U N I T

text(1)
a printed
A. Understanding
depends
upon
textwillgiveyousome 2. Whattypeof energy
hefollowing
position?
of
andsources
abouttypes
information
lt willalsoexplain
brieflyhow 3. Whattypeofenergycomesfromthesun?
energy.
to work.Notethe 4. Whatarethethreemostimportant
maybeconverted
energy
sources
of power?
and
referto the
organisation
paragraph
of a heatengine.
forquickreference. 5. Civeanexample
in themargin
headings
questions:
Nowlookat these
created
by
1. Whatisthetypeof energy
movement?

Readthepassage
andfindtheanswers
to
questions.
these
lt isnotnecessary
to
understand
everywordto do this.

Energy,Heat and Work

whichenablesit to
thoughtof asthat propertyof something
;;;;il*fe
Whatis energyl
energy'we suggestthatit is
possesses
dowork.Whenwe saythat something
capableihsomewayofexerting'fo""oosomethingelseandperforming
on the otherhand,energyhas
workon it. whenwort i, aon. ln something,
theiame unitsasthoseof work' the
beenaddedto it. nn.,gT i' *t'su"d in
foot-poundand the joule'

Energyoccursin severar
forms.A familiarexampre
is theenergya moving

todowork.
i;ilnxx;#::::^if
.T:1T:';;."'"J;;il;,i,,,'*.capaci,v
Bvstriking
another
ou1..i.tn-.'#il;;;'il;:,;ffiiltffi:T

canexerta forceandcausethesecond
obiect. ,r,in;;; ;;H"" It is not
necessary
thatthe
objectactua'yio work;it;;;i;.;
on movins,
ToTng
or frictionmayslowly
o,rilr ,o , ,,of. s", *iii.l,;;;;,
it hasthe
l,
capacibr
for doingwo.1!.It is thisspecific
propertythatdefines
energy,
sin..
energy
means
theabilityto dowork,andso,ir,nouingth;il;;.
energy
by
virttreof theirmotion.This
oi.n..gy is called
hin;i;;;;g,
-m:
3 Thestatement
thatenergy
i, th. .rp".ity something
hasto doworkis not
restricted
to kinetic.energy
but is perfectry
i,i*y;;"s."..ri.
possess
energybecause
of theirposition.
considera pile driver,a simpremachine
thattiftsa

heavv
weighr
fth. t r-r.r1 .na,rio*rlileil;',t.

Kineticenergy

Potential
energy

head
ofa

pile' therebydrivinethe pile into

the srouna.Whenthe hammerhas
been
lifted to the top, it hasonryto be
rerJsed to fa1 .nd do ;;;k on the
pile.
The capacityfor doing*ork i, present
in thehammerassoonasit has
been
Iifted, simplybecauseof its pfsition
r.".or r.., ,u*. a.
The
[ound.
actualwork on the p'e is done
at the expenseof kinetic .i.rgy gained
duringthe hammer'r,frt, but
p. .rp;ry for workingis presentbefore
the
fall starts.Energyof thisro*, a.p.niing
L.r.ty on thl p"riri"" "r.n object,
is calledpotentialenergy.

V
29

il

IF
t*

the significant
of nuclear-power plants' all
development
the
to
4 Prior
s'vrbJ -;;#
contributionsto the mecnanr!;ar
feen developedasyet for
methodsha'
source.However,economical
hrge scale'The amountof
i* *"tk;;;
'";;";;;;""
direatyconverting

t:f y:i:^oil*:ii*"ffi ff :$.f il;

contribution,toth;;;;"'f

sources
Energy

lg
IF

t$

tii
t:

;'\;;6!q-r-i*:tr#.3tr$il,ff
lf,;i:;:i:|[T::,il":
Xl,ff
whole, but per unlt surrasc:'"J":":_ jl. ^";;:* from o
lqrse surfacr
surface and using
a large
ftttt gathered

difficulryof .ontt"Jffitf"
on this difficultvis
'ignificant """th
t";;;;ii;;;;;:
f"'
source
a
it as
of the useof
'n"at on tr"-retatedproblen'r
h;;;ttn
p'ogrt-"
.,'a
to
underway,
t"lar radiationis being used
"'
il
ai"ttfv
energl
solar
J;;-t-t*n1t'
for metallurgicaloperations
high tt*pt"*"s
heat homes,to p'odute
aqueoussolutionsby evaporation'
(solarfurnaces),and to concenffate
hasbeenusedto
to the massmouementof air
due
energy
kinetic
(windmills)'
5 The
t:
energyto work
Converting

forthe;i"dJilf
extent
some
.rd ""J;;;;;r"i,
variations

iil

*o'k' esfeciallvy*t-.tt:l
for large*ira u.lo.ity,rnd th. necessitv

qu"ttities of work' are problems

sizedequip*tt' * O'"at^ .lSttfnt'nt

d
ate
;Ej;::,X,il'tr'1":i-"#f1,,.
be.concentr
ortidescould
"i1t
,
: i.rsy -Ho*tutt'
scalehavebeenmadein
in this directionon"^l^rg{and utilized.Attempts
the total power
are exffeme'
tides
where
worli
the
par$ of
in comparison
is untikelyto be highlysignificant
nroductioni" thi';;;;;r
with world demandsfor energl'"

as heatfar work
Energy

fuel cells

By far the mostimportantsourcesof powerarethe

chemicar(morecurar)
energyof fuels,nuclear
and
the
potential
energyof waterfalls.The
-energy,
useof waterpowerinvolvesthe transformationof mec-hanical
energyfrom
oneform to anotheqhence,r00 percentefficiency
i, trr.or.ti..nypossible.
on the other hand, all present-daymethodsfor
the irg;r*h
use of
molecularandnuclearenergyarebasedon the evorution
ofln.rgy asheat,
and subsequentconversionof part of the heat
into useful work.
Accordingly,the efficiencyof all suchprocesses
is destinedto be row(values
greaterthan 30 percent are uncommon),despite
i*proo.o,.nts in the
designof equipment,
This is, of course,a direct.onr.qu.n.. "r,rr. second
Iawof thermodynamics
whichstatesthatheatcannotbe convertedinto work
unlesssomeof the heatis transferredfrom a higherto
a lower,.*p.rr,ur..
8 If somemeanscourdbe devisedto convertth. .n.rgy
in fuelsinto work
withoutthe intermediategenerationof heat,conversion
efficiencycouldbe
considerably
improved.The usualdevicefor the direct use of
chemical
energyis the electrollticcell,in whichthe conversion
is to electricalenergy.
Progresshasbeenmadein developingcenswhichoperate
on rrfarog.n ,rra
on carbonaceous
fuels.suchasnaturargasor coal.such/z erceri arealready
in-,useto supplymodestpowerrequirements
for specialpurposes.The
efficiency
ofthesecellsrangesfrom 65 to g0 percent,,u"utt*i.e
thevalue
obtainedby the conventional
processof first converting.the
chemicarenergy
into heat.

v
30

energyof the fuel is released

In a conventiondpo*t'pf'"t"tht-1:1t^tular

byacombu"ionp'J'i";iil;,1'ti:i:.1*:Hi:li'::::l:tX'fi
::il:
In anuclear
enersv.
intomechanicat
:K::Tn'#hi';;;;;rcombustion

powerplantthefissionorfusionprocess.releasestheenergyofthenucleus
work'
tht' heat.ispartiallyconvertedinto
of th. ,to* " r"*,"'J;;;
enclosedand
tr,. *ortitg fluid is completely
ori,..i;;*;
for*
one
In
10
acclmpfishedby vaporizationand
Heatengines
goes through a cyclical process'
from anotherpart of the
fluid
to
fe
condensatior.Hr;;';;;i;"t
powerplantwithsteam

across
apparatus
1il]":t;ffiJ"oi

:o

coal-fired

a s t h e w o r k i n g t t u i a i s a n e x a m p l e . Hwalls.
e r e , The
t h e cintemal-combustion
ombustiongasesare
the boiler-tube
rrr.li.;;t
rro*
separated
by the directevolution
engine,characterized
engineis anotheri"r* "rr,.r,
the
device.Examplesof this tvpe are
il;;-e;;ducilg
within
heat
of

il;;il;.

gasturbine'
andthecombustion

pp 48&489.
Snith & Van Ness, Introductionto Chanical EngineeringThermodynamics,
McGraw-Hill,1975.

yourunderstanding
B.Check
anywordsyoudo not
looking
up in yourdictionary
thetextagaincarefully,
1. Read
questions:
Thenanswer
these
understand.
forceandwork?
energy,
between
1. Whatistherelationship
potential
energy?
doesa piledriverpossess
2. At whatpointin itsoperation
intoworkon a largescale?
to convert
solarradiation
3. Whyis it difficult
in airmovement?
energy
makes
useof thekinetic
4. Whatdevice
possible
withwaterpower?
efficiency
theoretically
5. Whyis 1007o
lawof thermodvnamics
thesecond
andthelow
between
6, Whatistheconnection
energy?
usingmolecular
andnuclear
efficiency
of systems
powerthanheatengines?
forproducing
7. Whyarefuelcellsmoreefficient
energy,
heatandwork?
B. Whatistherelationship
between
2. Nowsaywhatthewordsor phrases
belowreferto:
I
r
o
r

thissort(paragraph
3)
This(4)
(4)
Thisdifficulty
(5)
thisfield

r
r
r
.

(6)
thismanner
(7)
This
thisheat(9)
thistype(10)

3.
r Civeoneexample
kinetic
energy
or demonstrates
andone
of something
whichpossesses
potential
energy.
whichdemonstrates
example
of something
'Ontheother
o Summarise
givenin Paragraph
7 fromthelinebeginning:
theideas
h a n d..
r Whatdifference
of molecular
energy
in a conventional
theproduction
istherebetween
powerplant?
powerplantcompared
witha nuclear

Y
JI

Lt'."

yourvocabulary
C. Increase

1.
l

if necessary,
complete 3. Findalternative
Usingyourdictionary
wordswithmoreor less
thefollowing
exercises.
thesame
meaning
as:
1. Savwhichwordsin thefirstthree
paragraphs
havethesamemeaning
as:
o
o
o
r

because
of
to move
limited
only

I
r
e
o
o
r

(paragraph
retarding
5)
(6)
utilized
(7)
consequence
(B)
devised
(9)
conventional
(10)
cyclical

4. CivetheNOUNformsof thefollowine:
2. Nowdothesamefromparagraph
4:
o
o
o
o

before
changing
collected
in progress
^

r
e
e
e
e
.

performing
restricted
converting
significant
devised
separated

yourSrammar
u. LnecK
I. CAPACITY
ANDABILITY

phrases
Wecanuseseveral
different
verbforms
orspecial
to describe
theabilityofsomething
tasks.
Lookattheexample
to do certain
below:

a
a
a
a

A hammer
candrivea pileintdtheground.
It hastheabilityto do thework.
It hasthecapacity
fo do thework.
A movingobjectis capable
of exerting
a force.

waysof expressing
Useoneof these
abilityandcapacity
to makesentences
fromthe
below:
examples
r
o
o
o
.
o
I
o
I
:i

::

V
ir
i::,
[i

lift heavyloads.
A crane
produce
power.
A windmill
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
:
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
heat
A c o m b u s tei onng i n e
convert intomechanical
energy.
generate
Modernpowerplants
thousands
of wattsof electric
power.
A strongsupport
bearconsiderable
loads.
withstand
hightemperatures.
alloys
extremely
Certain
car
travelat over220mph.
A Formula
I racing
fly longdistances
Modernaircraft
withoutrefuelling.