv dlsb slv
bfmfp iVst zfv ucmzfr bf iVstW yst, dhlfsqv nmq rsv kWqfI jvst
zfv dhlfqD kWqfI bf jvstW yst, spfrsvv nmq mndusl iashw jsv spfrsvv
nck iVst ixKj jsv zfv kfdrqAfkct mfndul iVsk rq bf hQ kfmfc rsv
jcvhfbD dlst zfv ixKjHfsh jcvhfbD bf dlstW yst. (mfbfvn nfhDt 1/280)
zfjDjfv dhLfb jcvhfbDv mskf rstW zfjDjfv isk HfofHfdo psK bq.
nckvfQ jde e hf ov 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 hf 7de dwv kvI sKsj zfjDjf psK rsh
bf. spsrkc iaKmk} jcvhfbDv mskf zfjDjfv dhLfsb HfofHfdo hdBGk rqdb. zKy
hflknmCr iamfBnfsi[. dkDqk} zfjDjf rt ufsbv dIlXqf vi. zfv
dIlqfsk HfofHfdo rq bf. spsrkc jde ufsbv dhdbmsq jde ufb iasqfub.
()
102
lczf W dpjXv
mrfbhD hstsYb, mxk hAdsj kfv jhsvv msLA kfv ubA mfkm j'sv jff
jvfv lvb wfd slWqf rq. (hcJfvD W mcndtm)
zfhC hcvlfr hstb, jlf (kf]v dikf) zfhC mCnf zfwzfvD pBfq jfkv rsq
zfb rsq iVstb. zfv ( nmq) kf]v mfKf kf]v j Dv sjfst vfJf dYt hQ sn
dy{jfv j'sv jff jvsk tfot. dkdb (zfb Kfjfv jfvsB) kfsj hfLf dlsk
ifvstb bf. nckvfQ pJb dkdb sykbf dIsv sistb, kJb hst Estb, `zfdm sn
mdrtf sKsj nijGmc, sp mdrtf sKsj zffrv vnCt
nijGmc rsqsYb.
db}nslsr zffrv vnCt sn mdrtf sKsj nijGmc rsqsYb, sp swfsj y
sv mfkm j'sv jff jsv, mfKf mcb jsv hQ jfiV dY]sV sIst.' (hcJfvD W
iaw } dbkA ia
iasqfubDq iEbDq lczf jfosu sYsi hf dtsJ pKffsb dydesq hf ses
vfJf hL dj?
v } pKfnmsq kf slsJ iVfv ubA zKhf iVsk mvB jvfv ubA jfosu sYsi
hf dtsJ dydesq hf ses vfJf lCNBDq bq. spmb ofdVv nfmsb ofdV yVf W nIsvv
lczf, lvufv lc'ifsw hfdV iashw W hfdV sKsj shv rWqfv nmq lczf, hEjJfbfq
`jfIXIfvfkct mfudtn'-v lczf dtsJ vfJf zShL bq. ()
iaw } islw sbWqf W slWqfv sswA hfdVsk hf zdIsn jcvzfbD zfqfk hf

rflDsnv hfBD dtsJ efdsq vfJf hL dj?
v } sswA jfsu sjfb slfN zfsY hst msb jdv bf. (hf)
iaww } lc' rfk kcst mcbfufk dj dhlzfk?
v } lc' rfk kcst mcbfufk sjfKfW nck, sjfKfW dhlzfk.

mb s[s lc' rfk kcst mcbfufk ufsqp, sp s[s mrfbhD lczf jsvsYb hst
iamfdBk bq. zKGf{ iasqfusb zfm nmsqv s[s lc' rfk kcst mcbfufk ufsqp.
mb s[s lc' rfk kcst mcbfufk nck, sp s[s mrfbhD lczf jsvsYb hQ
lc' rfk kcstsYb hst iamfdBk. spmb ucmzfv Jckhfq hxd iafKGbfv nmq, jcbCk
iVfv nmq, jhv dpqfvskv nmq kAfdl.
mb s[s lc' rfk kcst mcbfufk dhlzfk, sp s[s mrfbhD lczf jsvsYb
hst iamfdBk, dj dkdb snJfsb rfk kcstsYb hst iamfdBk bq. spmb ucmzf hf
slv Jckhfv swsN, lc dnulfv mfUJfsb, kfwfrsl, bfmfspv nftfm dIvfv zfso
W isv, zfpfsbv isv kAfdl. (hf)
mxkcA W ufbfpf
iaw } sj mfvf sost sjfbX swaBDv iayfv dbdN? mfdjQ jvf dj hL?
v } sp swaBDv iayfv ufsrtD pcso dYt. ufsrtD pcso ]yc dmbfsv l]fdVsq sOfNBf
jvf rk. (hfbD) nckvfQ mfsj sOfNBf jvf swaBDHc.
iaw } mxkhAdv swfsj mfkm j'sv jff jvf hL dj?
v } bf. sj mfvf sost Wqfsuh rt dhdLv dhLfb smsb dbsq swfj lmb j'sv
LpGLfvB jvf. fHfdhjHfsj syfJ dlsq ifdb odVsq pfWqfW slfNfhr bq. slfNfhr
rt mfkm j'sv dbsq-dhdbsq jff jvf.
vfnCtcfr
hstsYb, stfsjv msLA lc'de mb slfN vsqsY, pf zfnst
jfsIvslv (zfyvB) } hQsw sJ]fef slWqf hQ mxk hAdv ubA mfkm jvf.
(mcndtm)
103
mcndtm)
vfnCtcfr hstsYb, mfkmjfdvBD mdrtf pdl mvsBv iCshG kfWhfr bf jsv,

kfrst zft-jfkvfv ifqufmf hQ if]yVfv ufmf idvdrkf zhfq kfsj
djqfmskv dlsb lf]V jvfsbf rsh. (mcndtm)
iaw } jhsvv isv jhvhfnDv bfm W mxkcA-kfvDJ nr sjfb zfqfk hf jdhkf

stJf dj wvDqknmk?
v } bf. ufshv hstb, `bhD jhv ifjf jvsk, kfv iv hnsk hQ
kfv iv mfvk dbmGfB jvsk hfvB jsvsYb.' (mcndtm) zfhC lfl W bfnf
iaHdx kv hBGbfq zfsY, `kfv iv dtJskW dbsNL jsvsYb. (hf)
iaw } jhv
jhvfsb ofY svfiB jvf hL dj?
v } bf. jhvfsb Ict, It hf zbA djYcv ofY tfofst iaKmk} kf ifsjGv

mskf rsq pfq. Ist zfsJvfk mvsBv ufqofq lcdbqfv snZlpG W zfjNGB nxd
jsv sn lAfb-nlxw idvshw. dkDqk} kfsk dJaefbslv nflxwA zhtb rq.
()
iaw } sjfb zfkDq

zfkDq mfvf sost, kfv swfsj jfstf jfiV ivf dj wvDqknmk?
v } jfsvfv ubA swfj iftsb jfstf jfiV ivf wvDqknmk bq. fmD mfvf
sost Dv ubAW kf dhsLq bq. zfkDq mfvf sost mdrtfvf dkbdlb ipG swfj
iftb jvsk ifsv. zfv fmD mfvf sost 4 mfn 10 dlb swfj iftb jvf Wqfsuh.
zhwA oHGhkDv k inhjft ipG. nmq sjfb ncod, ztQjfv W snZlpGmq
sifwfj hAhrfv jvsk ifvsh bf. nflf jfisV snZlpG Kfjst kfW hAhrfv jvf hL
bq.
iaw } sjfb bhDbhD-ztDv jhv dpqfvskv ubA nIv jvf dj hL?
hjGkmq dkbde mndul (zbcvi jchfv mndul) YfVf hjGk W nWqfshv sswA
zbA sjfb mndul, mfpfv hf dkrfdnj fb dpqfvk jvfv ubA nIv jvf dbsNL.
zffrv vnCt hstsYb,
104
---- DbD iaswfv --->u

> / . . .]D. 6> u
> / *. . 3 . %
. > u
> / *. .
> . *. i> r. 2 r. 2 h3 g^ h3 , 0
. K xH
. a, g2 FF
KEE . N p2
zKGf{, dkbde mndul YfVf nIv jvf pfsh bf, (mfv) mfndusl rfvfm, (mlDbfv)
zfmfv mndul hQ (suvufstsmv) mfndusl zfjnf. (hcJfvD-mcndtm)
nckvfQ sp hAd mlDbf pfsh, kfv jhsv bhhDv dpqfvk spb swA bf rq.
mndusl bhhDv dpqfvskv dbqsk dosq jhv dpqfvk jvshb. hL bq sjfb ztDzfWdtqfv jhv hf mfpfv lCv sKsj dpqfvk jvsk zfnf. zhwA kfv nfsK pdl sjfb
zbA zShL zfwf hf yfdrlf Kfsj, kfrst bDdk zbcpfqD kf dhlzfk hf dwjG rsh.
iaw } jhsv mfde slWqfv nmq `dmbrf Jftfjbfjcm||||' zfqfk iVf dj dEj?
rflDsn skf zfsY jbAf sm jctNCm (vfdpqff zfbrf)sj
zfbrf)sj jhsv vfJfv nmq bhD
zfqfk isVdYstb. (zfrmfl)
v } iaKmk} rflDn nrDr bq. dkDqk} kfsk jKf sb sp, dkdb mfde
slWqfv nmq zfqfk isVdYstb. hvQ dkdb jhsv tfw vfJfv nmq hstdYstb.
nckvfQ kfsk zdH ltDt sb. (zfrjfmct ufbfp, zfthfbD 153ix})
iaw } mnduslv
mnduslv dvqfv dHkv sjfb hcpcosG j lfIb jvf dj hL?
v } bf. mnduslv dvqfv dHkv jhv slWqf hL bq, hL bq jhsvv iv

mndul dbmGfB jvf.
zffrv vnCt
mxkcAwpAfq hst sosYb, zffr qflD W dJaefbslvsj
zdHwfi (W LQn) jvb. jfvB kfvf kfslv bhDosBv jhvnmCrsj mndul (dnulf
W bfmfspv fb) hfdbsq dbsqsY. (hcJfvD, mcndtm 529bQ, bfnf)
nfhLfb! skfmvf jhvocstfsj mndul hfdbsq dbsqf bf. vi jvsk zfdm
skfmfslvsj dbsNL jvdY. (mcndtm 532bQ)
spsrkc jfu dwsjGv dYiK, snsrkc kfsk jsEfv dbsNLff zfsvfi jvf
rsqsY. zfv mrfb zffr hstsYb,
- 7 EF {f 0
. 2 $> ^ E. *. 7, / a. 2L2 $> ^> .
> . . 1 2 . }
zKGf{, zfv sp, mndulnmCr zffrv ubA. nckvfQ zffrv nfsK skfmvf
zbA jfsjW sFsjf bf. (dub } 18)
iaw } sjfb sbj stfsjv tfw mndusl lfIb jvf dj hL?
---- DbD iaswfv ---stfsjslv jhvsj mndul hfdbsq dbk. nfhLfb! skfmvf jhvocstfsj mndul
kfYfVf mrfb zffr hstsYb,
- 7 EF {f 0
. 2 $> ^ E. *. 7, / a. 2L2 $> ^> .
> . . 1 2 . }
zKGf{, zfv sp, mndulnmCr zffrv ubA. nckvfQ zffrv nfsK skfmvf
zbA jfsjW sFsjf bf. (dub } 18)
nckvfQ mndul nhGiajfv dwjGmc rsq sjht zffrv Kfjf dyk, kfsk zbA
jfsvf zfrhfb hf hflk rWqf zfslZ dyk bq. ()
iaw } mrfbhD -v jhv mnduslv dHksv vsqsY. kfrst zfibfvf mnduslv

dHksv tfw lfIb jvsk dbsNL jsvb sjb? mrfbhD -v jhsvv iv Ov W
ocu vsqsY. kfrst zfibfvf kf jvsk dbsNL jsvb sjb?
v } mrfbhD -sj mndusl lfIb jvf rqdb. zfv dbsNL ubA jvf rq sp,
dkdb hstsYb, qflD W dJaefbslv iv zffrv zdHwfi, jfvB kfvf kfslv
bhDslv jhvsj mndul hfdbsq dbsqsY. (hcJfvD 1330, mcndtm 529bQ)
stfsjslv jhvsj mndul hfdbsq dbk. nfhLfb! skfmvf jhvocstfsj mndul
zbcvi k]fv jhsvv iv Ov dbmGfB jvf rqdb. hvQ k]fv jhv rsqdYt k]fv
Osvv dHkv. spsrkc bhDvf spJfsb djft jsvb, snJfsb k]fslv lfIb jvf rq.
zfv ocu hfdbsqsY ivhkGD jfstv wfnsjvf. jhsvv iv Ov W ocu hfbfsk
dbsNL jvf rq ubA sp, ufshv hstb, `bhD jhv ifjf jvsk, kfv iv
hnsk hQ kfv iv mfvk dbmGfB jvsk hfvB jsvsYb.' (mcndtm)
iaw } mcndtm mfvf pfWqfv iv kfv ifsw hsn zsbjsj jcvzfb iVsk slJf pfq.
nmq jcvzfb dktfzk dj dhsLq W ijfvD?
v } mxk hAdv ifsw hsn jcvzfb ifE jvf jde dhlzfk jfu. dktfzk
mxk hAdv sjfb jfsu zfnsh bf. uDdhkfhfq jcvzfb isV, sb W kfv iv
zfmt j'sv Kfjst mvsBv iv kf ijfvD rsh. swfj-n mfbcN jcvzfb iVst
swfsjv shfUf rff rsh. dj tfswv ifsw hsn jcvzfb dktfzk sjfb ijfvD
bq. (nfIf)
v } sjfb sbj, hcpcoG hf ztD-zfWdtqfv tfw mndusl lfIb jvf hL bq.

spsrkc sk k]fslvsj dbsq hfVfhfdV jvf rq hQ k]fslv jhv dwsjGv znDtfq
idvBk rq. zfv bhD hstsYb, qflD W dJaefbslv iv zffrv zdHwfi,
jfvB kfvf kfslv bhDslv jhvsj mndul hfdbsq dbsqsY. (hcJfvD 1330, mcndtm
529bQ)
iaw } sbdY, sjfb mfbcsNv mxkcAv nmq j rst nCvf qfnDb iVsk rq. sk
bfdj mvB zfnfb rsq pfq. jKf dj dEj?
105
106
v } jde rflDsn swaBDv jKf zfsY, dj snde uft rflDn. ( } dn} pqDIfr
5219bQ) nckvfQ kfsk dhwfn svsJ zfmt bq. zbcvi mvsBv iv sKsj
jhv ipG (bfmfp YfVf zbA st) mxskv ubA jcvzfbJfbD jvf dhlzfk. mvsBv
---- DbD iaswfv ---iCshG mvsBfmcJ hAd jcvzfb bsk yfst sn jKf dH. ( } ufbfpf liGB)
iaw } lfIsbv iv rfk kcst ufmfzfkD lczf dj dhsLq?
v } sp jfvsB Ivp bfmfspv iv rfk kcst ufmfzfkD lczf dhsLq bq, sn

jfvsB lfIsbv iv lczf dhsLq rstW rfk kcst ufmfzfkD lczf dhsLq bq. nckvfQ
dhsLq rt, iaskAsj rfk bf kcst dbsu dbsu mxskv ubA lczf jvf. `bhD
mfsqAk lfIb jvf swN rst kfv jhsv l]fdVsq htskb, skfmvf skfmfslv
Hfsqv ubA [mf iafKGbf jv hQ (iaswv uWqfsh) iadkdk Kfjfv kWIDj yfW.
jfvB Wsj Jb iaw jvf rsh. (zfhc lfl 3221bQ, rfsjm 1/570, hfrfjD 4/56)
nckvfQ zffrv vnCt sjht njtsj lczf jvsk dbslGw dlskb. Ist iaskAsj
dbu dbu msb lczf jvskb. k]fvf ufmfzfkD lczf jvskb bf. kf jvf m rst
dbyq vnCt
lczfv zfslw bf j'sv dbsu rfk kcst lczf jvskb hQ
nfrfhfoBW zbcvi jvskb. jfvB, Hfstf-mslv hAfifsv zfmfslv sysq kf]vf nh
vjsmv fb zdLj vfJskb. zfv kf m rst zfmfslv zfso k]fvf j'sv
spskb. zKy kfv sjfb iamfB sb. (slJcb, IfkfWqfk kf'dpqfr, 31ix})
zsbsj Ifkt hfvD (4/272)sk lfIb jvfv iv rfk kcst lczf jvfv ltDt
J]csu sisqsYb. bhD
kftrf dhb hfvf'v jhsv l]fdVsq lc rfk kcst lczf
jsvsYb. zKy sn Oebf lfIsbv iv bq. iv kfv nblW nrDr bq. (} dn} pqDIfr
3232bQ)
zfv jKf dhdlk sp, dpqfvskv nmq (jfjD) rfk kcst lczf jvf dhsLq.
mdrtf W ilGf
iaw } sjfb ofqv mfrvfm FafHfsvv nfsK mdrtfv jfdjbD sjfKfW pfWqf hL
dj?
---- DbD iaswfv ---> . Q/ ~2 L> J

, / 8> 8, @
K h3 . i
1 0
. J
/
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. a> 2 . */ 1 h3 $> ^ . 7, . I. W. j2 L2 À
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2 / F W. N2 K.]@
2 . .]@
2
zKGf{, sjfb icvN spb sjfb shofbf bfvDv ns kfv nfsK ofbf icvN YfVf
zhwA dbuGbkf zhtb bf jsv. zfv mfrvfm hAdksvsj sjfb bfvD spb nIv bf
jsv. j hAd zfshlb jvt, `sr zffrv vnCt! zfmfv D r iftb jvsk
shv rsqsY. zfv zfdm zmcj zmcj pcs bfm dtdJsqdY.' dkdb htstb, pfW, kcdm
skfmfv Dv ns r jv. (hcJfvD, mcndtm 3336bQ)
dkdb zfsvf hstsYb,
KE, v
2 /H
1 . P, ?. > r. 1 3 L2 M 2 . */ )> À
, . 1 7. We
/ I. gF
zKGf{, pJb sjfb icvN sjfb mdrtfv nfsK dbuGbkf zhtb jsv, kJb
wqkfb kfslv kxkDq nfKD (sjfebf) rq. (dkvdmpD, nrDr dkvdmpD 934bQ)
fbDq sjfKfW sost ns pdl zbA sjfb nfhftj sYst, icvN hf mdrtf Kfsj,
kfrst pfWqf yst. dj nIv rst ns mfrvfm YfVf smfse pfWqf hL bq; pdlW
nfsK zbA mdrtf hf icvN Kfsj. (hf, )
iaw } mdrtfslv ubA ilGf jvf m, bfdj kf Ivp?
v } mdrtfslv ubA ilGf jvf Ivp. jvst m, bf jvstW yst---mb bq.

zfv ilGf htsk syrfvf Tfjf ilGf. mrfbhD -v pcso ilGfq mdrtfslv syrfvf
Tfjfv hAfifsv lc swaBDv zfmt dYt. ilGfv dhLfb zhkDsBGv iCshG mdrtfvf syrfvf
Tfjk bf. dj dhLfb zhkDBG rWqfv isv njst syrfvf sTsj ilGf jvskb. sjfb
sjfb rflDsn syrfvf bf Tfjfv sp hBGbf ifWqf pfq, kf ilGfv dhLfb zhkDBG rWqfv
iCshGjfv. ()
iaw } ii-idjf, dedH hf sbsev Ydhsk mdrtf slJf dj rfvfm?
v } r]Af. YdhskW omA mdrtf slJf rfvfm. spsrkc kfskW dIkbf zfsY. zfv
mrfb zffr hstsYb,
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v } bf. ofdV, dvf hf hfsj mb sjfb icvsNv nfsK mdrtfv jfdjbD pfWqf
hL bq, pfv nfsK sjfbW nmq kfv dhhfr hL.
hL bq hfn, seb, sib hf utufrfsuv sjfb nIsv pfWqf, mbdj sjfb
hflskv nIsvW bq.
mrfbhD hstb,
KE . %
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zKGf{, zffr W swN dlhsnv iadk sp bfvD mfb vfsJ, kfv mfrvfsmv n YfVf
jfdjbD j dlb j vfskv lCvk nIv jvf ShL bq. (hcJfvD, mcndtm 3331bQ)
dkdb zfsvf hstb,
KE . %
/ *. 6> E. *. g^ h3 W 2 / . 3 L> . a, g2 . . %
/ *. , P. . *. . g^ h3 M 2 . */ )> À
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7 7 EF {. 7, . / I. . )> F
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.
zKGf{, dhhfnDslvsj ht, kfvf spb kfslv lxdsj nQpk jsv hQ kfslv spZb
zsj nfhLfsb nQpk vfsJ; de kfslv ubA zdLjkv idh. Wvf pf jsv, dbyq
zffr sn dhNsq zhdrk. (bCv } 30, hf)
107
108
iaw } shofbf mdrtf slJf rfvfm. dj dedH kAfdlv ilGfq hf Yfif jfosu kfv
YdhW slJf dj rfvfm?
v } shofbf mdrtfv iadk kfdjsq slJsk dbsNL sp jfvsB jvf rsqsY, sn jfvB
kfv Ydh slJfskW vsqsY. kfYfVf mrfb zffr hstsYb,
$. ^ 1 h3 V/ P, 2 @
2 / 2 T
2 > . V/ P,
. , LW 7W_2 %
/ I. . V/ D> 3 . )/ 2 -/ *> 7[
x , I. . > *> Z/ , `WN}
KE P. W 1 2
icvNslv swa jfkfv rt iaKm jfkfv hQ dbjx jfkfv rt nhGswN jfkfv.
zfv mdrtfslv swa jfkfv rt nhGswN jfkfv hQ dbjx jfkfv rt iaKm
jfkfv. (zfrmfl, mcndtm 440, ncbfb zfvhfzfr, dmwjfk 1092bQ)
htf hftA sp, bfvD-icvsNv zhfL smtfsmwfv dmwa iadkfsb dw[f W yfjdv
mcndtm mdrtfv ubA hL bq. ()
7 7 EF {. 7, . / I. . )> F
A >y
.
zKGf{, dhhfnDslvsj ht, kfvf spb kfslv lxdsj nQpk jsv hQ kfslv spZb
zsj nfhLfsb nQpk vfsJ; de kfslv ubA zdLjkv idh. Wvf pf jsv, dbyq
zffr sn dhNsq zhdrk. (bCv } 30)g
dbslGw uDdhk, mxk, mCdkG hf Ydh nhG iajfv mdrtf slJfv hAfifsv hAfij. (hf)
iaw } zfib mfmfskf, Jftfskf, yfyfskf, IcIfskf shfb, yfyD, mfmD, Dv shfb hf
HfhDv nfsK mcnfIfrfr hL dj?
v } pfv nfsK icvsNv sjfbW jfst dhhfr hL, kfv nfsK mcnfIfrfr jvf zKhf
kfv syrfvf slJf hL bq. jfiV hf jHfsvv isvW kfv rfk Lsv mcnfIfrfr
rfvfm. mdrtf hcdV zKhf icvN hcsVf rstW zfsifsnv mcnfIfrfr bfufsqp.
hfqzfskv nmq mrfbhD
sjfb mdrtfv rfk iwG jvskb bf. (zfrmfl
26466, hcJfvD 5288, mcndtm 1866, bfnf 4181, hsb mfufr 2874)
iv dkdb hstsYb,
g 2 . */ =
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mfKfq stfrfv Ycy] so]sK pfWqf zsbj Hfstf. (kfhfvfbD, nrDt ufsm' 5045bQ)
htf hftA, mdrtfv ubA kfv mfmfskf, Jftfskf, yfyfskf, IcIfskf Hf, sIfIf,
Jftc, fmDv Hf (slWv), hcbf hf blfsqv nfsK mcnfIfrfr jvf hL bq.
iaw } mfrvfm mdrtfslv mfKfmfKf-ycb jvf dj hL?
v } hL, pdl kfsk jfm-hfnbf bf Kfsj. ()
iaw } mdrtfslv yfjdv jvf dj hL?
v } hL jmGs[s mdrtfslv yfjdv jvf hL. wkG rt, sn jmGs[ sjht

mdrtfslv ubA Jfn rsh. icvN-mdrtf j st jmG rst, sn yfjdv hL bq.
spsrkc kfsk dIkbf zfsY. bfvD smfdrbD W zfjNGBmqD. mrfbhD hstsYb,
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zKGf{, zfmfv ok rWqfv isv icvsNv is[ bfvDv sysq zdLj [dkjv sjfb
dIkbf zbA djYc sYsV pfdY bf. (zfrmfl, hcJfvD 5096, mcndtm 2740bQ,
dkvdmpD, hsb mfufr)
nckvfQ ivicvN sKsj pKfnh lCsv Kfjsk rsh mdrtfsj. bfmfspv jfkfsvv
hAfifsv dkdb hstb,
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iaw } dydj{nfv ubA dj shilGf rWqf hL?
v } mdrtfv dydj{nfv ubA iaKmk} mdrtf Fffv sJ]fuf uvvD. bf ifWqf

sost icvN Fffsvv jfsY fmD hf sjfb mfrvfsmv iddksk dydj{nf jvfsbf
uvvD. mdrtf Fffv Kfjsk icvN Fffsvv jfsY dydj{nf jvfsbf rfvfm. spmb
icvN Fffsvv jfsY iasqfubDq z YfVf zbA z iajfw jvf zShL.
iaw } mdrtf sne hAhrfv j'sv hfdVv hfsv spsk ifsv dj?
v } ilGfv nfsK rstW mdrtf sne hf ifvdIm ufkDq sjfb ncod hAhrfv
j'sv hfsv spsk ifsv bf. jfvB kfsk dIkbf zfsY. mrfbhD hstsYb,
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(shwAfv smsq). (zfhC lfl, dkvdmpD, bfnf, hsb drfb, hsb Jcpfmfr,
rfsjm, nrDt ufsm' 4540bQ)
mbdj mndusl bfmfp iVfv sswA spskW sn sne hAhrfv jvsk ifsv bf.
mrfbhD hstb,
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KE`. > 8. / a. 81 0
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sjfb bfmfp jhct rsh bf. (hsb mfufr 4002, n}ufsm' 2703bQ)
iaw } fmD pdl ilGf jvsk hfLf slq, kfrst Dv jvBDq jD?
v } fmDv ubA Wqfsuh Dsj ilGfv hAhf j'sv slWqf. kfsj shilGfv dlsj
sEst slWqf bq. hc-hfshv nfmsb slJf-nf[f{ jvsk dbsq dbsuv kKf kfv
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nhGbfswv dlsj dbsq pfsh. YfVf zfsvf zsbj jfvsB mdrtfslv ubA FafdHQ hL
bq. ()
VI %8 7
zKGf{, sr dhwfdnoB! skfmvf dbsuslvsj hQ skfmfslv idvhfv-idvubsj v[f
jv zdo rsk, pfv b rsh mfbcN W ifKv, pfsk dbsqfduk zfsY dbmGm-rlq,
jsEfv-Hfh dIdvfoB, pfvf zffr pf kfslvsj zfslw jsvb, kf zmfbA jsv bf
hQ kfvf pf jvsk zfdl rq, kf jsv. (kfrvDm } 6)
zfv Dv ubA dyk bq, shilGf rWqfv hAfifsv fmDv zfbcokA jvf. fmDv
zfbcokA Wqfsuh. dj sofbfrv dhNsq kfv zfbcokA hL bq. mrfbhD hstb,
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ufsm' 7520bQ)
dj ilGf jvfv ubA pdl sjfb rkHfof fmD kfv Dsj kftfj dlsk yfq, kfrst
kfW oarB jvsk ifsv sn. rqskf-hf mrfb zffr kfv uDhsb m fmD dmdtsq
slshb, pfsj dbsq sn r-ivjfst ncJD rsh. (hf)
iaw } Fffsvv nfsK bfsnGv hQ mAfsbufsvv nfsK mdrtf iafsHe snsefdvv

dbuGbkf zhtb hL dj?
v } smfse bf. jfvB wvDqskv dbslGw rt, zKGf{, sjfb icvN spb sjfb
shofbf bfvDv ns kfv nfsK ofbf icvN YfVf zhwA dbuGbkf zhtb bf jsv.
(hcJfvD W mcndtm)
zfv pJb sjfb icvN sjfb mdrtfv nfsK dbuGbkf zhtb jsv, kJb
wqkfb kfslv kxkDq nfKD (sjfebf) rq. (dkvdmpD, nrDr dkvdmpD 934bQ)
nxdjkGf mrfb zffr hstsYb,
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zfv jfvsB sjfb mcndtm mdrtfv ubA mb yfjdv sbWqf hL bq, spJfsb
iv-icvsNv nfsK WEfhnf jvsk hf dbuGbkfq Kfjsk rsh.
iaw } mdrtf dj FafdHQ jvsk ifsv?
v } wvDqskv lc'de bDdk zfsY }1. sp hL jfu zShL sjfb jfsu sesb dbsq pfq, kf zShL.
2. mt zfbqb zsi[f zmt lCv jvf zdLj iafLfbAspfoA.
bDdkv zfstfsj htf pfq sp, mdrtf FafdHQ jvsk ifsv bf. spsrkc kfvf
FafdHQ jvst ilGfq kfslvsj syrfvf Jctsk rsh. skt Hvsk, efqfv kAfdl
idvhkGb jvsk, syj-isqse, isK ofdV dhjt rst icvNslv nfsK jKf htsk
111
iaw } z dw[sjv nfmsb YfDv shilGf rsq dj iVf pfq?
v } idviCBG z rst kfv nfmsb ilGfv iasqfub sb. jfvB sn skf slJsk
ifq bf. bhD Ifskmf dhs jfnsj z nfrfhD zfcfr dhb sm mfjkCsmv
hfdVsk k iftb jvsk zbcmdk dlsq hstdYstb, sn jub z stfj. kcdm
kfv jfsY dbsuv yflv Jcst vfJsh (sn skfmfsj slJsk ifsh bf). (mcndtm
1480bQ)
kfYfVf bhD -v diYsb tcdjsq sKsj mf zfsqwf rfhwDslv sJtf slsJsYb.
(hcJfvD 950, mcndtm 892bQ)
i[fsv zfhC lfl W dkvdmpDv skfmvf lcusbW dj z?--- rflDn nrDr
bq.
ksh wkG rt, mdrtf zsv iadk (zbcvi sjfb icvsNv iadk) jfmlxdsk kfjfsh
bf. jfvB mrfb zffr mdrtfsjW dbslGw dlsq hstsYb,
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iaw } dhhfsrv iCshG dj hfoXl fmDfmD-Dv zhfL smtfsmwf hf sIfsb jKfhfkGf htf
hL?
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zhfL smtfsmwf hf spZbuDhsbv jKfhfkGf htf rfvfm. zdHHfhsjv ubAW rfvfm
sYstsmsqsj mb zhfL smtfsmwfv ncspfo j'sv slWqf. zhwA dhhfsrv iCshG j
buv slsJ sbWqf hL. spmb zfjXslv isv W dhsq nfvfv zfso fmD-Dv zfsifsn
slJf-nf[f{ W zhfL smtfsmwf jvf hf spZbuDhsbv jKfhfkGf htf, hvQ spZb-dmtb
jvfW hL.
slJf--nf[f{ W zhfL
iaw } sjfb pchkDsj shfb hf hc hfdbsq dj kfv nfsK slJf
smtfsmwf jvf hf jKfhfkGf htf W iftfi jvf hL?
v } sjfb pchkDv nfsK sjfb pchsjv dbjfm hck znh. iv sn hcskv

susv slJf-nf[f{ W zhfL smtfsmwf jvf hf jKfhfkGf htf W iftfi jvf
db}nslsr rfvfm. skmdb sjfb pchkDsj shfb hfdbsqW zbcvi slJf-nf[f{ W zhfL
smtfsmwf jvf hf jKfhfkGf htf W iftfi jvf hL bq. jfvB `shfb' htsk
htsk hfb zfsn. `shfb' htsk htsk msbv hb kcIfb skfst. hvQ jfsvf nfsK
`mf' ifdksqW zbcvi slJf-nf[f{ W zhfL smtfsmwf kAfdl hL bq. spsrkc
jfsj `h' htst spmb sn dbsuv `h' rsq pfq bf. skmdb jfsj `mf' hf
112
`shfb' htst dbsuv mfrvfm rsq pfq bf; pk[B bf kfslv nfsK v, lc hf
hhfdrj nijG jfsqm rsqsY.
iaw } djYc icvN zfsY, pfvf hfdVv njt lfdqk Dv OfsV yfdisq d sbq.
mbdj mfsjGe ipG D dbsu jsv. mb icvN ns wvDqskv dhLfb dj?
iaw } mdrtf dj iviv-icvsNv nfsK jKf htsk ifsv?
v } mdrtf iasqfusb iv-icvsNv nfsK jKf htsk ifsv. ksh sn jKf spb
fHfdhj rq; bf v[ W jjGN rq, zfv bf mLcmq zfjNGBDq rq. mrfb zffr
hstsYb,
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jv ksh ivicvsNv nfsK sjfmt js mbHfsh jKf hstf bf, pfsk zsv pfv hAfdL
zfsY sn iatc rq. zfv skfmvf nlftfi jv. (fHfdhjHfsh jKf ht.) (rXpfh } 32)
iaw } ivicvsNv nfsK ifdKGh W DbD jKf htfW dj rfvfm?
v } ilGfv zfVft sKsj ivicvsNv nfsK ifdKGh W DbD jKf htf rfvfm bq.
ksh kfsk wkG zfsY. mrfb zffr hstsYb,
{ L , / *1 7/ N2 -. NW .
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jv ksh ivicvsNv nfsK sjfmt js mbHfsh jKf hstf bf, pfsk zsv pfv hAfdL
zfsY sn iatc rq. zfv skfmvf nlftfi jv. (fHfdhjHfsh jKf ht.) (rXpfh } 32)
ksh bfmfspv ufmfzfsk mfsmv Hct nQswfLb jvsk mdrtf knhDr htsh bf,
hvQ rfk fvf w jvsh.
iaw } mcndtm mdrtf dj bfsnGv jfu jvsk ifsv?
v } sjht mdrtf svfoDv s[s jvsk ifsv. sjfb shofbf icvsNv snhf-waNf
jvf kfv ubA hL bq. zbcvi icvN bfnG sjht icvN svfoDv dJlmk jvsk ifsv.
(hf)
iaw } zsbsj hst mdrtf nkD rst, kfv mb idh rst ilGfv lvjfv rq bf.
v } mdrtf pk nkD W idh msbv srfj, kfv ubA ilGf Wqfsuh. sjfb
mdrtfv mb sjfb nfrfhD mdrtfv msbv sKsj shdw idh rsk ifsv bf. zKy
k]fslvsj ilGfv zfslw slWqf rsqdYt. iv sj nkD rst sn dbsusj idh
vfJsk ifvsh dEj, dj iv-icvsNv buv W mbsj dj idh vfJsk ifvsh? sn
dbsuv mbsj idh svsJ dbu vi-snZlpG fvf iv-icvsNv mbsj iatc jvst dj
ilGfv swA nIt rsh? nckvfQ ilGf nkD-znkD njstv ubA. hvQ znkD smsq
ilGf jvstW ilGfv dHksv kfv znkDk hufq Kfjsh. sOfmefv dHksv sJmefv bfy
sldJsq idvshw sbfQvf jvsh. zfv kfv drnfh skf dH zffrv jfsY.
113
v } djYc icvN iajdx kokHfsh `lfqCn' hf sH]Vf rq. pfvf Dv shilGf W

sbfQvfdmskW nfq dlsq Kfsj. kfslv hAfifsv vnCt hstsYb, smVf (D-jbAfv
ilGfrDbkf W sbfQvfdmv hAfifsv NGfrDb) hAdv dlsj zffr djqfmsk kfdjsqW
slJshb bf. (bfnf 2561 bQ)
zfv djYc icvN kkef bf rstW Dv z]fyt-Lvf rq. sn ò]fVt' rsq Dsj
`smfVt' hfbfq. mb znIt icvN ufbsk zKhf zufs dbsusj iaHc Dv `hfLA
softfm' hfbfq. zKy mrfb zffr hstb,
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zKGf{, icvN bfvDv jkGf. jfvB, zffr kfslv jsj zisvv iv swak lfb
jsvsYb hQ ubA sp icvN (kfslv ubA) Lb hAq jsv. (dbnf } 34)
ifyfskAv nHAkf-sO]Nf mb icvNvf sjfbdlb Db-lcdbqfq nIt rsk ifsv bf.
spsrkc mrfbhD hstsYb, sn ufdk sjfb dlb nItjfm rsk ifsv bf, sp ufdk
kfslv wfnb [mkf jub bfvDv rfsk kcst slq. (hcJfvD 4425bQ)
iaw } sneX
sneX hf sneX ufkDq sjfb dm hf ifFfv tfdosq mdrtf hfdVv hfsv
spsk ifsv dj?
v } sneX hf sneX ufkDq sjfb dm hf ifFfv tfdosq mdrtf hfdVv hfsv
spsk ifsv bf. wvDqsk hAfifsv i dbslGw vsqsY. bhD hstsYb, iaskAj
y[c hAdHyfvD. zfv mdrtf pdl (sjfb iajfv) nco hAhrfv j'sv sjfb (icvNslv)
mudtsnv ifw dlsq zdkm jsv, kfrst sn hAdHyfdvBD (shwAfv smsq). (zfhC
lfl, dkvdmpD, bfnf, hsb drfb, hsb Jcpfmfr, rfsjm, nrDt ufsm' 4540bQ)
mb mdrtf sneX tfdosq mndusl bfmfp iVsk sostW kfv bfmfp bq. zfhc
vfvf
jkxj
G hdBGk, jlf yfwXskv nmq dkdb mndul sKsj shv rstb.
slJstb, jde mdrtf mndul iashsw lAk. kfv slr hf sthfn sKsj {jx
ncodv nchfn YVfdYt. zfhC vfvf mdrtfdev ssw htstb, `zftfdjnX
nftfm.' mdrtfde nftfsmv v dlt. dkdb kfsj iaw jvstb, `sjfKfq pfsh kcdm?'
sn htt, `mndusl.' htstb, `dj ubA mb nclv ncod smsJY kcdm?' htt,
`mnduslv ubA.' htstb, `zffrv jnm?' htt, `zffrv jnm.' icbvfq
htstb, `zffrv jnm?' htt, `zffrv jnm.' kJb dkdb htstb, `ksh swfb,
zfmfsj zfmfv diaqkm zfhct jfsnm
hstsYb sp, sn mdrtfv sjfb bfmfp
jhct rq bf, sp kfv fmD YfVf zbA jfsvfv ubA ncod hAhrfv jsv; pk[B bf sn
bfifjDv sofnt jvfv mk sofnt jsv sbq. zkh kcdm dIsv pfW, sofnt j'sv
114
---- DbD iaswfv ---ncod Lcsq sIt. kfviv dIsv sn bfmfp isVf.' (zfhC lfl, bfnf, hsb mfufr,
hfrfjD, dntdntfr nrDrfr 1031bQ)
zffrv vnCt hstsYb, zffrv hflDslvsj mndusl zfnsk hfvB jsvf bf,
ksh kfvf spb sJfwhC hAhrfv bf j'sv nflfdnLfHfsh zfsn. (zfrmfl, zfhC lfl,
nrDt ufsm' 7457bQ)

iaw } ixKj oftGnX ct-jstu bf Kfjst smsqslvsj spZKspZK-iadkfsb iVsk
iVsk
ifEfsbf dj hL rsh?
v } sYst-smsqv zhfL smtfdmwfv spZK dw[f-iadkfsb smsqslvsj iVsk
ifEfsbf hL bq. mcndtmslv ubA Wqfsuh rt, ixKj dw[f-iadkfsbv hAhf jvf
hQ dbsuslv smsq-shfbsj iv-icvsNv zfjNGsB zfnsk hfLf slWqf. ()
iaw } mb ilGfrDb slw W idvshswW

idvshswW dj ilGf jvf Wqfsuh, spJfsb ilGfef
mfbcsNv jfsY lxd-zfjNGj rq?
v } mb slw W idvshw, spJfsb ilGf sb zKhf dhvt, spJfsb mdrtfvf

dlsbW bfe-sFn isv Kfsj zKhf boiafq Kfsj, snJfsbW mcndtm mdrtfv ubA ilGf
Wqfsuh. pdlW yflv hf shfvjf snJfbjfv shDb mfbcNslv lxd zfjNGB jsv. rt
zffrv dhLfb. dhLfb nhG hrft Kfjsh.
iaw } hfdVv lfnD dj hfdVsk ilGf jvsh?
v } hkGmfsbv lfnD spsrkc DklfnD bq, snsrkc nfLfvB mcndtm bfvDv mskf
kfv ubAW ilGf Wqfsuh. hfdVv stfjsj sn ilGf jvsh hQ sjfb icvsNv nfsK
dbuGbkf zhtb jvsh bf. (hf)
zbcvi hfdVv mdrtfvfW hfdVv lfn, yfjv, FfHfv kAfdlsj ilGf jvsh.
iaw } hfdVv yfjvsj dj ilGf jvsk rsh? rfnrfn-hq, rfnrfn-FfsHvsj ilGf jvf
skf hV jdEb. zfmfv mf hst, `mfKfq jfiV Kfjst nmnAf sb.' kfv jKf dj
dEj?
v } hfdVv yfjv Dklfn bq. yfjv, FfHfv iaHdx k snhj rstW kfvf
icvN. zfv sp icvN mfrvfm bq, kfv nfmsb mdrtfv ilGf Wqfsuh. hAfifsv
zfibfv mfsqv jKf dEj bq. jfvB mfKfq jfiV dbst ilGf rsq pfq bf. syrfvf
rt zfnt snZlspGv dudbn. zfv kf sJftf vfJst dmd rfdn W syfJfsyfdJv Ist
dhil zfn rsk ifsv. mrfb zffr hstsYb,
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EF {-1 P3 )> 7WNW .
zKGf{, skfmvf kfslv dbje rsk djYc yfst ilGfv zvft rsk yfW. dhLfb
skfmfslv hQ kfslv rlsqv ubA zdLjkv idh. (rXpfh } 53)
mrfbhD hstb, pJb sjfb icvN sjfb mdrtfv nfsK dbuGbkf zhtb
115
---- DbD iaswfv ---jsv, kJb wqkfb kfslv kxkDq nfKD (sjfebf) rq. (dkvdmpD, nrDr dkvdmpD 934bQ)
iaw } zfdm zfmfslv hfdVv rfnrfn-FfHfsvv nfsK jfdjbD jstsu pf. jJbW
mfsjGe jvskW pf kfsj dbsq. zfmfv mb kfv iadk zfjx bf rst wvDqskv
lxdsk dj sjfb nmnAf zfsY kfsk?
v } sp FfHfv mdrtfv mfrvfm bq, kfv nfsK jfdjbD jstu hf mfsjGse

pfWqf sjfb mdrtfv ubA hL bq. spsrkc mrfbhD hstsYb, sjfb icvN spb
sjfb shofbf bfvDv ns kfv nfsK ofbf icvN YfVf zhwA dbuGbkf zhtb bf
jsv. zfv mfrvfm hAdksvsj sjfb bfvD spb nIv bf jsv. (hcJfvD 5233, mcndtm 1341bQ)
iaw } zfdm zfmfslv hfdVv rfnrfn-FfHfsvv nfsK jfdjbD jstsu pf. jJbW
mfsjGe jvskW pf kfsj dbsq. dbuGbkf lCv jvfv ubA zfdm zfmfv sYfe Hfsj
nfsK db. kfrst dj zfmfv ubA kf hL rsh?
v } zfibfv sYfe Hf pdl nfhftj rq, kfrst shofbf rfn-FfHfsvv nfsK

zfnf-pfWqf ytsh. i[fsv pdl bfhftj rq, kfrst kfv zfibfv ns Kfjf-bf
Kfjf Hq nmfb.
iaw } zfmvf zfmfslv hfdVv rfnrfn-FfHfsvv nfsK lc shfsb jstsu pf.

jJbW mfsjGe jvskW pf kfsj
kfsj dbsq. wvDqskv lxdsk dj sjfb nmnAf zfsY
kfsk?
v } jfdLj mdrtf rst shofbf rfn-FfHfsvv nfsK wrsvv dHksv zfnfpfWqf ytsh. ksh dbvfifv wkGnfsis[. dj lCsvv nIv hL bq, pdlW kf
hflskv rq. spsrkc mrfbhD hstsYb, sjfb icvN spb sjfb shofbf bfvDv
ns kfv nfsK ofbf icvN YfVf zhwA dbuGbkf zhtb bf jsv. zfv mfrvfm
hAdksvsj sjfb bfvD spb nIv bf jsv. j hAd zfshlb jvt, `sr zffrv
vnCt! zfmfv D r iftb jvsk shv rsqsY. zfv zfdm zmcj zmcj pcs bfm
dtdJsqdY.' dkdb htstb, pfW, kcdm skfmfv Dv ns r jv. (hcJfvD W
mcndtm)
iaw } shofbf mdrtfv nfsK mcnfIfrf jvf rfvfm. dj rfsk jfiV svsJ nvfndv
iwG bf j'sv mcnfIfrf hL dj? hcdVslv nfsK mcnfIfrfskW nmnAf zfsY dj?
v } nhGiajfv shofbf mdrtfv nfsK mcnfIfrf zShL. rfsk sjfb zfhvj svsJW
kf hL bq. jfvB kfsk dIkbfv Hq zfsY zfsY. mrfbhD njt mdrtfv wafv
if rWqf nsW dkdb (shofbf) jfsvf nfsK mcnfIfrf jvskb bf. (zfrmfl
6/357, bfnf 7/149, hsb mfufr 2874bQ) hfqzfskv nmsqW dkdb sjfb
mdrtfv rfk iwG jvskb bf. (hcJfvD 5288, mcndtm 1866bQ) zfv dkdb
hstsYb, sp mdrtf (iwG jvf) rftft bq, kfsj iwG jvfv sysq skfmfslv jfsvf
mfKfq stfrfv Ycy] so]sK pfWqf zsbj Hfstf. (kfhfvfbD, nrDt ufsm' 5045bQ)
iaw } Dv yfjdv jvfsk nhsysq hV nmnAfdt jD jD?

116
v } icvN-mrst yfjdv jvst zhfL smtfdmwfv nmnAf, shilGf rWqfv nmnAf,

ydv Jfvfi rWqfv nmnAf, nfb iftsbv nmnAf, hfdVsk zfqfv nfsK fmDv
dbuGbkfhtsbv nmnAf kAfdl. zfv mdrtf-mrst yfjdv jvst nfb iftsbv
nmnAf, hfdVsk zfqfv nfsK fmDv dbuGbkfhtsbv nmnAf kAfdl.
zKGf{, dhhfnD bfvDslvsj ht, kfvf spb kfslv lxdsj nQpk jsv W kfslv
tffb v[f jsv. (bCv } 31)
ksh jfmlxd YfVf zbA sjfb hL lxdsk kfjfsbf pfsh. mf zfsqwf (vfdpqff
zfbrf) rfhwDslv sJtf slsJsYb. bhD
k]fsj zfVft j'sv kf sldJsqsYb.
(hcJfvD 950, mcndtm 892bQ) dedH iaHdx kv ilGfq hf Ydhsk icvN slJfv s[sW
j dhLfb. jfmbuv dbsq kfjfsbf pfsh bf. ()
iaw } zhsvfL iaKf dj ntfsm Djxk?
v } ntfsm zhsvfL iaKf sb. ntfsm zfsY ilGfv dhLfb. mdrtfv jmGt
mfsE-Ofse, jt-jfvJfbfq, zdIsn-jfsh bq. ntfm mdrtfsj hfdVsk Kfjsk
dbslGw slq. jcvzfb hst,
Q0p 7 EF { 2 WX i> 1 >D> u
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W a> 7, ), C>L . / N2 . }
zKGf{, skfmvf oxsr zhfb jv hQ (iafj-ntfmD) ufsrtD pcsov mk
dbsuslvsj ialwGb j'sv shdVsqf bf. (rXpfh } 33)
rflDn hst,
K-. P, ^ F
Ay
. -1 P, a7, ), .
zKGf{, kfslv Ov kfslv ubA m. (zfhC lfl 576bQ)
dj kfv mfsb bq sp, kfvf Osvv dHksv zoGth W zhv Kfjsh. hvQ
kfvf iasqfusb ilGfv nfsK shv rsk ifvsh. ksh kfvf (iafj-ntfmD) ufsrtD pcsov
mk dbsuslvsj ialwGb j'sv shVfsk ifvsh bf. kfslvsj mndusl spsk hfLf
slWqf pfsh bf. ksh kfvf ncod dhdtsq shv rsk ifvsh bf. kfvf iasqfusb mfsEOfse W hfufsv spsk ifsv. ksh `Yt jsv ut zfbsk pfWqf'v mskf mfmcdt
iasqfusb hfufsv hfufsv dIsv shVfsh bf.
mdrtf srsvsmv hdlbD bq. pdlW sjfb sjfb idvshsw hfVfhfdV j'sv kfsj
hdlbD j'sv vfJf rq. fmD Dv jkGf hst sjfb sjfb icvN kfv iv zShL jkGk
x
jsv.
iaw } sp z shofbf icvN smfse slJsk ifq bf, kfv nfmsbW dj ilGf uvvD?
v } lxdrDb icvsNv nfmsb ilGf sb. spsrkc ilGf sjht iv-icvsNv lxd sKsj
h]fyfv ubA. kfYfVf mrfbhD Ifskmf dhs jfnsj z nfrfhD hsb sm
mfjkCsmv hfdVsk k iftb jvsk dbslGw dlsq hstdYstb, jfvB sn z
mfbcN. kcdm kfv dbje hdrhGfn Jcst vfJsh, sn skfmfsj slJsk ifsh bf. (mcndtm
1480bQ)
iaw } pchjj-pchkDv mfsU hck zk}iv sifeX, nmn, smt iaHdx kv mfLAsm
dydE stJfdtdJ j'sv rlsqv zflfbzflfb-ialfb jvf dj hL? pdl kfslv mfsU dhhfsrv
bsousme rsq Kfsj, kfrst dj sjfb nmnAf zfsY?
v } shofb pchj-pchkDv mfsU dbjfm hck znh. jfsvf fvf dhvtHfsh

nh rstW wvqDsk kf rfvfm. kfslv zfsifsn iftfi W vnftfi hL bq.
bsousme (hfoXlfb) rsq sostW dhhfr-hb ni bf rWqf ipG spmb kfslv
mfsU slJf-nf[f{ rfvfm, skmdb dydEv mfLAsm rlsqv zflfb-ialfbW. spsrkc
kfsk dIkbfv zfwf vsqsY. zfv dIkbf W lfft sKsj ifjf mc'dmbsjW lCsv
Kfjsk dbslGw slWqf rsqsY. (zfrmfl 4/431, 441, zfhC lfl 4319bQ)
iaw } dhhfsrv iCshG pchjj-pchkDv sj zivsj hcsU sbWqfv, iYl j'sv

sbWqfv,
sbWqfv, Hfthfnf j'sv sbWqfv ncspfo ntfsm zfsY dj?
v } dhhfsrv iCshG hv-jsbv sj zivsj j buv slsJ sbWqfv W iYl

j'sv sbWqfv ncspfo zfsY. dj kfvisv dydE, sIfb hf sbsev mfLAsm zKhf kfsj
ns dbsq shVfsk pfWqfv mfLAsm Hfthfnf j'sv sbWqfv ncspfo ntfsm sb.
dhhfr-hb jfsqm jvf hf dhsq idVsq slWqfv iv dhhfr nfvfv iCshG sn nh ytsh.
hsbv zfso bq. ()
dh ivD[f slWqfv zfso rqskf seeX-ivD[f zfsY. dj dhsq jvfv zfso sjfb
seeX-ivD[f sb.
iaw } fmDv zbcmdk YfVf kfv hfnf sKsj shv rWqf Dv ubA hL bq. dj
zsbj nmq
nmq sn hfdVsk bf Kfjst ifswv hfnf zKhf jfsYv mfsjGse pfWqfv iasqfub
isV. kJb dj kfv dhbf zbcmdksk sost sofbfr rsh?
v } Dv dyk, s[s fmDv dbje sKsj zfm zbcmdk dbsq vfJf. zk}iv
wvqD zflshv nfsK dbsuv hf sYstsmsqv iasqfusb hfsv sjfKfW sost sjfb [dk
rsh bf b wfzffr. (du)
iaw } shofbf mdrtfv iv zfymjf lxd isV sost rflDsn htf rsqsY, kcdm
skfmfv
skfmfv lxd dIdvsq bfW. (mcndtm) mdrtfslv s[sW dj j dbslGw? kfvfW
dj shofbf icvNslv dlsj kfjfsk ifvsh bf?
iaw } nvnv-zfdw hYsvv hxf pdl shofbf icvNsj ilGf bf jsv, kfrst sjfb [dk
zfsY dj?
v } r]Af, dbslGsw nhf nmfb. mrfb zffr hstsYb,

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dlsk ifsv. ksh wkG rt, sn spb snsusu ianfLb j'sv shv bf rq. mrfb zffr
hstsYb,
117
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zKGf{, hx bfvD; pfvf dhhfsrv zfwf vfsJ bf, kfslv ubA zivfL sb; pdl kfvf
kfslv snZlpG ialwGb bf j'sv kfslv hdrhGfn Jcst vfsJ. (bCv } 60)
ksh hxfv ilGf jvfef m. spsrkc mrfb zffr hstsYb,
7 7 EF {VA >. EA > . $, ^ . -1 P, ^ A / y
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zKGf{, ksh sKsj kfslv dhvk Kfjf kfslv ubA m. zfv zffr
nhGswafkf, nhG. (bCv } 60)
iaw } wvqD ilGf jvst fmD kftfj dlsk yfq. nckvfQ zfdm jD jvsk ifdv?
v } hcUfsbfv isvW pdl bf mfsb, kfrst nfb rWqfv zfso zfso mb

rkHfof fmDv dbje sKsj kftfj sbWqf Hfstf. b wfzffr ivhkGDsk kfv
sysq Hfstf fmD ucse pfsh. mrfb zffr hstsYb,
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zKGf{, sp sj zffrsj Hq jvsh, zffr kfv dbjdx kv iK j'sv slshb.
(kftfj } 2)
sjfb mcndtsmv ubA hL bq, Db mfbfv ubA Dsj kftfsjv mdj slWqf. (hf)
zffrv bhD
zfmfslvsj Dblfv smsq dhsq jvsk hstsYb. zKy HfsoAv
hAfifv mb sp, sp yfq, sn ifq bf. iv sn ifq, sp yfq bf. Ifft mcfzfb.
dhhfr W lfikA
iaw } hh-dhhfr hf jfdLj dhhfrsj zsbj mcndtmW OxBf jsv. pdlW zsbsj kf
jfmbf jsv. ntfsm hh-dhhfsrv mfb jD?
v } zdLjfQw mfbcsNv h-dhhfrsj OxBf jvfv jfvB rsY nkDsbv nQnfsvv

zwfdv hdr}iajfw. icvN kfv jfdLj Dsj dbqB jvsk ifsv bf zKhf bnfI
W bAfqivfqBkf hufq vfJsk ifsv bf hst sp zwfd nxd rq, kf slsJ mfbcN hdhhfrsj OxBf jsv. zKy ntfsm dhhfsrv hAfifsv smZdtj dhLfb rt, nfmKGA Kfjst
icvN jfdLj dhhfr jvsh. ksh h Dv mfsU bnfI hufq bf vfJsk ifvst
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zKGf{, zfv skfmvf pdl zfwQjf jv sp, dikxrDbfslv iadk ncdhyfv jvsk ifvsh
bf, ksh dhhfr jv (fLDb) bfvDslv msLA pfsj skfmfslv Hft tfso; lc, dkb zKhf
yfv. zfv pdl zfwQjf jv sp, ncdhyfv jvsk ifvsh bf, ksh jubsj (dhhfr jv)
zKhf skfmfslv zdLjfvHc (Dk zKhf pchdlbD) lfnDsj (Dvsi hAhrfv
jv). ef skfmfslv i[ifdkk bf jvfv zdLjkv dbjehkGD. (dbnf } 3)
iv h-dhhfr jvf wkGnfsis[ nck W zfIpt. spsrkc zfmfslv v mrfbhD
h-dhhfr jsvsYb. hsb zffn nfl dhb uchfvsj hstdYstb, `dhhfr
jv. jfvB mskv nhGswa hAd, pfv nhfv sysq shdw D.' zKhf `
mskv nhGswa hAdv nhfv sysq shdw D dYt.' (zfrmfl, hcJfvD)
sJA sp, j nfsK yfvdev shdw D vfJf rfvfm. spmb zfqfsk ddJk
rsqsY. nmfbfdLjfv dlsq vfJfv [mkf bf rst jef dhhfr jvsk rsh. kfskW
n[m bf rst svfpf iftb j'sv spsk rsh. (hcJfvD 5065, mcndtm 1400bQ)
iaw } pfsj v slWqf rsqsY, kfv nfsK dj dhhfr hL?
v } jfsj v lfb jvst kfv nfsK vsv nijG jfsqm rq bf. nckvfQ
kfv nfsK dhhfr hL. (tflf)
iaw } sjfb dhhfdrk mdrtfsj dhhfr jvf hL dj?
v } sjfb dhhfdrk fmD-WqftD nLhf mdrtfsj dhhfr jvf hL bq, pk[B bf kfv
kftfj rsqsY zKhf kfv fmD mfvf sosY hQ kfv dbLGfdvk k-jft zdkhfdrk
rsqsY. mrfb zffr hstsYb,
Vb
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ubA dbdN, skfmfslv ubA rt zffrv dhLfb. ddJk bfvDoB hAkDk zfv
njtsj dhhfr jvf skfmfslv ubA ShL jvf rt; wskG sp, skfmvf kfslvsj dbu
nislv dhdbmsq dhhfsrv mfLAsm oarB jvsh, zShL spZb-nisjGv mfLAsm bq.
(dbnf } 24)
iaw } jusbv
jusbv dhhfdrk D rsq Kfjf zhfq zsbAv nfsK ifdtsq dosq dhsq hL
dj?
v } mrfb zffr sp njt mdrtfsj dhhfr jvf rfvfm hstsYb, kfv msLA
jub rt dhhfdrk mdrtf, sp sjfb fmDv dhhfr-hsb hkGmfsb nQnfv jvsY hQ
kftfj rqdb. mrfb zffr hstb,
7 EF { 7W 7, a.
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---- DbD iaswfv ---`1 0

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zKGf{, bfvDslv msLA skfmfslv zdLjfvHc lfnD hAkDk njt nLhf skfmfslv
ubA dbdN, skfmfslv ubA rt zffrv dhLfb. ddJk bfvDoB hAkDk zfv
njtsj dhhfr jvf skfmfslv ubA ShL jvf rt; wskG sp, skfmvf kfslvsj dbu
nislv dhdbmsq dhhfsrv mfLAsm oarB jvsh, zShL spZb-nisjGv mfLAsm bq.
(dbnf } 24)
htf hftA jusbv D zhfq Kfjfjfst zsbAv nfsK dhhfr-hb rsh
bf. dj z siam sn lidksj dyv-hAdHyfsvv blGmfq sIst vfsJ.
iaw } j hAd j jcmfvDv nfsK (siam j'sv) hAdHyfv jsvsY, Jb sn kfsj

dhhfr jvsk yfq. ef dj kfv ubA ShL ?
v } pdl hfsh kf rsq Kfsj, kfrst Wslv iaskAsjv iv zffrv dbje
kWhf jvf Wqfsuh; dbjxkm zivfL rsk dhvk rsh, ztDtkfq iVfv Ist
pf Ose sosY, kfv iv Jch tdk rsh, mb sbfQvfmDv isK icbvfq if bf hfVfsk
lxPnQji rsh hQ zdLj zdLj n{jfu jvsh. nhk} zffr Hqsj [mf
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zKGf{, pfvf zffrv ns zbA ifnAsj zfrhfb jsv bf, zffr pfsj pKfKG
jfvB hAdksvsj rkAf dbsNL jsvsYb, kfsj rkAf jsv bf hQ hAdHyfv jsv bf.
pfvf dt jsv kfvf wfd sHfo jvsh. djqfmskv dlb Wslv wfdsj dB jvf
rsh hQ snJfsb kfvf rDb zhfq fqD rsh. ksh kfvf bq, pfvf kWhf jsv, (iCBG)
mfb sb n{jfu jsv, zffr Wslv ifivfwDsj icsBA idvhdkGk j'sv slshb.
zffr [mfwDt, ivm lqftc. sp hAd kWhf jsv W n{jfu jsv, sn niCBvG si
zffrv zdHmcJD rq. (nCvf Icvjfb 68-71 zfqfk)
zfv hAd pdl mdrtfsj dhhfr jvsk yfq, kfrst dhhfr hsbv iCshG j
mfdnj slsJ kfsj (oHGhkD dj bf kf) ivD[f jsv sbsh. pdl (mfdnj bf rq hQ)
kfv oHG iajfw ifq, kfrst kfv dhhfr hb kk[B ipG ShL rsh bf, pk[B
ipG bf sn nfb ianh jsvsY. spsrkc vnCt zisvv Intsj dbsuv ifdb fvf
121
---- DbD iaswfv ---dndk (zKGf{ oHGhkD bfvDsj dhhfr j'sv nm) jvsk dbsNL jsvsYb. (zfhc
lfl) (tflf)
iaw } sjfb mcndtsmv nfsK sjfb zmcndtsmv dhhfr dj hL?
v } sjfb mcndtm mdrtfv sjfb zmcndtm icvsNv nfsK dhhfr hL bq. spsrkc
mrfb zffr hstsYb,
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dhhfr jsvf gbf. zQwDhflD bfvD skfmfslvsj ym{jxk jvstW dbyq (ntfm LsmG)
dhhfnD DklfnD kfv sKsjW m. (ntfm LsmG) dhhfn bf jvf ipG zQwDhflD
icvsNv nfsK (skfmfslv jbAfv) dhhfr dlW bf. zQwDhflD icvN skfmfslvsj
ym{jxk jvstW (ntfm LsmG) dhhfnD Dklfn kfv sKsjW m. jfvB, Wvf
skfmfslv zfocsbv dlsj zfrhfb jsv hQ zffr skfmfslvsj Dq Yfq shsr W
[mfv dlsj zfrhfb jsvb. dkdb mfbcsNv ubA Dq dblwGbnmCr nciHfsh hA
jsvb, pfsk kfvf kf sKsj islw oarB jvsk ifsv. (hfjfvfr } 221)
V, 2/ 2 $, ^ -1 D, 7, %
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zKGf{, sr dhwfdnoB! skfmfslv dbje dhwfnD bfvDvf slwkAfo j'sv zfnst,
skfmvf kfslvsj ivD[f jv. zffr kfslv mfb (dhwfn) ns nmAj zhok
zfsYb. pdl skfmvf ufbsk ifv sp, kfvf dhwfdnbD, ksh kfslvsj zdhwfnDslv
dbje sIvk ifdEsq dlsqf bf. dhwfnD bfvDvf zdhwfnDslv ubA ShL bq hQ
zdhwfnDvf dhwfnD bfvDslv ubA ShL bq. zdhwfnDvf pf hAq jsvsY, kf kfslvsj
dIdvsq lfW. zk}iv skfmvf kfslvsj dhhfr jvst skfmfslv sjfb zivfL rsh
bf; pdl skfmvf kfslvsj kfslv smfrv dlsq lfW. skfmvf zdhwfnD bfvDslv nfsK
lfikA nijG hufq svsJf bf. skfmvf pf hAq jsvY, kf sIvk sysq bfW hQ
zdhwfnDvf sIvk sysq dbj, pf kfvf hAq jsvsY. ef zffrv Ifqnftf. dkdb
skfmfslv msLA Ifqnftf jvsYb. zfv zffr nhG, iafmq. (mcmkfdrbfr } 10)
122
htf hftA, ntfm oarB jvst kfv nfsK mcndtm mdrtfv dhhfr hL.
zbcvi sjfb mcndtm icvNW sjfb zmcndtm mdrtfsj dhhfr jvsk ifsv bf.
zhwA djYc wskGv nfsK sjht qflD-dJaefb mdrtfsj dhhfr jvsk ifsv. mrfb
zffr hstsYb,
V/ b
W >/ N2 - *> . 8. b
> 7,aW -. I>]^ -. *> s
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> . *> Z/ , -. *> s
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Kv } mckXzfr hf nfmdqj dhhfr ntfsm ShL bq. djYcv dhdbmsq sjht j

nfr hf mfn hf hYv Dn orB j'sv dhdY rWqfq spsrkc D W kfv nfsbv
lcdlGb zfsn, kf ntfm mb dhhfrsj rfvfm sOfNBf jsvsY. (hcJfvD, mcndtm,
7 EF { . y
/ 2 >] e
> 81 *, g2 . . %
> L> . *, . / ~2 . > > %
/ *, -1 D, . 7
, W -1 D, 7 , 8, / a. ' .h3
m
zKGf{, dhhfnD nydvf bfvDoB W skfmfslv iCshG pfslvsj djkfh slWqf rsqsY,
kfslv nydvf bfvDoB (skfmfslv ubA ShL jvf rt); pdl skfmvf kfslvsj smfrv
ialfb j'sv dhhfr jv, iajfwA hAdHyfv zKhf iikDvsi oarB jvfv ubA bq.
(mfdqlfr } 5)
dj sjfb mcndtm mdrtf sjfb qflD-dJaefb icvNsj dhhfr jvsk ifsv bf.
jfvB mcndtmvf kfslv bhDv iadk mfb vfsJ, dj kfvf mcndtmslv bhDv iadk
mfb vfsJ bf.
iaw } rftftf dhhfr hL dj?
v } Dsj dkb kftfj slWqfv iv tdk rsq Hct hcUsk sisv kfsj dIsv
sisk `rftftf' if zhtb ShL bq. zKfG{, Dsj rftft jvfv ubA
idvjdikHfsh sjfb hc hf yfyfskf-mfmfskf Hfsqv nfsK dhhfr dlsq j vfd hfn
j'sv kftfj dlst isv skv iv dbsu dhhfr jvf j iajfv sL]fjf hQ
hAdHyfv. pfsk dkDq fmD j vfd hAdHyfv jsv hQ iaKm fmD Dsj rftft
msb jsv dIsv dbsqW kfv nfsK dyvdlb hAdHyfv jvsk Kfsj. jfvB, iajk
x is[ D
Hfsh kfv ubA rftft rq bf.
sp hAd rftft jvfv ubA vi dhhfr jsv, rflDsnv HfNfq sn rt `Lfv jvf
N]fV.' (vWqft oftDt 6/309) hAd hQ pfv ubA rftft jvf rq, sn hAd
(zKGf{ iaKm fmD) zffr W klDq vnCstv zdHw. (1897bQ, dmwjfk 3296)
iaw } ufqhldt dhhfr hL dj?
v } ufqhltD hf dhdbmq-dhhfr dhbf ixKj smfrsv ShL bq. Wv shfb hf

shdesj hQ W v shfb hf sheDsj dhdbmq j'sv ifDv hlst ifDsj smfrv hfdbsq
dhhfr ntfsm rfvfm. (hcJfvD,mcndtm kAfdl) zhwA h tfmfv dbje Hq ifDv
ixKj smfrv rstW ufqhltD dhsq ShL bq. (pdl kfsk sjfb sLfjf-Lff dlsq
bfmsj-Wqfs smfrv hf]Lf rq kfrst. (mfuffkct hcrCdNt ntfdmqAfr 4/328,
9/68)
iaw } mckXzfr dhhfr hL dj?
dmwjfk 3147bQ)
iaw } kftfsjv dbqsk dhhfr hL dj?
v } kftfsjv dbqsk dhhfr j iajfv sL]fjfhfdu. dhslsw dosq hf slsw

dhhfr-hsbv nmq msb msb dbqk vfJf sp, djYcdlb ncJ tcse kftfj dlsq slsw
dIvh hf yie slh, ksh mb dhhfrW ShL bq. (vi jvst hAdHyfv jvf rq.)
jfvB, skW D W kfv nfsbv znrfq zhf sbsm zfsn. (IfkfWqft mfvzfr
49ix}) kfsk bfvDv mfb W zdLjfv JhG rq.
iaw } hftAhftA-dhhfr hL dj?

v } hftA-dhhfr ShL. (mcndtm, dmwjfk 3129bQ) ksh nfhftj rWqfv iv
fmD-Dv j zivsj iYl bf rst kfvf dhhfrhb dY jvsk ifsv. (hcJfvD
5138bQ, zfhC lfl, dmwjfk 3136bQ)
iaw } sjfb mcndtm shwAf hf znkD mdrtfsj dhhfr jvf hL dj?
v } sjfb mcndtm sjfb hAdHyfdvBD bfvDsj dhhfr jvsk ifsv bf. hvQ
hAfifsv vi bfvD msbfmcjv nclvD vsiv Ffdt hf Ffbf-jfef idv rstW mcndtm
icvsNv kfsk vdy rWqf dyk bq. jf siasmv sbwfq sbwfoa rstW kfsj
nrLdmGbD jvf rfvfm.
hAfifsv zffr ifj hstb,
3H
/ *, / 2 . ^ h3 P. %
,b
> I. 2 iW . > 1Q . i @
2 3H
/ *, / 2 i . > . ^ h S, b
> I. 2 C> 1Q }
7 7 EF {. > *> Z/ , 2. T
2 > . . K 0
, .
hAdHyfvD sjht hAdHyfdvBD zKhf zQwDhfdlbDsj hQ hAdHyfdvBD sjht
hAdHyfvD zKhf zQwDhflD icvNsj dhhfr jsv Kfsj. zfv mcdmb icvNslv ubA kf
rfvfm jvf rt. (bCv } 3)
nckvfQ znkD bfvD mcwdvsjv ipc; mcndtsmv bq. jfvB Hsq zQwDhflD;
idkv siasm iidksj zQwDfib jsv hQ W jsv jj mf'hCslv hflsk zbA
hfdkt mf'hClsj wvDj. (zhwA znkD rstW sjfb mcwdvsjv nfsK sjfb mcndtm
bfvDv dhhfr ShL bq.)
i[fsv hAdHyfdvBD pdl kWhf jsv iajk
x mcndtm bfvD rq, kfrst j mfdnj
zsi[fv iv ksh kfsj dhhfr jvf ShL rsk ifsv. oHG rst oHGfhfq dhhfrhb wc bq. ianshv iv dhhfr rsk rsh. (} 2/780)
iaw } j nfsK 5de hf kfvW shdw mdrtfsj Dvsi vfJf hL dj?

dj?
v } ntfmD dhLfsb iasqfusb 4de mdrtfsj j nmq Dvsi vfJf pfq. kfv shdw
123
124
---- DbD iaswfv ---bq. mrfb zffr hstsYb,

. ?/ *. B . K -. *K V b
W 2. <
2 *. 7,%b
> L2 *. 8. . C L> 7Wv> j a, g^ 2 V/ 8, _ y
> / h3. }
g^ 2 . / 2 T
2 > . V/ b
W , . I/ 2 J
/ b
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> / 3 L2 . ). , .
. 2 r, .
B 7 EF { 7W7, a.
zKGf{, zfv skfmvf pdl zfwQjf jv sp, dikxrDbfslv iadk ncdhyfv jvsk ifvsh bf,
ksh dhhfr jv (fLDb) bfvDslv msLA pfsj skfmfslv Hft tfso; lc, dkb zKhf yfv.
zfv pdl zfwQjf jv sp, ncdhyfv jvsk ifvsh bf, ksh jubsj (dhhfr jv) zKhf
skfmfslv zdLjfvHc (Dk zKhf pchdlbD) lfnDsj (Dvsi hAhrfv jv). ef
skfmfslv i[ifdkk bf jvfv zdLjkv dbjehkGD. (dbnf } 3)
iaw } bfdkb hf icdkbsj EffYst zsbsj `doD' hst. kfrst kfslv nfsK dj
bfbf hf lflfv dhhfr hL?
v } bfdkb W icdksbv jfsY kfslv bfbf W lflf dikf vi hQ bfbf-lflfv jfsY

kfvf `jbAf' hf smsq vi. kfslv zfsifsn dhhfr hL bq hQ swaBDv Eff-irfnW
hL bq. mrfb zffr hstsYb,
B 7 EF {KKKKKV/ b
W a, . ). . V/ b
W a, P. *1 W V/ b
W / 2. J
/ *. K 0
,}
zKGf{, skfmfslv ubA rfvfm (dbdN) jvf rsqsY skfmfslv mfkfoB, jbAfoB||||||||.
(dbnf } 23)
iaw } D Kfjsk kfv shfbsj zKhf kfv hcbdU hf HfdUsj zKhf kfv Jftf hf
IcIcsj dhhfr
dhhfr jvf hL dj?
v } lc shfbsj nkDb hfbfsbf jcvzfbD dhLfsb dbdN. mrfb zffr hstsYb,
7 EF { f 0
> 1 f 7 _W ~2 . @
2 $. R 1 h3 w
. 2. / N2 *. g^ h. -3 / 8. y
/ pW -. / ). 7, . u
/ a. 2. }
B
zKGf{, (rfvfm jvf rsqsY) lc HdobDsj js dhhfr jvf; dj pf ok rsq sosY, kf
(LkGhA bq). dbyq zffr yvm [mfwDt, ivm lqftc. (dbnf } 23)
zfv rflDsnv dhLfsb IcIc-HfdU hf Jftf-hcbdUsj nkDb hfbfsk dbsNL jvf rsqsY.
(hcJfvD, mcndtm, dmwjfk 3160bQ)
iaw } sjfb sjfb nmq mb rq sp, sufviChj

G hv hf jsbsj dhhfsrv jfdhb
jfdhbhb-bfmf
hf kftfjG dhhfr hf
kftfj-is n jdvsq dhhfr hf kftfj slWqf rq. dj sufviChj
kftfj dj oBA?
v } sufviChj
G dhhfr hf kftfj oBA bq. Hq sldJsq hf mdjv mcsJ jfsj dhsq
j'sv nQnfv jvst hAdHyfv jvf rq. zbcvi kftfjW. sufviChj
G mcntmfb hfbfsbf
rst spmb sj mcndtm rsq pfq bf, sufviChj
G jcIvD jvfst spmb sj jfsIv rq bf,
skmdb dhhfr W kftfjW. mrfb zffr hstsYb,
125
---- DbD iaswfv ----1* ->b2 . 3

. 3 )> -q > . v
*, $, , N2 . o. 3 @
W -/ *. g^ h3 $> >
. h > / ). ->* $> R )> . _2 @
2 -.*}
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> . A .]. V/ P, 2 . $> R -. *K t
A[
. ~2 V/ P3 / 2. L2 f / &
. 3 _ b
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zKGf{, sj dhwfn jvfv isv zffrsj zDjfv jvst hQ zdhwfsnv ubA rlq
mc vfJst kfv iv zfidkk rsh zffrv sfL hQ kfv ubA vsqsY mrfwfd;
ksh kfv ubA bq, pfsj zdhwfsn hfLA jvf rsqsY, zKy kfv dy dhwfsn zdhyt.
(bfrXt } 106)
vnCt hstsYb, dbyq zffr zfmfv mskv Hct, dhmxk hQ pfv iv kfsj
dbvifq jvf rq, kfv (ifi)sj zdkm ([mf) jsvb. (hsb mfufr 2045bQ)
iaw } zfdm dhhfsrv hqnhqn-DBG jub LbD W svfoD mdrtf. zfdm jub
ncicvNsj dhhfr j'sv sjht Dv mpGflf sisk yf. zfdm zfmfv ikxj hfdVsk
Kfjsk. zfdm kfv dbje sjfb iajfv sJfvsifw lfhD jvh bf. sn sjht mfsU mfsU
zfmfv ns nf[f{ j'sv pfsh. kfv iaKm D zfsY. sn kfv Dv jfsY zfmfv jKf
sofib vfJsh. sn vfdu, zfdm vfdu, zfmfv zdHHfhjW vfdu. mb dhhfsr sjfb
nmnAf zfsY dj?
v } dhhfsrv sp njt wkG zfsY, kf iCvB rst mb dhhfr hL. zfibfv
zdHHfhj, nf[Dvi jmis[ lcub n{ hAd, slbsmfrv, dhhfsrv iayfv kAfdl.
sJfvsifw fmDv iv Ivp, dj zfidb kf sKsj kfsj mcd dlst kf hL rsh.
zfv kfv iaKm D v Jhv bf ufbst hf zbcmdk bf dlstW sjfb [dk rsh bf.
(hf)
iaw } zsbj nmq ipc if dhhfsrv iafh dlst smsq zKhf smsqv hfi
hst vl j'sv slq sp, iVf swN rst ksh dhsq rsh. ef dj hL?
v } ef hL bq. iVf sjfb Wuv bq. kfYfVf dhsqv isvW iVfswfbf yfdtsq
pfWqf pfq. zfv mrfbhD hstsYb, pfv Db W ydv skfmfslvsj mc jsv, kfv
nfsK (skfmfslv sYst djQhf smsqv) dhhfr lfW. pdl kf bf jv, ksh ixdKhDsk hV
dIkbf W m Ifnfl, dhO W zwfd nxd rsh. (dkvdmpD 1085bQ, hsb mfufr 1967bQ)
iaw } hv dHb slsw Kfjst sedtsIfsbv mfLAsm dhsq iVfst rsh dj?
v } dhhfsrv hAfifvef lc'de uDhsbv dyv-hb. nckvfQ sL]fjfhfduv zfwfq

sedtsIfb hf sbsev mfLAsm dhsq iVfsbf hL bq. zhwA hsvv dIsv zfnfv zfso
dhsq iVfsbf jf uvvD rst spJfsb sn Kfsj, snJfsbv idvdyk jfsj jDt hf
iadkdbdL hfdbsq dhsq iVfsbf pfq. (mfumft dIjdrt ntfmD)
iaw } dhhfsrv iv smfrv jJb Wqfsuh rq?
126
v } Dv ns nrhfn jvst, iwG jvst, dbuGbkf zhtb jvst zKhf

dhhfsrv iv mfvf sost smfrv Wqfsuh rq. sjht dhsq iVfst smfrv Wqfsuh rq
bf. ()
hQ jcmfvDv nmdk bf dbsq kfslv dhhfr slWqf pfsh bf. zfv jcmfvDv nmdk rt
smZb Kfjf. (hcJfvD, mcndtm, nrDr bfnf 3058, nrDr hsb mfufr 1516bQ)
iaw } bfhfdtjfv dhhfr dj bq?
iaw } dhsqsk hfi vfdu dYt bf. Hf l]fdVsq sKsj dhsq dlsqsY. ivhkGDsk zhwA
hfi vfdu rsq sosY. Jb sn dhsqv mfb jD?
iaw } zsbj hx zi hqsnv smsqsj dhsq jsv, ef dj wvDqsk hL?
iaw } zShL iaBsqv mfLAsm sjfesjfe-mAfsvu hf tfHtfH-mAfsvu hL dj? kfsk pdl

smsqv zdHHfhj nmk bf Kfsj, kfrst sn dhhfr hL dj?
v } slwDq zfsb nfhfdtjf rq 18 hYv iCBG rst. dj wvDqskv zfsb

nfhfdtjf rt sn smsq, pfv fHfdhjHfsh mfdnj v rsqsY. sn s[s kfv
zbcmdksm dhhfr dlst sjfb hfLf sb. zhwA smsq bf yfst sufviChj
G dhhfr
bq.
v } smsq W kfv zdHHfhj nmk Kfjst sn dhhfr hL.
iaw } bfm jvf hQswv sYst

sYst hf smsqv nfsK dj hQwhQw-idvyqrDb sYst hf smsqv
dhhfr bq?
v } sjfb sjfb mfbcN sHlfsHl-fb svsJ ipc if hf ifD rfkYfVf

jsv. zKy kf hL bq. mrfb zffr hstsYb,
7WL. . 8. > `. m> . N2 . )f 7, , V/ @
W ..
. . ?. W . @
2 . -K* VW@ . j 2y
. 1 h3
, 1 P. Ix 2 I. }
s u" 7 EF {F
A >y
. VA >. $. ^ 1 h3 V/ @
W j2 a/ 2 $> ^ . > V/ b
W *. . @
2 1 h3
zKGf{, sr mfbcN! zfdm skfmfslvsj nxd jsvdY j icvN W j bfvD rsk, isv
skfmfslvsj dhH jsvdY dhdH ufdk W sofs, pfsk skfmvf sj zisvvv nfsK
idvdyk rsk ifv. skfmfslv msLA hAd zffrv dbje zdLj mpGflfni sp
zdLj zffr-HDv. zffr nhdjYc ufsbb, nh djYcv Jhv vfsJb.(13)
zfv mrfbhD hstb, zffrv dbje nhsysq diaqkm hflf rt sn pfv ydv
nclv. (kfhfvfbD, nrDt ufsm' 179bQ)
hsb zffn
hstb, zffrv dbje nhsysq mpGflfni hAd sn, sp
nhsysq shwD ivsrpofv. zfv nhsysq y hQwDq stfj sn, pfv ydv nhsysq
nclv. (zft-zflfhct mcIvfl)
bhD hstb, pfv Db W ydv skfmfslvsj mc jsv, kfv nfsK (skfmfslv
sYst djQhf smsqv) dhhfr lfW. pdl kf bf jv (wcLcmf Db W ydv slsJ kfslv
dhhfr bf lfW hvQ Db hf ydv KfjstW sjhtmf hQw, vi hf Lb-nidv stfsH
dhhfr lfW), ksh ixdKhDsk hV dIkbf W m Ifnfl, dhO W zwfd nxd rsh.
(dkvdmpD 1085bQ, hsb mfufr 1967bQ)

iaw } smsq pfsj dhsq jvsk vfdu bq, kfv nfsK hfi sufviChj
G dhsq dlsk ifsv
dj?
v } hfi Kfjsk Hf wvqD zdHHfhj rsk ifsv bf. nckvfQ dhhfr bq.
ivhkGDsk vfdu rstW icbvfq dhsq iVfsk rsh. (mc) zbcvi pfvf ifdtsq dosq
smsqv zdHHfhsjv zbcmdk YfVf dhsq jsv kfslv zhf.
v } dhsqv iCshG sjfb pchj-pchkDv Hfthfnf jvf rfvfm. zk}iv zfsifsn

zhfL smtfdmwf W hAdHyfv jvf skf jfhDvf sofbfrv ipGfqHc. zfv hAdHyfv rt
100 yfhcj W jfvf-wfd sHfofv ifi. iv dhhfdrk rst mxkcAl ifWqfv
ipc. zk}iv sp mf-hfi jk mfqf-mmkfv nfsK mfbcN jsv, sn mf-hfsiv
mfKfq tfdK smsv syfsvv mskf ifdtsq dosq tfH-mAfsvu hf sjfeG-mAfsvu jsv! dj
sn dhsqsk smsqv hfi vfdu bf Kfjst dhsq rsh bf. spsrkc bhD hstsYb,
sp bfvD kfv zdHHfhsjv nmdk YfVf dbsu dbsu dhhfr jsv, kfv dhhfr
hfdkt, hfdkt, hfdkt. (zfrmfl, zfhC lfl, dkvdmpD, hsb mfufr, lfsvmD,
dmwjfk 3131 bQ)
mb syfvslv lfikA, dyv-hAdHyfsvv rq. spsrkc kfslv dhhfr bq.
iaw } mfmf-hfsiv iYlmskf dhsq jvf dj sYstv ubA uvvD? mfmf-hfi pJb
dbsuslv sjfb zfkDqzfkDq-hcv smsqv nfsK dhsq dlsk yfq, zKhf shdw iBlfkf Osvv
smsqv nfsK dhsq dlsk yfq, zKy sYstv iYl bf rq, kfrst dj kfslv hfLA rsq
sn dhsq jvf uvvD? Dblfv smsq pdl hfihfi-mf iYl bf jsv, kfrst sYst jD
jvsk ifsv?
v } sYstv sp smsq iYl bq, kfv nfsK sufv j'sv dhsq slWqf hfsiv ubA
ufsqp bq. hvQ hsvv nmdk bf Kfjst sufv j'sv dhsqv hb rsh bf. nckvfQ
sYst sn s[s hfsiv jKf mfbsk hfLA bq. hfi-mf dbsuslv fKG slJst hQ h
iYsl Dblfdvsj iafLfbA bf dlst sYst dbsu sn dhsq jvsk ifsv. () dj sp
smsq mf-hfsiv iYl bq, sn smsqsj dbsu dbsu dhsq j'sv Osv zfbst pdl kfvf
Osv ufqof bf slq, kfrst zhwA kf hV zbAfq. zhwA smsq Jfvfi hf znkD
rWqfv Ist pdl mf-hfi hfl nfsL, kfrst sn jKf dH.
hfi--yfyf, Hfiaw } ifD slJsk dosq ifDv jD jD slJf pfq? hv YfVf dj hsvv hfi
Hfhc hf hcbfW dj ifD slJsk ifsv?
v } smsq vfdu bf Kfjst jfsvf nfsK sufv j'sv dhsq slWqf wvDqknmk
bq. spsrkc mrfbhD hstsYb, zjcmfvDv ivfmwG hf uhfbD zbcmdk bf dbsq
v } ifD slJsk dosq hsvv ubA ifDv syrfvf, rfk W ifsqv ifkf slJf hL.
zsbsj hstsYb, sJftf mfKfW slJf pfq. ksh wkG rt, ifDsj dbsq dbuGbkf
127
128
---- DbD iaswfv ---zhtb jvf hL bq. hvQ kfv ns kfv sjfb ofbf icvN (hfi-Hf) zhwA
Kfjsh. hfi-mfsqvW dyk bq, kfslvsj sjfb vsm jfjD sYsV slWqf. mrfbhD
hstsYb, sjfb icvN spb sjfb shofbf bfvDv ns kfv nfsK ofbf icvN YfVf
zhwA dbuGbkf zhtb bf jsv. (hcJfvD W mcndtm, hf)
hv YfVf ifDsj zbA sjfb icvN, hsvv hfi-yfyf, Hf-hc hf hcbf slJsk
ifsv bf. i[fsv smsq pdl shilGf rq zKhf hv pdl ilGf-dhsvfLD rq, kfrst zfv
Iskfqf djsnv?
iaw } zsbj sYst zfsY, pfvf dhsqv zfso rhc hsj slJsk tf jsv hQ
hst, `mf`mf-shfb slJst psK. kfslv iYl rst zfmfvW iYl rsq pfsh.' ef dj
dEj?
v } rt sn sYstslv jKf, pfvf dbsuv mf-shfbsj yvm waf W Hd jsv.
dj kfv Ist dbsuv uDhsbv jde mrfIfqnftfv nmsq kfslv zH nfuf dEj
bq. hvQ zH nfusk rst kfslv sKsjW shdw diaq mrfbhD -v nfusk rq.
dkdb hstsYb, pJb skfmfslv sj sjfb mdrtfsj dhhfr iafh slq, kJb pdl
iafshv ubA kfsj slsJ, ksh kf lCNBDq bq; pdlW mdrtf kf ufbsk bf
ifsv. (dntdntfr nrDrfr 97bQ)
j mdrtfv nfsK mcoDvfr dhb 'hfrv dhsqv jKf ifjf rt. dkdb k]fsj htstb,
kfsj slsJ bfW. jfvB kfsk shdw zfwf jvf pfq sp, skfmfslv Hfthfnf dyvfqD
rsh. (zfrmfl 4/244, 246, dkvdmpD 1087bQ, bfnf 6/69, hsb mfufr
866bQ) nckvfQ dbslGswv isv mf-shfsbv slJfsj iafLfbA slWqf fbD pchsjv
dyk bq. pfsk kfsj isv ifsk bf rq hQ mf-shfsbv OfsV slfN yfdisq kfslv
iadk zHd bf yst zfsn. spsrkc dhsqv zfso slsJ ziYl rst kfsj huGb jvfv
ncspfo Kfjsh, dj dhsqv isv sn ncspfo dhvt.
iaw } pfsj dhsq jvh, kfsj kfv

kfv zufs tcdjsq slJsk ifdv dj?
---- DbD iaswfv ---iaw } bsousme hf hfolfsbv nmq hvjsbv zfQde ivf dj dEj?
v } de jde svfiDq W dhufkDq iaKf. mcndtmslv hL bq, dhufdkv

zbcnvB jvf.
iaw } zfmfslv dhhfr dEj rsq sosY. zfofmD hYv dhhfr rsh. kkdlb ipG
zfdm dj zfmfv rhc Dsj sedtsIfsbv mfLAsm Db dw[f dlsk ifdv? sjfb nfQnfdvj
zftfizftfi-zfstfybf jvsk ifdv dj?
v } ifD slJfv iv dhhfr dEj rsq sost zKhf ifjf jKf hf kfv dlb dv
rsq sost rhc Dv nfsK ilGfv nfsK hf sedtsIfsb zKhf iftfsiv mfLAsm DbD hf
nfQnfdvj sjfb zfstfybf jvf rfvfm bq. ksh kf rfvfsmv dlsj sesb dbsq spsk
ifsv. khcW pdl nkA zfidb rfvfsmv dlsj bf pfb, zKGf{ sjfb spZb dhNq hf siamHfthfnfv jKf zfstfybf bf jsvb---zfv kf zhwA jdEb---kfrst zfidb kf
jvsk ifsvb. bsy{ s[skv ifsw yvsk yvsk pdl s[skv IntW sJsk v
jsvb, kfrst zhwA zfidb sofbfrofv rshb.
iaw } jsbv mfdnj zhfq dj dhsq iVfsbf pfq?
v } jsbv mfdnj zhfq dhsq iVfsbfsk sjfb nmnAf sb. nmnAf rt, hfnv
vfsk fmD-nrhfn jvf. spsrkc kfsk vsqsY mrfifi.
iaw } dhsqv nmq tcLdb slWqf hL dj?
v } dhsqv nmq tc-tc JcwDv Ldb hL bq. nmq hv-jsbsj lczf dlsk
rq. (du)
iaw } dhhfsrv nmq Jfn mdrtfmdrtf-mrst sjht mdrtfslv nfmsb mdrtfvf bfysk
ifsv dj?
v } mdrtfslv bfsy zsbj iajfv dIkbfv zfwf zfsY. kf kf mjvr.
()
iaw } dhhfsrv nmq smsqvf sTft hfdusq ofb jvsk ifsv dj bf?
v } dhsqv zfso jsbsj slsJ sbWqf dhsLq. pfsk iYl-ziYl jvfv mskf
ncspfo rfkYfVf bf rsq pfq. nckvfQ pdl sj dhhfr jvfv iff dbqsk dbu ifDsj
kfv W kfv zdHHfhsjv zufs sofisb sKsj tcdjsq slsJ, kfrst kfW ShL. ksh
mb fb sKsj tcdjsq slJf ShL bq, spJfsb sn kfv jf sofibDq z iajfw
jvsk ifsv. zkh cstv isK hf sjfb zfkDqv hfdVsk sKsjW slJf pfq. diaq
bhD hstb, pJb skfmfslv sj sjfb vmBDsj dhhfr iafh slq, kJb pdl
iafshv ubA kfsj slsJ, ksh kf lCNBDq bq; pdlW vmBD kf ufbsk bf ifsv.
v } sjht mdrtfslv nfmsb rst W sjht kfslv jfsb sost `lcI' (jmcsJf
sTftj) hfdusq hL ofb ofWqf pfq. (nfIf) kfv mfsb shofbf icvNslv nfmsb hf
kfslvsj dbsq ofst zKhf kfv ns sTft hf zbA sjfb dmduj rst zKhf ofb
zwDt hf dwjGD hf dhlzfkD rst ytsh bf.
nfrfhD ufshv dhb zfcfr hstb, `zfdm j kvBDsj dhhfsrv iafh dlst kfsj
slJfv ubA tcdjsq Kfjkfm. swN ipG zfdm kfv sn snZlpG slJtfm, pf zfmfsj
dhhfr jvsk {nfdrk jvt. zk}iv zfdm kfsj dhhfr jvtfm. (dn} nrDrfr 99bQ)
iaw } dhhfsrv iv mdrtfmdrtf-mrst hvhv-jsbsj `jEf]' jvf hL dj? sJA sp,

snJfsb hsvv nfsK kfv hcbff-hcW Kfsj. snJfsb hvhv-jsbsj dbsq yst bfbf
stfjfyfv, bfbf jDdkG.
129
130
(dn} nrDrfr 97bQ)
iaw } dhhfsr lcI hfdusq ofb smsqvf ofsk ifsv, dj jkdlb? sjfbX dlsb
oDk hf ofb ofWqf pfq?
v } dhhfsrv iayfv vi lcI hfdusq zKhf bf hfdusq hL oDk hfnsvv vfsk

ofWqf dhsLq. YfVf zbA dlsb ofWqfv zbcmdk sb. ()
v } hfdVv dHksv shilGf smsqslv mb `jEf]' zfyfv hL bq. wvDqsk

mb shrfqfdmv nmKGb sb. (hf, , du)
iaw } zfmfv fmD hV jxiB. zfmfv hAfifsv hQ zfmfslv sYstsmsqv hAfifsv

efjf--iqnf dbsq Jvy
iqnf Jvy jvsk hV jxiBkf jsv. Jb kfv zufs pdl efjf
jdv, kfrst snef dj ycdv rsh?
iaw } D dj dbuGsb sjht fmDsj bfbf zz-Hdv nfsK bfy slJfsk ifsv?
v } kfsk sjfb hfLf sb. (hfbD)
iaw } ofbofb-hfubf rfvfm. dj fmDfmD-D pdl sj zivsj swfbfq, kfrst kfsk

[dk zfsY dj?
v } fmD-D sj zivsj siasmv ofb sosq swfbfsk ifsv. ksh kfsk wkG
rt } spb kfv nfsK hfubf bf Kfsj hQ kfvf YfVf zbA sj kf bsk bf ifq.
mbdj kfslv nfbvfW kf bf swfsb. jfvB deW j iajfv iwG W ycsbv mskf
dmtsbv HCdmjf.
iaw } fmDv rfsk zfQde hf Dv rfsk ycdV

dV vfJf dj uvvD? kf Jcst sItst dj
sjfb zmt hf dhislv zfwf zfsY?
v } lfiskAv dyrvi rfsk zfQde slWqf hL bq. jfvB kf zmcndtmslv

zfyvB. () rfskv snZlspGv ubA mdrtfslv ycdV ivf hL. ksh kfsk dhwfn
vfJf zmCtj sp, kf Jcst sItst fmDv sjfb zmt Oesh.
iaw } zfmfslv dhhfsrv dlsb zfdm dj zfmfv Dsj sjfb irfv dlsq mxdkyfvBf
j'sv JcwD jvsk ifdv?
v } lvuf Jcst slWqf dEj msb jdv bf. jfvB LDsv LDsv kf dhufdkv
`rfdbmcb' W `dhhfr-hfdNGjD' iftsbv iaKf drnfsh iftb v rsq pfsh. nckvfQ
iakAr bf ifvstW zdbdlG dlsb sjfb irfv siw j'sv JcwD jvf pfq. bsy{
mcndtm lidkv skf nhGlf sJfw Kfjfv jKf. () mrfbhD hstb, nhGswa D
rt sn, pfv dlsj kfv fmD kfjfst kfsj sJfw j'sv slq, pfsj sjfb zfslw jvst
kf iftb jsv hQ sn kfv dbsuv hAfifsv hQ fmDv mfstv hAfifsv sjfb
ziYlbDq dhvfyvB jsv bf. (zfrmfl, bfnf)
iaw } D dj jct[Bf rsk ifsv?
v } mrfbhD hstsYb, pdl sjfb djYcsk jct[B Kfsj, kfrst kf zfsY

bfvD, hfdV W nWqfvD (ofdV)sk. (hcJfvD)
HfoAslfsN mb jct[Bf D sn fmDv ncJD uDhbsj lc}Jmq j'sv kctsk ifsv.
ksh sn s[s kjlDsvv iv dhwfn svsJ zffrv iv idviCBG Hvnf vfJsk rq.
zffrv vnCt hstb, djYcsj zH t[B hst msb jvf dwjG. djYcsj jciqf
msb jvf dwjG, djYcsj jct[B msb jvf dwjG. dj zfmfslv msLA mb sj sb
pfv msb jcLfvBf usm bf. ksh zffr (k]fv iv) kfWqfct (Hvnfv) Ist kf
(zfmfslv rlq sKsj) lCv j'sv slb. (zfrmfl1/389, 440, zfhC lfl 3910,
dkvdmpD, hsb mfufr, hsb drfb, rfsjm iamcJ, dn} nrDrfr 430bQ)
131
v } fmD pdl nkA-nkA jxiB rq hQ hfsh pdl D W sYstsmsqslv

zKGfHfsh j rq, kfrst kfv zufs kfv zKG dbsq iasqfusb Jvy jvf hL. ksh
kf spb iasqfusbv zdkdv bf rq. zdLj dhtfdnkf jvfv ubA bf rq. zKhf zbA
sjfb zfkDqsj slWqfv ubA bf rq. jlf zfhC ncIqfsbv D drlX bhD -sj
htstb sp, `zfhC ncIqfb jub jxiB stfj. zfdm kfv nil sKsj (kfv
zufs) pf djYc db, kf YfVf sn zfmfv W zfmfv nfbsj ipGf idvmfsB Jvy slq
bf.' vfnCtcfr htstb, skfmfv W skfmfv nfsbv iasqfub smfkfshj Jvy
(kfv zufs) dbsk ifv. (hcJfvD W mcndtm)
iaw } zfmfv fmD zfmfsj Hfthfsn bf. jKfq jKfq zfmfsj oftfofdt jsv,
mfvLvW jsv. sYstsmsq hQ dbje W lCsvv mfbcsNv jfsY zfmfsj zimfdbkf
jsv. dj sn zfhfv bfmfpW isV. ncJ-wfdv ubA zfdm Jb jD jvsk ifdv?
v } (1) zfidb LpG Lvb hQ ofdt W mfsvv hltf sbWqf sKsj lCsv Kfjcb.
(2) zffrv jfsY bfmfsp lczf jvb, spb zffr zfibfv fmDsj n{wDt hfbfq.
(3) sjb zfibfsj oftfofdt hf mfvLv jvsY, kfv jfvB zfdhjfv jvb. zfidb
htsYb, `sn bfmfpD.' kfrst zfwf jdv, sn ifot bq hQ mfljhAW snhb jsv
bf. kfrst sjb Jfsmfjf zfibfsj oftfofdt jvsh? sHsh slJcb, slfN zfibfv
msLA sb skf? zfibfv ifdvifeA, nfusofu hf nmqfbchdkGkfsk sjfb de sb
skf? zfidb dj zfibfv fmDv nh yfdrlf dmefsk sisvsYb? zfidb dj sn D, pfv
hAfifsv mrfbhD hstsYb, nhGswa D rt sn, pfv dlsj kfv fmD kfjfst kfsj
sJfw j'sv slq, pfsj sjfb zfslw jvst kf iftb jsv hQ sn kfv dbsuv
hAfifsv hQ fmDv mfstv hAfifsv sjfb ziYlbDq dhvfyvB jsv bf.
(zfrmfl, bfnf) zfidb rqskf sjfb sjfb hAfifsv kfv mskv nfsK mk dmtfsk
ifvsYb bf. zfidb rqskf yfsYb, sn zfibfv msk ytcj. zKy hL dhNsq kfv
zfbcokA jvf zfibfv ubA Wqfsuh. sn zfibfv jkGf, zKy zfidb rqskf kfsj
dbsuv jkGf hst smsb dbsk ifvsYb bf. zfv kfv ubA sn zfibfv iadk Jff.
zfidb rqskf kfv mcsJv Wiv mcJ slb, kfv iadk mcJ yftfb. zfv kfv ubA sn
zfibfsj mfvLv jsv. pf srfj, jfvB dbBGq j'sv fbD smsqv mskf kfv hfLA rsq
pfb. zfv sk dbsusj sYfe msb jvshb bf. jfvB, fmDv mpGflfv jfsY iaskAj
D sYfe; pdlW D Lsb, hQsw W dw[fq fmDv kctbfq hV rq. jKf smsb dbsk
ifvst zfibfslv ncJ-wfdv hfofsb zfhfv hn dIsv zfnsh.
iaw } dhhfsrv yfv mfn iv zfmfv Dv nfsK zfmfv mfsqv msbfmfdtbA v rsq
sot. j nmq zwfd j'sv sn mfsqv Ov yst sot. zk}iv icbvfq sn zfmfslv
132
---- DbD iaswfv ---hfdV zfnsk yft bf. sn htt, `pdl zfmfsj dbsq zfidb zbA sjfKfW zKhf
zfmfv hfsiv hfdVsk Kfjsk ifsvb, kfrst nQnfv jvh. bsy{
bsy{ bf. Jb zfdm jD
jdv? zfmfv mfmf-hfi hsqv dJlmk yfq. dj zfmvf zwfd yf bf. Jb wfd
hufq vfJfv ubA pdl zbA sjfKfW mfmf-hfisj sYsV HfVfHfVf-hfdVsk hfn jdv, kfrst
dj zfdm sofbfrofv rh? bfdj zfdm Dsj kftfj dlsq slh?
v } nQnfsvv de jde mrfnmnAf. mf W hsqv sJqft-Jcdwv mfsU icvN
dlswrfvf rsq pfq. mfsqv mb v[f jvf uvvD. zfhfv dhbf ipGf jfvsB kftfj
slWqfW rfvfm. nckvfQ swN iK ef sp, zfidb h dbsq zbA hfn jvb, mfsqv
nQnfv sKsj ixKj rsq pfb. ksh mf-hfsiv ncdhLf-zncdhLfv jKf Hctshb bf.
zfibfv fvf pkef nh, zfidb kkef kfslv dJlmk jvshb. ifvst kfslv ubA
lfnD svsJ sbshb. ()
iaw } hfihfi-mfsqv zfslw iftb jvf Wqfsuh. dj kfvf pdl h kftfj dlsk
hst, kfrst jvBDq jD?
v } hfi-mfsqv zfslw iftb jvf Wqfsuh. dj kfvf pdl zbAfq zfslw
jsv, kfrst kf iftb jvf rfvfm. nckvfQ h kftfj dlsk htst jfvB ufbsk
rsh. jfvB pdl ndEj rq hQ sn jfvsB h kftfj slWqf Wqfsuh rq, kfrst
hcUfsbfv iv kftfj slsh. i[fsv jfvB pdl ndEj bf rq, sjht hsqv iadk
NGfhwk} rq, kfrst kftfj slWqf hL bq. icvNsj ivD[f dlsk rsh nQnfsvv
mf-hsqv s. wvDqk rsh ndEj Ifqnftflfkf. sjfb zfsho hf siam, sjfb
NGf hf drQnf zKhf sjfb ifdKGh stfH-tftnf spb icvNsj jfsvf iadk zbAfqfyvsB
hfLA bf jsv.
---- DbD iaswfv ---fB y

> . @
2 V/ P, 28/ N2 1 h VW@ I1 h3 . V/ P, NW , / . -, %
/ 1 * / h3 i2 . H
/ y
. V/ @
W . g/2 7W8, j a. g2 . }
EF {fF> @
2
zKGf{, skfmfslv nfbslvsj skfmvf lfdvlaA-Hsq rkAf jsvf bf, dm
kfslvsj uDhsbfijvB dlsq Kfdj hQ skfmfslvsjW. dbyq kfslvsj rkAf jvf
mrfifi. (hfbD naft } 31)
iaw } oHG-dbsvfLj eAfhste hAhrfv hL dj?
v } mcndtsmv dyk, nQJAf-hxdsk wvDqskv swAsj nIt jvf. khcW pdl

zdk iasqfub isV, spmb mdrtf pdl svfof rq, iaskAj hYv nfb rWqfv Ist
zdk lcht
G rsq isV, zKhf zbA sjfb nmnAf Kfsj, kfrst eAfhste hAhrfv j'sv
nfmdqjHfsh nfb h vfJsk ifsv. zhwA sn nfsK fmDv zbcmdk W Fffsvv
ivfmwGW uvvD. i[fsv uDhbrfdbv zfwf YfVf dyvksvv ubA oHGLfvsBv iK
h j'sv slWqf hL bq. ()
iaw } seeX-deshv mfLAsm oHG

oHG-nfv jvf dj hL?
v } hDpG fmDv rstW kf seeX-deshv msLA svsJ D osHG vfJsk dosq kfv
tffb sJftf pfq, kf iwG jvf rq kAfdl. zfmfv msk hst fmD-Dv dyk,
jfu bf j'sv zffrv kjlDsv n Kfjf. (du)
iaw } jxdmHfsh nfb sbWqfv dhLfb jD?
{Ws7 b }
zKGf{,mb h uDh-u zfsY, pfvf dbsuslv vpD hrb jsv bf; zffr
Wslvsj hQ skfmfslvsj vpD lfb jsvb. zfv dkdb nhGswafkf, nhGfkf.
(zfbjfhCk } 60)
p 7 EF {V/ D, I1 h3 . V/ b
W NW , / . -, %
/ 1 2 */ h -/ *K VW@. g2 / 2 7W8, j a. g2 . }
zKGf{, lfdvslav jfvsB skfmvf skfmfslv nfbslvsj rkAf jsvf bf. zfdm
skfmfslvsj W kfslvsj uDdhjf dlsq Kfdj. (bXm } 151)
jxdm ifsq nfb iaubb mCtk} lcHfsh rsq Kfsj }

(j) zfHAdvj iaubb. zfv kf Hfsh rq sp, icvsNv hDpG dndvsv nfrfspA
bfvDv oHGfwsq dhswN idksk vfJf rq.
(J) hfdrAj iaubb. zfv kf Hfsh rq sp, bfvD-icvsNv hDpG dbdlG seeXdesh dbsq dmtb Oefsbfv iv pKfnmsq bfvDv oHGfwsq vfJf rq.
lc idkv iaubb zbcnfsv Yq Hfsh nfb sbWqf rsq Kfsj. ntfmD
wvDqsk kfv djYc hL, djYc zShL.
iaKmk} zfHAdvj iaubb }1. nsmv nmq fmDv hDpG Dv oHGfwsq jfvBhwk} bf si]ZYst kf dbsq dndvsv
nfrfspA Dv oHGfwsq fib j'sv nfb sbWqf.
2. fmDv hDspG jDe bf Kfjst zbA sjfb icvsNv hDpG dbsq dndvsv nfrfspA
Dv oHGfwsq fib j'sv nfb sbWqf.
dkDqk} hfdrAj iaubb }3. fmD-Dv hDpG dbsq seeX-desh svsJ dmtb Odesq pKfnmsq kf Dv oHGfwsq
fib j'sv nfb sbWqf.
133
134
iaw } nfb shdw rst mfbcN ovDh rsq pfsh. jKf htf dj dEj?
v } zhwA dEj bq. jfvB vpDv mfdtj zffr. sj jfsvf vpDv lfdqk
dbsk ifsv bf. mrfb zffr hstb,
xV, >. E, > 1 7. D, . V/ @
W I1 h3 . P. NW , / I. !
W P. N2 / 3 `, > %
/ a. 2 iM )1 . -/ *> -/ IK X2 @
2 . z
4. Dv oHGfwq nc, dj kfv dFfBc bf Kfjfv Ist fmDv hDpG hQ zbA sjfb
mdrtfv dFfBc dbsq iaubb seeX-desh dmtb Odesq Dv oHGfwsq fib j'sv
nfb sbWqf.
5. fmDv hDspG jDe bf Kfjst hQ Dv oHGfwq nc, dj kfv dFfBc bf
Kfjfv Ist zbA icvsNv hDpG hQ zbA sjfb mdrtfv dFfBc dbsq iaubb seeXdesh dmtb Odesq Dv oHGfwsq fib j'sv nfb sbWqf.
6. Dv oHGfwq nfb LfvsB z[m rst zKhf oHG-LfvsBv j hvB bf jvsk
yfst fmD-Dv hDpG dbsq seeX-desh svsJ dmtb Odesq pKfnmsq kf zbA sjfb
mdrtfv oHGfwsq fib j'sv nfb sbWqf.
nvfndv hAdHyfv YfVf Yq ifsq nfb oarB iaydtk vsqsY dhswv h slsw
hQ sn ubA hDpG-hAfW iadkdk rsqsY.
dj ntfmD wvDqskv lxdsk swaBDv nfb sbWqfv dhLfb dbmvi }sjht dhtfdnkfv ubA jxdm idksk nfb sbWqf ntfsm hL rsk ifsv bf.
jfvB, ipGf jfvB hAdksvsj fmD YfVf zbA sjfb icvsNv dbje Dv tffb
iajfw jvf hL bq. kfYfVf dydj{nfv ubA iaKmk} mcndtm mdrtf Fffsvv nfrfpA
oarB jvf Wqfsuh. kf bf ifWqf sost zmcndtm mdrtf Fffv. kf bf ifWqf sost
mcndtm icvN Fffv. idvswsN kfW bf ifWqf sost zmcndtm icvN Fffsvv jfsY
dydj{nf jvfsbf hL. kfskW sjfb icvN Fffsvv nfsK sjfb vsm jfdjbD dydj{nf
jvfsbf hL bq. uvvD rt, sn vsm kfv fmD zKhf zbA sjfb mdrtf Kfjsh.
hAk lCvDjvsBv sswA mcndtm mdrtfv Fffsvv jfsY pfWqf hL. ksh nfb
oarsBv Yqde idkv msLA sjht iaKm W kxkDq idk hAhrfv jvf hL. zfv
Hq idksk sp nfb rsh, kf rsh hL nfb.
dj zhdw 2, 4, 5 W 6bQ idksk iaudmk nfb hL nfb rsh bf. spsrkc
kfsk hQsw zbA hQswv zShL nQdmwaB Ose.
idvswsN nkjGkfv dhNq sp, jf iasqfub YfVf spb mcndtm lc'de hL
idkW zhtb bf jsv, jfvB kfskW seeX-deshv mfLAsm zfk-idvyq
fBcv zbciashw Oefv zfwf Kfsj. (mfudtnct mfumft dIjrD)
pfq sp, jk jbAfv dikfmfkf ncJD hQ jk icsv dikfmfkf dyvlc}JD. kfrst

zffrv iv Hvnf svsJ k]fv slWqf Hfo W HfoA dbsq dj n rWqf dyk bq?
iv jbAf-nfb ziYl jvf ufsrtD pcsov zfyvB. mrfb zffr hstsYb,
3 7/ j2 -. *> 6. .78. I. EF VA
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iaw } zsbj icvN zfsY, pfslv jbAfjbAf-nfb rst Dsj slfN slq, kfsj OxBf
jvsk v jsv. zfv dkDq W kxkDq
Dq rst skf svrf sb. mb icvNslv hAfifsv
wvDqskv dhLfb jD?
v } db}nslsr zfyvB hkGmfsbv iB W spZkcj iaKfv jvft oafsnv dwjfv

rWqfv zfwfq lcht
G mfsbv mfbcN fvf Ose Kfsj. zfv sp fmD jbAf ianh jvfv
ubA Dsj lfqD jsv, kfv fbW lcht
G . jfvB, hDu skf kfv. udmv slfN jD?
kfYfVf jbAf kfv ubA Hft rsh bf ml, kf hf sn ufbt jD j'sv? nmfsu slJf
*. B . g2 2 > . 8x C L> $, x , I. / 2 7 D,
2. $, b
W > / I, 2 $> )> . H
K ), *. B> 7 , - *>
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zKGf{, kfsj sp nQhfl slWqf rq, kfv ofdb srkc sn dbu nialfq rsk
zfksofib jsv; sn dyf jsv sp, rDbkf nsW sn kfsj svsJ slsh, bf mfdesk
ics] k slsh. nfhLfb! kfvf pf dnf jsv, kf jk bf dbjx. (bfrXt } 59)
iaw } sjfb tie pdl wftD hf wfVDv

wfVDv nfsK zKhf ichLCv nfsK hAdHyfv jsv,
kfrst kfv dhhfdrk D rfvfm rsq pfsh dj?
v } sk sjfb nslr sb sp, sjfb mfrvfsmv nfsK hAdHyfv jvf nhsysq hV
hAdHyfv. dj sjfb zShL nijG hL nijGsj dY jvsk ifsv bf. zShLHfsh
dmtb Oefst sn kfv D rsq pfq bf hQ kfv mf hf smsq Dv hb sKsj
qQdqHfsh mc rsq pfq bf.
mrfb zffr jfsj jfsj dhhfr rfvfm---sn jKf htfv iv hstsYb,
{. %
> L> . *, . / ~2 . > > %
/ *x VWb> .7*/ X2 )> 7 , 8. / a. 2 V/ b
W > . B. . *1 V b
W 2 `1 0
> W . }
B EF
zKGf{, zKGf{, ddJk bfvDoB hAkDk zfv njtsj dhhfr jvf skfmfslv ubA ShL
jvf rt; wskG sp, skfmvf kfslvsj dbu nislv dhdbmsq dhhfsrv mfLAsm oarB
jvsh, zShL spZb-nisjGv mfLAsm bq. (dbnf } 24)
snJfsb hL dmtsbv Ist zsbj mdrtf rfvfm rWqfv jKf htf rsqsY, dj zShL
dmtb hAdHyfsvv Ist sj rfvfm rsh dj bf, sn jKf hstbdb. nckvfQ hcUf pfq sp,
mdrtfoB YfVf zbA sj rfvfm bq. rflDsn djYc mdrtfv rfvfm rWqfv jKf htf rstW
hAdHyfsvv Ist rfvfm rWqfv jKf htf rqdb. zKy ufsrtD pcso hAdHyfsvv iasjfi Jch
shdw dYt. nckvfQ hcUf pfq sp, sjfb zidh nijG sjfb idh nisjGv hbsj LQn
jvsk ifsv bf. (} 7/90, zfpWqft hfqfb 6/341, mcmsk' 5/203)
iaw } jub fmD kfv Dsj

sj `mf' hst `dprfv' jsvsY. zk}iv kfsj kftfj
dlsqsY. kfsj dj dprfsvv jfIXIfvf zflfq jvsk rsh?
v } kftfj slWqfv iv dprfsvv jfIXIfvf zflfq jvsk rsh bf. spsrkc sn
zfv Dsj iwG jvsh bf. mrfb zffr hstb,
2 `3 / N2 - *K iM . N2 . , I3 %
/ 8. L2 7W N2 . > . , 7 , I. V1 r, V/ P3 m> . K - *> . , D>
2 I, -. I>]^ .}
EF { 1 . 8. I.
135
136
zKGf{, pfvf dbsuslv Dslv nfsK `dprfv' jsv hQ isv kfslv d iakAfrfv
jsv, kfrst (v iafqdy) sj zivsj iwG jvfv iCshG jde lfsnv mcdlfb.
v fvf skfmfslvsj nlcislw slWqf rsY. zfv skfmvf pf jv, zffr kfv Jhv
vfsJb. (mcuflftfrX } 3)
nckvfQ Dsj iwG bf jvsk rst, jfIXIfvf slWqfv iasqfub sb.
*. w
, / > L2 i [
. I3 L2 -1 P, 2 V/ 8, }
/ . L2 / N2 . -1 D, 7x . a. 2 `3 / N2 - *> -1 D, 7 , 8, j ^<
2 3h. }
iaw } sjfb rkHfof fmD Dsj `kc zfmfv mf hf mfsqv mskf' htst `dprfv'
rq. dj sjfb rkHfoD D pdl fmDsj `kcdm zfmfv hfi hf hfsiv mskf' hst,
kfrst kfv dhLfb jD?
v } s[s mdrtfv i[ sKsj `dprfv' rsh bf. sjht mdrtfsj jnsmv
jfIXIfvf zflfq jvsk rsh. (hf)
iaw } pdl sjfb D kfv fmDsj hst, `zfdm skfmfv dbje sKsj zffrv ifbfr
yfdY' kfrst dj kfsj Dvsi vfJf pfsh?
v } D dbu fmD sKsj zffrv ifbfr yfst zffrv bfsmv kf'pDm j'sv
kfsj kf slWqf Wqfsuh. mrfbhD hstsYb, sj zffrv zfwaq iafKGbf jvst,
kfsj zfwaq lfW. zfv sp zffrv bfsm pff jvsh, kfsj lfb jv. (zfhC lfl,
bfnf) k]fv j D k]fv dbje sKsj zffrv ifbfr yfst dkdb hstdYstb, kcdm
dhwft nfv ifbfr sysqY. nckvfQ kcdm skfmfv mfsqv hfdV yst pfW. (hcJfvD
5254bQ)
iaw } fmDv dbje sKsj jJb kftfj sbWqf hL hQ jJb Wqfsuh?
v } pJb fmD mb jfu jvsh, pf jfhDvf sofbfr hQ kf jcIvD bq, hcUfsbfv

isvW mfbsk yfsh bf, kJb kftfj sbWqf hL. spmb hAdHyfv, mlifb kAfdl.
dj sp jfu jvfv Ist mfbcN ntfm sKsj Jfdvu rsq pfq, kfv nfsK nQnfv jvf
hL bq. kWhf bf jvst sn s[s kftfj sbWqf Wqfsuh. spmb mfpfv pfWqf, dwjG
jvf, Db, zffr hf k]fv vnCtsj ofdt slWqf, bfmfp kAfo jvf kAfdl. ()
iaw } kftfj fmDv rfsk slWqf rt sjb? D kftfj dbsk ifsv, dlsk ifsv bf
sjb?
v } spsrkc icvN mdrtfv kctbfq fsb ifjf, sfsLv nmq shdw LpGwDt.
bsy{ Dv rfskW kftfj Kfjst nfmfbA Ufsmtfsk sn `skfmfsj kftfj' hst
dhhfr dhsYl Odesq Kfjk. spmb zsbj mdrtf nfmfbA djYc rst svso hst hsn,
`zfmfsj kftfj lfW, zfdm skfmfv Hfk Jfh bf' kAfdl.
iaw } dhsq iVfsbfv iv fmDfmD-Dv slJfslJf-nf[f{ rWqfv zfso pdl fmD kfv Dsj
kftfj slq, kfrst D dj smfrv
smfrv ifWqfv zdLjfv vfsJ?
v } smfrv h]fLf rst zsLGj smfrv ifsh. h]fLf bf rst djYc Jvy-i ifsh.
zfv kfv sjfb k sb. mrfb zffr hstsYb,
137
g2 . 6.7 j 81 > , . N 2 7W_/ a. 2 . 3 b

2 K W . j , o> > . )> >]^ 7. _W / I. / 2 . 7W_/ I. 2 g^ h. V/ 8, }
/ . L2
j 7 EF {F
A > ). . 7W. / a. . )> $. R 1 h3 V/ b
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zKGf{, pdl iwG jvfv iCshG Dslv kftfj lfW, zKy smfrv iCshG LfpG jsv Kfj,
kfrst dbdlG smfrsvv zsLGj zflfq jvsk rsh. dj pdl D zKhf pfv rfsk
dhhfr-hb, sn pdl mfI j'sv slq, (kfrst k jKf.) zhwA skfmfslv mfI
j'sv slWqf zfknQpsmv dbjekv. skfmvf dbsuslv msLA nrfbcHCdk (W
mpGflfv) jKf dhmxk rsqf bf. dbyq skfmvf pf jv, zffr kfv nmAj laf.
(hfjfvfr } 237)
-1 D, 7x . a. 2 `3 / N2 - *> -1 D, 7 , 8, j ^<
2 V1 r, s
> . *> Z/ , V, 8, %
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f . . -1 D, 7,0K . . -1 D, 7 , 8K . L2 P. . x 8. / a. M 1 > -/ *> -1 P3 / 2. V/ b
W 2 . L2
Q0p 7
zKGf{, sr dhwfdnoB! skfmvf dhwfnD vmBDslvsj dhhfr jvfv iv Wslvsj iwG
jvfv iCshG kftfj dlst skfmfslv ubA kfslv sjfb iftbDq k sb. nckvfQ
skfmvf Wslvsj djYc nfmoaD ialfb jv hQ snZusbAv nfsK Wslvsj dhlfq jv.
(rXpfh } 49)
iaw } sjfb fmD pdl Dsj mdj dlsq hst, `kcdm zmcsjv hfdV sost skfmfsj
kftfj.' zk}iv D kf zmfbA j'sv zmcsjv hfdV yst sost kftfj rsq pfsh dj?
v } kftfj dbHGv jvsY fmDv dbqskv iv. fmDv swA pdl nkA
kftfj slWqfv Kfsj, kfrst kftfj rsq pfsh. kftfsjv dbqk bf Kfjst hQ D
pfsk zmcsjv hfdV bf pfq, sn hAfifsv Hq slJfsbfv swA Kfjst kftfj rsh bf.
ksh s[s jnsmv jfIXIfvf zflfq jvsk rsh. (du)
iaw } zfdm Dsj hstdYtfm, `kcdm skfmfv slftfHfsqv hfdV sost skfmfsj
kftfj.' zk}iv sn zfmfv jKf mfsbdb, sn kfv slftfHfsqv hfdV sosY. Jb dj
kftfj rsq pfsh? Jb zfmfv jvBDq jD?
v } zhfLA hsj hfLA jvfv ubA kftfsjv mdj slWqf pfq, dj kfsj uDhb
sKsj ndvsq slWqfv nQji bf Kfjst kftfj dlsq sItsk rq bf. khcW dbqk pdl
uDhb sKsj ndvsq slWqfv hQ kftfj slWqfv Kfsj, kfrst kftfj rsq pfsh.
skv msLA kfsj pKfdbqsm dIdvsq dbsk rsh. i[fsv kfsj sjht wHfsh hfLf
slWqfv dbqk Kfjst hQ kftfsjv dbqk zfslZ bf Kfjst kftfj rsh bf. hvQ kfv
mfb rsh jnsmv. sn s[s jnsmv jfIXIfvf zflfq jvsk rsh.
iaw } zfdm mfsqv hfdVsk dYtfm. fmD hstdYt, `zfu kcdm hfdV bf dIvst,
skfmfsj kftfj.'
kftfj.' zfdm hfdV dIvsk yftfm. dj zfmfv Hf sul Lsv zfmfsj
138
---- DbD iaswfv ---dIvsk dlt bf. Jb zfmfv dj kftfj rsq sosY?
v } pdl zfibfv Hfsqv zfibfsj sufviChj

G zfesj vfJfv jKf nkA rq, kfrst
kftfj rsh bf. (mc) iv fmDv msb kftfsjv dbqk bf Kfjst hQ sjht kfjDl
swA rst kfsj jnsmv jfIXIfvf zflfq jvsk rsh.
iaw } fmD Yq mfn Dv ns ldrj nijG bf vfJst zfibfzfibf-zfidb kftfj rsq

pfq dj?
v } wvDqsk zfibf-zfidb kftfj bfsm sjfb kftfj sb. kftfj dlsk rq,
bf rq dbsk rq. Hq i[ nmk Kfjst Yq mfn sjb, Yq hYvW lCsv Kfjsk
ifsv. zhwA fmD dbsJ]fu rsq sost, sn jKf dH. dbsJ]fu rWqfv dlb sKsj iCBG yfv
hYv zsi[f jvfv iv zfsvf yfv mfn lwdlb fmD-mxkAc v k iftb j'sv D
dkDq fmD oarB jvsk ifsv. `dtzfb' rWqfv iv fmD-Dv mfsU zfibf-zfidb
dhhfr-dhsYl Ose. klbcvi dhhfr zShL iamfdBk rst, fmD-Dv jub mckfG l
rsq sost nfsK nfsK dhhfr-dhsYl Ose.
iaw } fmD dkDq dhhfr jsvsY hst dj iaKm Dv kftfj yfWqf hL; pdlW
hLHfsh wvDqknmk dhhfr rq?
rq?
v } wvDqskv wkG smsb lc'ubsj ncsJ vfJsk ifvst iaKmfv kftfj yfWqf
hL bq. spmb dkDqfv ubAW hL bq iaKmfsj kftfj dlsk fmDsj yfi slWqf.
mrfbhD hstb, sp Dstfj zjfvsB kfv fmDv dbje sKsj kftfj yfsh, sn
Dstfsjv ubA uffskv ncoW rfvfm rsq pfsh. (zfhC lfl 2226, dkvdmpD 1187,
hsb mfufr 2055bQ, hsb drfb, hfrfjD 7/316, nrDt ufsm' 2706bQ)
dkdb zfsvf hstb, sJftf kftfj iafdKGbD hQ dhhfr hb dYjfdvBDvf mcbfdIj

smsq. (zfrmfl, bfnf, hfrfjD, dntdntfr nrDrfr 632bQ)
bhD hstb, sjfb mdrtf kfv shfsbv (nkDsbv) kftfj yfsh bf; pfsk sn
kfv ifs pf zfsY, kf sTst sIst slq. (hQ jf fmD-siasmv zdLjfdvBD
rq.) (hcJfvD, mcndtm)
iaw } Dv mfdnj zhfq kftfj slWqf rfvfm. dj sjfbX nmsq mfdnj KfjstW
kftfj slWqf pfq?
v } dkb nmq mfdnj KfjstW kftfj slWqf pfq. (1) kfv nfsK dmtb bf rsq
Kfjst. (2) oHGfhfq mfdnj zhAfrk Kfjst. (3) sJftf kftfj rst. ()
iaw } Dsj kftfj dlsq icbvfq dIsv sisk yfst jvBDq jD?
---- DbD iaswfv ---zk}iv sn fmD kfsj sYfq kftfj dlst zKhf mfvf sost skv iv zfsov fmD
kfsj icbdhGhfr jvsk ifsv. mrfb zffr hstsYb,
. .
, 2 L2 P. j2 ^<
2 3 L2 o, . / ~2
f / . S. b
> a. . 810
. , / ). - *> $, 2 `x %
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2 3 L2 }
{. 7 , 2/ I. 7/ j2 > P. , K . I, $> R , , 0
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2 a> . $> R . , 0
, . j> I, 2 1
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. . 8. I. 2 . P3 / 2.
j 7 EF
zKGf{, zk}iv Dsj pdl sn (kxkDq) kftfj slq, ksh sp ipG bf D zbA
nfmDsj dhhfr jvsh, kfv is[ sn ShL rsh bf. zk}iv dlkDq nfmD pdl kfsj kftfj
slq hQ pdl Hsq msb jsv sp, kfvf zffrv nDmfsvJf v[f j'sv ytsk ifvsh,
kfrst kfslv (icbdhGhfsrv mfLAsm lfikA-uDhsb) dIsv zfnfq sjfb slfN sb. nh
zffrv dbLGfdvk nDmfsvJf, fbD nialfsqv ubA zffr dt iHfsh hBGbf jsvb.
(hfjfvfr } 230)
fkhA sp, s[s idvjdikHfsh `rftftf-dhhfr' dlsq D rftft jvf hL bq.
spsrkc kfsk D rftft rq bf.
nkjGkfv dhNq sp, kftfsjv dhNqde njt s[s j vjm bq. nckvfQ sn s[s
fbDq jfpDv nrspfdokf iasqfub.
iaw } vuqD kftfj dlsq skv msLA dIdvsq sbWqfv nmq D pdl dIvsk bf
yfq, kfrstW dj sn D Kfjsh?
v } vuqD kftfj slWqfv iv skv msLA lc'ubsj nf[D svsJ Dsj dIdvsq
dbst sn D Kfjsh, pdlW sn dIvsk vfdu bf rq. (tflf) kftfsjv iv mb fmDv
nfsK D nQnfv jvsk bf yfst sJftf kftfj dbsk ifsv.
iaw } fmDfmD-Dv mfsU dhhfrdhhfr-dhsYl rst kfslv nfb jfv dbje Kfjsh?
v } mrfbhD hstsYb, icbdhGhfr bf rWqf ipG mdrtf kfv nfsbv shdw

rjlfv. (lfvfjckbD 418bQ, dnn} 368bQ) zhwA mfsqv msLA sjfb iadkjCt B
Kfjst zftflf jKf. sns[s hfi nfsbv zdLjfv ifsh. spmb mfsqv rfsk nfb
Kfjst Jfvfi rsq pfsh--- zfwf Kfjst sn nfsbv zdLjfv rfvfsh. iv
nfb pdl fbni rq, kfrst kfsj Jdkqfv slWqf rsh. sn pfsj shsY sbsh,
sn kfv iadkiftsbv lfdqk ifsh. (dkvdmpD 1357, hsb mfufr 2351bQ)
iaw } kftfj W swfj iftsbv k jJb sKsj v rsh? Jhv ufbfv iv sKsj,
bfdj kftfj W mvsBv dlb sKsj?
v } j ns dkb hf kskfdLj hfv zKhf jhfv kftfj dlst kf j kftfj

vuqD rq. kfsj skv msLA dIdvsq sbWqf pfq. k ifv rsq sost D rfvfm rsq
pfq. kfvisvW kfsj sisk yfst bkcbHfsh dhsq jvsk rq. dj dbqdmk dkb
kftfj slWqfv iv sn ncspfo zfv Kfsj bf. zhwA sn mdrtfv zbA dhhfr rst,
v } kftfj W swfj iftsbv k Jhv ufbfv iv sKsj bq, hvQ kftfj W

mvsBv dlb sKsj oBA rsh. nckvfQ pdl sjfb mdrtf dkb mfdnsjv iv Jhv ifq sp,
kfv fmD kfsj kftfj dlsqsY, kfrst bkcb j'sv sn zfv k iftb jvsh bf.
zbcvi pdl sjfb mdrtf 4 mfn 10 dlb iv ufbsk ifsv sp, kfv fmD mfvf sosY,
kfrst kfsj zfv k iftb jvsk rsh bf.
139
140
---- DbD iaswfv ---iajfw Kfsj sp, kftfsjv k zbA mdrtfslv ubA dH vjm.
V/ 2 C>m ^ . P, / 2 iW r. 2r. -1 P, a, 1 > L2 V/ 8,/ a. / 3 h3 V/ b
W m> . K ->*
3 %
> . -. *> -. / > I. C>m ^ .}
v 7 EF {-1 P, 2/ 0
. -. / [
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, 2 / W. -. [
/ %
> I.
zKGf{, skfmfslv spnh Dslv mfdnj rhfv zfwf sb, kfslv k nisjG skfmvf
nslr jvst kfslv kjft rsh dkb mfn hQ pfslv Jsbf mfdnj rqdb kfslvW.
zfv oHGhkD bfvDslv kjft nfb ianh jvf ipG. (kftfj } 4)
spmb swfjiftsbv kW oHGjft ipG.
iaw } fmD mfvf sost mdrtf sjfKfq k iftb jvsh?
v } sp oxsr sKsj fmD mvfv Jhv ifsh, sn oxr kfv ubA dbvfil W
ncdhLfubj rst snJfsb 4 mfn 10 dlb zKhf oHGjft k iftb jvsh. mrfbhD
Icvfzfrsj hstdYstb,
@ $, 2
. 2 , 8. b
> -. W/ I. 81 0
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>
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, / . $> L>
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> / . C>L C>?b
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zKGf{, kcdm sn oxsr zhfb jv, sp oxsr skfmfv jfsY skfmfv fmDv mxkAc nQhfl snsY. (zfrmfl 6/370, hsb mfufr 2031bQ, rfsjm 2/226,
kfhfvfbDv jfhDv 1084bQ, hfrfjD 7/434)
nckvfQ sn pdl sn nmq D mfsqv hfdVsk Kfsj hQ wvhfdV zsi[f sn hfdV
ncdhLfubj W dbvfil rq, kfrst snJfsb k iftb jvsk rsh. smsqv hfdVsk
KfjstW kf. bsy{ fmD-oxsr dIsv spsk rsh.
i[fsv fmD-oxsr Kfjf zhfq fmD mfvf sost hQ snJfsb kfsj slJfswfbf
jvfv mskf sjfb mfrvfm icvN hf skmb sj bf Kfjst, snJfsb hnhfn jvf kfv
zncdhLfubj hf [dkjv rst mfsqv hfdVsk dosq k iftb jvsk ifsv.
iaw } sjfb iVcqf YfDv fmD mfvf sost sn jDHfsh k iftb jvsh? kfv dj
dhlAftsq pfWqf hL rsh?
v } zbAfbA mdrtfslv mskf kfv ubAW oxsr k iftb jvf hQ kfsk

njt iajfv snZlpG W ncod huGb jvf uvvD. zhwA dbsuv jf iasqfusb hfsv
spsk ifsv. nckvfQ dlsbv shtfq sn dhlAftsq dosq jfn j'sv zfnsk ifsv. (tflf)
zhwA skv dHksv r-nIsv spsk ifsv bf.
iaw } Dsj kftfj slWqfv iv fmD rEf{

rEf{ mfvf pfq. Dsj dj k iftb
jvsk rsh? D dj kfv Wqfsvn rsh?
v } sp kftfsj D iakAbqbspfoAf Kfsj sn (vuqD) kftfj ifWqf zhfq

Dsj swfjiftsbv k iftb jvsk rsh hQ fmDv WqfsvnW rsh. jfvB iCshGv
mskf. i[fsv hfsqb hf sJftf kftfj ifWqfv sk zKhf IfnXsJv sk
Kfjst Dsj swfjiftsbv k iftb jvsk rsh bf hQ sn fmDv WqfsvnW rsh
bf. ()
141
---- DbD iaswfv ---iaw } dhhfsrv iv fmDv nfsK hfnv hf dmtb rWqfv zfso pdl fmD mfvf pfq,
kfrstW dj k iftb jvsk rsh? D dj kfv Wqfsvn rsh?
v } r]Af, Dsj 4 mfn 10 dlb k iftb jvsk rsh. spsrkc mrfb zffr
hstsYb,
{f H
/ . . P, / 2 i2 . ). / 2 -1 P3 > _W X2 )> -. / )1 . 8. I.
f ./ 2 . , ]. I. . V/ b
W *> . 7/ L^ 7. 8. I, -. I>]^ .}
EF
zKGf{, skfmfslv msLA pfvf D svsJ mfvf pfq, kfslv DoB yfv mfn lw dlb
zsi[f jvsh. (hfjfvfr } 234)
Jfsb mrfb zffr zfmHfsh njt Dv iadk j dbslGw dlsqsYb.
zfv zffrv vnCt hstsYb, sp Dstfj zffr W djqfmskv iadk mfb
vfsJ, kfv is[ fmD YfVf zbA sjfb mxk hAdv ubA dkb dlsbv shwD swfj iftb
jvf ufsqp bq. kfv fmDv ubA sn yfv mfn lw dlb swfj iftb jvsh. (hcJfvD W
mcndtm)
Jfsb mrfbhD zfmHfsh njt Dv iadk j dbslGw dlsqsYb.

zbcvi mDvfsnv zfqfskW zfm dbslGw zfsY. nckvfQ sn fmDv (j ykcKfG Qw
nidv) Wqfsvn rsh; pdl zbA sjfb hfLf bf Kfsj. (hf)
iaw } oHG B pdl oHGycAk rq, kfrst dj oHGhkDv kjft swN rsq pfsh?
v } B HCdm rst oHGhkDv k swN rsq pfsh. (nf'lD) spsrkc mrfb

zffr hstsYb,
v 7 EF {-1 P, 2/ 0
. -. / [
. I. 2 -1 P, W
. 2 3 . 0
/ X2 s
, 2 / W. }
zKGf{, oHGhkD bfvDslv kjft nfb ianh jvf ipG. (kftfj } 4)
iaw } k pdl mdrtfv osHG nfb zfsY dj bf,

bf, kf slJfv ubA rq, kfrst fmD
sYsV jj-slV hYv mfsqv hfdVsk Kfjfv iv sp mdrtfsj fmD kftfj slq, kfsjW
dj zdkdv dkb mfdnj zKhf mfdnj bf rst dkb mfn k iftb jvsk rsh?
v } zfnst k v rsh kftfsjv iv sKsj. dkiCshG sn fmDv nfsK h
dlb pfh{ dmtb bf j'sv KfjstW dhLfb ef sp, kftfj rWqfv iv dbLGfdvk
k iftb jvsk rsh. mrfb zffr hstsYb,
j 7 EF {BM . , NW i2 r. 2 r. -1 P3 > _W X2 )> -. / )1 . 8. I. s
, j2 ^v
2 , .}
zKGf{, kftfjiaff (hduGkf) bfvDoB dkb vu}nafh jft iakD[fq Kfjsh. (zKGf{
dhhfr jvf sKsj dhvk Kfjsh.) (hfjfvfr } 228)
iaw } fmD mfvf sost hQ osHG lc mfsnv hfyf Kfjst 4 mfn 10 dlb k
iftb jvsh,
jvsh, bfdj ianh rWqf ipG zfsvf iafq 7 mfn k iftb jvsh?
jvsh?
v } oHGhkDv k swN rsh ianshv iv; pdlW kf kctbfmCtj tf. spsrkc

mrfb zffr hstsYb,
142
v 7 EF {-1 P, 2/ 0
. -. / [
. I. 2 -1 P, W
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/ X2 s
, 2 / W. }
zKGf{, oHGhkD bfvDslv kjft nfb ianh jvf ipG. (kftfj } 4)
j jfvsB osHGv swsNv dlsj fmD mfvf sost Dv k mf jsqj Oef rsk
ifsv.
zhwA snJfsb pdl slJfswfbf jvfv sj bf Kfsj, kfrst wvhfdV zKhf mfsqv
hfdVsk dIsv dosq k iftb jvsk ifvsh. (tflf)
iaw } sp mdrtf fmD mvfv sk zfsY, sn mdrtfsj dhhfsrv iafh slWqf pfq
dj bf?
v } sk Kfjf dhLhfsj nvfndv dhhfsrv iafh slWqf hL bq. zhwA

zfHfsn dsk dhsqv jKf ufbfsbfsk slfN sb. mrfb zffr hstsYb,
V/ b
W > _W 2 C L> V/ 8, . @
2 / 2 B . K i> . v
y
> -/ *> $> )> V,8}
/ 1 . . L> V/ b
W / 2. . .
, g2 . }
L , / *1 g 7/ N2 7W 7Wja. 2 g^ h3 > -1 D, , > .7a, g^ ->b2 . -1 P, . , @
W ]/ 8. . V/ b
W 1 2 $, R V. >.
C L> *. V, 2/ I. $. R 1 2 7 , 2/ . $, 2
. 2 , 8. b
> -. W/ I. . 81 0
. 3 b
2 K 2 . j , 7,*Q3 / a. g2 .
{VA >0
. A 7W_~2 $. R 1 2 7, 2/ . o, , ]. 0
/ L2 V/ b
W > _W 2
zKGf{, zfv skfmvf pdl zfHfsn-dsk vmBDslvsj dhhfsrv iafh lfW
zKhf zsv kf sofib vfJ, kfsk skfmfslv slfN rsh bf. zffr ufsbb sp,
skfmvf kfslv ns zfstfybf jvsh. dj dhdLmk jKfhfkGf YfVf sofisb kfslv
dbje sjfb zDjfv jsvf bf; dbdlG nmq (k) iCBG bf rWqf ipG dhhfrjfpG
ni jvfv nQji jsvf bf. zfv susb vfJ, zffr skfmfslv msbfHfh ufsbb.
zkh kf]sj Hq jv hQ susb vfJ, dbyq zffr ivm [mfwDt, hV ndrc.
(hfjfvfr } 235)
iaw } k iftsbv nmqjft dj didYsq slWqf pfq?
v } smfse bf. mxkcAv iv sKsj sn nmq v rq. ()
iaw } k iftsbv nmsq dj OdV ivf pfq?
v } sjht nmq slJfv sswA ivf pfq. uvvD bf rst bf ivf m.

spsrkc kf ztQjfsvv mskf. (tflf)
iaw } k iftsbv nmsq dj dhLhfsj nflf jfiV ivsk rsh?
v } k iftsbv ubA sjfb dbdlG vsMv sthfn sb. sp sthfsn snZlpG

zfsY, kf huGb j'sv nflfdnLf sthfn ivsk rsh. sp nflf vsMv jfisV snZlpG
zfsY, kfW ivf pfsh bf.
iaw } k iftsbv nmq dhLhf dj YfD rst dhlAftsq zKhf yfjcsv rst
yfjcdvst spsk ifsv?
v } sp jfsu pfWqf uvvD, sn jfsu pfWqf ytsh. (mc)
iaw } dhslsw Kfjf zhfq dhLhf rst mdrtf sjfKfq k iftb jvsh?
iaw } fmD mvfv nmq D mfsqv hfdVsk dYt. sn sjfKfq k iftb jvsh?
v } dbsuv fmDoxsr dIsv sn k iftb jvsh. ()
iaw } sjfb Dv fmD dbsJ]fu rst jvBDq jD?
v } sjfb mdrtfv fmD dbsJ]fu rst dbsJ]fu rWqfv dlb sKsj iCBG yfv hYv
zsi[f jvfv iv zfsvf yfv mfn lwdlb fmD-mxkcAv k iftb jsv dkDq fmD oarB
jvsk ifsv. dbLGfdvk nmsqv iCshG kfv dhhfr rfvfm. dhhfsrv iv kfv iChGfmD dIsv
st kfv Jdkqfv rsh; D sIv{ dbsk ifsv zKhf smfrv sIv{ dbsq kfsj fmDv
ubA kAfo jvskW ifsv. (mfbfvn nfhDt 2/88ix})
D yfst zfv bkcbHfsh dhhfr zfjXslv iasqfub sb. jfvB, D kfv hQ dkDq
zfjXl kfv dIsv zfnfv iv hfdkt. ksh kfsj dIsv sbWqfv iCshG D (j mfdnj)
k iftb jvsh. (} 2/766) oHGhkD rst ianhjft ipG zsi[f jvsh. zfv
sn nmsq dkDq fmD sKsj ilGf Wqfsuh rsq pfsh.
iaw } j mdrtfv lcL-shef YfVf zfv sj sb. sn mfvf sost shef dj kfv
Wqfsvn rsh?
v } bf. jfvB lcL ifb jvst lcsLv zfkDqkf jfsqm rq dEj, dj mDvfsnv
zdLjfv iadkf rq bf. nckvfQ sn mdrtfv nid hfqkct mfst umf rsh. ()
udm--nid dbsq sYstvf

iaw } zfdm hx mfbcN. zfmfv Hq rq, zfmfv mxkcAv iv udm
UoVfUoVf-Ufsmtf jvsh. nckvfQ zfdm dj Jb zfmfv fhvhv-zfhv njt zKGnid mDvfsnv HfoHfo-heb zbcpfqD iaskAsjv bfsm dtsJ dlsk ifdv?
v } zfibfv jfu dEj rsh bf. jfvB zfidb ufsbb bf sp, sj jJb mfvf
pfsh. rsk ifsv zfibfv sjfb Wqfsvsnv zfidb Wqfsvn rshb. nckvfQ zfibfv
mxkcAv iv zfibfv sYst-smsqvf wvqD mDvfn zbcpfqD dhdt-heb j'sv sbsh. kfvf
UoVf jvst zfibfv slfN rsh bf. zfidb kfslvsj UoVf bf jvsk zdnqk
jvb. jfsvf bfsm djYc dtsJ bf dlsq nh dbsuv bfsm vfJcb. ()
iaw } zfmfv dkbde smsq, sjfb sYst sb. sbdY, zfmfv mxkcAv iv zfmfv
smsqvf lcsqvsqv-dkb Hfo nid ifsh hQ hfjD ifsh zfmfv Hf. zKy sn zfmfv
Hf rstW, sn zfmfv lcwmb. zfdm yf bf, sn zfmfv sjfb nid ifj. Jb dj
zfdm zfmfv nh nid zfmfv smsqslv bfsm dtsJ dlsk ifdv?
v } zfibfv nid sj ifsh, zfv sj ifsh bf, kfsk zfibfv Yf sb. sn
Yf nxdjkGf zffrv. k]fv dhLfsb sp pf ifsh, kfsk hfl nfLhfv zdLjfv zfibfv
sb. mrfb zffr mDvfsnv Hfo-hesbv dhLfb slWqfv iv hstsYb,
v } sp Osv Kfjf zhfq fmD mfvf sosY, sn Osv k iftb jvsk rsh.
143
144
---- DbD iaswfv ---, P. / p2 P. 8> %

/ a. - *> 3 u
/ a. s
M 1
. $, y
> / I, $, 2 7 , . . $. R E3 v
> I, -.*. $> R , , 0
, T
2 a> }
o, . , 0
, 1 . 8. I. . $, 2 7 , . . $. R
3 / I. - *. . EF V,
> . , 7/ _2 T
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.
B 7 EF {A P3 *x A .]. $, 2 . P. L> f > y
. f . $, y
> / I,
zKGf{, nh zffrv dbLGfdvk nDmf. zfv sp zffr W vnCstv zbcok rsq ytsh,
zffr kfsj shsrs fb lfb jvshb; pfv bDsy blDnmCr iahfdrk. snJfsb kfvf
dyvjft Kfjsh hQ mrf nfItA. i[fsv sp zffr W kf]v vnCstv zhfLA rsh
hQ kf]v dbLGfdvk nDmf tQOb jvsh, dkdb kfsj zfsb dbs[i jvshb. snJfsb sn
dyvjft Kfjsh, zfv kfv ubA vsqsY tfbf-lfqj wfd. (dbnf } 13-14)
nckvfQ zfibfv Hf zfibfv lcwmb rstW zffrv Yfq sn zfibfv nidv
Hfo ifsh. zhwA sn pdl jfsIv hf mcwdvj rq, kfrst sn zffrv dhLfsb mcndtsmv
dbje sKsj sjfb zQw ifsh bf. ()
spZb-uDhb
iaw } vsm sjht fmDfmD-D Kfjst wvDsv sjfb jfiV bf svsJ dj Ocmfsbf pfq?
v } tffb ziasqfusb Jcst vfJf hL bq. ilGfv dHksv iasqfusb kf

sJftfq slfN sb. spmb dmtsbv nmq, sofnstv nmq hf ianafh-ifqJfbf jvfv nmq.
ziasqfusbv nmq tffb zfhxk vfJf Wqfsuh. bhD hstsYb, kcdm skfmfv
D W DklfnD YfVf zsbAv dbjse tffsbv drIfpk jv. nfrfhD htstb, `sr
zffrv vnCt! stfsjvf zfsifsn j ufqofq Kfjst?' dkdb htstb, pKfnfLA
syf jvsh, sj spb kf smfse slJsk bf ifq. nfrfhD htstb, `sr zffrv
vnCt! sj pdl dbuGsb Kfsj?' dkdb htstb, mfbcN zsi[f zffr v shwD
rjlfv sp, k]fsj tf jvf rsh. (zfhC lfl, dkvdmpD, hsb mfufr, dmwjfk 3117bQ)
Jfsb kcdm skfmfv D W DklfnD YfVf zsbAv dbjse tffsbv drIfpk
jv---v mfsb bq sp, D W DklfnDv jfsY nhGlf bo Kfjf pfsh. swA
rt, kfslv nfsK dmtsbv nmq zKhf zbA iasqfusb tffb sJftf pfsh,
ziasqfusb bq.
kfYfVf t zhfq Ocmfst zfjdmj dhislv nmq hV nmnAfq iVsk rsh.
nckvfQ nkjGkf hfbDq.
iaw } fmDfmD-D sj zsbAv sofib z slJsk ifsv dj?
v } wvDqsk kfsk sjfb hfLf sb. fmD-D Hsq Hsqv nhGf bofhfq
slJsk ifsv. (IfkfWqf hsb NfmDb 2/766) sk fAok sjfb [dkW sb.
`fmD-Dv sj zsbAv tffb slJsk sb, hf rpvk zfsqwf (vfdpqff
zfbrf) jJbW fmDv ocf slsJbdb, t rsq ofLfv mk nrhfn jsvf bf, hf
145
---- DbD iaswfv ---t rsq nrhfn jvst nfb z rq. nsmv nmq jKf htst nfb skf{tf hf
shfhf rq' kAfdl hst sp nh rflDn hBGbf jvf rq, kfv jdeW nrDr W wc bq.
(slJcb, kcrIfkct zfvn 118-119ix})

iaw } sbdY, nrhfsnv nmq niCBG t rsk sb, vm zjfv vfJsk rq,
sj zisvv tffb slJsk sb kAfdl. kf dj dEj?
v } rt tfwDtkfv idvyq. iv wvDqsk kf rfvfm bq. zKGf{, vm

niCBG h Kfjst hQ snJfsb fmD-D YfVf zbA sj bf Kfjst zfv ilGfv
iasqfub sb. fmD-D sj zsbAv sthfn. Hsq Hsqv nh djYc slJsk ifsv.
mrfb zffr hstsYb,
V/ P, , . I/ 2 J
/ b
2 2*. *. / V/ P3
> ./2 2. g^ h3 EF . 7WL> 0
. V/ P3
> , _W > V/ D, -. I>] ^ .}
7
EF {. , . V/ D, T
2 > 2 / XW L2 T
2 > . B. . . . 8. )/ -/ . L2 EF . *> 7 W*. , / ~2 V/ P, 1 3 L2
7 7 *Z
zKGf{, (nIt mc'dmb kfvf,) pfvf dbsuslv spZb zsj nQpk vfsJ. dbsuslv
ikD zKhf zdLjfvHc lfnD hAkDk; sk kfvf dblbDq rsh bf. nckvfQ sj
slvsj YfVf zbAsj jfmbf jvst, kfvf rsh nDmftQObjfvD. (mc'dmbCb } 5-7,
mfzfdvu } 29-31)
bhD hstsYb, kcdm skfmfv D W DklfnD YfVf zsbAv dbjse tffsbv
drIfpk jv. nfrfhD htstb, `sr zffrv vnCt! stfsjvf zfsifsn j ufqofq
Kfjst?' dkdb htstb, pKfnfLA syf jvsh, sj spb kf smfse slJsk bf
ifq. nfrfhD htstb, `sr zffrv vnCt! sj pdl dbuGsb Kfsj?' dkdb htstb,
mfbcN zsi[f zffr v shwD rjlfv sp, k]fsj tf jvf rsh. (zfhC lfl,
dkvdmpD, hsb mfufr, dmwjfk 3117bQ)
nckvfQ vm zjfv bf jvst hQ Hsq niCBG t rst sjfb slfN sb.
()
iaw } sjfbX sjfbX nmsq D-nrhfn dbdN? sbdY, zmfhwAf W iCdBGmfv vfdsk
nrhfn jvsk rq bf. jKf dj dEj?
v } dlhfvfs fmD-Dv pJb ncspfo rq, kJb nrhfn hL. ksh wvDqk
jkGj
x dbLGfdvk jsqjde dbdN nmq zfsY, pfsk D-nsfo hL bq.
1. Dv mfdnj zKhf ianshfv Jcb Kfjf zhfq. mrfb zffr hstsYb,
g.
3 %
> . C L> B. . K 7W Q3 8. / L2 6
f 2 7. D, `/ NW
3 %
> . -3 . T
2 . 7 X2 / I. . }
t
x %
> I, $. ^ 1 h3 $, ^ V, @
W . *. 2
, /0
. -/ *> -1 D, 7,aX L2 . / P1 v
2 a. .3 2L . / P, v
I. 81 0
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{-. I3 PK v
2 8. , t
x %
> I, . . )> 1781
zKGf{, stfsj vu}nafh nisjG dufnf jsv. kcdm ht, kf zwcdy. nckvfQ skfmvf
146
vu}nafhjfst Dn huGb jv hQ pkdlb bf kfvf idh rq, (nrhfsnv ubA)

kfslv dbjehkGD rsqf bf. zk}iv pJb kfvf idh rq, kJb kfslv dbje dEj
snHfsh omb jv, spHfsh zffr skfmfslvsj zfslw dlsqsYb. dbyq zffr
[mfiafdKGoBsj hQ pfvf idh Kfsj, kfslvsj iYl jsvb. (hfjfvfr } 222)
zffrv vnCt hstb, sp hAd sjfb kcmkD D (mfdnj zhfq) nm jsv
zKhf sjfb Dv rAfsv nrhfn jsv, zKhf sjfb oBsjv dbje idk rsq (sn
pf hst kf) dhwfn jsv, sn hAd mcrfmfl -v zhkDBG jcvzfsbv nfsK jcIvD
jsv. (zKGf{ jcvzfbsj sn zdhwfn W zmfbA jsv. jfvB, jcvzfsb nh
jcjmGsj dbdN sOfNBf jvf rsqsY.) (zfrmfl 2/408, 476, dkvdmpD, nrDr hsb
mfufr 522bQ)
2. vmpfsbv dlsbv shtfq svfpf zhfq. mrfb zffr hstsYb,
A . > V/ 8, / 2 . V/ b
W 2
A . > -1 D, V/ b
W m> . > 2 h3
, L2 1 3 . K i2 2/ 2 V/ b
W 2 `1 0
> W}
v } v zKG sp, (j) `dhndmfr'v hjGsk sn nfb sbj rq. spsrkc

mrfb zffr wqkfbsj hstsYb,
u" 7 EF {A v
2 , V/ P3 / 2. T
2 2=
. / 2 > . > 1 h3}
zKGf{, zfmfv (jdb) hflfslv iv skfmfv sjfb zfdLikA Kfjsh bf. (druXv
} 42)
(J) nfsbv fAok sjfb [dk rq bf.
(o) nfb dwjG W jcIvDmc rq.
(O) jfhDvf sofbfr sKsj dhvk Kfjsk n[m rq.
(M) nrhfsn wqkfb wvDj rsk ifsv bf.
iaw } zfdm dhhfdrk. zfmfv nfb rq bf. deshv mfLAsm nfb sbh Yf jsvdY.
zfdm yf zfmfslv nfbsj spb wqkfb [dkoa bf jsv. dj kfv ubA idEkhA
lczfde jJb iVh?
L j { - P, 2
zKGf{, svfpfv vfsk skfmfslv ubA D-nsHfo ShL jvf rsqsY. kfvf skfmfslv
sifwfj hQ skfmvf kfslv sifwfj. (hfjfvfr } 187)
zfv dhdlk sp, vmpfsbv svfpf zhfq nm jvst pKfvDdk kfv jfIXIfvf zfsY.
jefbf lc mfn svfpf vfJsk rsh, bsy{ z[m rst Nfe ub dmnjDb JfWqfsk
rsh.
3. r hf mvfv rvfm zhfq. mrfb zffr hstb,
. .
> g. . 7, LW g.
. L2 . L2 1 %
. -1 P3 L>
. . L2 -/ . L2 s
A *. 7W/ *. A P, / 2 x %
. F
v } nrhfsnv nmq lczf iVfq lc'de tfH zfsY. wqkfsbv wvDj rWqf sKsj
dbsuslvsj v[f jvf hQ kfv [dk sKsj dmtsb nxd nfbsj v[f jvf. nckvfQ
pJb zfmvf ufdb sp, nfb zfsov dmtsb sn sosY, zKhf nfb rsh bf, zKhf
nfb yf bf, kJbW pdl zfmvf lczf idV, kfrst kfsk zfmvf dbsuslvsj
zfmfslv spZbfbsl wqkfsbv wvDj rWqf sKsj v[f jvsk ifvh. htf hftA,
nrhfsnv lczf nhGfhfq iEbDq. spsrkc rflDsnv dbslGw hAfij. (hf)
E %
. C>L
zKGf{, ncdhdlk mfsn (pKf } wWqft, dptjl W dptrs) r rq. nckvfQ sp
sj mfndtsk r jvfv nQji jsv, sn spb rsv nmq D-nrhfn
(sjfb iajfv spZbfyfv), ifi jfu hQ UoVf-dhhfl bf jsv. (hfjfvfr } 197)
YfVf zbA nmsq dlhfvfdv sp sjfb zQsw nrhfn hL. (mcbfdl)
jsv,, kJb lczf

iaw } rflDsn snsY, pdl skfmfslv sj D nrhfsnv Yf jsv
isV, kfrst Wslv HfsoA nfb st, wqkfb kfv sjfb [dk jvsk ifsv bf.
(hcJfvDfvD-mcndtm) hfrAk} dbslGw fmDsj slWqf rsqsY. iaw rt, Dv ubAW dj
lczf iVf dhsLq?
v } zfnst nrhfsnv lczf fmDv ubA dhsLq. D iVstW slfN sb. spsrkc
sp jfu Hsqv, sn jfsuv dbslGw icvNsj slWqf rstW mdrtfW wfdmt rq.
(tflf)
iaw } nrhfsnv zfso lczf iVst wqkfb [dk jvsk ifsv bf. [dk bf jvsk
ifvfv zKG jD?
147
v } pJb desh vfJfv ubA hDpG slshb, kJb hDpGifskv zfso iadkv nmq
lczfde isV sbshb. (Icbfnfb)
iaw } D oHGfhfq Kfjfv nmqW dj nrhfsnv lczf iVsk rsh?
iaw } nrhfsnv nmq r]fdy rst

rst dbdlG dpjXv iVf pfsh dj?
v } nmq mcsJ dpjXv iVf pfsh bf. msb msb iVst slfN sb. siwfhifqJfbf jvf zhfq bhD nftfsmv uhfh slbdb. (mcndtm 370bQ)
iaw } wvDqsk nmSmKcb ians dhLfb jD?
v } nmSmKcb; icvN-nm hf icvsN-icvsN ifqcisK jcjmG jvfsj hst. zfv

v zbcvi Dv mtfsv nm jvfW. ef sn jcjmG, pf tCk
-v nialfq
jsvdYt. spmb zffr kfzftf hstb,
x-. / > 2 . -. *> . . @
]x . 7/ a, X a. 2 z
zKGf{, mfbcsNv msLA skfmvf skf sjht icvNslv nfsK iok rW. (nCvf
wczfvf165 zfqfk)
dkdb zfsvf hstb,

x. 7/ LW 3 / *x A 7/ N2 V/ 8, / 2 `/ ). B> . K 3 / , -/ *K 7. P/ . .
. K . 7/ a, X 8. 2 V/ b
W 1 h3 z
148
zKGf{, skfmvf skf jfm-kxdv ubA bfvD kAfo jsv icvNslv dbje omb jv!
zhtb jsv, spsrkc kf v ubA (JfnD jvfv mk) jfmlmbjfvDv nmfb. (hcJfvD,
zffr kfslvsj jcjfsuv wfd vi kfslv Ov-hfdV se dlsqdYstb hQ

zfjfw sKsj kfslv iv hNGB jsvdYstb ifKv. dkdb hstb,
x` / u
K > -/ *K . u
.0
> V/ P3 / 2. . / v
2 */ 2 . P. 2L> . P. . > . . . u
. L2 z
zKGf{, (zk}iv pJb zfmfv zfslw t) kJb zfdm (kfslv bovstfv)
LH
G fosj dbbHfso idvBk jsvdYtfm hQ zfdm kfslv iv mfok jv hNGB
jsvdYtfm. (nCvf druXv 74 zfqfk)
nckvfQ nialfsqv mk jcjsmG sp dt rsh snW ipc
G wfdv ipc. kf
mb lcvfyfv ians djYc nfrfhf v Iskfqf rt, kfsj ufdtsq mfvf rsh. sj
sj hstb, ]yc ufqof rsk Lff dlsq dbsy sIst kfsj ifKv Y]sc V smsv sItf rsh.
(du)
dhNsq jfdLj rflDnW bhD rsk hdBGk rsqsY; j rflDsn dkdb hstsYb,
pfsj tCk nialfsqv mk jcjsmG dt ifsh, kfsj hQ pfv nfsK jfu jvf rsY,
kfsjW skfmvf rkAf j'sv sIt. (dkvdmpD, hsb mfufr, dmwjfk 3575bQ)
nckvfQ bhD dhhfsr znmKG hAdsj svfpf vfJsk zfslw jvstb, zKy pdl
rSmKcb ShL rk, ksh dbyq dkdb kf jvsk dbslGw dlskb. zkh kf nru
rWqf nsW pJb dkdb kf jvsk dbslGw dlstb bf, kJb ufbf sot sp kf ShL bq.
zfv ncdydk mk sp, spsrkc jfsu hmcJD [dk W zdbsv zfwf
vsqsY, pf dydj{nfdhlXoB sJ jsv Kfsjb; sk mb [dk vsqsY pf fsAv is[
hV dhibj; jfu spZbwdsj lcht
G j'sv sIst, dyfwd W lCvldwGkfv [dk
nfLb jsv hQ jJsbf hf v zHAfnD hAdsj iajk
x lfikAncJ sKsj hdk jsv.
jfvB sp sj Lvsbv zHAfsn dbu jfm-tftnfsj ydvkfKG j'sv Kfsj, sn rqskf
hf dhhfsrv iadk s[i jvsh bf. ()
(nCvf zf'vfI 81 zfqfk)
iaw } zHAfn hAhrfv jvf ShL dj ?
v } zHAfn (rfk hf zbA djYcv mfLAsm hDpGifk, SmKcb hf rSmKcb)

jvf djkfh, ncfr W nc dhshsjv dbslGw msk rfvfm.
djkfh hf jcvzfsbv ltDt; zffr kfzftf hstb,
V/ P, 1 3 L2 V/ P, , . I/ 2 J
/ b
2 2*. *. / 2 V/ P3
> ./ 2 2. g^ h3 .7/
W L> 0
. V/ P3
> / , _W > V/ D, -. I/ ]> ^ .z
x. / , . V, D, T
2 > 2 WXL2 T
2 > . B. . . . 8. )/ -3 . L2 .-/ *> 7/ W*. , / ~2
zKGf{, pfvf dbsuslv spZbfsj nQpk vfsJ. ksh dbsuslv ikD zKhf
zdLjfvHc lfnDslv s[s zbAKf jvst kfvf dblbDq rsh bf. zfv pfvf slv
YfVf zbAsj jfmbf jsv kfvf nDmftQObjfvD.(nCvf mc'dmbCb 5-7)
nckvfQ sp hAd kfv D W zdLjfvHc lfnD(1) YfVf zbA djYc fvf jfmtftnf
ydvkfKG jvsk yfq, sn hAd slv YfVf zbAsj jfmbf jsv. htf hftA,
zfqfskv idvsiad[sk sn nDmftQObjfvD hst dhshdyk rsh.
ncfr sKsj ltDt, zffrv bhD hstb, sr pchsjv lt! skfmfslv msLA sp
sj D-nm W dhhfr-Jvsy nmKG, sn spb dhhfr jsv. jfvB kf zdLj lxdnQpkjfvD hQ zdLj spZbf-v[fjfvD. zfv sp hAd sk znmKG, sn spb svfpf
(1) zdLjfvHc lfnD hst DklfnD W jfsIv pchdlbDsj hcUfsbf rsqsY. Jfsb jfsuv smsq,
lfnD, Jfslmf hf yfjvfbD swA bq.
149
mcndtm)
iaw } dt iwG bf j'sv D nrhfsnv jKf jibf j'sv hDpGifk jvf dj hL?
v } bf, jfu hL bq. jfvB kf hAdHyfsvv dlsj zfjNGB jvsk ifsv.

pchsjv dyk dhhfsrv zfso zKhf Dv dbjehkGD rWqfv zfso ipG ncdyf jvf.
jcdyf sn sost YfjxkHfsh jibf-dhrfv bf jvf. (tflf)
iaw } Dv spfdbiK nQjDBGg rst fmD kfv ifqJfbffsv nm jvsk ifsv dj?
v } Dv spfdbiK nQjDBGg W nm zspfoA rst fmD kfv ifqJfbffsv nm

jvsk ifsv bf. spmb nmspfoA spfdb bf Kfjst sn Dsj fmD kftfj dlsk ifsv.
spsrkc ifqciK nmt bq. kf rst kfsj kftfj slWqf hL rskf bf.
(zfpWqft hfqfb 1/94 })
iaw } mfdnj h rsq sosY LfvBf j'sv fmDfmD-nrhfn jvfv iv icbvfq Jcb slJf
sost sofbfr rsh dj? zk}iv jvBDq jD?
v } iaht LfvBfq pJb hcUf pfsh sp, mdrtf idh rsq sosY, kJb kfsj
sofnt j'sv bfmfp-svfpf jvsk rsh. dj bfmfp-svfpf v jvfv iv zKhf fmDnsmv iv pdl icbvfq Jcb slsJ kfrst sofbfr rsh bf. spsrkc Jcb Kfjf zhfq
mfdnj susb nm jvst sofbfr rsh. zhwA pdl sn Jcb zHAfnok diaqsFv
dHksv rq, kfrst kf mfdnsjv Jcb. nckvfQ kfviv icbvfq bfmfp-svfpf W nmfdl
h jvsk rsh. i[fsv kf pdl diaqsFv hfsv rq, kfrst kf mfdnsjv Jcb bq,
kfsj `drfpf'v Jcb hst. kfsk sjfb slfN rsh bf. ksh mdrtfv dyk,
zHAfnok diaqF swN bf rWqf ipG Jcb h slsJ fmD-nrhfsn kdVOdV bf jvf.
dyk rt, nflf nafh shv rsk v bf rWqf ipG zKhf idviCBvG si Jcb h bf
rWqf ipG zKhf diaqsFv obf dlb swN rWqf ipG zsi[f jvf. bsy{ D
susbsb fmDsj hfLf bf dlst kfv sofbfr rsh. (mcbfdl)
iaw } ianshfv nafh zKhf kcnafh KfjfjftDb nmsq dmtb rfvfm. dj sn

zhfq fmD dbsuv jfmjfm-hfnbf ydvkfKG jvsk jD jvsk ifsv?
150
---- DbD iaswfv ---v } mrfb zffr hstsYb,

g2 .
3 %
> . C L> B . K 7W Q3 8. / L2 6f2 7. D, `/ NW
3 %
> . -3 . T
2 . 7W X2 / I. . }
t
x %
> I, $. R 1 h3 $, R V, @
W . *. 2
, /0
. -/ *> -1 D, 7,aX L2 . / P1 v
2 a. .3 L2 . / P, v
I. . 81 0
. -1 D, 7,). j a.
{-. I3 PK v
2 8. , t
x %
> I, . . )> 1781
zKGf{, stfsjvf skfmfsj vu}nafh nisjG dufnf jsv. kcdm ht, kf zwcdy.
nckvfQ skfmvf vu}nafhjfst Dn huGb jv hQ pkdlb bf kfvf idh rq,
(nrhfsnv ubA) kfslv dbjehkGD rsqf bf. zk}iv pJb kfvf idh rq, kJb
kfslv dbje dEj snHfsh omb jv, spHfsh zffr skfmfslvsj zfslw dlsqsYb.
dbyq zffr [mfiafdKGoBsj hQ pfvf idh Kfsj, kfslvsj iYl jsvb.
(hfjfvfr } 222)
dj `dbjehkGD rsqf bf'v zKG rt nsmv ubA kfslv jfsY spsqf bf. zKGf{,
spfdbisK nm rfvfm. ifqJfbffsvW nm rfvfm. zffrv vnCt hstb, zffr
zfpXpf zufX (djqfmskv dlb) sn hAdv dlsj kfdjsqW slJshb bf, sp hAd
sjfb icvsNv mtfsv zKhf sjfb Dv ifqJfbf-fsv nm jsv. (dkvdmpD, hsb
drfb, bfnf, nrDt ufsm' 7801bQ)
dkdb zfsvf hstb, sp hAd sjfb kcmkD D (mfdnj zhfq) nm jsv zKhf
sjfb Dv mtfsv nrhfn jsv, zKhf sjfb oBsjv dbje idk rsq (sn pf hst
kf) dhwfn jsv, sn hAd mcrfmfl -v zhkDBG jcvzfsbv nfsK jcIvD jsv.
(zKGf{ jcvzfbsj sn zdhwfn W zmfbA jsv. jfvB, jcvzfsb nh jcjmGsj
dbdN sOfNBf jvf rsqsY.) (zfrmfl 2/408, 476, dkvdmpD, nrDr hsb mfufr 522bQ)
kfrst spZb-[cLf dmefsk nmq jvf pfq dj? v v dlsqsYb mrfbhD .
dkdb hstsYb, nm YfVf nh djYc jv. (mcndtm 302bQ)
kf hst dj mcJ-mKcb jvf pfq? bf, jfvB sp mcsJ zffrv dpjXv rq, sn mcJsj
mb jfsu hAhrfv vdydhv jfu. zhwA v-mKcb jvf pfq. ksh nkjGkfv
nfsK, pfsk ianafh hf ifqJfbffsv nm bf rsq hsn. pdlW mf zfsqwf (vfdpqff
zfbrf) hstsYb, `bhD
mfdnsjv nmq zfmfslvsj spZbfs jfiV vfJsk
htskb. zk}iv wpAfnD rskb. ksh dkdb dYstb duskdlaq.' (hcJfvD, mcndtm)
khcW jfiV bf svsJ pdl v-mKcb jsv, ksh kf rfvfm bq. (hf)
iaw } dbqdmk mfdnj rWqfv isvW

isvW zsbj nmq Jcb slJf pfq, sn nmq dj nrhfn
hL?
v } dbqdmk mfdnsjv isv zKhf ianshv ydw dlb isvW sp zdkdv Jcb
slJf pfq, kfsk nrhfn hL hQ bfmfp-svfpf Wqfsuh. sj drfpfv Jcb hst.
Jcb rfqspv mskf bq.
iaw } mfdnjfhfq fmD zfmfv bo slr dbsq sJtfq mfkst zfmfv jD jvf dyk?
151
---- DbD iaswfv ---v } mfdnjfhfq fmD dbu Dv slr dbsq sJtfq smsk Est hQ kfv Ist
DvW subf nxd rst ianafh-ifqJfbffv nfhLfsb drIfpk jvsh. bsy{ nm
Ose sost snW sofbfrofv rsh.
iaw } sbdY mfdnj zhfq nrhfn jvst j lDbfv (nWqf yfv oafm idvmfB
snfbf zKhf kfv mCtA, bf ifvst v zLG idvmfB zKG) nljfr jsv jfIXIfvf dlsk
rsh.
rsh. (zfhC
(zfhC lfl,
lfl, dkvdmpD,
dkvdmpD, bfnf,
bfnf, hsb mfufr iaHdx k,
k, zflfhcp dpIfI 122ix
122ix})
dj D pdl sn nmq dmtsb
dmtsb mbHfsh sduk jsv, pfsk fmD kf lmb jvsk bf
sisv dmtb j'sv sIst, kfrst jfIXIfvf jfsj dlsk rsh?
v } jfIXIfvf dlsk rsh Dsj. zfv fmDsjW dlsk rsh. spsrkc sn Yf
jvst bfW jvsk ifvk. i[fsv fmD sufviChj
G jvst hQ D hfLf dlsk bf
ifvst kfv sofbfr rsh bf hQ kfsj jfIXIfvfW dlsk rsh bf.
iaw } mfdnj zhfq nm rfvfm. dj D-slsrv zbAfbA ufqofq hDpGifk jvf

pfq dj bf?
v } m rt Dsj ufdqf idvsq slsrv sp sjfb ufqofq hDpGifk jvf.

zhwA sp dbsuv msbfhst nm sKsj h]fysk ifvsh, kfv ufdqf bf ivfstW ytsh.
iv Dv mcsJ hDpGifk jvf dhjxk-vdyv mfbcNslv OxBA zfyvB. zfv ifqJfbf-fsv
nm rfvfm hQ j iajfv jcIvD.
mrfb zffr hstsYb,
g2 .
3 %
> . C L> B . K 7W Q3 8. / L2 6f2 7. D, `/ NW
3 %
> . -3 . T
2 . 7W X2 / I. . }
t
x %
> I, $. R 1 h3 $, R V, @
W . *. 2
, /0
. -/ *> -1 D, 7,aX L2 . / P1 v
2 a. .3 2L . / P, v
I. . 81 0
. -1 D, 7,). j a.
{-. I3 PK v
2 8. , t
x %
> I, . . )> 1781
zKGf{, stfsj vu}nafh nisjG dufnf jsv. kcdm ht, kf zwcdy. nckvfQ skfmvf
vu}nafhjfst Dn huGb jv hQ pkdlb bf kfvf idh rq, (nrhfsnv ubA)
kfslv dbjehkGD rsqf bf. zk}iv pJb kfvf idh rq, kJb kfslv dbje dEj
snHfsh omb jv, spHfsh zffr skfmfslvsj zfslw dlsqsYb. dbyq zffr
[mfiafdKGoBsj hQ pfvf idh Kfsj, kfslvsj iYl jsvb. (hfjfvfr } 222)
zfv mrfbhD hstsYb,
E W I J . b
2 K gh BM C
/ . `1 @
W 7, . &
/ F
zKGf{, nm YfVf nh djYc jv. (mcndtm 455bQ)
ksh nkjGkfv dhNq sp, dbdN ufqofv zfswifsw Kfjsk Kfjsk spb subfv
yvm mcrCskG sn ufqofq iashw bf rq. zffrv vnCt hstsYb, ifi zffrv
nQvd[k yfvBHCdm. sp yfvBHCdmv Lfsv-ifsw yvsh, sn zlCsv nHhk} kfv
dHksvW yvsk wcv j'sv slsh. (hcJfvD W mcndtm)
iaw } rSmKcb pchjj-pchkD jfsvfv ubAW hL bq. dj fmDfmD-D pdl sj zsbAv

152
---- DbD iaswfv ---r fvf mKcb jsv, kfrstW dj kf zShL rsh?
v } fmD-Dv s[s mb mKcb zShL bq. spsrkc mrfb zffr hstsYb,

V/ P, , . I/ 2 J
/ b
2 2*. *. / V/ P3
> ./2 2. g^ h3 EF . 7WL> 0
. V/ P3
> , _W > V/ D, -. I>] ^ .}
7
EF {. , . V/ D, T
2 > 2 / XW L2 T
2 > . B. . . . 8. )/ -/ . L2 EF . *> 7 W*. , / ~2 V/ P, 1 3 L2
7 7 *Z
zKGf{, (nIt mc'dmb kfvf,) pfvf dbsuslv spZb zsj nQpk vfsJ. dbsuslv
ikD zKhf zdLjfvHc lfnD hAkDk; sk kfvf dblbDq rsh bf. nckvfQ sj
slvsj YfVf zbAsj jfmbf jvst, kfvf rsh nDmftQObjfvD. (mc'dmbCb } 5-7,
mfzfdvu } 29-31)
nckvfQ zShL rt dbsuv rfsk dbsuv hDpGifk. fmD-Dv sj zsbAv rfk fvf
hDpGifk zShL bq.
zfv mrfbhD kcmkD Dv nfsK spZbfyfv jvfv hAfifsv hstsYb, nm YfVf
nh djYc jv. (mcndtm 302bQ)
iaw } nfb mfsqv bhx ycsN lcifb jsv. dmtsbv iCshG Dv bhx syfNB jvf
dj fmDv ubA hL? iv znfhLfbkfq pdl sise lcL yst pfq, kfrst dj D
mfsqv mskf rfvfm rsq
rsq pfsh?
v } fmDv ubA hL, kfv Dv bhx syfNB j'sv Hsqv spZb-subf hxd
jvf. sn s[s pdl Dv lcL kfv sise yst pfq, kfrst kfsk sjfb [dk rq bf
hQ D `mf' rsq pfq bf. jfvB lcL ifsbv mfLAsm rfvfm rWqfv sp nh wkG zfsY,
kf rt }
1. lc hYv hqsnv msLA lcL ifb jvsk rsh.
nckvfQ kfv isv hV zhfq lcL ifb jvst rfvfm rsh bf.
2. i]fyhfv ifb jvsk rsh.
nckvfQ 2/4 hfv ifb jvst sjfb iaHfh isV bf. zfv hV zhfq 5 hfsvv shwD
ifb jvstW sjfb [dk rq bf. (hf, )
fmDvv sise yst pfq, kfrst

iaw } wxfsvv nmq bhx ycNsk dosq Dv lcL pdl fmD
D dj rfvfm rsq pfsh?
v } vdkDVfv nmq Dv lcL pdl fmDv sise yst pfq, kfrst D fmDv mf
rsq pfsh bf. jfvB lcL ifb jdvsq `mf' rWqfv lc'de wkG zfsY } (j) lcLifb spb
dhdH nmsq i]fyhfv rq. (mcndtm 1452bQ) nckvfQ i]fyhfsvv jm rst `mf'
iadki rsh bf. (lc) lcLifb spb lcLifb hqsnv dHksv rq. zfv kf rt lc hYv
hqsnv dHksv. spsrkc mrfb zffr hstsYb,
---- DbD iaswfv ---EF {-3 / *. . C>L $, W . L> . - D/ . 2. f D/ . $, *x W $, 8/ 2. 0

. $> I/ . > .7)> . . 3 . / &
1 . . }
j
zKGf{, zfdm skf mfbcNsj kfv dikf-mfkfv iadk nlfyvsBv dbslGw dlsqdY. ubbD
jsv iv j hvB j'sv nfbsj osHG LfvB jsv hQ kfv bAifb YfVfsk lc hYv
zdkhfdrk rq. (tcjmfb } 14)
{i2 . }
. 1 V1 8> I, 2 . . 2 -/ . > -3 / 2*> @
2 -3 / 2 7/ 0
. -1 D, . g2 / 2 -. / }
> / I, s
, . > .7 .}
j EF
zKGf{, ubbDoB kfslv nfbslvsj iCBG lc' hYv lcL ifb jvfsh; pdl sj lcL
ifb jvfv nmq iCBG jvsk yfq. (hfjfvfr } 233)
nckvfQ lc'hYv hqsnv isv lcLifb jvst `mf' iamfdBk rsh bf. zfv `mf'
iamfdBk bf rst D rfvfm rsh bf. ()
iaw } nrhfsnv nmq zfmfv fmD iaht subfhwk} mb zsbj zwDt jKf
hst, sp jKf zbA nmq hst bf. zsbj nmq sn nh hst subf nxd jsv. kfsk
dj kfv
kfv ifi rsh?
v } fmD-Dv mfsU sp spZbkf jvf rq, snef zsbAv nfsK jvf zwDtkf W
znHAkf. nckvfQ zfsifsnv nm hL rst iaht subfq iCBG kxd oarB jvsk
swaBDv sjfb jKf htf lCNBDq bq. ksh kf bf htst pdl yst, kfrst kAfo jvf
m. (mcbfdl)
iaw } nfb ianshv

shv iv jJb dmtb hL rq?
v } nfb ianshv iv pJb vnafh h rsq pfq, kJb sKsj dmtb hL. nafh
zhAfrk Kfjst 40 dlb ipG zShL. 40 dlb zdkhfdrk rsq sost nafh KfjstW
dmtb hL.
iaw } fmD pdl jcwaD rq, kfrst D fmDfmD-nrhfsnv nmq sjfb ncwaD pchjsj hQ D
pdl jcwaD rq, kfrst fmD D-nrhfsnv nmq sjfb ncwaD pchkDsj jibfq sb kxd
dbsk ifsv dj?
v } swaBDv jdik ivicvN hf ivDv nrhfn j iajfv hAdHyfv.
nrhfsnv nmq Dv ubA hL bq zbA sjfb nclv W ncfhfb icvNsj jibf jvf
hQ fmDv ubA hL bq zbA nclvD W ncfAhkD pchkDsj jibf jvf. hL bq,
ivicvN hf ivDv bfm dbsq Hsqv kxd sbWqf zKhf subf hxd jvf. msb
msb pfsj Hfthfsn, kfv nfsK dmtb jvsY sJqft jvf. tfmfoB hstb, `pdl sj
j ofn ifdb mcsJ dbsq pdl jibf jsv sp, sn ml JfsY, kfrst kf ifb jvf
rfvfm.' (mflJft 2/194-195, Icv' 3/51, kfvk kfNvDh 2/19)
iaw } jfdLj Dv mfsU nmkf W bnfI hufq vfJf Wqfsuh. dj vfdhfn

nmfbHfsh iaskAsjv nfsK jvstW dmtb njstv nfsK rsq WsE bf. kfsk dj zfdm
153
154
---- DbD iaswfv ---sofbfrofv rh?
v } jfdLj Dv mfsU Hfstfhfnfsj spmb nmfbHfsh Hfo j'sv heb jvf

pfq bf, skmdb zfjNGB W dmtbW nhfv nfsK nmfb rWqf uvvD bq. ksh dbsuv
i[ sKsj dmtsb zdbYf iajfw jvf dyk bq. sjfb D bf yfst dH jKf. dj
yfst kfv rj zflfq jvf dyk hQ sn s[s njstv mfsU nmkf hufq vfJf
jkGhA.
iaw } IkfvDv nmq rsq sost

sost djYc bf JfWqfv zfso dj fmDfmD-D dmtb jvsk
ifsv?
v } pdl fmD k LpGrfvf rq, kfrst kf zShL htf pfsh bf. spsrkc sn
nmq kfslv ubA kf hL. zhwA nck rt sJucv-ifdb dlsq Ikfv jvf. dj sn
nck iftsb pdl sj zSLpG rq, kfrst sisev [cLf dmefhfv zfso spZb-[cLf
dmefhfv lvuf mc zfsY. hsb mfv sjfb sjfb dlb nrhfn fvf Ikfv
jvskb hst hdBGk zfsY. (kfhfvfbD)
iaw } svfpf svsJ mdrtf pdl mdrtf Fffv bf sisq icvN Fffsvv jfsY mb
svfo slJfsk pfq, pfsk Fffv kfv tffsb rfk iashw jvsk hfLA rq. kfrst
kfsk kfv svfpf b rsq pfsh dj?
v } Fffdv ivD[fv ubA kf jvst kfsk kfv svfpf Hfsh bf. hvQ fmDW
pdl sJtfv Yst dbu zfct iashw jvfq, khcW kfv svfpf Hfsh bf. spsrkc kfv
sjfb ltDt sb. zfv kf nrhfnW bq.
svsJdYtfm.
JdYtfm. dj dkdb
iaw } hxridkhfv fmD hfdVsk dYstb bf hst bIt svfpf svs
zfnfv iv zSLpG rsq zfmfv nfsK dmtsb dt rsq pfb. sk dj jfIXIfvf dlsk
rsh?
v } bIt svfpf vfJfv iv Yf j'sv sHs sItst sjfb [dk rq bf. kf jfpf
jvfW Wqfsuh bq. nckvfQ zfibfv fmDv zfyvsB jfIXIfvf Wqfsuh bq.
iaw } vmpfsbv jfpf svfpf svsJdYtfm. dj jdlb zfmfv fmD zSLpG rsq
zfmfv nfsK dmtsb dt rsq pfb. sk dj jfIXIfvf dlsk rsh?
v } Ivp svfpf jfpf jvfv nmq kf sHs sItf hL bq. zkh zfibfv
fmDv zfyvB dEj bq. kfv dyk, zffrv jfsY kWhf jvf. zhwA jfIXIfvf
Wqfsuh bq. jfvB, sn jfu vmpfsbv hfsv kf.
iaw } djhtfv dlsj mcJ j'sv ianafhh-ifqJfbf dbsNL, dj D-nrhfn hL dj?
v } djhtfmcJD rsq D-nrhfn jvf zShL rWqfv sjfb ltDt sb. p]fvf Dnrhfn jvfsj ianafh-ifqJfbf jvfv mskf msb jsvb, k]fvf zhwA kf zShL hstb.
zfv p]fslv dbje Osvv dHkv djhtfmcsJ ianafh-ifqJfbf hL, k]fslv dbje DnrhfnW hL. zf zf'tfm.
iaw } nrhfn ytfjfst dbsuslv tffb slJst dj sjfb [dk zfsY?

155
---- DbD iaswfv ---v } nrhfn ytfjfst dbsuslv tffb slJst sjfb [dk sb. kf slJst
sjfb ifiW rq bf hQ syfsJvW sjfb [dk rq bf. `dkdb zfmfv tffb
slsJbdb hQ zfdm k]fv tffb sldJdb' hst mf zfsqwf (vfdpqff zfbrf)v
iaydtk d nrDr bq.
iaw } nrhfn ytfjfst jKf htst dj sjfb [dk zfsY?
v } nrhfn ytfjfst fmD-Dsk jKf htst sjfb [dk sb. sn nmq jKf
htst nfb shfhf rq--- LfvBf ndEj bq. (kcrIfkct zfvn })
iaw } oHGfhfq nm hL dj?
v } wvDqsk oHGfhfq nm dbdN bq. sBv sjfb [dkv zfwf bf Kfjst

nsm slfN sb. sJqft vfJsk rsh, pfsk sise yfi bf isV. zhwA swsNv dlsj bf
jvf dyk. spsrkc htf rq sp, kfsk hAfsdvqfok sjfb [dkv zfwf Kfsj.
spmb sp mdrtfv oHGifk rq, kfv nfsK iaKm dkb mfn nm bf jvsk FffvoB
islw dlsq Kfsjb.
iaw } dmtbdmtb-kxdv jKf fmD dj kfv hcslv jfsY hQ D dj kfv hfhDslv

jfsY htsk ifsv?
v } dmtb-kxdv jKf fmD kfv hcslv jfsY hQ D kfv hfhDslv jfsY

htsk ifsv bf, dhswN j'sv pdl kfvf zdhhfdrk rq. mufjYst rstW sn jKf
jfsvf jfsY htf hL bq.
zffrv vnCt hstsYb, djqfmskv dlb zffrv dbje nhsysq dbjx mfbcN
sn hAd rsh, sp Dv ns dmtb jsv hQ D kfv ns dmtb jsv. zk}iv sn
kfv (Dv) sofib jKf iajfw j'sv slq. (mcndtm)
zfnmf dhs qfdpl (vf}) hstb, jlf zfdm zffrv vnCt -v jfsY dYtfm,
zfv k]fv snJfsb zsbj icvN W mdrtfW hsndYt. dkdb htstb, nHhk} sjfb
icvN dbu Dv nfsK pf jsv, kf (zisvv jfsY) hst Kfsj hQ nHhk} sjfb
mdrtf dbu fmDv nfsK pf jsv, kf (zisvv dbje) hst Kfsj? jKf sb
mudtsnv nhf sjfb v bf dlsq yci sKsj sot. zfdm httfm, ùD r]Af. zffrv
jnm, sr zffrv vnCt! mdrtfvf kf hst Kfsj hQ icvNvfW kf hst Kfsj.'
zk}iv dkdb htstb, skfmvf vi jsvf bf. spsrkc mb hAd skf sn
wqkfsbv mk, sp sjfb bfvD-wqkfbsj vffq sisq nm jvsk tfso, zfv
stfsjvf kfv dlsj sysq sysq slsJ. (zfrmfl, hsb zfhD wfhfr, zfhC lfl,
hfrfjD iaHdx k, zflfhcp dpIfI 143ix})
iaw } sofnt jvfv mskf ifdb sb susbW dj dmtb jvf hL?
v } sofnt jvfv mskf ifdb sb ufbstW dmtb zShL bq. dmtsbv nmq
dmtb hL. bfmfspv nmq ifdb bf ifWqf sost pKfdbqsm kfqfmcm j'sv bfmfp
hL. zfhc pfvG
ifdb bf Kfjf nsW D-dmtb jvst bhD k]fsj kfqfmcm
156
jvfv dbslGw dlsqdYstb hQ hstdYstb, lw hYv pfh{ ifdb bf ifWqf sost

mcndtsmv Wpcv ijvB rt ifj mfde. ifdb ifWqf sost sofnt j'sv bfW.
(zfrmfl, zfhC lfl 333bQ)
ianafh-ifqJfbf rsk zfomb jsv, zKhf skfmvf D-nrhfn jv hQ ifdb bf ifW,

kfrst idh mfde fvf kfqfmcm jv; kf dlsq skfmfslv mcJmt W rq mfnfr
jv. zffr skfmfslvsj sjfb iajfv j dlsk yfb bf, hvQ dkdb skfmfslvsj idh
jvsk yfb W skfmfslv iadk kf]v zbcoar niCBG jvsk yfb, pfsk skfmvf jxkkf
fib jv. (mfdqlfr } 6)
iaw } rflDsn zfsY, pdl sjfb hAd

hAd kfv Dsj dbu dhYfbfq Ffsj hQ sn bf
zfsn, zk}iv sn (fmD) kfv iadk vfofdhk zhfq vfk jfefq, kfrst
dIdvfoB kfsj njft zhdL zdHnifk jvsk Kfsjb. dj hfnfq ifdb bf
Kfjfv Ist Iusvv bfmfp b rWqfv Hsq pdl zfdm dmtsb vfdu bf r, kfrst
kfskW dj zfdm zdHwf rh?
v } ifdb bf Kfjst kfqfmcm j'sv bfmfp iVf pfsh. nckvfQ sn Wusv fmDv
spZb-ncsJ hfLf slWqf dyk bq. spsrkc wvDqsk mb dhLfb sb sp, ifdb bf
Kfjst skfmvf bfifj rsqf bf. hvQ dhLfb rt,
g2 . . 7W 7Wja. *. 7, 2/ a. . 81 0
. 6. b
2 , V/ 8, 2 . 2 2 1 7,). j a. g2 7, *. ' -. I>]^ P. Ix 2 I. }
A0
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2. / 2 }
. / *1 V,8 @
W 3h. 7W> 8. / a. . 81 0
. ` > . 3 )> . g^ h3 f ,
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. 7 , 1 . 8. L2 B *. , u
> a. V/ 2L2 B . K V, 8, / *. g2 / 2 > m> k . - *K VWb *K
B 7 EF {f 7W_~2 7_W . . @
2 $. R 1 h3 V/ b
W I> I/ 2 . V/ b
W D> 7,7, )> 7,%. */ L2
zKGf{, sr dhhfdnoB! skfmvf sbwfv zhfq bfmfspv dbjehkDG rsqf bf, pk[B
bf skfmvf dj htY, kf hcUsk ifv hQ zidh zhfskW bq, pdl skfmvf iKyfvD
bf rW, pk[B ipG bf skfmvf sofnt jv. zfv pdl skfmvf iDdVk rW zKhf
nIsv Kfj zKhf skfmfslv sj ifqJfbf (swZyfb) rsk zfsn zKhf skfmvf bfvDnsHfo jv hQ ifdb bf ifW, kfrst idh mfde fvf kfqfmcm jv; (kf) mcsJ W
rfsk hcdtsq sbsh. dbyq zffr ivm mfuGbfjfvD, zkA [mfwDt. (dbnf } 43)
2 h3 V/ b
W I. > I/ 2 . V/ b
W D. 7
, , 7W> ~ L > 1 2 h3 V/ 8, / NW .h3 7, *. ' -. I>]^ P. Ix 2 I. }
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^ L2 f ,
, V/ 8, @
W 3h. 3 . / b
2 2 h3 V/ b
W 2
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W > ,, )> 7,%. /*. 3 L> . .
B . K V, 8, / *. g2 / 2 > m> . -. *K VWb *1 A 0
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2. / 2 }
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, I3 I, *. $, / *K VWbI> I/ 2 . V/ b
W D> 7,7, )> 7,%. */ L2 f K <
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W / 2. $, 8. . / > V1 8> , > . V/ @
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2 , > , I3 I, ->b2 . . 0
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m 7 EF {. , b
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/ a.
zKGf{, sr dhhfdnoB! pJb skfmvf bfmfspv ubA iak rsh, kJb skfmvf
skfmfslv mcJmt W jbc ipG rfk sLZk jv hQ skfmfslv mfKf mfnfr jv hQ
if oad ipG sLZk jv. zfv pdl skfmvf zidh Kfj, kfrst dhswNHfsh (sofnt
j'sv) idh rW. pdl skfmvf iDdVk rW zKhf nIsv Kfj zKhf skfmfslv sj
157
iaw } fmDv spZbspZb-ncsJ hfLf slWqf zKhf dmtb bf dlsq kfsj vfofdhk jvf
zdHwfsiv jfu ufdb. dj sn pdl zShL dmtb iafKGbf jsv hQ kfsk vfdu bf r,
kfrstW dj zdHwf rh?
v } fmD pdl zShL dmtb yfq hQ kfsj n jvsk dosq pdl zffr zn
rb hf k]fv zhfLAfyvB rq, kfrst sn s[s zdHwfi zfnfv sjfb iaw zfsn bf.
hvQ zffrv zhfLA rsq sjfb nxdv hfLA rWqf pfsh bf. (zfrmfl, rfsjm,
dmwjfk 3696bQ) nckvfQ fmD pdl vmpfsbv dlsb zKhf mfdnjfhfq dmtb yfq
zKhf ifqJfbffsv nm jvsk yfq, kfrst Dv kfsk nmk rWqf hL bq. kfsk
sn vfofvfdo jvstW sn vfo kfv zbAfq. sn fmD jub pfstm. zfv Dv dyk,
pfstm fmDv nfrfpA jvf. jlf vfnCtcfr htstb, skfmfv Hfsj nfrfpA jv,
sn zkAfyfvD srfj zKhf zkAfyfdvk. zfbfn
htstb, `sr zffrv vnCt!
zkAfyfdvksj nfrfpA jvfv dhNqde skf hcUtfm; dj zkAfyfvDsj djHfsh nfrfpA
jvh?' dkdb htstb, kcdm kfsj zkAfyfv jvf rsk hfLf slsh, kfrst kfsj
nfrfpA jvf rsh. (hcJfvD)
iaw } zfmvf bkcb hvhv-jsb. ntfmD dhLfb mfbfv hAfifsvW zfmfslvsj bkcb
htsk ifsvb. zfmvf ufbsk yf, zfmfslv siamsjdtsk sjfbX nmq sofnt jvf
Ivp rq hQ sjfbX nmq rq bf.
v } fmD-Dv spZb-uDhsb dhdH zhf rsk ifsv. zfv sn zhf zbcpfqD

htf pfsh, jJb sofnt Ivp hQ jJb kf Ivp bq. iwG, ycb, lQwb, mlGb,
iayfib kAfdlv Ist pdl ianafhfv sKsj zfEfstf kvt ilfKG shv rq, kfrst
kfsk sofnt Ivp bq. kfsk pC b rsq pfq. jfisV tfost ifdbv dYef dlsq
idh jvsk rq hQ ianafhfv Lcsk rq.
dj iayfisbv nmq iaht subfq pdl hDpGifk rsq pfq, kfrst sofnt Ivp
rsq pfq.
icvNfsv zoaHfo (ncifdv) spfdbisK iashw jvst Hsqv ubA sofnt Ivp
rsq pfq. kfsk hDpGifk srfj, yfsr bf srfj.
spfdbisKv hfsv D-slsrv isv hf kfv rfsk hDpGifk rst sjht fmDv isv
sofnt Ivp, Dv isv bq. zhwA sn siam-sjdtsk pdl Dv hDpGifk bf rq
kfrst. smfe jKf, hDpGifk sofnt Ivp rWqfv jde jfvB.
iaw } nsm dt Kfjf zhfq jdtQjdtQ-sht shsu Est sE dosq lvuf Jcdt hQ
158
kfviv zfv ncspfo rqdb hQ zfmfslv hDpGifkW rqdb. sk dj sofnt uvvD?
zKGf{ mcndtm zfHAdvjHfsh zidh rstW hfdrAjHfsh sn zidh rq bf hf

zixwA rsq pfq bf.
v } nsm dt rst hQ dtfoa (ncifdv) spfdbisK iashw jvfst sofnt

Ivp. kfsk hDpGifk srfj zKhf bf srfj.
iaw } hDpGifk rst sofnt Ivp. dtfoa Ddts iashw jvst hQ hDpGifk bf
rstW sofnt Ivp. dj dbsvfL hAhrfv j'sv iashw jvfst hQ hDpGifk bf rst
dj sofnt Ivp?
Ivp?
v } mrfbhD hstsYb,
E `, / , t
.
. . / j2 L2 . 8. e
> , 8. e
> =
1 *. . E3 ). / p2 P. > . , -. / ). =
. 2
. .h3 F
zKGf{, pJb fmD kfv Dv yfv wfJf (lc rfk W ifsqv) I]fsj hnsh hQ dt
dts iwG jvsh, kJb sofnt Wqfsuh rsq pfsh. (mcndtm 349bQ) dbsvfL hAhrfv
j'sv dts-dts iwG bf rstW spsrkc iashw jdvsq kfsk spZbkxd zuGb rq,
snsrkc sofnt jvsk rsh. (, mcmsk' 1/234)
iaw } zfdm jub dhLhf pchkD. zsbj nmq si sldJ, zfdm iCBG kxdv nfsK
fmD nrhfn jvdY. dj Ocm Hffv iv wvmofsr sjfb zdkdv kvt ilfKG t[A
jdv bf. sk dj zfmfv
zfmfv ubA sofnt Ivp rsh?
v } wvmofsr hDpG t[A bf jvst sofnt Ivp bq. (hcJfvD 130, 738bQ)
pchjW pdl si nrhfn jsv hQ Ocdmsq sE hDpG bf slsJ, kfrst sofnt Ivp bq.
spmb Ocdmsq sE jfisV hDpG slJst hQ islfN rWqfv jKf msb bf KfjstW
sofnt Ivp.
iaw } sofnstv iv ianafhfh-fv sKsj hDpG shv rsk slJst dj icbvfq sofnt jvsk
fh
rsh?
v } sofnstv iv ianafhfv sKsj hDpG shv rst kf subfhwk} bq, hvQ kf
sjfbHfsh dHksv zfesj Kfjf hDpG. nckvfQ kfsk icbvfq sofnt jvf Wqfsuh bq.
kf ianafshv mskf, kf icbvfq Lcsq sIst pC jvst psK. (hf)
iaw } dmtsbv iv hfKvsm ianafh jvsk dosq sldJ, mfdnj v rsq sosY. kfrst
zfmfsj dj dmtsbv sofnt jvsk rsh?
v } fmD nrhfsnv iv mfdnj v rsq sost sofnt Ivp bq. jfvB sn Ivp
iftb j'sv sjfb tfHW sb. sn sofnstv iv sn idh rsh bf. nckvfQ mfdnj h
rWqfv iv sofnt Ivp. dj mfdnjfhfq pdl jcvzfb mcJ iVsk rq, kfrst
kfsj sofnt jvsk rsh. jfvB hDpGifkOdek zidhkfq ndEj msk jcvzfb iVf
hL bq. (wfqJ nf'l zft-mfl)
nfunf W ianfLb
iaw }}- dhbf zrQjfsv idvdrk h o]fsev dbsy Uctfsbf rfvfm dj bf ?
v } fmD-nrhfsnv iv sofnt jvfv iCshG mdrtfv ubA Ov-nQnfsvv jfujmG

W vff-hff jvf zShL bq. pf zShL, kf rt, bfmfp, jf'hf-Osvv kWqfI, mndusl
zhfb, jcvzfb iwG W dktfzk. YfVf zbAfbA jfu hL.
jlf zfhC vfvf -v nfsK mrfbhD -v mlDbfv j isK slJf rt. sn
nmq zfhC vfvf zidhfhfq dYstb. dkdb nsv dosq sofnt j'sv stb. bhD
k]fsj dufnf jvstb, kcdm sjfKfq dosqdYst zfhC vfvf! dkdb htstb, `zfdm
zidh dYtfm. kf sn zhfq zfibfv nfsK hnfefsj ziYl jvtfm.' bhD
htstb, nchrfbffr! mc'dmb zidh rq bf. (hcJfvD 279, mcndtm 371bQ)
v }- icvNslv ubA idvdrk h ifsqv o]fsev dbsy Uctfb rfvfm, kfsk

zrQjfsvv swA srfj zKhf zrQjfsvv swA bf srfj. ksh pdl kf zrQjfv
iajfswv sswA rq, kfrst kfv wfd zdLjkv jdEb W hV. spsrkc nrDr
mcndtsmv zfhc pfvG
jkxj
G hdBGk rflDsn bhD
hstb, dkb hAdv nfsK
djqfmskv dlb zffr jKf htshb bf, kfslv iadk kfjfshb bf, kfslvsj idh
jvshb bf hQ kfslv ubA pBflfqj wfd rsh. zfhc pfvG hstb, `kfvf jfvf
? sr zffrv vnCt! kfvf hAKG W [dkoa srfj.' dkdb htstb, o]fsev dbsy sp
jfiV Uctfq, djYc lfb jsv `dlsqdY' hst zbcoar iajfwjfvD hQ dmKAf jnm sJsq
iBAlahA dhskf. (mcndtm 106bQ W zfnrfhcn ncbfb)
rflDnde zdbdlG. dj kf hsb mfv vfdpqff zfbmfv rflDn fvf dbdlG,
pfsk bhD hstb, sp hAd zrQjfsv kfv jfiV (mfdesk) sY]yVfq kfv dlsj
zffr kfdjsq slJshb bf. (hcJfvD 5784bQ, mcndtm 2085bQ) nckvfQ zfhc
pfsvGv rflDsn zdbdlG d hsb mfsvv rflDn fvf dbdlG rsh. pdl zrQjfv nr
jfiV tejfq, kfrst zffr kfv iadk slJshb bf, kfsj idh jvshb bf hQ
kfv ubA rsh jlfqj zfpfh. zfv wfd sn wfd zsi[fW hxrv, sp wfd
dbvrQjfsvv nfsK o]fsev dbsy tcd bfdmsq Kfsj mb hAdv rsh; sp hAd ians
bhD hstb, o]fsev dbsyv tcd ufrffsm. (hcJfvD 5787bQ W zfrml 2/410)
159
160
iaw } nrhfsnv iv nkv sofnt jvf dj uvvD?
v } nrhfsnv iv nkv sofnt j'sv sbWqf m. bsy{ Hcst pfWqfv zfwf

zfsY. kfYfVf rEf{ mb iasqfubW iVsk ifsv, pfsk sofnt jvf uvvD. zhwA
dbdy rst Ocmfhfv zfso zKhf jfujmG hf ifbfrfv jvfv zfso pC j'sv sbWqf
mcfrfh. (hcJfvD 383, mcndtm 305-306bQ)
iaw } fmDfmD-nrhfsnv iv sofnt jvfv iCshG mdrtfv ubA dj OvOv-nQnfsvv jfujmG

W vffvff-hff jvf hL bq?
zkh wfd pJb ixKj ixKj rt, kJb zdbdlGsj dbdlGsv iv zfsvfi jvf
znk rsh. jfvB zdbdlGsj dbdlGsv iv zfsvfi jvfv dbqsm wkG sp,
Hq ltDstv dbslGw zdH rsh. dj pdl dbslGw dH rq, ksh jsj zisvv
nfsK dbdlG jvf pfsh bf. ubA kfqfmcsmv zfqfksj pfsk zffr hstb, kf
skfmfslv mcsJ W rfsk hctfsh. Wpcv zfqfk fvf dbdlG jdv bf, pfsk zffr
hstb, skfmfslv mcJmt W rfk jbc ipG sLZk jvsh. (nCvf mfsqlfr 6
zfqfk) nckvfQ kfqfmcm (mfnfr jvf) rfskv jbc ipG rsh bf. (pdlW Wpcsk
rfskv jbc ipG Lcsk rq.)
mfm mfstj iaHdx koB pf zfhc nfl JclvD sKsj hBGbf jsvsYb, kf jKfv
iadk dbslGw jsv. pfsk bhD hstb, mcdmbslv tcd kfv zLG ilbftD (r]fec rsk
sofVfdt ipG ifsqv zQw hf EAfQ) ipG. zfv of]sev dbsy pf rsh kf slfpsJ rsh.
zfv sp hAd zrQjfsvv nfsK kfv idvdrk sthfn (tcd, iAfe, ifqufmf, Lcdk,
jfmDn kAfdl) mfdev iv sY]ysV dbsq shVfq kfv iadk zffr (kfdjsqW) slJshb
bf. zkh bhD j rflDsn lc'de lfrvB siw jsvb hQ Hsqv wfd
ixKj rWqfv jfvsB Hsqv dbslGswv dHkfW dhhxk jsvb. nckvfQ lcub
jsmG dH, dbslGsw dH hQ wfdskW ixKj. sKsj kfslv Hct i rq, pfvf
k]fv d (of]sev dbsy pf kf slfpsJ)sj (sp hAd zrQjfsvv nfsK kfv jfiV
sY]ysV shVfq kfv iadk zffr kfjfshb bf) d fvf dbdlG jsv.
zfhfv jkj mfbcN zfsY pfslvsj o]fsev dbsy tcd hf iAfe Uctfsk dbsNL jvst
hst, `zfdm zrQjfsvv sswA Uctfdb skf.'
dj zfmvf kfslvsj hdt sp, o]fsev dbsy jfiV Uctfsbf lc iajfv; iaKm iajfv - pfv wfd, mfbcNsj sjht sn fsb zfpfh slWqf rsh, sp fsb sn (wvDqskv)
zbAKfyvB W zhfLAkf jsv hQ kf rsY o]fsev dbsyv zQw, pfv iv dbvrQjfsv
jfiV Uctfq. zkh hAdsj sjht zhfLAkfv zs wfd slWqf rsh. zKGf{
pfsk zhfLAkf hf zbAKfyvB jvsY, sjht kfv hltfq kfsj ufrffsm zfpfh
slWqf rsh, zfv kf rsY pf o]fsev dbsy bfsm. dj zhfLAfyfvDv wfd rsh
bf sp, kfv iadk zffr kfjfshb bf hQ kfsj idh jvshb bf. (jfvB, kfv
zrQjfv sb.) zfv dlkDq iajfv wfd; djqfmskv dlb zffr kfv nfsK jKf
htshb bf, kfv iadk kfjfshb bf, kfsj idh jvshb bf hQ kfv ubA pbflfqj
wfd rsh. zfv ef kfv ubA rsh, sp kfv idvdrk hsj ifsqv o]fsev dbsy
zrQjfsvv nfsK mfdesk sY]ysV dbsq shVfq. vi kfsj hdt. ()
(o) sp stfm skftfv hAfifsv sjfb zfslw-dbsNL sb, kf kcst sItf hL. spmb
diE hf ifsqv stfm. zbcvi syrfvfq icvsNv mskf lfdV-so]fsIv zfHfdhj stfm.
zfcfr hsb mfnl jkxj
G hdBGk, dkdb hstb, `zffrv zdHwfi srfj
sn nh bfvDslv iv, pfvf slrfs tdj {jDBG jsv hQ pfvf {jDBG jvfq
hQ sn nh bfvDslv iv, pfvf sy]sY nv jsv, pfvf snZlspGv mfbsn lf]skv mfsU
If]j nxd jsv, pfvf zffrv nxdv msLA idvhkGb zfsb.' uSbj mdrtf hAfifsv
k]fv (hsb mfnslv) iadkhfl jvst dkdb htstb, `zfdm dj kfsj zdHnifk
jvh bf, pfsj zffrv vnCt zdHnifk jsvsYb hQ kf zffrv djkfsh
zfsY? zffr hstsYb, vnCt sp dhLfb skfmfslvsj dlsqsYb kf oarB jv, zfv pf
sKsj dbsNL jsvsYb, kf sKsj dhvk Kfj. (nCvf rfwXv 7 zfqfk, hcJfvD W mcndtm)
iaw } mdrtfv slr sKsj stfm kcst sItf dj hL?
v } mdrtfv slsr dkb iajfv stfm zfsY.

(j) pf kcst sItf Wqfsuh. spmb hot W fsv stfm.
(J) pf kcst sItf rfvfm. spmb v stfm.
161
iaw } icvNslv ubA snfbf hAhrfv rfvfm. dj swfbf pfq, yfv zfbf idvmfB bfdj
ufsqp, pfsk dhisl jfsu zfsn.--zfsn.---
--- jKf dj dEj?
v } icvsNv ubA snfbfv syb, OdV, zfQde, shfkfm, jtm kAfdl hAhrfv hL
bq. spsrkc mrfbhD hstb, snfbf W svwm zfmfv mskv mdrtfslv ubA
rftft hQ icvNslv ubA rfvfm jvf rsqsY. (dkvdmpD, bfnf, dmwjfk
4341bQ)
hsb zffn rsk hdBGk, jlf zffrv vnCt j hAdv rfsk snfbfv
zfQde slJstb. dkdb kfv rfk rsk kf Jcst Ycs] V sIst dlstb hQ htstb,
skfmfslv sj dj Yfjxk slfpsJv zffvsj rfsk dbsq hAhrfv jsv?
zk}iv bhD yst sost stfjdesj htf rt, `skfmfv zfQdeef jcdVsq dbsq
zbA jfsu tfofW. (zKhf kf dhq jsv mCtAef jfsu tfofW.)' dj stfjde htt,
`zffrv jnm! zfdm zfv j[sbf kf oarB jvh bf, pf zffrv vnCt Ycs] V sIst
dlsqsYb. (mcndtm 2090bQ)
iajfw Kfsj sp, hAdkmHfsh icvsNv ubA snfbfv bfj h]fLfv zbcmdk vsqsY
ntfsm. nfrfhD zfvIfufv bfj jfef sost bhD
k]fsj snfbfv bfj hfbfsk
zfslw dlsqdYstb. (zfrmfl 18527, zfhC lfl 4232, dkvdmpD 1770, bfnf
5161bQ)
iasqfusb snfbfv kfv dlsq l]fk h]fLsk zKhf snfbfv l]fk h]fdLsq hAhrfv jvfskW
zbcmdk zfsY wvDqsk.
i[fsv yfv zfbf snfbfv zfQde hAhrfsvv hLkf wvDqsk sb. dhisl iasqfusb
sp sjfb BGecjvf rfsk bf svsJ nfsKW skf vfJf pfq.
iajfw Kfsj sp, snfbf dlsq ifdtw jvf dudbsnW spsrkc snfbf Kfsj, snsrkc kf
icvsNv ubA hAhrfv hL bq. (du)
iaw } icvNslv ubA snfbf YfVf zbA Lfkcv syb ivf dj hL?
v } sp ztQjfv nfLfvBk} mdrtfslv, kf icvNslv ivf hL bq. otfq syb,

162
jfsb lct, rfsk hftf kAfdl icvNvf ivsk ifsv bf. jfvB kfsk mdrtfslv nflxwA
zhtb rq. spmb mdrtfvf icvNslv mskf iAfeX-wfeG ivsk ifsv bf. jfvB kfsk
icvNslv nflxwA zhtb rq. zffrv vnCt bfvDv shw LfvBjfvD icvNslvsj
hQ icvsNv shw LfvBjfvD mdrtfslvsj zdHwfi jsvsYb.
zbA hBGbfq zfsY, `zffrv vnCt mdrtfslv nflxwA zhtbjfvD icvNslvsj
hQ icvNslv nflxwA zhtbjfvD mdrtfslvsj zdHwfi jsvsYb.' (hcJfvD)
`zffrv vnCt sn icvNsj zdHnifk jsvsYb, sp mdrtfv sifwfj isv
hQ sn mdrtfsj zdHnifk jsvsYb sp icvsNv sifwfj idvLfb jsv.' (zfhC
lfl)
v } rfskv bJ sjse sItf iajdx kok nck. bhD hstsYb, iajdx kok
zfyvB (bhDosBv kvDjf) if]yde zKhf if]yde jfu iajdx kok zfyvB, (1) JfkXbf
(dtkj sYlb) jvf. (2) tffsbv stfm sjse idvjfv jvf. (3) bJ jfef.
(4) hostv stfm dY]Vf. (5) so]fI sY]se sItf. (hcJfvD W mcndtm)
zfbfn hstb, `smfY Y]fef, bJ jfef, bfdHv dbsyv stfm y]fYf hQ shfostv
stfm kcst sItfv hAfifsv zfmfslvsj nmq sh]sL slWqf rsqsY; pfsk zfmvf sn nh
ydw dlsbv shwD sYsV bf vfdJ.' (mcndtm 258bQ)
kfYfVf kfsk vsqsY u-ufsbfqfv W djYc jfsIv mdrtfslv zbcjvB W nflxwA
zhtb, pf mcndtsmv ubA hL bq. (hf)
v } ifjf yct-lfdV nflf bf svsJ vdMsq vfJf kfjDliaf nck. ksh kfsk
jfstf jti hAhrfv jvf hL bq. ufshv
hstb, mf dhusqv dlb zfhc
jcrfIfsj zfbf rt. kJb k]fv yct-lfdV dYt `Nfofmf' Icstv mk nsIl (nflf).
bhD htstb, sjfb vM dlsq nsIdlsj hlst sIt. zfv jfstf vM sKsj
W]sj lCsv vfJ. (mcndtm, dmwjfk 4424bQ)
zfv njstv sswA nfLfvB dbslGw dlsq zffrv vnCt hstb, swN pfmfbfq
mb j swaBDv stfj rsh; pfvf ifqvfv Yfdkv mk jfstf jti hAhrfv jvsh,
kfvf uffskv ncoW ifsh bf. (zfhC lfl 4212, bfnf, nrDt ufsm' 8153bQ)
v } bsJ bJ-ifdtw tfofsbf hL. ksh pc-sofnstv zfso kf kcst sItsk

rsh. bsy{ pc-sofnt rsh bf. zhwA sp vsM ifdb zfejfq bf, sn (zftkf hf
smsrdl ufkDq) vM hAhrfv jvf pfq. (hf)
iaw } ifjf yct-lfdVsk dj jfstf

jfstf jti hAhrfv jvf hL?
iaw } mcndtm mdrtfv ubA wfdV ivf dj hL?
v } wfdV pdl nfvf slrsj sTsj sbq, kfrst hL. htf hftA, sie-diE shv
j'sv svsJ zKhf ifktf wfdV ivf hL bq. zbcvi mb sthfnW hL bq pfsk
bfvD-slsrv sjfbW snZlpG iajfw ifq. sp bfvDvf mb wfdV hf sthfn isv, kfvf
sn bfvDlstv zHc
G , pfslv hAfifsv zffrv vnCt
hstsYb, lc swaBDv
mfbcN ufrffmhfnD rsh, pfslvsj Jsbf zfdm sldJdb. kmsLA dkDq swaBD rt sn
mdrtflt, pfvf jfiV ivf nsW spb t Kfjsh, (pfvf ifktf zKhf sJftf
sthfn idvLfb jvsh.) vf (iv icvNsj dbsuv iadk) zfjx jvsh hQ dbsuvfW
(kfv iadk) zfjx rsh; kfslv mfKf rsh drst pfWqf sev jcsu
] v mk. kfvf uffk
iashw jvsh bf hQ kfv ncoW ifsh bf. zKy kfv nco k-k lCvhkDG fb
rsk ifWqf pfsh. (mcndtm 2128bQ)
iaw } snZlspGv ubA y]fYf dj hL?
v } hL bq. jfvB `zffrv zdHwfi srfj sn nh bfvDslv iv, pfvf

slrfs tdj {jDBG jsv hQ pfvf {jDBG jvfq hQ sn nh bfvDslv iv, pfvf
sy]sY nv jsv, pfvf snZlspGv mfbsn lf]skv mfsU If]j nxd jsv, pfvf zffrv
nxdv msLA idvhkGb zfsb.' (hcJfvD, mcndtm)
iaw } rfskv bJ tf jvf dj rfvfm?
163
iaw } bsJ bJbJ-ifdtw tfofsbf dj hL?
iaw } dhdedhde-iftGfsv nclvD nfusk pfWqf dj mcndtm mdrtfslv ubA hL?
v } jsqjde jfvsB hL bq }(j) ziasqfusb kfsk zsKGv ziyq rq.

(J) icvN jmGyfvDv iwG dbsk rq.
(o) zisvv nfmsb tffb Jctsk rq.
(O) snZlspG zsbj s[s jfsIv mdrtfslv nflxwA zhtb rq.
(M) zsbj nmq jAfsmvfq mdrtfv bo Ydh Lsv vfJf W sbse iayfv jvf rq.
iaw } fmDv syfsJ zdLj nclvD nfufv ubA dj mfKfq ivyctf, bjt yct hf sesnt
hAhrfv jvf pfq?
v } mdrtfv ncsjw snZlspGv zbAkm. mfKfq zfslZ yct bf Kfjst de Tfjfv
ubA ivyctf hAhrfv jvf pfq. dj zdLj yct slJfhfv ubA kf hL bq. spsrkc `sp
zisvv mfKfq ivyctf sh]sL slq hQ sp dbsuv mfKfq kf h]fsL, mb Hq
mdrtfsj bhD zdHwfi jsvsYb.' (hcJfvD 5941, mcndtm 2122, hsb mfufr
1988bQ)
iaw } snZlspGv ubA ifdejdej-nfuGfdv hL dj?
v } ifdej-nfuGfdv lcde sswA jvf rq } zfdj de lCvDjvsBv sswA

zKhf zdkdv snZlpG zfbqsbv sswA. iaKm sswA hL. spmb dhjxk W jcwaD
mcJmst snZlpG zfbqsbv sswA jvf pfq. dj dkDq sswA hL bq. jfvB
kfsk zffrv nxdsk dhjxdk nxd jvf rq. pf wqkfsbv iasvfybfq jvf rq (nCvf
dbnf 119 zfqfk)
zfv mrfbhD
(rfk hf syrfvfq) slso pfvf bjwf j'sv slq zKhf jvfq,
syrfvf sKsj pfvf stfm kcst sIst ( y]fsY), snZlpG zfbfv ubA pfvf l]fskv mfsU
164
---- DbD iaswfv ---Osn (I]fj I]fj jsv) hQ zffrv nxd-iajdx ksk idvhkGb Oefq (pfsk k]fv
zbcmdk sb) mb njt mdrtfslvsj zffrv zdHwfi dlsqsYb. (hcJfvD
4886bQ, mcndtm 2125bQ, zfnrfsh ncbfb)

iaw } hL sJtfLCtfv nmq weG-iAfe ivf hL dj?
v } sp iAfse ufQ sJftf pfq, sn iAfeX ivf hL bq. r]fec ipG iAfeX isv
sJtfLCtf jvf hf n]fkfv jfef pfq. ufQ-sJftf sJstfqfsvv sJtf slJfW lwGjslv
ubA hL bq.
mrfbhD
hstb, kcdm skfmfv v Jcst svsJf bf hQ sjfb uDdhk zKhf
mxskv vv dlsj kfdjsq slsJf bf. (zfhC lfl, nrDt ufsm' 7440 bQ)
zbA hstb, kcdm skfmfv ufQ sTsj bfW. jfvB, ufQ rt tffb.
(zfrmfl, zfhC lfl, dkvdmpD, rfsjm, hsb drfb, nrDt ufsm' 7906 bQ)
i[fsv djswfvD W pchkDslv ubA hL bq sjfb icvN (iadw[j hf zbA
icvsNv) nfmsb zbcvi hAfqfm, wvDv-yyGf hf sJtfLCtf jvf zKhf n]fkfv jfef, hL
bq kf lwGb jvfW.
iaw } hfdVsk ifdJ sifNf dj ufsqp?
v } snZlpG W dhtfdnkfv ubA difvf hf Osvv msLA zfh svsJ ifdJ sifNf,
rWp hf ifsv msLA ifdb svsJ mfY sifNf hL, pdl ndEjHfsh sJsk-ifb jvsk
slWqf rq hQ sjfb iajfsv pctcm bf jvf rq.
zffrv vnCt hstb, jub mdrtf jde dhVfstv jfvsB ufrffsm sosY;
pfsj sn sh]sL svsJ sJsk slqdb hQ sYsVW slqdb; pfsk sn dbsu tyv jDeik
Lsv sJk. (hcJfvD 2365, 3482, mcndtm 2242bQ)
hcUf sot, pdl kfsj sJsk dlk, kfrst ufrffsm spk bf. (hf)
iaw } syfsJv dHksv jeAfX-stn hAhrfv jvf dj hL?
v } iasqfub rst zhwA hL. ksh dhbf iasqfusb sjht syfsJv snZlpG
zfbqsbv ubA zsKGv ziyq Oefsbf dEj bq. hL bq zbcvi snZlpG dbsq jfsj
sL]fjf slWqf. (If)
iaw } bflfv shfvjf ivf dj hL?
v } mdrtfv sthfsnv snZlpG; lxd-zfjNGD vM, bf, Ict kAfdl sofib jvfv
ubA shfvjf hf yflv hAhrfv jvf rq. dj sn shfvjf hf yflv pdl udvlfv,
mhaqFfdv jvf, IctYfif kAfdl rq, kfrst skf kfv isv zfsvf jef shfvjf
ivf Wqfsuh rsq pfq. nckvfQ yflv hf shfvjf nflf-dnLf rsh, pf snZlpG sofib
jvsh hQ dhkvB jvsh bf. pf slsJ icvsNv msb waf nxd jvsh hQ zfjNGB nxd
jvsh bf. (du)
iaw } syfsJv ifkfq zdkdv stfm hf tAfw tfofsbf hL dj?
v } hL bq. deW ivyctf tfofsbfv mskf ufdtqfdkv ipGfsq isV. zfv mb

165
---- DbD iaswfv ---ianfdLjf mdrtf zdHwf. (du)
iaw } dwdw-djswfvDsj hcj WEfv zfso hot jfef j ivfsbf dj hL bq?
v } mcndtm mfsqv dyk, wwh sKsj smsqsj ntfmD sthfsn zHA j'sv
skftf. djswfvD smsqv iadk ifwdhj zkAfyfsvv Jhv iafq swfbf pfq. nckvfQ kfv
iadk zhsrtf ialwGb jvf zfslZ dyk bq. htf hftA, swstfqfsvv nfsK Ict-rfkf
jfdmn hf j ivfsbf dyk. sn nfsK mfKfq WVbf. pfsk wwh sKsj kfv msb
tfwDtkf, ziaotXHkf W LmGHDvkf fb j'sv dbsk ifsv.
iaw } rflDsn snsY, `nfLfdnLf hf zfVvrDb rsq Kfjf mfsbv zHc

G .' kfv
mfsb dj snZlpG zhtb jvf mfsbv zftfmk bq?
v } rflDsnv zKG rt, sthfsn-sifwfsj mcndtm zdkvb, hfVfhfdV,

dhtfdnkf W ziyq jvsh bf. kfv sifwfsj u]fjumj, Efehfe W zfVv Kfjsh
bf. bsy{ snZlpG zhtb jvf slfsNv bq. zfcfr dhb mfnl rsk hdBGk,
bhD
hstb, pfv rlsq zBc idvmfBW zrQjfv Kfjsh sn uffsk pfsh bf.
j hAd htt, `stfsj skf iYl jsv sp, kfv sifwfj W uckf nclv srfj
(kfrst sn hAdv jD rsh?)' bhD htstb, zhwA zffr nclv hQ dkdb
snZlpG iYl jsvb. (nckvfQ nclv ufmf-sifNfj ivfq zrQjfv sb.) zrQjfv
rt, rj (nkA) iakAfJAfb jvf hQ mfbcNsj OxBf jvfv bfm. (mcndtm 91bQ,
dkvdmpD, rfsjm 1/26)
spmb nfLfdnLf rsq Kfjfv mfsb W bq sp, mcndtm bAftfJAfif rsq Kfjsh, sthfn
sifwfj sbfQvf rsq Kfjsh hQ kfv slr sKsj lcoG shv rsh. spsrkc idhkf W
idvYkfW mfsbv zHc
G . ()
iaw } rflDsnv dbslGwmsk hostv stfm dY]sV hf kcst sItsk rq. dj zfmfsj
kf jjv msb rq. nckvfQ kf pdl sjse hf sy]sY sIdt zKhf sjdmjAft dlsq kcst
sIdt, kfrst sjfb [dk zfsY dj?
v } hostv stfm dY]sV hf kcst sItsk bf ifvst kf [cv hf shF dlsq sy]sY
sItf zKhf j]fdy dlsq sjse sItf zKhf sjdmjAft dlsq kcst sItfq sjfb slfN
sb. (du)
iaw } zsbj mdrtfv LfvBf, tf bsJ snZlpG zfsY. nckvfQ bJ tf sYsV vfJfq
sjfb slfN zfsY dj?
v } tf bsJ snZlpG sb. zhwA dhjxk iYslv zsbsjv dbje kf Kfjsk

ifsv. dj wvDqsk bJ tf jvfq zbcmdk sb. hvQ mfbcsNv iajdx k kf tf vfJfv
dhsvfLD. kf ydw dlsbv mfKfq kf sjse sItsk rsh. mrfbhD
hstsYb,
iajdx kok zfyvB if]yde zKhf if]yde jfu iajdx kok zfyvB, (1) JfkXbf
(dtkj sYlb) jvf. (2) tffsbv stfm sjse idvjfv jvf. (3) bJ jfef.
(4) hostv stfm dY]Vf. (5) so]fI sY]se sItf. (hcJfvD W mcndtm)
166
zfbfn hstb, `smfY Y]fef, bJ jfef, bfdHv dbsyv stfm y]fYf hQ shfostv
stfm kcst sItfv hAfifsv zfmfslvsj nmq sh]sL slWqf rsqsY; pfsk zfmvf sn nh
ydw dlsbv shwD sYsV bf vfdJ.' (mcndtm 258bQ)
D. ]. e
> 81 I. 1 V > 3 / . )> !
> ` 3 / > . -/ . `1 [
> ,>
> I/ > %
. 7. P/ 2
/ 3 8. H
/ I1 -/ *.
3 1 -. *> . z
iaw } swfbf pfq, `smfsYv ifdb rfvfm.'--rfvfm.'---

--- jKf dj dEj?
v } sp ifdbsk smfY FcshsY, sn ifdb iajdx kokHfsh OxBA rsk ifsv. ksh sn
ifdb ifb jvf rfvfm, kf htf pfq bf. zhwA smfY sY]se sYfe jvfv dbslGw zfsY
wvDqsk. zffrv vnCt hstsYb, skfmvf lfdV hfVfW, smfY sYfe jv, ifjf
ycst (jfstf YfVf zbA) sJpfh tfofW hQ qfl W bfnfvfv nflxwA zhtb jsvf
bf. (zfrmfl, nrDt ufsm' 1067bQ)
dkdb zfsvf hstsYb, sp hAd kfv smfY Y]fse bf, sn zfmfv ltHc bq.
(dkvdmpD, 2762, nrDt ufsm' 6533bQ)

iaw } yct-bJ kAfdl sjse sItfv iv kf lfIb jvf dj dhsLq?
v } nfrfhD zfcfr dhb mfv jkGj

x vi zfmt hdBGk zfsY. zsbj
IcjfrfW kf mcfrfh msb jsvb. () zfv jKf dhdlk sp, h pflcjv kf dlsq
pflcW j'sv Kfsj. nckvfQ nkjGkf hfbDq.
iaw } lfdV vfJf dj

dj nck, bfdj Wqfsuh?
v } lfdV vfJf njt bhDv nck (kvDjf). dj mskv ubA kf iftb jvf
Wqfsuh. spsrkc zffrv vnCt hstsYb, skfmvf lfdV hfVfW, smfY sYfe jv,
ifjf ycst (jfstf YfVf zbA) sJpfh tfofW hQ qfl W bfnfvfv nflxwA zhtb
jsvf bf. (zfrmfl, nrDt ufsm' 1067bQ)
dkdb zfsvf hstsYb, smfY sY]se W lfdV svsJ zdoiCujslv ShivDkA jv.
(mcndtm 260 bQ)
iaw } lfdV dj smfse Y]fef ytsh bf? bfdj snZlspGv ubA j mcdEv shdw lfdV
sY]se sItf pfq?
v } bhD -v hAfij dbslGw iftb jvsk dosq lfdVsj dbsuv zhfq sYsV
slWqf Hft. spsrkc dkdb sp lfdV Y]feskb, kfv nrDr ltDt sb. ksh nfrfhDslv
zfmt sKsj hcUf pfq sp, j mcdEv zdkdv lfdV sY]se sItf pfq.
ofb-hfubf, sJtfLCtf
iaw } ofbofb-hfubf swfbf ShL dj? sn nm de,dHde,dH-dndvu slJf ShL dj? pfsk
zLGbof bfvDslr ialdwGk rq ?
v }- ofb-hfubf swfbf rfvfm. zfv kf rfvfm rWqfv hAfifsv stwmf nslr

sb. ntsI nfstrDb; nfrfhf W kfshb jkxj
G hdBGk rsqsY sp, ofb zsv
mcbfdIjD (jiekf) lXok jsv. iv ofb swfbf -- znfv hfjA swfbf hQ kfv
iadk zfjx rWqfv ipGfqHc. zfv zffr kfzftf hstb,
167
x-A / P3 *x A .]. V/ P, 2 T
2 > 2 W ,QD,
zKGf{, mfbcsNv msLA sj sj mbW vsqsY pfvf zkfq stfjslvsj zffrv
iK rsk dhycAk jvfv ubA znfv hfjA shsY sbq hQ zffrv ialdwGk iK dbsq
Eff-dhlai jsv. Wslv ubA vsqsY zhmfbbfjv wfd. (nCvf tcjmfb 6 zfqfk)
hsb mfnl zfqfskv hAfJAfq hstb, `sn zffrv jnm dpdb YfVf
sj nkA ifnA sb! dbyq kf (znfv hfjA) rsY ofb.' nfrfhfosBv hAfJAf
(kInDv) j iajfv ltDt. kInDsvv kxkDq ipGfsq v mfb vsqsY. spsrkc
kInDsvv dkbde ipGfq; jcvzfsbv kInDv jcvzfb fvf, jcvzfsbv kInDv ncfr
fvf hQ jcvzfsbv kInDv nfrfhfosBv d fvf. mbdj djYc tfmfv dnf
sp, nfrfhDv kInDv vnCt -v kInDsvv ipGfqHc. dj wc zdHmk
sp, kf vnCt -v kInDsvv ipGfqHc bq. zhwA kf dhdH dnmCsrv msLA
ndEjkfv zdLjkv dbjehkDG.
i[fsv ofb-hfubf wahB jvfv zKG rt, sn jsmG zfidkk rWqf, pf sKsj
bhD nfhLfb jsvsYb. dkdb hstb, dbyq zfmfv mskv msLA mb jkj
nialfq rsh pfvf hAdHyfv, svwm h, mlA hQ hflA-psj rftft msb jvsh.
(hcJfvD iaHdx k) zKGf{, kfvf bfvD-icvsNv zShL spZb-nijG, mlifb hQ svwsmv
jfiV ivfsj rftft W ShL msb jvsh zKy kfvf icvN, kfslv ubA svwm h
idvLfb ShL bq. zbcvi dmduj hf hfubf swfbfsjW ShL Hfhsh. zfv hflA-p,
pfv ws mb lfn rq, mb znfv psj hst. rflDndesj mfm hcJfvD zfhc mfstj
zft zfwzfvD zKhf zfhc zfsmv zft zfwzfvD sKsj hBGbf jsvsYb.
nckvfQ jKfv iv dHd j'sv zfdm zfmfv mcndtm fkxhsx lv iadk ofb-hflA
wahB jvf sKsj nfhLfb rWqfv ubA islwhfBD siavB jvdY. kfvf spb mb
zfstmslv jKfq sL]fjf bf Jfq, p]fvf hflA-psj ShL hst mk iajfw jsvsYb.
spsrkc v zShLkfv nis[ nm ltDt hA W nci.
zfv de,dH-dndvu pfsk mdrtf ialdwGk rq kf slJfW rfvfm. spsrkc kf dIkbf
(dhO) hQ (zShL) bfvDv iadk zfjx rWqfv dlsj Lfdhk jsv. iv nm
dndvsuv zdLjfQw [dkjfvj. pdlW kfsk icvN bfvDsj hQ bfvD icvNsj lwGb
bf jsv. spsrkc nshv iyfsk nfLfvBk} swA Kfsj nmfusj kfv zfyvB W
ydvs [dkoa jvf. zffrv dbje iafKGbf jdv sp, dkdb spb mcntmfbslvsj v
zdb sKsj h]fyfb. zfv zffr zdLj ufsbb. ()
iaw } out ofWqf W swfbf dj hL?
v } outW ofsbv mskf. kf znfv W zwDt bf rst hQ dwjG W

dhlzfkmc Kfjst ofWqf W swfbf hL. dj kfsk hfubf hf dmduj Kfjst kf
168
---- DbD iaswfv ---pk Hft W kfWrDlmCtj srfj, ofWqf W swfbf hL bq.
iaw } dhsq W slv nmq `lcI' hfdusq sYfe sYfe smsqvf hL oDk ofsk ifsv.
zbA JcwDv its[AW dj zbcvi lcI hfdusq oDk ofWqf pfq?
v } dhsq W l YfVf zbA sjfb JcwDv its[A lcI hfufsbf hL bq. jlf
sjfb pc sKsj mrfbhD dhuqD rsq dIsv st jde jxjfq lfnD sn htt,
`(sr zffrv vnCt!) zfdm bpv smsbdYtfm sp, zfidb HftHfsh dIsv st zfdm
zfibfv jfsY lcI hfufh.' bhD htstb, kcdm pdl bpv smsb Kfsjf, kfrst kf
iCvf jv. zfv bf smsb Kfjst kf jsvf bf. nckvfQ lfnDde lcI hfufsk tfot.
dkmsLA zfhC hfjXv iashw jvstb. kJbW sn hfufsk Kfjt. zbA sj sn
idk rstW sn hfufsk Kfjt. zhswsN mfv iashw jvst lcIefsj sn dbu
diYsb tcdjsq jfisV mcJW tcjfsk tfot. kf slsJ zffrv vnCt
mfsvv
sswA htstb, wqkfbW skfmfsj Hq ifq sr mfv! (zfrmfl, dkvdmpD, dn}
nrDrfr 1609bQ)
rflDn sKsjW hcUf pfq sp, dhsq W l YfVf zbA its[A lcI hfufsbf hL
bq. zhwA bpv iftb jvf W sn hAfifsv bhD -v zbcmdk slWqf jKfv ltDt
sp, sjht k]fv dIsv zfnfv ubA dbdlG. spsrkc k]fv dbvfisl dIsv zfnfv dhNqef
l W dhsqv yfskW shdw JcwDv dhNq. (hfbD)
iaw } hfubf
hfubf rfvfm. dj rfdvsq pfWqfv Hsq ovov-Yfostv otfq Oef h]fLf hL
dj?
v } vfnCtcfr hstsYb, sn jfsItfv ns (vrmskv) dIdvf Kfsjb bf,

pfsk jcjcv djQhf OcMcv Kfsj. (mcndtm) dkdb zfsvf hstsYb, Oef hf OcMvc
wqkfsbv hf]dw. (hcJfvD W mcndtm)
nckvfQ ziasqfusb kf hAhrfv jvf hL bq. ksh iasqfusb rfdvsq pfWqfv Hsq
iv otfq, sedtsIfb hf smfhfstv dvQ-esb, tfmG OdVsk, hfdVv jdtQ-sht
kAfdlsk hAhrfv jvf lCNBDq bq. (du)
iajfw Kfsj sp, nh s[s dmduj ufkDq djYc hAhrfv jvf hL bq. hL rt
nfLfvB dvQ.
iaw }}- kfn W lfhf sJtf ShL dj ?
v }- tfmfoB iHfsh sOfNBf jsvsYb sp, Hq iajfv sJtf rfvfm.

zffr k]fslv iadk jvBf jvb. spmb zfmfslv wfqJ W WfloBW kf sJ
jsvsYb. dnfsv jfvB sp, Hq sJtfsk mfbcsNv msLA h lfnA hQ
zffr nchrfbf kfzftfv dpjXv W mvsB hfLf nxd rq. zfhfv jJsbf jJsbf Hq
sJtf sJstfqfVslv msLA wkf W ssNv jfvB rq. iv zsbj s[s nh
sJtfsk zsKGv hfduW vfJf rq. zfv jKf dhdlk sp, iadkspfoDslv msLA
iadkspfdokfv iv sjfb iB hf hfdu vfJf ShL bq. ksh sp iadkspfdokfq hfdu
169
---- DbD iaswfv ---vfJfq wvDqk zbcmdk dlsqsY kfsk vfJf yst hQ kf mf dkbde iadkspfdokf ;
kDv, ]e W sOfVf iadkspfdokf. i[fsv sp hAd kfn W lfhf sJtfv sJstfqfVslv
zhf dyf jsv, sn hcUsk ifsv sp, kfvf kfsk jk shwD nmq b jsv; pfv nm
zffrv zfbcoskAv hfsv hQ kfslv dbu sjfb ifdKGh ijfv tfH YfVf kf
zdkhfdrk j'sv sIst.
zfhfv djYc stfj hst Kfsj sp, kfn W lfhf sJtfq bfdj shb Jcst hQ hcd hfsV.
dj hfh kfslv lfhDv hfsv. hvQ nh sJtf shabsj sHf]kf jsv hQ iajfv
hcdsk shabsj nDmfh j'sv vfsJ. nckvfQ pdl sj kfv dyfwdsj idk
YfVf zbAHfsh (dH dhNsq) hAhrfv jsv, ksh sn djYc It tfH jvsk n[m rq
bf.
zkh jKfv iv dHd j'sv htf pfq sp, sp sJtf shabsj sH]fkf jsv hQ
kfsj iajfv hcdsk nDdmk jsv vfsJ sn sJtf sKsj fbD mfbcNsj lCsv Kfjf
zfhwAj. ()
iaw }}- djYc stfj ksjGv iv hfdu vfsJ hQ kf ShL msb j'sv Kfsj; dj
zfnst kf ShL dj ?
v }- ksjGv iv iB vfJf h stfsjv dbje dhdlk. kf vsi rq sp, lc
hAd sjfb dhNsq mksHl j'sv ksjGv nfsK hst, `zfdm pf htdY kf pdl nkA hf
ndEj rq, kfrst skfmfsj tfosh.' hQ pf tfosh kfv bfm sbq. (zKGf{
k dmd JfWqfsk rsh hf k iqnf dlsk rsh kAfdl hst). `zfv kcdm pf htY kf
pdl nkA hf ndEj rq, kfrst zfdm slh.' hQ pf slsh kfv bfm sbq. vi
hfdu vfJf rfvfm. jfvB jfu ucqfv ipGfqHc, pfsj zffr kfzftf mslv
ifwfifdw sJ j'sv hstsYb,
`3 . . -/ *K =
A
/ 3 , g2 / p2 . , . / p2 . , > / . . , / e
. . 1 h3 /7 , *. ' -. I/ ]> ^ P. Ix 2 I. z
2 . . . V, b
W . / ). E. N> 7/ Ix / 2 , v
2 /H
1 , I/ 3 I, . 1 h3 .7/ %
, >_ a, V/ b
W ^. 2 o, 7/ , > 8.
/ L2 3 v
2 /H
1
V/ 8, / 2 `/ P. L2 > 2 1 -3 . . !
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>-/ . V/ @
W 1 , I. . 3 > / . . 3 / e
. C>L B. [
. / . .
x. 7/ P, 8. / *x
zKGf{, sr mfblfvoB! ml, ucqf, mCdkGiCufv shlD W HfoA-dbBGfqj wv OxBA h,
wqkfsbv jfu. nckvfQ skfmvf kf huGb jv. sk skfmvf nItjfm rsk ifvsh.
wqkfb skf ml W ucqf fvf skfmfslv msLA wkf W dhsN Oefsk yfq hQ
skfmfslvsj zffrv mvsB W bfmfsp hfLf dlsk yfq. zkh skfmvf dj dbhx
rsh? (nCvf mflfr 90-91 zfqfk)
dHdsk iajfv ucqfhfdu zShL. djYc stfsjv kfsj `ShL' htf kfv
dbjxkfsj zdLj hxd jsv. spsrkc sn zbAfqsj bAfq nfhA jsv hQ kfv zfnt
bfm huGb j'sv dH bfmjvB jsv. zfv kfv iv ShLkfv vM ydVsq slq, Ist sn
170
pf lfhD jsv, kfsk dmKcAj iamfdBk rq hQ pf hA jsv, kfsk sn iakfvj

iakDqmfb rq. ()
V, b
W . / ). E. N> 7,I 2 , v
2 /H
1 , I3 I, . 1 h3 EF {. 7 %
, >_ a, V/ b
W ^. 2 o, 7, > 8.
/ L2 3 v
2 /H
1
v } icvfv pdl iadkspfoD i[ YfVf zbA sjfb i[ slq, kfrst kf oarB

jvfq slfN sb. slfN rt iadkspfoDslv zfsifsn icvfv svsJ rfv-dusk tfHsbfjnfb rst. spsrkc kf ucqfv ipGfqHc. zfv mrfbhD hstsYb,
K` / . / 2 L> 0
. L> / 2
wy
, L> g^ h3 . / . g2
zKGf{, e, sOfVf zKhf kDv iadkspfdokf YfVf zbA iadkspfdokfq icvfv hL
bq. (zfhC lfl 2574, dkvdmpD 1700bQ)
spsrkc dkbde dudbn durfsl jfsu tfso, kf kfsk njt iajfv icvfv hL
jvf rsqsY. ()
iaw } isjsmfb Pokemon, Pocket-monster sJtf hL dj?
v } DbD W zfdKGj bfbf [dkv jfvsB sJtf hL bq. hL bq sJtfv sjfb
p dhq W kfv fvf hAhnf. (du, tflf, dhfdvk } IfkfWqf tfmfdqt
hftfdlt rfvfm 1262-1270ix})
m 7 EF . 7,P8. *x V,8 2
zKGf{, sr dhhfdnoB! ml, ucqf, mCdkGiCufv shlD W HfoAdbBGfqj wv OxBA h
wqkfsbv jfu. nckvfQ skfmvf kf huGb jv, pfsk skfmvf nItjfm rsk ifv.
skfmfslvsj zffrv nvB W bfmfsp hfLf dlsk yfq! zkh skfmvf dj dbhx rsh
bf? (mfdqlfr } 90-91)
. u
. a> . 7 b
W a. 2 g^ h3 `3 <
> . )> V/ b
W . / ). V/ b
W 2 .7*/ 2 7W@
W X a. g2 7, *. ' -. I>]^ P. Ix 2 I. }
iaw } iadkspfdokfq dhkdvk icvfv oarB jvf hL dj?
iaw } jcd sJtf hL dj?
v } nkv-Tfjfv mskf sthfn isv jcd sJtf hL. sJfl bhD jcd tsV
iadn jcddov vjfbfsj rfdvsq dlsqdYstb. (zfhC lfl 4078, dkvdmpD 1785,
hfrfjD 10/18, ofqfkct mfvfm 378bQ) ksh dIeft jcd hL bq. jfvB
kfsk wvDvyyGfv yfsk iadki[sj Ofsqt jvfv Yf shdw Kfsj.
iaw } N]fVV-tVf sJtf dj hL?
v } N]fsVv nfsK sJtf hL bq. jfvB sk hV dhil W iafBrfdbv zfwf

zfsY.
iaw } mcdpc sJtf hL dj?
v } mcdpc sJtf hL bq. jfvB sJtf hV Ofk-iadkOfskv sJtf. pfsk

dhilfwf Jch shdw. zfv mrfb zffr hstb,
j 7 EF {i> b
2 WP/ 81 2 h3 V/ b
W I> I/ X2 )> 7Wj a, g2 . }
zKGf{, skfmvf dbsuvf dbsuslv nhGbfw jsvf bf. (hfjfvfr } 195)
iaw } tefdvv dedje sjbf dj hL? kfv icvfsvv zKG dj rftft? sjfb
ubjtAfBmCtj iadkfsbv dkv ubA dj tefdv sJtf YfVf pfq?
v } tefdv ucqfv ipGfqHc. nckvfQ icvfsvv stfsH kfv dedje sjbf rfvfm,
kfv icvfvW rfvfm. zfv rfvfm dlsq sjfb Hft jfsuv nrspfdokf jvf ianafh dlsq
ifqJfbf sLfqfv mskf. mrfb zffr hstsYb,
`3 . . -/ *K =
A
/ 3 , g2 / p2 . , . p2 . , > / . . , / e
. . 1 h3 7 , *. ' -. I>] ^ P. Ix 2 I. }
171
`/ P. L2 > 2 1 -3 . . $> R 3 @
>-. V/ @
W 1 , I. . 3 > / . . 3 / e
. C>L B [
. / . . 2 . . .
B 7 EF {V/ b
W *K
. a. -.
zKGf{, sr dhhfdnoB! skfmvf sj zsbAv nid zbAfqHfsh oafn jsvf bf. ksh
skfmfslv iviv nmdksm hAhnfv mfLAsm (oarB jvst kf ShL). (dbnf } 29)
pdlW msb jvf rq sp, tefdv sJtfv efjf dlsq mfbcsNv ijfv jvf rq, khcW
ufbsk rsh sp, kfsk ifi zfsY. zfv pfsk iCBA W ifi j nfsK lcsef zfsY, kf
huGb jvf fbDv jfu. mrfb zffr hstsYb,
k . P, , r/ h3 .
3 1 > E, L> . *. . F
A >@
2 VA r/ h3 . P3 L> `/ NW 3 > / . . 3 / e
. -3 . T
2 . 7W X2 / I. }
{ . P3 > _ 1 ->* , . @
2
zKGf{, stfsj skfmfsj ml W ucqf nisjG dufnf jsv. ht, `Hsqv msLA
mrfifi hQ mfbcsNv ubA (p{djd{) ijfvW zfsY, dj Wslv ifi ijfv
zsi[f zdLj.' (hfjfvfr } 219)
iaw } `shdhIce' sJtf hL dj?
v } dwv mCdkGv mfLAsm rfk fvf idvyfdtk Iceht sJtf hL bq. spsrkc
kfsk wvDdvj sjfb ijfv nfdLk rq bf. iv zpKf nmq hAq rq. kfYfVf kfsk
vsqsY mCdkG, pf ntfsmv sOfv idviD. (tflf)
iaw }}- rfI iAfeX isv hAfqfmhAfqfm-yyGf jvf hf sJtf ShL dj ? mb yyGfjfvDsj lwGb
jvf hf jD ?
v }- hAfqfm-yyGf jvf ShL; pdl kf sjfb Wqfsuh dudbn hf jmG sKsj lfnDb
W iah
x jsv bf sIst. jfvB kf pdl sjfb Wqfsuh jmG sKsj iah
x jsv, kfrst
rfvfm rsh. zfhfv pdl hAfqfm jvf jfsvf dyvfydvk zHAfn rq, pfsk kfv zdLjfQw
nmq kfsk hAq rq, kfrst kf nmq bjfvD zHAfn. pfv nhGdbb mfb rsh
mjvr (OxdBk zfyvB).
i[fsv pdl hAfqfm yyGfjfvDv slsr sjht rfI iAfeX Kfsj, pfsk kfv ufQ zKhf
ufsv shwDv Hfo zQw slJf pfq, kfrst kf zShL. spsrkc wc zdHmk sp,
172
---- DbD iaswfv ---pchsjv ubA kfv v zfhxk jvf Wqfsuh. kf pdl sJstfqfVvf v sJftf
vfJf zhfq Kfsj, kfrst kfslvsj (W kfslv sJtf) lwGb jvf ShL bq. ()
skf icvN hAfqfm yyGfjfvD W sJstfqfVslv jKf. i[fsv yyGfjfdvBD hf
sJstfqfV pdl bfvD rq, kfrst kfv zShLkfv ofPkf jk kf zbcsmq!
Ydh-mCdkG
iaw } sjfb iafBDv Ydh hf mCdkG sjht snZlpG hLGsbv ubA Osv fib jvf hL dj?
v } Ydh W mCdkGsk spsrkc siZdtjkf zfsY, snsrkc kf Osv hf vffv smfsV

fib jvf hL bq. mCdkG sKsj ixdKhDv dkrfsn iaKm mCdkGiCuf v rsqsY bCr
-v pcso. kf ntfm mCdkG W mCdkGiCufv sOfv dhsvfLD. sn ubA wvDqskv
dbslGw rt, `sjfb (dhyvBwDt iafBDv) Ydh hf mCdkG slJst kf dbdyr j'sv slsh
hQ sjfb ]yc jhv slJst kf nmfb j'sv slsh.' (mcndtm 969bQ)
vfnCtcfr hstsYb, djqfmskv dlsb Ydh hf mCdkG dbmGfkfslv nhGfdLj jdEb
wfd rsh. (hcJfvD 5950, mcndtm 2109bQ)
sn Osv (vrmskv) dIdvf iashw jsvb bf, sp Osv jcjvc Kfsj hQ sn OsvW
bq, sp Osv Ydh hf mCdkG Kfsj. (hcJfvD W mcndtm)
iaw } sp sthfsn sjfb iafBDv Ydh Kfsj,

Kfsj, sn sthfn ivf hL dj?
v } sp sthfsn sjfb (dhyvBwDt) iafBDv Ydh Kfsj, sn sthfn ivf mcndtsmv

ubA hL bq. jfvB Ydh W mCdkG ntfsmv yvm idviD. ()
iaw } IsefoafsIv hf jAfsmvfv YdhW dj rfvfm?
v } zsbsj hstsYb, `jAfsmvfv Ydh dbsNsLv ipGfqHc bq.' dj dbsNsLv jfvB

dhswNB jvst kf zShL msb rq. ksh idvyqi kAfdlv iasqfusb kf hL.
iaw } dHdFWv YdhW dj ufsqp bq?
v } zsbsj hstsYb, `dHdFWv Ydh Kfsj, nmsq slJf pfq. nckvfQ kf

zfqbf W ifdbv isv iajfdwk Ydhv mskf. kf dbsNsLv ipGfqHc bq.' hkGmfb
pcso sn Ydhv iasqfubDqkf zdLjfQw tfmf zDjfv jvsk ifsvb bf.
iaw } hfyfslv sJtbfsJtbf-ickcstv hAfifsv dhLfb jD?
---- DbD iaswfv ---iChnG kjGkfmCtj zfmt drnfsh kf dwslv ubA q bf jvf m.
iaw } cstv Ydh zb dhNqj jfsw iafBDv Ydh z]fjsk zfslw jvf rq. sn s[s
YfYf-YfDvf jD jvsk ifsv?
v } dhyvBwDt iafBDv Ydh z]fjf hL bq. pdl sj z]fjsk jf hfLA rq,

kfrst iafBDv mfKfef z]fjsh bf. ()
sFasnv dFufb z]fjsk mfKfrDb slsrv iv sFan z]fjsk ifvf pfq. mfKfrDb
eAfycv slsr sifwfj idvsq kf swf jvf pfq. sjfb Ydh hf mCdkGv mfKf bf Kfjst
[dkv zfWkfq isV bf. mrfbhD hstsYb,
K 7& L E. v
> N L W 7
zKGf{, mCdkG hf Ydh rt mfKfef. nckvfQ mfKf sjse slWqf rst sn Ydh hf mCdkGsk
nmnAf sb. (dn} nrDrfr 1921bQ)
iaw } mCdkG hf ickct kdvv jfvJfbfq yfjdv jvf hL dj?
v } mb jfvJfbfq yfjdv hL bq. hL bq mb dwiD W YdhdbmGfkfslv

ifuGb. spsrkc ntfsm pf rfvfm, kfv hAhnf rfvfm, kfsk sjfbW iajfv
nrspfdokf j'sv yfjdv jvf rfvfm.
zffrv vnCt nClsJfv, nCllfkf, nCslv stJj hQ kfv Hq nf[Alfkfsj
zdHwfi jsvsYb. zfv hstsYb, (ifsi) Wvf njst nmfb. (mcndtm
1598bQ)
mslv hAfifsv dkdb hstsYb, ml ifbjfvDsj, ml idvshwbjfvDsj, kfv skf
W dhskfsj, kfv iakjfvjsj, pfv ubA iak jvf rq kfsj, kfv hfrjsj W
pfv ubA hrb jvf rq kfsj zffr zdHwfi jsvsYb. (zfhC lfl 3674, hsb
mfufr 3380bQ)
hsb mfufv hBGbfq zfsY, kfv mCtA H[BjfvDW (zdHw). (nrDt ufsm'
5091bQ)
iaw } Ydh zf]jst hf mCdkG hfbfst kf zffrv nxdv nfsK sef slWqf rq. dj
zffrv nxd hfu, ifqvf iaHdx k ifJDsj mdm j'sv hfdVsk nfdusq vfJst slfN
zfsY dj? spsrkc kf skf mCdkG bq.
v } hfyfvf dbsu sp nh ickct jfiV dlsq hfdbsq sJtf jsv, kf hL rWqfv

hAfifsv sjfb nslr sb. spsrkc swaBDv ickct dbsq mf zfsqwf lfiskAv iaKm
uDhsb bhD -v nfmsb sJtf jvskb. dj sp sJtbf dbJ]k
c Hfsh mfbcsNv hf zbA
iafBDv zfjfv-zfjxdk dlsq kdv, pf jKf hst, jff jsv, zfWqfu jsv, r]fse hf
bfsy, kf hL dj bf---kfsk nslr zfsY. ()
zsbj tfmfv msk pf dwslv sJtbf hQ pf zhf W zhmfbbfv ickt
c hf
Ydh, kf hL. zsbsjv msk jfiV hf kcstfv ickct YfVf zbA ickt
c zShL. zhwA
v } jfu mCdkG dbmGfsBv wfdmt bq hQ zffrv nxdsj sef slWqfW bq.

ksh kfsk zpKf iafdBrkAf W ziyq vsqsY hQ kf oxsr mCdkGfisbv syfvf iK W
ncnlxw. kf kf hL bq. (tflf)
173
174
zfJtfj W hAhrfv
iaw } `djqfm' hL dj ?
v } `djqfm' jsqj iajfsvv. (j) jfsvf kf'pDsmv sswA djqfm jvf, spmb
---- DbD iaswfv ---vfuf-hflwfslv nfmsb l]fdVsq Kfjf rq. mb djqfm hL bq. spsrkc diaq vnCt
hstb, sp hAd iYl jsv sp, stfj kfv ubA lfqmfb srfj sn spb kfv
hfnfb ufrffsm j'sv sbq. (mcnbfsl zfrmfl)
(J) zfosjv nmfbfsKG sE l]fVfsbf. kfsj zfso shsV zfbfv ubA bq, kfsj
Lsv hnfhfv ubA bq, kfv nfsK mcnfIfrf-mczfbfjf jvfv ubA bq. sn iashw jvst
zKhf iafb jvst kfv kf'pDsmv sswA JfVf rWqf zk}iv hsn pfWqf.
swaBDv `djqfm'W rfvfm bf rst mfjvr skf hse. spsrkc zfbfn
hstb,
`k]fslv (nfrfhfslv) dbje vnCt zsi[f zbA sj diaqkm dYt bf. kf nsW
k]fvf pJb k]fsj slJskb, kJb k]fv ubA sE l]fVfskb bf. spsrkc k]fvf ufbskb
sp, dkdb kf ziYl jsvb. (dkvdmpD)
(o) zfojsj zfso shsV zfbfv ubA, kfsj Lsv hnfhfv ubA, kfv nfsK
mcnfIfrf-mczfbfjf jvfv ubA sE l]fVfsbf nck.
vnCt -v jbAf Ifskmf k]fv dbje st dkdb k]fv iadk sE dosq k]fv rfk
Lvskb (mcnfIfrfr jvskb), kfsj ycmf dlskb hQ dbsuv zfnsb k]fsj hnfskb.
klbcvi dkdb Ifskmfv dbje st dkdbW dikfv iadk sE dosq k]fv rfk Lvskb
(mcnfIfrfr jvskb), kfsj ycmf dlskb hQ dbsuv zfnsb k]fsj hnfskb. (zfhC
lfl 5217, dkvdmpD 3872bQ)
(Jlsjv pc swsN) nf'l zfrk dYstb. qflDslv hAfifsv dhyfv jvfv

sswA vnCt k]fsj zfrCk jsvb. kf dkdb j olGsHv ixs zfsvfrB jsv
pJb k]fv dbje si]ZYstb kJb vnCt zfbnfvsj t[A j'sv htstb, skfmvf
skfmfslv nlGfsvv iadk E hQ W]sj bfmfW. nckvfQ (djYc) nfrfhf sE dosq
k]fsj ofLfv diE sKsj bfmfstb. (zfrmfl, zfhC lfl iamcJ, dntdntfr nrDrfr 67bQ)
zfv j iajfv `djqfm' zfsY, pf mDtflDvf mDtfl swsN j'sv Kfsj. kf dhlzfk.
iaw } jfnvsm dw[j iashw jvst Yfslv l]fdVsq dosq waf ufbfsbf hL dj?
v } bf, mb wafv djqfm hL bq. spsrkc zfbfn

hstb, `k]fslv
(nfrfhfslv) dbje vnCt zsi[f zbA sj diaqkm dYt bf. kf nsW k]fvf
pJb k]fsj slJskb, kJb k]fv ubA sE l]fVfskb bf. spsrkc k]fvf ufbskb sp,
dkdb kf ziYl jsvb. (dkvdmpD)
dw[sjv ubA mb waf sbWqf hL bq, hL bq Yfslv ubA sn waf ialwGsbv
zfslw iftb jvf. (tflf)
iaw } vrDm pdl jvDmsj dhw W dbHGvspfoA msb jsv zKy jvDm kfv dhivDk
rq, kfrst vrDmsj nkjG jvf dj uvvD? bfdj kf oDhskv ipGfqHc rsh?
---- DbD iaswfv ---$> )> 8. b

> > . $> > FF W . N2 -/ . > W . NW EE iW % > 1 -, IK FF W . N2
1 1 2
V * o KEEV/ P3 8> *1 . . . > >/ W i> 1 m> p. $> > 7, . > .

bhD hstb, Db rt jtAfB jfmbf jvfv bfm. zfmvf httfm, `jfv ubA?'
dkdb htstb, zffrv ubA, kf]v djkfshv ubA, kf]v vnCstv ubA, mcndtmslv
wfnjslv ubA hQ mcndtm ubnfLfvsBv ubA. (mcndtm)
> 1 3 N2 h 2.
! . 7 , . J
, / I. ). W . N2 !
> > . -3 ) 3 I3
. -.
K $> 2. A _2 81 *, K V >/ *, `K b
W > S3 / x > @
2 Q1 B> 8. I3h.
ufvDv hsb zfcfr jkGj
x hdBGk, dkdb hstb, zfdm vfnCtcfr -v dbje
bfmfp jfsqm jvf, pfjfk slWqf W njt mcntmfsbv ubA drk-jfmbf jvfv iv
hfqzfk jsvdY. (hcJfvD W mcndtm)
iaw } l]fdVsq ianafh jvf dj zfslZ hL bq?
v } iasqfusb l]fdVsq ianafh jvf pfq; pdl jfisV kfv dYef tfofv Hq bf
Kfsj. bhD l]fdVsq ianafh jsvsYb. (hcJfvD 2224, mcndtm 273bQ) ksh hsn
ianafh jvf m. pfsk nfhLfb rWqf pfq. zffrv vnCt
hstb, skfmvf
ianafh sKsj nfhLfbkf zhtb jv. jfvB, zdLjfQw jhsvv zfpfh ianafh
(sKsj nfhLfb bf rWqfv) Ist rsq Kfsj. (lfvfjckbD, nrDr kfvoDh 151 bQ)
iaw } Jhsvv jfou dhdYsq JfWqf, kf dlsq ianafhh-ifqJfbf idvjfv jvf, kfv
iv hnf hf if slWqf hL dj?
v } sp sjfbW jfosu zffrv bfm zKhf zffrv bfmpc sjfb hAd hf hv

bfm Kfjst zKhf jcvzfsbv zfqfk Kfjst dhdYsq JfWqf, kf dlsq ianafh-ifqJfbf
idvjfv jvf, kfv iv hnf hf if slWqf hL bq. mb jcvzfsbv ifkf, h-icj
hf i-idjf idh ufqofq lfIb jvf zKhf icdVsq sItf dhsLq. pfsk zffrv
bfm hf jcvzfsbv zfqfskv sjfb zmpGflf bf rq. (hf)
iaw } rfskv wfvfq nftfm

nftfm slWqf dj dhsLq?
v } sjht rfskv wfvf jvf hQ mcsJ nftfm yfvB bf jvf hL bq. sp

hAdv jfsY zfWqfu si]ZYsh bf, sn hAdsj nftfm ufbfsk rfskv wfvfv nfsK
mcsJ nftfm htsk rsh. spsrkc sjht rfskv wfvfq nftfm zfrst djkfh (qflD
W dJafbslv) nftfm. (nrDr dkvdmpD 2168bQ, dntdntfr nrDrfr 2194bQ)
zhwA bfmfpvk hAd nftfsmv uhfh slsh sjht rfk hf zfcstv wfvfq.
(mcndtm 540, zfhC lfl 925bQ)

iaw } zsbsj wasqHfusbv if Ycs] q nftfm jsv. kf dj hL?
v } swA pdl vrDsmv drkfjf[f rq, kfrst kf oDhskv ipGfqHc bq.

spsrkc kfmDm lfvD hstb,
v } if Y]csq nftfmW zmcndtmslv. zfv kf nftfm bq, kf zfnst iaBfm. nckvfQ

kf mcndtmslv ubA hL bq. hL bq zffr YfVf zbA jfvW ubA mfKf bk jvf.
175
176
---- DbD iaswfv ---iaw } zsbsj nftfm jvfv nmq mfKf bk jsv. kf dj hL?
v } nftfm W mcnfIfrfr jvfv nmq mfKf bk jvf hL bq. hL bq zffr

YfVf jfvW ubA mfKf bk jvf. ()
iaw } nftfsmv iv dj wasqHfusbv

qHfusbv jift hf rfk ycmf ufsqp?
v } lc syfsJv mfsU jift ycb slWqf ShL. ufIv rfhwf sKsj dIsv st
mrfbhD
k]fv nfsK mczfbfjf jsv k]fv lc syfsJv mfsU (jifst) ycb
dlsqdYstb. (dntdntfr nrDrfr 6/1/338)
djYc wskGv nfsK zfstm (dikf-mfkf hf ocvub)slv rfsk hcnf slWqf ShL.
(j) wafil spb ohGHsv rfk ianfdvk bf jsv.
(J) wafjfvDv msb spb kfhfvGj hf hjGk sbWqfv sJqft bf Kfsj.
(o) hcnf slWqf hf sbWqfef spb sjfb iaKf hf zHAfsn idvBk bf rq.
(O) Wv st spb mcnfIfrf idvkA bf rq. (dntdntfr nrDrfr 1/302)
(M) hcnfv nmq rfksj dbsq jifst spb iwG bf jvf rq.
iaw } zShL jfsu dj dikfmfkfv zfbcokA jvf ufsqp?
v } dikfmfkfv zfbcokA jvf Wqfsuh. dj zShL jfsu kfslv zfbcokA

hL bq. dikfmfkf pdl rfvfm ifuGb jvsk hst, ilGf jvsk dbsNL jsv, iB hf
spZkcj dbsk hst, dwjG hf dhlzfk jvsk hst, kfrst sn nh jfsu kfslv
zfbcokA jvf hL bq. mrfb zffr hstb,
VA > $> )> T
2 2=
. / 2 *. C )>
2 3H
/ 8, >
2 . D.
. 3h. f / 0
, $> I/ . > .7)> . . 3 . / &
1 . . }
s7 b 7 EF {. 7W. / a. V/ 8, @
W . )> VWb, K . XW L2 V/ b
W ,
> / *. C
1 2 h3 . P, / v
> a, 2L2
zKGf{, zfdm mfbcNsj kfv mfkf-dikfv iadk nAhrfv jvsk dbslGw dlsqdY, ksh
Wvf pdl skfmfsj zfmfv nfsK mb djYcsj zQwD jvsk hfLA jsv, pfv nisjG
skfmfv sjfb fb sb, kfrst kcdm kfslv jKf mfbA jsvf bf. zfmfv dbje
skfmfslv iakAfhkGb; zk}iv skfmvf pf djYc jsvY, zfdm kf skfmfslvsj ufdbsq
slh. (zfbjfhCk } 8)
. P, / 0
> &
. . . P, / v
> a, 2L2 VA > $> )> T
2 2=
. / 2 *. C>)
2 3H
/ a, 2 .
2 . D.
. h3 . }
V/ 8, @
W . )> VWb, K . XW L2 V/ b
W ,
> / *. C
1 2 h3 V1 r, C
1 2 h3 . . 2 -/ *. `. > . E/ > a1 . L , / *. . / x C>L
j EF {. 7W. / a.
zKGf{, skfmfv dikf-mfkf pdl skfmfsj zfmfv zQwD jvsk iDVfiDdV jsv, sp
dhNsq skfmfv sjfb fb sb, kfrst kcdm kfslv jKf mfbA jsvf bf, ksh ixdKhDsk
kfslv ns nfsh hnhfn jv hQ sp hAd zfmfv zdHmcJD rsqsY kfv iK
zhtb jv, zk}iv zfmfv dbje skfmfslv iakAfhkGb hQ skfmvf pf jvsk,
zfdm sn dhNsq skfmfslvsj zhdrk jvh. (tcjmfb } 15)
177
---- DbD iaswfv ---zfv mrfbhD

hstb, nafv zhfLAkf j'sv sjfb nxdv zfbcokA sb.
(mcnbfsl zfrmfl)
iaw } dikfmfkf pdl durfsl spsk hfLf slq, kfrst kfslv jKf mfbf dj hL?
v } durfl IfspG zfb rst kfslv jKf smsb Osv hsn Kfjf hL bq. IfspG
djIfqfr hf bIt rst kfslv jKf smsb kfslv dJlmk jvf shdw uvvD. zfcfr
hsb zfmXv hbct zfn hstb, j hAd zffrv bhDv dbje sn htt, `zfdm
zfibfv ns zffr kfzftfv jfsY sbjD ifWqfv sswA druvk hQ durfslv
hfqzfk jvdY.' bhD
htstb, skfmfv dikf-mfkfv msLA dj sj uDdhk
zfsY? sn htt, ùD rA]f; hvQ lc'ub uDdhk vsqsY.' vnCt htstb, kcdm
zffr kfzftfv jfsY sbjD sisk yfW? sn htt, ùD r]Af.' dkdb htstb,
kfrst kcdm skfmfv dikf-mfkfv dbje dIsv pfW hQ mvsi kfslv dJlmk
jv. (hcJfvD, zfv wdt mcndtsmv)
Hsqv zbA j hBGbfq zfsY, j hAd k]fv dbje sn durfl jvfv zbcmdk
yft. dkdb htstb, skfmfv dikf-mfkf dj uDdhk zfsY? sn htt, ùD r]Af.'
dkdb htstb, zkh kcdm kfslv (snhf jvfv) mfLAsm durfl jv.
iaw } dikfmfkf mfvf pfWqfv iv kfslv zfkfv

zfkfv jtAfsBv ubA jD jD jvf pfq?
v } kfslv ubA ---de jfu jvf pfq }1. kfslv ubA lczf jvf pfq. vfnCtcfr hstsYb, pJb sjfb mfbcN mfvf pfq,
kJb kfv jmG h rsq pfq. dj dkbde dudbn bq; (1) nfljf ufdvqfr, (2) sp
dhlAf fvf ijfv ifWqf pfq zKhf (3) sbj nfb, sp kfv ubA lczf jsv.
(mcndtm)
2. lfb-Jfqvfk jvf. j hAd bhD -sj htt, `zfmfv mf rEf{ mfvf sosY.
zfmfv LfvBf sp, sn jKf htfv ncspfo sist nfljfr jvk. nckvfQ zfdm pdl kfv
i[ sKsj nfljfr jdv, kfrst dj sn sbjD ifsh?' dkdb htstb, r]Af. (hcJfvD W
mcndtm)
zffrv vnCt hstsYb, mcdmsbv mxkcAv iv kfv zfmt W icBAjmGnmCr rsk
dbdykHfsh pf sn kfv nfsK dmdtk rq, kf rt; sn tXm, pf sn dw[f j'sv
iayfv jsvsY zKhf sbj nfb, pfsj svsJ sn mfvf sosY, zKhf jcvzfb wvDI, pf sn
mDvfnvsi sYsV sosY, zKhf mndul, pf sn dbsu dbmGfB j'sv sosY, zKhf
mcnfdIvJfbf, pf sn mcnfdIvslv ncdhLfsKG dbmfGB j'sv sosY, zKhf ifdbv bftf, pf sn
(sny kAfdlv sswA) iahfdrk j'sv sosY, zKhf nfljfr, pf sn dbsuv mft sKsj
kfv nc W uDdhkfhfq shv (lfb) j'sv sosY. nh jsmGv nWqfh kfv mxkcAv
ivW kfv nfsK sn dmdtk rsh. (hsb mfufr, hfrfjD, hsb Jcufmfr dH
ws, nrDr kfvoDh 107bQ)
3. r-mvfr jvf. zfcfr dhb zfmXv hstb, zfn dhb Wqft nfrmD kfv
178
kvI rsk 100de Dklfn mc jvfv zdnqk j'sv mfvf pfq. nckvfQ kfv sYfe
sYst drwfm 50de lfn mc jsv. zk}iv kfv hV sYst zfmXv hfjD 50de lfn mc
jvfv Yf jvst htstb, `(hfi skf jfsIv zhfq mfvf sosY) kf zfdm jfu
zffrv vnCt -sj dufnf bf j'sv jvh bf.' nckvfQ dkdb bhD -v dbje
sn Oebf Jcst hst dufnf jvstb, zfdm dj hfjD 50de lfn kfv kvI sKsj
mc jvh?' sv zffrv vnCt htstb, sn pdl mcndtm rskf hQ skfmvf
kfv kvI sKsj lfn mc jvsk, zKhf nljfr jvsk zKhf r jvsk kfrst
kfv nWqfh kfv dbje siZ]Yk. (zfhC lfl 2883bQ, hfrfjD 6/ 279, zfrmfl 6704bQ)
4. kfslv sjfb zdnqk Kfjst kf iftb jvb.
5. kfslv sjfb hc Kfjst kfv Jfdkv jvb.
6. kfslv nisjGv susv njt zfkDqkfv hb hufq vfJcb.
zfv sjfb dhlzfkD jfu jvshb bf hf dhlzfkD zdnqk iftb jvshb bf. spmb
yftsn-yfrfvm, Ifdkrf-JfbD, jct-JfbD, jcvzfb-JfbD, smZtcl-ifE kAfdl jvshb
bf. sjfb sHfuhfdu hf lczfv zbcfb jvshb bf. susb vfJshb, pf zfidb kfslv
zfkfv jfmbfv sswA zffrv ubA jvshb, kf kfslv ijfsv zfnsh.
i[fsv pf dbsuv fsKGv ubA jvshb, ncbfm sbWqfv ubA jvshb zKhf hlbfm
sKsj h]fyfv ubA jvshb, kf sjfb ijfv slsh bf. nhsysq shdw ijfvD drnfsh
zfidb iakAr iaskAj Ivp bfmfspv swNfQsw kfslv ubA lczf jvb. kfrst
kfslv rj zflfq jvsk ifvshb.
(v ifsw hnst) rq sn skfmfv slsr (dhbfmCstA) zfkv tfdosq slsh, bf rq kcdm

kfv dbje sKsj kf q jvsh. kf bf rstW (zk}is[) kfv dbje sKsj mdb
nchfn sisk Kfjsh. i[fsv jfmfv (v ifsw hnst) rq sn (kfv zfsbv dIbdj
fvf) skfmfv jfiV icdVsq sItsh, bf rq kfv dbje sKsj dhje lcoG ifsh.
iaw } nfrfhfosBv ydv zdHbq jvf hL dj?
v } nfrfhfslv sp mpGflf zfsY, zdHbsqv Ist kf [cB rsq pfq. dhswN j'sv
zdHsbkf pdl Ifsnj hf jfsIv rq, kfrst zShLkfv mff shdw. htf hftA,
zdHsbkf nydvhfb mcndtm rstW k]fslv ydvsv zdHbq hL bq. ()
iaw } jfsj c jvsk rfkkfdt slWqf hL dj?

dj?
v } jfsj c jvsk zKhf sjfb mcjfvD dhNq slsJ kjhDv W knhDr

htf dhsLq. ksh ufmfzfkDHfsh bq, jfjD. ksh rfkkfdt slWqf sp rfvfm, kf
htsk ifvh bf. mcwdvjvf bfmfsp dnde hfufskf W rfkkfdt dlskf. sn dYt
hflsk. mdrtfslv ubA rfkkfdtW bfmfsp. zfv zfstfyA rfkkfdt rt
stfjfyfsv. nckvfQ hflsk rfkkfdt dbdN zKhf mdrtfslv hst stfjfyfsv kf
jvf pfsh bf, kf bq. khcW hth kf mjvr, kf bf jvf Hft. ()
iaw } zmcndtm zfqf svsJ kfv Wiv nfsbv tftbtftb-iftsbv lfdqk slWqf dj
hL?
v } zmcndtm zfqf svsJ dw-iadkiftsbv lfdqk kfsj dlst kfv zfjDlf W
ydvs dw iadkifdtk rsh. nckvfQ kf hL bq. zbcvi bfsm mf mcndtm zfqf
svsJ nfsbv zfjDlf W ydv dhbfw jvf dyk bq mf-hfsiv. zffrv vnCt
hstb, ncnD W jcnDv imf skf zfkv-Wqftf W jfmfsvv mk. zfkv-Wqftf
179

iaw } efdIj zfb smsb ytf dj uvvD. dhswN j'sv dwobAfstv hfdk pJb tft
Kfsj hQ ziv dlsj sjfb ofdV bf Kfsj, kJbW dj kf mfbf uvvD?
v } zfb njstv dbvfifv ubA, mbdj sJfl yftsjvW dbvfifv

ubA. nckvfQ kf mfbA jvf uvvD. ofdV sb slsJ rEf{ sn spskW ifsv. nckvfQ
dbsuv dlsjv dwobAft-hfdk nhcu bf rWqf ipG ifv rWqf hL bq. wvDqskv
jde hAfij bDdk rt,
KEE . }
> g2 . . . }
. g2 FF
jfsvf ubA zisvv sjfb iajfv [dk jvf ShL bq. sjfb lc'usbv ubA
idkswfLmCtj ivivsj [dkoa jvfW ShL bq. (zfrmfl, mfstj, hsb mfufr
2340, 2341bQ)
iaw } `LCmifb dbdN' stJf nsW zsbsj kf iftb jsv bf. nvjfvDHfsh kf
dbdN jvf rst sn dbslGw zmfbA jvfv ubA LCmifqD dj sofbfrofv rsh bf?
v } sn lcHfsh ifiD rsh. wvqD zfb zmfbA j'sv LCmifb jvfv ubA. zfv
nvjfvD zfb W dbslGw zmfbA jvfv ubA. (hf)
iaw } dbsuv ufqof sYsV sjfb nmfdbksj hnsk slWqf dj ntfmD zflshv
ipGfqHc?
v } dbsuv ufqof sYsV sjfb nmfdbksj hnsk slWqf ntfmD zflshv

ipGfqHc bq. hvQ zflh rt bsV-nsv hsn ifsw ufqof j'sv slWqf. zfv pfv
ubA ufqof sYsV slWqf rsh, kfv dyk rt, sn ufqofq bf hnf. hsb mfv
vi jvskb. (hfbD)
iaw } djhtfv dlsj mcJ j'sv siwfhsiwfh-ifqJfbf jvf dbsNL ufdb, dj sn dlsj KcKc
YcsV sItfW dj dbsNL? djhtfv dlsj KcKc sItf dbsNL rWqfv hAfifvef dj bfmfspv
msLA nDdmk bq?
v } zfbfn hstb, bhD djhtfv (dlsjv slWqfst) KcKc slJsk sistb.

ef kf]v iadk Jch HfvD msb rt; mbdj kf]v syrfvfq sn dyr slJf sot. Ist
lf]Vfstb hQ dkdb kf dbu rfk fvf OsN kcst sItstb. kfviv htstb,
skfmfslv sj pJb bfmfsp lf]Vfq, kJb sn kfv iadkiftsjv nfsK jfsb jfsb
(dIndIn j'sv jKf) hst. zfv kfv iadkiftj kfv W sjhtfv mLAst Kfsjb.
nckvfQ skfmfslv sj spb djhtfv dlsj KcKc bf sIst; hvQ kfv hfsm zKhf
ilkst sIst. zk}iv dkdb kf]v yflsvv j iaf Lsv kfsk KcKc dbs[i jvstb.
180
kfviv dkdb kfv j zQwsj zfv j zQswv nfsK vosV dlsq htstb, djQhf
vi jsv. (hcJfvD-mcndtm)
dbsNL rt bfmfspv hAfifsv. dj zfmHfshW djhtfv dlsj KcKc YcsV sItsk
dbsNL snsY. djhtfv iadk zflh ialwGsbv dbslGw dlsq zffrv vnCt hstsYb,
djhtfv dlsj sp jIX sIst, kfv syrfvfq jIX Kfjf zhfq sn hAdsj
djqfmskv dlb icbvdk jvf rsh. (hfppfv, hsb Jcpfmfr, hsb drfb, nrDr
iajdx kok zfyvB. nckvfQ sn siam fvf sj iawQdnk rsk ifsv bf hQ kf

mfsbv sjfb uvvD dudbnW bq. htf hftA, slw-siasm mc'dmb-jfsIv njst
nmfb. (dn} pqDIfr)
kfvoDh 281bQ)
iaw } sp bfsm zfkiawQnf rq, sn bfm vfJf hL bq. kfrst `pXp
c Db,
mcdrDb, bfdnvDb' kAfdl bfm vfJf hL dj?
v } bf, njt bfm kKf swaBDv sjfb bfm vfJf hL bq, pfsk
zfkiawQnf rq. mrfbhD
swaBDv bfm bst kf idvhkGb j'sv dlskb.
(hfbD, } dn} nrDrfr rflDn bQ 207-216)
iaw } stfsjv Hsq nkA sofib jvf zKhf nskAv zitfi jvf hL dj?
v } stfsj j slsh--- Hsq, ofdt slsh, mfvsh zKhf vpD h j'sv slsh-- Hsq, yfjdv yst pfhfv Hsq zKhf nmfb W iduwb yst pfWqfv Hsq nkA
sofib jvf zKhf nskAv zitfi jvf hL bq. spsrkc mrfbhD hstsYb,
KEx$, . > . / 2 o, . P3 . / 2 z $, . >. .h3
%
. )> . 7WjI. / 2
3 1 iW . / D.
, . -1 . . / I. g2 F
zKGf{, stfsjv Hq spb sjfb hAdsj mb sjfb `rj' htsk hfLfoa bf jsv, pf
sn susbsY, slsJsY zKhf sbsY. (dn} nrDrfr 168bQ)
hflfr hsb nfsmk hstb, `zfmvf vfnCtcfr -v jfsY msmG hfqfk
jvtfm sp, lc}sJ-ncsJ, zfvfsm W js hQ zfmfslv iv (zbAslvsj) iafLfbA
slWqfv zhfq zfmvf kf]v iCBGgzfbcokA jvh. vfsbkfv dhvs kfv dbje sKsj
[mkf sjsV sbWqfv tVf jvh bf; pk[B bf skfmvf (kfv msLA) iajfwA jcIvD
slJ, sp hAfifsv skfmfslv dbje zffrv i[ sKsj ltDt vsqsY. zfv zfmvf nhGlf
nkA jKf hth hQ zffrv hAfifsv sjfb dblcsjv dblfsj Hq jvh bf.' (hcJfvD-
mcndtm)
iaw } swfbf pfq, ucmzfv dlb nIv jvsk sb.--sb.---
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181
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182
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nfsK W nWqfshv zfwf svsJ zhtb jvsh; pf kfsk Itlfqj hst dhhfn
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187
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zfv mfbcN nkA jKf htsk Kfsj, swN ipG zffrv dbje kfsj `mrfnkAhflD'
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uffskv idvHfso oxsrv ufdmb rdY; sp hAd nkAfwaqD rWqf nsW kjG idvrfv
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zffrv bhD -v zbcnvsB kfsj ycb dlst ifi [q rq. mfv ifKv ycb
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sisqdY, kf zfmfslv ubA psK.' pdlW kfslv iChGivc NoB djYc ufbk bf hQ
n{iKiafW dYt bf, khcW? (mfdqlfr } 104)
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yth.' pdlW wqkfb kfslvsj slfpJ-pBfv dlsj zfrhfb jsv (khcW dj kfvf
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sjfb ubisl pJb sjfb nkjGjfvD siavB jsvdY, kJb Wslv msLA pfvf dhwftD
dYt kfvf htk, `zfmvf skf zfmfslv iChGicvNslvsj j mkflswGv zbcnfvD
sisqdY hQ zfmvf kfslv ilf zbcnvB jvdY.' (iaskAj nkjGjfvD) htk,
`skfmvf skfmfslv iChGicvNoBsj pfv zbcnfvD sisqY, zfdm pdl skfmfslv ubA kf
zsi[f {jx iKdbslGw zfbqb jdv, khcW dj skfmvf kfslv ilfQj zbcnvB
jvsh?' (iakcAsv) kfvf htk, `skfmvf pf dbsq siadvk rsqY, zfmvf kf iakAfJAfb
jdv.' nckvfQ zfdm Wslv dbje sKsj iadkswfL oarB jvtfm. zkh slJ,
dmKAfyfvDslv idvBfm dj rsqsY? (pcJvI } 22-25)
jnm W bpv
iaw } bpv mfbst dj mrfb zffr zfwf iCvB jsvb?
v } zfnst zffrv nfsK wkGdHdj ycdv bpv mjvr zKhf rfvfm. spmb,
`zffr! pdl zfmfv sYst ifw jsv, kfrst skfmfv vfsr rfufv efjf slh. zfmfv
svfoD snsv Est k efjf lfb jvh' kAfdl. sk sjfb tfH rq bf. pf rq, kf
zffrv Yf W kjlDsv rq. bpv bf mfbstW kf rq. mrfbhD
hstsYb,
bpv sjfb mt zfbqb jsv bf. kfv mfLAsm sjht hJDstv mft shv j'sv sbWqf
rq. (hcJfvD 6608-6609, mcndtm 1639-1640bQ)
ksh hflskv bpv mfbst kf iCvf jvf uvvD. vnCt
hstb, sp hAd
zffrv zfbcokA jvfv bpv mfsb, sn spb (kf icvf j'sv) kfv zfbcokA jsv hQ
sp hAd zffrv zhfLAkf jvfv bpv mfsb, sn spb (kf icvB bf jsv hQ) k]fv
zhfLAkf bf jsv. (hcJfvD, nrDt ufsm' 6441)
hsb zffn hstb, `j mdrtf nmcla-nIsv shv rst sn bpv mfbt sp, pdl
zffr kfhfvfjf zkfzftf kfsj nmcla sKsj idvfB lfb jsvb, kfrst sn jmfn
svfpf vfJsh. zk}iv sn nmcla sKsj idvfB sisq dIsv t. dj svfpf bf svsJ
sn mfvf sot. kfv j jbAf bhD v dbje sn sn Oebfv sJ jvst dkdb
htstb, msb jv, kfv pdl sjfb B hfjD Kfjk, kfrst kf kcdm idvswfL jvsk
dj bf? htt, `r]Af.' dkdb htstb, kfrst zffrv B zdLjvsi idvswfLspfoA. nckvfQ kcdm skfmfv mfsqv kvI sKsj svfpf jfpf jsv lfW. (zfhC lfl
iaw } zsbsj jf'hfoxsrv kWqfI W rfufsv zfnWqfslv ycbsj siZdtjkfv

nfsK kctbf jsv, kf dj dEj?
3308bQ, zfrmfl 2/216 iamcJ)

iaw } sj pdl zShL hf dwjGD bpv smsb Kfsj, kfrst ufbfv isv bpv iftb
jvfv zfso sn jD jvsk ifsv?
195
196
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v } zShL hf dwjGD bpv iftb jvf zShL. kfsj kWhf jvsk rsh hQ
---- DbD iaswfv ---jnsmv jfIXIfvf zflfq jvsk rsh. lwde dmnjDbsj JflA zKhf h lfb jvsk
rsh zKhf jde softfm zfpfl jvsk rsh. nsh z[m rst dkbde svfpf vfJsk
rsh. (du)
iaw } mnduslv bfsm bpv smsb mffnfq slWqf pfsh dj?
v } sp bfsm bpv mfbf rq, sn bfsm bpv iftb jvsk rsh. zhwA sp bfsm
bpv smsbsY, snJfsb iftb jvf pdl lc}nfLA rq, zKhf ziv ufqofq iftb jvst
nWqfh shdw rq, kfrst bpsvv fb idvhkGb jvf pfq. spmb j hAd bpv
smsbdYt, mf dhuq rst hfqkct mfjdlsn dosq bfmfp iVsh. bhD
kfsj
htstb, kcdm Jfsb (jf'hfv mndusl) bfmfp iV. (zfhC lfl 3305bQ)
iaw } jnm Hsv jfIXIfvfq JflA hf hsv dhdbmsq efjf dlst zflfq rsh dj bf?
v } bf. JflA hf h dlsk rsh. bf Kfjst djsb dlsk rsh. mCtA zflfq jvst
jfIXIfvf zflfq rsh bf. jfvB kf jcvzfsbv i dv dhsvfdLkf rsh. (du)
iaw } jfIXIfvf jDHfsh zflfq jvf pfsh?
v } lwub dmnjDsbv mLAm Lvsbv Jfhfv kdv j'sv lcicsv zKhf vfs
kfslvsj sFsj Jfsq dlb. zKhf kfslv hfdVsk hfdVsk si]ZsY dlb. zKhf mfKfdiYc
nWqf j djstf j'sv (nhGsmfe nfsV hfsvf djstf) yft kfslv mfsU heb j'sv dlb.
lwub dmnjDb bf ifWqf sost i]fyub rst lc'shtf JfWqfb zKhf zfVf djstf
j'sv yft dlsq dlb. jfiV dlst mdrtfsj mLAm lfsmv wfdV dlb, icvNsj mLAm
lfsmv tcd-sod dlb. JflA W hlfsb z[m rst ksh dkbdlb svfpf vfJcb. JflA
slWqfv [mkf W ifq Kfjsk svfpf vfJst jfIXIfvf zflfq rsh bf.
iaw } dhdH nmsq jfdLjhfv jvf jnm H jvst jhfv jfIXIfvf dlst rsh dj?
v } j jfsuv ubA jfdLjhfv jnm sJsq kf H jvst jhfv jfIXIfvf

dlst rsh. dj ixKj ixKj jfsuv ubA jnm sJsq H jvst ixKj ixKj
jfIXIfvf dlsk rsh. (hf)
spmb } sj vdhhfv htt, `zffrv jnm zfdm mfmfv hfdV pfh bf.' snfmhfv
htt, `zffrv jnm zfdm mfmfv hfdV pfh bf.' mthfsvW htt, `zffrv jnm
zfdm mfmfv hfdV pfh bf.' zk}iv hcLhfsv jnm H j'sv sn mfmfv hfdV sot.
kfsj jde jfIXIfvf dlsk rsh.
dj sj vdhhfv htt, `zffrv jnm zfdm mfmfv hfdV pfh bf.' snfmhfv htt,
`zffrv jnm zfdm yfyfv hfdV pfh bf.' mthfv htt, `zffrv jnm zfdm
Jftfv hfdV pfh bf.' zk}iv hcLhfsv jnm H j'sv sn njstv hfdV sot. kfsj
iaskAj jnsmv dhdbmsq ixKj ixKj jfIXIfvf zflfq jvsk rsh.
zbcvi sj vdhhfv htt, `zffrv jnm zfdm mfmfv hfdV pfh bf.' snfmhfv
htt, `zffrv jnm zfdm yfyfv hfdVsk Jfh bf.' mthfv htt, `zffrv jnm
zfdm Jftfv hfdVsk swfh bf.' zk}iv hcLhfsv jnm H j'sv sn nh jfu jvt.
197
---- DbD iaswfv ---kfsj iaskAj jnsmv dhdbmsq ixKj ixKj jfIXIfvf zflfq jvsk rsh.
iaw } ofqvfrv bfsm jnm JfWqfv dhLfb jD?
v } ofqvfrv bfsm jnm JfWqf, hfi, mf, sYst, iDv, jf'hf, bhD, mndul,
djhtf, h, mfde, slwmfkf kAfdlv bfsm jnm JfWqf dwjG. jnm rsh sjht
zffrv bfsm zKhf k]fv sjfb sBv bfm dbsq zKhf jcvzfb iwG j'sv. hsb
mfv jde stfjsj htsk bstb `bf, jf'hfv jnm!' dkdb kfsj htstb,
`zffr YfVf zbA jfsvf jnm sJsqf bf. sjbbf, zfdm vfnCtcfr -sj htsk
sbdY, sp hAd ofqvfrv bfsm jnm jsv, sn jcIvD zKhf dwjG jsv. (zfhC
lfl 3251, dkvdmpD 1535bQ)
bhD hstsYb, dbyq zffr kfzftf skfmfslvsj skfmfslv hfi-lflfv bfsm
wiK jvsk dbsNL jsvsYb. nckvfQ sp wiK jvsk yfq, sn spb zffrv bfsm wiK
jsv; bsy{ yci Kfsj. (hcJfvD 3836, mcndtm 1646bQ)
iaw } zffr YfVf zbA djYcv jnm JfWqf ufsqp bq. jcvzfsbv jnm JfWqf
ufsqp dj?
v } jcvzfb rt zffrv jftfm. zfv zffrv jftfm rt k]fv dnIfk (B).

zfv k]fv dnIfskv wiK jvf pfq. spmb k]fv pXpk, zfpmk, jclvk, djhdvqf,
uftft kAfdlv jnm JfWqf pfq hQ kfv znDtfq lczf W zfwaq iafKGbf jvf pfq.
bhD hstsYb, jlf zfqCh
t rsq sofnt jvdYstb. zk}iv kf]v
iv snfbfv iift iVsk tfot. zfqCh
kf z]futf Hsv Hsv hs vfJsk
zfv jvstb. nckvfQ k]fv iadkiftj zfpXpf zuf kf]sj Ffj dlstb, `sr
zfqCh! kcdm pf slJY, kf rsk dj zfdm skfmfsj zmcJfsi[D j'sv dldb?' dkdb
htstb, `zhwA, skfmfv skv jnm! dj zfdm skfmfv hjGk rsk
zmcJfsi[D b. (hcJfvD)
mrfbhD hstb, ufrffm `zfsvf zfsY dj' htsk Kfjsh. idvswsN vct
pXpk kfhfvfjf zkfzftf kfsk dbu ifsqv ifkf (if) svsJ slshb. kJb sn
htsh, `psK, psK, skfmfv skv jnm!' zfv kfv iviv zQwdt nQjDBG
rsq pfsh. (hcJfvD 7384, mcndtm 2848bQ, zfhC zfWqfbfr)
vfnCtcfr hstsYb, djqfmskv dlb ufrffmDslv mLA rsk mb j hAdsj
dbsq zfnf rsh, sp lcdbqfv nhsysq ncJD W dhtfnD dYt. zk}iv kfsj ufrffsm
jhfv (mf) ychfsbf rsh, kfviv kfsj htf rsh, `sr zflm nfb! kcdm dj jJsbf
Hft dudbn slsJY? skfmfv dbjse dj jJsbf ncJ-nfmoaD snsY?' sn htsh, `bf.
skfmfv skv jnm! sr iaHc!' zfv uffkDslv mLA rsk mb j hAdsj dbsq
zfnf rsh, sp lcdbqfv nhsysq lc}JD W zHfhD dYt. kfsj uffsk (mf jhfv)
ychfsbfv iv htf rsh, `sr zflm nfb! kcdm dj (lcdbqfsk) jJsbf lc}J-j slJY?
skfmfv isv dj jJsbf dhil sosY?' sn htsh, `bf. skfmfv skv jnm!
198
zfmfv iv sjfbdlb j zfsndb hQ zfdm jJsbf sjfb dhilW sldJdb.
v } lwub dmnjDbsj hlfb zKhf JflAlfb jvfv [mkf Kfjst svfpf vfJf
psK bq. mrfb zffr hstsYb,
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yfdY, pf zfdm ifdY W Hq jvdY. (mcndtm 2202 bQ, zfhc lfl 4/11)
iaw } zffrv ns ycd j'sv bpv mfbf jD?
v } ycdok bpv mjvr hf rfvfm. dj sp bpsv ycdrDb hflk Kfsj, kf

mjvr hf rfvfm bq. kfv jKf jcvzfsb htf rsqsY,
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jde Uvbf; pf rsk zffrv lfnvf ifb jvsh, kfvf (Uvbf Yfmk) iahfdrk
jvsh. kfvf mfbk iCBG jsv hQ sndlsbv Hq jsv, spdlsbv dhid rsh hAfij.
(lfrv } 5-7)
bpv hf mfbk pfvf iftb jsv, kfvf Wqfsuh iftsbv nWqfh ifq hQ mrfb
zffr kfslvsj `n{jmGwDt W zffrv lfn' hst zdHdrk jsvsYb. (hfbD)
iaw } ndlqf zfnfv zfso zfdm mfbk jsvdY, slsw dIsv dosq zmcj mfpfsv
jde Jfdn slh. Jb ufbsk sisvdY sp, zffr YfVf zbA jfsvf bfsm mfbk mfbf
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sp nh wiK skfmvf YfjxkHfsh jv, sn njstv ubA dkdb skfmfslvsj lfqD
jvshb. zk}iv v jfIXIfvf (iafqdy) rt, lwub ldvlasj mLAm Lvsbv JflA
lfb jvf; pf skfmvf skfmfslv idvubslvsj sJsk lfW, zKhf kfslvsj h lfb
jvf, djQhf jde lfn mc jvf. dj pfv ( nsh) nfmKGA sb, kfv ubA dkb dlb
svfpf iftb jvf. skfmvf wiK jvst de rt skfmfslv wisKv iafqdy. skfmvf
skfmfslv wiK v[f jv. Hfsh zffr skfmfslv ubA kf]v dblwGb dhwlHfsh
hBGbf jsvb, spb skfmvf jxkkf fib jv. (mfdqlfr } 89)
JflAlfsb lwubsj j shtf sie Hsv Jfsq dlst psK. bsy{ iaskAjsj
nWqf j djstf j'sv yft dlstW ytsh. nfsV hfsvf djstf yft lwub sKsj jm
dmnjDbsj dlstW ytsh.
ifbfrfv
iaw } dhdVdhdV-dnofsve rfvfm rWqfv i ltDt wvDqsk zfsY dj? bf Kfjst kf

rfvfm rq jDHfsh?
v } sjfb zShL mfbk iCvB jvf hL bq. kfv hlst jnsmv jfIXIfvf slWqf
uvvD. zKGf{, jde lfnmc jvf zKhf lw dmnjDbsj JflA hf h lfb jvf. pdl
nshv wd bf Kfsj, kfrst dkbde svfpf vfJf. vnCt hstsYb, sp hAd zffrv
zfbcokA jvfv bpv mfsb, sn spb (kf iCvB jsv) kfv zfbcokA jsv hQ sp hAd
zffrv zhfLAkf jvfv bpv mfsb, sn spb (kf iCvB bf jsv hQ) k]fv zhfLAkf bf
jsv. (hcJfvD, nrDt ufsm' 6441) dkdb hstsYb, bpsvv jfIXIfvf jnsmv
jfIXIfvfv mskf. (mcndtm)
iaw } zfdm jnm j'sv kf sHs sIstdY. Jb kfv jfIIXvfq dkbde svfpf
vfJst zfmfv ubA psK rsh dj?
v } wvDqskv dhLfsbv njt djYcv i ltDt sb. zfv bf Kfjst sjfb

dudbn sp rftft, kf bq. wvDqskv i dnmCr sKsj IjDroB mb djYc bDdk
dbBGq jsvb, pfv fvf htf pfq sjfbXef rftft, zfv sjfbXef rfvfm. sp njt bDdkv
mfLAsm dhdV-dnofsvesj rfvfm htf rq, kfv djYc dbmvi }(j) sk vsqsY zbKGj zKG-ziyq. zfv ntfsm ziyq rfvfm.
(J) sk vsqsY fAok [dk. zfv pf fsAv ubA [dkjv, ntfsm kf rfvfm.
(o) shdw idvmfB ifb jvst, kfsk fbwCbAkf zfnsk ifsv. zfv pfsk sbwf,
mfljkf W fbwCbAkf zfsn, ntfsm kf rfvfm.
(O) sk lcoG zfsY. v lcosG zLCmifqDvf j ifq. nckvfQ kf idh dudbn
bq. zfv ntfm idh dudbn JfWqfsj rftft hQ zidh dudbn JfWqfsj rfvfm
sOfNBf jsvsY.
199
200
---- DbD iaswfv ---iaw } zmcndtmslv pshrjxk iv mfQn JfWqf hL dj?
v } zmcndtmslv pshrjxk iv mfQn JfWqf hL bq. ksh kfslv msLA

zfrst djkfh (qflD-dJaefb)slv pshrjxk iv mfQn JfWqf rftft; pdl ufbf
pfq sp, kfvf zffrv bfm dbsq Ycdv fvf pKfdbqsm pshr jsv. i[fsv pdl ufbf
pfq sp, kfvf pshrv nmq zffrv bfm sbq bf, zKhf jfsvsev wj dlsq rkAf jsv,
zKhf dt smsv rkAf jsv, zKhf ovm ifdbsk Fcdhsq rkAf jsv, pfsk mfQsnv
dHksv v umf sKsj kfv Wub shdw rq hQ slJskW stfHbDq Hft mfQn rq,
kfrst mfQn JfWqf rftft bq. (du)
iajfw Kfsj sp, `mcndtm' bfmLfvD sjfb bfdj, jfsIv hf mcwdvsjv pshr jvf
i rftft bq. mfpfvD, jhCvD hQ mkfsv sjfb shbfmfpDv rfsk pshr jvf iv
sofwXk rftft bq. hL bq sjfb sYfe dw, sbwfoa hf ifot hAdv pshr.
iaw } sjfb sofwXskv hAfifsv `dEjmskf pshr jvf rsqsY dj bf'--bf'---

--- nslr
rst hfdVhfdV-Wqftf zKhf srfsetsrfset-mfdtjsj dufnf jvf dj uvvD? bfdj dufnf bf
jsvW JfWqf pfq?
v } pdl iaht LfvBfq ufbf pfq sp, pshrjfvD dEjHfsh pshr jsvsY, kfrst
dufnf jvf dhsLq bq. spsrkc mrfbhD qflDslv pshr jvf Yfostv sofwXk
sJsqsYb hQ dufnfW jsvbdb sp, kf dEjHfsh pshr jvf rsqsY dj bf? (hcJfvD
2617, 2069, 2508, mcndtm 2190bQ)
jlf jlt stfj bhD -sj dufnf jvt, `j bW-mcndtm nialfq
zfmfslv dbje sofwXk dbsq zfsn. zfmvf ufdb bf sp, kfv pshrjfst zffrv bfm
yfvB jvf rsqsY dj bf. dkdb htstb, skfmvf zffrv bfm dbsq kf H[B
jsvf. (hcJfvD 2057, 5507bQ)
rflDsn bhD kfslvsj dufnf j'sv nslr lCvDHCk jvsk dbslGw slbdb.
mb dbslGw rst dbyq mfbcN hV nmnAfq idkk rskf. ()
iaw } l]fdVsq ifbfrfv jvf dj rfvfm?
v } l]fdVsq ifbfrfv jvf rfvfm. spsrkc zffrv vnCt

hstsYb,
skfmfslv msLA sj spb l]fdVsq ifb bf jsv. sj Hcst dosq ifb jsv Kfjst sn
spb kf hdm j'sv sIst. (mcndtm 2026bQ)
zfbfn hstb, bhD dbsNL jsvsYb sp, sjfb stfj spb l]fdVsq ifb bf jsv.
zfbfn -sj l]fdVsq JfWqf nisjG dufnf jvf rst sv dkdb htstb, èf
skf zfsvf Jfvfi W zfsvf sbfQvf. (mcndtm 2024bQ)
rflDsn l]fdVsq ifb jvfv hAfifsv bhD
Lmj dlsqsYb hQ dkdb hstsYb,
(kcdm l]fdVsq ifb jvst) skfmfv nfsK wqkfb ifb jsvsY.
zhwA l]fdVsq ifb hL rWqfv hAfifsvW rflDn hdBGk rsqsY. (hcJfvD 1637,
5615, mcndtm 2027, hsb mfufr 3301bQ iamcJ) nckvfQ hnfv ufqof bf
201
---- DbD iaswfv ---Kfjst zKhf zbA sjfb zncdhLfq hf iasqfusb l]fdVsq ifbfrfv jvf rfvfm bq.
(hfbD, dn} nrDrfr 175bQ)
iaw } yfmy dlsq JfWqf dj nckk-dhsvfLD?
v } mrfbhD dkbde zfct spfso sJskb. dj yfmy tfdosq JfWqf zShL

bq. spsrkc kf wvqD hAfifv bq, hvQ kf ifdKGh hAhrfdvj hAfifv. spmb zfLcdbj
mfLAm hfn-seb, nfsjt-ofdV kAfdl hAhrfv jvf zShL bq. (hfbD)
iaw } mfY mfvf dosq ifdbv isv sHsn Kfjst kf JfWqf hL dj bf?
v } mrfbhD
hstsYb, nmcsv ifdb idh hQ kfv mxk rftft.

(zfrmfl, ncbfb zfvhfzfr iamcJ, dntdntfr nrDrfr 480bQ) rflDn sKsj
jKf hcUf pfq sp, mfY mfvf dosq ifdbv isv sHsn EstW kf rftft. i[fsv mfY
mfvf dosq ifdbv iv sHsn Est kf JfWqf dbsNL rWqfv hAfifsv rflDn nrDr
bq. (dntdntfr nrDrfr 1/864) hvQ ifdbsk Hfnf zfv mfY nfrfhfslv JfWqfv
hAfifsv Oebf rflDsn iadn. zfv k]fvf dbvifq dYstb hst bq; spsrkc mrfbhD
W sn mfsYv djYc zQw sJsqdYstb.
iaw } Jfhfv vsk `dhndmfr'v iv `vfrmfdbv vfrDm' spfo jvf dhsLq dj?
v } zsbsj hstsYb, spfo j'sv `dhndmfdrv vfrmfdbv vfrDm' htf m.

dj mrfbhD -v nck nhsysq m. dkdb sjht `dhndmfr' htfv dbslGw
dlsqsYb. dkdb hstsYb, skfmfslv sj pJb zfrfv jvsh, sn spb vsk
`dhndmfr' hst. pdl vsk kf htsk Hcst pfq, kfrst sn spb hst `dhndmfdr
zfWqftf z zfsJvfr. (dkvdmpD 1857bQ) (hfbD)
iaw } sOfVfv sofwXk JfWqf hL dj?
v } nrDr rflDn msk sOfVfv sofwXk rftft. rfbfID mprfshv hV mfmoBW

rftft hstsYb. zfhC uf'Iv kfrfhD rftft rWqfv jKf iafLfbA dlsqsYb. spsrkc
rfvfm rWqfv ltDst rflDn nrDr bq. (hfbD)
iaw } idvshwb jvfv nmq hcpcosG j zfso dlsk rsh, bfdj Ffb dlj sKsj v
jvsk rsh?
v } Ffb dlj sKsj v jvsk rsh. zhwA hcpcoG hf sp sysq sJsk yfsh,
kfsj zfso dlsk rsh. (hfbD, dnn} 1771bQ)
iaw } sjfb jfsIv lfWqfk dlst JfWqf hL dj?
v } sjfb jfsIsvv lfWqfsk rftft JflA JfWqf zShL bq. zffrv Wqfs
kfv mbsj ntfsmv dlsj zfjx jvfv ubA JfWqf pfq. zfmfslv zflwG bhD
jfsIvslv lfWqfsk kfslv SkvD rftft JflA sJsqsYb. zhwA kfslv iCuf
(klbcvi mfpfvDslv vn) its[A iakjxk JflA, mCdkG hf mfpfsv {noGDjxk
JflA, Efjcsvv ianfl, mfpfsvv khvj kAfdl JfWqf ShL bq. spsrkc kfsk dwsjG
202
smZb-nmdk W nmKGb iajfw ifq. (mfuffkct hcrCdnt ntfdmqAfr 26/109,
B 7 EF {V/ b
W *K
. a. -.
28/82, 84)
iaw } jfsIvslv iakjxk JflA JfWqf hL dj?
v } jfsIvslv iakjxk JflA W ifbDq ifbfrfv zShL bq. spmb kfslv

iak, dntf W sLZk jvf jfiV hAhrfv jvf ShL. (IfkfWqf ntfdmqAfr 1/200)
iaw } sjfb jfsIvsj ntfsm dbdN Jfhfv sJsk slWqf hL dj?
v } nrjmGD hf jfpGs[s sjfb zmcndtmsj mb dudbn irfv hf ifbfrfv

jvsk slWqf ShL bq, pf kfslv LsmG ShL rstW ntfsm zShL. spmb sjfb jfu
jvfhfv nmq sthfvsj, ml hf dhdV-dnofsve siw jvfW zShL. (IfkfWqf
ntfdmqAfr 1/110)
iaw } sjfb sjfb Hfyfsv stJf Kfsj, `dhDk iBA idvhkGbspfoA W sIv{spfoA
bq.' wvDqskv dhLfsb ef dj dEj?
v } wkG tfdosq dhskfv iBA dhq jvf zKhf dhsqv nmq skfv
iv wkG zfsvfi jvf ndEj bq. spsrkc sk skf sL]fjf sJsk ifsv. v
Ist deiCBG iBA oarB jvsk sn hfLA rq, Ist sn [dkoa rq. skf iCBG mCtA
dlsq jde demc iBA sisk yfq. dj ivhkGDsk slJf pfq kf deiCBG. nckvfQ
kfv zdLjfv zfsY, sn kfv idvhskG zbA iBA oarB jvsh zKhf mCtA dIdvsq sbsh.
(tflf)
iaw } nclD hAfQsj efjf vfJf hL dj?
stbslb W hAhnf-hfdBuA
iaw } sedtsIfbsedtsIfb-sjdhsbv kvI sKsj icvfv slWqf rq. sn icvfv oarB jvf
hL dj?
v } sedtsIfb-sjdhb hf swaBDv sjfb hAhnf iadkfb sKsj icvfv ialfsbv
swA rt dbsuv dlsj shdw shdw oafrj zfjNGB jvf. pfsk kfv hAhnf shdw yst
hQ tfHW iaycv rq. zfnst ef ucqfv ipGfqHc. sk nfLfvB mfbcNsj sL]fjf
slWqf rq, stfH sldJsq hfdkt ifsq mfbcsNv zKG H[B jvf rq hQ zbA
hAhnfqD kKf oafrjslv msb drQnf W iadkdkfmCtj dhsN ufdosq skftf rq.
(hf)
mrfb zffr hstsYb,
`3 . . -/ *K =
A
/ 3 , g2 / p2 . , . p2 . , > / . . , / e
. . 1 h3 7 , *. ' -. I>] ^ P. Ix 2 I. }
V, b
W . / ). E. N> 7,I 2 , v
2 /H
1 , I3 I, . 1 h3 EF {. 7 %
, >_ a, V/ b
W ^. 2 o, 7, > 8.
/ L2 3 v
2 /H
1
`/ P. L2 > 2 1 -3 . . $> R 3 @
>-. V/ @
W 1 , I. . 3 > / . . 3 / e
. C>L B [
. / . . 2 . . .
v } sjfb nclD hAfQsj efjf vfJf hL bq. hvQ nclD hAfQsjv mfLAsm sjfb
jfvhfv hL bq. spsrkc mrfb zffr hstb,
$. R 1 h3 $. R 7 jW a1 . 3 ./ , . V3 r/ 3 2. 7, . . a. g2 . 6.7j 81 .
K 2. 7, . . a. . }
m 7 EF {> j2 > , I> .
zKGf{, n{ jfu W zfknQpsm skfmvf iviv nrspfdokf jv hQ ifi W
nDmftQOsbv jfsu sj zsbAv nfrfpA jsvf bf. zfv zffrsj Hq jv. dbyq
zffr wfdlfsb zdk jsEfv. (mfdqlfr } 2)
dj ntfmD hAfQj bf Kfjst mfbcN efjfv drIfpskv ubA vfJsk hfLA rst sn
jKf dH.
iaw } hAfQsjv nCl rfvfm. dj kf dj hAfQsj sYsV slh, bfdj kcst dbsq sjfb
jfsu tfofh? zbAfbA rfvfm mft sKsj rftft mftsj idh jvfv ifq jD?
v } hAfQsjv nCl hAfQsj sYsV dlst kf zShL isK zKhf mcndtmslv dhvs
hAq rsk ifsv. nckvfQ kf kcst dbsq db} mfbcNslv mfsU nWqfshv dbqk bf svsJ
dhkvB j'sv slWqf zKhf sjfb ubjtAfBmCtj jsmG hAq jvf pfq. rfvfm ifsq
ifduGk mftW kWhfv isv vsi hAq jvf pfq. (du)
m 7 EF . 7,P8. *x V,8 2
zKGf{, sr dhhfdnoB! ml, ucqf, mCdkGiCufv shlD W HfoAdbBGfqj wv OxBA h
wqkfsbv jfu. nckvfQ skfmvf kf huGb jv, pfsk skfmvf nItjfm rsk ifv.
skfmfslvsj zffrv nvB W bfmfsp hfLf dlsk yfq! zkh skfmvf dj dbhx rsh
bf? (mfdqlfr } 90-91)
. u
. a> . 7 b
W a. 2 g^ h3 `3 <
> . )> V/ b
W . / ). V/ b
W 2 7. */ 2 7W@
W X a. g2 7, *. ' -. I>]^ P. Ix 2 I. }
v }- sk sp sjfb yfjcvD jvf rfvfm. spsrkc sk yfjcvD jvfv zKG rtnCslv iv nrfqkf jvf. zkh pdl nClD jfvhfsvv iv nrfqkf rq, kfrst sn
(yfjcsv) nrfqj drnfsh zdHwfsi wfdmt rsh. bhD
nClsJfv, nCllfkf, kfv
nfd[lfkf W kfv stJjsj zdHnifk jsvsYb hQ hstsYb, Wvf nhf
203
204
iaw } hAfQsjv swqfv qq-dhq hL dj?
v } nclD jfvhfsvv swqfv rst hL bq. spsrkc ntfsm ncl hL bq. (du)
iaw }}- nClD hAfsj yfjcvD jvf hQ v nfsK zflfbzflfb-ialfb jvf ShL dj?
nmfb. (mcndtm 1598bQ)

i[fsv jfu pdl nClD jfvhfsvv iv nrfqj bf rq, kfrstW jfvhfsv
kfv nmdk W smZb nmKGb iajfw ifq. kf nClD hAfsj sjfb iajfv yfjcvD sbWqf
ShL bq.
zhwA iasqfusb hAfsj efjf umf vfJfq [dk sb---pdl nm hAfj YfVf
efjf umf vfJfv ubA zfmvf zbA sjfb dH dbvfil fb bf if. ksh wskG sp,
kf sKsj spb sj ncl oarB bf jsv. spsrkc ncl oarB zhwA rfvfm. ()
(du) ksh j slwDq mcfv dhdbmsq jm-shdw slWqf-sbWqf ytsh bf. spsrkc
kf nclD jfvhfsv idvBk rsq pfsh.
iaw } jfosuv efjfv dhdbmsq Lfkcv mcf (jsqb) jm-shdw shyf-sjbf hL dj?
spmb 10 efjfv sbfsev dhdbmsq 9 efjfv jsqb sbWqf hL dj?
v } dhdbmsq nmnAf sb. spsrkc j slwDq mcf rstW Hsqv mCt iflfb
dH. (du, ) zfv bhD hstsYb,
8 ) 8 F H ) F H ) i[ _ ) i[ _ tD] ) tD] F
iaw } sbesbe-rfn hf jdIjdI-rfn Jcst sbe HfVf dlsq hAhnf hL dj?

dj?
v } sbe zsv mskf Hft-ml HqHfsh hAhrfv jvf pfq. hfufsv rfsn
zfnf zdLjfQw pchj kf sbfQvf jfsu hAhrfv jsv. kf rst kf kfslvsj HfVf dlsq
hAhnf hL bq. pfvf Hft jfsu hAhrfv jvsh, kfslvsj HfVf slWqf pfq. (du)
smfe jKf sbfQvf W ml jfsu nrspfdokf j'sv sjfb hAhnf ntfsm hL bq.
tu hf srfsest h pchj-pchkD sn vm HfVf sbq. dj pdl hcUf pfq sp, kfvf
siadmj-siadmjf, kfrst kfslvsj vm HfVf slWqf hL bq. slfjfsb V dhd rq.
dj pdl ufbf pfq sp, V dlsq skf ml kdv jvsh, kfrst kfsj V dhd
jvf hL bq. kAfdl. mrfb zffr hstsYb,
$. R 1 h3 $. R 7 jW a1 . 3 ./ , . V3 r/ 3 2. 7, . . a. g2 . 6.7j 81 .
K 2. 7, . . a. . }
m 7 EF {> j2 > , I> .
zsbsj htshb, `kfrst skf hAhnf ytsh bf.' dj zfibfv hAhnfq pdl rfvfm
iadh rq, kfrst zfibfv Db ytsh jDHfsh? mrfb zffr hstsYb,
V/ 8, @
W 3h $> R> , b
W / . V/ @
W . N . . *. s
> .K<
2 - *> 7 W@
W 7 , *. ' -. I>]^ P. Ix 2 I. }
{. , , / a. o, I1 h3
zKGf{, sr dhhfdnoB! zfdm skfmfslvsj sp vpD dlsqdY, kf sKsj idh h
zfrfv jv hQ zffrv jfsY jxkkf iajfw jv; pdl skfmvf wcLc kf]v ifnbf
j'sv Kfj. (hfjfvfr } 172)
iaw } nf lfsm Ftfv djsb svsJ lfm hfVst kf dhd jvf hL dj?
v } nf lfsm Ftfv djsb svsJ lfm hfVst kf dhd jvf hL. ksh Ftfv
sjbfv nmq efjf bol-bol dlsk rsh. Lfsv sjbf-shyf ytsh bf. (hf)
iaw } mcf-f-hAhnfq wvqD sjfb hfLf zfsY dj?
v } mcf hAhnf, Ftfsvv dhdbmsq efjf, efjfv dhdbmsq dvqft kAfdl dhdH
slswv mcf q-dhsq sjfb wvqD hfLf sb; pdl kf bol-bol rfsk-rfsk rq.
205
w @ 7 L
&p J_ 8y L ) I B7 ) B7 `? ?* S ) S
KEM ) I @ h V8
zKGf{, snfbfv dhdbmsq snfbf, vifv dhdbmsq vif, osmv dhdbmsq om, pshv
dhdbmsq ph, sJucsvv dhdbmsq sJucv, thsBv dhdbmsq thB q dhsqv s[s
Hq hsj spmbjfv skmb, nmfb nmfb hQ rfsk rfsk rsk rsh. zhwA pJb
Hq hv swaBD hf ufk dhdH rsh, kJb skfmvf kf spHfsh (jmshwD jsv) Yf
dhq jv; ksh wkG rt, kf spb rfsk rfsk bosl rq. (mcndtm, dmwjfk 2808
bQ)
iaw } DbD idjfq iadkspfdokf
kspfdokf YfVf rq, kfsk icvfv Kfsj. sn idjfv
dhq hfsV. sp zdkdv tfH rq, kf sKsj icvfv slWqf rq. tefdvv mfLAsm
sj sj sn icvfv ifq hQ zsbsj ifq bf. zhwA kfsk DbD fb hxd ifq.
icvfv ifWqfv stfsH idjf q j'sv iadkspfdokfq wfdmt rWqf hL dj?
v } hfrAk} kf hL. dhswNk} kfsk DbD fb hxdv tfH zfsY. ()
iaw } idjfq zsbj nmq zsbj vjm iadkspfdokfv hAhf jvf rq. zfnst
kfsk swA Kfsj iadkspfdokfv icvfsvv stfH sldJsq zdLj zdLj idjf
jfefsbf. zsbsj iadkspfdokfq zQwoarB jvfv sswA kf q j'sv
j'sv Kfsj.
zk}iv jsqjub icvfv ifq hQ hfjD zhwA kfslv efjf b j'sv hsn.
icvfsvv stfsH mb idjf djsb kfv iadkspfdokfq zQw oarB jvf hL dj?
v } swaBDv iadkspfdokfq zQwoarB jvf ShL bq. spsrkc kf j iajfv
ucqfv mk. (du)
iaw } zsbj nmq zsbj hAhnfqD kfv iBA shwD idvmfsB jfefhfv ubA
iadkspfdokf W icvfsvv hAhf j'sv Kfsj hQ kfsk wkG Kfsj sp, k efjfv
mft djbst ksh sn iadkspfdokfq zQw oarB jvsk ifvsh. Ist sn slfjfsb
Jsv W tfH iaycv rq. i[fsv zbA slfjfsb mft jm dhd rq hQ sn
slfjfblfv [dkoa rq. [dkoa
[dkoa rq skfW; spsrkc zsbj nmq iasqfub bf Kfjf
nsW sjht icvfsvv stfsH sn slfjfb rsk mft q jsv Kfsj. mb
iadkspfdokfv zfsqfub jvf hAhnfqDv ubA hQ kfsk zQwoarB jvf skfv ubA
206
---- DbD iaswfv ---hL dj?
v } deW jde ucqfv mk jfvhfv. nckvfQ kf hL bq. r]Af, pdl iasqfusb

mft djbsk dosq zdbYf nsW sjfb icvfv ifWqf pfq, kfrst kf oarB jvfq
slfN sb.
iaw } dhmf jvf hL dj? sjfbX swaBDv dhmf zShL?
v } dhmf nfLfvBk} dkb iajfsvv. (1) oai bwCAsvn (GROUP

INSURANCE) nvjfv mb j iK W idk zhtb jsv pfsk ubnfLfvsBv
sjfb jde lt dbsuslv sjfb [dkiCvB zKhf sjfb mcbfIftfsHv s[s
ncdhLfsHfo jvsk ifsv. spmb, nvjfvD yfjdvuDhDslv shksbv nfmfbA jef zQw
iaskAj mfsn sjse svsJ sjfb dhswN j Ifs umf jvf rq. zk}iv sjfb
yfjdvuDhDv mckcA rst zKhf sn lcOeG bfoa rst smfef efjf zfjfsv nfrfpA kfv
WqfsvnDbsj zKhf sJfl kfsj nmiGB jvf rq. de jde nfmfduj
(nmfujtAfBmCtj) jmG. pf nvjfv kfv slwhfnDv nHfhA lcOeG bfv nmq zbclfb
vi lcok
G slvsj nfrfpA j'sv Kfsj. nckvfQ de nvjfsvv kvI sKsj jiajfv
zbclfb. sjfb dhdbmqycdv Ist dhdbsmq zKG bq. jfvsB iajfv zbclfb
oarsB sjfb iajfv dmk sb. (dlvfnfkcb wfvqAfr 477-478 ix})
(2) nmhfq dhmf (MUTUAL INSURANCE) v dbqm sp, pfslv nHfhA
lcOeG bf j Lvsbv rsq Kfsj mb jkjocdt stfj zfsifsn dmst-dmsw jde
IfX SkvD jsv sbq. zk}iv kfvf ycdh rq sp, zfmfslv msLA sj
lcOeG bfoa rst IfX sKsj kfv [dkiCvB slWqf rsh. Ifs sjht kfv
nlnAslv efjf umf Kfsj hQ [dkiCvB sjht njt nlnAslv msLA nDmfh
Kfsj. h{nvfs drnfh sbWqf rq. [dkiCvB ial efjfv zQj pdl Ifsv efjfv
yfsk shwD rsq pfq, kfrst sn drnfsh nlnAslv dbje sKsj zfsvf shwD efjf
zflfq jvf rq. zfv Ifsv efjf x rst nlnAslvsj sIv{ slWqf rq zKhf
kfslv kvI sKsj zfofmD hYsvv ubA Ifsv slq zQw vi svsJ sbWqf rq.
iafvdHjHfsh dhmfv Lvb iaydtk dYt. pfv ShL-zShLkfv hAfifsv sjfb
SL sb. sp nm tfmfoB dhmf dbsq zfstfybf jsvsYb, k]fvf njst v
ShLkfv hAfifsv jmk.
(3) hfdBduAj dhmf (COMMERCIAL INSURANCE)}- dhmfv dbqm-idk
sp, dhmf sjfifbD iadkf jvf rq. sjfifbDv swA Kfsj, dhmfsj hfdBuAvsi
idvyfdtk jvf; pfv mCt swA Kfsj dhmfv znDtfq mcbfIf ifuGb. sjfifbD
dhdH Lvsbv dhmfv Dm ufvD jsv. sp hAd dhmf jvsk yfq, kfv nfsK dhmf
sjfifbDv ycd Kfsj sp, k efjf k djdsk zfidb zflfq jvshb.
sbfjnfsbv s[s sjfifbD zfibfv [dkiCvB slsh. sjfifbD djDv idvmfB dbLGfvB
jvfv ubA drnfh jsv sbq sp, sp nHfhA lcOeG bfv iv dhmf jvf rsqsY, kf jkhfv
207
---- DbD iaswfv ---rsk ifsv? pfsk [dkiCvB slWqfv ivW sjfifbDv mcbfIf zhdw Kfsj. zfv
idvnQJAfb jvfv ubA dhswN sjZwt zfsY; pfv ncl[ sjZwtDsj (ACTUARY hf
dhmfofBdbj) htf rq.
hkGmfsb Lvsbv dhmfv iaytb zdLj. zfv v ShLkf W zShLkfv hAfifvde
nfiadkjjftDb tfmfosBv zdLjkv dhksjGv dhNq rsq isVsY. hkGmfsbv
mcndtm-dhshv iafq njt iadn W JAfdkni tfmfosBv msk kf zShL. zdLjfQw
tfmfosBv ufmfzfk hstb sp, dhmfsk ucqfv o zfsY hQ nClW. ucqf
ubA htf rsY sp, efjf zflfsqv hAfifvef j is[v (dhmfjfvDv) kvI sKsj dbdlG
W dbdyk. dj ziv is[v (sjfifbDv) kvI sKsj kf ndl. dhmfjfvD djDsk
sp efjf zflfq jsv, kfv nhef Fcsh spsk ifsv. zfhfv kfv yfsk shwDW sisk
ifsv. zfv sj ucqf htf rq. nCl zfsY ubA htf rsY sp, Jfsb efjf dlsq
dhdbmsq efjf slWqf-sbWqf rq; pfsk jm shwDW rsq Kfsj. dhmfjfvD jm efjf
umf jvstW ifWqfv nmq kfv sysq zsbj shwDW sisq Kfsj. nckvfQ mcndtsmv
ubA dhmf hL bq. (`hAfQsjv ncl dj rftft' h sKsj)
iaw } ofdV hf hfdVv iv dhmf hL dj?
v } bf. jfvB kfsk ncl zfsY hQ ucqfW. zfv bhD

jvsk dbsNL jsvsYb. (mcndtm 1523bQ, )
sL]fjfmCtj hAhnf
iaw } sjfb sjfb nvjfvD yfjdvuDdh nvjfvD mft (skt, WNcL, JdbuilfKG
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208
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sn ofdVsj dFtfsvv dbje bol 90 rfufv efjf dbsq dhd jvt.
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q jvf rfvfm. hAhnfsj wvDqsk `bfr' hAhnf htf rq. zffrv vnCt
hstb, pJb skfmvf `bfr' hAhnf jvsh hQ ovv stu Lsv sjht yfN-hfn
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rDbkf yfdisq slshb; pf skfmfslv rlq sKsj kk[B ipG lCv jvshb bf; pk[B
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2/28,42, 84, zfhc lfl 3462, hfrfjD 5/316)

iaw } j dudbn bosl 50 efjfq hQ Lfsv 60 efjfq dhd jvf hL dj?
v } j djdsk srfj hf jfdLj dbdlG djdsk srfj ycd jsv shwD

sbWqf slfNfhr bq. spmb pdl sjfb slfjfblfv 1 sjdu ndvNfv skt bol lsv 50
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jsv Kfsj, kfrst Hsqv ubA kf ShL. vi stbslb hAhnf-ycd nCslv
ipGfqHc bq.
iaw } hAhnfqDslv zdLjfQw stfsj hst, `dmKAf bf htst hAhnf yst bf.' jKf
dj dEj? hAhnfq
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v } kfslv jKf dEj bq. hAhnf ytf-bf ytf zffrv rfsk. vpD W hjGskv
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mcbfdIsjv B.
vnCt
hstsYb, dbyq nkAhfdlkf icsBAv iK slJfq. zfv icBA uffskv
dlsj iK dbslGwbf jsv. zfv mfbcN nkA jKf htsk Kfsj, swN ipG zffrv dbje
kfsj `mrfnkAhflD' vsi dtdih jvf rq. zfv db}nslsr dmKAfhfdlkf dbtGkf
W ififyfsvv dlsj dbsq pfq. zfv ififyfv ufrffsmv dlsj dbsq pfq. zfv mfbcN
dmKAf htsk Kfsj, swN ipG zffrv dbje kfsj `mrfdmKAfhflD' vsi dtdih jvf
rq. (hcJfvD W mcndtm)
dmKAf jnm sJsq mft dhq jvfW mrfifi. mrfbhD hstsYb, dkb hAdv
nfsK djqfmskv dlb zffr jKf htshb bf, kfslv dlsj (lqfv lxdsk) kfjfshb
bf, kfslvsj idh jvshb bf hQ kfslv ubA Kfjsh pbflfqj wfd.
hBGbfjfvD hstb, `vfnCtcfr hfjAdt dkbhfv htstb.' zfhC pfvG htstb,
`kfvf hAKG W [dkoa srfj! kfvf jfvf? sr zffrv vnCt!' dkdb htstb, (tcdjfiV) ifsqv o]fsev bDsy sp Ucdtsq isv, lfb j'sv sp stfsjv jfsY lfsbv jKf
hst shVfq hQ dmKAf jnm sJsq sp iBA dhd jsv. (mcndtm)
209
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kfslv sjfb zQw sb. djqfmskv dlb zffr kfslv ns jKf htshb bf, kfslv
dlsj (lqfv lxdsk) sysq slJshb bf, kfslvsj idv jvshb bf hQ kfslv ubA
vsqsY jdEb wfd. (zfst mvfb 77 zfqfk, hcJfvD W mcndtm)
dkdb zfsvf hstb, skf-dhskf Hsq ixKj bf rWqf ipG (q-dhsq
kfslv) Jdkqfv Kfsj. nckvfQ kfvf pdl (q-dhsq) nkA hst hQ (iBAlashAv
slfN-B) Jcst hst, kfrst kfslv q-dhsq hjGk slWqf rq. zbAKf pdl
(iBAlashAv slfN-de) sofib jsv hQ dmKAf hst, kfrst hfrAk} kfvf tfH
jvstW kfslv q-dhsqv hjGk dhbfw j'sv slWqf rq. zfv dmKAf jnm iBAlahA
yftc jsv dEj, dj kf ifuGsbv (hjGk) dhb j'sv slq. (hcJfvD 2114,
mcndtm 1532, zfhClfl 3459, dkvdmpD 1246bQ, bfnf)
iv dmKAf hst hf dmKAf jnm sJsq sL]fjf dlsq iBA dhq jvf znlcifsq zisvv
mft rvB jvfv wfdmt. zfv zffr hstsYb,
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jvsh?
mb stfjsj dj ofdV HfVf slWqf hL, sp ofbofb-hfubfv zbcfsb pfsh zKhf
mfpfv pfsh?
mb stfjsj dj hfdV HfVf slWqf hL, sp kfsk dHdFW rt jvsh zKhf ml
kdvv jfvJfbf jvsh zKhf sntcb Jcst lfdV y]fYsh?
mb stfjsj dj hfdV HfVf slWqf hL, sp kfsk nclD hAfQj yftfsh?
njt HfVfv zKG dj rftft?
v } sjfb iajfv zShL jfsuv ubA dbsuv ofdV-hfdV hf zbA djYc HfVf slWqf
210
---- DbD iaswfv ---rfvfm. spsrkc mrfb zffr hstsYb,

$. R 1 h3 $. R 7 jW a1 . 3 ./ , . V3 r/ 3 2. 7, . . a. g2 . 6.7j 81 .
K 2. 7, . . a. . }
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hstsYb,
K$. . r. . 1 0
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2 1 h3
zKGf{, mrfb zffr pJb sjfb dudbnsj rfvfm jsvb, kJb kfv mCtAsjW rfvfm
jsvb. (zfrmfl, zfhC lfl, lfvfjckbD, kfhfvfbD, hfrfjD iamcJ)
iaw } dImD dHdFWdHdFW-dndFv hAhnf jvf hL dj?
v } ntfsm pf rfvfm, kfv hAhnf jvfW rfvfm. nckvfQ dImX zShL rst kfv
dHdFW-dndF dhq j'sv zKhf HfVf dlsq zKG ifuGb rftft bq. (hf)
iaw } j hAd ofdV djbsh. sn j ofdVv dFtfsvv jfsY sot. dj kfv jfsY
sn ofdV sb, pf sn djbsh. spfofspfsov mfLAsm zbA dFtfsvv jfY sKsj kfsj
ofdV dbsq dlt bol
bol 1 t[
t[ efjf lfsm.
lfsm. kfviv sn kfv dbje sKsj dj
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dbt. dj
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v } 20 rfufv efjf rftft bq. jfvB kf ncl. spsrkc kf 1 t[ Lfv dlsq 1

t[ 20 rfufv efjf sbWqfv mskf. i[fsv dFtfv pdl ofdV djsb dbsuv
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iaw } nvjfvD ncdhLf sHfo jvsk zdInfvslvsj Ocn slWqf hL dj?
v } Ocn slWqf-sbWqf jde nfmfduj hAfdL. v zKG rftft bq. mrfb zffr
jfsu dbsNL j'sv hstsYb,
j I3 L2 7W@
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mfbcsNv Lb-nislv djqlQw susbwcsb zbAfqHfsh oafn jvfv sswA
dhyfvjoBsj OcN dlW bf. (hfjfvfr } 188)
Ocn lfkf pdl Ocn dlsk hfLA bf rq, kfrst snW nmfb ifiD. mfsUv
spfofspfojfvDW ifiD. mrfb zffr hstsYb,
$. R 1 h3 $. R 7 jW a1 . 3 ./ , . V3 r/ 3 2. 7, . . a. g2 . 6.7j 81 .
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Ocsnv bfbf vjm zijfdvkf zfsY. (`rfvfm vpD W svfpofv' })
iaw } dbsuv rj W ncdhLf zflfq jvsk pdl Ocn dlsk rq, kfrst dj OcnlfkfvW
ifi rsh?
v } sYfq sjfb jfsu Ocn slWqf rfvfm. `zffrv vnCt OcnsJfv, Ocnlfkf
(Hqsj) zdHwfi jsvsYb.' (zfhC lfl 3580, dkvdmpD 1337, hsb mfufr
2313, hsb drfb, rfsjm 4/102-103, nrD zfhC lfl 3055bQ) zhwA
dbsuv zdLjfv zflfq jvsk dosq pdl sj Ocn dlsk hfLA rq, kfrst Ocnlfkf
ifiD rsh bf, ifiD rsh OcnoarDkf. i[fsv pfsk kfv zdLjfv sb, kf zflfq
jvfv ubA zKhf rjsj hfdkt hf hfdktsj rj jvfv ubA Ocn slWqf rfvfm. ()
iaw } hAfdjQhAfdjQ-snfnG iasqfo jvf dj Ocsnv mskf?
v } hAfdjQ-snfnG iasqfo jvfv Ist pdl zsbAv rj b j'sv dbsuv ubA

zflfq jvf rq, spmb sjfb spfoAkv stfjsj kfv zdLjfv sKsj hdk jvf rq,
kfrst kf rfvfm. dj pdl kfsk jfsvf rj b bf rq, kfrst kf hL ncifdvswv
ipGfqHc. (tflf)
zfhC mCnf zfwzfvD hstb, pJb bhD -v dbje sjfb iasqfub iafKGD zfnk,
kJb dkdb kf]v nDslv dlsj mcJ dIdvsq htskb, (v ubA) skfmvf ncifdvw jv,
skfmfslvsj iadklfb slWqf rsh. zfv zffr kfzftf kf]v bhDv phfsb pf iYl
jsvb, kf Ifqnftf j'sv slb. (hcJfvD W mcndtm)
iaw } zfdm ]yc sifse j nvjfvD yfjdv jdv. kfsk smfef efjf shkb if.
dj jJbW jJbW irfvirfv-isTZjb zfsn. kf dj Ocsnv ipGfqHc?
v } sjfbW iadkfsbv jmGyfvDv jfsY sp isTZjb zfsn, kf iadkfsbv

rsh. dbsu oarB jvst Ocn JfWqf rsh. zfv kfsk dJqfbskv zfwfW zfsY. (hf)
zfhc mfl zfcv vrmfb hsb nf'l nfsqlD hstb, bhD zfpXl sofsv
hsb tckXdhqAfr bfmj j hAdsj pfjfk zflfq jvfv jfsu jmGyfvD dbsqfo
jvstb. sn hAd (zflfqjxk mftnr) dIsv sn htt, èf zfibfslv (hfqkct
mfstv), zfv ef zfmfsj irfv vi slWqf rsqsY.' jKf sb zffrv vnCt
dmsv sE lfqmfb rsq zffrv iawQnf W dk hBGbf j'sv htstb,
zk}iv hdt sp, zffr zfmfsj sp njt jsmGv zdLjfvD jsvsYb, kfv mLA rsk
sjfbW jsmGv skfmfslv jfsj jmGyfvD dbsqfo jvst sn dIsv sn hst dj bf,
èf zfibfslv, zfv ef irfv vi zfmfsj slWqf rsqsY!' pdl sn nkAhflD
212
rq, ksh kfv hfi-mfsqv Osv hsn sKsj slsJ bf sjb, kfsj sjfb irfv slWqf
rsY dj bf? zffrv jnm; skfmfslv msLA sp sj sjfb dudbn zbdLjfv oarB
jvsh, sn djqfmskv dlb kf dbu OfsV hrb jvf zhfq zffr kfzftfv nfsK
nf[f{ jvsh. zkh zfdm spb zhwA dybsk bf ifdv sp, skfmfslv mLA rsk
sj dbu OfsV dy]dr]-vhdhdw e, zKhf rff-vhdhdw of, zKhf sm-]sm]-vhdhdw
Yfot hrb jvf zhfq zffrv nfsK nf[f{ jsvY. zfhC mfl
hstb,
zk}iv bhD k]fv Hq rfksj iv dlsj kef kctstb sp, k]fv Hq hostv
kf slJf sot. zk}iv dkbhfv htstb, sr zffr! zfdm dj si]ZsY dltfm?
K$. . r. . 1 0
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zKGf{, mrfb zffr pJb sjfb dudbnsj rfvfm jsvb, kJb kfv mCtAsjW rfvfm
jsvb. (zfrmfl, zfhC lfl, lfvfjckbD, kfhfvfbD, hfrfjD iamcJ)
(hcJfvD-mcndtm)
iaw } zfdm jub sejdbdwqfb. WqfjGwsi jfu jdv, shkb db. dj zsbj
jfsuv ubA zsbsjv hfdVsk spsk rq. zfv kJb hfdVhfdV-Wqftf zfmfsj 20/50
efjf zdkdv hJdww slq. snef dj zfmfv ubA rftft?
v } jfsuv Jfdksv ifWqf sp sjfb efjf mfdtsjv rj. jmGyfvDv shkb YfVf
zbA djYc sbWqfv zdLjfv sb. zhwA mfdtsjv zbcmdk Kfjst zftflf jKf.
zbcmdk bf Kfjst kf bf sbWqf ivsrpofdvv jfu. jfvB, bhD
hstsYb,
zffr zfmfsj sp njt jsmGv zdLjfvD jsvsYb, kfv mLA rsk sjfbW jsmGv
skfmfslv jfsj jmGyfvD dbsqfo jvst sn dIsv sn hst dj bf, èf zfibfslv,
zfv ef irfv vi zfmfsj slWqf rsqsY!' pdl sn nkAhflD rq, ksh kfv hfimfsqv Osv hsn sKsj slsJ bf sjb, kfsj sjfb irfv slWqf rsY dj bf?
(hcJfvD-mcndtm)
iaw } ntfsmv lxdsk skf hf dhskf Hffsbf
Hffsbf jD? `zfmfv jfsY Wv sKsj
Hft dudbn zfsY, zfmfv jfsY bfW' zKhf `zfdm Wv yfsk shdw lfm slh,
zfmfsj dhd jv' hst dbsuv fKG v[f jvf hL dj?
v } mb jfu hL bq. spsrkc mrfbhD hstsYb, skfmfslv sj spb

zisvv q-dhsqv iv q-dhq bf jsv hQ kfv mcndtm Hfsqv dhhfr
iafshv iv dbsuv dhhfr-iafh bf slq. dj pdl sn kfsj nmdk ufbfq (ksh
kf ShL). (hcJfvD W mcndtm)
dkdb zfsvf hstsYb, j mc'dmb ziv mc'dmsbv Hf. sjfb mc'dmsbv ubA ef
ShL bq sp, sn kfv Hfsqv q-dhsqv iv dbsuv q-dhsqv jKf htsh.
zfv efW ShL bq sp, sn Hfsqv dhhfr-iafshv iv dbsuv dhhfr-iafh slsh;
pk[B bf sn huGb jsv. (mcndtm)
iaw } dhdVdhdV-dnofsve h]fLfv jfu j'sv zKhf kfv hAhnf j'sv zKG ifuGb rftft
dj bf?
v } dhdV-dnofsve ifb jvf rfvfm. zfv sp dudbn ifbfrfv jvf rfvfm, kfv
mCtA, ifuGb W HfVf JfWqfW rfvfm. mrfbhD hstsYb,
213
iaw } rflDsn snsY, sp hAd jcvzfb dw[flfsbv iv jde LbcjW oarB

jvsh, zffr kfzftf djqfmskv dlb kfv idvhskG ufrffsmv zfocsbv Lbcj kfv
otfq tejfshb.
tejfshb. (nrDt ufsm'
ufsm' 5982bQ
5982bQ)
bQ) kfrst pfvf dewdb j'
j'sv sYfe sYfe
hfyfslvsj jcvzfb dwdJsq shkb sbq zKhf mhmh-mffnfq jcvzfb idVsq shkb
sbq, kfslv zhf jD rsh?
v } mrfbhD hstsYb, skfmvf jcvzfb dw[f jv hQ kfv mfLAsm zffrv
dbje shsr iafKGbf jv kfslv iCshG, pfvf jcvzfb dw[f j'sv kfv mfLAsm lcdbqf
pfybf jvsh. spsrkc jcvzfb dkb hAd dw[f jsv; iaKmk} sn hAd, sp kfv fvf
hVf jvsh. dkDqk} sn hAd, sp kfv fvf lviCdkG jvsh hQ kxkDqk} sn
hAd, sp sjht zffrv sswA sktfzk jvsh.' (zfhc hfl, rfsjm,
dntdntfr nrDrfr 258bQ)
dkdb hstb, skfmvf jcvzfb ifE jv hQ kfv dbslGw iftb jv, kfv hAfifsv
zhf ialwGb W zdkvb jsvf bf hQ kfv mfLAsm lviCdkG W Lbhxd jsvf bf.
(nrDt ufsm' 1168bQ)
dkdb zfsvf hstb, sp hAd zfsJvfskv jmG lcdbqf tfsHv sswA jvsh, kfv
ubA zfsJvfskv sjfb Hfo Kfjsh bf. (zfrmfl)
dkdb zfsvf hstb, sp hAd sjfb mb tXm zsbNB jsv pfv fvf zffrv
nd tfsHv zfwf jvf rq, pdl sn kf sjhtmf ifdKGh niltfsHv sswA
zsbNB jsv ksh sn djqfmskv dlb uffskv ncoW ifsh bf. (zfhc lfl,
zfrml, hsb mfufr, hsb drfb)
zfnst Dsbv sjfb jfusj lcdbqfv fsKG hAhrfv jvf hL bq. zKG, odl,
nmfb, JAfdk kAfdl tfsHv ubA Dbsj hAhrfv jvf hL bq. ksh sp hAd
swA dEj svsJ shkb oarB jvsh, kfv ubA kf lCNBDq rsh bf. mCt swA
zffrv nd W k]fv Dsbv ijfv rsk rsh.
rflDsn snsY, zfhC nfl JclvD hstb, bhD -v djYc nfrfhf zfvshv sjfb
j hndksk stb. dj snJfbjfv hfdnlfvf k]fslvsj smrmfbvsi hvB jvt bf
(hQ sjfb JflAW siw jvt bf). zk}iv k]fvf snJfsb Kfjf zhfq kfslv
nlGfvsj (dhYcsk) lQwb jvt. kfvf htt, `skfmfslv jfsY dj sjfb WNcL zKhf
UfVI]cjjfvD (WUf) zfsY?' k]fvf htstb, `skfmvf zfmfslvsj smrmfbvsi hvB
jvst bf. nckvfQ zfmvfW ifdvwadmj YfVf (UfVI]cj) jvh bf.' Ist kfvf j
ift Yfot ifdvwadmj dbLGfdvk jvt. jub nfrfhD mct jcvzfb (nCvf Ifdkrf)
iVsk tfostb hQ KcKc umf j'sv (lQwsbv ufqofq) dlsk tfostb. nlGfv nc
214
rsq Et. kfvf Yfostv ift rfduv jvt. k]fvf htstb, `zfmvf bhD -sj
dufnf bf j'sv oarB jvh bf.' nckvfQ k]fvf k]fsj dufnf jvstb. dkdb srsn
htstb, skfmfsj djsn ufbft sp, Wde UfVI]csjv m?! Yfotdt oarB jv hQ
zfmfv ubA jde Hfo svsJf. (hcJfvD 5736bQ)
hBGbfq zfsY, bhD
k]fslvsj htstb, skfmvf dEj jsvY. (hcJfvD
2276bQ) j hBGbfq zfsY, skfmvf sp nh dudbsnv iv ifdvwadmj oarB jv,
kfv msLA zffrv djkfh nhsysq shdw rjlfv. (hcJfvD 5737bQ)
rflDn sKsjW hcUf pfq sp, jcvzfb dlsq UfVI]j
c j'sv ifdvwadmj sbWqf
rftft. zbcvi kf dw[f dlsqW ifdvwadmj sbWqf rftft. (hf)
mczfpXdpb vfJsh, sp zfpfsbv ubA ifdvwadmj sbq bf. (zfhC lfl 531, dkvdmpD
iaw } yfjdvst zsbj nmq zfmfv j nfKD zfnsk ifsv bf. zfmfsj
zfmfsj zbcsvfL
jvst zfdm kfv rsq rfudvrfudv-Jfkfq n j'sv dl. ef mfbdhj dJlmk mfbf pfsh,
bfdj sjfb iajfv sL]fjfhfdu W sJqfbk?
v } ef mfbdhj dJlmk bq, ef wqkfbD dJlmk. jfsu zfibfv dkb
iajfv zbAfq rq. j } dmKAf ufdtqfdk. lc } jkGxis[v sJqfbk W kfv nfsK
sL]fjfhfdu. dkb } zivsj hfdkt ifsq mft H[sB nrspfdokf jvf. zfv
iaskAjdev ifi rt dhwft. ()
iaw } dbsu sKsj spsy zKhf lvJf dtsJ DbD il iafKGbf jvf hL dj?
v } DbD ilnmCr sKsj ipc tfmfoB lCsv nvsk yfst sn st

ufsrtoB hrft rsq pfsh. zfv kJb kfvf dbsuvf rsh hQ zivsjW
jvsh. nckvfQ dbsusj nkA sn islv spfoA zdLjfvD msb jvst dbsu sKsj sn
il sysq sbWqf lCNBDq bq. spmb ncI
sysq dbsqdYstb. dkdb hstdYstb,
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3 / p2 -3 m> '.Qy
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zKGf{, sn htt, `zfmfsj slswv sjfNfLA[ dbpc jvb. dbyq zfdm
ncnQv[BjfvD, ncdh.' (ncI } 55)
pJb dkdb zffrv i[ sKsj ufbsk sisvdYstb sp, k]fv kctbfq nQje mcrCskG
jxdN W JflA mBf shdw Hft zbA sj yftfsk ifvsh bf. zbcvi pdl sjfb spfoA
zfstm dbsusj sjfb ufmfzfk hf umqskv spfoA zfmDv msb jsvb, kfrst kf
sysq dbsk slfN sb. ksh kf spb sjht DbD fsKG dtfrDHfsh rq. kfsk swA
spb JAfdk hf zKGtfH bf rq. dhswN j'sv dkdb pdl dbdyk rb sp, isl dkdb
zdLdk bf rst zbA sjfb ufsrt kf lJt j'sv mfbcNsj j'sv YfVsh.
zbcvi Nmfb dhb zfdht zfn mfmdk iafKGbf j'sv hstdYstb, `sr zffrv
vnCt! zfmfsj zfmfv jWsmv mfm hfdbsq dlb.' mrfbhD htstb, kcdm kfslv
mfm. kcdm ufmfzfskv nhsysq lcht
G hAdv sJqft j'sv bfmfp iVfsh. zfv mb
215
209, bfnf 2/23, hsb mfufr 987bQ, kfhfvfbD, nrDt ufsm' 3773bQ)
nckvfQ dkdb wvqD fKG v[fv sswA mfmdk sysq dbsqdYstb. dj spJfsb
mfbcN lcht
G , spJfsb swA Kfsj lcdbqf, spJfsb Kfsj ifdKGh stfH, snJfsb il sysq
sbWqf hL bq. (hf)
zfhC pfvG hstb, jlf zfdm httfm, `sr zffr vnCt! zfidb zfmfsj (sjfb
fsbv nvjfvD) jmGyfvD sjb dbpc jvsYb bf?' dkdb dbu rfk zfmfv jf]sLv iv
smsv htstb, sr zfhC pfvG! kcdm lcht
G hQ ( il) zfmfbk. ef djqfmskv dlb
zimfb W zbckfsiv jfvB rsh. dj sp hAd kf rsjv nfsK (spfoAkfv dHdsk)
oarB jvt hQ dbu lfdqk (pKfpKHfsh) iftb jvt (kfv ubA il tf W
zbckfsiv jfvB bq). (mcndtm)
zffrv vnCt
hstsYb, skfmvf zdk nkv sbkxskv stfH jvsh. (dj
nvB vfsJf) de djqfmskv dlb zbckfsiv jfvB rsh. (hcJfvD)
zfhC mCnf zfwzfvD
hstb, zfdm hQ zfmfv yfyfskf lc'Hf bhD -v
dbje sotfm. sn lc'usbv msLA jub htt, `sr zffrv vnCt! mrfb zffr
zfibfsj sp nh wfnb-[mkf lfb jsvsYb, kfv msLA djYc (tfjfv) wfnbHfv
zfmfsj ialfb jvb.' dkDqubW j jKf htt. sv dkdb htstb, zffrv
jnm! sp nvjfvD il sysq sbq zKhf kfv iadk stfH vfsJ, kfsj zhwA zfmvf
jfu dl bf. (hcJfvD W mcndtm)
iaw } ivD[fq dye j'sv ifw jvf hL dj?
v } sL]fjf slWqf rfvfm. ivD[f DbD dhNsq srfj zKhf lcdbqfhD dhNsq,
nhGdhNsqv ivD[fq sL]fjf slWqf hQ dye, ycdv hf ecjdt j'sv stJf rfvfm. zffrv
vnCt hstb, sp hAd zfmfslvsj sL]fjf slq, sn hAd zfmfslv ltHc bq.
(kfhfvfbDv jfhDv W nfoDv, hsb drfb 5533, nrDt ufsm' 6408 bQ) sk
nh vjsmv sL]fjf wfdmt.
iaw } zfmfv yfjdv jvfv spfoAkf zfsY, dj nfdeGdIsje sb. bjt nfdeGdIsje
hfdbsq yfjdv dbsk ifdv
ifdv dj?
v } bjt nfdeGdIsje swf j'sv yfjdv sbWqf hL bq. jfvB kfsk vsqsY
dmKAf ufdtqfdk, sL]fjfhfdu W iakfvBf. pfv nhef rfvfm. (hf)
zffrv vnCt hstb, sp hAd zfmfslvsj sL]fjf slq, sn hAd zfmfslv
ltHc bq. sL]fjf W yfthfdu ufrffsm pfsh. (kfhfvfbDv jfhDv W nfoDv, hsb
drfb 5533, nrDt ufsm' 6408 bQ)

iaw } jusbv kvI sKsj yfjdvv efvdH hf iadkspfdokfmCtj ivD[f dlsq
kfsj yfjdv ifsq slWqf dj hL?
216
---- DbD iaswfv ---v } mb jfu hL bq. jfvB kfsk vsqsY sL]fjfhfdu W iakfvBf. v Ist
zspfoA stfjsj yfjdvv ipc hfdbsq slWqf rq. pfv idvBfm dbyq H bq.
(hf)
iaw } zfdm j iadkfsbv mAfsbufv hf ncifvHfufv. zfmfv zffsv zsbj

stfj yfjdv jsv. djYc stfj dFdesk I]fdj slWqfv ubA dmKAf Wuv siw j'sv
Ycde sbq. kfslvsj Ycde slWqf dj zfmfv ubA hL?
v } zfidb jub lfdqkwDt zdInfv. pJb zfidb ufbshb sp, hfsh

kfslv Wuv dmKAf, kJb kfslvsj Ycde slWqf hQ iadkfsbv jfsuv [dk jvf
zfibfv ubA hL bq. jfvB kf j iajfv sJqfbk hQ sJqfbskv nrspfdokf.
zfv mrfb zffr hstsYb,
{ . 7, 2/ a. V/ 8, 2 . V/ b
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zKGf{, sr dhhfdnoB! susb-wcsb zffr W kf]v vnCstv nfsK dhhfn H jsvf bf
hQ skfmfslv ivisvv zfmfbk (odYk lahA) nisjGW bq. (bXIft } 27)
B 7 EF { P. >D/ 2 2 h3 s
> . *. p2 xZ,a 2 V/ @
W , *, X I. $. R 1 h3 }
zKGf{, dbyq zffr skfmfslvsj dbslGw dlsYb sp, zfmfbk kfv mfdtjsj
iakAiGB jvsh. (dbnf } 58)
zfv zffrv bhD iadkde mfbcN lfdqkwDt. nckvfQ iaskAsj zhwA kfv
zLDbslv lfdqkwDtkfv dhNsq dufdnk rsh. slswv wfnj ubosBv
lfdqkwDt. sn kfv lfdqkwDtkfv hAfifsv uhfhdlrD jvsh. jub icvN kfv
idvhfsvv lfdqkwDt. zkh sn kfv lfdqkwDtkfv dhNsq dufdnk rsh. D kfv
fmD W nfsbv lfdqkwDt. jfsu sn kfv lfdqkwDtkfv dhNsq dufdnkf rsh.
skfmvf iaskAsj lfdqkwDt. zkh iaskAsj dbu dbu zLDbsv lfdqkwDtkfv
hAfifsv dufdnk rsh. (hcJfvD W mcndtm)
iaw } zfmfv zsbj dvf zfsY.

zfsY. j jde yftjsj dlsq iakAr 100 efjf
zflfq jdv. sk wvqD sjfb nmnAf zfsY dj?
v } Hfsh efjf dIXF j'sv sbWqf hL bq. spsrkc sk yftsjv [dk

zfsY. sjfb sjfbdlb kfv 100 efjf bfW rsk ifsv. zKy sn kf dlsk hfLA.
zbAdlb efjf shdw ifuGb rst kf mfdtjsj bf dlstW [dkv nmq yftj jf
[dkoa rq. ubA hL ifq rt ifvsnseu ycd jvf. zKGf{, nfvf dlsb sp
ifuGb rsh, kfv zsLGj hf j kxkDqfQw mfdtsjv, hfjD yftsjv. kfsk yftj
dmKAf hst smsv sJst sJsk ifsv. sn kfv drnfh slsh. mfdtj skf rfvfm sKsj sh]sy
pfsh. (du)
iaw } h mfdtj zfsY, pfvf kfslv jmGyfvDslv (yfjv, FfHfvslv) shkb dlsk
217
---- DbD iaswfv ---oqQoY W sldv jsv. sk dj kfvf sofbfrofv rsh bf?
v } zhwA kfvf sofbfrofv W pfstm. iaKmk} sn mrfbhD -v zfslswv
sJtfi jsv. dkdb hstsYb, mucvsj kfv Ofm jfhfv iCshG skfmvf kfv mucvD
dlsq lfW. (nrDt ufsm' 1055bQ)
dkDqk} sn sn hAdv JflA zfesj vfsJ, pfv Jfhfsvv lfdqk kfv OfsV zfsY
hQ sn shksb zfsvf zsbj mfbcsNv sJfvsifw zfsY. zfv zffrv vnCt
hstsYb, mfbcsNv ifiD rWqfv ubA kecjc psK sp, sn pfv zfrfsvv
lfdqkwDt, kfsj kf (bf dlsq) zfesj vfsJ. (mcndtm 996bQ)
kxkDqk} shkb bf sisq msbv js jmGyfvD hczf jvsk ifsv. zfv sn pdl
zkAfyfdvk rq, kfrst sn hczf nfsK nfsK mfdtjsj tfso. zffrv vnCt
hstb, dkbde lczf mb zfsY, pfv jhct rWqfv hAfifsv sjfb iajfv nslr sb;
zkAfyfdvskv lczf, mcnfdIv hAdv lczf hQ sYstv ubA kfv mf-hfsiv lczf hf
hczf. (dkvdmpD 3448, hsb mfufr 3862, dntdntfr nrDrfr 596bQ)
dkdb mczfp -sj qfmfb siavBjfst hstdYstb, kcdm mptcm (zkAfyfdvskv)
(hlX) lczf sKsj nfhLfb sKsjf. jfvB, zkAfyfdvskv lczf W zffrv mfsU sjfb
zvft Kfsj bf. (zKGf{, nkv jhct rsq pfq.) (hcJfvD 1496, mcndtm 19bQ,
zfhC lfl, bfnf, dkvdmpD)
nckvfQ mfdtsjv dyk, sn dhNsq dhswN nkjGkf vfJf. sn pdl nvjfvD

yfjcdvuDhD rq, kfrst sHsh slJf dyk, kfv shkb dkb-yfv mfn zfesj vfJst
kfv jD zhf rsh? skmdb kfv jmGyfvDvW. (du)
iaw } zmcndtm mfdtsjv jfu j'sv ifduGk zKG rftft dj?
v } jfu pdl rftft rq, kfrst kfv dhdbmsq ifWqf zKGW rftft. mfdtj
zmcndtm rst sjfb [dk rsh bf.
iaw } jfsuv ubA mcndtm sthfv tfofsbf dyk, bfdj zmcndtm? dhswN j'sv
zmcndtm sthfv shdw l[ rst jD jvf pfsh?
v } mcndtm sthfv tfofsbf m; pdlW l[kfq kfvf jm. spsrkc mcndtm
hst kfslv zfmfbklfvD W Jtfsnv Ist jfsu hjGk rsh. zfv mrfb zffr
hstsYb,
j 7 EF {V/ b
W .u
. / 2 7/ 2 .
M 3H
/ *x -K* A / y
. -A *> Z/ *x A / . 2 . }
zKGf{, zQwDhflD icvN skfmfslvsj ym{jxk jvstW (ntfm LsmG) dhhfnD
Dklfn kfv sKsjW m. (hfjfvfr } 221)
zhwA mcndtmvf pdl bfmnhG rq, kfrst sn jKf dH. (du)
iaw } sbdY,
sbdY, fmD dbu Dsj sYsV Yq mfsnv shdw hfsv Kfjst D kftfj rsq
pfq. kfrst pfvf D sYsV lc-dkb hYv j'sv dhslsw KfjsY, kfslv jD rsh?
218
v } swfbf jKf dEj bq. D vfdu Kfjst ifuGsbv sswA lc-dkb hYv
Kfjf sjfb slfsNv bq. sp kdlb Kfsj, sn skf hfLA rsq Kfsj. dhswN jfvsB
dkDq JtDIf mfv fmD-Dv nf[fskv ubA Yq mfn nmq sh]sL dlsqdYstb.
dj kfv mfsb bq sp, kfv shdw ixKj Kfjst fmD-Dv hb zfibf-zfidb
dY rsq pfsh. (du)
v } dFde iftb jvf Wqfsuh. zfv jcvzfb iVf bIt hflk. Wqfsuh
sYsV bIt jvf pcdpc bq. hvQ shkb-sbWqf jfsuv [dk j'sv jcvzfb iVf
rfvfm. dFdev sjfb [dk bf rst jcvzfb hf zbA sjfb ijfvD h-i iVfq
nmnAf sb. ()
iaw } slfjfsbv mfdtj slfjfsb jfvshsv svsJ slfjfb yftfq. kfsj htf rsqsY
zmcj mft
mft k efjfq dhd jvsh. dj sn kfv sKsj lwlw-dhw efjf lfm shdw hst
shdw efjfef dbsuv isjse vfsJ. zfv mfdtsjv htf lfm mfdtj sisq pfq.
jfvshsvv efjf rftft dj?
v } shkbsHfoD jmGyfvD hf jfvshsvv shdw efjf sbWqfv zdLjfv sb.
spsrkc sn mft kfv bq, kfv mfdtsjv. kfv dFdev ubA sn shkb ifq. sn
zfmfbklfv iadkdbdL. shdw tfH rst kfv mfdtsjv rsh, kfv bq. zhwA pdl
mfdtsjv sn hAfifsv zbcmdk Kfsj, kfrst sn jKf dH. (du)
iaw } zfdm JbW ifuGbwDt rsq dEdb. mfmf-nr zfmvf nhf zffv jfmfjfmfdbHGv. dj zfmvf ufdb, zffv jfmf
jfmf rftft bq. Jb zfmvf jD jdv?
v } iaKmk} skfmfslv dyk, zffsj bnDrk jvf hQ rfvfm ifuGb huGb

jvsk yfi slWqf. skfmfslv jKf oafrA bf jvst mb jfsj tfofW, pfv jKf
jfsu tfosh. kkdlb ipG skfmfslv iasqfub zbcpfqD HvB-sifNB dbsq pfWqfq
sofbfr rsh bf. ksh iasqfusbv zdkdv djYc sbWqf hL rsh bf. ()
iaw } zfmvf i]fyub yfjcdvuDhD iaskAj mfsn shkb sKsj i]fy rfufv efjf umf
j'sv i]dyw rfufv efjf tefdvv mfLAsm jubsj dl. isvv mfsnW j dbqsm
jfsu
fsu
j'sv iviv i]fy mfsn iftf dIsv. sk j nfsK i]dyw rfufv efjf sjfb j
tfofsbf nru rq. sk wvqDwvqD-dhLfsb sjfb nmnAf zfsY dj?
v } sk wvqD-dhLfsb sjfb nmnAf sb. spsrkc kfsk jm-shdw sj ifq bf.
sldvsk rstW Hfo nmfb ifq. nckvfQ ifvidvj nrspfdokfiCBG mb ndmdk jvf
hL. (hf)
iaw } zfmvf dkbub j iadkfsb j yfjdv jdv. iakAr

kAr pf jfu Kfsj, kf
lc'usbv ubAW jm. sn s[s pdl zfmfslv msLA jub j'sv iftf hlst
zbcidk rq, kfrst kf hL rsh dj?
v } jkGxis[v dhbf zbcmdksk dbsuv Yfmskf zbcidk Kfjf hL bq.

jfu bf KfjstW yfjcdvst idk Kfjf uvvD. ()
iaw } yfjcdvv dFdesk sp jfu, kfsk rfsk zsbj nmq Kfsj. sn nmsq
zsbsj siifv isV, zsbsj bfejbfej-sbfsht. zfdm jcvzfb idV. kfsk dj sjfb
[dk zfsY?
219
iaw } zfdm j srfsest yfjdv jdv. snJfsb mlW dlsk rq. mb srfsest jfu
jvf dj zfmfv ubA hL?
v } sn srfset sYsV zbA jfu slsJ sbWqf uvvD. bsy{ dbvifq rsq snJfsb
yfjdv jvsk rst ml idvshwbfv jfu jvshb bf. zbA sjfb jfu jvb, idvjfvidvY jvfv jfu zKhf (rftft) Jfhfv ifjfhfv jfu kAfdl. (du) bsy{ mlAidvshwjW zdHw. zffrv vnCt
hstb, ml ifbjfvDsj, ml
idvshwbjfvDsj, kfv skf W dhskfsj, kfv iakjfvjsj, pfv ubA iak jvf
rq kfsj, kfv hfrjsj W pfv ubA hrb jvf rq, kfsj zffr zdHwfi
jsvsYb. (zfhC lfl 3674, hsb mfufr 3380bQ)
iaw } zfmfv j Fffv hc zfsYb, dkdb rfnifkfst yfjdv jsvb. zsbj nmq
iasqfubDq WNcL-iKA dhbfmCstA zfmfsj dlsq Kfsjb. j hc zfsYb, dkdb mcdlJfbfq
shkb dbsq yfjdv
yfjdv jsvb. zfdm snJfsb sost dhce kAfdl sJsk slb. jJsbf jJsbf
hfdVskW slfjfsbv bfbf dudbn irfv dbsq zfsnb. mft dbst nfq slb. j hc
hfofsb yfjdv jsvb. snJfsb sost hfofsbv It sJsk slb. jJsbf jJsbf hfdVskW
ifdEsq slb. j hc jnfJfbfq dFde jsvb. dkdbW mfsUmfsU-msLA sofwXk irfv
slb. Jb nh hcslv dbje sKsj kfslv irfv oarB jvf dj hL?
v } zfidb shsY shsY iasqfubDq hc spfofV jsvsYb shw. sn pf srfj, pdl
zfidb msb jsvb, k]fvf jkGxis[v dhbf zbcmdksk ycdv j'sv dlsYb, kfrst sn nh
irfv oarB jvf rfvfm. zfv mfdtsjv mft dbsq hck hrft vfJf k]fslv ubA
sJqfbk. k]fslv dyk, mfdtsjv zbcmdk dbsq sjfb dudbn hfdVsk dbsq pfWqf
zKhf hcsj slWqf. bsy{ njstv rfvfm JfWqf rsh.
iaw } zfdm hfsnv jfsvv yfjdv jdv. sn hfsn hfdVv sjfb stfj hf hc
yVst kfslv dbje sKsj HfVf yfsk
yfsk tfshfL jdv. kfvf HfVf dlsk yfstW
snZusbAv Jfdksv bf dbsq dhbf HfVfsk kfslv ohAst si]ZsY dl. ef dj zfmfv
mfdtsjv jfsu sJqfbk oBA rsh?
v } zhwA zfibfv sJqfbk rsh. ksh zfidb lc'dev jde jvsk ifsvb.
dbsuv isje sKsj sn HfVf dlsq icdusq dlsk ifsvb zKhf hfn-mfdtsjv dbje
zbcmdk dbsk ifsvb.
iaw } zfdm sedtsIfb snefst jfu jdv. zsbj nmq zfmfv hAdok iasqfusb
sn sIfb hAhrfv jdv. jJsbf jJsbf zfkDqzfkDq-hcsj jtjt-efnXIfv jdv. sjfifbD
zfslZ sev ifq bf. ef dj sJqfbk rsh?
220
---- DbD iaswfv ---v } sjfifbDv zbcmdk bf Kfjst zhwA sJqfbk rsh. (hf)
iank} sJA sp, zfidb sp zdIsn yfjdv jvb, sn zdIsnv dudbn
hAhrfsvv zfm zbcmdk mfdtj hf mAfsbufsvv dbje sKsj dbsq vfJcb. bsy{
zdIsnv jfou, jtm, sIfb, IAf, suv-smdwb, sbe, jdiefv, ofdV kAfdl
hAdok jfsu hAhrfv jvf sJqfbk rsh.
iaw } zfdm ovDh mfbcN. bfdiskv jfu j'sv sie yftf. dj sj sj htsY,
`lfdV sy]sY iqnf jfmfsbf rftft bq.' jKf dj dEj?
v } uD r]Af, jKf dEj. jfvB, lfdV y]fYf rfvfm. zfv kf sy]sY dlsq sbWqf
iqnfW rfvfm. mrfb zffr hstsYb,
$. R 1 h3 $. R 7 jW a1 . 3 ./ , . V3 r/ 3 2. 7, . . a. g2 . 6.7j 81 .
K 2. 7, . . a. . }
m 7 EF {> j2 > , I> .
iaw } znc rst zfdm zdIn sKsj lw dlsbv Ycde dbsqdYtfm. dj i]fy dlsbv
mfKfq zfmfv zncJ snsv pfq. hfjD Ycde sHfo jvfv zdLjfv dj zfmfv dYt?
v } zfibfv dyk dYt, zncJ snsv pfWqfv iv zdIsn rfduv rWqf hQ

mAfsbufsvv jfsY sn jKf ufbfsbf. sn zbcmdk dlst zfidb hfjD Ycdeef sHfo
jvskb. bf dlst jfsu spfo dlskb. ()
iaw } zfdm j sjfifbDsk yfjdv jdv. zfmfv hAdok jfsu j ufqofq

sost snJfsb zfmfv ofdV dsFeX rq. dydj{nf W ofdVv Jvy zsbj shdw rsh
hcsU sjfifbDv jfsu dosq dsFeX rsqsY hst yfdtsq dl. sjfifbD zfmfv
nm Jvy hrb jsv. dj hkGmfsb zfmfv dhshj zfmfsj jfmV dlsY. sn jfu dj
zfmfv dEj dYt? Jb zfdm jD jvsk ifdv?
v } pf jsvsYb, kf iakfvBf W sL]fjfhfdu. Jb zfibfv dyk, sjfifbDsj

zfnt jKf Jcst htf hQ sp zKG hAq jsvsY, kf zfibfv shkb sKsj sjse
sbWqfv zfduG siw jvf. zk}iv pdl sjfifbD zfibfsj [mf j'sv slq, kfrst
m. zfv zfidb iakfvBfv ubA zffrv jfsY kWhf jvb. ()
iaw } dFdev dIXF efm zfe Oef.

Oef. vsk 10/15 dmdbe sldv j'sv st hQ
swsN 10/15 dmdbe zfso shdvsq sost sjfb [dk rsh dj?
dj?
---- DbD iaswfv ---rftft?
v } sp jmGyfvD jfsu I]fdj slq, dEjmskf dFde iftb jsv bf, kfv shkb
icsvf rftft bq. I]fdj zbcpfqD rfvfsmv idvmfB jm-shdw rsh. (hf)
iaw } zfdm j nvjfvD iadkfsbv mAfsbufv. zfmfv sbkxsk h jmGyfvD jfu

jsv. zfmfv hAdok
hAdok iasqfusb kfslv jfsj dj sjfb jfsu tfofsk ifdv?
v } dFdev nmsq zhwA bf. Ycdev nmsq dbsuv iqnf Jvy j'sv jfsu
tfofsk ifsvb. (nfIf)
iaw } Ocn dlsq yfjdv sbWqf hL dj?
v } Ocn dlsq yfjdv slWqf-sbWqf hL bq. yfjdv dlsk rsh ivD[f-dhshybfv

mfLAsm spfoAkm hAdsj. spfoAkfq nmfb rst tefdvv mfLAsm dbsk rsh. Ocn sJsq
jfsj yfjdv slWqf hf sbWqf hQ spfoA stfsjv zdLjfv b jvf hL bq.
`zffrv vnCt OcnsJfv, Ocnlfkf (Hqsj) zdHwfi jsvsYb.' (zfhC lfl
3580, dkvdmpD 1337, hsb mfufr 2313, hsb drfb, rfsjm 4/102-103,
nrDr zfhC lfl 3055bQ)
iaw } kcdm W skfmfv mft skfmfv dikfv ubA--ubA---v
---v mfsb dj dikf dbu
Yfmskf sYstv mft Jvy jvsk ifsv?
v } dikf kfv sYstv mft dbsuv iasqfubmskf Jvy jvsk ifsv, Yfmskf
bq. (hfbD, dnn} 2564bQ)
n{jfsuv zfslw W ml jfsu hfLflfb
iaw } rflDsn snsY, skfmfslv msLA sp hAd sjfb odrGk jfu slJsh, sn spb
kf dbu rfk fvf idvhkGb j'sv slq. pdl (kfsk) [mkf bf vfsJ, kfrst dbu
duH fvf. pdl (kfskW) nfmKGA bf vfsJ, kfrst zv fvf. dj mcndtm zv
fvf odrGk jfu jDHfsh idvhkGb jvsh?
v } zv fvf Jfvfi jfusj Jfvfi ufbsh hQ kfv jfuDslv nfsK hnsh bf.
spsrkc dhb zfidsk kfslv nfsK hnf sn zdHw hfbD nafstv mskf jfu rsh,
pfslv hAfifsv mrfb zffr hstsYb,
T
2 > . V. I. / *. -3 )/ . > . . ,. 3 . > 2. `. m> . / h3 C> ). ->* , _2 @
2 -. I>]^ -. > W }
*. =
. / > 2 o, 7 W. L2 b
2 *x - . . 7/ D. . 8. I. g2 7, @
2 EF . , 8. / I. 7, @
2 1 7. . . )>
v } [dkv jKf mAfsbufsvv jfsY. sn yfst sldvsk zfnf W zfso shdvsq

pfWqfv zbcmdk dlsk ifsv. zbcmdk bf dlst dFdev h]fLf nmq ycdv jvf hL bq.
()
m EF {. 7W. _ I. 7, @
2
zKGf{, hbD nafstv msLA pfvf zdhhfn jsvdYt, kfvf lfl W mfvqAfm-kbq
jkxj
G zdHw rsqdYt. sjbbf, kfvf dYt zhfLA W nDmftQObjfvD. kfvf spnh
odrGk jfu jvk, kf sKsj kfvf sj zbAsj hfvB jvk bf. kfvf pf jvk, dbyq
221
222
iaw } sp jmGyfvD jfsu I]fdj slq, dEjmskf dFde

dFde iftb jsv bf, kfv shkb dj
---- DbD iaswfv ---kf dbjx. (mfdqlfr } 78-79)
iaw } rfk fvf mljfsu hfLf hf kfv idvhkGb jDHfsh rsh?
v } pfv [mkf zfsY, sn kfv rfk hf [mkf fvf mljfsu hfLf slsh. spmb
nvjfv W iawfnb jfu jvsh. ufmfzfskv zfmDv jfu ifvsh. sYstsmsqslv
s[s hfi-mf jfu ifvsh. Dv s[s fmD jfu ifvsh. zhwA wkG rt, [mkf
iasqfo j'sv sbfQvf jfu h jvsk dosq kfv sKsj hV sbfQvf hf Jfvfi jfu bf
rsq hsn. kfrst sn s[s [mkf iasqfo jvf hL bq. (hf)
iaw } h mfbcN zfsY, pfvf syfsJv nfmsb Jfvfi jfu rsk slsJW hfLf slq bf.
WEf--hnf jsv, nrfhfb
iv pfvf sn jfu jsv, kfslv nfsK Hft nijGW vfsJ, WEf
jsv. mb yse pfWqfv Hsq kfslv jfsu sjfb iajfv zfid ufbfq bf. ufdb bf,
kfslv msb OxBf zfsY dj bf. zfv OxBf KfjstW dj sjfb jfsu slsh? swaBDv
stfsjslv hAfifsv wvqD dhLfb jD?
v } swaBDv stfsjvf zffr W k]fv vnCt -v zhfLA. kfslv mfb

nhsysq lcht
G . kfslv rlsq zfsY dhibj hAfdL. kfvf dhts zKhf zdhts
zffrv wfd hf zfpfshv ipc. mrfb zffr hstsYb,
P. )> W Q. P/ 8. / I, . P. )> , _2 b
2 I, $> R s
> I. ' V/ 8, / > . .h3 / 2 > 8. b
> C>L V/ b
W / 2. . Q1 . / N2 . }
E, *>
. $. R 1 h3 V/ P, W?/ *K fh3 V/ b
W 1 h3 o> 3 / ~2
M I> 0
. C L> 7 }
, 7,eI. 81 0
. V/ P, . *. , , j a. 2 L2
B 7 EF { f >
. V. 1 P.
. C>L -. I3 L> b
2 . . j> L> . ,
zKGf{, zfv dkdb djkfsh skfmfslv iadk zhkDBG jsvsYb sp, pJb skfmvf wcbsh
zffrv sjfb zfqfksj iakAfJAfb jvf rsY hQ kf dbsq dhlai jvf rsY, kJb sp
ipG kfvf zbA ians zfstfybfq dt bf rq skfmvf kfslv nfsK hsnf bf; bsy{
skfmvfW kfslv mk rsq pfsh. dbyq zffr jie W zdhhfnD njtsj ufrffsm
j jvshb. (dbnf } 140)
M I> 0
. C L> 7 }
, 7,eI. 81 0
. V/ P, / .
/ 3 / X2 L2 . a> I. ' C>L . 7,}7e
, I. -. I>]^ J
. I/ 2 . .h3 . }
EF {. > >
^ 3 7/ j2 E. *. 6. @
]K . / ). / , j a. 2 L2 , v
2 /H
1 T
2 1 . > I, *1 h3 . o> 3 / ~2
p 7
zKGf{, kcdm pJb slJ, kfvf zfmfv dblwGb ns hA zfstfybfq mo rq, kJb
kcdm lCsv nsv iV; sp ipG bf kfvf zbA ians zfstfybfq iah
x rq hQ wqkfb
pdl skfmfsj sm sIst, kfrst nvB rWqfv isv kcdm zkAfyfvD nialfsqv nfsK
hnsh bf. (bXm } 68)
T
2 > . V. I. / *. -3 )/ . > . . ,. 3 . > 2. `. m> . / h3 C> ). ->* , _2 @
2 -. I>]^ -. > W }
*. =
. / > 2 o, 7 W. L2 b
2 *x - . . 7/ D. . 8. I. g2 7, @
2 EF . , 8. / I. 7, @
2 1 7. . . )>
223
---- DbD iaswfv ---m EF {. 7W. _ I. 7, @

2
jkxj
kf dbjx. (mfdqlfr } 78-79)
zffrv vnCt hstb,
skfmfslv msLA sp hAd sjfb odrGk jfu slJsh, sn spb kf dbu rfk fvf
idvhkGb j'sv slq. pdl (kfsk) [mkf bf vfsJ, kfrst dbu duH fvf ( islw
dlsq idvhkGb jsv). pdl (kfskW) nfmKGA bf vfsJ, kfrst zv fvf (OxBf jsv).
zfv rt nhsysq lcht
G mfb. (mcndtm)
zfmfv iCshG sp mskv mfsU zffr bhD siavB jsvsYb sn bhDv k]fv
mskv mLA rsk Jfn H W nryv dYt; pfvf k]fv kvDjfv zbcofmD W iaskAj
jsmGv zbcnfvD dYt. zk}iv kfslv iv mb zn{ vncdvslv zfdhHGfh rq;
pfvf kf hst pf dbsu jsv bf hQ kf jsv pf jvsk kfvf zfdl bq. nckvfQ sp
hAd kfslv dhvs dbu r fvf durfl (nQoafm) jsv, sn mcdmb, sp hAd kfslv
dhvs dbu durf fvf durfl jsv, sn mcdmb hQ sp hAd kfslv dhvs dbu rlq
fvf nQoafm jsv (OxBf jsv), sn mcdmb. zfv v iyfsk (zKGf{ OxBf bf jvst jfsvf
rlsq) ndvNf lfbf idvmfBW mfb Kfjsk ifsv bf. (mcndtm 50bQ)
stfsjvf pJb sjfb odrGk (wvDqk-idviD) jfu slsJW kfv idvhkGb nfLsb
pkhfb rq bf, kJb zbdkdhts zffr kfslv ubA k]fv sjfb wfdsj hAfij
j'sv slb. (zfrmfl, zfhC lfl 4338, dkvdmpD 3057, hsb drfb, nrDr
hsb mfufr 3236bQ)
iaw } svfpflfv hAd Hct j'sv ifbfrfv jvst zffr kfsj JfWqfb hQ kfv
svfpfW . dj sp hAd kfsj ifbfrfv jvsk slJsh, sn dj kfsj svfpfv jKf
mvB jdvsq ifbfrfsv hfLf slsh? bfdj zffr JfWqfsYb hst kfsj JfWqfv
ncspfo slsh?
v } sp hAd svfpflfv hAdsj ifbfrfv jvsk slJsh, kfv ubA Wqfsuh

kfsj mvB jdvsq slWqf. spsrkc sn Hcst ifbfrfv jvsY. zfv svfpf zhfq
ifbfrfv rfvfm. zbcvi svfpflfsvv dyk, mvB rWqf mf nfsK nfsK mcJ sKsj
Jfhfv sIst slWqf. ()
iaw } hVslvsj oDhk kAfdl zfidjv jsmG dt slsJ hfLf dlst k]fvf svso
WsEb. dhswN j'sv dikfmfkf rst k]fslv vfo dj zfmfv ubA [dkjv rsh?
v } zhwA bf. ksh hVslv ns zflh hufq svsJ drjmskv nfsK zn{jsmG
hfLf dlsk rsh. zfv sj vfost kfv vfsov iv LpG LfvB jvsk rsh. tcjmfb
rfjDm k]fv sYstsj hstdYstb,
224
---- DbD iaswfv ---T

2 ). &
. 2 *. 2. / > &
/ . 3 b
2 , -3 . $. / . > , / . )> / *, . 2 21 V3 N> 2 C
1 . ), I. }
j 7 EF {3 7,*XW 3 Q/ . -/ *> T
2 > . 1 h3
zKGf{, sr h{n ! pKfvDdk bfmfp iV, n{jfsuv dbslGw lfW, zn{jfsu hfLf lfb jv
hQ zfisl-dhisl SLpG LfvB jv. dbyq de lxP nQjsiv jfu. (tcjmfb } 17)
iaw } zfdm jub LfdmGj mdrtf. zfmfv hfdV hf iadkshwDsk sp njt zfidjv
jmG Ose, kfsk hfLf dlst stfsj zfmfsj dbsq hA jsv. ofbofb-hfubf bsk, oDhkoDhkyyGf jvsk dbsNL jvst zfmfsj zsbsj `snsjst' smsq hst. s[s zfmfv
jvBDq jD?
v } zfibfv ubA Wqfsuh sp, zfidb m jKf W Hdmfv mfLAsm bmakf
W Hkfv nfsK sofbfrv jfsu zfid ufbfshb. ifvst ltDt sJ j'sv islw
slshb. kfvf oarB jvj yf bf- jvj, zfidb kfslv sofbfsr wvDj rshb bf.
kfslv oDhk W ofb-hfubfv mudtsn hnshb bf. mrfb zffr hstsYb,
M I> 0
. C L> 7 }
, 7,eI. 81 0
. V/ P, / .
/ 3 / X2 L2 . a> I. ' C>L . 7,}7,eI. -. I>]^ J
. I/ 2 . .h3 . }
EF {. > >
^ 3 7/ j2 E. *. 6. @
]K . / ). / , j a. 2 L2 , v
2 /H
1 T
2 1 . > I, *1 h3 . o> 3 / ~2
p 7
zKGf{, kcdm pJb slJ, kfvf zfmfv dblwGb ns hA zfstfybfq mo rq, kJb
kcdm lCsv nsv iV; sp ipG bf kfvf zbA ians zfstfybfq iah
x rq hQ wqkfb
pdl skfmfsj sm sIst, kfrst nvB rWqfv isv kcdm zkAfyfvD nialfsqv nfsK
hnsh bf. (bXm } 68)
pJb zfidb zfibfv nfLAmskf ifijfsu mcJ fvf zfid ufbfshb hQ kfslv
jfu sKsj lCsv Kfjshb, kJb zfidb [dkv rfk sKsj sh]sy pfshb. zfibfv
lfdqk iftb rsq pfsh. mrfb zffr hstb,
2 h3 V/ 8, I/ . 8. D/ .h3 `1 }
. - *1 VW@x [
, I. g2 V/ b
W . _W 2 V/ b
W / 2. 7 , *. ' -. I>]^ P. Ix 2 I. }
m 7 EF {. 7W. / a. V/ 8, @
W . )> VWb, K . , L2 f >
. V/ b
W ,
> / *. $> R
zKGf{, sr dhhfdnoB! skfmfslv zfkv[f jvf jkGhA. skfmvf pdl n{isK
idvyfdtk rW, ksh sp iK rsqsY, sn skfmfslv sjfb [dk jvsk ifvsh bf.
zffrv dlsj skfmfslv njstv iakAfhkGb. zk}iv skfmvf pf jvsk, dkdb sn
ns skfmfslvsj zhdrk jvshb. (mfdqlfr } 105)
zfidb rjisK zdhyt Kfjcb, zffrv isK mfbcNsj zfrhfb jvsk Kfjcb, b
wfzffr zfibfv ubA iK nru rsq pfsh. LspGv nfsK nWqfshv zfwf vfJst
zfidb mrf jtAfsBv zfwf jvsk ifsvb. spsrkc H idvBfm mcfjDbslv ubA.
mrfb zffr hstb,
225
---- DbD iaswfv ---7D 7 EF {. j> 81 , > i2 . N> . 1 h3 / > &

/ L2 }
zKGf{, nckvfQ kcdm SLpG LfvB jv. dbyq wcH idvBfm nQpmwDtslv ubA. (rCl
} 49)
7 EF {. > > %
/ , E. . 2 $. ^ 1 h3 . . 2, , V/ P, 1 I. > P/ . 2 . L> , D.
. -. I>] ^ .}
s7 b
zKGf{, pfvf zfmfv sswA nQoafm jsv, zfdm zhwA kfslvsj zfmfv iKnmCsr
idvyfdtk jvh. zfv zffr zhwA n{jmGivfqBslv ns Kfsjb. (zfbjfhCk } 69)
iaw } zfdm sp jfu dbsu jvsk ifdv bf, kf zivsj jvsk dj zfslw jvsk ifdv?
sp jfu dbsu huGb jvsk ifdv bf, kf zivsj huGb jvsk dj zfslw jvsk ifdv?
v } mrfb zffr hstb,
{. 7 Wj> / a. 2 L2 2 . 8. b
> . 7 W8/ a. V/ 8, 2 . V/ b
W . _W 2 . 7/ . a. . K > )>
. 1 . , *, X a. 2 }
j EF
zKGf{, dj zfypG! skfmvf dbsuslv dhmxk rsq mfbcNsj n{jfsuv dbslGw lfW,
zKy skfmvf djkfh (oa) zLAqb jv, ksh dj skfmvf hcU bf? (hfjfvfr } 44)
vfnCtcfr hstsYb, djqfmskv dlb j hAdsj zfbf rsh. zk}iv kfsj
ufrffsm dbs[i jvf rsh. snJfsb kfv bfdVHcd] V shv rsq pfsh hQ sn kfv
yfdvifsw mbHfsh Ocvsk Kfjsh, spmb ofLf kfv yfdjv yfdvifsw Ocvsk Kfsj.
kJb ufrffmDvf kfv jfsY jdk rsq kfsj htsh, `Wsr zmcj! skfmfv
zhf sjb? kcdm bf (zfmfslvsj) n{ jfsuv zfslw, zfv zn{ jfsu hfLflfb
jvsk?' sn htsh, `zhwA. zfdm (skfmfslvsj) n{jfsuv zfslw dlkfm; dj
zfdm kf dbsu jvkfm bf hQ zn{ jfsu hfLf lfb jvkfm; zKy zfdm dbsu kf
jvkfm! (hcJfvD W mcndtm)
dj zfidb pdl sjfb hfLfv jfvsB sjfb Hft jfu jvsk hQ Jfvfi jfu
YfVsk bf ifsvb, kfrst kfv zfslw jvsk sjfb slfN sb. zfibfv iv lc'de
jfu Wqfsuh. j } ml jfu huGb jvf. lc } jfsj ml jfu jvsk slJst
kfsk hfLf slWqf. Jb pdl iaKm Wqfsuhde sjfb hfLf Kfjfv jfvsB iftb jvsk
bf ifsvb hQ dkDq Wqfsuhde iftb jvsk sjfb hfLf bf Kfsj, kfrst kf iftb
jvf uvvD.
ufrffsm bfdVHcd] V shv rWqf hQ kfv yfdvifsw Ocvsk Kfjfv zfpfh hAdv
rsh, pfv Hft jfu jvsk W Jfvfi jfu YfVsk sjfb hfLf sb. sjht sn dbsuv
sJqft-JcwDv hwDHCk rsq dbsusj Hcst zivsj zfslw jsv.
226
dj mbW rsk ifsv sp, sp hAd dbsu Hft jfu jsv bf hQ zivsj kf
jvsk zfslwW slq bf zfv ml jfu huGb jsv bf hQ kf huGb jvskW zivsj
zfslw slq bf, kfv zfpfh rqskf zfsvf jdEb. ()
dj mksHl zfjDlfok dhNsq rst zfid uvvD. spsrkc kfsk dhlzfkD YfVf
zfrst ncfr dHmk sifNB jsv bf. spmb } mrfb zffrv zfvsw Kfjfv jKf
zDjfv jvf, jcvzfb zffrv nxd msb jvf, hflfv jmG zffrv nxd bq msb jvf,
jfhDvf sofbfr jvst mcndtm jfsIv rsq pfq LfvBf jvf, vfufv dhvs dhsfr jvf
kAfdl dhNq. (du)
v } sn hAd zv fvf sn jfusj OxBf jvsh hQ sn nfsK kfv jfuDv

nQnah huGb jvsh. spsrkc zfid bf ufdbsq kfv nfsK fHfdhjHfsh WEf-hnf jvf
hfbD naftslv jsmGv wfdmt rsq pfsh. pfslv hAfifsv mrfb zffr hstsYb,
T
2 > . V. I. / *. -3 )/ . > . . ,. 3 . > 2. `. m> . / h3 C> ). ->* , _2 @
2 -. I>]^ -. > W }
Dsbv lfWqfk
iaw } sp hAd sjfb odrGk jfu slJsh, sn spb

spb kf dbu rfk fvf idvhkGb
j'sv slq. pdl (kfsk) [mkf bf vfsJ, kfrst dbu duH fvf. pdl (kfskW)
nfmKGA bf vfsJ, kfrst zv fvf. zv fvf zfid W idvhkGb jDHfsh nh?
*. =
. / > 2 o, 7 W. L2 b
2 *x - . . 7/ D. . 8. I. g2 7, @
2 EF . , 8. / I. 7, @
2 1 7. . . )>
m EF {. 7W. _ I. 7, @
2
jkxj
kf dbjx. (mfdqlfr } 78-79, hf)
iaw } rfk fvf zfid jvfv zdLjfv W jkGhA jfv zfsY?
v } pfv [mkf zfsY kfv. spmb wfnbjkGxi[, hfdVv mcvD, fmD, hfi
iaHdx k.
nckvfQ pfv [mkf sb zKhf [mkf zfsY, dj kf iasqfo jvst dIkbf hf
mfvfmfdv rWqfv zfwf zfsY zKhf zsi[fjxk hV sbfQvf nQOdek rWqfv Hq
zfsY, kfrst kf iasqfo jvf pfsh bf. (hf)
iaw } sjfb zfidjv jfu pdl dhkdjGk rq, kfrst sn s[s zfid jDHfsh
nh?
v } sp jfsu dhkjG W tfmfslv mksHl zfsY, sn jfsu hfLf slWqf hf
zfid jvfv s[s slJsk rsh sp, kf udkrflD dj bf? zKGf{ kfsk mksHl
fHfdhj dj bf? Hq is[v ltDt nmipGfsqv dj bf? kf rst zfid jvf pfsh
bf. spmb } pdl sj Fht ws jfmk slq, vjC sKsj l]fdVsq hcsj rfk bf h]fsL,
dnulfq r]fec zfso hfVfq, vjC sist vfjzfk oBA bf jsv, kfrst kfsk zfid
jvf dEj bq. zhwA swaBDv zfidv s[s èf jvf m' htf pfq. yfi
slWqf pfq bf.
i[fsv spJfsb nrDr W i ltDstv dhsvfdLkf rq, snJfsb zfid jvsk rst
ltDstv nfsK jvf jkGhA. spmb } mfsmv iyfsk nCvf Ifdkrf bf iVf, nws
`zfmDb' bf htf, vjCv zfso-isv vIXsq qAflfb kAfo jvf kAfdl.
227
iaw } lfWqfskv jfsu efvsbe hAhrfv hL dj?
v } sp sjfb hL znDtfv mfLAsm ntfmD lfWqfk si]ZYfsbf nh rq, sn

znDtf hAhrfv jvf hL. svdFW, dedH, efvsbse wvDqkdhsvfLD jmGjf
KfjstW kf niCBG shLmGD W ififyfvDslv rfsk sYsV slWqf dyk bq. sp z dlsq
zfmfslv dhvs tVf jvf rsY, sn z dlsq smfjfdhtf jvf zfmfslv dyk.
(du)
iaw } lfWqfkD mqlfsbv sOfVsOfV-nWqfvslv Hct nQswfLsbv ndEj idk jD?
v } Hct nQswfLsb Jtfn Kfjf dyk. dyk oEbmCtj nmfstfybf jvf.

nmfstfybfq sjfb hAd hf ufmfzfskv bfm bf sbWqf. v Ist wqkfb mcndtmslv
mfsU dhsN W OxBf nxd jvfv ncspfo ifsh bf hQ nmfstfdyk hAd Hct Lsv
sbWqfv iaqfn ifsh.
m nQswfLsb mrfbhD
idk hAhrfv jvskb. zfsqwf (vfdpqff
zfbrf) hstb, bhD -v dbje sjfb hAdv hAfifsv sjfb zdHspfo st dkdb
(bfm dbsq) htskb bf sp, zmcsjv jD rsqsY? hvQ dkdb htskb, stfsjslv
jD rsqsY sp, kfvf hst. (zfhC lfl)
zfbfn hstb, vfnCtcfr hstsYb, stfjslv jD rsqsY sp, kfvf bfmfspv
msLA zfjfswv dlsj lxd kctsY? hAfifsv dkdb jsEfv hhA vfJstb; mbdj
dkdb htstb, kfvf spb zhwA jfu rsk dhvk Kfsj; bsy{ zhwA kfslv
lxd-wd dYdbsq sbWqf rsh. (hcJfvD)
stfsjslv jD rsqsY sp, kfvf hst. swfsbf! zffrv jnm! zfdm
skfmfslv sysq shwD zffrsj Hq jdv, kfv Hq zsv skfmfslv sysq shwD vfdJ.
dj zfdm (bIt) svfpf vfdJ hQ svfpf sYsVW dl, bfmfp idV hQ dblafW pf.
zfv bfvDslv dhsqW jdv. nckvfQ sp zfmfv nck rsk mcJ dIdvsq sbsh, sn zfmfv
ltHc bq. (hcJfvD-mcndtm, iamcJ)
iaw } mdrtf dj lfWqfskv jfu jvsk ifsv?
v } zhwA. hvQ zsbj s[s lfWqfskv jfu Wqfsuh. n{jfsuv zfslw

W ml jfsuv dbsNL pKffsb uvvD. [mkfq bf ifvst mcsJ islw slWqf bfvD228
icvN njstv jkGhA. ksh mdrtf mrst mdrtf lf lfWqfskv jfsu shdw ipc.
dhswN j'sv mdrtf-dhNqj nmnAfhtDsk mdrtf dhswN shdw ijfvD. ksh
nhGiaKm kfv tXm W zfmt ndEj rsk rsh hQ lfWqfskv jfu jvsk dosq wvqD
sjfb Wqfsuh kAfo zKhf sjfb rfvfm jfu j'sv hnst rsh bf. lfWqfskv ubA
fmD-nfsbv iadk jkGshA zhsrtf hfbDq bq. spmb lfWqfskv ubA kfv mfrvfm
YfVf nIv hQ iv-icvsNv nfsK smtfdmwf hL bq.
dlsk rsh. lfWqfskv mCtbDdk hBGbf j'sv sosYb mrfbhD . mczfp hstb,
vfnCtcfr
zfmfsj (qfmfsbv wfnjvsi) ifEfhfv nmq hstdYstb, kcdm
zfrst djkfh nialfsqv dbje pfY. nckvfQ kcdm kfslvsj nhGiaKm `zffr
hAkDk sjfb nkA ifnA sb hQ zfdm zffrv vnCt' jKfv nf[Alfsbv iadk
lfWqfk slsh. pdl kfvf jKf smsb sbq, kfrst kfslvsj ufdbsq slsh, zffr
kfslv iv iadk dlb W vfsk if]y Wqf bfmfp Ivp jsvsYb. kfvf pdl jKf
smsb sbq, kfrst kfslvsj ufdbsq slsh sp, zffr kfslv nislv Wiv nfljfr
(pfjfk) Ivp jsvsYb. kfslv msLA pfvf nilwftD kfslv sKsj pfjfk nCt
j'sv pfvf ldvla kfslv mfsU dhkvB jvf rsh. pdl kfvf jKf smsb sbq, kfrst
kcdm (pfjfk sbWqfv nmq) kfslv {jx mft sbWqf sKsj lCsv Kfjsh. zfv
zkAfyfdvskv hczf sKsj hf]ysh. jfvB kfv hczf hQ zffrv mfsU sjfb ilGf
sb (zKGf{, wDOa jhct rsq pfq). (hcJfvD W mcndtm)
dwjG W dhlzfksj lxdycAk j'sv zbA djYc lfWqfk slWqf bhhD bDdk bq. uftpqDI rflDsnv kmDp bf j'sv lfWqfk slWqf nftfID bDdk bq. lfWqfskv ltDt
rsh rj, zflwG rsh ntsI nfstrDb, nhGiaKm pkspfoA rsh nrDr zfjDlfr,
zk}iv dbsHGuft zfmt. nhGiaKm bfmfp hf zfJtfsjv lfWqfk pKfKG lfWqfk
bq. nhGiaKm ntfmD vf-vybfv lfWqfkW nIt lfWqfk bq.
iaw } lfWqfskv jfu jJb v jvf pfsh?
v } mcndtm pJb iasqfubDq tXm nq j'sv sbsh, sp dhNsqv lfWqfk slsh,

sn dhNsq idviCBG fb tfH j'sv sbsh, kJb sn mfbcNsj lfWqfk dlsk ifvsh. kfv
ubA nhGdhNsq zfstm rWqf uvvD bq. spsrkc mrfbhD hstsYb,
Ki.I' 7/ 2 . CK . 7,).
zKGf{, jde zfqfk rstW kf zfmfv dbje sKsj (mfbcsNv jfsY) si]ZsY lfW.
(hcJfvD 3461bQ)
htf hftA, lf rWqfv ubA hV zfstm rWqf uvvD bq. hvQ sp dhNsqv
lfWqfk slsh, sn dhNsq idvijkf Kfjf uvvD. i[fsv psK tXm nq bf j'sv
zfshsov hsw zKhf hxkfv TM zfsY hst zKG nsqv Jfdksv lfWqfskv jfu
jvsk tfof zhwA hL bq. bsy{ mb rsk ifsv sp, sn lfv lfWqfsk tfsHv
yfsk [dk shdw rsh. spsrkc `dbm rfjDsm Jkvfsq ufb, dbm-smff Jkvfsq
mfb.' zfshsov hsw dhbf tXsm rftftsj rfvfm W rfvfmsj rftft jvsh hQ
nmfb h]fyfsk dosq Hct Iskfqf dlsq nmfsu dIkbfv nxd jvsh. zKy mrfb
zffr hstsYb,
2. , 8. _ 8. A . 0
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zKGf{, skfmfslv durf dmKAf zfsvfi jsv hst zffrv iadk dmKAf zfsvfi jvhfv
ubA skfmvf hstf bf, èf rftft hQ ef rfvfm.' pfvf zffr ns dmKAf
fhb jvsh kfvf nItjfm rsh bf. (bfrXt } 116)
kfsk rqskf swaBDv hfv tfH zfsY. dj sn tfH zdk boBA, zdk kcY.
zfqfskv iviv mrfb zffr hstsYb,
`% 7 EF {VA > 2 A .]. V/ P, 2 . À >N2 A 8. *. }
zKGf{, (rjfst) kfslv nfmfbA ncJ-nsHfo vsqsY hQ (ivjfst) kfslv ubA
vsqsY shlbflfqj wfd. (bfrXt } 117)
iaw } djsnv lfWqfk zfso dlsk rsh?
v } pfsj lfWqfk slWqf rsh, kfv jfsY nhsysq shdw iasqfubDq dhNsqv
lfWqfk dlsk rsh. spmb jfsIv hf mcwdvj mcndtmsj nhGiaKm kfWrDslv lfWqfk
229
iaw } zsbsj n{jfsuv zfslw W mljfsu hfLf lfb bf j'sv hst, ` nh

zffrv Yf. zffr Dsbv drIfpk jvshb. zfv zffr skf hstsYb, sr
mc'dmboB! skfmfslv zfkv[f jvf jkGhA. skfmvf pdl n{isK idvyfdtk rW,
ksh sp iK rsqsY, sn skfmfslv sjfb [dk jvsk ifvsh bf. (mfdqlfr }
105)
105) nckvfQ kfslv jKf dj dEj?
dEj?
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rsh. dkdb Dsbv lfWqfskv mfLAsm Dbsj iadkdk vfJshb. zfv zfqfskv zKG
bq sp, `zfib h]fyst hfsiv bfm.' zKGf{ n{jfsuv zfslw W mljfsu
hfLflfsbv jfu jvsk rsh bf. zfhC hfjXv dnDj
hstb, `sr stfj njt!
skfmvf zfqfk iVY, sr mc'dmboB! skfmfslv zfkv[f jvf jkGhA. skfmvf
pdl n{isK idvyfdtk rW, ksh sp iK rsqsY, sn skfmfslv sjfb [dk jvsk
ifvsh bf. (nCvf mfsqlfr 105 zfqfk) dj zfdm vfnCtcfr -sj htsk sbdY,
pJb stfsjvf zkAfyfvDsj (zkAfyfv jvsk) slJsh hQ kfv rfk Lsv bf sbsh,
kJb zffr kfzftf kfslv njtsj (zfmHfsh) kfv wfdv jhst dbsq sbshb.
(zfhC lfl, dkvdmpD, bfnf)
kfYfVf n{isK idvyfdtk rWqfv jef lfhD rt, n{jfsuv zfslw W
mljfsu hfLf lfb jvf. ()
230
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rB bf j'sv pdl ifsi zdhyt Kfsj, kfrst dj kfv
nfsK iK ytf pfsh?
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sve h]fLf dEj bq.
mfv
hstb, zffrv vnCt
zfmfsj lfb dlskb. dj zfdm htkfm,
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skfmfv jfsY mft zfsn, zfv skfmfv msb stfH bf Kfsj hQ kcdm kf pfybfW
bf jsv Kfj, kfrst kf oarB jv hQ kf dbsuv mfstv nfsK dmdtsq bfW. zk}iv
skfmfv Yf rst kf JfW, bkchf lfb jsv lfW. YfVf skfmfv mbsj kfsk sIst
svsJf bf.
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v } mljfsu hfLflfsbv dkbde Lfi ifv rst kfv nfsK iK yt huGb jvsk
rsh; pdl msb rq sp, kfsj huGb jvst sn dw[f W islw sbsh. i[fsv pdl
msb rq sp, kfsj huGb jvst sn zfsvf Jfvfi rsq pfsh, kfrst huGb bf j'sv
pKfnfLA nQswfLsbv syf j'sv spsk rsh hQ kfsj islw slWqfv ubA mb
lf dbhGfyb jvsk rsh, dpdb nhk} sjZwst kfv msbv idvhkGb zfbsk ifvshb.
zfv drlfqfk skf zffrv rfsk. zhwA sn nmq kfv nfsK hck hf zfkDqkf hufq
vfJf ytsh bf. (hf)
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jsvb. k]fslv jfu dj pKfpK?
v } zhwA bf. Iskfqf slWqfv jfu njstv bq. jmf ndEjfsKGv mcIkD
YfVf zbA sj Iskfqf dlsk ifsvb bf. zhwA Iskfqf bjt jvsk ifsvb. kfYfVf
sp dhNsq iCshGjfv sjfb mfm hf mcIkDv Iskfqf sb, sn dhNsq dbsuv hcU zbcpfqD
rftft-rfvfm htfv ubA mcJ bf sJftf jkGhA. mrfb zffr hstsYb,
2. , 8. _ 8. A . 0
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2 $> R
zKGf{, skfmfslv durf dmKAf zfsvfi jsv hst zffrv iadk dmKAf zfsvfi jvhfv
ubA skfmvf hstf bf, èf rftft hQ ef rfvfm.' pfvf zffr ns dmKAf
fhb jvsh kfvf nItjfm rsh bf. (bfrXt } 116)
mrfbhD hstsYb,
Ko, 8. L 2 -/ *. 2. $, , r/ h3 . @
2 V > 3 / . )> . 8> L W -/ *.
zKGf{, pfsj dhbf tXsm Iskfqf slWqf rq, kfv sofbfr hkGfq mcIkDv iv.
(zfhC lfl 3657, rfsjm, n} ufsm' 6068bQ)
iaw } lfWqfskv jfsu zfstm W hfv zKG oarB jvf dj hL?
v } DbD tXm W zfmstv sjfb jfu lcdbqf tfsHv ubA jvf hL bq. spsrkc
zffrv vnCt
hstb, sp hAd mb sjfb tXm zbcnfb jsv pfv fvf
zffrv nd zuGb jvf pfq, tXm pdl sjfb ifdKGh dhNq tfsHv sswA dw[f
jsv Kfsj, ksh sn djqfmskv dlb shsrsv ncoecjcW ifsh bf. (zfhC lfl,
hsb mfufr, hsb drfb, rfsjm, nrDr kfvoDh 99bQ)
khcW sisev ubA zsKGv iasqfub zfsY. nckvfQ zfnt dbqk lfWqfskv svsJ
iasqfub mskf zKG sbWqf lCNBDq bq. nkA jKf sp, zffrv kWIDsjv iv pdl
zKG bf rk, kfrst lfWqfskv jfsu zoaodk nru dYt bf. nckvfQ Dsbv lf
zsKGv hAfifsv dbdy rsk ifvst lfWqfskv hAfifsv dbdy rsk ifvsh.
231
iaw } sjfb mcIkD Iskfqf slWqfv iv snef `Hct Iskfqf' hst ufbsk ifvst
k]fv jD jvf dyk?
v } k]fv vuc jvf dyk hQ kfsk k]fv siadeu pfWqfv Hq jvf zbcdyk.
spsrkc rj iajfw sist rsjv dlsj vuc jvf mrfb mfbcNslv jfu. nfLfvsBv jfsY
Wub rff rsq pfWqfv Hsq Hcstv iv zet Kfjf lfv mfbcsNv jfu bq.
mrfbhD rj hcUsk sisv rsjv dlsj vuc jsvsYb. jlf dkdb nfrfhfslvsj
slJstb, k]fvf sJucv smfYfv ivfo-dmtb nfLb jvsYb; zKGf{, mflf ofsYv smfYf
dbsq mflD ofsYv smfYfv nfsK sh]sL dlsYb. dkdb htstb, zfmfv msb rq vi
jvfsk sjfb tfH sb. vi bf jvstW sJucv Itsh. k]fv mhA sb
nfrfhfoB kf kAfo jvstb. dj sJucv Itfv nmq slJf sot, sJucv idvic rqdb;
Ist kfv ItbW Hfstf rqdb. dkdb kf slsJ htstb, jD hAfifv, skfmfslv
sJucsvv Itb sb sjb? k]fvf htstb, spsrkc zfidb ivfo-dmtb Oefsk dbsNL
jsvdYstb, snsrkc kf bf jvfv Ist Itb jm rsqsY. dkdb htstb, zfdm Wef
LfvBf jsv hstdYtfm. skfmvf skfmfslv ifdKGh dhNq nisjG zdLj fb vfJ.
zkh kf Hfstf rst, skfmvf kf jvsk ifv. (mcndtm 2361-2363bQ)
nfrfhf, kfshb W mfmoB rsjv dlsj vuc jsvsYb. ltDt hdt slsJ dbsuv
vfq hlst dlsqsYb. kfsk k]fslv sjfb mfbrfdb rqdb. sjfb zfstsmv rWqfvW
jKf bq. (hf)
iaw } Dsbv dhNsq sjfb dbdlG mfm hf zfstsmv `kfjtDl' zfbcjvB jvf hL
dj?
v } Dsbv dhNsq sjfb dbdlG mfm hf zfstsmv `kfjtDl' zfbcjvB jvf
hL bq. p]fvf hstb, yfv mprfshv msLA sjfb j mprfshv kfjtDl jvf Ivp,
k]fslv dbje ùmf' YfVf sjfb ltDt sb. zKy hAfifsv mcndtm mfrv
ùmf' (jmkA) rqdb. iv zfsqmfsq zfvhfzfr k]fslv kfjtDl jvsk
232
---- DbD iaswfv ---dbsNL j'sv sosYb hQ iaskAsj hstsYb, `rflDn nrDr rst, snef zfmfv
mprfh.' k]fvf dbsuvfW jfvW kfjtDl jsvbdb. mfm wfsIqD mfm mfstsjv
Yf, dkdb dbu Wfslv kfjtDl jsvbdb. mfm zfrmfl dhb rfft mfm wfsIqDv
Yf, dkdbW dbu Wfslv kfjtDl jsvbdb. spsrkc ndEjfsKG kfjtDl jvsk rst
jmf mrfbhD -v jvsk rsh. mrfb zffr hstsYb,
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pdl sjfb dhNsq skfmfslv msLA mksHl Ose, kfrst sn dhNqsj zffr W vnCstv
dlsj dIdvsq lfW. de rt m hQ idvBfsm iajx kv. (dbnf } 59)
6 7H 7 EF {$> ^ 2 h3 $, , b
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dbje. (wCvf } 10)
ksh kfjtDl hL bq hst sp njst mcukfdrl rsq pfsh, kf bq. sp
mcukfdrl rsk ifvsh bf, sn mcukfdrl tfmfosBv dhf' jvsh. p]fv mk jcvzfb
W nrDr ncfrv jfYfjfdY rsh, k]fv mksj smsb sbsh. sjfb dbdlG zfstm hf
mfsmv dhf' jvsh bf. iaskAj mfsmv dIjXr sKsj ijxk rsh kfstsh tXm.
p]fv dIjXr nrDr rflDsnv zbcnfvD k]fv dIjXrsj oarB j'sv sbsh. p]fslv dIjXr
nrDr rflDn dhsvfLD rsh, k]fslv sjfb zucrfk zhwA zfsY. nckvfQ k]fslv hQ
njt zfrst ncfrv mfsmv bfm ssJv nmq `vfdrmffr' htsh. k]fslv iadk
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jKf swfsb hQ pf m kfv zbcnvB jsv. Wvf kfvf, pfslvsj zffr n{isK
idvyfdtk jsvb hQ Wvf hcdmfb. (pcmfv } 17-18)
233
ufmfzfk W mprfh
iaw } wkLfdhdY lstlst dhH mcndtm nmfsu bh zfstfjiaf mcndtm hf

bWbW-mcndtmvf sjfb lst wfdmt rsh?
v } mrfbhD hstsYb, qflD jfv lst hQ dJaefb hfrfv lst
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htstb, kfvf rt ufmfzfk. sp ufmfzfk zfdm W zfmfv nfrfhf sp mkflswGv
iv zfdY kfv iv iadkdk Kfjsh. (ncbfb zfvhfzfr, dmwjfk 171-172,
dntdntfr nrDrfr 203, 1492bQ)
nckvfQ bh zfstfjiaf mcndtm hf bW-mcndtmvf sn lt hf ufmfzfsk wfdmt

rsh, sp lt bhD W k]fv nfrfhf -v mkflswGv iv iadkdk zfsY. nh lstv
lfhD j rst, fb W dhshjsj jfsu tfdosq ndEj lt zbcnfb jvf Wqfsuh.
sp lt nhfv jKfv isv bhD -v jKfsj iafLfbA slq, sp lt sjfb mprfhD
kjtDsl I]fsn bf, sjfb hcpcsoGv kf'pDm W kjtDsl hfVfhfdV jsv bf, sp lt sjfb
dhlzfk W dhlzfkDsj iawaq slq bf, sp lt sjfb dwsjGv smZb-nmKGbW jsv bf, sp
lt odlv stfsH ifyfkA vfubDdkv otsnafsk of H]fdnsq slq bf, sp lt djkfh
W nrDr ncfrv iv zfmt jsv, sjfb uft-pqDI rflDnsj dHd j'sv zfmt jsv
bf kAfdl. zfvW dblwGb zfsY sn rjiD lstv, fbD W lfv mfbcsNv kf
dybsk Hct rq bf. mrfb zffr hstsYb,
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K . L2 6. H
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{> . p2 7W / W
zKGf{, pfvf kfoCskv iCuf rsk lCsv Kfsj hQ zffrv zbcvfoD rq, kfslv ubA
zfsY ncnQhfl. zkh ncnQhfl lfW zfmfv lfnslvsj---pfvf msbfspfo nrjfsv
jKf swfsb hQ pf m kfv zbcnvB jsv. Wvf kfvf, pfslvsj zffr n{isK
idvyfdtk jsvb hQ Wvf hcdmfb. (nCvf pcmfv 17-18 zfqfk)
iaw } LmGdbvsi[hflD dj mcndtm Kfjsk ifsv?
v } iawde `dblGt dj jdmdbeX ifdeGv stfj'-v mskf. sp dblGt, sn

sjfb lstv rsk ifsv bf. zhwA dblGt sjfb dbdlG lt rst rsk ifsv. zbcvi
LmGdbvsi[ hf LmGrDb sp, sn mcndtm Kfjsk ifsv bf. hvQ sjfb LsmGv rsk ifsv
bf. ksh LmGrDb mfbhkfhflD rsk ifsv. rt zfnt zsKG. zhwA pdl sj
234
ntfsm dhwfn svsJ `vfubDdksk LsmGv fb sb' hst, kfrst kfv dhLfb dH.
dj sn pdl `nh LmG nmfb' hst, kfrst sn mcndtm Kfjsk ifsv bf. jfvB mrfb
zffr hstb,
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zKGf{, dbyq ntfm zffrv dbje (jmf msbfbDk) LmG. (st mvfb } 19)
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`jfsIv' htf pfsh?
EF
zKGf{, sp sj ntfm YfVf zbA LmG zshNB jvsh, kfv i[ rsk kf jJbW
oarB jvf rsh bf. zfv sn rsh ivstfsj [dkoaslv ltHc. (st mvfb } 85)
iaw } nCIDiD mcndtm dj rjiD? `nCID' sjb htf rq?
v } nCIDiDvf rjiD bq. jfvB kfslv zfjDlfr nrDr bq. kfslv zfjDlf
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rsk hfzfk dbstb bf. njst htt, `sr zffrv vnCt! zfidb b'usbv hfzfk
oarB jvstb, dj v jvstb bf sjb?' sv dkdb htstb, Wv slsr jhy
vsqsY kf. zk}iv sn dbu rfsk kf dY]sV sItt. nckvfQ kfv dbje sKsjW
hfzfk dbstb hQ htstb, sp hAd jhy tejfq, sn hAd dwjG jsv.
(zfrmfl, rfsjm, dntdntfr nrDrfr 492bQ)
(3) jcvzfsbv zfqfk hf rflDsnv lczf dtsJ hfbfsbf kfhDp. swaBDv kfhDp
241
iaw } kfhDp dlsq iqnf JfWqf dj rftft?
v } ntfsm pf rfvfm, kfv hAhnf jvf hQ kfv dhdbmsq iqnf JfWqf rfvfm.
ntfsm ml rfvfm, kf dhd jvfW rfvfm. zffrv vnCt
hstb, ml
ifbjfvDsj, ml idvshwbjfvDsj, kfv skf W dhskfsj, kfv iakjfvjsj,
pfv ubA iak jvf rq kfsj, kfv hfrjsj W pfv ubA hrb jvf rq kfsj zffr
zdHwfi jsvsYb. (zfhC lfl 3674, hsb mfufr 3380bQ)
hsb mfufv hBGbfq zfsY, kfv mCtA H[BjfvDW (zdHw). (nrDt ufsm'
5091bQ)
iaw } jcvzfsbv zfqfk ifs ufIvfb dlsq dtsJ kf ifb jvfv mfLAsm zfsvfsoAv
zfwf jvf hL dj?
v } tfmfoB swaBDv zbcmdk dlsqsYb. hA } pflct mfzfl. (tflf)
zbcvi jfosu dtsJ ifdbsk ycdhsq kf ifb jvfv zbcmdkW. (nfIf)
iaw } dub YfVfsk dj zfb hAhrfv jvf pfq?
v } bf. zfb dlsq syrfvf kAfdl icdVsq dydj{nf hL bq. spsrkc mrfbhD
hstsYb, zfb dlsq uftfsbfv wfd sjht zffr slb. (hcJfvD)
iaw } dpdb UfVI]j

c jvshb, k]fv dj zfstm, mfm hf pcv rWqf uvvD?
v } bf, zfstm rWqf uvvD bq. dpdb jcvzfb W lczf ufsbb dkdb UfVI]cj
jvsk ifsvb. ivsrpofv mfbcsNv UfVI]csjv kfnDv zfsY.
iaw } KcKc dlsq mfde Ocst sI]fVf hf hAKf kAfdlsk tfdosq dydj{nf hL dj?
v } dydj{nf mrfbhD jsvsYb. zsbsj hstsYb, kf k]fv KcKc W mlDbfv

mfdev nfsK nix. zsbsj hstsYb, nhfv KcKc W nh ufqofv mfde fvf
dydj{nf rsk ifsv. ksh kf WNcLvi, kfhfvGjvi bq. ()
iaw } hlbusvv wvqD dydj{nf jD?
v } wvqD UfVI]cj zKhf sofnt. pfv syfJ fvf hlbuv stsosY hst msb rq,
kfsj zbcsvfL j'sv kfv pC hf sofnt jvf ifdb dlsq svfoDsj sofnt jvfsbf.
kfsk hl-buv Hft rsq pfq. (hsb mfufr 3509, dmwjfk 4562bQ)
iaw } sj JfWqf slJst hlbusvv Hsq djYc Jfhfv mfdesk sItst dj ijfv
rq?
v } j[b bq. dhwfn pKfKG bq hQ Jfhfv sItf rfvfm. ()
iaw } sp mfm nfsrh kfhDp dtsJb hQ kfv dhdbmqW oarB jsvb, k]fv diYsb
242
---- DbD iaswfv ---bfmfp dj?
v } sp mfm dwjGD kfhDp dtsJb (zKhf mdrtfslv kcnfa shv bAfjVf kAfdl
fvf dydj{nf jsvb), k]fv diYsb bfmfp bq. zhwA dpdb jcvzfbD kfhDp
dtsJb, k]fv diYsb bfmfp . spsrkc sn jfu dwjG bq. khcW k]fv ubA kf stJf
hQ jcvzfsbv zfqfksj znmfsbv nmcJDb jvf hL bq. (tflf)
iaw } kfmf hf stfrfv hftf hAhrfv j'sv zfsvfoA tfsHv zfwf jvf hL dj?
v } bf. sk ntfdmj hf hfdbj sjfb mb srkc sb, pfv Ist zfsvfoA

tfH rsk ifsv. nckvfQ kf dwjG. (hf)
iaw } uflc jfefsbfv ubA

ubA uflc hAhrfv hL dj?
v } sjfbHfsh uflc hAhrfv hL bq. spsrkc kf wqkfsbv jmG. (zfhC lfl
3868bQ)
iaw } dub YfVfsbfv ubA ii-ifJD pshr jvf dj wvDqknmk?
v } pshrv mfLAsm dubsj n j'sv kfsj nsv spsk htf dwjG. spsrkc
zffr YfVf zfv jfsvfv ndtfsHv ubA pshr hL bq. mrfb zffr hstb,
{W p }x. > 2 . K . !
> C>a . *. .
. .%
/ *. . C>b, , . C>a 2&
. 1 h3 `/ NW z
zKGf{, ht, `dbyq zfmfv bfmfp, zfmfv ifnbf (jcvhfbD), zfmfv uDhb W
zfmfv mvB, dhh-uoskv iadkiftj zffrv ubA. (bXm } 162)
zfv bhD hstsYb, zffr kfsj zdHwfi jsvb (hf jvb), sp ofqvfrv
ubA pshr jsv. (mcndtm 1978bQ)
zmcndtmslv nfsK hAhrfv
iaw } dnmfn sF' W bhhsNGv zfomsb jfsIvslvsj mchfvjhfl slWqf pfq dj?
spsrkc Wvf zfmfslv nfsK jfu jsv. Wvf pdl zfmfslvsj nfNB ufbfq, kfrst
Wslvsj zfmvf djHfsh v slh? its[A Wslv zfsqfduk sjfb zbcfsb
spfolfb jvf ShL dj? dhNqnmCsrv sjfb jef j'sv sItst mfbcN sofbfrofv
rsh dj? pdl nAhrfv, y[ctf hf nsfy kAfdlv Jfdksv jvf rq? zfv nsh
Wslv zbcvi jvf ytsh dj?
v } dnmfn sF' zKhf zbA sjfb Wslv LmGDq ihG W Jcdwsk jfsIvslvsj
mchfvjhfl slWqf nhGhfdlnmdksm zShL. spmb hbct jfsqm vfdrmffr k]fv
oa `zfrjf-mc zfrdtp dpmfr' sk bjt jsvsYb. dkdb hstb, `dhdw jcIsvv
iakDj W dblwGsbv s[s mchfvjhfl siw jvf nhGnmdksm rfvfm. spmb Wslv
l zKhf hak its[ mchfvjhfl dlsq htf, `skfmfv ubA l mchfvj srfj',
zKhf ` Jcdwsk wcHfwDN oarB jv' kAfdl. jfsu pdlW nfNBlfkf jcIv
sKsj sh]sy pfq, khcW kf rfvfsmv zHc
G . zfv ef Wslv cwsj dnulf jvfv
243
---- DbD iaswfv ---its[A mchfvjhfl slWqfv zbcvi. hvQ ef zffrv dbje sofbfr hQ opshv
dlj sKsj mlAifb Jcb, hAdHyfv kAfdlv iv mchfvjhfl slWqfv sysq zdLj hV
W shwD. h mfbcN pfslv dbje lDsbv sjfb jlv sb, kfvf ifsi idkk rsq
Kfsj. jxkjsmGv jcItsj ufbsk ifsv bf. iv sjfb mfbcNsj ifi, dhlzfk
zKhf jcIsvv iv mchfvjhfl ufdbsq Kfsj, pJb sn dbdykHfsh zffrv sfL W
zndv dwjfv rsq pfq. (hbct jfsqsmv d nmf)
jfsIvslv LmGDq l-ishG kfslvsj mchfvjhfl slWqf ts[A rfvfm, pf
hbct jfsqm sJ jsvsYb. spsrkc kfsk jcIvD iakDsjv iv jfsIvslv
iadkdk Kfjfsj nDjfv W nmKGb jvf rq hQ kfslv ubA kfsk nmdk iajfw
jvf rq. pdlW sn jcIvD dbsuv ubA iYl jsv bf; dj khcW mcndtsmv ubA
jcIvDv iakDsj nmdk iajfw zKhf kfv iv jfsj mchfvjhfl ufbfsbf ShL bq.
jfvB zffr kfzftf Wsk nmk bb. spmb dkdb hstb,
, b
W H
/ a. / h3 . . _ b
W o> >. > > }
. / I. g2 . V/ b
W /. C
q > ~2 !
2 1 L2 , _W b
a. / hz
xV/ b
W 2 $, }
. / I.
zKGf{, skfmvf jfsIv rst susb vfJ, zffr skfmfslv mcJfsi[D bb. dkdb k]fv
lfnslv ubA jcIvD iYl jsvb bf. pdl skfmvf kfv iadk jxk rW, kfrst dkdb
skfmfslv ubA kf iYl jsvb. (nCvf pcmfv 7zfqfk)
dkdb zfsvf hstb,
. 2 / 3 V, b
W 2J
, /}
> . . C
/ 8> . / > V/ b
W / 2. J
, / . a/ 2 . V/ b
W . I/ >V/ b
W 2J
, . @
2 . 7. / 2 z
x I/ >
zKGf{, zfu skfmfslv ubA skfmfslv lDbsj iCBfG jvtfm W skfmfslv iadk
zfmfv zbcoar niCBG jvtfm hQ ntfmsj skfmfslv lDbvsi msbfbDk jvtfm.
(nCvf mflfr 3 zfqfk)
nckvfQ jcIvDv iv Wslvsj HfwDN W nflv nfNB fib rfvfm -- yfsr

kfvf hAdv jmGs[s nrjmGD hf nD srfj, yfsr bf srfj.
pJb Wvf Wslv l its[A zfmfslvsj mchfvjhfl ufbfq, kJbW zfmvf
kfslvsj iakcAsv zdHhflb ufbfsk ifdv bf. spsrkc kf zfmfslv l bq. zffr
kfzftf mb lsj iYl jsvb bf. jfvB, kf Wslv LsmG zdHbh vdyk jmG.
zKhf dhdLnmk dj kf lDb ntfm lfvf vdrk rsq sosY, sp lDb nr mcrfmfl
-sj zffr kfzftf nmoa nxdv iadk siavB jsvsYb. sp lDb nisjG mrfb zffr
hstb,
x-. I/ 3 >
2 -. *> > . y
> C>L 7. D, . $, / *> `. . j I, -/ 2L2 I/ >3 2 / 3 . / ~2 -3 8. / I. -/ *. . z
244
zKGf{, sp sj ntfm YfVf zbA LmG yfst kf jJbW kfv dbje sKsj oarB jvf
rsh bf hQ sn ivstfsj [dkoaslv ltHc rsh.(zf-st mvfb 85)
its[A mcndtmslv ubA kfslv dbmB oarB jvfW rfvfm. spsrkc lfWqfk
oarB mchfvjhfl fib zsi[f dbjxkv. jfvB sk Wslv sl zQwoarB jvf
rq.
klbcvi mcntmfbslv ubA its[A zbcfbfdlv zfsqfub j'sv, ivivsj
isTZjb ialfb j'sv, dmf dhkvB j'sv, dhdH iajfv JflA heb j'sv zKhf
jmGs[s Ycde sOfNBf j'sv jfsIvslv nflxwA zhtb jvf ShL bq. jfvB bhD
hstb, sp hAd sp nialfsqv zfbcviA zhtb jsv, sn kfslv ltHc.
(zfhC lfl)
wfqJct ntfm hsb kfdmqAfr k]fv oa `jdkpf-n dnvfdkt mcfjDm, mcJftfIfkc zfnrf-dht ufrDm' hstb, `kfslv djYc l-ishG kfslv nflxwA zhtb,
kfvf sp hfdkst zdhydtk, kfsk kfslv zv JcwDsk Hsv WEfv jfvB rsh hQ
nhk} zfbcviA kfslv ncspfsov nAhrfv jvsk W lcht
G slvsj zLDb
jvsk nrfqkf jvsh.'
sp hAd ipc
G djYc j'sv sIstsY sn sofbfrofv rsh. yfsr sn kf dwfyfdvkf,
hck, y[ctf hf zbA djYcv Jfdksv jvj bf sjb. spsrkc mb jvf zffrv
lDsb skfNfsmfl jvf, jfsIvslv zfkf-mbsj nht j'sv skftf hQ kfslv LmG
dbsq ohG jvfv ijvsBv zHc
G . ()
zkh sjfb zmcndtm pJb mcndtmsj nftfm dlsq hst, `zfnXnf-mc zftfjcm,'
kJb zfmvf kfv sv hth, `z zftfjcm.' iv k]fv d `z zftfjcm'
jKfv ltDt sp, pdl Wvf `skfmfslv iv nftfm' hst, kfrst kfslv isvW
nftfm. nckvfQ Wvf spmb htsh, zfmvfW Wslvsj skmdb hth. ubA jkj
tfmf hstsYb sp, qflD, dJafb hf zbA sjfb zmcndtm pJb i ws
`zfnXnftfmc zftfjcm' htsh, kJb zfmfslv ubA `z zftfjcmcn nftfm' hst
v slWqf ShL rsh.
zbcviHfsh zmcndtmslvsj iaKsm fok ufbfsbf, spmb `zfrtfb znfrtfb
(fokm, sJfw zfmsll, Wsqt jfm iaHdx k) htfW ShL bq. spsrkc sk kfslv
nmfb W kf'pDm zdHhA rq. dj Wvf pJb iaKsm zfmfslvsj hst nfok
ufbfsh, kJb zfmvfW kfslvsj zbcvi hst v slh. spsrkc ntfm
bAfqivfqBkf sbsY hQ iaskAj zdLjfvDsj kfv zdLjfv dlsk c jsvsY.
zfv jKf dhdlk sp, zffr zfppf z uffv dbjse mcndtmvf nmfb W mpGflfv
dlj dlsq nhfGsi[f hV. kf iaKsm zmcndtmslvsj nftfm dlsq dbsuslvsj
zil jvf dyk bq. zkh svv nfvmsmG hdt sp, zmcndtmsj iaKsm nftfm
slWqf ShL bq. spsrkc bhD sKsj dbsNL jsvsYb hQ spsrkc sk mcndtsmv
tfbf zfsY. jfvB sn sk zmcndtmsj iaKsm kf'pDm W nmfb ialwGb jsv.
zKy zffrv dbje mcndtm nmfsbv dlj dlsq zdLj y. kf sk dbsusj
zimfdbk jvf dyk bq. i[fsv pJb Wvf zfmfslvsj nftfm slsh, kJb zfmvf
kfslv zbcvi nftfsmv v slh. klbcvi Wslvsj iaKsm nfok ufbfsbfW ShL
bq. spmb, `zfrtfb znfrtfb, mfvrfhf' kAfdl htf. sjbbf skW Wslvsj
kf'pDm ialwGb jvf rq. pf Wslvsj iaKsm nftfm slWqfv zbcvi. ()
iab }}- zmcndtmslvsj nftfm slWqf pfq dj?
v }- zmcndtmslvsj iaKsm nftfm slWqf rfvfm, ShL bq. spsrkc `nftfm'

sjht ntfm-Wqftfslv zdHhflb. mrfbhD
hstb, qfl W bfnfslvsj
iaKsm nftfm dlsqf bf. Wslv nfsK isK nf[f{ rst nQjDBGkfv iadk hfLA jv.
dj Wvf pdl zfmfslvsj iaKsm nftfm slq, kfrst kfv v slWqf zfmfslv ubA
Wqfsuh rsh. spsrkc nfLfvBHfsh zffr hstb,
xk.D/ x , / 2 P. / *> -. . 0
/ X2 )> /7x %
. L2 iM 1 %
> 8. )> V/ 8, / K 0
, .h3 . z
zKGf{, zfv pJb skfmfslvsj zdHhflb jvf rq, kJb skfmvfW kf zsi[f
m zdHhflb jvsh zKhf Wv zbcvi v slsh. (nCvf dbnf 86)
qflDvf mrfbhD -sj nftfm dlk, htk, `zfnXnf-mc zftfjf qf mcrfmfl!
(skfmfv iv mxkcA hNGB srfj, sr mcrfmfl!)' `zfnXnf-m' v zKG mxkAc . kfvf
vnCt -sj mxkcAv hczf dlk. kf bhD htstb, qflDvf hst, `zfnXnf-mc
zftfjcm.' nckvfQ Wvf pJb skfmfslvsj nftfm slsh, kJb skfmvf kfv sv
ht, `z zftfjcm.
245
iaw } js mcndtmdtm-zmcndtm Hq Kfjst sjfbX ws nftfm slWqf pfsh?

s[s dj `zfnX-nftfmc zftf mfdbfhfzft lf' hst nftfm dlsk rq?
v } s[s mcndtmslv sswA `zfnX-nftfmc zftfjcm' hst nftfm dlsk
rsh. iasw hfjA zmcndtmslvsj dydE stJfv s[s hAhrfv jvf rq. ()
sj sj hstsYb, zmcndtmslvsj nftfm dlsk `zfnX-nftfmc zftf
mfdbfhfzft lf' hf `zfnXnftfmc zftfbf zzftf hfdlfdrn nfdtrDb'W
hAhrfv jvf pfq.
iaw } jfsIvslv sjfbX Lvsbv zfbcviA hf nflxwA oarsB slfN zfsY?
v } jfsIvslv hfdrAj shwHCNf, sifwfj-idvYl, yft-ytb W ifbfrfsv sp

sjfb Lvsbv nflxwA oarsB slfN zfsY. spsrkc wvDqskv dbslGw hAfifsv hAfij.
bhD
hstsYb, sp hAd sp ufdkv nflxwA zhtb jsv, sn hAd sn
ufdkv ltHc. (zfhC lfl, kfhfvfbDv zfnfk, nrDt ufsm' 6149bQ)
246
zhwA t[BDq sp, sp dudbn dhufdkv iakDj, sp dudbn slJst kfslvsj dhufdk
hst nrsu dydrk jvf pfq, sjht sn dudbsn nflxwA zhtb dbsNL. kfYfVf sp
dudbn mcndtm-zmcndtsmv mfsU sjfb ifKGjA dbLGfvB jsv bf, hvQ njstv mfsU
hAfij, kfsk nflxwA zhtsbv iaw Kfsj bf. pdlW sn dudbn mCtk} jfsIvslv
dbje sKsj zfok nHAkf, dj ntfsm kf rfvfm bq hQ ufdk-LmG-dbdhGswsN
nhGnfLfvsBv mfsU iaydtk rsq sosY. ()
hkGmfsb smsqslv dn]lcv W sYstslv ef hAhrfsv nflxwA oarsBv slfN zfsY. dj
smsqslv wfdV W sYstslv iAfeX hAhrfsv sn slfN sb. pdlW kf mcndtmslv
sifwfj bq.
zfsvf i j'sv htf pfq sp, dhufdkv zbcjvB W nflxwA zhtb 3 swaBDv jsmG
rsk ifsv. iaKm } hflsk hf DbD dhNsq. dkDq } zfyfv-zfyvsB. kxkDq } ifdKGh
zfdhjfv W dwi dhNsq.
hflsk dhufdkv zbcjvB jvf sjfbsm hL bq. jfvB kfsk zsbj nmq
mcndtm ntfm sKsj JfdvuW rsq spsk ifsv.
zfyfv-zfyvB W sthfn-sifwfsjW dhufdkv zbcjvB hL bq. jfvB kfsk
kfslv iadk mckf W zfdvj zfjNGB iajfw ifq.
zfdhjfv W dwi s[s kfslv zbcjvB j'sv ifdKGh qb nfLb jvf slfNfhr
bq. zbcjvB dbdN zbcjvsBv ipGfqHc bq.
skfmfslvsj dbsNL jsvb bf. dbyq zffr bAfq-ivfqBslvsj Hfthfsnb.

(mcmkfdrbfr } 8)
iaw } zmcndtsmv Osv ifbfrfv hL dj?
v } pdl ifbfrfsvv dudbn ntfsm `rfvfm' bf rq hQ kf hL ifs siw jvf

rq, kfrst hL. ntfsmv dlsj lfWqfskv sswA zmcndtsmv JfWqf hQ kfsj
JfWqfsbf slfsNv bq. zhwA kfslv sjfb LmGDq zfyfv-zbcfb its[A Dk hf
iakjxk sjfb Jfhfv---kf mCtk} `rftft' rstW JfWqf hL bq.
iaw } sjfb zmcndtm IkfvD ifdeG dlst kf JfWqf hL dj?
v } rftft JflA dlsq IkfvD jvfst hQ snJfsb sjfb zfidjv dudbn

(ofb-hfubf, Ydh kAfdl) bf Kfjst kf sJsq IkfvD jvf hL. ksh spb kf sjht
hcskv Jfdksv bf rq. hvQ kfsk spb kfsj ntfsmv dlsj zfjx jvfv dbqk
Kfsj, ntfmD dwfyfv iajfswv mfLAsm ntfmsj y jvfv swA Kfsj. (tflf)
mrfb zffr hstsYb,
- *K VW@7
, 3e
/ I, V/ 2 . -3 IK C L> V/ @
W 7Wa> j2 I, V/ 2 -. I>] ^ -3 . $, ^ V, @
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W 3 I. >
zKGf{, Dsbv hAfifsv pfvf skfmfslv dhvs pc jsvdb hQ skfmfslvsj slw
rsk hdrjfv jsvdb, kfslv iadk mrfbcHhkf ialwGb W bAfq dhyfv jvsk zffr
247
iaw } sjfb zmcndtmsj zbCdlk jcvzfb zKhf pfsk jcvzfbD zfqfk zfsY mb
h iVsk slWqf hL dj?
v } zfnt zfvhD jcvzfb zidh zhfq iwG jvf hL bq. zbCdlk

jcvzfb hf jcvzfbD zfqfk ndtk sjfb h-icj zidh zhfq iVf zShL
bq. nckvfQ zmcndtmsj kf dlsk hfLf sb. (tflf)
iaw } jfpGs[s sjfb zmcndtsmv zdIn hf hfdVsk bfmfp iVf dj?
v } fb idh rst hQ nfmsb mCdkG kAfdl bf Kfjst bfmfp . (tflf)
iaw } zmcndtmslv nfsK hhfdrj nijG jfsqm jvf hL dj?
v } qflD-dJaefbslv nkD mdrtf rst kfsj mcntmfb bf hfdbsqW pKfdbqsm

dhhfr jvf ytsh. zbA sjfb LsmGv mdrtf rst kfsj mcntmfb bf hfdbsq dhhfr jvf
hL bq. i[fsv mcntmfb bf hfdbsq sjfb dhLmGD icvsNv nfsK mcndtm mdrtfv
dhhfr hL bq. hL bq dhLmGD fmDv nfsK nQnfv jvf, pdlW sn dbsu mcndtm drnfsh
uDhb-pfib jsv hst lfhD jsv. sj jvst zfuDhb hAdHyfv jvf rsh.
nfialfdqj-niaDdk hufq vfJfv sswA mcndtm-zmcndtm hhfdrj nijG
jfsqm jvf uvvD bq. uvvD bq sjv zsbAv LmGDq zbcfsb zQwoarB W
nrspfdokf jvf. sp lfvkfq mfb b rsq pfq, sn lfvkf jDsnv ijfvD?
zfv Hfthfnfv jKf? mrfb zffr hstb,
7/ 2 . $, 2 7 , . . $. ^ 1 0
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ifsv?
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rfvfsmv mndul iashw jvfv zbcmdk sjfb zmcndtmsj slWqf pfsh bf. jfvB
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iaw } druvk jvf Wqfsuh jJb?
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hsb mfufr 3565bQ) dkdb rsv jcvhfbDv sev j]csu lfo dlsq dydrk
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(mcndtm 2117bQ)
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nf[A dlsk Ffjfv zfso nf[A dlsk yfq, kfvf rt nhGswa nf[D. mrfbhD
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253
254

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---- DbD iaswfv ----

---- DbD iaswfv ---jcvhfbD

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---- DbD iaswfv ----

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(hcJfvD, mcndtm 3213bQ)

dj mfdev kdv dYstb, bfdj bCsvv kdv dYstb?

v } bCsvv kdv dIdvwXkfmtD. mrfbhD zflsmv zbAkm nfb. nckvfQ

v } kfvf dJaefbslv mskf jfsIv. mrfb zffr hstsYb,

iaw } bhDbhD-ztDv znDtfq lczf jvf pfq dj?

j 7 EF {. , , / I. V/ P, ^. 2 C>) 7, *> Z/ , . C>

iaw } srkcv iv Hvnf jvst dwjG jJb rq?

v } smfse bf. `tfWtfj'-v rflDn mboVf. Hdv zfdkwspA mfbcN mb

iaw } bhDv ubA nfvf dhwuo{ nxd rsqsY.--rsqsY.---

---- DbD iaswfv ----

---- DbD iaswfv ----

mb jfu kfWrDlhflD mcndtsmv. iCBG Hvnf vfJsk rsh zffrv iv, dj sn

iaw } sjfb mfpfsvv ubA r]fnn-mcvoD hf ItIt-Int mfbk jvf hL dj?

iaw } mcndtm rWqfv ubA sjht jfstmf iVf dj psK?

iaw } ùsmùsm-usm' hf ùsmùsm-umfsv skfmfsj Hfthfnh'--Hfthfnh'---

v } sp umfvhfsl dhwfn vfsJ, sn mcndtm Kfjsk ifsv bf. usmv iv

iaw } kjlDv pdl nkA rq, kfrst dj zfmt hxKf bq?

v } bf. kjlDv nkA hQ klhDvW ndEj. hflf dbu Jdkqfsv Hft-ml

zKGf{, zhwA skfmfslv jmGiasyf dhdHmcJD. nckvfQ sp lfb jsv W zffrsj

iaw } mfbcsNv mskf dubslvW uffkuffk-ufrffm zfsY. dj zfsbv kdv dub

---- DbD iaswfv ----

---- DbD iaswfv ----

iaw } dub dj mfbhslsr iashw jvsk ifsv?

v } dub mfbhslsr iashw jvsk ifsv. kfv iamfB vi tfmfoB dhdH

iaw } fmD hf Fffv dj Yfmskf ic hf jbAfjbAf-nfb umfsk ifsv?

dkdb zfsvf hstb,

---- DbD iaswfv ----

---- DbD iaswfv ----

v } mrfb zffrv syfJ zfsY. spsrkc dkdb bCr -sj hstdYstb,

iaw } `mftfjct mfWk' dIdvwXkfv bfm dj `zfuvft'?

v } bfm jcvzfb W nrDr ncfrsk sJ rqdb. bfmde naftD hBGbfCk. (hfbD)

iaw } jcIXv W dwjG bf jsvW mfbcN jJb jfsIv rq?

iaw } mrfb zffrv nhGiaKm nxd jD?

v } mrfb zffrv iaKm nxd jtm. mrfbhD hstsYb,

iaw } mrfb zffr skf nh ufsbb, kfrst djvfmfbdjvfmfb-jfskhDb fvf stJfsbfv

---- DbD iaswfv ----

---- DbD iaswfv ----

v } jfhDvf sofbfrv sofbfrofv pdl sn sofbfrv jfusj rftft msb bf jsv,

iaw } `zffr zfjfwzfjfw-ixdKhDv suAfdk' jKfv zKG jD?

v } `zffr zfjfw-ixdKhDv suAfdk.' (bCv } 35) v zKG rt, mrfb zffr

iaw } zffrv dhvs sjfb zdHspfo,

v } zffrv dhvs sjfb zdHspfo, zffrv jfsuv nmfstfybf zKhf zffv

iaw } hlhl-buv sKsj h]fyfv sswA ofdVv