Op Amps Positive Feedback: Circuits Electronics

6.
002
CIRCUITS AND
ELECTRONICS
Op Amps Positive Feedback
Cite as: Anant Agarwal and Jeffrey Lang, course materials for 6.002 Circuits and Electronics, Spring 2007. MIT
OpenCourseWare (http://ocw.mit.edu/), Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Downloaded on [DD Month YYYY].
6.002 Fall 2000
Lecture
21
Negative vs Positive Feedback

Consider this circuit negative feedback
vIN
R1
R2
R1
vIN +
+
R2
+
vOUT = vIN
R1
is
s
ly age
a
an t p
e x
se ne
on
+
R2
vOUT = vIN
R1
and this positive feedback

R2
vIN +
R1
Whats the difference?

Consider what happens when there is a pertubation
Positive feedback drives op amp into saturation:
vOUT VS
6.002 Fall 2000
Lecture
21
Static Analysis of Positive Feedback Ckt

R2
v IN
v IN +
R1
vOUT
v + R2
R1
vOUT
A(v + v )
vOUT = A(v + v )
= Av +
v vIN
= A OUT
R1 + vIN
R1 + R2
AR1vIN
AR1
vOUT
+ AvIN
R1 + R2
R1 + R2
AR1
R1
=
vOUT 1
v
A
1
IN R + R
R1 + R2
1
2
vOUT
1 R1
R +R
R
1
2
=
AvIN = 2 vIN
R1
AR1
R1 + R2
6.002 Fall 2000
Lecture
21
Representing dynamics of op amp
v+
+
+
v*
C
(v + v )
vo
+
Av*
6.002 Fall 2000
Lecture
21
Representing dynamics of op amp

Consider this circuit and lets analyze its
dynamics to build insight.
R2
R1
+
vo
R4
R3
Circuit model
R1
v+
v
R3
vo
A
R2
C
(v + v )
+
v*
+
vo
R4
Lets develop equation representing time

behavior of vo .
6.002 Fall 2000
Lecture
21
Dynamics of op amp
vo = Av
vo
or v =
A
*
dv* *
RC
+ v = v+ v_
dt
vo R1
+
= vo
R1 + R2
vo R3
vo
v =
=
R3 + R4
v+ =
RC dvo vo
+ = v+ v_
A dt A
+
= ( ) vo
neglect
or
dvo 1
A +
+
+
( ) vo = 0
dt RC RC
dvo
A +
+
( ) vo = 0
dt RC
time 1
or
dvo vo
RC
+ = 0 where T = +
dt T
A( )
vo ( 0 ) = 0
6.002 Fall 2000
Lecture
21
Consider a small disturbance to vo

(noise).
+
if >
if
if
+
>
+
=
vo
T is positive
vo = K e
t
T
stable
T is negative
vo = K e
t
T
unstable
T is very large
vo = K
neutral
unstable
neutral
stable
disturbance
Now, lets build some useful circuits with

positive feedback.
6.002 Fall 2000
Lecture
21
One use for instability: Build on the

basic op amp as a comparator
+ VS
v+
vo
VS
+ VS
vo
v+ v
VS
vo
v 0
6.002 Fall 2000
Lecture
21
Now, use positive feedback

vi
vo
R2
vo R1
v =
R1 + R2
+
v = 7.5
R1
vo = 15
vi
( vi = v ) > 7.5
e.g. R1 = R2
VS = 15
v < v+
v < 7.5
v > 7.5
vo = 15
v = 7.5
6.002 Fall 2000
Lecture
21
Now, use positive feedback

vi
vo
R2
vo R1
v =
R1 + R2
+
VS R1
v =
R1 + R2
+
R1
vo = +VS
15
vi
( vi = v ) > v +
e.g. R1 = R2
VS = 15
v < v+
v < 7.5
v > 7.5
vo = VS 15 v =
VS R1
R1 + R2
6.002 Fall 2000
Lecture
21
vo
15
VS
hysteresis
7 .5
Demo
vi
7 .5
15
VS
Why is hysteresis useful?

vi
v
o
e.g., analog
to digital
7.5
t
7.5
Demo
6.002 Fall 2000
Lecture
21
Without hysteresis
vi
7.5
analog
to digital
vo
vi
t
7 .5
6.002 Fall 2000
Lecture
21
Oscillator can create a clock

R
vC
vo
R1
vo
2
R1
vo
VS
VS
2
v+
v
vC
VS
2
VS
Demo
v+
Assume
vo = VS
vC = 0
at t = 0
6.002 Fall 2000
Lecture
21
Clocks in Digital Systems

We built an oscillator using an op amp.
t
can use as a clock
Why do we use a clock in a digital system?
(See page 735 of A & L)
sender
receiver
clock
a
1,1,0?
When is the signal valid?

common timebase -- when to look at a signal
(e.g. whenever the clock is high)
Discretization of time
one bit of information associated with
an interval of time (cycle)
6.002 Fall 2000
Lecture
21

Op Amps Positive Feedback: Circuits Electronics

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6.

Op Amps Positive Feedback

6.002 Fall 2000

Negative vs Positive Feedback

and this positive feedback

Whats the difference?

6.002 Fall 2000

Static Analysis of Positive Feedback Ckt

6.002 Fall 2000

Representing dynamics of op amp

6.002 Fall 2000

Representing dynamics of op amp

Lets develop equation representing time

6.002 Fall 2000

6.002 Fall 2000

Consider a small disturbance to vo

Now, lets build some useful circuits with

6.002 Fall 2000

One use for instability: Build on the

6.002 Fall 2000

Now, use positive feedback

6.002 Fall 2000

Now, use positive feedback

6.002 Fall 2000

Why is hysteresis useful?

6.002 Fall 2000

6.002 Fall 2000

Oscillator can create a clock

6.002 Fall 2000

Clocks in Digital Systems

(See page 735 of A & L)

When is the signal valid?

6.002 Fall 2000

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