17-Sep-20

Q.1. What is Town / City/Urban Settlements ?

Introduction to Town Planning
“A city should be built to give its inhabitants security and happiness”
– Aristotle
 Definition of Town Planning

 Role of Town Planners “A place where men had a common life for a noble end”
– Plato
 Domains of Planners

 Urban Planning Art or Science Definition of urban settlements/ as per Census of India 2011

 Urban Planning Vs Urban Design 1. All places with a Municipality, Corporation, Cantonment Board or notified town area committee, etc.

 Urban Planning Vs Architecture

2. All other places which satisfies the following criteria:

a. A minimum population of 5,000;

School Of Architecture & Landscape Design ,
b. At least 75 per cent of the male main working population engaged in nonagricultural pursuits;
Ar. Vinod Kumar
Shri Mata Vaishno Devi University,Katra,J&K Assistant Professor c. A density of population of at least 400 persons per sq. km.

Q.2. What is Town Planning/Urban Planning ?

 Planning is a process of helping a community, identify its problems and its central values,
Q.3 Why we need Town Planning/Urban Planning ? formulating goals and alternative approaches to achieving community objectives, and
avoiding undesired consequences of change.

“ The art and science of ordering the use of land and siting of buildings and communication  This process of planning results in frameworks for coping with change.
routes so as to secure the maximum practicable degree of economy, convenience, and beauty.”
 Some are physical elements such as streets, roads, and sewer lines.

 Some are concepts that serve as guides to action, such as the goal of becoming a major
“ It an attempt to formulate the principles that should guide us in creating a civilized physical distribution center or of encouraging investment in the core of the city.
background for human life whose main impetus is thus … foreseeing and guiding change.”
 Some are regulatory, reflecting the desires of the community to encourage good
development and discourage bad development.

“An art of shaping and guiding the physical growth of the town creating buildings and
environments to meet the various needs such as social, cultural, economic and Q.3 Why we need Town Planning/Urban Planning ?
recreational etc. and to provide healthy conditions for both rich and poor to live, to work,
and to play or relax, thus bringing about the social and economic well-being for the
Two thirds of the world’s population are predicted to live in cities by 2050 and according to the
majority of mankind.”
Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity 60% of the urban areas expected to be developed
by 2030 that have not yet been built.
 17-Sep-20

NECESSITY / NEED OF TOWN PLANNING Q. Who is Urban Planner?

 Defective road system – formation of narrow streets An urban planner or an urban planning engineer is a professional who practices in the field
of urban planning
 Development of slums and squatter settlements
Q. Who can be Urban Planner ?
 Haphazard location of industries – Residences mixes with industries
Q. What is the domain of Urban Planner ?
 Heavy traffic congestion

 Inadequate open spaces – unhealthy living conditions Q. How you look Urban Planning as Profession ?
Urban Planning is a Multidisciplinary Profession
 Lack of essential amenities like electricity , water supply , drainage etc.

 Noisy atmosphere disturbing the peace of the dwellers

 Uncontrolled development – e.g. results destruction during flood (Kedarnath, Srinagar )

Q. What do Urban Planners Do? Q. What do Urban Planners Do …….?

 Planners deal with the fact that human communities are always in the process of changing.
 Urban Planners create the vision for the community, by identifying current problems,
 The consequences of this change can be chaotic and destructive, or enhancing. It is the analyzing trends, and engaging community members in dialogue about goals and
planner's task to help communities cope with this steady growth, change, and renewal in issues, that establish a framework for growth and change
ways that will maintain-and improve-the community's quality of life.

 Planners recognize the complexity of communities. As with natural environments, human
communities are strengthened by diversity.
 One task is to help communities become even more diverse, broadening the variety of
employment, educational, cultural, entertainment, shopping, and housing opportunities and
promoting a broad range of land uses, income levels, and types of people.
 Urban Planners also bring together different segments of a community
(e.g. residents, businesses, elected officials, and non-profit organizations)
together to create a vision for that community and transform that vision into a “plan”.
 The plan offers suggestions for how to improve community

 Another task is to help communities deal with the clashes of interest produced by such (e.g. redesigning streets to include bicycle lanes, building more affordable housing, increasing
variety and turn these differences into a positive force for constructive change parks for youth and families in working class neighborhoods etc.)

 Planners share a concern about the future, a belief that something can be done about
bettering our human-made and natural environments, and the recognition that planning, with
relevant implementing tools, is the best method available for communities to achieve this.
 17-Sep-20

Q. What is difference between “Urban Design” and “Urban Planning” ? Q. What is difference between ARCHITECTURE and URBAN PLANNING ?

 Both are, and should remain, distinct but complementary disciplines.

 Town planning expresses the life of an era and the architecture reveals its spirit.
 Urban design differs from planning in scale, orientation, and treatment of space. # Spirit ≈ Way Of Feeling

 Urban design’s scale is primarily that of the street, park, or transit stop, as opposed to the  Urban planners decide what can be built where and how outdoor areas will be used; architects
larger region, community, or activity centre, which are foremost in planning. create the actual design.

 Urban design’s orientation is both aesthetic and functional, putting it somewhere  Urban planners focus on the big picture of community needs and the impact on surrounding
between art, whose objective is beauty, and planning, whose objective is utility. areas, while architects are primarily concerned with their client’s needs.

 The treatment of space in urban design is three-dimensional, with vertical elements as

important as horizontal ones. Urban planning, on the other hand, is customarily a two-  Both urban planners and architects must ensure that their projects comply with building codes,
dimensional activity, with most plans visually represented in plan view, not model, section, land use limitations, and other regulations.
or elevation.

Q. Is Urban Planning ‘Art’ Or ‘Science’ ?

Q. What is the Aim and objectives of town planning ?

The main objectives of the town planning may be summarized in three words viz. Health,
Convenience and Beauty
 Town Planning is a Science as well as an art too.
Beauty

 Both shall be used in such a way that final result is in form Convenience
of Beautiful,Convenient,Economical and efficient unit. OBJECTIVE
Environment

1. Health : Health

 To create and promote healthy conditions and environments for all the people – rich and
poor, to live, to work, to play or relax

 To make right use of the land for the right purpose by proper division of land called zoning
such as residential, commercial industrial, institutional and recreational etc. in order to
avoid the encroachment of one zone upon other for smooth and orderly development of
the town or city without causing future conflicts.

2. Convenience :
 The object of convenience is meant in the form of various needs of the community such as
social, economic, cultural and recreational amenities etc. Public amenities required for the
proper upkeep of the citizens include water supply, sanitation, electricity, post, telegraph, gas
etc., proper sites for industrial, commercial, business enterprises to encourage them in trade
with cheap power, transport services, drainage etc.
 Recreational amenities include open spaces, parks, gardens and playgrounds, for children
and town halls stadiums, community centers, cinema houses, and theatres for adults.
3. Beauty :
 To preserve the individuality of the town by developing it on its most suited natural conditions
 To preserve the aesthetics in the design of all elements of town or city plan, which includes
preservation of trees, natural greenery, improved types of domestic buildings and buildings of
civic dignity and beauty, architectural control on public as well as semipublic buildings,
ancient architectural buildings, temples, churches, mosques and buildings of cultural and
historical importance.
Types Of Urban And Regional Planners:
i. Land Use And Code Enforcement Planners
 They are concerned with the way land is used and whether development plans comply with
codes, which are the standards and laws of a jurisdiction.
 These planners work to carry out effective planning and zoning policies and ordinances.
 For example, a planner may develop a policy to encourage development in an underutilized
location and to discourage development in an environmentally sensitive area.
ii. Transportation planners
 They develop transportation plans and programs for an area.
 They identify transportation needs and issues, assess the impact of services or systems,
and anticipate and address future transportation patterns.
 For example, as growth outside the city creates more jobs, the need for public
transportation to get workers to those jobs increases.
 Transportation planners develop and model possible solutions and explain the possibilities
to planning boards and the public.
17-Sep-20
Duties of Urban Planner/Town Planner/City Planner/Regional Planner
•Meet with public officials, developers, and the public regarding development plans and land use
•Gather and analyze economic and environmental studies, censuses, and market research data
•Conduct field investigations to analyze factors affecting land use
•Review site plans submitted by developers
•Assess the feasibility of proposals and identify needed changes
•Recommend whether proposals should be approved or denied
•Present projects to communities, planning officials, and planning commissions
•Update the zoning or building codes, environmental regulations, and other legal issues
Types Of Urban And Regional Planners ……
iii. Environmental and natural resources planners
 They attempt to mitigate the harmful effects of development on the environment.
 They may focus on conserving resources, preventing destruction of ecosystems, or
cleaning polluted areas.
iv. Economic development planners
 They focus on the economic activities of an area.
 They may work to expand or diversify commercial activity, attract businesses, create jobs,
or build housing.
v. Urban design planners
 They strive to make building architecture and public spaces look and function in
accordance with an area’s development and design goals.
 They combine planning with aspects of architecture and landscape architecture.
 Urban design planners focus on issues such as city layout, street design, and building
and landscape patterns.
 17-Sep-20

Responsible Factors/Features For The Origin Of Town  Topographical Features STAGES IN TOWN DEVELOPMENT

 Any city /town originated because of certain specific cause .  Functional Features  Sir Patrick Geddes Classified The Towns Into Three Category

• Primary – produce mainly human necessities (Agricultural villages)

 Functional features
 Topographical features • Secondary – Act as centers of exchange (Marketing Town)
 Education
 Conditional favorable for industrial units e.g. Aligarh, Banaras, Delhi • Tertiary – provides residential ,recreational and educational facilitates
e.g. Jamshedpur , Bokaro
 Health/Medical  No single town can be placed in one category, they are the admixture
 Hilly area to achieve the object of defense e.g. Kochi, Delhi, Mumbai
e.g. Leh , Srinagar, Hill fort cities of Rajasthan
 Political / Administrative
 Plain area useful for business activities e.g. Delhi, All Capital cities , Chandigarh
e.g. Delhi, Lucknow  Griffith Taylor – A town passes through four stages (Considered town as stages of life )
 Religious
1. Infantile – The town is not divided into separate district zones
 River banks e.g. Katra ,Tirupati,Ajmer,Varanasi, Haridwar
e.g. Allahabad, Kolkata
2. Juvenile– Shops are separated from houses and there are some factories
 Tourism
 Sea or Ocean front e.g. Shimla , Darjeeling, Srinagar
3. Mature– Towns are distinctly divided into residential zone, commercial zone and industrial zone
e.g. Mumbai , Chennai, Surat
 Defense
4. Senile – Indicates the physical decay of the most portion of the town.
e.g. Ambala , Jalandhar

STAGES IN TOWN DEVELOPMENT …….  After formation of town the next stage is its growth

Lewis Mumford has suggested 6 stages of town development

(as per social order not as per physical items ) GROWTH OF THE TOWNS

1. Eopolis – Village community having economy based on agriculture

 Growth of cities can be studied in two ways :-
2. Polis – Association of population with some short of specialization and mechanization

3. Metropolis – Town serving as capital of state or region I. Growth according to Origin

4. Megalopolis – First stage of decline ,Originality of town shows sign of decline I. Growth according to Direction

5. Tyrannopolis – Town further detoriates and situations such as trade depressions,militry power,
exploitation of colonies occur

6. Necropolis – The town is in worst stage, inhabitant prefers to shift to the near by village for
various reasons such as disease,famine,war,economic breakdown etc. The town may recover
after an interval of time.
 17-Sep-20

Concentric Spread Ribbon Development / Finger Development

 Natural tendency of people to be as near as
 Everyone like to build as near as possible to main road
possible to town, hence town develops in
concentric rings
 Buildings develop along side of main road
 Many complicated problems such as –
- Traffic Congestion  Long fingers or ribbons of house/shops develop
- Narrow streets
- Concentration of population

 Town grows radially

 Similar or functionally related activities will be at

same distance from center of town

Where,

CBD : Central Business District

LIG : Low Income Group
MIG : Middle Income Group
HIG : High Income Group

Disadvantages of Ribbon Development / Finger Development:

 Built along existing roads. This was a popular form of development before the days of  Increase in cost of various utility services
planning, Particularly in the 1920s and 1930s,as it allowed the developer to avoid the like water supply,power,telephone etc.
cost of road building. Ribbon developments were eventually rejected in the late 1940s.
 Loose and scatter community – Lack of
social Life

 Costly and difficult future improvement Measures to be taken to prevent/correct

Ribbon Development :
 Houses face heavy traffic,noise,dust etc.
• Land Use Zoning
 Interior portion left undeveloped,
wastage of land • Regulation and Control of Traffic

 Traffic capacity and efficiency of main • Removal of encroachments from road side
road reduces
• Planning of road side amenities
 More pedestrian on main road causes
traffic accidents/traffic delays • Expressway with complete controlled
access
 Harms naturalness of the area, spoils
countryside, aesthetically faulty
17-Sep-20
 17-Sep-20

Satellite Growth
 17-Sep-20

HORIZONTAL GROWTH

HORIZONTAL GROWTH
 17-Sep-20

VERTICAL GROWTH

VERTICAL GROWTH

SITE FOR AN IDEAL TOWN

Classification Of The Cities (As per 2001-2011 Census of India)
Physical features of site which determines the position of a proposed town :

1. Class I – > 1 Lakh ,

 Availability of natural advantages
 1 to 10 Lakh – below Million plus cities ,  Frequency of floods
 10 to < 1 crore- Lakh Million plus cities (53 Nos.)  Availability of electric power
 Mega Cities > 1 crore (03Nos.)  Growth of Trees
 Available means of communication
 Nature of soil
2. Class II – 50k to < 100k  Climatic Conditions
 Position of streams and lakes
3. Class III – 20k to < 50k  Contours of area
 Water resources etc.
4. Class IV – 10k to < 20k  Development of surrounding area

5. Class V – 5k to < 10k  Drainage of Area

6. Class VI - <5k  Available facility of sewage disposal

 Soil fertility
 17-Sep-20

PRINCIPLES OF TOWN PLANNING

 Guiding principles for town planning –