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Lab Notes Distance Protection v1
Lab Notes Distance Protection v1
web.itu.edu.tr/yumakk
2013 Spring
Distance Protection
Announcement: You are not supposed to prepare a pre-report. But there will be an oral examination, so you
are strongly advised to study this note regarding to the pre-study questions below. After the lab, you will need
to deliver a post-report which contains what you have done in the lab, data, related graphs and answers of the
questions.
Pre-Study Questions
1.
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4.
5.
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7.
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10.
1. Objective
To study the principles of distance protection.
2. Theory [1-4]
Relays are used to detect abnormal conditions in the power systems. After detection of a fault,
relays close circuit breakers and disconnect faulty circuits from the general supply system in order to
minimize the damage. There is a list of ANSI/IEEE codes of different types of protection relays as
follows [5, 6]:
ANSI /IEEE Standard Device Numbers
2 - Time Delay Starting or Closing Relay
21 - Distance Relay
74 - Alarm Relay
30 - Annunciator Relay
76 - DC Overcurrent Relay
79 - AC-Reclosing Relay
81 - Frequency Relay
86 - Lockout Relay
50 - Instantaneous Overcurrent
51 - AC Time Overcurrent Relay
B Bus
59 - Overvoltage Relay
F - Field
G Ground or generator
63 - Pressure Switch
N Neutral
T Transformer
TA Kahraman Yumak
web.itu.edu.tr/yumakk
2013 Spring
Since the impedance of a transmission line is proportional to its length, for distance measurement it
is appropriate to use a relay capable of measuring the impedance of a line up to a predetermined
point (the reach point).
Distance relay is designed to operate only for faults occurring between the relay location and the
predetermined (reach) point, thus giving discrimination for faults that may occur in different line
sections.
The basic principle of distance protection involves the division of voltage at the relaying point by the
measured current. The calculated apparent impedance is compared with the reach point impedance.
If the measured impedance is less than the reach point impedance, it is assumed that a fault exists
on the line between the relay and the reach point.
2.2. Zones of Protection
Careful selection of the reach point settings and tripping times for various zones of measurement
enables correct coordination between distance relays on a power system. Basic distance protection
will comprise one instantaneous (Zone 1) and one or more time delayed zones (Zone 2, Zone 3, Zone
4 ). Typical reach and time settings for a 3-Zone distance protection are shown below:
Zone 1: this is set to protect between 80% of the line length AB and operates without any
time delay. This under-reach setting has been purposely chosen to avoid over-reaching
into the next line section to ensure selectivity since errors and transients can be present in
the voltage and current transformers. Also manufacturing tolerances limit the measurement
accuracy of the relays.
Zone 2: this is set to protect 100% of the line length AB, plus at least 20% of the shortest
adjacent line BC and operates with time delay t2. (0.5s)
It not only covers the remaining %20 of the line, but also provides backup for the next line
section.
Zone 3: this is set to protect 100% of the two lines AB, BC, plus about 25% of the third line
CD and operates with time delay t3. (1.5s)
It should be noted that, digital distance relays may have up to six zones, some set to measure in the
reverse direction.
TA Kahraman Yumak
web.itu.edu.tr/yumakk
2013 Spring
i.
Impedance Characteristic:
If the relays operating boundary is plotted on an R-X diagram, its impedance characteristic is a circle
with its center at the origin of the coordinates and its radius will be the setting (the reach point) in
ohms. The relay will operate for all values less than its setting i.e. for all points within the circle. This
type of relay, however, is non-directional. It can operate for faults behind the relaying point. It takes
no account of the phase angle between voltage and current. It is also sensitive to power swings and
load encroachment due to the large impedance circle.
TA Kahraman Yumak
web.itu.edu.tr/yumakk
2013 Spring
By use of a further technique of feeding in voltages from the healthy phases into the comparator
(known as cross polarization) a reverse movement or offset of the characteristic can be obtained.
This is called the offset mho characteristic.
TA Kahraman Yumak
web.itu.edu.tr/yumakk
2013 Spring
additional significant advantage in that the RX diagram allows us to represent both the relay and
the system on the same diagram.
Consider an ideal (zero resistance) short circuit at location F in the single-phase system shown
below. The distance relay under consideration is located at line terminal A.
The subscript p represents primary and s represents secondary quantities. In terms of the
secondary quantities of voltage and current transformers, the relay sees
as
.
where
and
are the current transformer (CT) and voltage transformer (VT) turns ratios.
3. Practical Information
In this lab, the distance protection function (21) of SIPROTEC 4 - 7SA610 [7] and Kingsine K68i
Protection Relay Test Set [8] will be used. Order number of the relay is as follows: 7SA610
Order number includes many information about the relay, such as; housing, binary inputs and
outputs, measuring inputs, language settings and its functions. It can be seen in the catalog of the
relay.
TA Kahraman Yumak
web.itu.edu.tr/yumakk
2013 Spring
The relay supports distance protection (21/21N), high resistance earth-fault protection for single and
three phase tripping (50N, 51N, 67N), pilot protection (85), fault locator (FL), phase overcurrent
protection (50/51/67), over/under voltage protection (59/27), over/under frequency protection
(81O/U) and auto-reclosure function (25). For communication, the relay supports IEC 61850
Ethernet, IEC 60870-5-103, Profibus, RS232 and RS 485.
For distance protection, the relay provides 6 zones that can be set to forward, reverse,
nondirectional and inactive. Load zones for phase-phase and phase-earth can be set separately.
4. Procedure
You dont need to set up any connection. Only study the connection scheme. In the lab, you will
measure several distance and trip time values from the relay regarding to specified fault impedances
in the relay test set.
5. Connection Scheme
Connection scheme will be provided soon.
6. References
1.
2.
S. H. Horowitz, A. G. Phadke, Power System Relaying, John Wiley & Sons, 2008.
3.
H. M. Tran, H. Akyea, Numerical Distance Protection Relay Commissioning and Testing, MSc Thesis,
Chalmers University of Technology, Gteborg, Sweden, 2005.
4.
http://www.fecime.org/referencias/npag/chap11-20-170-191.pdf
5.
IEEE Standard C37.2 - 2008 : IEEE Standard for Electrical Power System Device Function Numbers,
Acronyms, and Contact Designations.
6.
http://www.ee.uidaho.edu/ee/power/EE525/Lectures/L9/RelayDeviceNumbers.pdf
7.
Catalog of Siemens SIPROTEC 4 - 7SA6 : Distance Protection Relay for all Voltage Levels.
8.
http://www.kingsine.com.cn/UserFiles/download/1713062151.pdf