AR 0416, Town Planning & Human Settlements,

UNITI

INTRODUCTION
TO
TOWNPLANNINGANDPLANNINGCONCEPTS
CT.Lakshmanan B.Arch., M.C.P.
AP(SG)/Architecture

PRESENTATION STRUCTURE
INTRODUCTION
DEFINITION
PLANNERS ROLE
AIMS & OBJECTIVES OF TOWN
PLANNING
PLANNING PROCESS

PLANNING CONCEPTS
GARDEN CITY Sir Ebenezer
Howard
GEDDISIAN TRIAD Patrick Geddes
NEIGHBOURHOOD PLANNING
C.A.Perry

URBAN & RURAL IN INDIA

RADBURN LAYOUT

TYPES OF SURVEYS

EKISTICS

SURVEYING TECHNIQUES

SATELLITE TOWNS

DIFFERENT TYPE OF PLANS

RIBBON DEVELOPMENT

TOWN PLANNING

city should be built to give its

inhabitants
hb
security andd hhappiness AA place where men had a
common life for a noble end
Aristotle
Plato
people have the right to the city
Town planning
a mediation of space;
making of a place

WHATISTOWNPLANNING?

The art and science of ordering the use of land and

siting of buildings and communication routes so as
to secure the maximum practicable degree of
economy convenience,
economy,
convenience and beauty
beauty.

An attempt to formulate the principles that should guide

us in creating a civilized physical background for human
life whose main impetus is thus foreseeing and guiding
change.

WHATISTOWNPLANNING?
An art of shaping and guiding the physical growth of the
town creating buildings and environments to meet the
various needs such as social, cultural, economic and
recreational etc. and to provide healthy conditions for both
rich and poor to live, to work, and to play or relax, thus
bringing about the social and economic well-being for the
majority of mankind.
mankind

WHATISTOWNPLANNING?
physical, social and economic planning of an urban
environment
It encompasses many different disciplines and brings them all
under a single umbrella.
The
Th simplest
l ddefinition
f
off urban
b planning
l
is that
h it is the
h
organization of all elements of a town or other urban
environment.

Physical

Ecological

IFPLANNINGWASNOTTHERE?

Uneven & Chaotic development contrasting urban scenario

Mixed Landuse Industries springing up in residential zones
Congested Transportation Network overflowing traffic than expected

CONTRASTING URBAN SCENARIO

ROLEOFPLANNERS
Consider human communities are always
y in the pprocess of
changing
Recognize the complexity of communities
Concern
C
about
b the
h future
f

G th off the
Growth
th city
it

AIMS&OBJECTIVESOFTOWNPLANNING
to create and promote
healthy conditions and
environments for all the
people
to make right use of the
land for the right purpose
by zoning
to ensure orderly
development
to avoid encroachment of
one zone over the other

HEALTH

social, economic, cultural

and recreational amenities
etc
etc.
Recreational amenities open spaces, parks, gardens
& playgrounds, town halls
stadiums community
stadiums,
centers, cinema houses, and
theatres

CONVENIENCE

To preserve the individuality of

the town
To preserve the aesthetics in
the design of all elements of
town or city plan,

BEAUTY

PLANNINGPROCESS
IDENTIFICATION &
DEFINITION OF PROBLEM

DEFINING THE OBJECTIVES

TTo regulate
l t growth
th , tto nullify
llif the
th bad
b d effects
ff t off pastt growth,
th to
t
improve the transportation facilities, to optimize the resources
utilization, to balance population and economic activities, to promote
social integration among different categories, to promote a convenient
comfortable, beautiful and healthy environment.

DATA COLLECTION
Studies & Surveys
Identification of trend and direction of growth, Traffic
survey, Study on demography, Climate, Resources and other
potentials

DATA ANALYSIS

In the form of study maps,

graphs, charts, etc and long
t & short
term
h t term
t
objectives are identified

FIXING THE PRIORITIES

FORECASTING

Demographic projection & forecasting based on

migration, employment, industrialisation and
urbanisation

Preparation of development plans, formulation of

zones, alteration
l
i to the
h existing
i i zoning
i regulations,
l i
widening of roads etc

DESIGN

Identification of priorities based on the need,

importance and urgency

IMPLEMENTATION

Implementation by the suitable

authorities , within time & must
satisfy all the required obligations

REVIEW, EVALUATION & FEEDBACK

Monitoring by periodical inspections, feedbacks &
review reports.

URBAN&RURALINDIA

Urban Area Census of India

allll places
l
with
ith a
municipality, corporation, cantonment
board or notified town area
committee;

all other places which has features as

a minimum population of 5000;
at least 75% of the male working population engaged in nonagricultural pursuits and
a density of population of at least 400 persons per sq. km. and
predominantly urban way of life (urbanism)

Apart from urban area & urban agglomeration rest is considered

as Rural Area.

URBAN&RURALINDIA
CENSUS CLASSIFICTION OF TOWNS & CITIES
Class of
Cities/Towns

Range of Population

No of Towns (Census of
No.
India)

Class I

100,000 and above

393

Class II

50,000 to 99,999

401

Class III

20 000 to 49
20,000
49,999
999

1151

Class IV

10,000 to 19,999

1344

Class V

5,000 to 9,999

888

Class VI

Below 5,000

191

Report of National Commission on Urbanization, vol. One

TYPESOFSURVEYS
REGIONAL SURVEYS
done over a region dealing with
PHYSICAL FACTORS like topography,
physically difficult land, geology, landscape
etc
etc.
PHYSICAL ECONOMIC FACTORS like
agricultural value of the land, mineral
resources and water gathering lands,
areas with
i h public
bli services,
i transportation
i
linkages etc.
SOCIAL ECONOMIC FACTORS like areas of
influence of towns and villages,
employment, population changes etc

TOWN SURVEYS
ddone at muchh smallll scale
l andd
apart from the above data
collected from the regional
surveys it also includes
LANDUSE SURVEYS
DENSITY SURVEYS
SURVEYS FOR THE AGE AND
CONDITION OF THE BUILDINGS
TRAFFIC SURVEYS
OTHER SOCIAL SURVEYS

SURVEYINGTECHNIQUES
Q
SELF SURVEYS - mailingg questionnaires
q
to the ppersons
to be surveyed
INTERVIEWS - by asking questions to the people to be
surveyedd
DIRECT INSPECTION - when the surveyor himself
inspects the situations concerned
OBSERVERS PARTICIPATION - when the observer
himself participate in acquiring the data required

SURVEYINGTECHNIQUES
Q
SCALES FOR STRUCTURING QUESTIONNAIRE
NOMINAL where there is no ordering, like asking of sex, age,
employment in any particular service etc.
ORDINAL where
h there
h is
i a specific
ifi order
d off choices
h i like
lik
asking of priorities, housing conditions, climate etc.
INTERVAL where an interval of time is ggiven importance
p
like
time taken to shift from LIG housing to MIG housing, time
interval to change from two wheelers to four wheelers etc.
this provides an yardstick of measurements

SURVEYINGTECHNIQUES
Q
SELECTION OF SAMPLES
More disastrous results - of
poor information, larger
sample size is required.
For varied expected
responses - larger sample
size is required.
Larger
L
the
th total
t t l population,
l ti
smaller the percentage of the
population are required to be
surveyed.
y

Sample Size number of persons selected for

conducting the survey
S l persons that
Sample
h are included
l d d in the
h survey

TYPES OF SAMPLES

SIMPLE RANDOM SAMPLING - selecting samples at

random without any criteria to select the samples
SYSTEMATIC SAMPLING -selection of the Kth element
alongg a particular
p
street, where k can be anyy number
STRATIFIED SAMPLING - making of a homogenous listing
of the different sects of the population and collecting a
certain percentage at random from each sect
CLUSTERED SAMPLING - when samples
p are selected from
clusters and not from a homogeneous listing

DIFFERENTTYPESOFPLANS
Structural plan

A structure plan is one

Comprehensive plan
The comprehensive

that singles out for attention

of certain aspect of the
environment usually the landuses, the main movement

systems and the location of

critical facilities and buildings.
Such a plan aims to influence
certain key vocational
decisions while recognizing that
there are many other things that
cant and perhaps should not be
decided at the outset.

plan seeks to combine in one

document the prescriptions for
all aspects of city development.
It includes an analysis of the citys
economy, its demographic
characteristics, and the history of
its spatial development as a
preface to plan for how the city
should evolve over 20 year
period

Developmental plan

means a plan for the

development or redevelopment or
improvement off the
h area
within the jurisdiction of a
planning authority
It includes a regional plan,
master
t plan,
l detailed
d t il d
development plan and a
new town development
plan

GARDENCITY SirEbenezerHoward

GardenCitymostpotent
y
p
planningmodelin
Westernurbanplanning
CreatedbyEbenezer
Howardin1898tosolve
urbanandruralproblems
Sourceofmanykey
planningideasduring
20thcentury

GARDENCITY importantdates

1850 1928

SIREBENEZERHOWARD

1899

PublishedGardenCityofTomorrow
GardenCityAssociationwasformed

1903

LETCHWORTHwasdesignedfor35000persons
1920

WELWYN was designed for 40000 persons

WELWYNwasdesignedfor40000persons
1947

LETCHWORTHhad16000population&100factories
WELWYN had 18000 population
WELWYNhad18000population
&75factories

UK Europe US restoftheworld

THECONCEPT
GardenCity an
impressivediagramof
THE THREE MAGNETS
THETHREEMAGNETS
namelythetown
magnet,country
magnet with their
magnetwiththeir
advantagesand
disadvantagesandthe
thirdmagnetwith
g
attractivefeaturesof
bothtownandcountry
life.
Naturallypeople
preferred the third one
preferredthethirdone
namelyGardenCity

THECONCEPT
Coregardencityprinciples
Strongcommunity
Ordereddevelopment
Ordered development
Environmentalquality

Theseweretobeachievedby:
Unifiedownershipoflandto
preventindividualland
speculationandmaximise
communitybenefit
Carefulplanningtoprovide
generouslivingand
workingspacewhile
maintainingnaturalqualities
Socialmixandgood
communityfacilities
Limitstogrowthofeach
gardencity
Localparticipationin
decisionsaboutdevelopment

THECONCEPT
Affordability
Howardwantedgardencityforall
incomes
Mostoriginallyforthoseofmodest
incomes
Theirattractivenessasliving
environmentshasoftenmade
i
t h
ft
d
thembecomemorepopularwith
betteroffpeople

EExamplesofmodestincomegarden
l
f
d ti
d
city
Kapyla (Helsinki,Finland),
(Helsinki Finland)
ColonelLightGardens(Adelaide,
Australia)and
Orechovka (Prague,CzechRepublic)

APPLICATION
Letchworth 35 miles
fromLondon
Landof3822 acres
ReservedGreenbelt
1300 acres
Designedforamaximum
p p
of35000 population
In30 years developed
p p
with15000 population
& 150shops,industries

LETCHWORTH , UK
HealthoftheCountry
ComfortsoftheTown

APPLICATION
Welwyn 24 milesfrom
London
Landof2378 acres
g
Designedforamaximum
of40000 population
In15 years
years developed
developed
In
with10000
population&
population
&
industries

50 shops,
50
shops

WELWYN ,UK

APPLICATION
Enskede, Stockholm, Sweden (1908-)

Margarethenhohe in Essen, Germany (1908-)

Chemin Vert in Reims, France

APPLICATION
After 1945, the garden city model was mutated into
satellite or new towns in many countries . eg in
Sweden, UK or Hong Kong.

VALLINGBY, STOCKHOLM

MILTON KEYNES,
KEYNES UK

SHATIN, HONG KONG

GEDDISIANTRIAD PatrickGeddes

Father
Fatherofmodern
of modern
townplanning
Firsttolink
First to link
sociologicalconcepts
into town planning
intotownplanning
Surveybeforeplan
i di
i.e.diagnosisbefore
i b f
treatment

GEDDISIANTRIAD importantdates
1854 1932

PATRICKGEDDES

1886

Settled in EDINBERGH
SettledinEDINBERGH

1892

Outlooktower WorldsfirstSociological
observatoryy
ExhibitiononCitiesandTownplanning

1911
1915

P bli h d Citi i E l ti
PublishedCitiesinEvolution
VisitedINDIA

1920 23
1920

1924

ProfessorofCivicsandSociology
P
f
f Ci i
dS i l
inUniversityofBombay
SettledinMontpellier,France

GEDDISIANTRIAD

Organicrelationshipbetween

SOCIAL,PHYSICAL &
ECONOMICAL environment

PatrickGeddes Planningconcepts
Rural
Ruraldevelopment,UrbanPlanningandCityDesign
development, Urban Planning and City Design
arenotthesame andadoptingacommonplanning
process isdisasturous
Conurbationwavesofpopulationinflowtolarge
p p
g
cities,followedbyovercrowdingandslumformation,
andthenthewaveofbackflow thewholeprocess
resultinginamorphoussprawl,waste,and
l
h
l
d
unnecessaryobsolescence.

PatrickGeddes Planningconcepts

CONURBATION
DELHI NCR,
NCR INDIA

LONDON , UK

PatrickGeddes Planningconcepts
The sequence of planning istobe:
Thesequenceofplanning
is to be:
Regionalsurvey
p
Ruraldevelopment
Townplanning
y
g
Citydesign

Thesearetobekeptconstantlyuptodate
He gave his expert advice for the
Hegavehisexpertadviceforthe
improvementofabout18 majortownsin
India.
India.

PatrickGeddes Outlook Tower

tookoverShorts
Observatoryin
Observatory
in 1892..
spectacularviewsthe
surroundingcityregion.
g y g
Positionedatthetopis
the Camera
the
Camera

Obscura, which
refractsanimageontoa
refracts
an image onto a
whitetablewithin,for
studyandsurvey.
y
y

PatrickGeddes Outlook Tower

atoolforregionalanalysis,index
museumandtheworldsfirst
sociologicallaboratory.
g
y
ItrepresentstheessenceofGeddess
thought hisholism,visualthinking,
andcommitmenttounderstanding
g
thecityintheregion.
Hesaidofit:Ourgreatestneedtoday
is to conceive life as a whole, to see its
istoconceivelifeasawhole,toseeits
manysidesintheirproperrelations,
butwemusthaveapracticalaswell
asaphilosophicinterestinsuchan
integratedviewoflife.
NowthetowerishometothePatrick
GeddesCentreForPlanningStudies,
g
whereanarchiveandexhibitionare
housed.

NEIGHBORHOODUNIT
Theneighbourhoodisthe
planningunitforatown.

advent of industrial
revolution and degradation of the city
environment caused due to

evolved

due

to

the

high congestion,

heavy traffic movement through the city,

insecurity to school going children,
distant
di
t t location
l ti
off shopping
h
i
and
d recreation
ti
activities; etc.

NEIGHBORHOODUNIT
to create a safely

healthy physical

environment in which
children
hild will
ill have
h
no traffic
t ffi streets
t t to
t cross on
their way to school, schools which are within
walking distance from home;
an environment in which women may have
an easy walk to a shopping centre where
they may get the daily households goods,
employed people may find convenient
transportation to and from work.
well equipped playground is located near the
house where children may play in safety with
their friends for healthy development of their
mind and spirit.
spirit

PRINCIPLESOFNEIGHBORHOODUNIT
UnitofUrban
Pl
Planning
i
StreetSystem
Facilities
F ili i
Population
Sector
S
SizeandDensity
Neighbourhood
N i hb h d
Walkways
ProtectiveStrips
P t ti St i

CLARANCESTAINsCONCEPTION

Walkingdistanceradiusis
onemile.
InthefigureA,elementary
schoolisthecentreofthe
unit and within a one half
unitandwithinaonehalf
mileradiusofallresidents
intheneighbourhood,
local shopping centres
localshoppingcentres
locatedneartheschool.
Residentialstreetsare
Residential streets are
suggestedasCULDESACS
toeliminatethroughtraffic
and park space flows into
andparkspaceflowsinto
theneighbourhood

RADBURNSCONCEPT
"Wedidourbesttofollow
Aristotle'srecommendationthata
city should be built to give its
cityshouldbebuilttogiveits
inhabitantssecurityand
happiness ClarenceStein

"themostsignificantnotionin20thCentury
urbandevelopment AnthonyBailey

"TownfortheMotorAge"istruly
a"TownforTomorrow"

thefirstmajoradvanceincityplanningsince
"social planning of an advanced order. It is
Venice LewisMumford
manipulation of physical elements to induce
and encourage a social and human goal. It is
a kind of planning which recognizes that the
growing edge of civilization is in the human
and not the mechanical direction, though the
mechanical factors must be carefully aligned
and allocated to support and advance the
communal achievements and the social
inventions of a free people of autonomous
family life. James Dahir

RADBURNsPlanning
conceivedby
1929Radburn Created
CLARANCE STEIN &
CLARANCESTEIN&
25000 peoplel
25000
HENRYWRIGHT
149acres
F t th t i fl
Factorsthatinfluenced
d
430singlehouses
RapidIndustrialisation after
WorldWarI
90 rowhouses
90
row houses
MigrationofRuraltoCities
54semiattachedhouses DramaticgrowthofCities
HousingShortage
Housing Shortage
93 apartmentunits
93
Theneedtoprovidehousing
andprotectfrommotorised
t ffi
traffic

RADBURNsPlanning INSPIRATION
HenryWright's"SixPlanksforaHousingPlatform"
Plansimply,butcomprehensively.
D 't t
Don'tstopattheindividualproperty
t th i di id l
t
line.Adjustpaving,sidewalks,sewers
andtheliketotheparticularneedsof
thepropertydealtwith nottoa
conventionalpattern.Arrange
ti
l tt
A
buildingsandgroundssoastogive

sunlight,airandatolerable
outlooktoeventhesmallestand
cheapesthouse.
Provideamplesitesintheright
placesforcommunityuse:i.e.,

playgrounds,schoolgardens,schools,
playgrounds
school gardens schools
theatres,churches,publicbuildings
andstores.
Putfactoriesandother industrial
b ildi
buildings
wheretheycanbeused

withoutwastefultransportation
ofgoodsorpeople.

Carsmustbeparkedandstored,
d li i
deliveriesmade,wastecollected
d
t
ll t d
(Vehicular Movement) plan
forsuchserviceswithaminimum

ofdanger,noiseand
of
danger noise and
confusion.

Relationship betweenbuildings.

Developcollectivelysuchservicesas
p
y
willaddtothecomfortofthe
individual,atlowercostthanis
possibleunderindividualoperation.
Arrangeforthe
Arrange for the occupancyof
occupancy of
housesonafairbasisofcostand
service,includingthecostofwhat
needstobedoneinorganizing,
building and maintaining the
buildingandmaintainingthe
community.

RADBURNSCONCEPT
SEPARATION ofpedestrian

remainingland PARKAREAS
WALKWAYS designedsuch
g
thatpedestrianscanreach
socialplaceswithoutcrossing
automobilestreet

Sadd
dle
river

ROADS

GLENROCK
Bolder

ERNIERaill
road

andvehiculartraffic
SUPERBLOCK
SUPER BLOCK largeblock
large block
surroundedbymainroads
housesgroupedaroundsmall
CUL DE SACS eachaccessed
CULDESACS
each accessed
frommainroad,Living,
Bedroomfacedgardens&
parks,serviceareastoACCESS

SADDLEBROOK
Township

RADBURNSCONCEPT
FINANCIALPLANNING
Parkswithoutadditional
Parks without additional
costfromResidents
Savingsfromminimising
f
roads requireslessroad
area
25%lessareagave12
15%oftotalparkarea

RADBURNSCONCEPT applications
US
BaldwinHills
Baldwin Hills
LosAngels
Kitimat B.C

England postWWII
Coventry,
Stevenage,
Stevenage,
Bracknelland
Cumbermauld

Sweden
Vallingby,
Baronbackavna Estate,Orebro&
Beskopsgaden
k
d EstateGoteborg
b

Chandigarh,India
Chandigarh,
India
Brazilia,Brazil
Several towns in Russia
SeveraltownsinRussia
SectionofOsaka,Japan
Wellington,New
g ,
Zealand
US Reston,Virginia&
Columbia,Maryland

EKISTICS
Ekistics
Ekisticsisthestudy
is the study of
of humansettlement,
human settlement, which
which
examinesnotonlybuiltforms,butalsotheinterfaceof
time,movementsandsystemsinthebuilt
environment.
i
t
Doxiadis sawekisticsasanintellectualapproachto
b l
balance
th convergenceofthepast,present,
the
convergence of the past present
andfutureinhumansettlementsaswellasa
system for
for creatively coping withthe
with the growthof
growth of
population,rapidchangeandthepressuresoflarge
scale,highdensityhousing.

EKISTICS
EkisticsLograthamic Scale(ELS)
ELSconsistsof15Ekistic
ELS consists of 15 Ekistic Units ranging
ranging
fromMantoEcumenopolis
Classifiedunder4majortypes
Minorshells,orelementaryunits(man,
room,house)

Microsettlements,
Micro
settlements, theunitssmallerthan,
the units smaller than
orassmallas,thetraditionaltownwhere
peopleusedtoandstilldoachieve
y
g
interconnectionbywalking

Mesosettlements, betweenthetraditional
townandtheconurbationwithinwhichone
can commute daily
cancommutedaily

Macrosettlements, whoselargestpossible
expressionistheEcumenopolis,

MAN
ROOM
DWELLING
NEIGHBOURHOOD
TOWN
CITY
METROPOLIS
CONURBATION
MEGALAPOLIS
URBAN REGION
URBANREGION
ECUMENAPOLIS

EKISTICSUNITS
NATURE

Geological
resources
Topographical
resources
Soilresources
Waterresources
Plantlife
Animallife
Climate

MAN

SOCIETY

Population
compositionand
Bi
Biologicalneeds
l i l
d
d it
density
(space,air,
Social
temperature,
stratification
etc.,)
Culturalpatterns
Sensationand
S
ti
d
Economic
E
i
perception(the
development
fivesenses')
Education
Emotional
Healthand
needs(human
d (h
welfare
lf
relations,
Lawand
security,beauty,
administration
etc.)
Moralvalues
Moral values

SHELL

NETWORKS

Watersupply
systems
Housing
Powersupply
Community
systems
services(schools, Transportation
hospitals,etc.)
systems(water,
Shoppingcenters
road,rail,air)
andmarkets
Communication
Recreational
systems
facilities
(telephone,radio,
Civicandbusiness
TVetc.)
centers(townhall, Sewerageand
lawcourts,etc.)
drainage
Industry
Physicallayout
Transportation
(Ekistic plan)
centers

EKISTICS Nature& GoalsofSettlement

FiveelementsformsaSystem
Goal makemanhappyandsafe.
Goal
make man happy and safe
Primary

Man

Nature

N t
Network
k

Society

Sh ll
Shells

Secondary

Tertiary

SATELLITETOWNS
Asatellitetownor
satellite city is a concept
satellitecityisaconcept
inurbanplanningthat
refersessentiallyto
y
miniaturemetropolitan
areasonthefringeof
largerones

SATELLITETOWNS
Characteristics
Satellite cities are
Satellitecitiesare
smallormediumsized
citiesnear alarge
metropolis,thatare
Predatethat
metropolis'suburban
t
li ' b b
expansion;
Are at least partially
Areatleastpartially
independentfrom
p
thatmetropolis
economicallyand
socially;

Arephysicallyseparatedfrom
themetropolisbyrural
territory;satellitecitiesshould
ll
h ld
havetheirownindependent
urbanizedarea,orequivalent;
,
q
;
Havetheirownbedroom
communities;
Haveatraditionaldowntown
surrounded bytraditional
"inner
innercity
city" neighborhoods;
neighborhoods;
Mayormaynotbecounted as
partofthelargemetropolis'
CombinedStatisticalArea

RIBBONDEVELOPMENT
Ribbondevelopment meansbuildinghousesalongthe
routesofcommunicationsradiatingfromahuman
settlement.
SuchdevelopmentgeneratedgreatconcernintheUK
duringthe1920sand30s,aswellasinnumerousother
countries.
FollowingtheIndustrialrevolution,ribbon
Following the Industrial revolution ribbon
developmentbecameprevalentalongrailway lines
predominantlyintheUK,Russia,andUnitedStates.
Agoodexampleofthiswasthedeliberatepromotion
ofMetroland alongLondon'sMetropolitanrailway.
SimilarevidencecanbefoundfromLongIsland (where
FrederickWDunton boughtmuchrealestateto
encourage New Yorkers tosettlealongtheLongIsland
encourageNewYorkers
to settle along the Long Island
Railroad lines),Boston andacrosstheAmericanmid
west
Ribbondevelopmentcanalsobecomparedwitha
li
linearvillage
ill
whichisavillagethatgrewalonga
hi h i
ill
h
l
transportationroute,notaspartofacity'sexpansion.

AR 0416, Town Planning & Human Settlements,

UNITII
ANCIENT SYSTEM OF TOWN PLANNING IN INDIA

CT.Lakshmanan B.Arch., M.C.P.

AP(SG)/Architecture

TOPICS TO BE COVERED
TOPICSTOBECOVERED
INDUSVALLEYCIVILIZATION
MOHENJADORO
HARAPPA

EXTRACTSFROMCHANAKYA
EXTRACTS FROM CHANAKYASSARTHASASTRA
ARTHASASTRA
REGIONALCONCEPTS
MANASARAVASTUSASTRA
8TOWNPLANNINGCONCEPTS

PLANNINGCONCEPTSBEHIND

FATEHPURSIKHRI
SHAHJAHANABAD
JAIPUR
DELHI

INDUSVALLEYCIVILIZATION

HARAPPA

MOHENJODARO

Alsoreferred
toas
HARAPPAN
CIVILIZATION
&
SARASWATHI
SINDHU
CIVILIZATION
Between
B t
INDUSRIVER
ANDTHE
GHAGGAR
HAKRARIVER
[Pakistanand
North
Western
Western
India]

INDUSVALLEYCIVILIZATION

TOWNPLANNINGCONCEPT
SOPHISTICATED&ADVANCEDURBANCULTURE
SOPHISTICATED & ADVANCED URBAN CULTURE
STREETSINPERFECTGRIDPATTERNSINBOTH
MOHENJODORO&HARAPPA
WORLD
WORLDSSFIRSTSANITATIONSYSTEM
FIRST SANITATION SYSTEM
INDIVIDUALWELLSANDSEPARATECOVEREDDRAINSALONG
THESTREETSFORWASTEWATER
HOUSESOPENEDTOINNERCOURTYARDS&SMALLERLANES
HOUSES OPENED TO INNER COURTYARDS & SMALLER LANES
IMPRESSIVEDOCKYARDS,GRANERIES,WAREHOUSES,BRICK
PLATFORMS&PROTECTIVEWALLS
MASSIVECITADELSPROTECTEDTHECITYFROMFLOODS&
MASSIVE CITADELS PROTECTED THE CITY FROM FLOODS &
ATTACKERS
CITYDWELLERS TRADERS&ARTISANS
ALLTHEHOUSESHADACCESSTOWATER&DRAINAGE
FACILITIES

INDUSVALLEYCIVILIZATION

DEVELOPMENTOFCITIES
CITIES
CITIESGREWOUTOFEARLIERVILLAGESTHAT
GREW OUT OF EARLIER VILLAGES THAT
EXISTEDINTHESAMELOCALITYFOR<100YRS
GREWINSIZE&DENSITYANDSURROUNDEDBY
NUMEROUS TOWNS & VILLAGES
NUMEROUSTOWNS&VILLAGES
CITIESINTERLINKEDBYTRADE&ECONOMIC
ACTIVITIES,RELEGIOUSBELIEFS,SOCIAL
,
,
RELATIONS,ETC
VASTAGRICULTURALLANDS,RIVERS&FORESTS
BY PASTORAL COMMUNITIES FISHER FOLK AND
BYPASTORALCOMMUNITIES,FISHERFOLKAND
HUNTERSSURROUNDEDEACHCITY

INDUSVALLEYCIVILIZATION

DEVELOPMENTOFCITIES
CLASSIFICATIONOFTOWNS
CLASSIFICATION OF TOWNS
Smallvillages/hamlets 0 10hectares
Largetowns
Large towns 10
10 50hectares
50 hectares
Cities 50hectares

IMPORTANTCITIES
IMPORTANT CITIES
CITY

SIZEINHECTARES

POPULATION

MOHENJODARO

200

3541000

HARAPPA

150

23500

GANWERIWALA

80

RAKHIGARHI

80

DHOLAVIRA

100

REHMANDEHRI

22

12000

MOHENJODARO
NOFORTIFICATION
MAJORSTREETSIN
NORTHSOUTH
DIRECTION
INTERSECTIONAT
RIGHTANGLES
STREETSWITHIN
STREETS WITHIN
BUILTUPAREAS
WERENARROW
DISTINCTZONING
FORDIFFERENT
GROUPS

MOHENJODARO

SETTLEMENT
DIVISIONS
RELEGIOUS,
INSTITUTIONAL &
CULTURAL AREAS
AROUND
MONASTERY &
GREAT BATH IN THE
WESTERN PART
NORTH
AGRICULTURE &
INDUSTRIES
SOUTH
ADMINISTRATION,
TRADE &
COMMERCE

MOHENJODARO

CONSTRUCTIONTECHNIQUES
Q
BUILDINGS MASONRYCONSTRUCTIONBYSUN
DRIED BRICKS
DRIEDBRICKS
RANGINGFROM2ROOMSTOMANSIONSWITH
MANYROOMS
UNDERGROUNDSEWERAGE&DRAINAGEFROM
UNDERGROUND SEWERAGE & DRAINAGE FROM
HOUSES
HELICALPUMPSFORPUMPINGWATERINGREAT
BATH
PRINCIPALBUILDINGS MONASTRY&BATH
INDICATING RELIGIOUS CULTURE
INDICATINGRELIGIOUSCULTURE

MOHENJODARO

12x7x3MINDIMENSIONS
EARLIESTPUBLICWATERTANKIN
ANCIENTWORLD
LEDGE EXTENDS FOR THE ENTIRE WIDTH
LEDGEEXTENDSFORTHEENTIREWIDTH
OFPOOL
WATERTIGHTFLOOR THICKLAYEROF
BITUMEN
FLOORSLOPESINSOUTHWESTCORNER
WITHASMALLOUTLETCONNECTINGTO
ABRICKDRAIN
ROOMS LOCATED IN THE EAST
ROOMSLOCATEDINTHEEAST

GREATBATH

MOHENJODARO

GRANARY

50x40MINDIMENSION,4.5MTALL
MASSIVEMUDBRICKFOUNDATION
2ROWSOFSIXROOMSALONGACENTRALPASSAGEWAY[7MWIDE
&PAVEDWITHBAKEDBRICKS]
EACHROOM15.2x6.1MHAS3STEEPERWALLSWITHAIRSPACE
BETWEEN
AWOODENSUPERSTRUCTURESUPPORTEDINSOMEPLACESBY
LARGE COLUMNS WOULD HAVE BEEN BUILT ON TOP OF THE BRICK
LARGECOLUMNSWOULDHAVEBEENBUILTONTOPOFTHEBRICK
FOUNDATIONS,WITHSTAIRSLEADINGUPFROMTHECENTRAL
PASSAGEAREA.
SMALLTRIANGULAROPENIGS AIRDUCTSFORFRESHAIR
BENEATHHOLLOWFLOORS
THELARGESIZEOFTHEGRANARYPROBABLYINDICATESAHIGHLY
DEVELOPEDAGRICULTURALCIVILIZATION

HARAPPA
23000 POPULATION
150HECTARES

EARLIESTCITYMAYHAVEBEENFORMED
DURINGTHEKOT DIJI PHASE,I.E.,

2500 BC
2500BC

2800

25HA.
ITBECAMEACENTREFORTRADE
NETWORKSEXTENDINGFROM
NETWORKS
EARLIESTCITYCOVEREDANAREAOF

BALUCHISTANANDAFGHANISTANTO
THEWESTOFTHESEACOAST INTHE
SOUTH.

RAISEDMUD
S
BRICKPLATFORMS
TOWNSBUILTOVER

HARAPPA

HARAPPA

TOWNPLANNING

CITADELMOUNDANDLOWERTOWNSURROUNDEDBYAMASSIVEBRICK

WALL.

CITADELHADSQUARETOWERSANDBASTIONS.

LARGEOPENAREASINSIDETHEGATEWAYMAYHAVEBEENUSEDASA MARKETOR

CHECKPOINTFORTAXINGGOODSCOMINGINTOTHECITY

OUTSIDETHECITYWALLSACLUSTEROFHOUSESMAYREPRESENT
TEMPORARYRESTSTOPSFORTRAVELLERSANDCARAVANS

NODIVISIONOFTHESOCIETYISREFLECTEDINTHELAYOUTOFTHE
CITY.SINCELARGEPUBLICBUILDINGS,MARKETAREAS,LARGEANDSMALL
HOUSESASWELLASCRAFTWORKSHOPSHAVEBEENFOUNDINTHESAME
NEIGHBOURHOOD.
NEIGHBOURHOOD

BARRACKLIKEGROUPOFSINGLEROOMEDTENEMENTS WEREFOR
THEPOORERCLASSES

TOWN PLANNING
TOWNPLANNING

HARAPPA

Basichouseplans
singleroomtenements
houseswithcourtyards
houses with courtyards

Houses roomson3sidesopeningintoacentralcourtyard

Nearlyalllargehouseshadprivatewells.

Hearths(( brick
Hearths
brick orstonelinedfireplaceorovenoftenusedforcooking
or stone lined fireplace or o en often sed for cooking
and/orheating)commoninrooms.
Bathrooms ineveryhousewithchutesleadingtodrainagechannels.
Firstfloorbathroomsalsobuilt.
Brickstairwaysprovidedaccesstotheupperfloors.
Housesbuiltwithaperimeterwallandadjacenthouseswereseparatedby
anarrowspaceofland.
Granary withareasforthreshinggrains.
Burntbricksmainlyusedfordrains,wellsandbathrooms.
y
,
Sundriedbricksusedmainlyforfillings.
Timberusedforflatroofsandasframesorlacingforbrickwork

HARAPPA

ARCHITECTURE

BUILDINGMATERIALS MUDBRICKSANDBAKEDBRICKS,WOODAND

REEDS
REEDS.

THEAVERAGESIZEOFTHEBRICKSWAS7X12X34CM(FORHOUSES)AND
10X20X40CMFORTHECITYWALLS.THELARGERBRICKSHAVEA
STANDARD RATIO OF 1:2:4.
STANDARDRATIOOF1:2:4.

MUDBRICK,BAKEDBRICK&WOODORSTONEWEREUSEDFORTHE
FOUNDATIONANDWALLSOFTHEHOUSES.

THEDOORS,WINDOWSWEREMADEFROMWOODANDMAT.

HOUSEFLOORS HARDPACKEDEARTH

BATHING AREAS AND DRAINS BAKEDBRICKANDSTONE.

BATHINGAREASANDDRAINS
BAKED BRICK AND STONE

ROOFS WOODENBEAMSCOVEREDWITHREEDSANDPACKEDCLAY.

LARGESTBUILDINGS
ARG ST UI INGS MA
MADEENTIRELYOFWOOD.
NTIR Y OF WOO .

WINDOWS SHUTTERS&LATTICEWORK

HARAPPA
ARCHITECTURE LARGE PUBLIC STRUCTURES
ARCHITECTURE:LARGEPUBLICSTRUCTURES
LARGEBUILDINGSADMINISTRATIVEORRITUALSTRUCTURES.
ACCESSROUTESORPROVIDEDTHOROUGHFAREFROMONEAREA
TOANOTHER.

MARKETSANDPUBLICMEETINGSHELDINLARGEOPEN

COURTYARDS.

HOUSESANDPUBLICBUILDINGSGROUPEDWITHSHARED
WALLSANDFORMEDLARGERBLOCKS&ACCESSEDBYWIDE
STREETS.

MOSTHOUSESHADPRIVATEBATHS&TOILETS ASWELLAS
PRIVATEWELLS.

HARAPPA

DRAINAGESYSTEM
WELLSANDRESERVOIRS DRINKINGANDBATHING.

WELLSWERELINEDWITHSPECIALLYMADEWEDGESHAPED
BRICKSTOFORMASTRUCTURALLYSOUNDCYLINDER.

ROPES WEREUSEDTOLIFTTHEWATEROUT,PROBABLYWITH
LEATHERORWOODENBUCKETS.

SOMENEIGHBOURHOODSHADCOMMUNALWELLS.

HARAPPA

DRAINAGESYSTEM

BATHINGPLATFORMSWITHWATERTIGHTFLOOR&DRAINS[OPEN
OUTTOLARGERDRAINSINSTREETS]PROVIDEDINROOMSADJACENTTO
THEWELLS.

DRAINSANDWATERCHUTESINTHEUPPERSTOREYSWEREOFTEN

BUILTINSIDETHEWALLWITHANEXITOPENINGJUSTABOVETHESTREET
DRAINS.

TAPEREDTERRACOTTADRAINPIPES
TAPERED TERRACOTTA DRAINPIPES WEREUSEDTODIRECTWATER
WERE USED TO DIRECT WATER
OUTTOTHESTREET.

MANYHOUSESHADDISTINCTTOILETS,SEPARATEFROMTHEBATH
AREAS.

COMMODESWERELARGEJARSORSUMPPOTSSUNKINTOTHE
FLOORSANDMANYOFTHEMCONTAINEDASMALLJAR.

DRAINSCOVEREDWITHBAKEDBRICKSORDRESSEDSTONEBLOCKS.
GARBAGEBINSWEREPROVIDEDALONGTHEMAJORSTREETS.

REGIONALCONSIDERATION
CHANAKYAS ARTHASASTHRA
CHANAKYASARTHASASTHRA

CONGESTEDTOWN,SHOULD BE FREED OF SURPLUS POPULATION,WHICH SHOULD THEN BE

HOUSED IN A NEWPLACE.

TOWNS POSITIONED TO HELP EACH OTHER.

SANGRAHAN
SANGRAHAN (COLLECTION REGISTER /
/ TAX COLLECTOR)
) 10
10 VILLAGES,SARVATIK
AMONG 200,DRONAMUKH(CHIEF)AMONG 400AND STHANIYAAMONG 800

MIGRATED PEOPLE IN NEW SETTLEMENT EXEMPTED FROM PAYMENT OF TAXES FOR

SOME YEARS.

NEW VILLAGE
HIGHER PROPORTION OF AGRICULTURISTS AND SHUDRAS.
MARKET SALE OF GOODS RECEIVED FROM TRADERS ON HIGHWAYS.
DAMS CONSTRUCTED OVER RIVERS NALAS.
TEMPLES AND GARDENS SHOULD BE PROVIDED.
ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE AGED,THE CHILDREN AND INFORMAL PERSONS.
CEREALS AND WEALTH WILL GROW IF THE AGRICULTURISTS ARE KEPT BUSY.ATTEMPTS SHOULD BE MADE TO PROTECT
AND INCREASE QUARRIES,FORESTS AND CANALS.

TOWNPLANNING
CHANAKYAS ARTHASASTHRA
CHANAKYASARTHASASTHRA

ACITY LOCATED CENTRALLY TO FACILITATE TRADE AND

COMMERCE.
THE SITE LARGE IN AREA,AND NEARAPERENNIAL
NEAR A PERENNIAL
WATERBODY.
SHAPE CIRCULAR,RECTANGULAR OR

SQUARE AS WOULD SUIT THE TOPOGRAPHY.

SEPARATE AREAS FOR MARKETING DIFFERENT

GOODS.

WALL AROUND THE TOWN,

12DANDAS WIDE.BEYOND THIS WALL THERE SHOULD

BE THREE MOATS OF 14,12AND 10WIDE TO
BE CONSTRUCTED FOUR ARMLENGTHS APART.DEPTH
3/4
/ TH OF WIDTH.
THREEEAST WEST AND THREE NORTH
THE MAIN ROADS SHOULD BE 8DANDAS WIDE AND

OTHER ROADS 4DANDAS WIDE.

CEMETRIES

6DANDAS HIGH AND

SOUTH ROADS,SHOULD DIVIDE THE TOWN.

DEPRESSED CLASS

1WELL FOR 10HOUSES.

PALACE &
TEMPLES

TREASURY /
GOLDSMITHS
/ INDUSTRIES
/ DOCTORS,/
ARTISTS

FOREST,
FOREST
GOODS

TRADERS /
SKILLED
WORKERS
KSHATRIYAS

PRIEST &
MINISTERS

ANCIENTTOWNCLASSIFICATION

Dandaka
Sarvathobhadra
Nandyavarta
Padmaka
S
Swastika
tik
Prastara
Karmuka
Chaturmukha

ANCIENTTOWNCLASSIFICATION
Dandaka
STREETS ARE STRAIGHT AND CROSS EACH

OTHER AT RIGHT ANGLES AT THE CENTRE

VILLAGE HAS 4GATES ON FOUR SIDES
VILLAGE IS RECTANGULAR /SQUARE
WIDTH OF THE STREET VARIES FROM ONE
FIVE DANDA
2TRANSVERSE STREET AT THE EXTREMITIES
HAVE SINGLE ROW OF HOUSES
THE VILLAGE OFFICES LOCATED IN THE EAST.
THE FEMALE DEITY/CHAMADEVATA
LOCATED OUTSIDE THE VILLAGE AND THE
MALE DEITIES IN THE NORTHERN PORTION

ANCIENTTOWNCLASSIFICATION

SARVATOBHADRA
Thistypeoftownplanis
applicabletolargervillagesand
towns, which have to be
towns,whichhavetobe
constructedonasquaresites.
Accordingtothisplan,the
whole town should be fully
wholetownshouldbefully
occupiedbyhousesofvarious
descriptionsandinhabitedby
allclassesofpeople.
p p
Thetempledominatesthe
village

ANCIENTTOWNCLASSIFICATION

NANDYAVARTA

Thisplaniscommonlyused
fortheconstructionoftowns
andnotforvillages.
Itisgenerallyadoptedforthe
siteseithercircularorsquare
inshape,3000 4000
HOUSES
Thestreetsrunparalleltothe
centraladjoiningstreetswith
thetempleofthepresiding
y
ofthe
deityinthecenter
town.
Nandyavartaisthenameof
aflower,theformofwhichis
followed in this layout
followedinthislayout.

ANCIENTTOWNCLASSIFICATION

PADMAKA
Thistypeofplanwas
practicedforbuildingofthe
townswithfortressallround.
Thepatternoftheplan
resemblesthepetalsoflotus
radiatingoutwardsfromthe
center.
center
Thecityusedtobepractically
anislandsurroundedby
water,havingnoscopefor
g
p
expansion

ANCIENTTOWNCLASSIFICATION

SWASTIKA

Swastikatypeofplan
contemplatessomediagonal
streetsdividingthesiteinto
certainrectangularplots.
t i
t
l
l t
Thesiteneednotbemarkedout
intoasquareorrectangleandit
maybeofanyshape.
Arampartwallsurroundsthe
town,withamoatatitsfoot
filledwithwater.
Two main streets cross each
Twomainstreetscrosseach
otheratthecenter,runningsouth
tonorthandwesttoeast.

ANCIENTTOWNCLASSIFICATION

PRASTARA

Thecharacteristicfeatureofthis
planisthatthesitemaybe
eithersquareorrectangularbut
not triangular or circular
nottriangularorcircular.
Thesitesaresetapartforthe
poor,themiddleclass,therich
andtheveryrich,thesizesofthe
sitesincreasingaccordingtothe
it i
i
di t th
capacityofeachtopurchaseor
buildupon.
Themainroadsaremuchwider
comparedtothoseofother
patterns.
Thetownmayormaynotbe
surrounded by a fort.
surroundedbyafort.

ANCIENTTOWNCLASSIFICATION
KARMUKA
Thisplanissuitablefortheplacewherethesiteofthetown
isintheformofaboworsemicircularorparabolicand
mostlyappliedfortownslocatedontheseashoreor
riverbanks.
riverbanks
Themainstreetsofthetownrunfromnorthtosouthoreast
towestandthecrossstreetsrunatrightanglestothem,
dividing the whole area into blocks.
dividingthewholeareaintoblocks.
Thepresidingdeity,commonlyafemaledeity,isinstalledin
thetemplebuildinanyconvenientplace.

ANCIENTTOWNCLASSIFICATION
CHATURMUKHA
Chaturmukha typeofplan
isapplicabletoalltowns
startingfromthelargest
town to the smallest
towntothesmallest
village.
Thesitemaybeeither
square or rectangular
squareorrectangular
havingfourfaces.
Thetownislaidouteastto
westlengthwise,withfour
mainstreets.
i
Thetempleofthepresiding
deitywillbealwaysatthe
center

FATEHPURSIKRI
I t d ti
Introduction

FoundedbyAkbar,thiscityhasalongstory,
ou ded by ba , t s c ty as a o g sto y,
whichsaysthatAkbarbuiltthiscityinthehonour
ofthesaint,Shaikh Salim Chishti.Itisbelieved
that,Akbardidn'thadheirtilltheageof26.
h
kb d d ' h d h
ll h
f
Regardingthis,hevisitedthesaint,whose
blessing gave Akbar 3 sons
blessinggaveAkbar3sons.
Henceforth,thecityofRedSandstonebuildings
was established theFatehpur
wasestablished
the Fatehpur Sikri.

 Unlike
UnlikeAgrathatwasd
Agra that wasd athrivingcentreof
a thriving centre of
trade,Sikri wasalittlevillagewhichhadfirst
come to Mughal noticewhenBabur,
cometoMughal
notice when Babur
triumphantafterdefeatingRana Sanga at
Khanuwa in1527,accordingtoapopular
in 1527 according to a popular
belief,namedthevillageShukri,meaning
thanksgiving

 Fatehpur Sikri issaidtobethelook

is said to be the lookalike
alikeof
of
themosqueinMeccaandhasdesigns,taken
from the Persian & Hindu architecture
fromthePersian&Hinduarchitecture.
Itwasplannedasthe cultural,commercialand
administrative centre of mughal empire.
administrativecentreofmughal
empire

 Fatehpur Sikri isbuiltinredsandstone,andisa

beautifulblendofHinduandIslamicarchitectural
elements.
The sandstone is richly ornamented with carving and
Thesandstoneisrichlyornamentedwithcarvingand
fretwork.
Fatehpur Sikri wasabandoned14yearsafterits
creation.
creation
Todayitisaghostcity,itsarchitectureisinaperfect
stateofpreservation,andwanderingthroughthe
palacesitiseasytoimaginethatthiswasoncearoyal
l
i i
i
i
h hi
l
residenceandadynamicculturalcentre.

FATEHPURSIKHRI
CITY BUILT ON FLAT
TERRAIN ON ROCKY
SANDSTONE RIDGE

FATEHPUR SIKHRI

Naubat Khana (TheDrumHouse): Near

theentrypointtothecity.Theroad
passesthroughthisbuilding.Probablythis
wastheplacethatannouncedthearrival
oftheemperor.

FATEHPURSIKHRI
CITY AND ITS WALLS

FATEHPURSIKHRI
LAYOUT PLAN

B
C

A STONE CULTERS MOSQUE

B SALIM CHISTI
CHISTIS
S MOSQUE
C BULAND DARWAZA
D CARAVAN SARAI
E JODH BAI PALACE
F MAHAL E KHAS
G PACHISI COURT
H DIWAN-E-KHAS
I DIWAN-E-AM

IMPERIALCOMPLEX

The
Theimperialpalacecomplex,consistingofthe
imperial palace complex consisting of the
treasury,theoffices,Daulat Khana,theHaram
sara orladiespalace,nowappearsirregular
or ladies palace now appears irregular
anddisjointed;butinAkbarstimeiswaspart
of a well connected and highly planned
ofawellconnectedandhighlyplanned
complex.

FATEHPURSIKHRI

A - STABLES FOR CAMELS & HORSES

B - RAJA BIRBAL'S HOUSE
C - JODH BAI'S HOUSE
D - MARYAM'S GARDEN
E - MARYAM'S HOUSE
F - HOSPITAL AND GARDEN
G - PANCH MAHAL
H - EMPEROR'S STUDY
I - DIWAN-E-KHAS
J - PACHISI COURT
K - GARDEN
L - EMPEROR'S PRIVATE APTS
M - EMPEROR
EMPEROR'SS SLEEPING QTZ
N - HOUSE OF THE TURKISH SULTANA
O - ADMINISTRATION AND ARCHIVES
P - DIWAN-E-AM PAVILION
Q - DIWAN-E-AM
R - ENTRANCES FOR PUBLIC
S - RESERVED ENTRANCE FOR IMPERIAL
FAMILY

DiwaniAm
DiwaniAm(HallofPublicAudience): The
place where the ruler meets the general public
placewheretherulermeetsthegeneralpublic.
DiwaniAmisatypicalfeatureofalltheMughal
palaces.Atoneendofthecourtisanelevated
pavilion The pierced stone screens are most
pavilion.Thepiercedstonescreensaremost
noteworthy.Nowtheopencourtisconvertedinto
agardenwithlawn,whereoncestoodthe
courtiers in humility
courtiersinhumility.

Daulat Khana

Comprises
Comprisesthepillaredstructureknownas
the pillared structure known as
DiwaniKhass,KhanaiKhass,theKhwabgah,
the Anup Talao,theTurkishSultana
theAnup
Talao the Turkish Sultanasspavilion
pavilion
andotherminorstructures

DiwaniKhass (JewelHouse)
(
)

DiwaniKhas
( ll f
(HallofPrivate
Audience):Thisis
where Akbar met
whereAkbarmet
hisministers,
scholarsand
generals to discuss
generalstodiscuss
religiousand
courtlymatters.

Pillar detail from Diwan-i-Khas interior

 A
Aproblemfacedwhileidentifyingmany
problem faced while identifying many
monumentsinFathehpur isthattheywere
constructed in such a way that a variety of
constructedinsuchawaythatavarietyof
usescouldbeassignedtothem.

AnkhMichauli

people
peopleoftenattributethisbuildingthegame
often attribute this building the game
ofhideandseek.Andevenextendedthatto
the level that Akbar played the hide and seek
thelevelthatAkbarplayedthehideandseek
gamewiththewomenoftheharem!Most
likely this is the vault house of the palace
likelythisisthevaulthouseofthepalace
wherevaluableswerekeptinthesafecustody.

AnkhMichauli

Astrologersseat
g
Luxuriouslyextravagant
stonebracketsplacedon
eachofthekiosksfour
openings.Theemperor
wouldsithereandwatch
ld it h
d t h
thedistributionofthe
coppercoinswhich
contemporary european
contemporaryeuropean
travellers sayusually
heapedinthecourtyard
to pay subordinate
topaysubordinate
officers

Diwan KhanaiKhass

Diwan KhanaiKhass :Akbarisbelieved

tohavesat,discussingvariousissueswith
h
di
i
i
i
ih
closeadvisors.

Khwabgah
g
OnthefirstflooroftheDiwan KhanaiKhasswas
p
p
g
theemperorsprivateroom,knownaskhwabgah
orsleepingchamber.AftersittinginDiwan
KhanaiKhass forseveralhoursAkbarprobably
usedtoretirehereforrelaxation.

Anup
p Talao

Anup Talao orthepeerlesspool29m

squaretank,nowdrymostoftheyear.
k
d
f h
Anup Talao hasacentralislandlinkedby
f
fourbridgestoitssides.
b id
i id

TurkishSultanasHouse

TheTurkishSultanasHouse: Themost
elaborately carved building in Fatehpur
elaboratelycarvedbuildinginFatehpur
Sikri.ItsoftenattributedtotheTurkish
wife of Akbar
wifeofAkbar.

 Itismoreprobablythe'HujraIAnup
p
y
j
p Talao,,
mentionedbyBadauni,apleasurepavilionattachedto
thepondandmighthavebeenusedbytheTurkish
queens for this purpose
queensforthispurpose.
Intricately
Intricatelycarvedlikewood,thisbuildingisalsoknown
carved like wood, this building is also known
as'superbjewelcasket'and eachofitsstoneslabhasa
differentdesignsuchasarabesquedesignsonthe
pillars of verandah and bell shaped floral and herring
pillarsofverandahandbellshaped,floralandherring
bonecarvingsonthebracketssupportingtheroof.

Pachisi Court

Pachisi Court: Thisislocatedatthevery

centerofthemainpalacecomplex.On
theopenfloorarethemarkingsofa
boardgamecalledPachisi ,hencethe
name.

IMPERIALHAREM

An
Anenclosurewherewomenoftheroyal
enclosure where women of the royal
householdlivedinprotectedenvirons.It
included the panch mahal,Jodh
includedthepanch
mahal Jodh Bai
Baiss palace,
palace
Maryams houseandbirbals house.Eachwas
connected with other by covered passages
connectedwithotherbycoveredpassages,
andscreenedofftotheeastfromtheDaulat
khana

Panch Mahal

Panch Mahal isanextraordinarystructure,

is an extraordinary structure
entirelycolumnar,consistingoffourstoreys of
decreasing size with a kiosk disposed
decreasingsizewithakiosk,disposed
asymmetricallyuponagroundfloorthat
contains 84 columns The first storey contains
contains84columns.Thefirststoreycontains
56columns;thesecond20;thethird12;and
the top storey is a single domed kiosk
thetopstoreyisasingledomedkiosk
supportedonfourpillars.

 Panch mahal ismodelled

is modelled onthepersian
on the persian
badgir orwindcatcherandmeanttomitigate
the intense summer heat Yet it was unlike the
theintensesummerheat.Yetitwasunlikethe
persian originalthatitwasnottowerbutbuilt
in diminishing stages Also it had five storeys
indiminishingstages.Alsoithadfivestoreys,
nottheusualthreeandwasscreenedonall
but the ground floor
butthegroundfloor

Jodh Bas PalaceandMaryams

house

Jodh Ba
Bass Palace:
Palace : Thisisalargeharemwere
This is a large harem were
thewomenofthepalacelived.

 Maryams house: Twomaryams inAkbarscourt.

Maryam Makani (equalinranktomary)wasAkbars
motherHamida Banu BegumandMaryam Zamani
(mary oftheage)washisfirstRajput queen. Itis
b li d th t thi b ildi
believedthatthisbuildingwithinalargecourtwas
ithi l
t
usedbyAkbarsmotherandqueen.ItsbuiltinHindu
stylewithmanythemestakenfromtheHindu
mythology painted on the walls
mythologypaintedonthewalls.

Nagina
g
Masjid
j

Nagina Masjid :Theprivatemosquefor

theladiesoftheHarem.
h l di
f h H

Birbals house

Birbals House:Thoughitisnamedso,
chancesareunlikelythatthiswasusedby
h
lik l h hi
db
thisfamousministerofAkbar.Thisisone
ofthemostbeautifulbuildingswithinthe
f h
b
if l b ildi
i hi h
palacecomplex.

LowerHaram Sara

AttherearoftheprincipalHaram
t t e ea o t e p c pa a a sa
sara,isalarge
a, s a a ge
colonnadedenclosure.Ithasbeenvariously
calledtheimperialstablesforcamels,elephants
ortheemperorschoicesthorses.
h
h
h
Theplacemusthavebeenallottedtotheserving
maidsoftheladiespalaces.Thesanitaryneedsof
id f th l di
l
Th
it
d f
thestaffweremetwithahammam attheeastern
end of the block.
endoftheblock.

FATEHPURSIKHRI

1.
2.
3.
4.

MEETING PLACE WITH THE COMMON PEOPLE AND THE SOLDIERS DIWANEAM
MEETING PLACE WITH THE MINISTERS, PRIVELEGED NOBLEMEN & HIGH OFFICIALS DIWAN-E-KHAS
KINGS DAY PALACE AND SLEEPING QUARTERS KHWABAGH
ENCLOSURE FOR IMPERIAL LADIES [PRIVATE AND STRICTLY GUARDED] MARYAM & JODH BAI PALACE

Monuments
SituatedonthespotwhereSheikhSalim Chisti lived,the
sacredcomplexissituatedatthehighestpointoftheridge.
JamiMasjid orthemaincongregationalmosqueofthe
townisthemostimportantbuildinghereandhousestwo
monumentalgatewaysknownasBuland Darwaja
commemoratingAkbar'svictoryoverDeccanandBadshahi
Darwaja,thereservedentrancefortheemperortothe
mosque.
Italsohousesabigandbeautifulcourtyardwiththe
splendidarchitecturalmasterpieceknownastheTombof
S li Chishti,whichisoneofthemostsoughtafter
Salim
Chi hti hi h i
f th
t
ht ft
buildingsinFatehpur Sikri.

FATEHPURSIKHRI
JAMIMOSQUE
Q
ANEXPRESSIONOFARCHITECTURALGRACEAND
PERFECTION

JamiMasjid
j Fatehpur
p Sikri

JamiMasjid ortheFridayMosqueisoneof
th
themostbeautifulandlargestmosquesof
tb
tif l d l
t
f
theworld.Thiselegantbuildingisthemost
sacred building and the principal mosque of
sacredbuildingandtheprincipalmosqueof
thetownandthussituatedonthehighest
point of the ridge
pointoftheridge

Badshahi Darwaja
j
Badshahi Darwaza ortheRoyalDoorwasreserved
foremperortojointhecongregationalprayer.It
wassituatedontheeasternsideofthemosque
facingAgraandwasthemainentrancetothe
g g
mosque.Projectingoutintheformofahalf
hexagonalporch

Buland Darwaja
j

 Buland Darwaza isthehighestandgrandest

is the highest and grandest
gatewayinIndiaandranksamongthebiggest
in the world It can be approached by a 13
intheworld.Itcanbeapproachedbya13
metreflightofstepsfromoutside,whichadds
to its splendour The gate was raised in 1602
toitssplendour.Thegatewasraisedin1602
ADtocommemorateAkbarsvictoryover
Deccan.
Deccan

Buland gate,entrancetoMasjid
g ,
j

 ThemausoleumwasbuiltbyAkbarasamarkofhisrespectand
reverenceforthesaintanditwascompletedintheyear158081.
f th
i t d it
l t d i th
1580 81
Raisedonaboutameterhighplatform,thereisflightoffivesteps
toreachitsentranceporch.
Elegantmarblescreensenclosethemaintombbuildingonallsides
Elegant marble screens enclose the main tomb building on all sides
whilethetombisplacesinthecentreofthemainhallwithasingle
semicirculardome.
Theserpentinebracketsemergingfromthepillarscarvedwith
The serpentine brackets emerging from the pillars carved with
stylizedpeacocktailpatternandslopingeavesaddtothe
magnificenceoftheporch.Thedoorofthemainchamberiscarved
elaboratelywitharabesquepatternsandboastsofQuranic
inscriptions.
inscriptions

Fatehpur Sikri: Salim Chistis Tomb

FATEHPURSIKHRI

ACTUALEASTWESTORIENTATIONISAFEWDEGREESNORTHTOTHEAXISOF
THEMOSQUE.ASARESULTOFTHISATSUNRISEANDDURINGSPECIFICPERIOD
OFTHEYEAR,THESUNMOVESINTOAPARTICULARPOSITIONOVERTHEAXISOF
THEMOSQUE.ITREACHESTHEREQUIREDALTITUDEANDSTRIKESTHECENTRAL
MIHRAB

Hiran Minar
Akbarhadapenchantforelephantsandlovedtobreak
p
p
andcontrolwildelephants.Itispossiblethatitwashis
waytoemphasizehisskillatcontrollingtheelephants.
Anothertheorysaysthattheemperorusedtowatch
A th th
th t th
dt
t h
fromthistowerthecombatorkilledtheanimals,
driventogetherforhisdiversion.
g
Yetanothertheorysaysthattheroyalladiesusedto
watchfromthistowerAkbar'santicswiththe
elephants.
elephants

 Thelocalguidessaythatthetoweris
g
y
thetombofAkbar'sfavourite Elephant
(
g
named'Hiran'(meaning:
antelope/deer)onwhosebackAkbar
g
y
hadfoughtandwonmanybattlesand
themarblespokesrepresentsthe
p
studdedarmour ofhiselephant.

SHAHJAHANABAD Introduction

By the time the emperor Shah

Jahan (192858) came to the
throne the Mughal empire had
throne,
ruled continuously over northern
India for almost a century and the
artistic tradition of Mughals had
reached a stage of maturity and
refinement. During Shah Jahans
rein
the
architectural
development was remarkable due
to his interest and patronage of
architecture. His buildings were
characterized by sensitivity and
delicateness.

Background

The Mughal period from Akbar ( 15661605) to

Shah Jahan was comparatively long and peaceful;
i was marked
it
k d by
b the
h development
d l
off cities.
i i Shah
Sh h
Jahan established residences in Lahore, Agra and
Delhi. In 1638, he laid the foundations of new
capital,
p , centered around Lal Q
Qila or Red Fort. This
was an improvement on the citadel in Agra,
because of the experienced gained by Shah
Jahan, where limited space and narrow streets
made it difficult
diffic lt for the processions of his
troupes.
The site for the new capital in Delhi was ideally
suited as a convergence point of land routes,
being centrally located geographical. The site was
situated on the western bank of river Yamuna
where a natural projection formed a triangle with
th land
the
l d and
d the
th river.
i

MuslimUrbanLife

By Shah Jahans time, the Muslims in India had partially Indianized.

Under the Mughals, they were mainly an urban community, and they disliked village.
Muslim life was closely linked to religious event, as well as to ceremonies and festivals
or ritual events.
events
Shah Jahan was a religious person and was very particular about observing ceremonies.
On the morning of the most important Muslim festival EidiQurba (the fest of the
), Muslims ggo to Idgah,
g , or p
place of p
prayer,
y , ggenerallyy situated outside the cityy
sacrificed),
or village in an open space. The Idgah of Shahjahanabad is located on the crest of the
ridge, west of the city.

SpatialStructure

Urban spatial structure of Shahjahanabad was different from that of the other Mughal Capitals,
because it was planned and built by one concentrated planning effort.
Creation of architectural expression of what has often been called the patrimonial system in its
climax.
climax
The shurafaur ignited from the qasbah garrison posts & admn. settlements in which Islamic
scholars also met their clients & where an integrative or even syncretists cultured prevailed
usually established around a tomb or a waqf .
The shurafa usually were situated to the west of the place, along one of the two boulevards at
Chandni Chowk, & originated from the employers palace, thus furnishing the city with an
unequivocal structure.
Those professional groups delivering fresh agrarian products to the city must have settled along
the southern and southsouthwestern rim of the city walls (Delhi gate & Turkman gate): this is
where institutions , such as Masjid gadarion (shephereds mosque), Masjid kasai (butchers
mosque) were located. They all represent low ranking traders.
The closer to the core of the cityy the more sociallyy recognized
g
are the p
professional settled there:
weavers, producers of wool, traders of saddle horses, oil extractors & manufacturers of straw
goods, each of them represented by their respective mosques.
Further, in the direction of Chandni Chowk, mostly representative of the trading professions, e.g.
traders of fabrics,
fabrics fish,
fish meats and luxury goods,
goods but also some of the professional groups
processing goods, e.g. producers of water pipes can be found, all of them are characterized by the
spatial proximity to the imperial house.

PlanningofShahjahanabad

The city was planned according to

hindu
planning
principles
of
shilpashastra from vastushastra.
The site was placed on a high land as
in the shastra and was karmukha or
bow sshaped,
bo
aped, for
o thiss eensured
su ed itss
prosperity.
The arm of the archer was Chandni
Chowk.
The string was Yamuna river.
The junction of the two main axes is
the most auspicious point in the whole
region and was therefore the red fort.

Thecityform morphologyelements

Theurbaninfrastructurewaslaidoutinageometricpattern.
ShowstracesofbothPersianandHindutraditionsoftownplanningand
architecturewiththePersianinfluencelargelyaccountingfortheformalismand
symmetryofthepalacesgardensandboulevards.

ThedesignedinfrastructureofShahjahanabadcomprised
Thefort
TheFridaymosque.
Theothermajormosques,includingthecorrespondingwaqfproperties.
Thetwomainboulevards.
ThebazaarsaroundtheFridaymosque.
Theelaboratesystemofwaterchannels.
Themajorgardensandthecitywall.
Thearrangementoftheseplannedelementswasinfluencedbycertainsite
features,whichprecludedabsolutegeometry.

TheFort&TheMosque
q

The Red Fort and Jama Masjid were

thorough fares that framed the city.
From Lahore Gate ran a broad avenue
with a covered arcade designed and
paid for by Jahan Ara that housed over
1500 shops. Today known as Chatta
Bazaar.
The remainder of Shahjahanabad took
shape within the city walls with its
havelis mansions,
mansions mosques,
mosques temples,
temples
Sikh shrines and the gardens of the
nobility.
The
walled
and
g
guarded
establishments of these grandees
included private living quarters for the
nobles and their harem.

TheRedFort(PalaceComplex)
(
p )

The plan of the fort was made by Shah Jahan and two Muslim architects. The
foundation stone of the fortified place was laid in 1638. Construction work began in
1639 and was complete
p
in jjust nine yyear. The p
palace complex,
p , located alongg the
western river front was built as an ideal residence for the emperor, it was conceived
and designed as a paradise on Earth. The layout of the fort was drawn on a formal
geometrical plan actually an irregular octagon with two long sides on east and west. It
h d two
had
t
gates,
t
th t on the
that
th westt was called
ll d the
th Lahori
L h i Darwaza,
D
while
hil that
th t on the
th
south was the Delhi Darwaza. Bearing on the cardinal points, the elements of the fort
were arranged in the geometrical pattern that reflected the life and customs of
Mughal court.

JamiMasjid

The Jami Masjid was the principal mosque of

the capital, the congregational centre and one
of the most important institutions for the
M li
Muslims
i
in
Sh hj h b d Shah
Shahjahanabad.
Sh h Jahan
J h
commenced building the mosque in 1650, and
completed it 6years later. It was located at the
central part of the city and on a raised
foundation at the top of a hill 9mts above the
street level.
The mosque dominated the walled city as a
visual
i l as wellll as a spiritual
i it l symbol
b l off supreme
god. Its architectural design followed by
traditional style, but improvements were made
here as well. Te courtyard
y
was large
g and was
enclosed by pillared corridors. Its layouts,
having a main entrance on the east, was
geometric and the whole mosque faced west
towards Mecca.
Mecca Muslim urban life was closely
evolved around the Jami Masjid.

MajorStreets

The streets in Mughal capital were usually narrow and crooked.

However, the major streets in the new capital were designed as
wide and straight. The eastwest street called Chandni Chowk
connected the Lahori Darwaza of the fort to the Lahori Darwaza
of the city wall. It ran in a straight line forming a wide boulevard
with broad vista. The Fort was visible from any place on the
street. This perspective view marked a new concept of town
planning for the Mughal capital. Chandni Chowk is 1.4km in
l
length
h and
d jogged
d right
h at the
h Fatehpuri
h
Begum Mosque. It was
built as the central axis of the city. Karawan Sarai and begum ki
Sarai were also located in this area.
Another main street the Faiz Bazaar or Akkarabadi Bazaar, was
also
l wide
d and
d straight.
h It had
h d a northsouth
h
h axis and
d connected
d
Delhi gate of the fort with the city walls Delhi gate and is about
1km in length. These major two streets developed as
processional routes, as well as commercial arteries. The streets
also assumed importance for ritual events.
events

FiveMainStreets
The basic network of the five main streets extended from Chandni Chowk and Faiz Bazaar to other
gates and to different part of the walled city. The streets were built as the spines of major
activities and developed as commercial thorough affairs. They connected the Ajmeri Darwaza with
the Jami Masjid and Turkman and Lahori Darwazas. Their intersections formed a landmark.
Important buildings were located on these arteries. The other streets were less significant and
were mainly built as access roads to the residential areas.

MAHALLA /K
/ KATRA
|

There was a tendency of the cities' population to settle by ethnic affiliations and to live in the
same neighborhoods. The urban community and the Mughal capital was formed by such
districts or wards, known as mahallas and katras. These homogeneous units also define
cultural as well as socio-economic activities. There were 36 mahallas in the walled city. Each
katra had an enclosed space created between residential and commercial buildings having
entry to a katra made through a gate.

These courtyards were environmentally sound and acted as main ventilation shafts in a hot
and arid climate. Communal open space was conspicuously absent as it is so today. There
was not much need for communal open space, other than for worship which is why the Jami
Masjid was provided with a spacious courtyard.

Thus, it is clear that planning of a residential area in the Mughal capital did not provide for
Thus
social units.

Streets, Bazaars, Chowks

| The city was separated from the surrounding land by a wall and a moat. Passing
through the city
cityss gates marked the passage from one domination to another. The
main thoroughfares , the secondary roads and the bazaars were public space.

Havellis
| The members of the imperial household whio lived outside the fort/ palace built large
mansions (havellis) on the model of the imperial design of the red fort. As a rule these
cityy p
palaces accommodated not onlyy the owner and his family,
y, but also their
numerous followers, servants, and craftsmen with their workshops. The internal
organisation of the space within the havellis was therefore also based on the strict
distinction between the public, semi private and private spaces.

Interior courtyard of a Havelli in the walled city

| Notice the spill out of day to day activities in the courtyard thus the typology was not
only suited climatically but also enhanced the living.

Streetscapes

There emerges a hierarchy of streets

in the layout of the city.
The secondary streets were the ones
which entered the south of the city
from Chandni Chowk.
Chowk (thus they
were perpendicular for some
distance and then assumed an
organic form once deep in the city).
The secondary street structure also
includes the streets that are parallel
to the city walls forming a
concentric ring so to say,
say in the
southern part of the city. They then
intermingle at chowks with the third
layering of streets, which derive
their character from the fact that
they are perpendicular to the main
mosque, Jama Masjid.

Bagh

The north area of Chandni Chowk was occupied by a bagh called the Jahanara
Begumis Garden. It was laid out in a planned fashion, in addition to the road
planning of Chandni Chowk.

CITY WALLS
|

The layout o the city walls was based on a geometrical planning; i.e. to say, a
polygonal plan with gateways. The four main gates were Delhi Darwaza on south,
the Ajmeri Darwaza on the south-west,
south west the Lahori Darwaza on the west and the
Kashmiri Darwaza on the north. These important gates were positioned according
to the basic network of the city, being laced on the cardinal points. The graphic
representation of the city was indicated geometric planning and the geometric
placement of the main gates.

Conclusion

The new Mughal capital and the fort were designed as an ideal city and a paradise on
Earth.
The design and planning methods were geometric and provided for green areas
(gardens) and water facilities.
Principal elements in the town planning were the fort, the Jami Masjid, two major
streets, city wall and gates, the Bagh, the Idgah and the Karawan Sarai.
Th Red
The
R d fort
f t was designed
d i d as a symbol
b l off Muslim
M li power and
d as an ideal
id l living
li i space on
a formal geometrical plan.
The Jami Masjid was designed as a symbol of Muslim power and of the capital.
Two major streets were developed as the central axis and as processional routes and
they were new elements in the capital; the design and the planning method was a new
concept in town planning in the Mughal capital.
Planningg in the capital
p did not p
provide p
planningg of residential areas.
The city wall and gateways were drawn on a geometrical plan.
Urban forms and patterns developed on there own in response to the emperors basic
need and idea and little attention was paid to the social planning.

Jaipur

ReasonsforMaharajaSawai
Reasons
for Maharaja Sawai JaiSinghtochange
Jai Singh to change
hiscapitalfromAmbertoJaipur

MilitaryReasons
Geographical
Geographical
Reasons

Twosignificantfactsresponsiblefortheoriginofthe
cityanditssubsequentlayout
i
di
b
l

Theneedofanewcapitalfor18th
Th
d f
i l f 18 h
centuryDhoondhar astheearlier
oneofAmberbuiltonahillwas
getting congested
gettingcongested.

Sawai RajaJaiSinghsvisionofthe
newcapitalasastrongpolitical
it l
t
liti l
statementatparwithMughal
citiesandasathrivingtradeand
commerce hub for the region
commercehubfortheregion.

ThelayoutofthecityofJaipur wonderfullylinkstheconceptofa Shastric

citywiththepracticalitiesofthechosensite.
First,thestraightlineoftheridgesuggesteditselfastherouteforoneof
themaineastwestthoroughfaresandbuildingaroadalongitscrest
makesbestpossibleuseofthetopographyforthepurposeofdrainage.
WhatfollowedthenwastoregularizetheAmberSanganer roadasa
northsouthrouteatrightanglestoit.
Thepointofintersectionwouldbeoneofthecitysmaincrossroads
(chaupar)

ThesouthernboundaryofthecityhadtoliewithinthelineoftheAgra
Ajmerroad.SobyextendingtheNSroadasfaraspossiblesouthwards
d
b
d
h
d f
bl
h
d
givesthefirstfixeddimension,thelengthofasideofasquareandso
establishesthesizeoftheunitormoduleofthecity.
A road cutting the plain from N to S linking Amber the capitaltoSanganer,
AroadcuttingtheplainfromNtoSlinkingAmber,the
capital to Sanganer
theprincipaltradingtown.Thisroadhadtobepreservedandcontrolled
andthereforehadtofallwithinthecitysboundaries
g citiesof AgraandAjmer
g
j
AsecondroadranEtoWbetweentheMughal
andplacingthenewcityonthisalready establishedcommunicationline
wouldhelpsecureits economicsuccess.Howeversince thiswasan
imperialroadthatcouldnotbeencroachedon,thusthecityhadtobe
contained to the north of this line
containedtothenorthofthisline.

ThecentralaxisofthetownwaslaidfromEasttoWestbetweenthe
gatesoftheSun(Suraj pol)andthemoon(Chandpol)
Thiswascrossedbytworoadsatrightanglesdividingthetowninto
ninealmostsquare,almostequallysizedblocks,whichwerefurther
subdividedbylanesandalleysallatrightangles.

 Th
Thepalacebuildingcovered
l
b ildi
d
twoblocks,thetownsixand
theremainingninthblockwas
not usable on account of steep
notusableonaccountofsteep
hills.
So
SothisNorthWestwardwas
this North West ward was
transferredtotheSouthEast
cornerofthecity,makingthe
shape of the plan as a whole
shapeoftheplanasawhole
asymmetricalratherthan
square.

 Thecitysdivisionintoninewardswasalsoinconformitywith
y
y
theHinducastesystem,whichnecessitatedthesegregationof
peoplebelongingtodifferentcommunitiesandranks.
FollowingthedirectionsoftheHinduShilpa shastra,widthof
themainstreets&otherlaneswerefixed.Thusthemain
streetsofthecitywere111ft.wide,secondarystreets55ft.
wide&thesmallerones27ft.wide.

 Southofthemainroadwerefouralmostequal
rectangles.
l
The
Therectangleoppositethepalacehasbeen
rectangle opposite the palace has been
brokenupintotwoequalandsmallerrectangles
bytheChaura Rasta.Thusaltogetherthereare
now five rectangles on the south of the main road
nowfiverectanglesonthesouthofthemainroad
calledChowkris.
O
OntheNorthofthemainroadfromWesttoEast
th N th f th
i
df
W tt E t
arethePurani Basti,thePalaceandRamchandraji

Jaipur isknownasthePinkCity,aratheridealizeddescriptionofthe
terracottacoloredlimeplasterthatcoatstheoldpartofthecity's
walls,buildings,andtemples.

Thereasonsforpaintingthetownpinkareunknown,butvarious
theories have been tossed about from using pink to cut down glare to
theorieshavebeentossedabout,fromusingpinktocutdownglare,to
JaiSinghII'sapparentdevotiontoLordShiva(whosefavoritecoloris
reputedlyterracotta).

OthersbelieveSinghwantedtoimitatethecolorofthesandstoneused
inthefortsandpalacesofhisMughal emperorfriends.

Themostpopularreason(spreadnodoubtby"Britishers"duringthe
Rajera)isthatpinkisthetraditionalcolorofhospitality,andthecity
wasfreshlypaintedandpavedwithpinkgraveltowarmlywelcome
EdwardVIIforhisvisitherein1876

CONCEPTUALPLAN CHAUPAR

CHAUPAR Itsasquarethat
occursattheintersectionof
eastwestroadswiththree
northsouthroads.Each
chaupar is around100mx
100m.Wereusedforpublic
gathering on festive occasions
gatheringonfestiveoccasions.
Thedistancebetweentwo
chaupars isabout700mwhich
isidealforpedestrian
movement. Ithascontrolled
I h
ll d
faadetreatmentenvelopingit

BAZAARS

Originallyonlyfourbazaarswereplannedforthecity.Thesewerelater
Originally
only four bazaars were planned for the city These were later
namedasJohri bazaar,Sireh Deori Bazaar,Kishan poleBazaar&Gangori
Bazaar
Onthemainstreetsstrictcontrolwasexercisedonthestreetfaade,along
whichwerelocatedshopsandarcades
h h
l
d h
d
d onestoreyhigh,butbeyondthe
h h b b
d h
frontagethebuildingscouldbeofanyheightoranyshape,somebuiltwith
flatroofs&otherswithtraditionalchattris

Planning of New Delhi

PlanningofNewDelhi

Introduction

Delhi
Delhiremainsoneoftheoldestsurvivingcities
remains one of the oldest surviving cities
inworldtoday.
Itisanamalgamofeightcities,eachbuiltina
It is an amalgam of eight cities each built in a
diferent eraonadifferentsiteeachera
leaving its mark and adding charcter toit
leavingitsmark,andaddingcharcter
to it
andeachrulerleavingapersonallayerof
architectural identity
architecturalidentity.

Lutyens Delhi
He'saonemanbrandforNewDelhi'sheritage
but does he deserve all the credit?
butdoeshedeserveallthecredit?

 LutyensDelhi"isusedindiscriminatelytoinclude
y
y
theworkofalltheotherbrilliantarchitectswho
workedtobuildNewDelhiinthe1930s.
Theonlyfourbungalowresidencesdesignedby
Edwin Lutyens, for the private secretary, surgeon
EdwinLutyens,fortheprivatesecretary,surgeon
general,militarysecretary,andcomptroller,lie
hiddenwithinthesecurityzoneofthePresidents
Estate.
Estate

y HeisthearchitectofViceroysHouse(Rashtrapati Bhavan)
andtheestatesbungalowsforstaffandbodyguards,aswell
asofthetwoHyderabadandBarodapalacesatIndiaGate
y Hewasheroworshippedbyhischarmedcirclewhocastas
villainsandpersecutorsallthosewhoopposedhim.These
villainsincludedHerbertBaker,hisassociatearchitecton
whosestrengthhehadwonthecontract;theviceroy,Lord
Hardinge,thecitysfounderpatron;andahostofother
collaboratorscumantagonists.

y HerbertBaker madesevenbungalowsandtheNorthand
SouthBlocks.
LordHardinge
Hardinge insistedonroundabouts(Lutyens
insisted on roundabouts (Lutyens hadinitially
had initially
y Lord
designedthestreetsatrightangles),hedgesandtrees
(Lutyens saidthetreeswouldntsurvive)anddemandedthe
Raisina HillsitefortheViceroysHouse(Lutyens preferreda
moresouthernsettingclosertoMalcha).Hardinge also
insistedonaMughalstylegardenforViceroysHouse
(Lutyens waskeenonanEnglishgardenwithartless
naturalplanting).
t l l ti )

y RobertTorRussell builtConnaughtPlace,theEasternand
WesternCourts,TeenMurti House,Safdarjung Airport,
NationalStadiumandover4,000governmenthouses.
y E.MontagueThomas designedandbuiltthefirstsecretariat
buildingofNewDelhiwhichsetastyleforthebungalows.
y TheotherbungalowsofNewDelhiaretheworkof
architectslikeW.H.Nicholls,C.G.andF.B.Blomfield,Walter
Sykes George, Arthur Gordon Shoosmith andHenryMedd.
SykesGeorge,ArthurGordonShoosmith
and Henry Medd.

Cityplan
yp
y EvenLutyenslayoutplancannotbeconsidered
original.
y Hehadinitiallydesignedacitywithallthestreets
He had initially designed a city with all the streets
crossingatrightangles,muchlikeNewYork.
y ButHardinge toldhimoftheduststormsthatsweep
thelandscapeintheseparts,insistingonroundabouts,
hedgesandtreestobreaktheirforce,givinghimthe
g
,g g
plansofParisandWashingtontostudyandapplyto
Delhi

ChoiceofSite
LordHardingehadsuggestedthattheImperialDelhi
g
gg
p
CommitteeconsiderRaisina,adramaticrockyoutcrop
abuttingtheRidge,asasiteforGovernmentHouse,
but Lutyens was in favour of Malcha
butLutyenswasinfavourofMalcha
On4November,1912,theviceroy,accompaniedby
g
p p
threeengineers,visitedalltheproposedsitesand
concludedthat"RaisinawasthebestforGovernment
House".Theengineersagreedunanimouslywiththis
view.
view
SothesitewasnotchosenbyLutyens

CommandingStature
g

It
ItwasSwintonJacob,advisoronIndian
was Swinton Jacob advisor on Indian
materialsandornaments,whosuggested
raising the ground level of Government House
raisingthegroundlevelofGovernmentHouse
(orViceroysHouse),onacarefullystudied
contour plannot
contourplan
notLutyens
Lutyens

Materials

Theuseofthesuperbrhubarbredandbeigepink
e use o t e supe b uba b ed a d be ge p
sandstonesforRashtrapatiBhavanisalso
creditedtoLutyens.
But,hehadactuallyopposeditinfavourofwhite
marbleasusedintheTajMahal.
Hecouldhardlyhavebeenawarethatinwhitehe
toowouldhavebuiltamausoleum.
Infact,sandstonewassuggestedbythe
I f t
dt
t d b th
geologicaldepartment,whichgotnocredit

Trees

ItwasP.H.Clutterbuckwhocompiledalistof72speciesoftreesthat
wouldgreentheareasuccessfullyandreportedon18August,1912that
ld
h
f ll
d
d
h
theafforestationoftheRidgewas"decidedlypossible".T.R.J.Ward,
thoughanengineer,alsosupportedthisproposal.

Lutyens,however,didnotagree.Hewroteprivatelytotheviceroy:"Will
treesreallygrowontheRidge?Icouldimaginethemdoingwellfor10or
y
,
y y
,
15years,butafterthattheymaydieoff."Wardhadsaidthereverse,that
therewouldbeafinegrowthin10or15years.

Today,LutyensiscreditedforthegreeningoftheRidgewherethetrees
havelastedalmostacentury,notjust10or15yearsashehadwarned.

TheMughal
g
Garden

LutyenswaskeenondoinganEnglishgarden
y
g
g
g
HardingeforcedhimtotravelandseetheMughal
gardensofAgra,Lahore,andSrinagar.
It
ItwasMustoeandWalterSykesGeorgewho
M t
d W lt S k G
h
landscapedandplantedLutyensMughalGarden
wheretherewere17milesofhedgestomaintain
g

LutyensLoathingForThingsIndian

Isittohonour animperialistarchitectwho
tookeveryoccasiontodenounceallthatwas
Indiaitsarchitecture,itspeople,theirfood
andtheirmindset.
Infact,afterhehadbuiltalltherewastobe
built,Lutyens wasevenungratefulenoughto
saythatIndiancraftsmenhadbrokenthumbs.

 Lutyenshadbeenunperceptiveenoughtopassa
y
p
p
g
p
sweepingjudgementonallofIndiasstanding
architecturalheritagewhenhewrote:"Theyarejust
spurts by various mushroom dynasties with as much
spurtsbyvariousmushroomdynastieswithasmuch
intellectinthemasanyotherartnouveau."
HemayhaveimmodestlyimaginedthattheDelhi
Orderwhichhecreatedforthecapitalsofhispillars
would match and last with the five classical orders
wouldmatchandlastwiththefiveclassicalorders
theDoric,Corinthian,Ionic,TuscanandComposite.

 Theyaredarkandillsmelling,theirfoodisvery
y
g,
y
strangeandfrighteningandtheydonotimprove
withacquaintance. Thehelpersinhisarchitects
office he describes as odd
officehedescribesas
oddpeoplewithodd
people with odd
nameswhodothosethingsthatborethewhite
man
Lutyenscametotheconclusionthatitwasnot
possible for Indians and whites to mix freely as
possibleforIndiansandwhitestomixfreelyas
"Theyarevery,verydifferentandIcannotadmit
themonthesameplaneasmyself."

Lutyens
y
BowsToHardingeAtLast
g
ElevenyearsbeforeSirEdwinLutyens
y
y
died,itseems
,
thatinafinalmomentofhonestselfappraisalanda
reckoning,hefinallyacknowledgedtheviceroys
contribution with a pricking conscience:
contributionwithaprickingconscience:
"This
ThisnewcityowesitsbeingtoLordHardinge...His
new city owes its being to Lord Hardinge...His
patienceandcourageintimesofgreatstress,personal
andpolitical,hiseventemperinthemidstofdiverse
discussion remain in my memory as being parallel only
discussionremaininmymemoryasbeingparallelonly
withthegreatnessofhisconception."

 It
ItisagreatpitythatthestatueofLordHardinge,
is a great pity that the statue of Lord Hardinge,
NewDelhisfounder,wasremovedfrombeneaththe
Jaipur Columnforthiscitywouldnothaveseenthe
lightofdaywithouthimandthatLutyensstill
remainswithinRashtrapati Bhavan

AR 0416, Town Planning & Human Settlements,

UNITIII
LECORBUSIERSCONTRIBUTION
TO TOWN PLANNING
TOTOWNPLANNING

CT.Lakshmanan B.Arch.,M.C.P.
AP(SG)/Architecture

TOPICSTOBECOVERED

CIAM
LAVILLECONTEMPORAINE(CONCENTRIC
CITY)
PLANVOISIN

LINEARINDUSTRIALCITY
LAVILLERADIUSE(RADIANTCITY)
CHANDIGARH

LeCorbusier

originallyCharlesEdouard
Jeanneret
1887 1965
18871965
foundingfatherofthemodernist
movement

CIAM1928
(Congrs Internationaux d'Architecture Moderne ).Attherequestof
arichpatronofarchitects,MadameHlnedeMandrot(1867
i h t
f hit t M d
Hl d M d t(1867
1948),in1928,Sigfried Giedion organizedameetingofleading
ModernarchitectsincludingBerlage ,LeCorbusier,ElLissitzky ,
Rietveld ,andStam
,
Theorganizationwashugelyinfluential.Itwasnotonlyengagedin
formalizingthearchitecturalprinciplesoftheModernMovement,
butalsosawarchitectureasaneconomicandpoliticaltoolthat
couldbeusedtoimprovetheworldthroughthedesignofbuildings
andthroughurbanplanning.

 Itaffirmedthattownplanningistheorganizationoffunctionsof
collectivelife thisappliestobothruralandurbansettlements
four functions of any settlement
fourfunctionsofanysettlement

dwelling
work
recreation
transportation,whichconnectsthefirstthreewithoneanother.

Le
LeCorbusierorganizedinCIAM,AssemblyofConstructorsforan
Corbusier organized in CIAM Assembly of Constructors for an
ArchitecturalRenewal(ASCORAL)whichsystematicallystudiedthe
problemsofconstruction,architectureandcityplanning.

 ItresultedinthepublicationofTheThreeHuman
Establishments.Theexaminationofworkingconditionsina
mechanisticsocietyledtotherecognitionoftheutilityand
necessityofthreeunitestablishmentsindispensablefor
humanactivity:
The
TheFarmingunit
Farming unit thecooperativevillage:aunitfor
the cooperative village : a unit for
agriculturalproduction
Thelinearindustrialcity
Theradioconcentriccity sameasRadiantcity(Ville
Radieuse)fortheexchangeofgoodsandservices.
(modificationsoflaville contemporaine)

Backgroundofvillecontemporaine:philosophyof
Le corbusier
Lecorbusier

Nomatterhowopenandgreen,citiesshouldbefranklyurban,urban
surroundings are to be definitely contrasting with rural surroundings
surroundingsaretobedefinitelycontrastingwithruralsurroundings

Densitiesareinthemselvesnotaproblem.Congestionandslum
conditions in the cities are due to excessive coverage, persistence of old
conditionsinthecitiesareduetoexcessivecoverage,persistenceofold
streetpatternsandunrestrictedlandspeculation

Slumsexistbecauseofthefailuretoprovidethepropersurroundingfor
highdensityliving

Heprotestsagainststrictfunctionalism:Humancreationsthatsurvive
are those which produce emotions and not those which are only
arethosewhichproduceemotions,andnotthosewhichareonly
useful

LAVILLECONTEMPORAINE
(CONCENTRIC CITY) 1922
(CONCENTRICCITY)1922
Cityfor3millionpeoplewasproposedbyLe
City
for 3 million people was proposed by Le
corbusier in1922,whichwasbasedonfour
principles:
Decongestionofthecentreofthecities
Augmentationofthedensity
Enlargementofthemeansofcirculation
Increaseinthenumberofparksandopenspaces

THREEZONES

CENTRALCITY

PROTECTEDGREENBELT

FACTORIES&SATELLITETOWNS
CENTRALCITY

Rectanglecontainingtwocross
axialhighways

Atitsheartwasasixleveltransport
interchange centreformotor,rail
lines(undergroundandmainline
railways)androofofwhichisair
field

24cruciformskyscrapers 60
storeyedofficebuildingwith
density1200ppaandcovers5%of
the ground
theground

Surroundingskyscraperswas
apartmentdistrict 8storey
buildingsarrangedinzigzagrows
with broad openspaces with
withbroadopenspaceswith
densityof120ppa

 Thebuildingsinthecentralareawereraisedon
stilts(pilotis)soastoleavepanoramasofunbroken
greeneryatgroundlevel
Thegeneralimpressionwasmoreofacityinapark
thanofaparklandinthecity
Thecityespousedspace,speed,massproduction
and efficient organisation, but also offered
andefficientorganisation,butalsooffered
combinationofnaturalandurbanenvironments

criticism
Class
Classbasedconceptionoflife
based conception of life differentclasses
different classes
beingseparatelyhoused
Doubtswereexpressedaboutthescaleand
Doubts were expressed about the scale and
degreeofcentralisation

PLANVOISIN1925

18
18doublecruciform60
double cruciform 60
storeyskyscrapers,
placedinan
orthogonalstreetgrid
andparklikegreen
space
Lecorbusierreworked
certainelementsofthe
VilleContemporaine&
applied to a section of paris
appliedtoasectionofparis

three
threeclustersofluxury
clusters of luxury
apartments

Streetsystem
y
Heavytrafficwouldproceedatbasementlevel
y
p
lightertrafficatgroundlevel
fasttrafficshouldflowalonglimitedaccessarterial
roadsthatsuppliedrapidandunobstructedcrosscity
movement
pedestrianisedstreets,whollyseparatefromvehicular
pedestrianised streets wholly separate from vehicular
trafficandplacedataraisedlevel.
Thenumberofexistingstreetswouldbediminishedby
twothirdsduetothenewarrangementsofhousing,
leisurefacilitiesandworkplaces,withsamelevel
crossing points eliminated wherever possible.
crossingpointseliminatedwhereverpossible.

 Critics
Criticsattackeditsfocusonthecentralcity,
attacked its focus on the central city
wherelandvalueswerehighestanddislocations
most difficult
mostdifficult
the
thecreationofvastemptyspacesinplaceof
creation of vast empty spaces in place of
closeknitstreetswiththeirvariedciviclife

LINEARINDUSTRIALCITY

Leavingtheevilsofthesprawlingtown,thenewindustrialcommunities
arelocatedalongthemainarteriesoftransportation water,railand
highwayconnectingtheexistingcities.

Factoriesareplacedalongthemainarteries,separatedfromthe
residentialsectionbythehighwayandagreenstrip

Theresidentialareasincludethehorizontalgardentownofsinglehouses
andverticalapartmentbuildingswithciviccenter.Sports,entertainments,
shoppingandofficefacilitiesaredistributedinthisdistrictandall
pp g
communityfacilitiesareplacedwithinampleopenspace.

LAVILLERADIUSE
(RADIANT CITY)
(RADIANTCITY)

Le
Lecorbusierrearrangedthekeyfeaturesof
corbusier rearranged the key features of
theVilleContemporaine.
Thebasicideasoffreecirculationand
greenery were still present, but the
greenerywerestillpresent,butthe
juxtapositionofdifferentlanduseshad
changed.Forexample,thecentralareawas
nowresidentialinsteadofaskyscraperoffice
core.

ElementsofLeCorbusiersPlan

veryhighdensity
very high density
1,200peopleperacreinskyscrapers
overcrowdedsectorsofParis&Londonrangedfrom
169213pers./acreatthetime
Manhattanhasonly81pers./acre

120peopleperacreinluxuryhouses
120 people per acre in luxury houses
6to10timesdenserthancurrentluxuryhousinginthe
U.S.

multileveltrafficsystemtomanagethe
intensityoftraffic

Analogyofthecitywiththe
abstractimageofaman
b t ti
f
Theskyscrapers(businessarea)oftheVilleContemporaine
wererearrangedawayfromthecitycenteratthe
head[The]bodywasmadeupofacresofhousingstrips
laidoutinasteppingplantogeneratesemicourtsand
harbours ofgreenerycontainingtenniscourts,playingfields
andpaths.
Trafficpattern anorthogonalsystemwithsuperimposed
diagonals&theciviccenterisonthemainaxis
Lightmanufacturing,freightyardsandheavyindustriesatthe
bottom

ElementsofLeCorbusiersPlan
accesstogreenspace
between48%and95%ofthe
surfaceareaisreservedfor
greenspace
gardens
d
squares
sportsfields
restaurants
t
t
theaters
withnosprawl,accesstothe
protectedzone
zone
protected
(greenbelt/openspace)is
quickandeasy

Thelogicofincreasingurban
d it
density
Themoredensethepopulationofacityisthelessare
thedistancesthathavetobecovered.
trafficisincreasedby:
traffic is increased by:
thenumberofpeopleinacity
thedegreetowhichprivatetransportationismoreappealing
(clean, fast, convenient, cheap) than public transportation
(clean,fast,convenient,cheap)thanpublictransportation
theaveragedistancepeopletravelpertrip
thenumberoftripspeoplemustmakeeachweek

Themoral,therefore,isthatwemustincreasethe
densityofthecentresofourcities,wherebusinessaffairs
are carried on
arecarriedon.

C
H
A
N
D
I
G
A
R
H

 Sincepunjabwasdividedintotwoparts,thecapitalwasleftin
p j
p
,
p
pakistanthereforepunjabinindiarequirednewcapital
Thefirstmasterplanforthenewcapitalwasassignedto
AmericanengineerandplannerAlbertMayer,whowasa
friendofClarenceSteinofRadburnfameinNewJersey.
y
Heworkedonthemasterplanwithhisclosestassistant,
MatthewNowicki,untilthelatterdiedinaplanecrashin
1950.Hisdutiesweretotaketheformofarchitectural
control.
control.

 Mayer
Mayerwasn
wasnttnewtoIndia.InDecember,
new to India In December
1949,whenthePunjabgovernment
approached him for the Chandigarh project
approachedhimfortheChandigarhproject,
hewasalreadyassociatedwitharural
development project at Etawah (Uttar
developmentprojectatEtawah(Uttar
Pradesh),andpreparationofmasterplansfor
Greater Bombay and Kanpur
GreaterBombayandKanpur.

 Mayerwasthrilledwiththeprospectofplanningabrandnew
y
p p
p
g
city,andheacceptedtheassignmentalthoughitofferedhim
amodestfeeof$30,000fortheentireproject.
Hisbriefwastoprepareamasterplanforacityofhalfa
millionpeople,showingthelocationofmajorroadsandareas
p p ,
g
j
forresidence,business,industry,recreationandallieduses.
HewasalsotopreparedetailedbuildingplansfortheCapitol
Complex,CityCentre,andimportantgovernmentfacilities
and architectural controls for other areas.
andarchitecturalcontrolsforotherareas.

 The
Themasterplanwhichalbert
master plan which albert mayer produced
produced
forchandigarh assumesafanshaped
outline spreading gentlytofillthesite
outline,spreading
gently to fill the site
betweenthetworiverbeds.
AttheheadoftheplanwastheCapitol,the
seatofthestategovernment,andtheCity
f h
d h Ci
Centrewaslocatedintheheartofthecity.

 Twolinearparklandscouldalsobenoticed
runningcontinuouslyfromthenortheastheadof
i
ti
l f
th
th t h d f
theplaintoitssouthwesterntip.Acurving
network of main roads surrounded the
networkofmainroadssurroundedthe
neighborhoodunitscalledSuperblocks.
firstphaseofthecitywastobedevelopedonthe
northeasternsidetoaccommodate1,50,000
residentsandthesecondphaseontheSouth
westernsideforanother350,000people.

 Mayerlikedthevariationof[Indian]streets,offsettingand
y
f[
]
, ff
g
breakingfromnarrowintowiderandbackandthoughtthat
theywereappropriatetoalandofstrongsunlight,atthe
narrow points his house design involved an inner courtyard
narrowpoints,hishousedesigninvolvedaninnercourtyard
forventilationwithsmallopeningsonthestreetsideto
protectprivacy.
Welovedthislittleinnercourtyard,Mayerwrote,forit
seemed to us to bring the advantages of coolness and dignity
seemedtoustobringtheadvantagesofcoolnessanddignity
intoaquitesmallhouse.

 Anotherelementinplanningwastoplacea
p
g
p
groupofhousesaroundanotverylargecourt,
withtheendssomewhatnarrowing,whichcould
serve as a social unitii.e.agroupofrelativesor
serveasasocialunit
e a group of relatives or
friendsorpeoplefromthesamelocalitymight
livethere,withthecentralareaforplay,gossip,
etc.
t
The
Theneighbourhood
neighbourhood unitsweretocontainschools
units were to contain schools
andlocalshoppingcentres.

 Theflatnessofthesiteallowedalmostcompletefreedomin
creatingstreetlayoutanditisofinteresttonotehatthe
overallpatterndeliberatelyavoidsageometricgridinfavour
ofalooselycurvingsystem.
Thedeathofnowickinecessitatedtheselectionofanew
architect for chandigarh When mayer resigned the indian
architectforchandigarh.Whenmayerresigned,theindian
authoritiesputtogetheranew,europeanplanningteam.The
twoappointedadministrators,vermaandthapar,decidedon
the renowned swiss architect le corbusier whose name was
therenownedswissarchitect,lecorbusier,whosenamewas
suggestedbythebritisharchitectsmaxwellfryandhiswife
janedrew.

 At
Atfirst,lecorbusier
first, le corbusier wasnotkeentotakethe
was not keen to take the
assignment,butwaspersuadedbyverma.Le
corbusier's loftyvisionsandidealswerein
harmonywithnehru's aspirations.
LeCorbusierrequestedtheassistanceofhis
cousinPierreJeanneret.Jeanneret eventually
agreedtoliveonthesiteashisrepresentative
andchiefarchitect.

 LeCorbusiercouldthenvisitIndiatwiceayearfora
y
monthatatime(hecametothesite22times).Thus,
Jeanneret,togetherwithFryandDrew,assenior
architects working in India for a period of three years
architectsworkinginIndiaforaperiodofthreeyears
andassistedbyateamof20idealisticyoungIndian
architects,woulddetailtheplanandLeCorbusier
p
couldconcentrateonmajorbuildings.
Allfouroftheprotagonistsweremembersofthe
Congres Internationaux d'Architecture Moderne
(CIAM).
(CIAM)

THREEDISCIPLINES

The
Thedisciplineofmoney
discipline of money
Lecorbuiseronceremarkedthatindiahas
the treasures of a proud culture,but her
thetreasuresofaproudculture,buther
coffersareempty.Andthroughoutthe
projectthedesireforgrandnesswas
hamperedbytheneedforstricteconomy.In
workinguphisdesigns,lecorbuiserconsulted
theprogramforeachbuildingasgiveninthe
h
f
h b ildi
i
i h
budgetandthenpreparedtheinitialproject.

THREEDISCIPLINES

The
Thedisciplineoftechnology
discipline of technology
Availableinquantity,however,wasgoodclay
stone and sand and above allhumanlabour.
stoneandsand,and,aboveall
human labour
Thematerialsofwhichchandigarhhasbeen
constructed are rough concrete in the capitol
constructedareroughconcreteinthecapitol
complexandthecentralbusinessdistrictand
for most of the city especially in
formostofthecity,especiallyin
housing,locallyproducedbrick.

THREEDISCIPLINES

The
Thedisciplineofclimate
discipline of climate
Besidestheadministrativeandfinancial
regulatons there was a law of the sun in india
regulatonstherewasalawofthesuninindia.
Thearchitecturalproblemconsists;firstto
make shade second to make a current of air[to
makeshade,secondtomakeacurrentofair[to
ventilate],thirdtocontrolhydraulics.

 Asthemosteconomicalandreadilyavailable
y
materialforbuildingatchandigarhwaslocallymade
brick.
Theflatroofwasemployedthroughoutin
h fl
f
l d h
h
chandigarhhousingbecauseofitsusefulnessasa
sleeping area
sleepingarea
70%ofthebuildingwouldbeprivateinallthe
sectors.
Residentialplotsrangingindimensionsfrom75sq.
Yardsto5000sqyards.

 Lecorbuiser wasresponsibleforthegeneraloutlinesofthe
masterplanandthecreationofthemonumental
buildlings,while pierre jeanneret,maxwell fryandjane drew
werechargedwiththetaskofdevelopingtheneighbourhood
sectorswiththeirschools,shopping bazaars,and thetractsof
governmenthousing.
Intheprogrampresentedtothearchitects,13categoriesof
houseswerespecified,eachcorrespondingtoalevelof
government employment
governmentemployment.
Smallwindowsopeningshavebeenconsistentlyemployed

 ThecityofChandigarhwastheculminationofLe
ec yo
a d ga
as e cu
a o o e
corbusiers life.
Thiscityisliketheman.Itisnotgentle.Itishardand
assertive.Itisnotpractical;itisriddledwithmistakes
madenotinerrorbutinarrogance.
d
ti
b ti
It
Itisdislikedbysmallminds,butnotbybigones.Itis
is disliked by small minds but not by big ones It is
unforgettable.ThemanwhoadoredtheMediterranean
hasherefoundfulfillment,inthescorchingheatofIndia.
,
g

GEOGRAPHICAL
LOCATION
Itwasboundbytwoseasonalchoes,orrivulets,the
patiali Rao andtheSukhna inthenorthwestandthe
southeastrespectively.Itextendsinthenortheastright
uptothefoothillsoftheshivaliks.
Theregionexperiencesextremesintheclimate.The
temperature could rise to 45 degrees in summer and
temperaturecouldriseto45degreesinsummerand
droptofreezingpointinwinter.
Th
Thedirectionoftheprevalentwindsissoutheasttothe
di ti
f th
l t i d i
th t t th
northwestinsummerandnorthwesttothesoutheastin
winter.

 thebasicframeworkofthemasterplanandits
p
componentstheCapitol,CityCentre,university,
industrialarea,andalinearparkland as
conceived by Mayer and Nowicki wereretained
conceivedbyMayerandNowicki
were retained
byLeCorbusier.
Therestructuredmasterplanalmostcoveredthe
samesiteandtheneighbourhood unitwas
retained as the main module of the plan
retainedasthemainmoduleoftheplan.

 TheSuperblockwasreplacedbynowwhatiscalledthe
p
p
y
Sectorcoveringanareaof91hectares,approximately
thatofthethreeblockneighbourhood unitplannedby
Mayer.
Mayer
The
TheCityCentre,therailwaystationandtheindustrial
City Centre, the railway station and the industrial
areasbyandlargeretainedtheiroriginallocations.
However,theCapitol,thoughstillsitedattheprime
locationofthenortheasterntipoftheplan,wasshifted
slightly to the northwest
slightlytothenorthwest.

THEBIOLOGICAL
ANALOGY
LeCorbusierlikedtocomparethecityhe
Le
Corbusier liked to compare the city he
plannedtoabiologicalentity:
theheadwastheCapitol,
theCityCentrewastheheartand
theinstitutionalareaandtheuniversitywas
y
limbs.

 LeCorbusieridentifiedfourbasicfunctionsofacity:living,
working,circulation andcareofthebodyandspirit
Each
Eachsectorwasprovidedwithitsownshoppingand
sector was provided with its own shopping and
communityfacilities,schoolsandplacesofworship.
Circulation wasofgreatimportancetoLeCorbusierand
determined the other three basic functions
determinedtheotherthreebasicfunctions.
Bycreatingahierarchyofroads,LeCorbusiersoughttomake
everyplaceinthecityswiftlyandeasilyaccessibleandatthe
sametimeensuretranquilityandsafetyoflivingspaces.

THE PERIPHERY CONTROL ACT

THEPERIPHERYCONTROLACT
ThePeripheryControlActof1952createdawide
p y
greenbeltaroundtheentireunionterritory.
Itregulatedalldevelopmentwithin16kilometers
ofthecitylimit,prohibitedtheestablishmentof
any other town or village and forbade
anyothertownorvillageandforbade
commercialorindustrialdevelopment.
TheideawastoguaranteethatChandigarhwould
alwaysbesurroundedbycountryside.

INDUSTRY
Despitehisbiasagainstindustry,LeCorbusierwaspersuaded
p
g
y,
p
tosetaside235hectaresfornonPolluting,lightindustryon
theextremesoutheasternsideneartherailwaylineasfar
away from the Educational Sector and Capitol as possible Of
awayfromtheEducationalSectorandCapitolaspossible.Of
this,136hectaresweretobedevelopedduringthefirst
phase.
Intheeventofthecityexpandingsouthward,LeCorbusier
suggested the creation of an additional industrial area in the
suggestedthecreationofanadditionalindustrialareainthe
southernpartofthecitywhereasecondrailwaystationcould
beestablished.

SECTOR
LeCorbusierandhisteamreplacedsuperblockswitha
geometric matrix of generic neighbourhood units,
geometricmatrixofgenericneighbourhood
units sectors
sectors .
Thenewcityplanrepresentedageneralcitythatcould,likea
romanmilitarysettlement,beplacedonanyflatpieceofland.
LeCorbusierclaimedthatthe firstphaseofexistenceisto
py p
p
occupyspaceandthenewplanallowedforsuchan
expansion.
However
However,thecitywasplannedtohouseanumberof1,50,000
the city was planned to house a number of 1 50 000
inhabitantsinitsfirstphase,realizedbetween195166,and
500000initsfinalstage.

 Theneighbourhood itselfissurroundedbythefasttraffic
roadcalledV3intersectingatthejunctionsofthe
neighbourhood unitcalledsectorwithadimensionof800
metersby1200meters.
Theentranceofcarsintothesectorsof800metersby1200m,
which are exclusively reserved to family life can take place on
whichareexclusivelyreservedtofamilylife,cantakeplaceon
fourpointsonly;inthemiddleofthe1200m.inthemiddleof
the800meters.
Allstoppageofcirculationshallbeprohibitedatthefour
circuses,attheanglesoftheSectors.

 Thebusstopsareprovidedeachtimeat200metersfromthe
circussoastoservethefourpedestrianentrancesintoa
sector.
Thus,thetransittraffictakesplaceoutofthesectors:the
sectorsbeingsurroundedbyfourwallboundcarroads
without openings (the V3s)
withoutopenings(theV3s).
Andthis(anoveltyintownplanninganddecisive)wasapplied
atChandigarh:nohouse(orbuilding)dooropensonthe
thoroughfareofrapidtraffic.

 Takingchandigarhasanexample,wemayseeatoncethe
g
g
p ,
y
democraticideawhichallowsustodevoteanequalcareto
housingallclassesofsocietytoseeknewsocialgroupings
Eachsectorisdesignatedbynumber,thecapitalcomplex
beingnumber1,withtheremainingsectorsnumbered
g
,
g
consecutivelybeginningatthenorthcornerofthecity.
Thereare30sectorsinchandigarh,ofwhich24areresidential.
Thesectorsattheupperedgeofthecityareofabbreviated
size.
size

OPENSPACES

Some
Some800hectaresofgreenopenspaceare
800 hectares of green open space are
spreadovertheapproximately114square
kilometersoftheCapitalProjectarea.
MajoropenareasincludetheLeisureValley,
SukhnaLake,RockGardenandmanyother
specialgardens.
Inaddition,thesectorsarevertically
integratedbygreenspaceorientedinthe
directionofthemountains.

LANDSCAPING
Landscapingproceededsidebysidewiththeconstructionof
p gp
y
thecityfromtheveryinception.Threespaceswereidentified
forspecialplantation:theroadsides,spacesaroundimportant
buildings parks and special features such as Sukhna Lake
buildings,parksandspecialfeaturessuchasSukhnaLake.
LeCorbusierscontributiontolandscapingwasofcategorising
p g
g
g
treeforms.Hemadeasimpleanalysisofthefunctionalneeds
andaestheticsuitabilityforthevariousareas,devotingspecial
attention to specific roads
attentiontospecificroads.

 p
prominentfloweringtreesaregulmohar(Delonixregia),
g
g
(
g ),
amaltas(Cassiafistula),kachnar(Bauhineavariegata),pink
cassia(CassiaJavanica) andsilveroak(Grevillearobusta).
Amongtheconspicuousnonfloweringtreesonefindskusum
A
th
i
fl
i t
fi d k
(Schleichetatrijuga)andpilkhan(Ficusinfectoria)alongV3
roadsides.
Thesetrees,notedfortheirvast,thickspreadingcanopies
formgreatvaultingsheltersovermanyofthecitysroads.
Inall,morethan100differenttreespecieshavebeenplanted
I ll
h 100 diff
i h
b
l
d
in(Fieusreligosa)Chandigarh.

HOUSING
Lowercategoryresidentialbuildingsaregovernedbya
g y
g
g
y
mechanismknownasframecontroltocontroltheir
facades.
Thisfixesthebuildinglineandheightandtheuseofbuilding
Thi fi
th b ildi li
d h i ht d th
f b ildi
materials.
Certainstandardsizesofdoorsandwindowsarespecifiedand
p
allthegatesandboundarywallsmustconformtostandard
design.
Thisparticularlyappliestohousesbuiltonsmallplotsof250
Thi
i l l
li
h
b il
ll l
f 250
squaremetresorless.

7Vs
The7Vsestablishesahierarchyoftrafficcirculationranging
from:arterialroads(V1),majorboulevards(V2)sector
definers(V3),shoppingstreets(V4),neighbourhoodstreets
(V5),accesslanes(V6)andpedestrianpathsandcycletracks
(V7sandV8s).
V1
V1CONNECTSCHANDIGARHTOOTHERCITIES
CONNECTS CHANDIGARH TO OTHER CITIES
V2ARETHEMAJORAVENUESOFTHECITYE.GMADHYA
MARGETC
V3ARETHECORRIDORSSTREETSFORVEHICULARTRAFFIC
ONLY
V4..V7ARETHEROADSWITHINTHESECTORS
V4..V7 ARE THE ROADS WITHIN THE SECTORS

PLAN OF THE CITY

PLANOFTHECITY

THECAPITOLCOMPLEX
Theareaofthegreatestsymbolicsignificanceinchandigarhwasthe
capitolcomplex,whichinitsfinalformwasbasedonthedesignof
agraetcrossaxis
Themostimportantgroupofthebuildingsconstitutingthecapitol
p
g p
g
g
p
right,theparliament leftandinthebackground,thesecretariat
Intheforeground,thepoolofthepalaceofjustice
Theartificialhillsinthefrontofthesecretariathavenotbeen
The artificial hills in the front of the secretariat have not been
createdandlaidoutinaccordancewithcoebusiersconceptions
Althoughthesceneisharmoniusineffect,therearestillmissingthe
buildingsthatbelonghere,suchas,forinstance,thetowersof
shadows

SITEPLAN
OPENHAND

GOVERNOR,SPALACE

HIGHCOURT

ASSEMBLY

SECRETARIAT

ARCHITECTURALFEATURES

PARASOLROOF
FORMING ARCHES
FORMINGARCHES
DOUBLEROOF
GAPLEFTBETWEEN
TWOROOFS
COLOURED MASSIVE PILLARS
COLOUREDMASSIVEPILLARS
FULLHTENTRANCE

AR 0416, Town Planning & Human Settlements,

UNIT IV
UNITIV
ZONING AND DEVELOPMENT CONTROL

CT.Lakshmanan B.Arch.,, M.C.P.

AP(SG)/Architecture

TOPICSTOBECOVERED

REGIONALPLANNING
REGIONAL PLANNING
CENTRALPLACETHEORY

SUBDIVISIONREGULATION
SUBDIVISION REGULATION
ZONING

RegionalPlanning

WhatisaRegion?

y anareawithcertaincharacteristics,often

meresize,byvirtueofwhichitisadoptedasa
suitableunitforsomeparticularpurposeof
businessandadministration.
y Itisalsoanareawhichishomogeneousin

respectofsomeparticularsetof
associatedconditions
i t d
diti ,whetherofthelandor
h h
f h l d

ofthepeople,suchasindustry,farming,
distributionofpopulation,commerce,orthe
generalsphereofinfluenceofacity.
l h
f fl
f
y Aregioningeneraltermsisenvisagedasanatural
unit,incontrasttotheartificialunitcreatedfor
,
administrativepurposes.

CentralPlacetheoryy

discovered
discoveredthatthereissome
that there is some
orderingprinciplegoverningthe
distributionoftownsandcities,that
is,settlementsconcernedwiththe
provisionofgoodsandservices
developedatheoryregardingthe
gradationoftownsandthedegreeof
centralizedservices

centralplace
p
y centralplaceisdefinedasasettlementproviding
p
p
g
servicesforthepopulationofitshinterland(knownas
complementaryregion),supplyingitwithcentralgoods
and services (educational leisure and cultural facilities)
andservices(educational,leisureandculturalfacilities)
aswellasthoseofretailandwholesaletrade.
BasicelementsofChristaller theoryare
y Acentralgood
y Acentralplace
y Acomplimentaryregion

y IntheCentralPlaceTheory(CPT)ofChristaller,
In the Central Place Theory (CPT) of Christaller
centralitymeansimportance.Itismanifested
bythequantityandqualityofdifferentservices
y
q
y
q
y
andfunctionsprovidedbythesettlement.
y Itisdefinedasthefunctionalimportanceof
settlement of the central place. Functions
settlementofthecentralplace.Functions
determinethecentralityofthecentreandnot
thelocation.

y Oneofthemostimportantcharacteristicsofacentral
functionisthatitgeneratesspatialinteractions,
throughthemovementofmen,materialsandideas
betweenthecenterplaceandthecomplimentary
p
p
y
regionsurroundingit.Rarethefunction,thehigherthe
rangeoftheinteraction.
y Eachcenterhasitscomplimentaryareaandfromthe
centeremanatesthecentrifugalordistributive
functions and from the complimentary areas to the
functionsandfromthecomplimentaryareastothe
centergravitatecentripetalactivitiesoractivitiesof
collection.

AssumptionsofCentralPlace
Theory
Th
(1)TheLandscapeisevenwithanevendistributionofnatural
resourcesandanevenspreadofpopulation
d
d f
l ti
i
invariablyassumed
i bl
d
tobefarmers.Peopledothemarketinginacirculararea.
(2)Theradiusofthecircleofthemarketingi.e.theextentofthe
marketisthefunctionoftransportcost.Thecirclessooverlapthat
market
is the function of transport cost The circles so overlap that
thecommonareasofoverlapprovidehexagonalshapes,andall
consumersandareaareservedbyvariouscenters.
(3)Populationisevenlydistributedinallthedirectionsandthe
movementofpeopleinallthedirectionsisunimpededandinvolves
equalunittransportcost.
(4)Allpeoplearerational:theywanttominimizecost(transportcost
and the time cost of traveling in particular) and maximize gains
andthetimecostoftravelinginparticular)andmaximizegains.
(5)Alltheconsumershavethesamepurchasingpower

(6)Lowerorderfunctionsareavailableatlowerorderplacesand
hi h
higherorderfunctionsathigherorderplaces,thoughhigherorder
d f ti
t hi h
d
l
th
h hi h
d
settlementshavemanylowerorderfunctionsalso.
(7)Therelationshipbetweensettlementnodesisorderlyandnot
disorderly There is a hierarchy of functions related to the hierarchy
disorderly.Thereisahierarchyoffunctionsrelatedtothehierarchy
ofsettlements.Ineveryfieldtherearefacilitiesrangingfromthe
lowesttothehighestorder.(Primaryschooltoinstitutesto
specializelearningandresearch;villagedispensarytospecialized
i tit t
institutesofsurgery/medicaltreatment;onecounterbanktobig
f
/
di l t t
t
t b k t bi
banks).
(8)Eachlowerorhigherorderservicerequiresthresholdpopulation.
A cinema hall will require a minimum filmviewing
Acinemahallwillrequireaminimumfilm
viewingpublicto(say)
public to (say)
500memberspershow.Athresholdpopulationandefficiencyof
transportsystem(Lowtransportcost)willsustainafacility.

y Nowletusassumeafarmersellinghis
produce at point A as in the diagram
produceatpointAasinthediagram.
Otherfarmersarewillingtotraveldistance
atopurchasefromthisfarmer.
y Sincewehaveassumedthattravelis
h
h
l
equallyeasyinalldirections,themarket
areaforthefarmeratAisgivenbythe
circlewithradiusa.
y Intimemoreproducersmaydeveloptheir
own separate market areas as shown in the
ownseparatemarketareasasshowninthe
diagram.
y Withthedevelopmentoftransportation
and communications the market areas will
andcommunicationsthemarketareaswill
expandandtherewillbeanattemptto
coverthemaximumpossiblespace.
y Withcircularmarketareaswecanhavea
With i l
k t
h
situationasinthediagram

y Whileinthediagramthereareseveralunserved areas
(theshadedregioninthefigure),inthediagramthere
isconsiderableoverlapping.Neitheroftheseinstances
g
givesastableresult.
y Whileintheformercasetheunserved areaswillhave
tobesplitequallybetweenneighboringareas,inthe
latter consumers in the shaded region will tend to
latterconsumersintheshadedregionwilltendto
choosethenearestcentre.
y Ultimatelyhexagonalmarketareaswillemergeas
given in the diagram It is only this hexagonal
giveninthediagram.Itisonlythishexagonal
arrangementthatensuresanefficientdivisionofspace
betweenanumberofcentralplaces.

formalandfunctionalregions
g

Delineationofformalregions:
g
y Groupingtogetheroflocalunitswithsimilar
characteristicsaccordingtocertainclearly
defined criteria but which differ significantly
definedcriteria,butwhichdiffersignificantly
fromunitsoutsidetheregiononthebasisof
chosencriteria
Delineationoffunctionalregion:
y Involvinggroupingtogetheroflocalunitsthat
displayaconsiderabledegreeof
interdependence.
interdependence

Regionalplanning
g
p
g

Regionalplanningisacategoryofplanning
anddevelopmentthatdealswithdesigning
andplacinginfrastructureandother
elementsacrossalargearea.
l
t
l
Regionalplanningzonesmayencompass
severaltowns,citiesorevenpartsof
diff
differentstates,eachofwhichcouldhave
t t t
h f hi h
ld h
theirownplanningofficesintherealmof
urbanplanning
planning"
urban

PLANNINGREGIONSOFTAMILNADU
y Madrasmetropolitanregion AreacoveredbyChingleput
District and palar basininthenortharcot
Districtandpalar
basin in the north arcot district
y VelloreRegioni.e.theremainingpartsofthenortharcot
district
y Southarcot
South arcot regionincludingcuddalore
region including cuddalore neyveli ligniteare
lignite are
andponniar basin
y Salemregion
y Coimbatoreregion
Coimbatore region
y Nilgiris region
y Tiruchirapalli Thanjavur regionorcauveri deltaregion
y Madurairegion
Madurai region
y Tirunelveli regionincludingkanyakumari

subdivision regulation
subdivisionregulation
Earlierineverycitymuchlandiseithervacantor
inefficiently used speculativeprospect
inefficientlyused
speculative prospect
Various
Variousmethodshavebeenproposedtoemphasize
methods have been proposed to emphasize
taxationonland
Necessityforregulationsoverthesubdivisionof
urbanlandwasurgent,sinceuseanddevelopment
of land constitute a right bestowed by the
oflandconstitutearightbestowedbythe
communityupontheindividual,andthisrightmay
bewithdrawnifheviolatestheconditions

Subdivisionandlayout
y

Apieceoflanddividedintomorethan8
p
parcels,eachofwhichistobesold
p
y
y
,
separatelyiscalledLayout,
whereaslessthanorequalto8divisionsis
whereas
less than or equal to 8 divisions is
calledasubdivisionofland

Many interests involved

Manyinterestsinvolved
Tothelanddeveloperthesubdividingofland
is primarily a matter of profit
isprimarilyamatterofprofit
Tothecommunity,itisamatterofpublic
concern Activities determine quality of living
concernActivitiesdeterminequalityofliving
Wheresuchactivitiesareuncontrolled,they
placeburdenonpublictreasury excessive
costofpublicimprovementsand
t f bli i
t
d
maintenance,increaseincostofservices

Transformingcityplanto
reality
li
Many
Manyelementsintheoverallplanarerealized
elements in the overall plan are realized
atthetimethelandisdeveloped
Highways,streetsandalleys,sewerandwater
lines power lines schools transportation
lines,powerlines,schools,transportation
lines,policeandfireprotection
Thecityplaniseitherrealizedoritislostin
thesubdivisionofland
h
bdi i i
fl d

Subdivisionprocedure
p

Land
Landissurveyed
is surveyed
Officialsrecordsconsulted proposed
highway special easements right of way etc
highway,specialeasements,rightofwayetc.
Amenities,culturalandsocialfacilities
ReferSubdivisionordinances
Plannerorengineertopreparepreliminary
g
p p
p
y
plan includesize,shapenooflots,location
ofstreets,radii,drainage,utilitiesetc.
,
,
g ,

Subdivisionprocedure
p

Estimate
Estimateisprepared
is prepared costofdevelopment
cost of development
Tentativemapisfilewithlocalagency
approval obtained else
approvalobtainedelse
Incorporatesuggestionmade,ifanyandre
submit
b i

Zoningg

Zoning isadeviceoflanduseregulationused
is a device of land use regulation used
bylocalgovernmentsinmostdeveloped
countries.
countries
Th
Thewordisderivedfromthepracticeof
di d i df
h
i
f
designatingpermittedusesofland,basedon
mappedzoneswhichseparateonesetofland
d
hi h
fl d
usesfromanother.

 Theoretically
Theoretically,theprimarypurposeofzoningis
the primary purpose of zoning is
tosegregateusesthatarethoughttobe
incompatible.
incompatible
IInpractice,zoningisusedtopreventnew
i
i i
d
developmentfrominterfereing withexisting
residents
id
orbusinesses
b i
andtopreservethe
d
h
"character"ofacommunity.

Zoningmayincluderegulationofthe
kindsofactivitieswhichwillbeacceptableon
particular lots (suchasopenspace,residential,
particularlots
(such as open space, residential,
agricultural,commercialorindustrial),
thedensitiesatwhichthoseactivitiescanbe
performed (from lowdensity housing suchassingle
performed(fromlowdensityhousing
such as single
familyhomestohighdensitysuchashighrise
apartmentbuildings),
th h i ht f b ildi
theheightofbuildings,
theamountofspacestructuresmayoccupy,
the location of a building on the lot (setbacks),
thelocationofabuildingonthelot(setbacks),
theproportionsofthetypesofspaceonalot,suchas
howmuch landscapedspace,impervioussurface,
traffic lanes and parking mustbeprovided.
trafficlanes,andparking
must be provided

 Mostzoningsystemshaveaprocedurefor
g y
p
grantingvariances(exceptionstothezoning
rules),usuallybecauseofsomeperceived
hardship caused by the particular nature of the
hardshipcausedbytheparticularnatureofthe
property inquestion.
Basically,urbanzonesfallintooneoffivemajor
categories:residential,mixedresidential
commercial commercial industrial and special
commercial,commercial,industrialandspecial
(e.g.powerplants,sportscomplexes,airports,
shoppingmallsetc.).

Zoning types
Zoningtypes
Zoning
Zoningcodeshaveevolvedovertheyearsas
codes have evolved over the years as
urbanplanningtheoryhaschanged,legal
constraints have fluctuated and political
constraintshavefluctuated,andpolitical
prioritieshaveshifted.
Thevariousapproachestozoningcanbe
The various approaches to zoning can be
dividedintofourbroadcategories:Euclidean,
Performance Incentive and Design based
Performance,Incentive,andDesignbased.

Standard Euclidean
StandardEuclidean
Alsoknownas
Also known as "Building
BuildingBlock
Block"zoning
zoning
characterizedbythesegregationoflanduses
h
i db h
i
fl d
intospecifiedgeographicdistrictsand
di
dimensionalstandardsstipulatinglimitations
i
l
d d i l i li i i
onthemagnitudeofdevelopmentactivity
thatisallowedtotakeplaceonlotswithin
h i ll
d
k l
l
i hi
eachtypeofdistrict

Standard Euclidean
StandardEuclidean
Uses
Useswithineachdistrictareusuallyheavily
within each district are usually heavily
prescribedtoexcludeothertypesofuses
(residential districts typically disallow
(residentialdistrictstypicallydisallow
commercialorindustrialuses).
Some"accessory"or"conditional"usesmay
b ll
beallowedinordertoaccommodatethe
di
d
d
h
needsoftheprimaryuses.

Standard Euclidean
StandardEuclidean
Dimensionalstandardsapplytoanystructuresbuilton
pp y
y
lotswithineachzoningdistrict,andtypicallytakethe
formofsetbacks,heightlimits,minimumlotsizes,lot
coverage limits and other limitations on the "building
coveragelimits,andotherlimitationsonthe
building
envelope
Euclideanzoningisutilizedbysomemunicipalities
becauseofitsrelativeeffectiveness,easeof
implementation (one set of explicit prescriptive rules)
implementation(onesetofexplicit,prescriptiverules),
longestablishedlegalprecedent,andfamiliarityto
plannersanddesignprofessionals.

Euclidean II Zoning
EuclideanIIZoning
Euclidean
EuclideanIIZoningusestraditionalEuclidean
II Zoning uses traditional Euclidean
zoningclassifications(industrial,commercial,
multifamily
multi
family,residential,etc.)butplacesthem
residential etc ) but places them
inahierarchicalorder"nesting"onezoning
class within another similar
classwithinanothersimilar

Euclidean II Zoning
EuclideanIIZoning
Forexample,multifamilyisnotonlypermittedin
o e a p e, u t a y s ot o y pe tted
"higherorder"multifamilyzoningdistricts,but
alsopermittedinhighordercommercialand
industrialzoningdistrictsaswell.
d
l
d
ll
Protectionoflandvaluesismaintainedby
stratifyingthezoningdistrictsintolevels
according to their location in the urban society
accordingtotheirlocationintheurbansociety
(neighborhood,community,municipality,and
region).
g )

Performance zoning
Performancezoning
Alsoknownas
Also known as "effectsbased
effects basedplanning
planning
performancezoningusesperformancebased
f
i
f
b d
orgoalorientedcriteriatoestablishreview
parametersforproposeddevelopment
f
dd l
projectsinanyareaofamunicipality.

Performance zoning
Performancezoning
Performance
Performancezoningoftenutilizesa
zoning often utilizes a "points
points
based"systemwherebyapropertydeveloper
can apply credits toward meeting established
canapplycreditstowardmeetingestablished
zoninggoalsthroughselectingfroma'menu'
of compliance options (some examples
ofcomplianceoptions(someexamples
include:mitigationofenvironmentalimpacts,
providing public amenities building affordable
providingpublicamenities,buildingaffordable
housingunits,etc.).

Performance zoning
Performancezoning
The
Theappealofperformancezoningliesinits
appeal of performance zoning lies in its
highlevelofflexibility,rationality,
transparency and accountability
transparencyandaccountability
performancezoningcanbeextremelydifficult
f
i
b
l diffi l
toimplementandcanrequireahighlevelof
di
discretionaryactivityonthepartofthe
i
i i
h
f h
supervisingauthority

Incentivezoning
incentivezoningisintendedtoprovidearewardbased
systemtoencouragedevelopmentthatmeetsestablished
urbandevelopmentgoals
Typically,abaselevelofprescriptivelimitationson
development will be established and an extensive list of
developmentwillbeestablishedandanextensivelistof
incentivecriteriawillbeestablishedfordevelopersto
adoptornotattheirdiscretion.
Arewardscaleconnectedtotheincentivecriteriaprovides
anenticementfordeveloperstoincorporatethedesired
development criteria into their projects
developmentcriteriaintotheirprojects.

Incentivezoningg
CommonexamplesincludeFAR(floorarearatio)
Co
o e a p es c ude
( oo a ea at o)
bonusesforaffordablehousingprovidedonsite,
andheightlimitbonusesfortheinclusionof
publicamenitiesonsite.
bl
Incentivezoningallowsforahighdegreeof
flexibility,butcanbecomplextoadminister.The
more a proposed development takes advantage
moreaproposeddevelopmenttakesadvantage
ofincentivecriteria,themorecloselyithastobe
reviewedonadiscretionarybasis
y

Formbasedzoning
FFormbasedzoningregulatesnotthetypeofland
b d
i
l t
t th t
fl d
use,buttheformthatthatlandusemaytake.For
instance,formbasedzoninginadenseareamay
g
y
insistonlowsetbacks,highdensity,and
pedestrianaccessibilityamongotherthings.
Formbasedzoningalsomayspecifydesirable
designfeatures,howeverwhenformbasedcodes
g
,
donotcontainappropriateillustrationsand
diagrams,theyhavebeencriticizedasbeing
difficult to interpret
difficulttointerpret

Form based zoning

Formbasedzoning
As
Asanotherexample,inalargelysuburban
another example in a largely suburban
singlefamilyresidentialarea,usessuchas
offices retail or even light industrial could be
offices,retail,orevenlightindustrialcouldbe
permittedsolongastheyconformed(setback,
building size lot coverage height and other
buildingsize,lotcoverage,height,andother
factors)withotherexistingdevelopmentin
the area
thearea.

AR0416TownPlanning&HumanSettlements

UNITV
INTRODUCTIONTOHUMANSETTLEMENTS

CT.Lakshmanan B.Arch.,M.C.P.
AP(SG)/Architecture

TOPICSTOBECOVERED

growth
growthanddecayofhumansettlements
and decay of human settlements
influenceofsocioeconomicfactorsinthe
development of human settlements
developmentofhumansettlements

fivemajorphases
j p
Primitivenonorganisedhumansettlements(startedwith
theevolutionofman.)
Primitiveorganisedsettlements(theperiodofvillages
eopolis whichlastedabout10,000years.)
eopolis
which lasted about 10 000 years )
Staticurbansettlementsorcities(polis whichlasted
about5,0006,000years.)
Dynamicurbansettlements(dynapolis whichlasted200
400years.)
Theuniversalcity(ecumenopolis
Th
i
l it (
li whichisnow
hi h i
beginning.)

Primitivenonorganisedhumansettlements
The
Thecommunitiestakeupasmallerareawherethey
communities take up a smaller area where they
areagricultural,andalargeronewheretheyare
huntingandcattlebreedingcommunities.
onamacroscale,theyconsistsofanucleuswhichis
thebuiltuppartofthehumansettlement,and
severalpartswhichleadoutintotheopen,thinning
outuntiltheydisappear

 Thereisnophysical
linesconnectingthis
primitive settlement
primitivesettlement
withothers;thereare
nonetworksbetween
settlements.

Primitiveorganisedsettlements
era
eraoforganisedagriculture,settlementsalsobegan
of organised agriculture, settlements also began
toshowsomecharacteristicsoforganisation
Ininitialthehumanhadoneroomdwellingin
g
circularform,toorganisetherelationshipofhis
communitywithothercommunitiesheexpandedhis
dwellingbyplacingmanyroundformssidebyside

Duetothelossofspacebetweenthem,theydevelopedmoreregular
shapeswithnospacelostbetweenthem.Theevolutionreachedthe
stageatwhicharectilinearpatterndevelopsintoaregulargrid iron
one.

Staticurbansettlements
Assettlementsgrewinsize,mancametorealisethatthe
g
,
principleofthesinglenucleuswasnotalwaysvalidinthe
internalorganisationofthetotalshellsofthecommunity,at
this single nodal point which was adequate for the village and
thissinglenodalpoint,whichwasadequateforthevillageand
forsmallcities,nolongersufficed.
Thefirstthingtohappenwastheexpansionofthenucleusin
oneormoredirections;itwasnolongerlimitedtothe
settlement'sscenterofgravity.
settlement
center of gravity

Example:ThesmallsettlementofPriene,inancientGreece,
Example:
The small settlement of Priene in ancient Greece
wherethecentralnucleusexpandedintwoways:
firstinalinearformalongamainstreetwhichcontained
shopsthatwouldnormallybeclusteredinthecentralagora
secondlythroughthedecentralisationofsomefunctions,such
dl h
h h d
li i
f
f
i
h
astemples.

Dynamicurbansettlement

In
Inthedynamicurbanphase,settlementsin
the dynamic urban phase settlements in
spacearecharacterisedbycontinuousgrowth.
Hence,alltheirproblemsarecontinuously
i
intensifiedandnewonescontinuously
ifi d d
i
l
created.

 Dynamicsettlements,createdasaresultofanindustrial
y
,
technologicalrevolution,multiplyinginnumberandform,and
nowbeingcreatedatanevenhigherrate.
Theevilsdescribedinthemaretheevilsofyesterdaywhich
Th
il d
ib d i th
th
il f
t d
hi h
arebeingmultipliedtodayinaverydangerousmanner.
Thismakesthedynamicsettlementcompletelydifferentfrom
y
p
y
anyothercategoryofsettlementsandarealthreatto
humanityitself.

man'spositionisdangerousinthe
p
g
dynamicsettlement

EarlyDynapolis
y y p
Thisisthephasewhensmallindependenthuman
settlementswithindependentadministrative
l
i hi d
d
d i i
i
unitsarebeginningtogrowbeyondtheirinitial
bou da es.
boundaries.
Fromtheeconomicpointofviewthis
p
developmentisrelatedtoindustrialisation,and
fromthetechnologicalpointofviewtothe
railroad era which first made commuting from
railroadera,whichfirstmadecommutingfrom
distancepointspossible.

Metropolis I Dynametropolis
MetropolisIDynametropolis
fateofthehistoricalmetropoliseshasbeen
dynamicgrowth,astaticphase,andthen
death
staticphaseforametropolisistheprelude
ofitsdeclineanddeath
dynamicmetropolis,afterlosingits
momentumforgrowth,becomesnegatively
d
dynamic.
i

M l
MegalopolisIDynamegalopolis
li I D
l
li
A
Amegalopolishasthesameexternalcharacteristics
megalopolis has the same external characteristics
asthemetropolis,theonlydifferencebeingthat
everyphenomenonappearsonamuchlargerscale.
Itischaracteristicthatallphenomenonofthe
p
developmentofhumansettlementsuptothe
metropolisshownona100sq.km.Scale,for
megalopoliswouldbe1,000sq.km.
l
l
ld b
k

Ecumenopolis
p
Regardless
Regardlessofwhetherdynamicsettlementsare
of whether dynamic settlements are
simple(Dynapolis),orcomposite(metropolisesand
megalopolises),theyhavebeengrowing
continuouslyduringthelastcenturiesandthisis
apparenteverywhereatpresenti.e.thewholeEarth
willbecoveredbyonehumansettlement
ill b
db
h
ttl
t

INFLUENCE OF SOCIO-ECONOMIC FACTORS IN

DEVELOPMENT OF A SETTLEMENT

TTownplannerneedsdatatobasehis
l
d d t t b
hi
proposalsinrespectofthetypeandnumber
ofdwellingunitsinalocalityoratown
f d lli
it i l lit
t
populationstructure
conditionofexistinghousing
future housing trends pertaining to various
futurehousingtrendspertainingtovarious
incomegroups
realistic picture of the economic situation
realisticpictureoftheeconomicsituation

 tothinkintermsofsocialandgeographic
groupingofthedwellingunitswhilepreparing
thelayouts,andplacesuchamenitiesand
servicesasschools,clubs,shops,placesof
amusement,etc.,atthedisposalofthe
h di
l f h
community.
Thedataforprovisionoftheseamenitiesand
servicesontherightscalehastobesupplied
i
h i h
l h
b
li d
bythesociologist.

Forapopulationof1lakh
15,000telephonelines
1lakhm3 ofwater
Itconsumesperday
20,000litresofmilk
20 000 litres of milk
5,000loavesofbread
60,000bananas
10,000kgofpotato
10 000 k f t t
7,000kgofonion
12,000kgofgrain
3,000kgofpulse
240barsofchocolate
1400bottlesofcola(peaksummer)
1400 bottles of cola (peak summer)

 populationstructureandtrendsisnotavailablefromthe
censusreports.Forinstance,thesereportsdonotgiveany
ideaoftheaccommodationinusebyfamilies,andwhether
theoccupationofthesameisvoluntaryorcompulsory.i.e.
dictatedbycircumstances.Intheformercase,peoplelive
togetherbecausetheyaremembersofafamily.Inthelatter
casetheydosobyforceofcircumstancessuchaseconomic
difficultiesorshortageofaccommodation.
Informationonsuchmattersisofvitalimportancetothe
planner to arrive at the volume of new housing required If his
plannertoarriveatthevolumeofnewhousingrequired.Ifhis
proposalsarenotbasedonfactualdata,theyarelikelytobe
unrealisticand,asarule,fallshortofrequirements

Demandofhousingatafuturedate=
Existingdemand+replacementneed+futuredemand
Increase/diminutioninthesizeofthefamily:
Childrengrowup,getmarriedandraisefamiliesoftheirown.
g
p g
Conversely,daughtersgetmarriedandleavetheparental
households.
Itisdifficultforthemajorityofhouseholdsandonlythe
affluentpeoplecanaffordtofindadditionalaccommodation
near their previous dwelling units In many cases such people
neartheirpreviousdwellingunits.Inmanycases,suchpeople
shifttobetterbutdistantlocalitieswheretheenvironmentis
pleasantandmorecongenial.

 Whentownsareintheprocessofreplanning or
redevelopment it is essential to ensure that services like
redevelopment,itisessentialtoensurethatserviceslike
schools,clinics,shopsandculturalinstitutionsareprovidedin
properrelationshipwithresidentialaccommodation.
Itisalsodesirabletokeepthesizeofdevelopmentwithin
reasonable limits because bigness lacks intimacy and social
reasonablelimits,becausebignesslacksintimacyandsocial
relationshipamongpeople.
Itistoavoidsituationslikethesethattheconceptofthe
neighbourhood unithascomeintoexistence.

Bibliography
g p y
TextbookofTownPlanning,A.Bandopadhyay,
BooksandAllied,Calcutta2000
JohnRatcliffe,AnIntroductiontoTownand
CountryPlanning,Hutchinson1981
ArthurB.Gallion andSimonEisner,TheUrban
Pattern CityplanningandDesign,VanNostrand
Reinholdcompany
Rangwala,TownPlanning,Charotar publishing
house
G.K.Hiraskar,TownPlanning
G.K.Hiraskar, Town Planning
Rame Gowda,UrbanandRegionalplanning
N.V.Modak,V.N.Ambedkar,Townandcountry
planning and Housing orient longman 1971
planningandHousing,orientlongman,1971