BOOK REVIEW IN COMMUNICATIONS

CHAPTER 11
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Electronic Communications System By Wayne Tomasi

DIGITAL T-CARRIERS AND MULTIPLEXING

DEFINITIONS

1)

Transmission of information from one or more source

To one or more destination over the same
transmission medium (facility).

2)

Unsophisticated form of multiplexing that simply

constitutes propagating signals from different sources
of different cables that are contained within the
same trench.

3)

Considered as transmission medium.

4)

Form of phase-division multiplexing (PDM) where to

date channels (the I and Q) modulate the same
carrier frequency that has been shifted 90 in phase.

5)

Modulates a sine wave carrier.

6)

Modulates a cosine wave carrier.

TERMS

Multiplexing

Space-Division
Multiplexing

Trench

QPSK

I Channel Bits

Q Channel Bits

7)

Three most predominant methods of multiplexing

signals.

Time-Division
Multiplexing;
Frequency-Division
Multiplexing;
Wavelength-Division
Multiplexing

8)

Transmissions from multiple sources occur on the

same but not on the same time.

Time-Division Multiplexing

9)

Most prevalent encoding technique used for TDM

digital signals.

Prepared By : MA. ELAINE L. CORTEZ

PCM

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BOOK REVIEW IN COMMUNICATIONS

Electronic Communications System By Wayne Tomasi

10)

Use an 8-kHz sample rate and an eight-bit PCM

code, which produces a 64 kbps PCM line speed.

11)

Simply an electronically controlled digital switch with

two inputs and one outputs.

DS-O Channel

Multiplexer

12)

One eight-bit PCM code from each channel

(16 total bits).

TDM Frame

13)

Time it takes to transmit one TDM frame.

Frame Time

14)

A communications system that uses digital pulses

rather than analog signals to encode information.

Digital Carrier System

15)

Specifies a digital carrier system using PCM encoded

analog signals.

TI or Transmission One

16)

Voice band channel bandwidth.

17)

Special conditioned cables.

18)

Used to maintain frame and sample synchronization

between TDM transmitter & receiver.

19)

PCM encoders & decoders with a seven-bit

magnitude.

20)

Supervision between telephone offices, such as on

hook, off hook, dial pulsing, and so forth.

21)

Only seven-bit resolution.

22)

Consist of 24 193 bit frames, totaling 4632 bits, of

Prepared By : MA. ELAINE L. CORTEZ

300 Hz to 3000 Hz

TI Lines

Framing Bit

Digital Channel Banks

Signaling

Signaling Frame
Extended Super Frame
Format
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BOOK REVIEW IN COMMUNICATIONS

Electronic Communications System By Wayne Tomasi

which 24 are framing bits.

CRC-6
( Cyclic Redundancy
Checking )

23)

Used for an error detection code.

24)

Signaling bit in frame 6.

A Bit

25)

Signaling bit in frame 12.

B Bit

26)

Signaling bit in frame 18.

C Bit

27)

Signaling bit in frame 24.

D Bit

28)

Digital interface that provides the physical

connection to a digital carrier network.

29)

Upgrade from one level in the hierarchy to the next

higher level.

Multiplexers /
Demultiplexers

30)

Provides a convenient place to make patchable

inter connects and perform routine maintenance &
trouble shooting.

Digital Cross Connect

31)

Provides frequency shifting for the master group

signals.

32)

Low quality video transmission for use between nondedicated subscribers.

33)

Identify when transitions occur in the data and

whether that transition is from a 1 to a 0 or vice versa.

34)

First bit of the code.

Prepared By : MA. ELAINE L. CORTEZ

Data Service Unit /

Channel Service Unit

Signal Processor

Picturephone

Three-Bit Code

Address Bit
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BOOK REVIEW IN COMMUNICATIONS

Electronic Communications System By Wayne Tomasi

35)

Converting standard logic levels.

36)

Involves the transmission of only a single nonzero

voltage level.

37)

Two nonzero voltages are involved ( a positive

voltage for a logic 1 and an equal-magnitude
negative voltage for a logic 0 or vice versa).

38)

Categorize the type of transmission.

39)

Maintained the entire bit time.

Nonreturn to Zero

40)

Less than 100% of the bit time.

Return to Zero

41)

Produces a condition in which a receive may lose its

amplitude reference for optimum discrimination
between received 1s & os.

DC Wandering

42)

Popular type of line encoding that produces a strong

timing component for clock recovery and does not
cause dc wandering.

Digital Biphase

43)

Uses one cycle of a square wave at 0 phase to

represent a logic 1 and one cycle of a square wave
at 180 phase to represent a logic 0.

Biphase

44)

Used for encoding SMPTE(Society of Motion Picture

and Tele vision Engineers) time-code data for
recording on videotapes.

Biphase M

45)

Commonly called the Manchester Code and

specified in IEEE standard 802.3 for Ethernet local
area networks.

Biphase L

Prepared By : MA. ELAINE L. CORTEZ

Digital Line Encoding

Unipolar

Bipolar

Duty Cycle

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BOOK REVIEW IN COMMUNICATIONS

Electronic Communications System By Wayne Tomasi

46)

Forms of delay-modulated codes where a logic 1

condition produces a transition in the middle of the
clock pulse, and a logic 0 produces no transition at
the end of the clock intervals unless followed by
another logic 0.

47)

Used for the transmission of PCM-encoded timedivision multiplexed digital signals.

T Carriers

48)

Filters and shapes the incoming digital signal and

raise its power level so that the regenerator circuit
can make a pulse-no pulse decision.

Amplifier /
Equalizer

49)

Recovery circuit reproduces the cocking information

from the received data and provides the proper
timing information to the regenerator so that samples
can be made at the optimum time, minimizing the
chance of an error occurring.

50)

A threshold detector that compares the sampled

voltage received to a reference level and
determines whether the bit is a logic 1 or a logic 0.

51)

Different version of T carriers used in Europe.

52)

Used for frame alignment pattern and for an alarm

channel.

53)

54)

Digital carrier frame synchronization.

Methods of Interleaving PCM transmissions:

Prepared By : MA. ELAINE L. CORTEZ

Miller Codes

Timing Clock

Regenerative Repeater

E-Lines

Time Slot 0

Added-Digit Framing
Robbed-digit framing
Added-channel framing
Statistical framing
Unique-line code framing

Bit Interleaving
Word Interleaving

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BOOK REVIEW IN COMMUNICATIONS

Electronic Communications System By Wayne Tomasi

55)

Used more often for the transmission of data when

they are called asynchronous TDM, intelligent TDM, or
simply stat muxs.

Statistical Time-Division
Multiplexing

56)

Large-scale integration (LSI) chip designed for use in

the telecommunications industry for private branch
exchanges.

CODEC

57)

Three functions of codec.

Analog Sampling;
Encoding / Decoding;
Digital Companding

58)

Used to gate the PCM word onto the PCM highway

when an external buffer is used to drive the line.

Time Slot Strobe Buffer

59)

Data are input and output for a single channel in a

short burst.

Burst Mode

60)

Allows for a flexible data input and output clock

frequency.

Variable-Data-Rate
Mode

61)

Data from the PCM highway are clock into the

codec on the next eight consecutive negative
transitions of DCLKR.

Shift Register Mode

62)

Multiple sources that originally occupied the same

frequency spectrum are each converted to a
different frequency.

Frequency Division
Multiplexing

63)

Process is accomplished without synchronization

between stations.

64)

AT&Ts communications network is subdivided into 2:

65)

Basic building block of the FDM Heirarchy.

Prepared By : MA. ELAINE L. CORTEZ

Stacking

Short Haul;
Long Haul
Message Channel
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BOOK REVIEW IN COMMUNICATIONS

Electronic Communications System By Wayne Tomasi

66)

Separate signals with different wavelengths in a

manner similar to the way filters separate electrical
signals of different frequencies.

67)

Similar to regular multiplexers and demultiplexers

except they are located at intermediate points in the
system.

Add / Drop
Multiplexers /
Demultiplexers

68)

Direct signals of a particular wavelength to a specific

destination while not separating all the wavelengths
present on the cable.

WDM Routers

69)

Enable more efficient utilization of the transmission

capabilities of optical fibers by permitting different
wavelengths to be combined and separated.

WDM Couplers

70)

Three basic types of WDM couplers:

Diffraction Grating ;
Prism ;
Dichroic Filter

71)

Multiplexing system similar to conventional time

division multiplexing.

Synchronous Optical
Network

72)

Has a 51.84-Mbps synchronous frame structure.

STS-1

73)

Second level of SONET multiplexing.

Prepared By : MA. ELAINE L. CORTEZ

Demultiplexers /
Splitters

OC-48

77