nawili pirveli

winasityvaoba

adamianTa

Sexedulebani

imis

Sesaxeb,

Tu

rogor

unda

awarmoos

saxelmwifom finansuri operaciebi, Rrma politikuri filosofiis nayofia.

erTni

uzenaes

prioritetad

sazogadoebis
filosofia

keTildReobis
ki

saxelmwifos*

piris

Tavisuflebas,

sxvadasxva
yvelaze

aspeqtebs
gonivruli

meoreni

ki

miiCneven.

mTlianad

gansxvavebuli

ekonomikuri

saqmianobis

Taobaze gansxvavebul mosazrebebs badebs.

Tumca
mxolod

politikis

politikuri

saxelmwifos

Sesaxeb racionaluri mosazrebis Camosayalibeblad

filosofia

praqtikuli

ar

saqmianobis

kmara.

aRniSnuli

codnas.

vin

procesi

aris

moiTxovs

uflebamosili,

warmarTos ekonomikuri politika? raze xarjavs saxelmwifo fuls da saidan

qmnis Semosavals? am wignis pirvel TavSi SevityobT, Tu ramdenad zemoqmedebs
politikuri azri sajaro finansebisadmi damokidebulebis formirebaze da ra
qmedebebia damaxasiaTebeli amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis sajaro finansebis
sistemisaTvis. pirveli Tavi aris erTgvari wyaro sajaro finansebis sistemis im
detalebis gasaazreblad, romlebic momdevno TavebSia ganxiluli.
me-2 da me-3 TavebSi aRwerilia ekonomistebis mier gamoyenebuli sajaro
finansebis
romelic

analitikuri

berketebi;

mizez-Sedegobrivi

me-2

urTierTobis

Tavi

Seexeba

pozitiur

koncefciasTanaa

analizs,

dakavSirebuli.

sainteresoa, rogor afaseben ekonomistebi sxvadasxva politikis zegavlenis

xarisxs. Tumca Cveni mizani ar Semoifargleba saxelmwifo politikis Sedegis

wignis dedanSi, iseve rogorc zogadad inglisurenovan literaturaSi, gamoyenebulia

termini ''Government", romelic pirdapir iTargmneba, rogorc `mTavroba~, magram, Cveni
azriT, mizanSewonili iqneba mTavrobis ekonomikuri funqciebis saxelmwifoze
gavrceleba, radgan xelisuflebis danawilebis klasikuri principis Tanaxmad Zalian
bevr qveyanaSi (maT Soris, aSS-Si da saqarTveloSi) mTavroba mxolod aRmasrulebeli
xelisuflebaa da mTlianad ver gansazRvravs ekonomikur politikas. cxadia, SeiZleboda gvexmara termini `xelisufleba~, romelic
aerTianebs aRmasrulebel,
sakanonmdeblo da sasamarTlo xelisuflebebs rogorc centralur (federalur), ise
adgilobriv doneebze, magram tradiciisadmi pativiscemis niSnad da imis xazgasasmelad,
rom xelisufleba mxolod saxelmwifos nawilia, romelsac saxelmwifos ufro didi
nawilis _ mosaxleobis winaSe valdebulebebi da pasuxismgebloba akisria da rom
msoflios Zalian bevr qveyanaSi arapirdapiri gziT (arCevnebi, referendumebi da a.S.)
mosaxleobac monawileobs politikis, maT Soris, ekonomikuri politikis formirebaSi,
Cven gamoviyenebT termins `saxelmwifo~ (red.).

gansazRvriT. gvsurs, gavaanalizoT, moaqvs Tu ara mas dadebiTi Sedegi (da ra

SemTxvevaSi). es normatiuli analizis funqcia, romelic moiTxovs zust da
mkafio

eTikur

SexedulebaTa

sistemas,

romlis

gareSe

`kargis~

aRmoCena

SeuZlebelia. aRniSnuli eTikuri Sexedulebebis sistema me-3 TavSia ganxiluli.

Tavi pirveli

Sesavali

sajaro finansebi sxva araferia, Tu ara rTuli kamaTi individisa da

saxelmwifos urTierTobis Sesaxeb. sajaro finansebi kvalifikaciis amaRlebis
saukeTeso skolaa.
vaclav klausi, CexeTis yofili premier-ministri

1030

weli

centraluri

qristeSobamde.

xelisuflebis

aTwleulebis

gareSe

ganmavlobaSi

cxovrobdnen.

biblia

ebraeli

tomebi

mogviTxrobs,

Tu

rogor evedreboda xalxi winaswarmetyvel samuels: `dagvidgine axla mefe, rom

sxva

xalxebis

wesisamebr

gangvsjides~

(I

mefeTa

8,

5).

samueli

Seecada,

ebraelTaTvis azri Seecvlevinebina. man aRuwera, Tu rogori iqneboda maTi

cxovreba monarqiis farglebSi:
`ai, ra uflebebi eqneba mefes, romelic imefebs Tqvenze: waiyvans Tqvens Svilebs
da Tavis etlebTan da cxenebTan daiyenebs da irbenen misi etlis win. . . aiyvans Tqvens
asulebs menelsacxebleebad, mzareulebad da puris mcxobelebad. wagarTmevT saukeTeso
yanebs, venaxebsa da zeTisxilis baRebs da Tavis morCilebs daurigebs. . .waiRebs
meaTeds Tqveni faridan da Tqvenc misi ymebi gaxdebiT. maSin mohyvebiT wuwuns Tqvens
arCeul mefeze. . .~ (I mefeTa 8, 11 18).

Tumca ebraelebs

warbic ar SeuxriaT dramatuli scenaris

gamo: `ar

daujera xalxma samuels. Tqves: ara da ara, mefe unda gvesvas, Cvenc iseTebi
unda viyoT, rogoric

sxva xalxebi

arian. Cveni

mefe gangvsjis

Cven, win

wagviZRveba da Cveni gulisTvis ibrZolebs~ (I mefeTa 8, 19 20).

es

bibliuri

epizodi

zustad

aRwers

saukuneebis

winandel

e.

w.

ambivalenturobas (ormag gancdas) saxelmwifos mimarT. saxelmwifo sistema

aucileblobaa _ yvela ers aqvs igi, Tumca imavdroulad mas arasasurveli
Sedegebis motanac SeuZlia. aseTi Sereuli Sexedulebani saxelmwifos mimarT
kompleqsurad

saxelmwifos

sagadasaxado

da

saxarjo

dakavSirebuli. mefe mosaxleobas uzrunvelyofs maTTvis

politikasTanaa
saWiro zogierTi

saSualebiT

(am

SemTxvevaSi,

gadaxdis

Semdeg.

seqtoria.

samuelis

jariT),

saxelmwifo

magram

danaxarjebis

daxvewili

ganmartebis

mxolod
wyaro

garkveuli

sabolood

Tanaxmad,

safasuris

mainc

gadasaxadebi

kerZo
sakmaod

seriozul tvirTad SeiZleba iqces.

mas Semdeg saukuneebma ganvlo, saxelmwifos mimarT msgavsi damokidebuleba
ki kvlav aqtualuria. gansakuTrebuli winaaRmdegoba arsebobs saxelmwifos
finansur

operaciebTan

sagadasaxado
saxelmwifo*

da

dakavSirebiT.

saxarjo

finansebsac

es

wigni

politikis
uwodeben.

mogviTxrobs

saxelmwifos

romelsac,

Cveulebriv,

Sesaxeb,

aRniSnuli

termini

garkveulwilad

arazustia, radgan finansuri xasiaTis (anu fulTan dakavSirebuli) sakiTxebi

sulac ar aris arsebiTi. ZiriTadi problemebi ufro metad realuri resursis
gamoyenebas ukavSirdeba. swored amitom zogierTi avtori upiratesobas aniWebs
termins saxelmwifo seqtoris ekonomika an ubralod saxelmwifo ekonomika.
yuradRebis

centrSia

saxelmwifos

mikroekonomikuri

funqcia

da

resursebis gamoyofasa da Semosavlis ganawilebaze misi zemoqmedebis xasiaTi.

rac Seexeba saxelmwifos makroekonomikur funqcias (sagadasaxado, saxarjo da
fulad-sakredito

politikis

saSualebiT

umuSevrobisa

da

fasebis

saerTo

doneze zemoqmedeba), is calke kursSi Seiswavleba.

sajaro finansebis
maregulirebeli

moqmedebis

strategia

sfero zogjer bundovania.

mniSvnelovan

zegavlenas

saxelmwifos

axdens

resursebis

ganawilebaze, romlis mizani zogjer saxelmwifos sagadasaxado da saxarjo

politikis ganxorcielebiT miiRweva. ase, magaliTad, Tu saxelmwifos surs,
Seamciros korporaciis sidide, mas SeuZlia, msxvil korporaciebze maRali
gadasaxadi daawesos. garda amisa, saxelmwifo reglamentirebis ufleba aqvs,
romlis

mixedviTac,

gansazRvrul

moculobaze

ufro

didi

firma

aralegalurad CaiTvleba. sajaro finansebi korporaciebis dabegvris sakiTxs

intensiurad

swavlobs,

arapirdapiri Seswavlis
masalebSia
danaxarjebis

ganxiluli).

xolo

antimonopoliuri

sagania

(romlebic

es

wigni

ki

sakiTxebi

sawarmoo

misi

organizaciis

tradiciulad

mxolod
Sesaxeb

saxelmwifos

mier

gawevasa da Semosavlis miRebasTan dakavSirebuli operaciebis

ganxilvas gaagrZelebs.

dedanSi gamoyenebulia termini "Public finance", romelic SeiZleba iTargmnos, rogorc

`sazogadoebrivi finansebi~, `saxelmwifo finansebi~, magram Cven upiratesoba `sajaro
finansebs~ mivaniWeT, radgan ekonomikis es sfero, garda wminda saxelmwifo finansebisa,
moicavs iseT sferoebs, rogoricaa dazRveva, romelic ar aris saxelmwifo finansebis
nawili (red.).

sajaro finansebi da ideologia

ekonomistebi,
saxelmwifos

romlebic

mier

sajaro

faqtobrivad

finansebs

gatarebul

swavloben,

sagadasaxado

ikvleven

da

saxarjo

politikas. garda amisa, isini imasac aanalizeben, Tu rogori unda yofiliyo es

politika. Sexedulebani ekonomikur sferoSi saxelmwifos saqmianobis Sesaxeb
im ideologiuri mosazrebebis nayofia, romlebic individisa da saxelmwifos
urTierTobas

Seexeba.

politikuri

filosofosebi

or

ZiriTad

midgomas

ganasxvaveben:

organuli Teoria saxelmwifos Sesaxeb

saxelmwifo bunebrivi organizmia. TiToeuli individi aris aRniSnuli

organizmis nawili, Tavad saxelmwifo ki
Ze

dunis

eTikis

maswavlebeli

pekinSi,

organizmis guli. iang Cang-Ci, mao

amtkicebda,

rom

`qveyana

mTliani

organizmia. igi adamianis sxeuls hgavs. qveyana ar aris manqana, romelic

SesaZloa

daiSalos

mniSvnelovania,

da

rogorc

kvlav

aiwyos~

mxolod

(Johnson,

sazogadoebis

1983,
wevri,

gv.
da

197).

individi

misi

sikeTe

sazogadoebis mTliani sikeTis WrilSi ganisazRvreba. amdenad, sazogadoeba

zemoqmedebs individze. ase, magaliTad, platonis `respublikaSi~ moqalaqis
qmedeba gamarTlebulia, Tu igi sazogadoebis keTildReobazea orientirebuli.
saxelmwifos
nacistebi

Sesaxeb

gvTavazoben:

organuli

Teoriis

`nacionalisturi

yvelaze
socializmi

samarcxvino
ar

magaliTs

aRiarebs

calke

individs, romelic arsebobs sazogadoebisagan damoukideblad da saimedodaa

daculi saxelmwifo Carevisagan... individis yoveldRiuri moqmedeba mTlianobas
unda emsaxurebodes. mxolod am gziT iqneba igi Rirebuli~1.

Stuckart and Globke (1968, gv. 330). (uiliam stukarti da hans globke _ nacisturi germaniis
Sinagan saqmeTa saministros uxucesi warmomadgenlebi).

sazogadoebis
Sesrulebis

miznebis

unars

gansxvavebulia.

avtori

aniWebs.

platoni

saxelmwifoa;

cxadia,

Tvlida,

igi

miznebis

rom

sazogadoebas

arCevani

saxelmwifos

maTi

mniSvnelovnad

mizani

aris

oqros

Sualedis miRweva, romlis farglebSic adamianis qmedeba ganpirobebuli iqneba

srulyofili keTilgonierebiT. meore mxriv, adolf hitleri (1971/1925, gv. 393)
miiCnevda, rom saxelmwifos mizania rasobrivi siwmindis miRweva: `saxelmwifo
srulyofilebis
fsiqikurad

miRwevis

homogenur

ganviTarebaa~.

leninis

saxelmwifos

mizani

saSualebaa.

srulyofileba

qmnilebaTagan
sityvebis
`muSa

Semdgari

Tanaxmad

da

ki

fizikurad

sazogadoebis

(1968/1917,

eqspluatirebul

gv.

198),

xalxTa

dacva

da
da

proletaruli
maswavlebloba,

winamZRoloba da lideroba da am gziT maTi socializmSi Seyvanaa~.

sazogadoebrivi
mniSvnelovania,

miznebi

gavigoT,

Tu

metad

gansxvavebulia;

rogor unda

moxdes

maTi

amdenad,
SerCeva.

Zalian
organuli

Teoriis mimdevarni amtkiceben, rom garkveul miznebs sazogadoeba bunebrivad

asrulebs.

bunebrivi

suverenitetisaTvis

miznis
brZolaa

erT-erTi
(gavixsenoT

magaliTi

geografiul

nacistebis

ltolva

arealSi
evropaSi

dominanturi adgilis mosapoveblad). filosofosebi saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi

cdilobdnen, aexsnaT termin `bunebrivis~ mniSvneloba, Tumca misi gansazRvreba
dRemde bundovania.

meqanikuri Teoria saxelmwifos Sesaxeb

meqanikuri
organuli
gamoigones.

Teoriis

nawili.

igi

Tanaxmad,
TiTqos

saxelmwifo

adamianebma

ar

Tavisi

aris

sazogadoebis

miznebis

misaRwevad

amerikeli politikuri moRvawis, henri kleis, azriT (1829 weli),

`saxelmwifos endobian. saxelmwifo moxeleebi ki rwmunebulebi arian. rogorc

ndobis sagani, ise rwmunebulebi adamianTaTvis sargeblobis uzrunvelsayofad
arian Seqmnilni~. centralur rgolSi upiratesad dgas individi (da ara jgufi).
davuSvaT,

saxelmwifos

mizani

marTlac

xalxisaTvis

keTildReobis

motanaa. Cven jer ar gangvisazRvria keTildReobis arsi, arc is, Tu rogor

unda uzrunvelyos saxelmwifom ,,keTildReoba~. yvela adamiani eTanxmeba im
azrs,

rom

saxelmwifo

mosaxleobas

Zaladobisagan

icavs.

amisaTvis

ki

saxelmwifos iZulebis uflebis monopolia esaWiroeba. sxva SemTxvevaSi anarqia

gaZlierdeba da situacia daemsgavseba

XVII saukunis

filosofosis, Tomas

hobesis

(1963/1651,

martosuli,
somaliSi

gv. 143),

sabralo,

momxdari

sityvebSi aRwerils: `adamianis

sazizRari,

movlenebi,

sastiki

sadac

da

arc

cxovreba (gaxda)

xanmokle~.

efeqtiani

bolo

periodSi

erovnuli

mTavroba

funqcionirebs da danaSaulic Cveulebrivi movlenaa, kidev erTxel adasturebs

hobesis dakvirvebis WeSmaritebas. analogiurad, `xalxTa simdidreSi~ ("The Wealth
of

Nations")

adam

smiTi

amtkicebs,

rom

saxelmwifom

unda

daicvas

`Tavisi

sazogadoeba danaSaulisa da sxva, damoukidebeli sazogadoebis agresiisagan~,

`xolo sazogadoebis TiToeuli wevri _ sxvaTa Cagvrisa da usamarTlobisagan~
(1977/1976, wigni V, gv. 182, 198).
yvelaze SezRuduli Zalauflebis

mqone

saxelmwifosac

ki

fizikuri

iZulebisagan moqalaqeebis dacva evaleba. garda amisa, smiTi amtkicebda, rom

saxelmwifom unda ikisros `gansazRvruli saxelmwifo saqmisa da saxelmwifo
institutebis Camoyalibeba-SenarCunebis pasuxismgebloba, romlebic arasodes
ar

moemsaxureba

individis

an

individTa

mcire

jgufis

interesebis

stimulirebasa da Sesrulebas~ (1977/1976, wigni V, gv. 210-211). aq SesaZloa

gagvaxsendes

gzebi,

xidebi,

sakanalizacio

sistema

infrastruqtura

sazogadoebis sakeTildReod unda funqcionirebdes2.

am TvalsazrisiT, meqanikuri Teoriis WrilSi gamefebuli mosazrebani
sakmaod gansxvavebulia. Tavisufali nebis doqtrinis mimdevarni, romlebic
Tvlidnen,

rom

SezRuduli

Zalauflebis

mqone

saxelmwifo

yvelaze

racionaluria, misTvis ekonomikuri rolis miniWebis winaaRmdeg gamodiodnen.

smiTis

sityvebiT

samarTlianobis

vTqvaT,

kanons,

dakmayofilebaSi~
mimdevarni

rom

metad

`nebismieri

absoluturad

(1977/1776,

wigni

skeptikurad

V, gv.

adamiani,

Tavisufalia
180).

uyurebdnen

sanam

ar

sakuTari

Tavisufali

saxelmwifos

nebis
unars

arRvevs
interesis

doqtrinis
socialuri

keTildReobis gazrdisa. rogorc tomas jefersonma sakmaod zustad SeniSna:

`zogjer amboben, rom adamians ar unda vendoT, rodesac is mmarTvelia.
SeiZleba ki mas vendoT, rodesac mmarTveloba sxvis xelSia?
is

angelozi,

romelic

misi

mefe

gaxdeba?

modiT,

vipoveT ki ukve

istorias

mivandoT

am

kiTxvebze pasuxis gacema~.

amis sapirispirod, isini, visac social-demokratebs vuwodebT, miiCneven,
rom

mosaxleobis

keTildReobis

uzrunvelsayofad

saWiroa

mniSvnelovani

saxelmwifo intervencia, romelic sxvadasxva formiT xorcieldeba: specialuri

erTni imasac amtkiceben, rom aRniSnuli sakiTxebis mogvareba kerZo mewarmis

prerogativa unda iyos. aRniSnulTan dakavSirebuli problemebi me-4 TavSia ganxiluli.

reglamenti, romelic samuSao adgilis usafrTxoebas uzrunvelyofs, kanoni,

romelic krZalavs rasobriv da sqesobriv diskriminacias binaTmSeneblobis
dros, gaWirvebulisaTvis saxelmwifo daxmareba. rodesac social-demokratebis
sawinaaRmdegod

amboben,

rom

aRniSnuli

Carevebi

adamianis

Tavisuflebas

arRvevs, maSin isini mzad arian, upasuxon, rom Tavisufleba ufro metia, vidre
fizikuri iZulebis ararseboba. gaRatakebuli adamiani SesaZloa Tavisufali
iyos Semosavlis gamoyenebaSi, magram es Tavisufleba xom sakmaod SezRudulia.
Tumca cxadia, Tavisufali nebis doqtrinis mimdevarTa da social-demokratTa
poziciebs

Soris

mTavrobis

intervenciis

racionaluri

donis

Sesaxeb

gansxvavebuli Sexedulebebi arsebobs.

wignis TvalTaxedva

SedarebiT axalia idea imis Taobaze, rom individi sazogadoebaze maRla

dgas. istorikosi lorens stouni (1977, gv. 4-5) aRniSnavs, rom Tanamedrove
periodamde
`sayovelTaod miRebuli iyo koncefcia imis Sesaxeb, rom jgufi

(iyo es

sagvareulo, sofeli, mogvianebiT ki saxelmwifo) upiratesobiT sargeblobda

individis survilTan da mis konkretul miRwevebTan SedarebiT. `sicocxle,
Tavisufleba da bednierebis survili~ piradi idealebi iyo. maT XVII saukunis
Cveulebrivi,

ganaTlebuli

adamiani

arasodes

miakuTvnebda

jansaRi

sazogadoebis upirveles miznebs~.

am

xnis

ganmavlobaSi

anglo-amerikul

politikur

msoflmxedvelobaSi

saxelmwifos Sesaxeb meqanikuri Teoria gabatonda, Tumca ara totalurad.

adamiani, romelic amtkicebs, rom raime unda gakeTdes `erovnuli interesis~
WrilSi, da Tanac individis an individTa jgufis keTildReobis ignorirebas
axdens, farulad iziarebs organul Teorias. ufro zogadad, TviT yvelaze
maRalindividualistur
samSoblos

sazogadoebaSi

msxverpladac

adamiani

eris

saxeliT

gamodis

ki ewireba. rogorc keneT erou [1974]

da

aRniSnavs,

`individsa da sazogadoebas Soris daZabulobis arseboba gardauvalia. maTi

moTxovnebi individis sindisisa da socialuri konfliqtis mixedviT meryeobs~.
gasakviri ar aris, rom anglo-amerikulma ekonomikurma msoflmxedvelobam
individualisturi

mimarTulebebi

ganaviTara.

individi

da

misi

survili

mogebaze orientirebuli ekonomikisaTvis (igi ganxilulia am wignSi) mTavari

obieqtivia.

Tumca,

mimdevarnic

ki

saxelmwifo.

rogorc

ver

ukve

Tanxmdebian

amdenad,

aRiniSna,
imaze,

meqanikuri

individualisturi

Tu

Teoriis

ramdenad

aqtiuri

damkvidreba

tradiciis
unda

TavisTavad

iyos
iseTi

ideologiis Camoyalibebas ar uzrunvelyofs, romelic zustad migviTiTebda,

unda ganxorcieldes Tu ara konkretuli ekonomikuri intervencia3.
aRniSnuli sakiTxi metad mniSvnelovania, radgan ekonomikuri politika
mxolod

ekonomikur

ganaxorcielos
politikur

an

ar

analizs

ar

ganaxorcielos

gadawyvetilebebzea

efuZneba.

saxelmwifos

moqmedeba,

nawilobriv

damokidebuli.

rogorc

sajaro

survili,
eTikur

da

finansebis

Sesaxeb qveyanaSi mimdinare debatebi cxadyofs, am sakiTxebs uamravi gonieri

adamiani

ewinaaRmdegeba.

SevecadeT,

bevri

maTganis

azri

SeZlebisdagvarad

samarTlianad agvesaxa.

saxelmwifo erTi SexedviT

ukve giCveneT, Tu ra zegavlenis moxdena SeuZlia ideologias saxelmwifos

samoqmedo racionaluri arealis Sesaxeb piris Sexedulebaze. Tumca imisaTvis,
rom

saxelmwifo

politikis

Taobaze

jansaRi

da

gaazrebuli

Sexeduleba

Camoyalibdes, mxolod ideologia ar kmara. adamians SesaZloa saxelmwifos

faqtobrivi

funqcionirebis

Sesaxeb

informacia

esaWiroebodes.

ra

samarTlebrivi SezRudvebia dawesebuli saxelmwifo seqtorze? raze xarjavs

saxelmwifo fuls da saidan finansdeba es danaxarjebi? sanam aSS-is sajaro
finansebis sistemas CavuRrmavdebiT, aRniSnuli sakiTxebis mokle mimoxilvas
gTavazobT.

aRniSnuli SekiTxva saxelmwifos Sesaxeb arsebuli meqanikuri Teoriis konteqstSi,

romlis mixedviTac, saxelmwifo xalxTan SedarebiT uzenaesia da man unda marTos
cxovrebis yvela aspeqti, marTlac safuZvelsaa moklebuli.

samarTlebrivi CarCoebi

aSS-is

konstituciis

`Semoqmed

mamaTa~

Sexedulebani

saxelmwifos

intervenciis Sesaxeb konstituciaSia asaxuli. upirvelesad ganvixilavT

im

debulebebs,

da

romlebic

ukavSirdeba

federaluri

saxelmwifos

saxarjo

sagadasaxado saqmianobas, da Semdeg davubrundebiT saxelmwifos.

federaluri
kongress

saxelmwifo.

amerikis

konstituciis

SeerTebul

StatebSi

pirveli

`valebis

muxlis

me-8

gadaxdis,

nawili

sayovelTao

Tavdacvisa da sruli keTildReobis uzrunvelyofis~ oficialur uflebas

aniWebs.

wlebis

sasamarTloebis

Semdeg
mier

muxli efeqtianad

`sruli

farTod

iTvleba

da

keTildReobis~

iqna

idea

interpretirebuli;

saxelmwifo

kongresisa

amdenad,

danaxarjebze

da

aRniSnuli

SezRudvebs aRar

awesebs 4 . konstitucia federaluri danaxarjebis odenobas arc absoluturad

da

arc

ekonomikis

moculobasTan

SedarebiT

ar

zRudavs.

saTanado

danaxarjebis Sesaxeb kanonproeqtebi (faqtobrivad yvela sxva kanonis msgavsad)

SesaZloa

swored

kongresSi

iyos

momzadebuli.

finansur

kanonproeqts

(kanonproeqti sabiujeto asignebebis Sesaxeb) kanonis Zala mxolod mas Semdeg

eniWeba, rac igi orive palataSi xmaTa umravlesobas miiRebs da mas prezidenti
moawers

xels.

prezidentis

mier

finansur

kanonproeqtze

vetos

dadebis

SemTxvevaSi am kanonproeqts mxolod im SemTxvevaSi miiReben, Tu man xmaTa ori

mesamedi miiRo orive palataSi.
rogor afinansebs kongresi aRniSnul danaxarjebs? pirveli muxlis me-8
nawilis

mixedviT,

federaluri

sagadasaxado

Zalaufleba

qmediTi

xdeba:

`kongress eqneba ufleba, daawesos da Seagrovos gadasaxadebi, mosakreblebi,

sabaJo

gadasaxdelebi

da

aqcizi~.

sabiujeto

asignebebis

Sesaxeb

kanonproeqtebisagan gansxvavebiT, `kanonproeqtebi gadasaxadis dawesebis Sesaxeb

warmomadgenlobiT palataSi unda momzaddes~ (muxli 1, nawili 7).
koloniur periodSi britanuli sagadasaxado politikis gamo Seqmnili
udidesi ukmayofilebis fonze gasakviri ar aris, rom saxelmwifo sagadasaxado
Zalauflebis SezRudva gansakuTrebuli yuradRebiT ganxorcielda:

pirveli muxlis Tanaxmad, gaweuli unda iqnes garkveuli saxis danaxarjebi. ase,
magaliTad, kongresma saTanadod unda daafinansos jari da sasamarTlo sistema.

10

1. `yvela gadasaxdeli, sabaJo mosakrebeli da aqcizi erTnairi iqneba aSSis

mTel

teritoriaze~

(muxli

1,

nawili

8).

gadasaxadebis

ganakveTebis

dawesebisas kongress ara aqvs romelime Statis diskriminaciis ufleba. Tu

federaluri mTavroba benzinze gadasaxads daawesebs, maSin misi ganakveTi yvela
StatSi

Tanabari

unda

iyos.

es

ar

gulisxmobs

imas,

rom

Segrovebuli

gadasaxadebis moculoba erT sul mosaxleze yvela StatSi Tanabari unda iyos.
savaraudod, im StatebSi, sadac saSualoze ufro xSirad marTaven manqanas,
sagadasaxado

valdebulebani

ufro

maRali

iqneba,

Tumca

sxva

pirobebi

erTnairi darCeba. amdenad, SesaZlebelia (da ufro realuric), rom zogierT

gadasaxadTan dakavSirebuli mdgomareoba romelime StatSi sxvebTan SedarebiT
ufro mZime iyos5.
2.

`pirdapiri

ricxovnobis
gadasaxadi

gadasaxadi

safuZvelze
aris

unda

pirisTvis

mxolod
dawesdes~

dakisrebuli

mosaxleobis
(muxli

1,

gadasaxadi

aRweris,

nawili

9).

an

maTi

pirdapiri

sazogadoebis

mimarT.

arsebiTad es debuleba swored imaze miuTiTebs, rom Tu `A~ StatSi ,,B~

StatTan SedarebiT orjer meti mosaxleobaa, maSin kongresis mier dawesebuli
nebismieri pirdapiri gadasaxadis Segrovebis Sedegad `A~ Stati ,,B~ StatTan
SedarebiT orjer met Semosavals moutans saxelmwifos.
XIX

saukunis

bolos

federaluri

saSemosavlo

gadasaxadis

dawesebis

mcdeloba uzenaesma sasamarTlom arakonstituciurad miiCnia im motiviT, rom

Semosavlis dabegvra mosaxleobis araproporciul, saxelmwifo sagadasaxado
tvirTad iqceva xolme. aRniSnuli gadawyvetilebis miRebis Semdeg saSemosavlo
gadasaxadis dawesebis erTaderTi gza konstituciaSi cvlilebis Setana iyo. me16

damatebis

Tanaxmad,

romelic

1913

welsaa

ratificirebuli,

`kongress,

Semosavlis wyaros miuxedavad, zogierT Statze proporciulad ganawilebisa

da

mosaxleobis

ricxovnobis

gauTvaliswineblad

Semosavalze

gadasaxadis

dawesebisa da misi Segrovebis ufleba eqneba~. dRes piris pirdapiri gadasaxadi

federaluri sagadasaxado sistemis erT-erTi mTavari dasayrdenia.
1. `ar SeiZleba pirisaTvis sicocxlis, Tavisuflebis, qonebis ukanonod
warTmeva; ar SeiZleba kompensaciis gareSe piradi qonebis sajaro gamoyeneba~
(me-5 Sesworeba). sagadasaxado politikis TvalsazrisiT, aRniSnuli debuleba
5

istorias ar axsovs, rom romelime sagadasaxado kanonSi raime muxlis darRvevis gamo
dafiqsirebuliyo winaaRmdegoba. Tumca gamonaklisi daiSva gasuli saukunis 80-iani
wlebis dasawyisSi: kongresma daawesa sagadasaxado ganakveTi zeTze, romlis
mixedviTac, zeTi alaskis CrdiloeT ferdobze Tavisufldeboda gadasaxadisagan.
federaluri raionuli sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebiT, es iyo konstituciis darRveva.
raionuli sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba sabolood uzenaesma sasamarTlom baTilad
cno.

11

sagadasaxado kanonmdeblobis mier

marTlzomierebis

Camoyalibebuli nebismieri gansxvavebis

aucileblobas usvams xazs. Tumca arc ise martivia imis

gansazRvra, kanonieria Tu ara gansxvaveba da aris Tu ara igi sakanonmdeblo da

sasamarTlo procesebis nawili.
2. `nebismieri Statidan Semotanili nawarmi Tavisufalia gadasaxadisa da
mosakreblisagan~ (muxli 1, nawili 9). aRniSnuli debuleba Setanili iqna
samxreTi Statebis swored imaSi dasarwmuneblad, rom maTi Tambaqosa da sxva
saqonlis

gatanas

centraluri

mmarTveloba

safrTxes

ar

Seuqmnida.

es

saxelmwifo finansebis sistemis ganviTarebaze umniSvnelod moqmedebs.

federaluri mTavroba yvela danaxarjs gadasaxadebidan ar afinansebs. Tu
danaxarji

Semosavalze

metia,

igi

uflebamosilia,

`SeerTebuli

kreditis saxiT isesxos fuli~ (muxli 1, nawili 8). bolo periodSi

Statebis
garkveuli

mxardaWera moipova konstituciurma cvlilebam dabalansebuli federaluri

biujetis Sesaxeb, Tumca jerjerobiT igi miRebuli ar aris.
Stati

da

`Zalaufleba,

adgilobrivi

romelic,

mmarTveloba.

konstituciis

me-10

Tanaxmad,

Sesworebis

Statebze

ar

Tanaxmad,

delegirdeba,

xolo misiT sargebloba ar ikrZaleba calkeuli Statebis mier, Sesabamisad

Statebs

an

xalxs

uflebamosilebis

ekuTvnis~.

miniWeba

amdenad,

xarjvisa

StatebisaTvis

da

dabegvris

aucilebeli

arc

aris.

aSkara
Tumca

saxelmwifo Tavis ekonomikur saqmianobas zRudavs. pirveli muxlis me-10 nawili

awesebs: `arc erT Stats kongresis Tanxmobis gareSe ara aqvs importsa da
eqsportze sabaJo gadasaxadis an mosakreblis dawesebis ufleba~. amdenad,
federaluri

mTavroba

saerTaSoriso

ekonomikur

politikas

akontrolebs.

garda amisa, araerTi konstituciuri debuleba isea interpretirebuli, rom

moiTxovs,

saxelmwifom

TviTneburad

ar

daawesos

gadasaxadebi,

ar

ganaxorcielos ucxoeli rezidenti pirebis diskriminacia, ar dabegros sxva

Statebidan

saqonlis

sasamarTlom

Semotana.

arakonstituciurad

ase,
cno

magaliTad,
alaskis

1986

kanoni,

wels

romlis

uzenaesma
mixedviTac,

sajaro proeqtebze momuSave pirTa 95 % alaskeli unda yofiliyo.

Statebi uflebamosilni arian, sakuTari konstituciiT da mxolod am
Statis farglebSi gaswion xarjebi da daaweson sagadasaxado SezRudvebi.
Statebis

konstituciebi

maT

mier

regulirebadi

ekonomikuri

sakiTxebis

TvalsazrisiT erTmaneTisagan arsebiTad gansxvavdeba. bolo periodSi sajaro

finansebis erT-erTi yvelaze saintereso miRweva iyo Statebis survili, sajaro

12

seqtoris

danaxarjebis

Semcirebis

mizniT

Sesworeba

SeetanaT

sakuTar

konstituciaSi.
kanonmdeblobis

mixedviT,

adgilobriv

mmarTvelobas

Statis

mier

sagadasaxado da saxarjo prerogativa aqvs miniWebuli. rogorc XIX saukunis

mosamarTlem aRniSna:
`municipalitetis

uflebebisa

da

Zalauflebis

wyaroa

sakanonmdeblo

organo, romelic municipalitets sasicocxlod aucilebel Zalas STaberavs.

mas SeuZlia aaSenos da daangrios. Tu mas ngreva SeuZlia, mas aseve SeeZleba
SezRudva da kontroli~ (City of Clinton v, Cedar Rapids, 1868).
Secdoma iqneboda, gvefiqra, rom adgilobrivi mmarTveloba fiskaluri
avtonomiis deficits ganicdis. uamrav patara Tu did qalaqs mniSvnelovani
politikuri Zalaufleba da Statisa da federaluri saxelmwifos survilze
aqtiuri reaqcia aqvs. sakmaod saintereso miRwevad unda CaiTvalos ukanasknel
wlebSi federaluri fondebisaTvis Statebsa da qalaqebs Soris dafiqsirebuli
konkurencia. aRniSnuli qalaqebi xSirad ufro warmatebulad lobireben Tavis
saqmianobas, vidre Statebi!

mTavrobis zoma

bil klintonma SeerTebuli Statebisadmi cnobil mimarTvaSi ganacxada:

`veeberTela mmarTvelobis epoqa dasrulda~. aRniSnuli gancxadeba gulisxmobs,
rom

arsebobs

meTodi,

romliTac

dadgindeba,

aris

Tu

ara

mmarTveloba

`veeberTela~. magram rogor unda ganisazRvros mTavrobis sidide?

politikosebi

da Jurnalistebi swored sajaro seqtorSi dasaqmebuli

adamianebis raodenobis mixedviT gansazRvraven mTavrobis sidides _ zomas.

Tumca mTavrobis zomis koeficientma, romelic masSi dasaqmebulTa raodenobis
mixedviTaa gamoangariSebuli, SesaZloa SecdomaSi Segviyvanos. warmoidgineT
qveyana, sadac ramdenime sajaro moxele amuSavebs mZlavr kompiuters, romelic
iRebs yvela ekonomikur gadawyvetilebas. aseT qveyanaSi, mTavrobis moxeleTa
raodenobis
analogiurad,

safuZvelze,
Zalian

mTavrobis

martivia,

mniSvneloba

Seiqmnas

scenari,

saTanadod

ver

fasdeba.

romelSic

bevri

sajaro

moxele SedarebiT sust sajaro ZalauflebasTan iqneba dakavSirebuli. Tumca

xSirad

sajaro

seqtoris

moxeleTa

raodenoba

sasargeblo

informaciaa.

13

miuxedavad

amisa,

igi

naTels

ar

hfens

mTavar

sakiTxs

ra

masStabiT

akontrolebs mTavroba sazogadoebis resursebs?

arsebobs ufro keTilgonivruli da miRebuli midgoma, mTavrobis zoma
ganisazRvros mis mier wlis ganmavlobaSi gaweuli danaxarjebis moculobis
mixedviT, romlebic ZiriTadad sami saxisaa:
1. saqonlisa da momsaxurebis Sesyidva. saxelmwifo SeiZens aRniSnuli
kategoriis did odenobas, raketidan metyevis momsaxurebamde.
2. Semosavlis xalxisaTvis, biznes-erTeulebisa da sxva mTavrobebisaTvis
gadacema. saxelmwifo zogierTi pirisa da organizaciisagan iRebs Semosavals
da mas sxvebs gadascems. amis magaliTad gamodgeba keTildReobis amaRlebis
iseTi programebi, rogoricaa sasursaTo talonebi da fermerTaTvis garkveuli
saqonlis warmoebisaTvis (an warmoebis SeCerebisaTvis) gadaxdili subsidiebi.
3.

procentebis

saqmianobis

gadaxda.

dasafinanseblad

mTavroba
da,

xSirad

rogorc

sesxulobs

msesxebeli,

fuls

sakuTari

valdebulia

amgvari

privilegiiT sargeblobisaTvis procenti gadaixados.

federaluri

mTavroba

danaxarjebis

klasifikacias

axorcielebs

dokumentSi, romelsac naerTi (konsolidirebuli) biujeti 6 ewodeba. 2001 wels

federaluri

danaxarjebi

(Statebisa

da

adgilobrivi

mmarTvelobebisaTvis

gadacemuli grantebis garda) Seadgenda daaxloebiT 1659 miliard aSS dolars.

Tu amas davamatebT Statebisa da adgilobrivi xelisuflebis mier am wels
gaweul danaxarjebs, mTlianad miviRebT 2952 miliard aSS dolars (Economic
Report of the President, 2003, gv. 373) 7 . saxelmwifo danaxarjebTan dakavSirebuli
cifrebi advilad xelmisawvdomi da farTod gavrcelebulia. rogorc wesi,
danaxarjebis gazrdasTan erTad mosaxleoba gadawyvets, rom mTavrobis zoma
gaizarda,

da

ganawilebaze

piriqiT.

Tumca

mniSvnelovnad

saxelmwifos
moqmedebs,

zogierTi

Tundac

igi

qmedeba

resursebis

minimalurad

zust

danaxarjs warmoSobdes. ase, magaliTad, reglamentireba TavisTavad ar aris

Zviri, magram garkveul wesTan erTad SeiZleba sakmaod Zviri aRmoCndes. sahaero
baliSis

arsebobis

moTxovnam gazarda

avtomanqanis

fasi.

sxvadasxva saxis

nebarTvisa da Semowmebis gadasaxadi zrdis binaTmowyobis Rirebulebas. Sromis

konstituciiT nebadarTulia sabiujeto dokumentis romelime tipis publikacia:

`regularuli angariSgeba da amonagebisa da danaxarjis Sesaxeb angariSi, romelic
ukavSirdeba
saxelmwifo
fuls,
gansazRvruli
intervalis
gasvlis
Semdeg
gamoqveyndeba (muxli 1, nawili 9).
7
Statebisa da adgilobrivi mmarTvelobebisaTvis 2001 wels gadacemulma grantebma 277
mlrd dolari Seadgina.

14

bazarze

moqmedi

iseTi

reglamentebi,

rogoricaa

minimaluri

saxelfaso

ganakveTi, SesaZloa saTaves udebdes umuSevrobas, xolo narkotikebis biznesis

SezRudvam SeiZleba daagvianos mecnieruli ganviTareba.
arsebobs azri, rom informacia saxelmwifo reglamentirebiT gamowveuli
ekonomikis

danaxarjebis

Sesaxeb

wliur

maregulirebel

biujetSi

unda

gamoqveyndes. swored am gziT gaxdeba SesaZlebeli aseTi danaxarjebis zusti

aRricxva. samwuxarod, maTi gamoTvla Zalian rTulia. ase, magaliTad, eqsperti
farmacevtebi ver Tanxmdebian imaze, preparatebze kontrolis arsebobis gareSe
Tu

ra

saxis

axali

TviTRirebulebis

medikamenti

unda

gamoangariSebisas

iqnes

rTulia

warmoebuli.
Sefasdes

analogiurad,

mTavrobis

mier

daSvebuli usafrTxoebis procedurebis Sedegi. aRniSnuli problemebis fonze

ar arsebobs oficialuri maregulirebeli biujetis 8 Camoyalibebis albaToba.
araoficialuri

monacemebi

gviCvenebs,

rom

federaluri

reglamentirebiT

gamowveuli wliuri danaxarji sakmaod didia da daaxloebiT 700 miliard aSS

dolars Seadgens (Nivola. 1998, gv. 8).

zogierTi cifri. Cveni survilis sawinaaRmdegod, vaskvniT, rom ekonomikaze

saxelmwifos zegavlenis masStabis erT cifrSi moqceva SeuZlebelia. kvlav
praqtikuli problemis winaSe vdgavarT da gvsurs vipovoT mTavrobis zomis
samarTliani

indikatori,

romelic

misi

zrdis

tendenciebis

SefasebaSic

dagvexmareboda. ekonomistTa didi nawili momxrea, pirobiTad gansazRvruli

saxelmwifo danaxarjebis meTodi Tumca uxeS, magram mainc sasargeblo meTodad
CaiTvalos.

sxva

xarveziani

meTodebis

msgavsad,

igi

jansaR

mosazrebebs

uzrunvelyofs.

saTanado
warmodgenilia

gafrTxilebebis
monacemebi

aSS-is

fonze

gTavazobT

mTavrobis

yvela

1.1

cxrils.

donis

mier

masSi
gaweuli

danaxarjebis Sesaxeb. pirveli sveti uCvenebs, rom wliuri danaxarji 1929 wlis
Semdeg 290-ze meti erTeuliT gaizarda. am cifrma mTavrobis zomis zrdis
xarisxis Sefasebisas SesaZloa SecdomaSi Segviyvanos ramdenime mizeziT:

reglamentireba mxolod imitom ar aris cudi, rom danaxarjebs warmoSobs. mTavrobis

mier ganxorcielebuli sxva qmedebis msgavsad, misi Sefaseba mxolod mas Semdegaa
SesaZlebeli, rac moxdeba Sedegisa da danaxarjis gamoTvla (danaxarjisa da Sedegis
analizTan dakavSirebuli problemebi me-11 TavSia ganxiluli).

15

1. inflaciis Sedegad dolaris Rirebuleba droTa ganmavlobaSi mcirdeba.

meore svetSi danaxarjis maCvenebeli 2001 wels arsebuli kursis mixedviT
dolariTaa gamoxatuli. faqtobrivad am wels gaweuli saxelmwifo danaxarji
25-jer metia 1929 wlis Sesabamis maCvenebelze.

cxrili

1.1.

Statebis,

adgilobrivi

da

federaluri

xelisuflebis

danaxarjebi (SerCeuli wlebis mixedviT)

(1)

(2)

(3)

mTliani

2001 weli,

2001 weli,

(4)

danaxarji

dolari

dolari

mSp-is procenti

(miliardi)

(miliardi)*

1 sulze

1929

10

118

970

9,9

1940

19

237

1794

18,8

1950

61

428

2812

20,7

1960

120

591

3272

22,7

1970

286

1080

5268

27,6

1980

812

1557

6839

29,0

1990

1778

2249

8991

30,6

2000

2776

2842

10061

28,3

2001

2951

2951

10335

29,3

2001

wels

dolaris

konversia*

ganxorcielda

mSp-is

deflatoris

gamoyenebis Sedegad.

2. TandaTan mosaxleobis raodenobac gaizarda. mzardi mosaxleoba, Tavis

mxriv, gazrdil moTxovnebs uyenebs sajaro seqtors (ase, magaliTad, gazrdili
mosaxleobis

keTilmowyobisaTvis

saWiroa

meti

gza

da

ufro

farTo

sakanalizacio qseli). mesame svetSi mocemulia saxelmwifos mier erT sul

mosaxleze gaweuli faqtobrivi danaxarji, romelic 1929 wlidan 2001 wlamde
daaxloebiT 10-jer gaizarda.
3. xSirad sasargebloa, saxelmwifos mier gaweuli danaxarji ekonomikis
masStabTan SedarebiT gavaanalizoT. im SemTxvevaSi, Tu mTavrobis zoma orjer,
*

gadaangariSeba (red.).

16

xolo ekonomika samjer izrdeba, iTvleba, rom mTavrobis zoma Semcirebulia.

meoTxe svetSi mocemulia saxelmwifo danaxarjis procentuli Tanafardoba
mTlian Sida produqtTan (mSp), wlis ganmavlobaSi warmoebuli saqonlisa da
gaweuli

momsaxurebis

sabazro

RirebulebasTan.

1929

wels

aRniSnuli

maCvenebeli 9.6 %-s, xolo 2001 wels _ 29.3 %-s Seadgenda.

wina diskusiis fonze, 1.1 cxrilSi mocemuli cifrebi sizustis yalb
SegrZnebas

iwvevs.

kvlav

udavoa

is

faqti,

rom

didi

xnis

ganmavlobaSi

saxelmwifos ekonomikuri roli mniSvnelovnad gaizarda. mSp-is mesamedi sajaro

seqtoridan modis, rac imaze miuTiTiTebs, rom mTavroba udides ekonomikur
Zalas flobs.
zogierTi
arsebuli

saxis

saerTaSoriso

monacemebi

saxelmwifo

perspeqtivaSi

danaxarjebis

Sedareba

dagvexmareba,

davinaxoT.

maCveneblebi,

1.2

romlebic

aSS-is

cxrilSi

zogierTi

Sesaxeb

mocemulia

ganviTarebuli

qveynis mSp-Tanaa dakavSirebuli. es monacemebi cxadyofs, rom ara mxolod aSS-s

aqvs Zlieri sajaro seqtori. marTlac, SvedeTsa da safrangeTTan SedarebiT,
aSS-is sajaro seqtori sakmaod mcirea. im dros, rodesac sxvadasxva mizeziT
sajaro

seqtoris

masStabebi

qveynebis

mixedviT

gansxvavebulia,

am

TavSi

ganxiluli ideologiuri azrovneba albaT mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs. erTi

ganmartebis

Tanaxmad,

SvedeTSi

imitomaa

msxvili

sajaro

seqtori,

rom

saxelmwifo afinansebs janmrTelobis dacvis TiTqmis mTel sistemas, romelic

sazogadoebriv pasuxismgeblobad iTvleba. meore mxriv, aSS-Si, janmrTelobis
dacva

ufro

piris

piradi

prerogativaa,

amdenad,

janmrTelobis

dacvaze

danaxarjebis udides nawils kerZo seqtori gaswevs.

cxrili 1.2. saxelmwifo danaxarjebis procentuli wili mTlian Sida

produqtTan (SerCeuli qveynebis mixedviT)

avstralia

31,0 %

iaponia

38,3%

kanada

37,4

SvedeTi

53,1

safrangeTi

49,4

germania

44,5

gaerTianebuli
samefo

38,8

17

wyaro: US Census Bureau, Statistical Abstract of the United States, 2002, gv. 838. mocemulia
2001 wels dafiqsirebuli cifrebi.

danaxarjebi

saxelmwifo

danaxarjebis

gadavinacvloT.

SeuZlebelia,

mTliani

masStabebidan

saxelmwifos

saxarjo

maT

Semadgenlobaze

saqmianobis

udidesi

moculobis erT, mokle cxrilSi asaxva. 2004 fiskaluri wlis federalur

biujetSi programebis nusxas da maT aRwerilobas daaxloebiT 1100 gv. ekava!
(dawvrilebiTi

informaciisaTvis

ixileT

veb-gv.:

http://w3.access.gpo.gov/usbudget/index.html).
1965 wels da dReisaTvis gaweuli federaluri saxelmwifo danaxarjebi 1.1
grafikzea asaxuli. Statebisa da adgilobrivi mmarTvelobis mier gaweuli
danaxarjebi 1.2 grafikzea mocemuli. am monacemebidan aRsaniSnavia Semdegi:

erovnuli

Tavdacva

saxelmwifo

danaxarjebis

mniSvnelovani

komponentia, Tumca misi SedarebiTi mniSvneloba TandaTan iklebs. 1965

wels igi federaluri biujetis 47% iyo, dRes ki 17,3%-ia.

socialuri

uzrunvelyofis

faqtorebTan

erTad,

is

masStabi

pensiaze

myofi

Zalian

gaizarda.

adamianebisaTvis

sxva

transfers

iTvaliswinebs. dRes socialuri uzrunvelyofa federaluri biujetis

erT-erTi udidesi xarjviTi muxlia.

samedicino

momsaxureba,

janmrTelobis

dazRvevis

sistema

xandazmulTaTvis 1965 wels jer kidev ar arsebobda, dRes ki igi

federaluri biujetis 11,5%-s moixmars.

sazogadoebrivi keTildReobis amaRlebisken mimarTuli RonisZiebebis

ricxvi gaizarda. rogorc 1.2 grafikSia naCvenebi, 1965 wlidan 1999
wlamde

maTi

wili

Statebisa

da

adgilobriv

biujetebSi

TiTqmis

gaormagda (8%-dan 15,7%-mde). amave dros, Statebisa da adgilobrivi

mmarTvelobebis

mier

gzebis

mowyobaze

gaweuli

danaxarji

mniSvnelovnad Semcirda.

sesxze procentis gadaxdis koeficienti,

proporciis

mixedviT,

TiTqmis

federalur

ucvlelia

1965

danaxarjebTan
wlidan.

masze

federaluri biujetis daaxloebiT 8,5% modis.

18

gTxovT, yuradReba miaqcieT imas, rom iseTi swrafad mzardi sferoebi,

rogoricaa sazogadoebrivi keTildReobis amaRleba da procentis gadaxda,
SedarebiT

myari

faqtorebia,

vinaidan

isini

winaswari

gadawyvetilebebis

safuZvelzea gansazRvruli.

1.1 da 1.2 cxrilebi

marTlac,

saxelmwifo

biujetis

didi

nawili

e.w.

`uflebrivi

programebisagan~ Sedgeba. esaa programebi, romelTa danaxarji fiqsirebuli

dolariT

ki

ara,

aramed

masSi

monawileobis

uflebis

mqone

adamianTa

raodenobiT ganisazRvreba. kanonebi, romlebic aregulirebs iseT sferoebs,

rogoricaa

socialuri

uzrunvelyofa,

sazogadoebrivi

keTildReobis

amaRlebisken mimarTuli programebi, sasoflo-sameurneo produqciis fasebis

mxardaWera da a.S., beneficiarTa odenobisa da masStabis gansazRvras moiTxovs.
amdenad,

uflebrivi

programebis

gaiangariSebs, Tu

ar Seicvleba

Tanxis

saprocento

odenoba

danaxarjebs

kanoni.

moqmedi

analogiurad,

ganakveTisa

da

wina

mTavroba

ar

sesxis momsaxurebis
deficitis

mixedviT

ganisazRvreba. amdenad, igi TiTqmis ar Sedis amJamad gadawyvetilebaTa mimRebi

pirebis

sakontrolo

sferoSi.

araerTi

Sefasebis

Tanaxmad,

federaluri

biujetis sami meoTxedi SedarebiT ukontroloa. me-8 TavSi vimsjelebT imis

Taobaze, aris Tu ara saxelmwifos mier gaweuli danaxarjebi ukontrolo, da
Tu marTlac asea, risi gakeTeba SeiZleba am mimarTulebiT.
sasargeblo iqneboda, mTliani danaxarjebi mTavrobis doneTa mixedviT
gagvenawilebina. federalur mTavrobaze mTliani pirdapiri danaxarjebis 51%,
Statebze _ 21%, xolo adgilobriv mmarTvelobaze _ 28% modis. Statebi da
adgilobrivi mmarTvelobebi aqtiuri moTamaSeebi arian. maTi danaxarjebis didi
wili modis policiaze, saxanZro samsaxurze, ganaTlebasa da transportirebaze.
sazogadoebrivi keTildReobis amaRlebasTan dakavSirebul danaxarjebs Statebi
gasweven.

me-20

TavSi

ganxilulia

is

sirTuleebi,

romlebic

warmoiSoba

mTavrobis sxvadasxva donis fiskaluri RonisZiebebis koordinirebisas.

19

1.3 da 1.4 cxrilebi

amonagebi

federaluri sagadasaxado sistemis ZiriTadi komponentebi asaxulia 1.3

grafikze, xolo Statebisa da adgilobrivi gadasaxadebis Sesaxeb arsebuli
informacia _ 1.4 grafikze. federalur doneze piradi Semosavlis dabegvra
dRes amonagebis erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi wyaroa, romelzedac mobilizebuli
gadasaxadebis 46% modis. gTxovT, 1.3 grafikSi yuradReba miaqcioT `socialur
dazRvevas~. esaa xelfasze gadasaxadi, romliTac socialuri dazRvevisa da
samedicino

momsaxurebis

uzrunvelyofa

xdeba.

maTze

dRes

federaluri

amonagebis mesamedze meti modis. garkveulwilad sainteresoa korporaciebis

Semosavalze dawesebuli federaluri gadasaxadis mniSvnelobis Semcireba. 1965
wels masze federaluri Semosavlebis daaxloebiT 22% modioda, dRes ki
aRniSnuli maCvenebeli mxolod 8%-ia. Statebisa da adgilobrivi mmarTvelobis
seqtorSi ori yvelaze saocari cvlileba iyo qonebis gadasaxadis mniSvnelobis
Semcireba da fizikuri piris saSemosavlo gadasaxadis masStabis zrda.

cvlilebebi sesxis realur RirebulebaSi. kamaTis dros xSirad moismenT

azrs

imis

Sesaxeb,

rom

gadasaxadebi

saxelmwifos

Semosavlis

erTaderTi

wyaroa. Tumca im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac saxelmwifo debitoria da fasebis done

izrdeba, sesxis realur RirebulebaSi mimdinare nebismieri cvlileba SesaZloa
Semosavlis mniSvnelovan wyarod iqces. ukeT gasarkvevad, warmoidgineT, rom
wlis dasawyisSi kreditorisagan isesxeT 1000 aSS dolari, romlis dabruneba
wlis

bolomde

ar

mogiwevT.

davuSvaT,

wlis

ganmavlobaSi

fasebi

10%-iT

gaizarda. amdenad, fulis Rirebuleba, romelsac kreditors daubrunebT, 10%-iT

naklebi iqneba fulis im RirebulebasTan SedarebiT, romelic misgan isesxeT.
saqme isaa, rom inflaciam Tqveni sesxis realuri Rirebuleba 100 aSS dolariT
(1000 aSS dolaris 10%) Seamcira. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, Tqveni realuri

20

Semosavali inflaciis Sedegad 100 aSS dolariT gaizarda. cxadia, Tqveni

kreditoris faqtobrivi Semosavali 100 aSS dolariT Semcirda9.
2002 fiskaluri wlis dasawyisSi federaluri mTavrobis gadauxdeli vali
daaxloebiT

3,5

trilion aSS dolars Seadgenda.

2002 wlis

ganmavlobaSi

inflacia 1,4 % iyo. zemoT moyvanili logikis Sesabamisad, inflaciis Sedegad

federaluri sesxis faqtobrivi Rirebuleba 49 miliardi aSS dolariT (3,5
trilioni aSS dolari X 0,014) Semcirda, rac faqtobrivad igive Semosavalia,
rac

1.3

grafikSi

buRaltruli

miTiTebuli

aRricxvis

nebismieri

procedurebis

gadasaxadi.

mixedviT,

Tumca

inflaciis

saxelmwifo
gamo

sesxis

Rirebulebis SemcirebiT miRebuli mogeba SemosavalSi ar Sedis. me-18 TavSi

ganvixilavT im sakiTxebs, romlebic sesxisa da misi ekonomikuri mniSvnelobis
Sefasebas ukavSirdeba.

Cveni gegma

am nawilSi SemogTavazeT ZiriTadi `faqtebis~ erToblioba _ faqtebisa,

romlebic

Seexeba

saxelmwifos

fiskalur

institutebs,

saxelmwifo

danaxarjebis moculobasa da areals, agreTve meTods, romelsac mTavroba

TviTdafinansebisaTvis iyenebs. am wignis darCenili nawili ufro met faqts
eZRvneba; igi fiskaluri sistemis funqcionirebis sqematur suraTs gTavazobT.
aRniSnuli faqtebis mniSvnelobas vaanalizebT da vcdilobT, vipovoT pasuxi
SekiTxvaze, migviyvana Tu ara `status-kvom~ sasurvel Sedegamde, da Tu ase ar
aris, maSin rogor SeiZleba mdgomareobis gamosworeba.

daskvna

sajaro finansebi, romlebic agreTve saxelmwifo seqtoris ekonomikis an

saxelmwifos ekonomikis saxeliTaa cnobili, saxelmwifos sagadasaxado

Tu msesxebelic da kreditoric elian inflacias, erT-erTi moelis, rom inflaciis

sakompensaciod unda gaizardos saprocento ganakveTi. aRniSnuli fenomeni ganxilulia
me-15 TavSi (`dabegvra da inflacia~).

21

da

saxarjo

qmedebebze,

resursebis

ganTavsebisa

da

Semosavlis

ganawilebisas saxelmwifos zemoqmedebis xarisxzea fokusirebuli.

sajaro finansebis ekonomistebi aqtualur politikas aanalizeben da

saxelmwifo qmedebebisaTvis instruqciebs SeimuSaveben. bolo periodSi
ekonomistebi

saxelmwifos

rolis

mimarT

sazogadoebaSi

arsebuli

damokidebulebis zegavlenas ganicdian.

saxelmwifos

Sesaxeb

organuli

Teoriis

mixedviT,

piri

mxolod

sazogadoebis miznebis misaRwevad Setanili wvliliT fasdeba. miznebs ki

swored saxelmwifo gansazRvravs.

saxelmwifos

Sesaxeb

meqanikuri

Teoriis

Tanaxmad,

mTavroba

individualuri miznebis misaRwevad iqna gamogonebuli. bundovania, Tu

rogor

axerxebs

mTavroba

konfliqturi

individualuri

miznebis

harmonizebas.

individualur gadawyvetilebaTa miReba ekonomistebis fokusirebis sagani

ufroa

da

saxelmwifos

Sesaxeb

wignSi

aRweril

meqanikur

midgomas

Seesabameba. es sulac ar SezRudavs diskusiebs ekonomikaSi saxelmwifos

keTilgonivruli rolis Sesaxeb.

kostitucia federaluri da Statebis saxelmwifo ekonomikur qmedebebze

SezRudvebs awesebs.

federaluri
gaswios

mTavroba

nebismieri

uflebamosilia,

danaxarji

da

survilisamebr

maT

da

dasafinanseblad

efeqtianad
sesxebi

da

gadasaxadebi gamoiyenos. gadasaxadis ganakveTebis dawesebisas federalur

mTavrobas

ekrZaleba

Statis

diskriminacia,

agreTve

saxelmwifo

eqsportze mosakreblis daweseba. me-16 damateba federalur mTavrobas

fizikuri piris Semosavlis dabegvris uflebas aniWebs.

Statebis mmarTvelobebs ekrZaleba importze sabaJo tarifis daweseba,

ucxoeli

rezidentebis

diskriminacia

an

sxva

Statebis

produqciis

dabegvra. Statebis umetesoba sabiujeto moTxovnilebebs abalansebs.

mTavrobis

zomis

yvela

Cveulebrivi

maxasiaTebeli

dasaqmebulebi,

danaxarji, amonagebi da a.S. _ mainc garkveuli naklovanebiT xasiaTdeba.

ufro konkretulad ki, aRniSnuli monacemebi maregulirebel danaxarjebs
ar asaxavs. miuxedavad amisa, arsebobs sakmaod naTeli mtkicebuleba
imisa,

rom

saxelmwifos

zemoqmedebis

xarisxi

erovnuli

resursebis

ganTavsebaze droTa ganmavlobaSi gaizarda.

saxelmwifo danaxarjebis moculoba gaizarda rogorc nominaluri, ise

realuri

TvalsazrisiT,

erT

sul

mosaxleze gaangariSebiT,

agreTve

mTliani Sida produqtis mimarT.

22

Tavdacvaze gaweuli danaxarjebis wili federalur danaxarjebSi droTa

ganmavlobaSi

Semcirda,

xolo

socialur

uzrunvelyofaze,

sazogadoebrivi keTildReobis amaRlebasa da gadauxdeli davalianebis

procentze gaweuli danaxarjebi gaizarda. uflebrivi programebisa da
procentis gadaxdis kombinacia amcirebs wlis ganmavlobaSi danaxarjebis
moculobaze kontrolis xarisxs.

pirad

Semosavalsa

da

xelfasze

daricxuli

gadasaxadebi

dRes

saxelmwifos Semosavlis didi nawilia.

Asadiskusio SekiTxvebi

1.

qvemoT

CamoTvlilTagan

romeli

Seesabameba

saxelmwifos

Sesaxeb

arsebul organul Teorias da romeli _ meqanikur Teorias?

a) `Zlieri

saxelmwifo

rusebisaTvis

anomalia

ar

aris,

arc is,

ris

winaaRmdegac saWiroa brZola, aramed, piriqiT ... igi gaxlavT yvela cvlilebis
iniciatori da mTavari mamoZravebeli Zala~ (ruseTis prezidenti, vladimer
putini);
b) `saxelmwifos momsaxurebis
usasrulobas.

igi

aris

imis

maqsimumi

saSualeba,

gulisxmobs

rom

misi

individma

momsaxurebis

gaiazros

Tavisi

saWiroeba~ (uzenaesi sasamarTlos mosamarTle, uiliam renkvisti, stenfordis

universitetisaTvis dawerili samagistro naSromi).
2.

safrangeTis

kanonis

Tanaxmad,

kinoTeatrebi

valdebulni

arian,

weliwadSi 20 kviris ganmavlobaSi safrangeTSi gadaRebuli mxatvruli filmebi

gauSvan, risi formaluri mizanic aris safrangeTSi aSS-is filmebis Cvenebis
SezRudva da am gziT amerikuli kulturuli zemoqmedebis Semcireba. vin iqneba
aRniSnuli kanonis momxre?
a) saxelmwifos Sesaxeb organuli Teoriis momxre;
b) Tavisufali nebis doqtrinis momxre;
g)

social-demokrati.

23

3.

Warbi

problemaa.

wona

aSS-Si

aRniSnuli

janmrTelobasTan

problemis

mogvarebis

dakavSirebuli
erT-erTi

gza

saxelmwifo
aris

`cximis

dabegvra~. sursaTi, romelic saxelmwifos mier dawesebul, dRiurad misaReb,

minimalur cximze mets Seicavs, daibegreba. Seesabameba Tu ara aseTi gadasaxadi
saxelmwifos Sesaxeb meqanikur Teorias?
4. aRniSnul viTarebaSi, gadawyviteT, saxelmwifos zemoqmedeba ekonomikaze
mcirdeba Tu izrdeba da ratom. yvela SemTxvevaSi, rogor Seesabameba Tqveni
pasuxi mTavrobis zomis standartul maCveneblebs?
a)

Cveulebriv,

dazRveviT

rodesac

uzrunvelyofs,

damqiravebeli

iTvleba,

rom

daqiravebuls

aRniSnuli

janmrTelobis

dazRveva

moqmedebs

daqiravebulis meuRlisTvisac. ramdenime wlis win san-franciskoSi miRebul

iqna kanoni, romelic biznesSi monawile firmebs avaldebulebda, janmrTelobis
dazRveviTa da sxva saxis sargebliT rogorc erTi da imave, ise sxvadasxva
sqesis dauqorwinebeli partniorebi uzrunveleyoT;
b)

saqonlisa

da

momsaxurebis

saxelmwifos

mier

Sesyidvis

Sefardeba

mTlian Sida produqtTan Semcirda;

g)

federaluri

biujeti

dabalansda

Statebisa

da

adgilobrivi

mmarTvelobebisaTvis gaTvaliswinebuli subsidiis Semcirebis xarjze.

5. 2002 wels did

britaneTSi inflaciis ganakveTi daaxloebiT

2,1%-s

udrida. wlis dasawyisSi britaneTis saSinao vali daaxloebiT 311 miliard

evros utoldeboda. ramdenad dagvexmareba aRniSnuli faqtebi saxelmwifos
Semosavlebis gamosaTvlelad 2002 wels?
6.

rogorc

ukve

aRiniSna,

bil

klintonma

ganacxada,

rom

didi

mmarTvelobis era dasrulda. Semcirda Tu ara misi prezidentobis periodSi

mTavrobis zoma? upasuxeT Semdeg monacemze dayrdnobiT: 1993 wels federaluri
mTavrobis danaxarji Seadgenda 1,41 trilion aSS dolars, xolo mTliani Sida
produqti

_ 6,64 trilion aSS dolars. 2001 wels federaluri danaxarji iyo

1,86 trilioni aSS dolari, xolo mSp _ 10,2 trilioni aSS dolari. aRniSnul
periodSi fasebi daaxloebiT 16%-iT gaizarda.
ra damatebiTi monacemebi gWirdebaT imisaTvis, rom ufro srulyofilad
upasuxoT am SekiTxvas?

24

25

gamoyenebuli literatura:

Congressional Budget Office. The Economic and Budget Outlook: Fiscal Years 2004 2013.
Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office, January 2003.
Smith, Adam. The Wealth of Nations. London: J.M. Dent and Sons, 1997 (1776) (book V, Chapter
1.).
_____________________________________________________________________________

danarTi

sajaro finansebSi kvlevis Catareba

am

wignSi

literatura

xSirad
swored

vixseniebT
garkveuli

bevr

wignsa

sakiTxis

da

statias.

Zirfesvianad

aRniSnuli
gamokvlevis

msurvelTaTvis aris saWiro. studentebma, romlebsac surT, daweron naSromi an

moamzadon

Tezisi

saxelmwifo

finansebis

saganSi,

unda

gadaxedon

iseT

specifikur Jurnalebs, rogoricaa:

International Tax and Public Finance
Journal of Public Economics
National Tax Journal
Public Finance
Public Finance Quarterly.
garda

amisa,

ZiriTad

zogad-ekonomikur

JurnalebSi

xSirad

qveyndeba

statiebi sajaro finansebis sferoSi mimdinare procesebis Sesaxeb. aRniSnuli

moicavs Semdeg gamocemebs, Tumca ar Semoifargleba maTiT:
American Economic Review
Journal of Economic Perspectives

26

Journal of Political Economy

Quarterly Journal of Economics
Review of Economics and Statistics.
sajaro finansebis Sesaxeb statiebi, romlebic gamoqveynebulia aRniSnul
da bevr sxva gamocemaSi, indeqsirebulia Journal of Economic Literature-Si da
xelmisawvdomia internetSi.
garda amisa, studentebma unda gaaanalizon brokingis institutis seriis
Studies

of

Government

Finance-is

tomebi.

aRniSnul

wignebSi

skrupulozuri da Tanamedrove diskusiebi sajaro

Sedis

sakmaod

finansebis mniSvnelovan

sakiTxebze. kongresis sabiujeto ofisi uzrunvelyofs sasargeblo angariSebs

mimdinare

politikuri

azrTa

sxvadasxvaobis

Sesaxeb.

dokumentebis

sia

mocemulia veb-gverdze: www.cbo.gov.

ekonomikuri kvlevis erovnuli biuros mecnieruli naSromebi, romelTa
mopoveba SesaZlebelia bevri universitetis biblioTekaSi, sajaro finansebis
uaxlesi

kvlevis

kargi,

alternatiuli

wyaroa.

Tumca

mainc

aRsaniSnavia

zogierTi am naSromis teqnikuri sirTule. maTi naxva SesaZlebelia veb-gverdze:

www.nber.org.
saxelmwifos saxarjo da sagadasaxado saqmianobis Sesaxeb bevri monacemi
arsebobs. qvemoT CamoTvlilia informaciis is sasargeblo wyaroebi, romlebic
gamoqveynebulia aSS-is saxelmwifo beWdviTi ofisis mier da xelmisawvdomia
Semdeg misamarTebze:
Statistical Abstract of the United States
(www.census.gov/prod/www/statistical-abstract-us.html)
Economic Report of the President
(http: //w3.access.gpo.gov/eop)
Budget of the United States
((http: //w3.access.gpo.gov/eopusbudget/index.html)
U.S. Sensus of Governments
(www.census.gov/govs/www/cog.html).

27

aRniSnuli gamocemebi yovelwliuria (garda U.S. Sensus of Governments-isa,

romelic xuT weliwadSi erTxel ibeWdeba). Facts and Figures on Government Finance,
romelic yovelwliurad ibeWdeba sagadasaxado fondis mier, aris saxelmwifos
saxarjo

da

gWirdebaT

sagadasaxado qmedebebis
monacemi,

romelic

XVIII

Sesaxeb

monacemTa

saukunidan

sxva krebuli.

iwyeba

da

Tu

xangrZliv

perspeqtivazea gaTvlili, ixileT: Historical Statistics of the United States from Colonial
Times

to

1970

(aSS-is

saxelmwifo

beWdviTi

organo).

mkiTxveli,

romelic

gansakuTrebuladaa dainteresebuli Statebisa da adgilobrivi mmarTvelobebis

sajaro

finansebiT,

waikiTxavs

aSS-is

mTavrobaTaSorisi

urTierTobebis

mrCeveli komisiis (US Advisory Commission on Intergovernmental Relations) angariSebs.

sajaro finansebis Sesaxeb arsebuli udidesi informaciaa ganTavsebuli
internetSi. gansakuTrebiT sasargebloa Resources for Economists on the Internet-is gv.
(http://rfe.org), sadac CamoTvlili da aRwerilia 900-ze meti internet-wyaro. aseve
Zalian sasargebloa US Census Bureau-s mTavari gv. (http://www.census.gov/econ/www/).
da bolos, uaxlesi informacia sagadasaxado politikis Sesaxeb ganTavsebulia
miCiganis universitetis sagadasaxado politikis kvlevis ofisis veb-gverdze
(http://otpr.org), agreTve urban-brukingis sagadasaxado politikis centris vebgverdze (http://www.taxpolicycenter.org/).

28

Tavi 2

pozitiuri analizis saSualebani

erTni cxovroben. meoreni ki sicocxlisunarianebi Tavadve xdebian.

jesi jeksoni

am Tavs mSvenivrad moergeboda aseTi saxelwodeba: `ratomaa ase rTuli

imis

Tqma,

Tu

politikosebis

ra

xdeba

cxare

garSemo?~.

kamaTs

mudmivad

saxelmwifoTa

vismenT

ekonomistebisa

operaciebis

Sedegad

da

miRebuli

msgavsi Sedegebis Sesaxeb. ase, magaliTad, rodesac jorj u. buSma 2003 wels
sagadasaxado ganakveTebis Semcireba ganizraxa, konservatorebma gamoTqves azri,
rom

dabali

sagadasaxado ganakveTi

mosaxleobas

ufro

bejiTad

muSaobis

stimuls Seuqmnida. liberalebi skeptikurad ganewyvnen da amtkicebdnen, rom

gadasaxadebs

mxolod

warmomadgeneli

umniSvnelo

ekonomistebi

efeqti

miiCnevdnen,

rom

aqvs.
swored

TiToeuli
maTi

mxaris

mosazreba

iyo

WeSmariti. aris Tu ara karikaturaze gamoxatuli cinizmi moulodneli?

gansazRvruli pasuxebis deficitis arsebiTi mizezia is, rom ekonomistebs
ZiriTadad ar SeuZliaT qveynis ekonomikaze skurpulozuri da kontrolirebadi
eqsperimentebis
Sesafaseblad

Catareba.
botanikosma

kombostos zrdaze sasuqis

nakveTis

erT

nawilze

zemoqmedebis

kombosto

xarisxis

sasuqiT

unda

daamuSaos, xolo meore nawilze identuri kombosto unda gazardos, oRond

sasuqis gareSe, da Seadaros Sedegebi. usasuqo nakveTi sakontrolo jgufia.
ekonomists amgvari cdis Catarebis saSualeba ara aqvs. miuxedavad imisa, rom
mTavrobas SeuZlia, Secvalos ekonomikuri garemo, mainc ar arsebobs iseTi
sakontrolo
verasodes

jgufi,

romelTan

viwinaswarmetyvelebT

Sedarebac
sxvadasxva

SesaZlebeli
politikuri

iqneba.

amdenad,

cvlilebebiT

gamowveul konkretul Sedegs.

29

vinaidan

ekonomistebi

ekonomikur

sistemaze

Sesafaseblad
finansebSi

sxva

yvelaze

sakontrolo
sxvadasxva

meTodebs
SesaniSnavi

cdebis

deficits

saxelmwifo

iyeneben.

qmedebebis

ukanasknel

miRwevaa

ganicdian,

zegavlenis

aTwleulebSi

saxelmwifo

isini

politikis

sajaro

sakiTxebis

Sesaswavlad Tanamedrove statistikuri saSualebebis farTod gamoyeneba.

SromiTi
mimdinare

resursebis

debatebi

miwodebaze

kargad

gviCvenebs,

gadasaxadebis

zegavlenis

Tu

pozitiuri

ra

saxis

Sesaxeb
analizia

Catarebuli sajaro finansebis sferoSi.

karikatura:

`es gaxlavT mTavari, rac mindoda meTqva. axla momeciT statistika,

romelsac daveyrdnobi~.

Teoriis roli

xSirad gaigonebT mtkicebas imis Sesaxeb, rom `cifrebi Tavad saubroben~.

ras

gvetyvian

cifrebi

miwodebaze? 2.1
wlidan

2001

saSemosavalo

gadasaxadis

ganakveTsa

cxrili gvTavazobs informacias, Tu

wlamde

mobilizebuli

gadasaxadebis

rogor

da

Sromis

meryeobs

ukanaskneli

1955

dolaris

proporcia, anu zRvruli sagadasaxado ganakveTi. cxrili aseve gviCvenebs, Tu

rogor Seicvala erTi momuSavis samuSao saaTebis saSualo raodenoba. cifrebi
miuTiTebs, rom sagadasaxado ganakveTebi zogadad (Tumca ara ganuxrelad)
gaizarda,

xolo

samuSao

saaTebi

Semcirda.

gadasaxadebi

amcirebs

Sromis

miwodebas.
marTebulia
cvlilebasTan
zegavlena
Semosavali

Tu
erTad

moexdina
_

ara

aRniSnuli

icvleboda

Sromis

sxva

miwodebaze.

dividendebidan,

daskvna?

sagadasaxado

faqtorebic,
im

procentebidan

romlebsac

SemTxvevaSi,
da

a.S.

ganakveTebis

Tu

SeeZlo

arasaxelfaso

miRebuli

Semosavali

gaizrdeboda, maSin adamians SeeZleboda naklebi emuSava, radgan igi ufro

30

gamdidrdeboda. amasTanave, protestantuli eTikis Sesusteba SesaZloa Sromis

miwodebas amcirebdes. aRniSnulTagan arc erTi ar aris gaTvaliswinebuli
mocemul cifrebSi. cxadia, gvinda vicodeT, Tu ra damoukidebel zegavlenas
axdens gadasaxadi Sromis miwodebaze. aRniSnuli efeqtis Seswavla mxolod
ori cvladis tendenciis gamokvlevis Sedegad SeuZlebelia. situacia amjeradac
tipuria _ rodesac monacemebisagan veliT pasuxebs, cifrebi yovelTvis duman.
saqme isaa, rom aseTi dakvirvebis Catarebis Sedegad `pandoras yuTs~
vxsniT.

sxvadasxva

cvladebis

didi

nawili

icvleba.

romeli

maTgani

dagvexmareba gadasaxadis efeqtis gansazRvraSi? ekonomikuri Teoriis erT-erTi

ZiriTadi mizania cvladebis im nawilis izolireba, romlebic ekonomikaze
mniSvnelovan zegavlenas axdens. gadasaxadebisa da Sromis miwodebis magaliTi
gviCvenebs, Tu rogor asrulebs aRniSnul rols ZiriTadi ekonomikuri Teoria.

31

cxrili 2.1 saSemosavalo gadasaxadis ganakveTi da gaweuli Sroma

zRvruli federaluri
weli

samuSao saaTebi saSualod

sagadasaxado ganakveTi*

kviraSi**

(procentulad)
1955

20,00

39,6

1960

20,00

38,6

1965

17,00

38,8

1970

19,48

37,1

1975

22,00

36,1

1980

30,13

35,3

1985

29,05

34,9

1990

22,65

34,5

1995

22,65

34,5

2001

22,65

34,5

* sagadasaxado politikis centri, "Historical Combined Income and Employee Tax

Rates

for

Family

of

Four",

URL:

http://www.taxpolicycenter.org/taxfacts/overview/-

combined_family.cfm, 2003 wlis 15 ianvari.

** Economic Report of the President, 2002 weli (Washington, DC: US Government Printing
Office, 2002), gv. 376.

Sromis miwodebis Teoriis postulatis mixedviT, samuSao gadawyvetileba

drois

racionalur

gankargulebaSi

emyareba1.

ganawilebas

dReSi

ramdenime

saaTia.

davuSvaT,

ramdeni

saaTi

batoni
unda

rojersis

dauTmos

man

muSaobas, xolo ramdeni _ uqmad yofnas? rojersi siamovnebas (`sargebels~)

dasvenebisagan iRebs, magram Semosavlis misaRebad mas muSaoba uwevs, amdenad,
misi

Tavisufali

Tavisufali

drois

droc

izRudeba.

saukeTeso

rojersis

kombinaciis

problemaa

povna,

romelic

Semosavlisa
mis

da

sargebels

gazrdis.

Sromis resursebis Teoria am TavSi mxolod zedapiruladaa Camoyalibebuli. me-16

TavSi ixileT grafikuli eqspozicia saTauriT: `Sromis miwodeba~.

32

davuSvaT,

rojersis

saaTobrivi

anazRaurebis

ganakveTi

10

dolaria.

aRniSnuli xelfasi rojersis drois Rirebulebaa. Tavisufali drois yovel

saaTSi

rojersi

10

dolars

kargavs

dro

fulia.

Tumca

keTilgonieri

individi yoveli SesaZlo saaTis ganmavlobaSi ar muSaobs, Tundac uqmad yofna

mas Zalian Zviri ujdebodes. adamiani uqmad atarebs dros manam, sanam misgan
miRebuli sargebeli aWarbebs danaxarjs.
es

modeli

absurdulad

martivad

SeiZleba

miviCnioT.

igi

imis

SesaZleblobas gamoricxavs, rom piris mier Sromis miwodeba ojaxis sxva

wevrTa mier miRebul Sromis gadawyvetilebaze iyos damokidebuli. modeli ar
gveubneba, sad SeuZlia individs imdeni saaTis ganmavlobaSi muSaoba, ramdenic
moesurveba.

marTlac,

gadawyvetilebas

mTeli

mxolod

mas

Sexeduleba
Semdeg

imis

iRebs,

rac

Sesaxeb,

rom

adamiani

racionalurad

Seafasebs

sargebelsa da danaxarjs, SesaZloa ararealisturad mogveCvenos.

miuxedavad

amisa,

modelirebis

mTeli

mizani

scenaris

maqsimaluri

gamartivebaa; amdenad, SeiZleba problema mxolod mis ZiriTad nawilebamde

iqnes dayvanili. literator-kritikosi, liton streCi, ambobda: `dasawyisSi
Cadenili Secdoma yoveli xelovnebis dasabamia~ (Lipton, 1977, gv. 3). Secdoma
yoveli kargi ekonomikuri analizis sawindaric aris. modeli imis mixedviT ki
ar unda Sefasdes, zustia Tu ara, aramed imis mixedviT, waagavs Tu ara igi
WeSmaritebas
Tanamedrove

da

aris

naSromTa

Tu

ara

informaciis

umetesoba

emyareba

wyaro.

imis

ekonomikis

daSvebas,

rom

Sesaxeb

sargeblis

maqsimizacia aris kargi samuSao hipoTeza. aRniSnuli mosazreba gamoyenebulia

am wignSic.
warmovidginoT, rom batonma rojersma miagno Semosavlisa da Tavisufali
drois sargeblis maqsimizaciis kombinacias, romelic efuZneba mis saxelfaso
ganakveTs,
mixedviT,

romelic 10
xelfasi

dolaria.

20%-iT

mTavroba

daibegreba.

iRebs

gadawyvetilebas,

romlis

rojersis wminda xelfasi, anu misi

xelfasi gadasaxadebis gadaxdis Semdeg, 8 dolari iqneba. rogor moiqceva am

dros keTilgonieri adamiani? imuSavebs bevrs, cotas Tu ar Secvlis muSaobis
moculobas?
erTob
TeoriiT

sajaro

debatebis

Tavdajerebuli

ganmavlobaSi

argumentebi

viwinaswarmetyveloT,

Tu

gaismis.
ra

samive

SesaZleblobis

realurad

zegavlenas

ki

moaxdens

Sesaxeb

SeuZlebelia,
saSemosavlo

gadasaxadi samuSao saaTebis raodenobaze.

imisaTvis, rom davinaxoT, ratom xdeba ase, gTxovT, yuradReba miaqcioT
imas, rom saSemosavlo gadasaxadi amcirebs Tavisufali drois mimdinare fass.

33

gadasaxadis dawesebamde rojerss Tavisufali drois erTi saaTi 10 dolari

ujdeboda.

saSemosavlo gadasaxadis

dawesebis

Semdeg

ki rojersis

wminda

xelfasi Semcirda da mas uqmad yofnis erTi saaTi ukve 8 dolari ujdeba.
vinaidan uqmad yofna gaiafda, arsebobs misi zrdisa da muSaobis Semcirebis
tendencia. es Senacvlebis efeqtis saxeliTaa cnobili.
gadasaxadis dawesebis paralelurad sruliad sxva saxis efeqti Cndeba.
davuSvaT,

rom

rojersi

imuSavebs

saaTebis

gansazRvruli

odenobis

ganmavlobaSi, miuxedavad mis wminda xelfasSi nebismieri dasaSvebi cvlilebisa.

gadasaxadis

gadaxdis Semdeg

rojersi

saaTSi mxolod 8 dolars

miiRebs

(gaixseneT, rom erT saaTSi igi adre 10 dolars iRebda). faqtobrivad rojersma
Semosavali

dakarga.

radgan

Tavisufali

dro,

Cveulebriv,

kargia,

misi

gamoyenebis koeficienti Semosavlis zrdasTan erTad yovelTvis izrdeba, da

piriqiT, _ rodesac Semosavali iklebs, yovelTvis mcirdeba. Tavisufali drois
gamoyenebis
gulisxmobs.

naklebi

koeficienti

imdenad,

ki

TavisTavad

ramdenadac

muSaobis

saSemosavlo

masStabis

gadasaxadma

zrdas

rojersis

Semosavali Seamcira, igi iZulebulia, meti imuSaos. es Semosavlis efeqtis

saxeliTaa cnobili.
amrigad, gadasaxads erTdroulad ori Sedegis motana SeuZlia:
iafi

saqmianobis

(Tavisufali

drois

gamoyenebis)

Senacvlebis

igi ufro
tendencias

waaxalisebs da realur Semosavals amcirebs. raki Senacvlebisa da Semosavlis

efeqtebi

sawinaaRmdego

mimarTulebebia,

saSemosavlo

gadasaxadis

efeqtis

Sefaseba mxolod Teoriulad SeuZlebelia. gaiazreT qvemoT mocemuli ori

Sexeduleba:
1. `amgvari maRali gadasaxadebis gamo marTlac ar Rirs imdeni muSaoba,
ramdensac vmuSaobdi~.
2. `amgvari maRali gadasaxadebis gamo iZulebuli var, vimuSao ufro meti,
raTa SevinarCuno cxovrebis pirobebi~.

im adamianisaTvis, romelic pirvel mosazrebas warmoTqvams, dominirebs

Senacvlebis efeqti, xolo meore winadadebis avtorze Semosavlis efeqti.
orive Tvalsazrisi srulyofilad asaxavs keTilgonivrul qcevas.
SeuZlebelia,
gamowveul
SekiTxvaze,

Semosavlisa

ganusazRvrelobas
ra

zegavlenas

da

Senacvlebis

metismetad
axdens

mkveTrad

sagadasaxado

efeqtebis
gavusvaT
sistemaSi

konfliqtiT
xazi.

pasuxs

gatarebuli

34

cvlilebebi Sromis miwodebaze, mxolod empiriuli muSaoba (analizi, romelic,

Teoriisagan gansxvavebiT, dakvirvebasa da gamocdilebas efuZneba) gagvcems.
Tundac

yvelaze

maRali

Tanamdebobis

pirTa

mosazrebebs

am

sakiTxze

mniSvnelovani skepticizmiT unda mivudgeT.

Sromis miwodebis magaliTze dayrdnobiT Cven argumenti CamovayalibeT.
Tumca iTvleba, rom aRniSnuli sakiTxi ufro zogadia, Teoriis erT-erTi
ZiriTadi mizani ki is aris, rom Cveni yuradReba Cvens mierve ignorirebul
sferoebze gaamaxvilos.

empiriuli analizis meTodebi

Teoria imis saSualebas gvaZlevs, rom Cvensave mosazrebas organizaciuli

forma mivaniWoT, rodesac igi ekonomikur samyaroSi mimdinare cvlilebaze
adamianTa

reaqciis

Sefasebas

Seexeba.

Tumca

igi,

Cveulebriv,

aRniSnuli

reaqciis masStabebze ar migvaniSnebs. marTlac, axlaxans ganxiluli Sromis

miwodebis sakiTxis TvalsazrisiT, mxolod Teoria uZluria, mosalodneli
cvlilebis
aucilebeli.

mimarTuleba
moqmedebs

iwinaswarmetyvelos.
empiriuli

amisaTvis

strategiis

sami

empiriuli

saxe:

piradi

muSaobaa
interviu,

eqsperimenti da ekonometrikuli Sefaseba. TiToeuli maTganisaTvis TeoriasTan

koordinacia

sasicocxlod

aucilebelia.

Teoria

Sesaswavli

sakiTxis

organizaciul struqturaze, dasmul SekiTxvebsa da Sedegebis interpretaciaze

zemoqmedebs.

interviuebi

yvelaze uSualo da pirdapiri gza imis gasarkvevad, Tu rogor zemoqmedebs

mTavroba adamianis qcevaze, Tavad am adamianisaTvis martivi SekiTxvis dasmaa. es
aris empiriuli `kvlevis~ tipi, romelic reportiorebisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli
(`gviTxariT,

gadaavadebT

Tu

ara

pensiaze

gasvlas

im

SemTxvevaSi,

Tu

35

saxelmwifo
miwodebaze

socialuri
gadasaxadis

uzrunvelyofis
efeqtis

sargebels

Sesafaseblad

Seamcirebs?~).

araerTi

rTuli

Sromis
interviu

Catarda. britanel iuristTa da buRalterTa jgufs dausves frTxili SekiTxva,

Tu rogor gansazRvraven Tavisi samuSao saaTebis
sagadasaxado

ganakveTebis

Sesaxeb,

romlebic

raodenobas, ician Tu ara im

maT

mimarT

gamoiyeneba,

sagadasaxado ganakveTi maT muSaobas stimuls uqmnis Tu bariers. pasuxebis

mixedviT dadginda, rom gadasaxadebi SedarebiT cota adamianze zemoqmedebs
(Break,

1957,

gamokvlevis

gv.

549).

mdidari

Tanaxmad,

amerikelebis

`mxolod

maTi

erTi

jgufis
meeqvsedi...

Sesaxeb

ufro

amtkicebs,

gviani

rom

maT

TandaTanobiT mzardi saSemosavlo gadasaxadis gamo faqtobrivad Seamcires

muSaobis masStabi... isini, vinc maqsimalur zRvrul sagadasaxado ganakveTs
eqvemdebarebodnen, samuSao barieris arsebobis Sesaxeb odnav ufro xSirad
acxadebdnen, vidre isini, vinc ufro dabali ganakveTiT ibegrebodnen~ (Barlow,
Brazer & Morgan, 1966, gv. 3).

interviusaTvis damaxasiaTebeli naklovaneba

interviuTa interpretireba did yuradRebasa da sifrTxiles moiTxovs.

yovelives Semdeg, Tu individi xmamaRla ar acxadebs Tavisi sagadasaxado
ganakveTis Sesaxeb, es sulac ar niSnavs imas, rom igi ver aRiqvams gadasaxadis
gadaxdamde

periodsa

da

gadasaxadis

gadaxdis

Semdgom

periods

Soris

gansxvavebas.
Zveli Cinuri andaza gvaswavlis: `usmine, ras ambobs, da Semdeg uyure, ras
akeTebs~. faqti, rom individi raimes ambobs Tavisi qcevis Sesaxeb, sulac ar
adasturebs naTqvamis WeSmaritebas. zogierT adamians uWirs imis aRiareba, rom
finansuri gadawyvetileba zemoqmedebs mis SromiT gadawyvetilebaze (`mirCevnia,
ar

visaubro

fulis

Sesaxeb.

es

samarcxvinoa~,

Tqva

msaxiobma

barbara

streizandma). sxvebi mTavrobas sruli funqciis qonis gamo sayveduroben, Tumca

maT qcevaze gadasaxadebi faqtobrivad ar zemoqmedebs. davuSvaT, gsurT gaigoT,
TuUromel radiosadgurs usmens ojaxi. ras moimoqmedebT: SeekiTxebiT maT Tu
mixvalT maTTan saxlSi da naxavT, romel talRazea dayenebuli radiomimRebi?

eqsperimentebi

36

ukve aRvniSneT, rom ekonomikaSi

kontrolirebadi

eqsperimentebis

empiriuli muSaobis ZiriTadi problema

Catarebis

SeuZleblobaa.

Tumca

mTavrobam

daafinansa ramdenime cda, romelTa mizani ekonomikuri qcevis Sesaswavlad

eqsperimentuli

meTodologiis

socialur

eqsperimentebs

romlebic

1990-iani

gamoyeneba

usvams

wlebis

xazs,

dasawyisSi

iyo.
im

idea,

romelic

samuSaoebSia

saxelmwifo

da

aRniSnul

ilustrirebuli,
kerZo

skolebis

SedarebiT efeqtianobaze Catarda.

dRes sakmaod mwvave debatebi mimdinareobs imis Sesaxeb, sajaro finansebi
bavSvebis kerZo skolebSi gasagzavnad unda gamoiyenebodes Tu ara. aRniSnuli
debatebis mTavari sakiTxia, aris Tu ara kerZo skolebi saxelmwifo skolebze
ufro efeqtiani,
centraluri

gansakuTrebiT,

qalaqebidan.

am

roca

SekiTxvaze

saqme

exeba

pasuxis

ganaTlebul bavSvebs

gacemis

bunebrivi

gza

analogiuri donis im studentTa moswrebis Sefasebaa, romlebic erTi tipis

skolebSi swavloben. aRniSnulma gamokvlevam uCvena, rom kerZo skolebi ufro
kargad muSaoben. Tumca aseTi Sedegi SeiZleba imitom miviReT, rom maRali
miRwevebis mqone studentebi, pirvel rigSi, kerZo skolebSi swavlas arCeven.
1990 wels, uiskonsinSi daigegma socialuri cda, romelic am problemisken
iqneboda mimarTuli2. qalaq miluokis Rarib ojaxebs neba darTes, ganacxadi
SeetanaT im programaze, romelic daafinansebda maT swavlas arareligiur
kerZo

skolaSi.

ganmcxadeblebisgan

programaSi

monawileni

SemTxveviTobis

principiT SeirCa. ganmcxadeblebi, romelTa SerCeva ar moxda, sakontrolo

jgufis funqcias asrulebdnen. nebismieri gansxvaveba, romelic ori jgufis
Semdgom saskolo miRwevaSi dafiqsirdeboda, unda ganxiluliyo, rogorc ori
sxvadasxva tipis skolis SedarebiTi efeqtianoba.
socialuri eqsperimentisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli naklovaneba. eqsperimenti
ekonomikuri

qcevis

Sesaswavlad

saimedo

meTodia,

Tumca

mas

garkveuli

SezRudvebic axasiaTebs. amis erT-erTi mizezi swored is aris, rom klasikuri

eqsperimentis meTodologia aucilebel winapirobad arCevanis SemTxveviTobas
miiCnevs _ SerCeuli pirebi im sazogadoebis warmomadgenlebi unda iyvnen,
romlis qcevac amJamad kvlevis sagania. socialuri eqsperimentis SemTxvevaSi
arCevanis gakeTeba SemTxveviTobis principis ganuxreli dacviT (Tavdapirvelad
am principis dacva Tundac SesaZlebeli iyos) faqtobrivad SeuZlebelia. ase,
magaliTad, miluokis eqsperimentSi aRmoCnda, rom zogierTi studenti, romelic

dawvrilebiTi informaciisaTvis ixileT Rouse [1998].

37

kerZo skolaSi gaigzavna, leqciebs sulac ar eswreboda, an mxolod mcire xnis

ganmavlobaSi eswreboda. vinaidan studentebma Tavad airCies kerZo skola,
studentTa maxasiaTeblebi dabalSemosavliani mosaxleobis warmomadgenelTa
jgufs ukve aRar ekuTvnoda.
garda amisa, mcenareebisa da laboratoriuli cxovelebisagan gansxvavebiT,
adamianebma ician, rom isini eqsperimentSi monawileoben. Segneba ki qcevaze
yovelTvis
monawileTa

axdens

zegavlenas.

reaqcia

programis

mcirericxovani
mimarT

metad

da

universaluri

gansxvavebulia.

programis

eqsperimentma,

romelic mxolod ramdenime Tvis ganmavlobaSi grZeldeba, SeiZleba sruliad

gansxvavebuli Sedegi moitanos im SedegTan SedarebiT, romelic SesaZloa
mudmivmoqmed programas hqondes.
cxadia,

socialuri

eqsperimentebi

Zvirad

Rirebulia.

ase,

magaliTad,

eqsperimenti Catarda Raribi mosaxleobis sayofacxovrebo gadawyvetilebebze

saijaro subsidiebis zegavlenis Sesafaseblad da is 163,3 milioni aSS dolari
dajda (ix. Ingram [1985]). bartlesis mixedviT [1995], socialur eqsperimentze
mTlianma danaxarjma 1970 wlis Semdeg miliard dolars gadaaWarba. Tumca
aRniSnuli danaxarji garkveuli saxis samomavlo investiciaa. SesaZloa, Rirdes
kidec

ramdenime

milioni

dolaris

daxarjva

im

programis

efeqtianobis

gansazRvrisaTvis, romelic ramdenime miliardi dolaris daxarjvasTan iqneba

dakavSirebuli.

laboratoriuli

eqsperimentebi.

ekonomikuri

qcevis

garkveuli

saxiT

Seswavla laboratoriul pirobebSicaa SesaZlebeli. es aris midgoma, romelsac

xSirad fsiqologebi iyeneben. gamomcdeli daiqiravebs adamianTa (subieqtTa)
jgufs,

romlebic

sxvadasxva

funqciebs

asruleben.

Sromis

miwodebis

Sesaswavlad gamomcdelma SeiZleba Sromis miwodebis Teoriidan aRniSnos, rom

mTavari cvladi wminda xelfasis ganakveTia. SesaZlo eqsperimentuli strategia
ki

aseTia:

subieqtebs

sxvadasxva

samuSaoebis

SesrulebisaTvis

garkveul

jildoebs hpirdebian da iniSnaven, Tu rogor icvleba samuSaos Sesrulebis

xarisxi jildos xarisxis Sesabamisad.
laboratoriuli

eqsperimentis

dros

gamoaSkaravdeba

socialuri

eqsperimentisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli naklovaneba. mTavari problema isaa, rom

garemo,

romelSic

qcevaze

dakvirveba

xdeba,

xelovnuria.

ufro

metic,

subieqtebi, romlebic kolejis studentebs warmoadgenen, mTeli sazogadoebis

warmomadgenlebi ver iqnebian. Tumca laboratoriuli eqsperimenti bevrad ufro

38

iafi da moqnilia, vidre socialuri eqsperimenti. misi popularoba erTob

gaizarda

ukanasknel

wlebSi,

da

rogorc

Semdgom

TavebSi

davinaxavT,

saintereso da mniSvnelovani Sedegi mogvca.

ekonometrikuli mecnierebebi

ekonometrika

aris

ekonomikuri

monacemebis

statistikuri

analizi,

romelic adamianTa azris gamokiTxvisa da maTze Catarebuli cdis Sedegebs ar

efuZneba. ufro metic, am mecnierebis mixedviT, sxvadasxva politikis zegavlenis
Sesaxeb daskvna swored Seswavlili qcevis mixedviT keTdeba3. maSin, rodesac
ekonomistebi ver akontroleben istoriul movlenebs, ekonometrika momxdari
movlenis mniSvnelobis Sefasebis saSualebas iZleva.

SromiTi qcevis martivi modelis mixedviT, wliuri samuSao saaTebi (L

Labor supply) damokidebulia wminda xelfasis ganakveTze (net wage rate - wn).
amasTanave, iseTi arasaxelfaso Semosavali, rogoricaa dividendi da procenti
(A),

asaki

(X1)

raodenobaze

da

Svilebis

zemoqmedebdes.

raodenoba

(X2),

ekonometrikosi

SesaZloa
samuSao

samuSao
saaTebisa

saaTebis
da

am

ganmartebiTi cvladebis urTierTobis gamosaTvlelad specifikur algebrul

formas irCevs. gansakuTrebiT martivi forma aseTia:

L = 0 + 1wn + 2A + 3X1 + 4X2 +

gantolebis

Secdoma.

parametrebia,

parametrebi

gviCvenebs,

(2.1)

xolo
Tu

rogor

samuSao saaTebis raodenobaze. Tu 1

SemTxveviTi
zemoqmedebs

(arasistematuri)
marjvena

cvladi

= 0, maSin wminda xelfasi samuSao

saaTebis raodenobaze ar zemoqmedebs. Tu 1 0-ze metia, maSin wminda xelfasis

zrda pirs aiZulebs, ufro meti imuSaos dominirebs Senacvlebis efeqti. Tu
1

0-ze naklebia, maSin wminda xelfasis zrda pirs aiZulebs, ufro naklebi

imuSaos _ dominirebs Semosavlis efeqti.

3

yuradReba miaqcieT imas, rom ekonometrikuli meTodebi gamoiyeneba gamokvlevebisa da

eqsperimentebis Sedegad mopovebuli monacemebis mimarTac.

39

SemTxveviTi Secdoma ()
zemoqmedebas

asaxavs.

Sromis

miuxedavad

miwodebaze mkvlevrisaTvis

kvlevaSi

CarTuli

cvladebis

SeumCnevel
odenobisa,

yovelTvis arsebobs qcevis modelis mier auxsneli tipi.

Tu gvecodineba , cxadia, Sromis miwodebaze gadasaxadebis zemoqmedebis
Sesaxeb yvela debati gadawyvetili iqneba. ekonometrikis praqtikuli mxare
sxvadasxva teqnikis gamoyenebiT -s Sefasebaa. yvelaze popularuli meTodi
mravaljeradi

regresiuli

analizis

saxeliTaa

cnobili.

cxare

debatebi

Sromis miwodebis Sesaxeb migvaniSnebs, rom aRniSnuli teqnika yovelTvis ar

iZleva saboloo Sedegs. imisaTvis, rom gavigoT, ratom xdeba ase, vnaxoT, Tu
rogor gamoiyeneba igi Sromis miwodebis magaliTisaTvis.
am mizniT ramdenime wuTiT daiviwyeT 2.1 gantolebaSi miTiTebuli yvela
cvladi, garda wminda xelfasisa. amdenad, samuSao saaTebis formula sakmaod
martivia:

L = 0 + 1wn +

(2.2)

2.2 gantoleba wrfivia, radgan misi RerZi gadmocemulia L-iTa da wn-iT,

xolo Sedegi _ sworxazovani.

2.1 grafiki

davuSvaT,
samuSao

rom

saaTebis

arsebobs
odenobisa

informacia
da

gansazRvruli

gadasaxadebis

gadaxdis

jgufis

adamianTa

Semdeg

xelfasis

moculobis Sesaxeb. aRniSnuli dakvirvebis grafikulad gamosaxvisas wertilebi

40

ganbneulia iseve, rogorc 2.1 A grafikSi. cxadia, erTi swori xazi yvela am
wertils ver moergeba. mravaljeradi regresiuli analizis mizani im xazis
parametrebis

aRmoCenaa,

romelic

saukeTesod

moergeba

wertilebs4.

aseTi

regresiuli xazi gamoxatulia 2.1 B grafikSi. regresiuli xazi geometriulad

2.2

gantolebaa,

xolo

misi

1-s

daxriloba

gamoiTvlis

(A

parametris

kalkulacias ki regresiis koeficienti ewodeba).

1-s gamoTvlis Semdeg ganxiluli unda iqnes misi saimedooba. dgas ki igi
1-s `WeSmarit~ sididesTan axlos? imisaTvis, rom gavigoT,

ratomaa es sakiTxi

mniSvnelovani, warmoidgineT, rom wertilebi isea ganbneuli, rogorc 2.1 C

grafikSi. regresiuli xazi 2.1 B grafikSi gamoxatulis identuria, Tumca
wertilebi ufro metadaa ganbneuli. miuxedavad imisa, rom 1 iseTivea, rogorc
2.1 B grafikSi, SesaZloa maT saimedoobaSi eWvi SevitanoT. ekonometrikosebi
standartul Secdomas gamoiTvlian, romelic mianiSnebs, Tu rogor SeiZleba
gansxvavdebodes
standartuli

gamoTvlili
Secdoma

parametri

Sefasebuli

WeSmariti

parametris

sididisgan.

moculobasTan

rodesac
SedarebiT

umniSvneloa, maSin koeficienti statistikurad mniSvnelovnad CaiTvleba.

aRniSnul magaliTSi mxolod erTi ganmartebiTi cvladi gvxvdeba wminda
xelfasi. davuSvaT, mis nacvlad gantolebis ori cvladi arsebobda: wminda
xelfasi da arasaxelfaso Semosavali. organzomilebian sivrceze regresiuli
xazis

morgebis

sivrceSi

msgavsad,

ganbneul

Sesaferisi
analogiuri

regresiuli

wertilebs

geometriuli
maTematikuri

sibrtye

moergos.

asaxvis

forma

principebi

SesaZloa

orze
ar

meti

cvladis

arsebobs.

nebismieri

samganzomilebian
SemTxvevaSi

miuxedavad

raodenobis

amisa,

ganmartebiTi

cvladebis parametrebis gamosaTvlelad gamoiyeneba (im pirobiT, rom cvladebis

raodenoba

dakvirvebaTa

raodenobaze

naklebia).

faqtobrivi

kalkulaciebi

kompiuteris saSualebiT xdeba.

moqmedi -s gamoTvlisas SesaZlebelia daskvnis gakeTeba L-is cvlilebis
Sesaxeb, romelic wminda xelfasis SecvliTaa gamowveuli. davuSvaT, 1 = 100-s.
Tu gadasaxadebis zrda wminda xelfass 50 centiT amcirebs, maSin individi
wliurad 50 saaTis (100 X 50 dolarze) ganmavlobaSi imuSavebs.

saukeTeso xazi kvadratSi ayvanil vertikalur manZils, romelic xazis wertilebsa da

ganbneul wertilebs Soris arsebobs, minimumamde amcirebs. ixileT Wooldridge [2003].

41

ekonometrikuli analizisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli naklovanebebi

ekonometrikuli analizis dros warmoiSoba sirTuleebi, romlebic xsnis
imas,

Tu

ratom

iReben

sxvadasxva

mkvlevrebi

sxvadasxva

daskvnebs.

ase,

magaliTad, 2.1 gantolebaSi nagulisxmebia daSveba, rom TiToeuli adamianis

qcevas erTi da igive gantoleba aRwers. Tumca sxvadasxva tipis adamianebi
sxvadasxvagvari
daojaxebuli

Sromis

miwodebiT

mamakacisagan

xasiaTdebian.

gansxvavebuli

reaqcia

daojaxebul

eqneba

wminda

qals

xelfasis

cvlilebaze. analogiurad, axalgazrdas xandazmulisagan gansxvavebuli Sromis

miwodeba axasiaTebs. aseT adamianTa erT jgufSi gaerTianeba parametrebis
araswor gamoTvlas iwvevs. mkvlevrebma ZiriTadad winaswar ar ician, Tu rogor
daiyofa maT mier SerCeuli nimuSebi. aq saarbitraJo gadawyvetilebis msgavsi
gadawyvetilebebis miRebaa saWiro, ramac SesaZloa mkvlevrebi gansxvavebul
Sedegebamde miiyvanos.
erT-erTi problema isaa, rom parametrebi icvleba. qalTa Sromis miwodebis
gantoleba, romelic 1975 wlis maCveneblebs eyrdnoba, 2004 wlis maCveneblebis
safuZvelze

damyarebuli

imave

gantolebis

Sedegisgan

metad

gansxvavebul

Sedegebs mogvcems. garkveulwilad es qalTa muSaobisadmi damokidebulebis

Secvlis Sedegia da, amdenad, damokidebulia sidideze. zogadad, is realoba,
romlis gamokvlevis survilic ekonometrikosebs amoZravebT, mudmivad icvleba.
sxvadasxva maCveneblebze dayrdnobiT gakeTebuli Sefasebani gansxvavebulia,
Tundac maT gamosaTvlelad analogiuri meTodebi gamoiyenebodes.
garda amisa, imisaTvis, rom saimedod iyos gamoTvlili, regresiuli
gantoleba yvela Sesabamis cvlads unda moicavdes. sxva SemTxvevaSi zogierTi
efeqti, romelic gamotovebuli cvladis Sedegia, SesaZloa miekuTvnos wminda
xelfasis

faqtors.

mniSvnelovani

cvladebi

xandaxan

gantolebaSi

gamotovebulia, radgan maT Sesaxeb informacia ubralod ar arsebobs. ase,

magaliTad,

rTulia

movipovoT

informacia

mosaxleobis

arasaxelfaso

Semosavlebis wyaroTa Sesaxeb. davuSvaT, rom: (1) arasaxelfaso Semosavlebis

zrdasTan erTad (sxva Tanabar pirobebSi) adamianis muSaobis masStabi iklebs,
da (2) arsebobs
arasaxelfaso

tendencia, rom

Semosavali

maRalanazRaurebad adamians aseve maRali

hqondes.

Tu

Cvens

gantolebaSi

ar

mivuTiTebT

arasaxelfaso Semosavals, misi efeqtis nawili xelfass miewereba, xolo 1-s

gaangariSebuli
zogadad,

1-s

SemTxvevisa,

sidide

Tavis

gaangariSebuli

rodesac

WeSmarit
sidide

gantolebaSi

sidideze
yovelTvis

yvela

is

ufro

naklebi

araobieqturia,

cvladia

CarTuli,

iqneba.

garda

im

romelic

42

samuSao saaTebis raodenobaze zemoqmedebs da sistematuradaa dakavSirebuli

xelfasTan.
problema ufro garTuldeba maSin, rodesac potenciurad mniSvnelovani
cvladi

gamoTvlas

ar

eqvemdebareba.

iseTi

damokidebuleba,

rogoricaa

agresiuloba (iniciativis maRali xarisxi), SesaZloa samuSao gadawyvetilebebze

zemoqmedebdes, Tumca misi gamoTvla SeuZlebelia.
mkvlevrebi xSirad kamaToben imis Sesaxeb, Tu romeli cvladi unda iqnes
CarTuli gantolebaSi. magaliTad, unda moicavdes Tu ara gantoleba iseT
cvlads,

rogoricaa

individis

ganaTlebis

done?

erTni

amtkiceben,

rom

ganaTleba Sromis miwodebaze zemoqmedebs da, amdenad, CarTuli unda iqnes

gantolebaSi, rogorc ganmartebiTi cvladi. meoreni darwmunebulni arian, rom
ganaTleba samuSao gadawyvetilebebze mxolod xelfasis cvlilebis kuTxiT
zemoqmedebs

da,

amdenad,

misi

gantolebaSi

CarTva

araracionaluria.

ekonomikuri Teoria ganmartebiTi cvladebis saZieblad garkveuli struqturis

CamoyalibebaSi gvexmareba. Tumca igi iSviaTadaa gansazRvruli _ sxvadasxva
mkvlevrebi sxvadasxva daskvnebs akeTeben.
cvladebis gansazRvris procesSi arsebuli siZneleebi saimedo Sefasebis
mopovebas

arTulebs.

ganvixiloT

samuSao

drois

gamoTvlisas

wamoWrili

problemebi. erTi SexedviT, yvelaferi martivia _ TiTqos mxolod samsaxurSi

gatarebuli drois gamoTvlaa saWiro. Tumca ukeTesia, gamovTvaloT mokle
Sesveneba da `gacdenili~ dro. maTi gamoTvla aSkarad ufro rTulia. xelfasis
ganakveTis gamoTvlac arsebiT problemebs ukavSirdeba. yvelaze kargi meTodi
aris gamoTvla ara mxolod im Tanxisa, romelsac daqiravebuli yoveli kviris
bolos

iRebs,

aramed

sxva

sargeblis

Rirebulebisac

(pensiis

ufleba,

janmrTelobis dazRveva, kompaniis avtomanqaniT sargeblobis ufleba da a.S.)

erTi mniSvnelovani

daSveba: gantolebis

marjvena mxares ganlagebuli

cvladebi marcxniv ganlagebul cvladebze zemoqmedebs, magram ara piriqiT. Tu

es ase ar aris, maSin marTlac seriozuli problemebi iCens Tavs. davuSvaT, 2.1
gantolebis 1 dadebiTia. erT-erTi interpretaciis mixedviT, wminda xelfasis
zrdasTan erTad adamiani ufro mets muSaobs. meore, sakmaod damajerebeli
interpretaciis mixedviT, damqiravebeli met xelfass uxdis adamians, romelic
ufro

didxans

muSaobs.

marTlac,

xelfasis

ganakveTi

SesaZloa

namuSevar

droze zemoqmedebdes, namuSevari dro ki _ xelfasis ganakveTze. Tu marTlac

asea, maSin mravaljeradi regresiuli analizis Sedegad 1-is gamoTvlili

43

sidide Sromis

miwodebaze

wminda xelfasis

cvlilebis

efeqts

arasworad

afasebs.
gamoiyeneba ramdenime statistikuri meTodi aRniSnuli erTdrouli mizezSedegobrivi

urTierTobis

problemis

gadasaWrelad.

isini

rTulia

da

sxvadasxva meTodebma SesaZloa sxvadasxva Sedegebamde migviyvanos. es aris

ekonometrikuli mecnierebebis Sedegebis sxvadasxvaobis kidev erTi mizezi.

daskvniTi komentarebi
Teoria empiriuli mkvlevrebis mniSvnelovani iaraRia, romelic maT im
cvladebis izolirebaSi exmareba, romlebmac SesaZloa qcevis garkveul saxeze
zegavlena moaxdinos. empiriuli muSaoba amowmebs, Seesabameba Tu ara Teoria
msoflio gamocdilebas. imis gamo, rom ekonomistebisaTvis is Sedegia yvelaze
sasurveli, romlis safuZvelic mopovebuli realuri monacemebia, empiriuli
muSaobis yvelaze gavrcelebuli meTodi ekonomikaSi ekonometrikuli analizi
gaxlavT.

Tumca

yvelaze

patiosani

ekonometrikosebic

ki

sxvadasxva

daskvnebamde midian, radgan arc monacemebi da arc statistikuri teqnika ar

aris

srulyofili.

keTilgonieri

adamiani

`faqtebis~

definiciis

gansakuTrebuli nakrebis swor interpretacias ar daeTanxmeba:

faqti martivia
da faqti pirdapiria.
faqti zarmacia
da faqti igvianebs.
yvela faqts axlavs mosazreba,
faqtebi arasodes akeTeben imas, rac me msurs5.
gadaviwuroT imedi, rom

odesme SeviswavliT

im

faqtorebs, romlebic

zemoqmedebs ekonomikaze? ra Tqma unda, ara. ekonomisti, romelic ikvlevs

empiriul

SekiTxvas,

aucileblad

Seejaxeba

mecnierebebs,

romelTagan

''Gross-Eyed and Painless''-idan 1980 Bleu Music Co., Index Music, Inc., and E.G Music. Ltd. deivid
birnisa da braian enos nebarTviT.

44

TiToeuli

sxvadasxva

daSvebas

akeTebs,

problemis

sxvadasxva

aspeqtze

amaxvilebs yuradRebas da, amdenad, sruliad gansxvavebul daskvnebs gvTavazobs.

xSirad

ramdenime

naTeli

suraTi

gamokvlevis harmonizacia
iqmneba.

feldStainma

xdeba

(1982A,

da ganxilvis

gv.

830)

aseTi

fenomenis
qmedebebis

ganmaxorcielebeli ekonomisti im maharajas Seadara, romelic sabavSvo igavarakSia

moxseniebuli.

igav-araki

im

xuT

brma

kaczea,

romlebic

spilos

sinjavdnen.
yvelaze mniSvnelovani gakveTili am ambavSi is ki ar aris, rom TiToeuli
brmis mier mopovebuli mtkicebuloba `araswori~ da nawilobrivi iyo, aramed
is,

rom

ganswavluli

aucileblad

mouyrida

maharaja,
Tavs

romelic

faqtebs

da

xuTi

kacis

miiRebda

aRmoCenas

spilos

ikvlevda,

karg

suraTs,

gansakuTrebiT maSin, Tu mas odesme nanaxi hyavda es oTxfexa cxoveli.

empiriuli

mecnierebebis

gafrTxilebani

yovelTvis

sawinaaRmdego

mosazrebani

meTodologiis

Sesaxeb

qcevis

Taobaze

am

wignSi

gaxsovdeT.
ganixileba.

winasityvaoba

gakeTebuli

iq,

moxseniebisas
sadac

konsensuss

ufro

zogadad,

sajaro

debatebis

gancxadebebis

aqve

mimarT

warmodgenili
ver

imedia,

miaRweven,
empiriuli

dros

ekonomikuri

janmrTel

skepticizms

gaaRviZebs. ufrTxildiT nebismier arguments, romelic iwyeba aseTi jadosnuri

sityvebiT: `gamokvlevebma daamtkica, rom~.

45

______________________________________________________________

daskvna

ekonomistebs

kontrolirebadi

eqsperimentis

Catareba,

zogadad,

ar

SeuZliaT, amitom rTulia ganisazRvros ekonomikuri politikis efeqti.

ekonomikuri Teoria im faqtorTa gansazRvraSi gvexmareba, romelTac

SesaZloa qcevis mocemul tipze zegavlena moaxdinon. Tumca mxolod
Teoria specifikuri faqtoris mniSvnelobas verasodes gansazRvravs.

empiriuli kvlevis mizani politikaSi gatarebuli cvlilebis qcevaze

zemoqmedebis mimarTulebisa da masStabis Sefasebaa. empiriuli kvlevebis
yvelaze

gavrcelebuli

formebia:

interviu,

socialuri

da

laboratoriuli eqsperimentebi da ekonometrikuli analizi.

interviu

gulisxmobs

individisaTvis

SekiTxvis

pirdapir

dasmas,

Tu

rogor zemoqmedebs sxvadasxva politikuri gadawyvetilebebi mis qcevaze.

Tumca individi SesaZloa faqtobrivad arc reagirebdes politikaze ise,
rogorc amas aRwers.

socialuri eqsperimenti adamianTa erT jgufze politikuri eqsperimentis

Catarebas da maTi qcevis kontrolirebad jgufTan Sedarebas gulisxmobs.
problemebi SeiZleba Semdegi mizezebiT warmoiSvas: Tavad eqsperimentma
SesaZloa individis qcevaze moaxdinos zegavlena; rTulia SemTxveviTi
arCevanis gakeTeba; socialuri eqsperimentis Catareba sakmaod Zviria.

laboratoriuli

eqsperimentebi

zogierTi

saxis

ekonomikuri

gadawyvetilebis Sesaswavlad gamoiyeneba.

ekonometrika

ekonomikuri

monacemebis

statistikuri

analizia.

ekonometrikaSi sxvadasxva politikis efeqtis Sesaxeb daskvna Seswavlili

qcevis safuZvelze keTdeba.

mravaljeradi
`saukeTeso~

regresiuli

parametris

analizi

ekonometrikuli

mosaZieblad

gamoiyeneba.

modelisaTvis

parametrebis

codna

saSualebas iZleva, `viwinaswarmetyveloT~ politikuri cvlilebis efeqti.

ekonometrika garkveuli naklovanebebiT

gansxvavebuli
cvladebi

jgufebis

ignorirebulia,

monacemTa

xasiaTdeba. Tu absoluturad

kombinireba

gamoiyeneba

araswori

xdeba,

mniSvnelovani

maTematikuri

forma,

46

cvladebi

arasworad

gamoiTvleba,

arsebobs

erTdrouli

mizez-

Sedegobrivi kavSiri cvladebs Soris, maSin araswor Sedegebs viRebT.

sadiskusio SekiTxvebi

1.

ekonomistebis

astronomebi

msgavsad,

axorcieleben.

kontrolirebad

miuxedavad

amisa,

eqsperimentebs

astronomia

ufro

verc
zust

mecnierebad iTvleba, vidre ekonomika. ratom?

2. 2003 wels jorj u. buSma saSemosavlo gadasaxadis zRvruli ganakveTi
Seamcira. ganmarteT, ratomaa rTuli Sromis miwodebaze gadasaxadis Semcirebis
zemoqmedebis

Sefaseba

mxolod Teoriaze

dayrdnobiT.

ra saxis empiriuli

samuSao dagvexmareba prognozirebaSi?

3. MDMA aralegaluri rekreaciuli narkotiki gaxlavT, romelic eqstazis
saxeliTaa cnobili. standartuli sibrZne ki is aris, rom eqstazis gamoyeneba
xangrZliv problemebs (nerviul dazianebasa da gonebrivi SesaZleblobebis
SezRudvas) iwvevs. bolo periodSi mecnierebma aRniSnuli mosazreba kiTxvis
niSnis

qveS

praqtikam

daayenes,

`ver

rodesac

gaiTvaliswina

amtkicebdnen,
sxva

iseTi

rom

adre

faqtorebi,

ganxorcielebulma
rogoricaa

manamde

arsebuli fsiqologiuri Civilebi an sxva narkotikis gamoyeneba~ ("The Economist",

2002 wlis
(eqstazis

seqtemberi,

grZelvadiani

gv. 71).

daukavSireT

zemoqmedebis

medikos-mkvlevarTa

gansazRvra)

ekonomistebis

problema
problemas

(ekonomikuri politikis efeqtis gansazRvra).

4. 1970-ian wlebSi RAND-korporaciis mkvlevrebma socialuri eqsperimenti
Caatares, raTa janmrTelobis dazRvevis samoqmedo arealsa da janmrTelobis
dacvis

momsaxurebiT sargeblobis areals Soris urTierToba gamoekvliaT.

eqsperimentis ganmavlobaSi SerCeul individebs Tavisi Cveulebrivi sadazRvevo

polisi

unda

gaecvalaT

RAND-is

axal

polisze,

romelic

momxmarebels

Tanadafinansebis sxvadasxva ganakveTs sTavazobda (sxvadasxva ganakveTi, romlis

mixedviTac sadazRvevo momsaxureba individs janmrTelobis dacvaze gaweul
sxvadasxva danaxarjebs aunazRaurebs). 1993 wels klintonis administraciam
RAND-is eqsperimentis Sedegebi imis prognozirebisaTvis gamoiyena, Tu ramdenad
gaizrdeboda janmrTelobis dacvis momsaxurebiT sargeblobis ganakveTi, Tu

47

dazRveva

yvela

danaxarjs

universaluri

gaxdeboda).

eqsperimentis

Sedegebis

ra

dafaravda
problemebi

safuZvelze

(dazRvevis
SeiZleba

universaluri

samoqmedo

warmoiSvas
dazRvevis

areali

socialuri
zemoqmedebis

Sefasebisas?
5. buSis administraciis mier wardgenili sabiujeto winadadebis (2003
weli) mixedviT, deficiti, anu danaxarjebsa da Semosavlebs Soris sxvaoba, iyo
navaraudevi,

ramac

sakmaod

mwvave

polemika

gamoiwvia.

erTi

mxriv,

administracias imitom akritikebdnen, rom maRali deficiti maRal saprocento

ganakveTebamde

migviyvanda.

administraciis

momxreebi

ki

amtkicebdnen,

rom

saprocento ganakveTze deficiti aranair zegavlenas ar moaxdenda. am cxrilSi

moyvanilia

istoriuli

monacemebi

deficitisa

da

saprocento

ganakveTis

Sesaxeb. TiToeuli wlisaTvis deficiti aris Semosavalsa da danaxarjs Soris

sxvaoba, romelic dolariTaa gamoxatuli. uaryofiTi ricxvi deficitia, xolo
dadebiTi ricxvi _ proficiti.

weli

deficiti

saprocento ganakveTi

1980

- 73, 8

15,2%

1985

- 212,3

9,9%

1990

- 221,2

10,0%

1995

- 164

8,8%

2000

236,4

9,2%

am monacemebis safuZvelze ra daskvnas gaakeTebdiT federalur deficitsa

da saprocento ganakveTs Soris arsebuli urTierTobis Sesaxeb? ganmarteT,
ratom iqneba arasrulyofili is daskvnebi, romlebic mxolod am monacemebs
daefuZneba.

48

gamoyenebuli literatura:

Burtless, Gary. "The Case for Randomized Field Trials in Economic and Policy Research". Journal in
Economic Perspectives #9, 2 (1995 wlis gazafxuli), gv. 63 84.
Congressional Budget Office. The Economic and Budget Outlook: Fiscal Years 1998 2008.
Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office, January 1998.
Smith, Vernon L. "Economics in the Laboratory". Journal of Economic Perspectives #8, 1 (1994
wlis zamTari), gv. 113 _132.
Wooldridge, Jeffrey M. Introductory Econometrics. 2d.ed. Cincinnati, OH: South-Western College
Publishing, 2003.

49

Tavi 3

normatiuli analizis saSualebani

saxelmwifos mizani Tavisi xalxis keTildReobis uzrunvelyofaa. eris

materialuri winsvla da keTildReoba mxolod maSinaa Rirebuli, Tu mas
TiToeuli

Rirseuli

moqalaqis

moralur

da

materialur

keTildReobamde

mivyavarT.
Teodor ruzvelti

aiReT nebismieri yoveldRiuri gazeTi: aucileblad waawydebiT statias

ekonomikaSi saxelmwifos rolze debatebis Sesaxeb. unda Semcirdes Tu ara
saSemosavlo

gadasaxadi?

saWiroa

Tu

ara

xandazmulTaTvis

medikamentebis

Sesasyidad subsidiis gamoyofa? gonivruli iqneba Tu ara saxelmwifo miwis

gamoyeneba alaskaze navTobis saZieblad? _ aseTi CamonaTvali usasruloa.
saxelmwifos
marTlac

ekonomikuri

aucilebelia

im

saqmianobis
zogadi

amgvari
meTodebis

mravalferovnebis
arseboba,

pirobebSi

romelTa

mizani

sxvadasxva saxelmwifo operaciebis racionalobis Sefaseba iqneboda. aseTi

sistemuri CarCos gareSe saxelmwifo programa mTavrdeba da misi Sefaseba
specialuri meTodebiT xdeba, ris Sedegadac saTanado ekonomikuri politikis
ganxorcieleba SeuZlebelia.

50

keTildReobis ekonomika

sajaro

finansebis

specialistebis

umetesoba

aRniSnul

CarCod

keTildReobis ekonomikas iyenebs. keTildReobis ekonomika aris ekonomikuri

Teoriis

ganStoeba,

romlis

formaciebis

socialuri

safuZvelebia

asaxuli.

xelsayreli

pirobebi

yuradRebis

sasurvelobaa1.
TeoriiT
(bazari

centrSi

ekonomikuri

am TavSi keTildReobis

imisTvis
kargad

sxvadasxva

sargebloben,

muSaobs)

rom

misTvis

ekonomikis
bazrisaTvis

araxelsayreli

pirobebisagan (bazari ver aRwevs sasurvel Sedegebs) gavarCioT.

3.1 grafiki. wminda barteruli ekonomika

daviwyoT

yvelaze

martivi

ekonomikis

ganxilviT.

igi

Sedgeba

ori

adamianisagan, romlebic romlebic fiqsirebuli miwodebis koeficientis mqone

ori saxis saqonels moixmaren. am SemTxvevaSi erTaderTi ekonomikuri problema
or adamians Soris ori saqonlis ganawilebaa. rogori martivic ar unda iyos
es modeli, aRsaniSnavia, rom `ori saqoneli _ ori adamianis~ SemTxvevas

keTildReobis ekonomika efuZneba ZiriTad ekonomikur saSualebebs, gansakuTrebiT _

ganurCevlobis (indeferentulobis) mrudebs. ixileT danarTi wignis bolos.

51

mivyavarT iseTi ekonomikisaken, romelsac ukve adamianTa da saqonelTa didi

odenoba axasiaTebs2. SemTxveva `ori orze~ misi simartivis gamoa ganxiluli.
es ori adamiani adami da eva gaxlavT, xolo ori saqoneli _ vaSli
(sakvebi) da leRvis foToli (samosi). analitikuri mowyobiloba cnobilia
`ejuorTis yuTis~ (Edgeworth Box) saxeliT, romelic adamsa da evas Soris
vaSlisa da leRvis foTlis ganawilebis sqemas aRwers3. 3.1 grafikSi ejuorTis
yuTis sigrZe, Os, aris meurneobaSi arsebuli vaSlebis mTliani raodenoba; misi
simaRle, Or, leRvis foTolTa mTliani raodenobaa. adamis mier Sesyiduli
produqcia
saqonlis

gamoiTvleba
raodenoba

manZilebiT

ki

wertilidan,

manZilebiT

O'

evas

wertilidan.

mier
ase,

moxmarebuli
v

magaliTad,

wertilTan adami moixmars Ou leRvis foTols da Ox vaSls, xolo eva _ O'y

vaSls da O'w leRvis foTols. amdenad, ejuorTis yuTis nebismieri wertili
adamsa da evas Soris vaSlisa da leRvis foTlis ganawilebis momentia.
davuSvaT, adamsa da evas aqvT pirobiTad formirebuli ganurCevlobis
mrudebi,

romlebic

damokidebulebas

vaSlsa

warmoadgens.

da
3.2

leRvis
grafikSi

foTolTan
orive

maT

upirates

ganurCevlobis

mrudi

ejuorTis yuTSi devs. adamis mrudebs ewodeba A, xolo evas mrudebs _ E.

maRali ricxvebi ganurCevlobis mrudebze miuTiTebs sargeblis (kmayofilebis)
maRal doneze. adami ufro kmayofilia, Tu mrudi emTxveva A3-s, vidre A2-s an A1s; eva kmayofilia, Tu mrudi emTxveva E3-s, vidre E2-s an E1-s. zogadad, evas
kmayofileba izrdeba, rodesac misi pozicia inacvlebs samxreT-dasavleTisaken,
adami ki maSinaa ufro kmayofili, rodesac Crdilo-aRmosavleTisaken moZraobs.

ixileT me-11 Tavi. Henderson and Quandt [1980], sadac mocemulia gamoTvlis Sedegebi.
saxeli XIX saukunis didi ekonomistis, fransis isidro ejuorTis pativsacemad
daerqva.
3

52

3.2 da 3.3 grafikebi

davuSvaT, 3.3 grafikSi SerCeulia vaSlisa da leRvis foTlis SemTxveviTi

ganawilebis wertili _ g. Ag aris adamis ganurCevlobis mrudi, romelic
moZraobs g wertilis mixedviT; Eg evas ganurCevlobis mrudia. Cndeba SekiTxva:
SesaZlebelia Tu ara vaSlisa da leRvis foTlis iseTi ganawileba, rom adami
ufro SeZlebuli gaxdes, evas ki igive standarti SeunarCundes? pirvelive azri
aseTi ganawilebis Sesaxeb h wertilTan migviyvans. adami bevrad SeZlebulia am
wertilSi, radgan ganurCevlobis mrudi Ah miuTiTebs, rom adami am wertilSi
ufro met sargebels iRebs, vidre Ag wertilSi. meore mxriv, eva h wertilSi

53

sulac ar gaRaribdeba, radgan igi Tavis Tavdapirvel wertilSi imyofeba _

ganurCevlobis mrudi Eg-ia.

3.4 grafiki

SeiZleba Tu ara, adamis keTildReoba ise gaizardos, rom ziani ar miadges

evas?

manam,

sanam

adami

imoZravebs

ganurCevlobis

mrudiT

Crdilo-

aRmosavleTisaken da Tanac darCeba Eg wertilSi, es SesaZlebelia. procesi

gagrZeldeba, sanam adamis ganurCevlobis mrudi exeba Eg-s, rac emTxveva p
wertils 3.3 grafikSi. erTaderTi gza imisaTvis, rom adami ayvanil iqnes ufro
maRal ganurCevlobis mrudze, vidre Ap-ia, aris evas CamoqveiTeba. resursTa p
wertilis mixedviT ganawilebis SemTxvevaSi erTaderTi gza erTi adamianis
materialuri mdgomareobis gasaumjobeseblad meore adamianis mdgomareobis
gauaresebaa. es
resursTa

pareto-efeqtianobis

ganawilebis

miznobriobis

saxeliTaa

cnobili. pareto-efeqtianoba

Sesafaseblad

xSirad

gamoiyeneba.

Tu

ganawileba ar emTxveva pareto-efeqtianobas, igi `araekonomiurad~ CaiTvleba,

vinaidan aseT dros SesaZlebeli iqneba erTi adamianis keTildReobis amaRleba
ise,

rom

sxvas

ar

miadges

ziani.

rodesac

ekonomistebi

xmaroben

sityva

efeqtians, isini yovelTvis gulisxmoben pareto-efeqtianobas.

54

pareto-efeqtianobas ukavSirdeba cneba pareto-gaumjobeseba _ resursTa ise

ganawileba, rom erTi adamianis materialuri keTildReobis amaRleba meore
adamianis keTildReobis daqveiTebas ar iwvevdes. 3.3 grafikSi g-dan h-sken
moZraoba aris pareto-gaumjobeseba, iseve, rogorc moZraoba h-dan p-mde.
p wertili ar aris resursTa ganawilebis erTaderTi pareto-efeqtianoba,
romelic miiRweva, Tu g wertilidan daviwyebT moZraobas. 3.4 grafiki gviCvenebs,
SegviZlia Tu ara gavaumjobesoT evas mdgomareoba ise, rom ar SevamciroT
adamis sargebeli. 3.3 grafikis analogiuri logikis mixedviT, ase moxdeba, Tu
evas ganurCevlobis mrudiT samxreT-dasavleTisken vimoZravebT, im pirobiT, rom
ganawileba Ag wertilSi darCeba. aseTi gziT p1-s izolirebas vaxdenT. p1
wertilSi evas keTildReobis amaRlebis erTaderTi saSualeba adamis ufro
dabal ganurCevlobis mrudze gadayvanaa. Semdeg ki, gansazRvrebis Tanaxmad, p1
iqneba ganawilebis pareto-efeqtianoba.

3.5 grafiki

jerjerobiT mxolod is svlebi ganvixileT, romlebic erTi adamianis

keTildReobas

amaRlebs,

meorisas

ki

imave

doneze

tovebs.

3.5

grafikSi

viTvaliswinebT g wertilidan iseT ganawilebas, romelic rogorc adamis, ise

55

evas

keTildReobas

aamaRlebs.

adami,

magaliTad,

p2

wertilSi

ufro

SeZlebulia, vidre g wertilSi (Ap2 ufro Crdilo-aRmosavleTiTaa, vidre Ag).

asevea evac (Ep2 ufro samxreT-dasavleTiTaa, vidre Eg). p2 wertili ki paretoefeqtianobaa, radgan am wertilSi erTi individis keTildReobis amaRleba
meore individis keTildReobisaTvis zianis miyenebis gareSe ukve SeuZlebelia.
axla ki naTeli unda iyos, rom roca g wertilidan viwyebT, SesaZloa moviZioT
pareto-efeqtianobis uamravi wertili. isini resursTa ganawilebis Sedegad
TiToeuli mxaris mogebis odenobis mixedviT gansxvavebulia.
gavixsenoT, rom sastarto wertili _ g SemTxveviT iqna SerCeuli. Cven
proceduris gameoreba da pareto-efeqtianobis nebismieri sastarto wertilidan
moZieba SegviZlia. CavTvaloT, rom 3.6 grafikSi k wertili aris Tavdapirveli
p3

ganawilebis

wertili.

izolirebaa

SesaZlebeli.

efeqtianobis

wertilTa

da

p4

wertilebSi

aRniSnuli
mTel

mdebare

savarjiSo

speqtrs

pareto-efeqtianobis

ejuorTis

aaSkaravebs.

yuTis

pareto-

pareto-efeqtianobis

wertilTa centraluri pozicia aris kontraqtuli mrudi, romelic 3.7 grafikSi

gamoxatulia mm niSniT. gTxovT, yuradReba miaqcioT Semdegs: imisaTvis, rom
ganawileba daemTxvas pareto-efeqtianobas (mm niSanze moxvedra), igi unda
mdebareobdes im wertilSi, romelSic adamisa da evas ganurCevlobis mrudebi
odnav exeba erTmaneTs. maTematikuri TvalsazrisiT, ganurCevlobis mrudebi
mxebia _ maTi daxriloba erTi da igivea.

56

3.6 da 3.7 grafikebi

ekonomikuri

TvalsazrisiT,

ganurCevlobis

mrudis

daxrilobis

absoluturi Rirebuleba im ganakveTze miuTiTebs, romliTac individi mzadaa,

ivaWros erTi saqonliT meore saqonlis damatebiTi odenobis sanacvlod, rasac

57

Senacvlebis zRvruli ganakveTi (marginal rate of substitution _ MRS) ewodeba4. amrigad,

pareto-efeqtianoba moiTxovs, rom Senacvlebis zRvruli ganakveTebi TiToeuli
momxmareblisaTvis toli iyos:

MRS afAdam = MRS afEve

(3.1)

MRS afAdam

sadac

adamis

Senacvlebis

Seenacvleba leRvis foTols), xolo

zRvruli

MRS afEve

ganakveTia

(vaSli

_ evas Senacvlebis zRvruli

ganakveTi.

warmoebis ekonomika

warmoebis SesaZleblobaTa mrudi. aqamde vuSvebdiT, rom yvela produqciis

miwodeba fiqsirebuli raodenobiT xdeboda. warmoidgineT, ra moxdeba, Tu
sawarmoo saSualebani gadainacvlebs vaSlisa da leRvis foTlis warmoebas
Soris

ise,

rom

saSualebaTa

am

ori

produqciis

raodenoba

efeqtianad funqcionirebis pirobebSi

Seicvalos.
vaSlis

warmoebis

warmoebis

zrda

aucileblad gulisxmobs leRvis foTlis warmoebis Semcirebas, da piriqiT.

warmoebis

SesaZleblobaTa

mrudi

leRvis

foTlis

maqsimalur

odenobas

uCvenebs, romlis warmoeba SesaZlebelia vaSlis mocemul odenobasTan erTad.

tipuri warmoebis SesaZleblobaTa mrudi 3.8 grafikSi naCvenebia CC-s saxiT.
rogorc

imave

grafikSi

ixilavT,

erT-erTi

xelmisawvdomi

alternativa

ekonomikaSi aris Ow leRvis foTlisa da Ox vaSlis warmoeba. SesaZloa, vaSlis

warmoeba Ox-dan Oz-mde gaizardos xz manZiliT. amisaTvis saWiroa sawarmoo
saSualebebis

mTlianad amoReba leRvis foTlis warmoebidan

vaSlis warmoebaSi.

da

gadatana

leRvis foTlis warmoeba wy manZiliT Semcirdeba, Tu

vaSlis warmoeba xz-iT gaizrdeba. wy-dan wz-mde manZilis proporcia vaSlis

leRvis foTlad transformaciis zRvruli ganakveTia (MRTaf), radgan igi im
ganakveTs

uCvenebs,

transformacia

romliTac

SeuZlia.

iseve,

ekonomikas
rogorc

MRSas

vaSlis
aris

leRvis

ganurCevlobis

foTlad
mrudis

Senacvlebis zRvruli ganakveTi ufro dawvrilebiT ganxilulia wignis danarTSi.

58

daxrilobis absoluturi Rirebuleba, MRTaf warmoebis SesaZleblobaTa mrudis

daxrilobis absoluturi Rirebulebaa.
sasargebloa,

transformaciis

zRvruli

ganakveTi

avxsnaT

zRvruli

danaxarjis (marginal cost MC) konteqstSi. zRvruli danaxarji aris erTi

erTeuliT

meti

saqonlis

mzardi

sawarmoo

davubrundeT im faqts, rom sazogadoebas

danaxarji.

vaSlis warmoebis

amisaTvis
xy-iT

ki

gazrda

mxolod im SemTxvevaSi SeuZlia, Tu leRvis foTlis warmoebas SeaCerebs.

faqtobrivad wy manZili vaSlis warmoebis zrdadi Rirebulebaa, romelsac MCaiT aRvniSnavT. analogiurad, xz manZili aris leRvis foTlis warmoebis zrdadi
danaxarji anu MCf. gansazRvrebis Tanaxmad, warmoebis SesaZleblobaTa mrudis
daxrilobis absoluturi Rirebuleba warmoadgens xz manZils, romelic xz-iTaa
gamoyofili, anda MCa/MCf-s. Tumca, imave gansazRvrebis Tanaxmad, warmoebis
SesaZleblobaTa

mrudis

daxriloba

transformaciis

zRvrul

ganakveTs

warmoadgens. amdenad, vaCveneT, rom:

MRTaf =

MC a
MC f

efeqtianobis

(3.2)

pirobebi

cvalebadi

warmoebis

SemTxvevaSi.

vaSlisa

da

leRvis foTlis cvalebadi miwodebis SemTxvevaSi 3.1 gantolebaSi paretoefeqtianoba unda gaizardos. igi ase gamoiTvleba:

MRTaf = MRS afAdam = MRS afEve

ganmartebisaTvis

ki

(3.3)

aqve

ariTmetikul

magaliTs

giCvenebT.

davuSvaT,

mocemuli ganawilebis wertilSi adamis MRSaf udris 1/3-s, xolo MRTaf

2/3-s.

MRSaf-is ganmartebis Tanaxmad, adamma sam zedmet vaSlSi erTi leRvis foToli
unda miiRos, raTa SeinarCunos sargeblis Tavdapirveli done. amdenad, adami
ufro mdidari iqneba, Tu sami vaSlis nacvlad or leRvis foTols miiRebs (anu
sami vaSlis ori leRvis foTlad transformirebas ganaxorcielebs), Tanac
amgvari procesiT aravis miadgeba ziani. aseTi vaWroba yovelTvis SesaZlebelia,
sanam Senacvlebis zRvruli ganakveTi transformaciis zRvrul ganakveTs ar

59

gautoldeba.

rodesac TiToeuli

mrudis

daxriloba gaTanabrdeba,

pareto-

MTRaf = MRS af , rac pareto-

gaumjobeseba mxolod maSin miiRweva. amdenad,

efeqtianobis aucilebeli pirobaa. is ganakveTi, romlis mixedviTac vaSlis

leRvis foTlad transformireba xdeba (MRTaf), unda udrides momxmareblebis
mzadyofnis ganakveTs, vaSli gacvalon leRvis foTolze (MRSaf).
3.2 gantolebis gamoyenebis Sedegad pareto-efeqtianobis pirobebi SesaZloa
zRvruli

danaxarjis

konteqstSi

xelaxla

iqnes

interpretirebuli.

3.2

gantolebis 3.3 gantolebiT Secvlis Sedegad gamova:

MC a
= MRS afAdam = MRS afEve
MC f

(3.4)

rac pareto-efeqtianobis aucilebeli pirobaa.

keTildReobis ekonomikis pirveli ZiriTadi Teoria

Cven pareto-efeqtianobis aucilebeli pirobebi ganvixileT. amis Semdeg

SeiZleba

Semdegi

SekiTxva

sasurvel

mdgomareobas

romelsac

gavakeTebT

daisvas:

SesaZlebelia

miaRwios?

ekonomikis

pasuxi

im

operaciebis

ki,

rom

daSvebazea
Sesaxeb.

ekonomikam

am

damokidebuli,

davuSvaT,

rom:

1.

mwarmoeblebi da momxmareblebi srulyofili konkurentebi arian (anu, arc erTi

maTgani ar flobs sabazro Zalauflebas); 2. bazari TiToeuli produqciisaTvis
arsebobs. aseTi daSvebis farglebSi e.w. keTildReobis ekonomikis pirveli
ZiriTadi

Teoria

amtkicebs,

rom

resursTa

ganawileba

swored

pareto-

efeqtianobis mixedviT xdeba. faqtobrivad saocari Sedegi gamovlinda, romelic

migviTiTebs, rom konkurentuli ekonomika resursebis efeqtian ganawilebas
`avtomaturad~
esaWiroeba
Teoria

im

axorcielebs,

(adam smiTis
Semecnebis

rasac

`uxilavi

centralizebuli

xelis~

formalizebas

mmarTveloba

Crdili). keTildReobis

axdens,

romelic

ukve

ar

pirveli

didi

xania

60

aRiarebulia: rodesac saqme saqonlisa da momsaxurebis miwodebaze midgeba,

Tavisufal sawarmoTa sistema Zalian nayofieri xdeba5.
Teoriis

dasamtkiceblad

sakmaod

rTuli

maTematikaa

saWiro.

Tumca

SegviZlia qvecnobieri (intuiciuri) dasabuTeba SemogTavazoT. konkurenciis

ZiriTadi arsi isaa, rom yvela adamianisTvis dawesebulia Tanabari fasebi _
TiToeuli momxmarebeli Tu mwarmoebeli imdenad umniSvneloa bazrisaTvis, rom
igi fasze zemoqmedebas ver axdens. Cveni magaliTis mixedviT, konkurencia
gulisxmobs, rom adami da eva leRvis foTlisa (Pf) da vaSlisaTvis (Pa) erTnair
fass ixdidnen. momxmareblis arCevanis Teoriis ZiriTadi Sedegi6 is aris, rom
adamis sargeblis maqsimizaciisaTvis aucilebeli winapirobaa:

MRS afAdam =

Pa
Pf

(3.5)

analogiurad, evasTvis sargeblis gasazrdelad aucilebelia, rom:

MRS afEve =

Pa
Pf

(3.6)

3.5 da 3.6 gantolebebi erTad gvaZlevs:

MRS afAdam = MRS afEve

igi

3.1

gantolebis

identuria,

rac

pareto-efeqtianobis

erT-erTi

aucilebeli pirobaa.

`burJuebma 100-wliani deficitis dros ufro masiuri da ufro kolosaluri sawarmoo

Zalebi Seqmnes, vidre wina Taobebma~. karl marqsi da fridrix engelsi, The Communist
Manifesto. I nawili (Tucker, 1978, gv. 477).
6
aRniSnuli Sedegi ganxilulia wignis danarTSi.

61

zemoT ukve aRiniSna, rom warmoebis mxarec

gasaTvaliswinebelia. Teoriis

ZiriTadi Sedegi aris is, rom mogebis maqsimizaciaze orientirebuli firma

produqcias swored im wertilamde awarmoebs, sadac zRvruli danaxarji da
fasi Tanabaria. Cvens SemTxvevaSi es niSnavs, rom Pa = MCa, xolo Pf = MCf, an

MC a
P
= a
MC f
Pf

gavixsenoT

(3.7)

3.2

gantoleba,

sadac

MCa/MCf

transformaciis

zRvruli

ganakveTia. amdenad, SegviZlia 3.7 gantoleba ase SevcvaloT:

MRTaf =

Pa
Pf

(3.8)

gaaanalizeT 3.5, 3.6 da 3.8 gantolebebi. SeniSnavT, rom Pa/Pf aris TiToeuli
gantolebis marjvena mxares. amdenad, samive gantoleba erTad niSnavs, rom

MRS afAdam = MRS afEve = MRTaf .

es

ki

pareto-efeqtianobis

aucilebeli

pirobaa.

konkurencia, TiToeuli individis qcevis maqsimizaciis TanxlebiT, efeqtian

Sedegs iZleva.
sabolood ki, SegviZlia visargebloT 3.4 gantolebis

upiratesobiT da

pareto-efeqtianobis pirobebi zRvruli danaxarjis konteqstSi CamovayaliboT.

ubralod, SevunacvloT 3.5 an 3.6 gantoleba 3.4 gantolebas. miviRebT:

Pa
MC a
=
Pf
MC f

(3.9)

pareto-efeqtianoba zRvrul danaxarjTan fasis proporciulobas moiTxovs.

konkurencia ki am pirobis Sesrulebis garantia. saqonlis zRvruli danaxarji
sazogadoebisaTvis

damatebiTi

danaxarjia.

3.9

gantolebis

Tanaxmad,

62

efeqtianobis

misaRwevad

aucilebelia

TiToeuli

saqonlis

damatebiTi

danaxarjis mis fasSi asaxva.

samarTlianoba da keTildReobis ekonomikis

meore ZiriTadi Teoria

Tu kargad funqcionirebadi konkurentuli bazari efeqtianad anawilebs

resursebs, maSin ra rols asrulebs ekonomikaSi saxelmwifo? aseT viTarebaSi
racionalurad mxolod saxelmwifos umniSvnelo roli CaiTvleba. saxelmwifos
mTavari funqcia iqneba sakuTrebis uflebis dacva ise, rom bazarma imuSaos.
saxelmwifo

adgens

kanons

da

uzrunvelyofs

sasamarTlo

sistemiTa da erovnuli

Tavdacvis

wesrigs;
meqanizmiT.

igi

aRWurvilia

sxva yvelaferi

zedmetia. Tumca aRniSnuli daskvna keTildReobis pirveli Teoriis zedapirul

gaazrebas

efuZneba.

samyaroSi

yvelaferi

gacilebiT

rTulia.

erTi

mxriv,

63

igulisxmeba,

rom

efeqtianoba

erTaderTi

kriteriumia

imis

dasadgenad,

keTilgonivrulad aris Tu ara ganawilebuli resursebi. Tumca ar ikveTeba,

pareto-efeqtianoba sasurvelia Tu ara.
ganmartebisaTvis im martiv models davubrundeT, romelSic TiToeuli
saqonlis mTliani odenoba fiqsirebulia. gaiazreT 3.9 grafiki, romelic 3.7
grafikidan

kontraqtuli

mrudis

(mm)

reproduqcias

axdens.

SeadareT

ganawilebis ori wertili: p5 (yuTis qveda marjvena kuTxe) da q (centrTan axlos

mdebare).

vinaidan

p5

kontraqtul

mrudzea

ganTavsebuli,

gansazRvrebis

Tanaxmad, igi pareto-efeqtianobaa. meore mxriv, q arasakmarisia. p5 ganawilebis

wertili ukeTesia masTan SedarebiT Tu ara? pasuxi damokidebulia imaze, Tu
ras

vgulisxmobT

`ukeTesSi~.

Semosavlis

SedarebiT

SedarebiT

upiratesoba

amasTanave,

sazogadoebas

ganawileba,

an

sazogadoeba

Tanabar

ganawilebas

mieniWos,

SesaZloa,

SeiZleba

upiratesobas

aniWebs;

SesaZloa

Tundac

ar

sulac

ar

ainteresebdes,

upiratesad

adamsa

iyos

da

faqtobrivi

evaze

q-s

p5-Tan

pareto-efeqtianoba.
rogor

xdeba

zrunavdes.

aseT

SemTxvevaSi p5-s q-sTan SedarebiT upiratesoba mieniWeba.

3.9 grafiki

ZiriTadi

azri

isa,

rom

pareto-efeqtianobis

kriteriumi

resursebis

alternatiuli ganawilebis kategoriebis gamoyofisaTvis sakmarisi ar aris.

64

sargeblis ganawilebis samarTlianobis dasadgenad Rirebulebis Sesaxeb mkafio

gadawyvetilebebia aucilebeli. am ideis formalizaciisaTvis gaiTvaliswineT,
rom kontraqtuli mrudi farulad gansazRvravs im urTierTobas, romelic
adamis mier mopovebuli sargeblis maqsimalur moculobasa da evas sargeblis
yovel

dones

Soris

arsebobs.

3.10

grafikSi

Cans,

rom

evas

sargebeli

horizontalur, xolo adamis sargebeli _ vertikalur RerZs efuZneba. UU mrudi

sargeblis
gamoyvanili7.

SesaZleblobaTa

mrudia,

romelic

mrudidanaa

igi piris sargeblis maqsimalur odenobas gviCvenebs, rodesac

sxva piris sargeblis done mocemulia. wertili

kontraqtul

kontraqtuli

mrudze p5-s

Seesabameba.

am

r 3 3.9 grafikSi arsebul

SemTxvevaSi

evas

sargeblis

done

SedarebiT maRalia, vidre adamis sargeblis done. r 3 3.10 grafikSi, romelic 3.9
grafikis p3 wertils Seesabameba, misi sawinaaRmdegoa.

3.9 grafikSi q-s

Seesabameba. imdenad, ramdenadac q kontraqtul mrudze ar aris ganlagebuli, q

sargeblis SesaZleblobaTa mrudis SigniT unda mdebareobdes, rac imas niSnavs,
rom erTi adamianis sargeblis gazrda meore adamianis sargeblis Semcirebis
gareSe SesaZlebelia.

3.10 grafiki

3.8 grafikSi mocemuli sawarmoo saSualebebis mrudi im racionaluri daSvebis

safuZvelzea Caxazuli, romlis mixedviTac misi daxrilobis absoluturi Rirebuleba
mudmivad izrdeba, rodesac Cven qvemoT vmoZraobT. rac ufro meti vaSli iwarmoeba,
warmoebidan miT meti leRvis foToli amovardeba. Tumca ar arsebobs imis mizezi,
vifiqroT,
rom
amas
individTa
sargeblebs Soris
ganxorcielebul
savaWro
kompromisamde mivyavarT. swored amitom 3.10 grafikSi UU mrudi ufro talRovania,
vidre swori.

65

yvela wertili, romelic sargeblis SesaZleblobaTa mrudze an mis qveviT

mdebareobs, sazogadoebis mier miRwevadia; wertilebi, romlebic mrudis zeviT
mdebareobs, miRwevadi ar aris. gansazRvrebis Tanaxmad, UU-s yvela wertili
pareto-efeqtiania, magram isini adamsa da evas Soris faqtobrivi Semosavlis
gansxvavebul
SekiTxvaze

ganawilebas

pirobiTi

warmoadgens.

pasuxis

gasacemad

romeli

wertilia

saWiroa

socialuri

saukeTeso?

am

keTildReobis

funqciis Camoyalibeba, romelic sazogadoebis mosazrebebs adamisa da evas

Sesabamis
martivi

keTildReobasTan
gancxadebaa

keTildReoba

misi

imis

aerTianebs.
Sesaxeb,

wevrebis

socialuri

Tu

rogor

keTildReobas.

keTildReobis

funqcia

ukavSirdeba

sazogadoebis

individis

keTildReoba

damokidebulia im saqonlis odenobaze, romelsac is moixmars, sazogadoebis

keTildReoba ki _ misi TiToeuli wevris sargeblis normaze. algebrulad,
socialuri keTildReoba (W) TiToeuli individis sargeblis normis funqciaa
(F):

W = F(UAdam, UEve)

(3.10)

66

vfiqrobT, rom socialuri keTildReoba UAdam-is an UEve-s zrdis Sedegad

izrdeba _ sazogadoeba ufro mdidaria, rodesac misi wevrebis simdidris done
izrdeba.

SeniSnavdiT,

axorcielebs

rom

sazogadoeba

araferi

gviTqvams

aRniSnuli

imis

upiratesobis

Sesaxeb,

Tu

gancxadebas.

rogor

garkveul

pirobebSi sazogadoebis wevrebi SesaZloa ver SeTanxmdnen imaze, Tu rogor

moxdeba

sxva

individTa

sargeblis

klasifikacia.

amdenad,

socialuri

keTildReobis funqcia arc arsebobs. axla ki ramdenime wuTiT CavTvaloT, rom

igi arsebobs.
saqonelze

individis

sargeblis

funqcias

mivyavarT

am

saqonelTa

ganurCevlobis mrudebamde, iseve, rogorc socialuri keTildReobis funqcias _

socialuri ganurCevlobis mrudebamde, romlebic individTa sargeblebs Soris
aigeba. 3.11 grafiki socialuri ganurCevlobis mrudTa tipur nakrebs aRwers.
qvemoT

mimarTuli

SemTxvevaSi

daxriloba

erTaderTi

SenarCunebisaTvis
keTildReobis

gza

adamis

done

uCvenebs,
socialuri

sargeblis

izrdeba

rom

evas

sargeblis

keTildReobis

gazrdaa,

da

Crdilo-aRmosavleTiT

Semcirebis

arsebuli

piriqiT.
moZraobisas,

donis

socialuri
rac

imas

aRniSnavs, rom sxva Tanabar pirobebSi individis sargeblis zrda socialuri

keTildReobis zrdas iwvevs.
3.12 grafikSi socialuri ganurCevlobis mrudebi 3.10 grafikidan sargeblis
SesaZleblobaTa mrudzea ganTavsebuli. i wertili naklebad sasurvelia, vidre ii
wertili (ii wertili socialuri ganurCevlobis ufro maRali mrudia, vidre i
wertili), Tundac i emTxveodes pareto-efeqtianobas, ii wertili ki _ ara. aq
socialuri

Rirebulebis

Sesaxeb

msjeloba,

socialuri

keTildReobis

funqciasTan erTad, faqtobrivi Semosavlis ufro Tanabar ganawilebas uwyobs

xels (Tumca SesaZloa, ganawileba araefeqtiani iyos). cxadia, iii wertils
upiratesoba

eniWeba

orive

zemoT

miTiTebul

wertilTan

SedarebiT.

igi

efeqtianicaa da `samarTlianic~.

3.11 da 3.12 grafikebi

67

amrigad,

keTildReobis

funqcionirebadi

konkurentuli

pirveli
sistema

Teoriis

mixedviT,

jansaRad

sargeblis SesaZleblobaTa

mrudis

garkveuli saxiT ganawilebas gvaZlevs. Tumca ar arsebobs mizezi, vifiqroT,

rom

aRniSnuli

gansakuTrebuli

mimarTulebaa,

romelic

socialuri

keTildReobis maqsimizacias uzrunvelyofs. vaskvniT, rom Tundac ekonomikam

resursTa ganawilebis pareto-efeqtianobis wertilebis generireba moaxerxos,
saxelmwifos Careva sargeblis `samarTliani~ ganawilebis mizniT mainc saWiro
iqneba.

68

unda
ekonomika

Sevides

Tu

ara

keTildReobis

saxelmwifo

maqsimizaciis

uSualod

bazarSi

uzrunvelmyof

imisaTvis,

wertilamde

rom

mivides?

magaliTad, unda daawesos Tu ara man zeda zRvruli fasi im saqonelze,

romelsac Raribi mosaxleoba moixmars? pasuxi aseTia _ ara. keTildReobis
meore

ZiriTadi

sazogadoebam
ganawilebas,

Teoriis

SesaZloa
Tu

mimdevari

miaRwios

Tavdapirvel

ekonomistebis

resursebis

Senatanebs

mosazrebis

pareto-efeqtianobis

Tanaxmad,
mixedviT

daniSnulebisamebr gamoiyenebs da

Semdeg adamianebs erTmaneTTan Tavisuflad vaWrobis saSualebas miscems (iseve,

rogorc Cvens ejuorTis modelSia)8. uxeSad rom vTqvaT, saxelmwifo sargeblis
miRebis SesaZleblobaTa maqsimums uzrunvelyofs, Tu igi Semosavals jerovnad
gadaanawilebs, bazars Tavisuflad moqmedebis saSualebas miscems, Tavad ki
gzidan Camoecleba.
keTildReobis meore Teoria mniSvnelovania imdenad, ramdenadac masSi
efeqtiani da samarTliani ganawilebis sakiTxebis gamocalkevebaa SesaZlebeli.
Tu sazogadoeba gadawyvets, rom resursebi dRes usamarTlod nawildeba, igi
sabazro fasebSi ki ar unda Caerios da amiT efeqtianoba Seamciros, aramed
resursebi

samarTlianad

unda

gaanawilos.

cxadia,

saxelmwifos

resursTa

ganawilebis garkveuli meTodi esaWiroeba. problemebic swored maSin Cndeba,

rodesac

am

mizniT

araefeqtianobas

xelmisawvdomi

iwvevs.

meqanizmebi

SemdgomSi

(rogoricaa

ganvixilavT

gadasaxadebi)

efeqtianobasa

da

samarTlianobas Soris arsebul kavSirs (me-14 Tavi).

bazris naklovanebebi

rodesac cnobil kinofilmSi `kasablanka~ policiis ufross raimeSi eWvi

epareba, igi gascems brZanebas, `alya Semoertyas Cveulebriv eWvmitanilebs~.
analogiurad,

rodesac

bazari

resursebs

efeqtianad

ver

anawilebs,

ekonomistebi Cavardnis SesaZlo mizezebs alyas Semoartyamen xolme. rogorc

ukve aRiniSna, ekonomika SesaZloa ori ZiriTadi mizeziT iyos araefeqtiani _
sabazro Zalaufleba da bazris ararseboba.

mtkicebuleba gansazRvruli teqnikuri pirobebis dakmayofilebas moiTxovs.

magaliTad, ganurCevlobis yvela mruds standartuli (amozneqili) forma unda hqondes.

69

sabazro Zalaufleba

keTildReobis pirveli Teoria mxolod maSinaa qmediTi, roca fass yvela

momxmarebeli da firma eTanxmeba. magram Tu zogierTi individi an firma fass
gansazRvravs (maT aqvT fasebze zemoqmedebis unari),

resursTa ganawileba

ZiriTadad araefeqtiania. ratom? sabazro Zalauflebis mqone firmas SeiZleba

imis unari aRmoaCndes, rom fasi zRvrul Rirebulebaze metad gazardos, Tu
bazars

konkurentTan

gantoleba,

SedarebiT

pareto-efeqtianobis

nakleb

produqcias

erT-erTi

miawvdis.

aucilebeli

amdenad,

piroba,

3.9

irRveva.

saqonlisaTvis arasakmarisi resursebi gamoiyofa.

fasis daweseba, rogorc qmedeba, sxvadasxvagvarad xorcieldeba. yvelaze
eqstremaluri SemTxveva monopoliaa, rodesac bazarze mxolod erTi firmaa,
sxva firmebisaTvis ki Sesasvleli Caketilia. naklebad eqstremaluri SemTxvevaa
oligopolia (ramdenime gamyidveli), rodesac erTi tipis warmoebaSi CarTul
firmebs SeswevT zRvrul danaxarjze maRali fasis dawesebis unari. da bolos,
arsebobs SemTxveva, rodesac zogierT warmoebaSi bevri firmaa CarTuli, magram
TiToeul

maTgans

aqvs

sabazro

Zalaufleba

imdenad,

ramdenadac

isini

diferencirebul produqcias awarmoeben. ase, magaliTad, bevri firma awarmoebs

sportul fexsacmels, Tumca momxmareblebi ganasxvaveben "Reebok"-is, "Nike"-isa da
"Adidas"-is produqcias.

bazris ararseboba

keTildReobis pirveli Teoriis mixedviT, bazari yvela produqciisaTvis

arsebobs.
efeqtianad

Tu

bazari

garkveuli

saqonlisaTvis

verc resursebs gaanawilebs.

ar

realurad,

arsebobs,
garkveul

maSin

igi

produqciaze

SesaZloa bazari marTlac ar warmoiqmnas. aviRoT, magaliTad, dazRveva _

moulodnelobiT aRsavse samyaroSi metad mniSvnelovani momsaxureba. miuxedavad
iseTi firmebis arsebobisa, rogoricaa "Aetna" da "Allstate", arsebobs garkveuli
movlenebi, romlebic kerZo bazarze ubralod ar izRveva. ase, magaliTad,
warmoidgineT, rom gsurT, daazRvioT gaRaribebis SesaZlebloba. SesaZlebelia
ki, rom firmam, romelic konkurentul bazarze moqmedebs, momgebianad CaTvalos
`siRaribis dazRveva~? pasuxi aseTia _ ara. Tu dagazRveven siRaribeze, SeiZleba
aRar imuSaoT. amis Tavidan asacileblad ki sadazRvevo firmebi Tqvens qcevas

70

Seamowmeben, raTa gansazRvron, Tqveni dabali Semosavali Tqveni uiRblobiTaa

gamowveuli Tu ubralod samsaxuris gacdeniT. Tumca aRniSnuli monitoringis
Catareba

an

Zalian

rTuli

iqneba

an

SeuZlebeli.

amdenad,

ar

arsebobs

siRaribis dazRvevis bazari _ misi dazRveva ubralod SeuZlebelia.

ZiriTadi problema aq asimetriul informaciaSia _ garigebis erT mxares
aqvs

iseTi

informacia,

saxelmwifo

Semosavlis

Sedegi

isaa,

rom

romelzedac

meore

mastimulirebeli

isini

siRaribis

mxares

xeli

programebis

dazRvevas

ar

miuwvdeba.

erT-erTi

uzrunvelyofen

dadebiTi

(rac

kerZo

biznesisaTvis SeuZlebelia). jildo aRniSnuli `sadazRvevo politikisaTvis~

aris is gadasaxadebi, romlebsac ixdiT Semosavalze. gaRaribebis SemTxvevaSi
Semosavals saxelmwifo daxmarebis saxiT miiRebT.
araefeqtianobis meore tipi, romelic bazris ararsebobis gamo SeiZleba
warmoiSvas, aris garegani efeqti _ situacia, romelSic erTi individis qceva
meore individis keTildReobaze zemoqmedebs. ase, magaliTad, davuSvaT, rom
Tqveni oTaxis megobari iwyebs didi sigaris mowevas da haeris dabinZurebas
(rac Tqvenze cudad moqmedebs). ratom aris es efeqtianobis problema? Tqveni
megobari sigaris mowevisas moixmars iSviaT resurss _ sufTa haers. Tumca
sufTa haeris bazari, romelic mas daavaldebulebda, gadaexada safasuri sufTa
haeris dabinZurebisaTvis, ar arsebobs. faqtobrivad is arafers ar ixdis sufTa
haerSi

da

swored amitom

`borotad sargeblobs~

amiT.

fasTa

sistema ki

saqonlis alternatiuli Rirebulebis Sesaxeb jerovan signalebs ver gadascems.

keTildReobis ekonomika garegani efeqtis gasaanalizeblad sasargeblo
CarCos

gvTavazobs. 3.9

gantolebis

warmoebuli gulisxmobs,

rom zRvruli

danaxarji niSnavs socialur zRvrul danaxarjs _ igi warmoebaSi gamoyenebuli

sazogadoebrivi resursebis zrdad Rirebulebas aerTianebs. Cveni sigarebis
SemTxvevaSi Tqveni oTaxis megobris wevis zRvruli danaxarji ufro dabalia,
vidre socialuri zRvruli danaxarji, radgan Tqvens megobars ar uxdeba im
sufTa haeris safasuris gadaxda, romelsac moixmars. sigaris fasi, romelic
asaxavs mis pirad zRvrul danaxarjs, socialur zRvrul danaxarjs saTanadod
ar aCvenebs. amdenad, 3.9 gantolebis piroba ar aris dakmayofilebuli da
resursTa ganawileba araefeqtiania. sxvaTa Soris, garegani efeqti SesaZloa
iyos

pozitiuri

gvTavazobdes

sargebels

an

negatiuri.

ifiqreT

im

molekulur biologze, romelic axali gen-splaisingis (genetikuri Sezrdis)

teqnikis
kompaniam

Sesaxeb

naSroms

gamoiyenos.

gamoaqveynebs,

pozitiuri

romelic

garegani

efeqtis

SesaZloa

farmacevtulma

SemTxvevaSi

sasargeblo

71

saqmianobis odenoba, romelic generirebulia bazris mier, araefeqtianad mcire

iqneba.
garegani efeqtis monaTesave cnebaa sazogadoebrivi saqoneli _ produqcia,
romelic arakonkurentuli moxmarebiT xasiaTdeba. erTi individis mier misi
moxmareba

ar

zRudavs

meores,

analogiurad

moixmaros

es

saqoneli.

sazogadoebrivi saqonlis klasikuri magaliTi Suquraa. rodesac igi inTeba,

misi

sinaTliT

axlos

myofi

yvela

gemi

sargeblobs.

is,

rom

erTi

piri

upiratesad sargeblobs Suquris momsaxurebiT, ar gulisxmobs imas, rom meores

ar SeuZlia imave periodSi aseve moiqces.
SesaZloa, individs imis stimuli hqondes, rom damalos, Tu ramdenad
afasebs sazogadoebriv saqonels. davuSvaT, CemTvis metad sasargebloa Suquris
arseboba, Tumca kargad vici, rom mas Semdeg, rac naTura ainTeba, SemeZleba
misi momsaxurebiT visargeblo, miuxedavad imisa, am momsaxurebisaTvis gadavixdi
Tu ara. amdenad, SemiZlia ganvacxado, rom Suqura absoluturad umniSvneloa
CemTvis, raki meqneba `sxvebis xarjze sargeblobis~ imedi mas Semdeg, rac
momsaxurebisaTvis isini gadaixdian. samwuxarod, yvelas igive azri amoZravebs.
amitom SeiZleba Suqura saerTod ver aSendes, Tundac misi mSenebloba Zalian
sasargeblo

iyos.

sazogadoebrivi

sabazro
saqonlis

meqanizmma
mimarT

SesaZloa

ver

preferenciebi

aiZulos

individi,

gamoavlinos,

rasac,

savaraudod, imisken mivyavarT, rom sazogadoebrivi saqonlisaTvis arasakmarisi

resursebi gamoiyofa.

mimoxilva

keTildReobis pirveli Teoria amtkicebs, rom saTanadod funqcionirebadi

konkurentuli ekonomika TavisTavad, saxelmwifos Carevis gareSe, resursebs
pareto-efeqtianobis mixedviT anawilebs. Tumca ar aris aSkarad gamokveTili
is, rom resursTa efeqtiani ganawileba socialuri TvalsazrisiT sasurvelia:
erTni

amtkiceben,

rom

gasaTvaliswinebelia

ganawilebis

samarTlianobis

postulatic. ufro metic, Cven vaCveneT, rom ekonomikaSi zogjer zogierTi

saqonlisaTvis arc konkurencia arsebobs da arc bazari. amdenad, resursebis
bazris

koniunqturis

SemTxvevaSi

mixedviT

saxelmwifos

ganawileba

SesaZlebloba

efeqtiani
eZleva,

ar

Caerios

aris.
da

swored

am

ekonomikis

efeqtianoba gazardos.

72

xazi

unda

problemebi

gavusvaT

im

faqts,

saxelmwifosTvis

SesaZleblobas,

rom

efeqtianobasTan

uzrunvelyofs

dakavSirebuli

ekonomikaSi

Carevis

Tumca arasodes moiTxovs aRniSnul Carevas. is, rom resursTa

bazris koniunqturis mixedviT ganawileba srulyofili ar aris, ar niSnavs

imas, rom saxelmwifos ukeTesi ganawilebis unari aqvs. ase, magaliTad, zogierT
SemTxvevaSi

im

saxelmwifo

romelmac

unda

moagvaros

SesaZloa

Tavad

garegani

samsaxuris
garegan
efeqtis

CamoyalibebisTvis

efeqtTan
danaxarjs

gaweuli

dakavSirebuli
aRematebodes.

xarji,

problemebi,
ufro

metic,

saxelmwifo, adamianis msgavsad, Secdomebs uSvebs. erTni imasac amtkiceben, rom

saxelmwifo absoluturad uunaroa imisaTvis, rom efeqtianad imoqmedos. ase
rom,

Tu

Teoriulad

saxelmwifos

ZaluZs

status-kvos

gamosworeba,

praqtikulad mas arasodes Seswevs amis unari. miuxedavad imisa, rom argumenti
sakmaod

eqstremalurad

gamoiyureba,

igi

naTels

hfens

im

faqts,

rom

ekonomikuri Teoria mxolod im situaciis identificirebaSi gvexmareba, romlis

drosac intervenciam SesaZloa ufro maRali efeqtianoba mogvitanos.

keTildReobis ekonomikaSi wvlilis Setana

dRes yvelaze cxare kamaTi ekonomikis organizebasTan dakavSirebiT yofil

komunistur qveynebSi mimdinareobs. miuxedavad amisa, igive sakiTxebi dasavleTis
saxelmwifoebSic sakmaod mwvaved dgas: erovnuli Semosavlis ra nawili unda
daeTmos sajaro seqtors? rogor dafinansdeba saxelmwifo danaxarjebi? am
TavSi warmodgenilma keTildReobis ekonomikis Teoriam aRniSnul movlenaTa
gasaanalizeblad standartuli CarCo

uzrunvelyo. Tumca Teoriis garSemo

winaaRmdegobani gvxvdeba.
pirvel

rigSi,

ZiriTadi

xedva

metad

individualuria.

igi

adamianis

sargebelsa da misi maqsimizaciis gzebzea fokusirebuli. aRniSnuli mosazreba

socialuri uzrunvelyofis funqciis formulirebaSic (3.10 gantoleba) moCans.
am gantolebis ZiriTadi azri isaa, rom kargi sazogadoeba bednier adamianTa
erTobliobas warmoadgens. rogorc pirvel TavSi iqna ganxiluli, misaRebia
sxva socialuri miznebi, rogoricaa saxelmwifos Zalauflebis zrda, uflis
dideba da a.S. keTildReobis ekonomikas bevri araferi aqvs saTqmeli aseTi

73

miznebis

mqone adamianebisaTvis.

ar

aris

gasakviri,

rom iraneli aiaTola

homeini ambobda, rom ekonomika maimunebisTvisaa Seqmnili.

vinaidan

keTildReobis

adgilze ayenebs, igi

adamianma

yvelaze

sawinaaRmdego

ekonomika

aRniSnuli

kargad

Sexeduleba,

adamianis

upiratesobis

icis,

Tu

erT

dros

ra

upiratesobas

centralur

seriozul aRqmas

aniWebs

mSvenivrad

mas

moiTxovs.

kmayofilebas.

formulirebuli

amis
tomas

onilis (warmomadgenelTa palatis yofili spikeri) mier, aseTi iyo: `xSirad

amerikelebs swored is surT, rac maTTvis kargi ar aris~. Tu vinme daijerebs,
rom individis preferencia arajansaRi da uzneoa, aRmoCndeba, rom Teorias,
romlis mizani individis sargeblis maqsimizaciaa, verasodes gamoviyenebT.
masgreivma [1959] `damsaxurebuli~ saqonlis Sesaxeb koncefcia ganaviTara.
aRniSnuli

produqcia

aucileblad

unda

iqnes

miwodebuli,

Tundac

sazogadoebis wevrebi masze moTxovnas ar gamoxatavdnen. saxelmwifos mier

saxviTi xelovnebis

mxardaWera

xSirad

am

safuZvelzea

dasabuTebuli.

Tu

individi ar ixdis saTanado Rirebulebas, opera da koncerti sajarod unda

Catardes. magram rogorc baumoli da baumoli [1981] SeniSnavdnen:
termini damsaxurebuli saqoneli ubralo formalur daniSnulebaze migviTiTebs _
miRebulia

subieqturi

gadawyvetileba,

rom

xelovneba

sazogadoebisaTvis

kargia.

amdenad, igi finansur mxardaWeras imsaxurebs. damsaxurebuli saqonlis mimarT midgoma

ar aris mxardaWeris faqtobrivi dasabuTeba _ igi qmnis terminologias, romelic
zustad miuTiTebs mxardaWeris survilze (gv. 426 427).

keTildReobis ekonomikis CarCosTvis damaxasiaTebeli kidev erTi SesaZlo

problema

misi

SedegTan

damokidebulebaa.

situacia

fasdeba

resursTa

ganawilebis mixedviT da ara imis mixedviT, Tu rogor ganisazRvra ganawilebis

forma. SesaZloa, sazogadoeba unda ganisajos im procesis mixedviT, romelmac
igi ganawilebis am formamde miiyvana, da ara faqtobrivi Sedegebis mixedviT.
SeuZlia Tu ara adamians Tavisuflad dados kontraqti? aris Tu ara sajaro
procesebi

demokratiuli?

Tu

amgvar

mosazrebas

avirCevT,

keTildReobis

ekonomika Tavis normatiul mniSvnelobas dakargavs.

meore mxriv, keTildReobis ekonomikis seriozuli upiratesoba is aris,
rom igi saxelmwifo politikis Sesafaseblad logikur CarCos uzrunvelyofs.
yovelives Semdeg, saxelmwifos nebismieri intervencia resursTa ganawilebas
gamoiwvevs, keTildReobis ekonomikis mizani
formebis

Sefasebaa.

keTildReobis

ki ganawilebis alternatiuli

ekonomikis

CarCo

gvibiZgebs,

rodesac

74

saxelmwifos mier ganxorcielebul qmedebaze vsaubrobT, davsvaT sami arsebiTi

SekiTxva:

moxdeba

Tu

ara

aRniSnuli

qmedebis

Sedegad

yvelaze

sasurveli

formiT ganawileba?

gazrdis Tu ara igi efeqtianobas?

gamoiwvevs Tu ara igi miznobriv danaxarjebs?

Tu

pasuxi

samive

SekiTxvaze

uaryofiTia,

maSin

sasurvelia,

bazars

Tavisufleba mivaniWoT. cxadia, aRniSnul SekiTxvebze pasuxis gacema arsebiT

kvlevebs da, pirveli SekiTxvis SemTxvevaSi, subieqtur Sefasebasac moiTxovs.
swori

SekiTxvis

dasma

gadawyvetilebaTa

miRebis

procesisaTvis

faseul

struqturas uzrunvelyofs. igi individs aiZulebs, Tavisi eTikuri faseulobebi

gamoxatos,

da

zedapiruli

da

mxolod

sakuTari

interesebis

dasakmayofileblad moqmedi programebis aRmoCenas amartivebs.

daskvna

keTildReobis ekonomika aris mecniereba alternatiuli ekonomikuri

formaciebis sasurvelobis Sesaxeb.

resursebi
rodesac

pareto-efeqtianobis
individs

materialur

ar

mixedviT

SeuZlia

mdgomareobas

mxolod

gamdidreba

ziani

ar

ise,

miayenos.

maSin
rom

nawildeba,
sxva

piris

pareto-efeqtianobis

wertili moiTxovs, rom TiToeuli piris SemTxvevaSi ori saqonlis

Senacvlebis
udrides.

zRvruli

ganakveTi

pareto-efeqtianoba

tranformaciis

ekonomikis

zRvrul

efeqtianobis

ganakveTs

Sesafaseblad

ekonomistTa sakontrolo wertilia.

keTildReobis

ekonomikis

konkurentuli

sabazro

pirveli

ZiriTadi

meqanizmi

Teoria

garkveul

amtkicebs,

pirobebSi

rom

pareto-

efeqtianobamde migviyvans.

mTeli momxibvlelobis miuxedavad, pareto-efeqtianobas pretenzia ara

aqvs,

eTikur

normad

CaiTvalos.

SesaZlebelia,

sazogadoebas

Tanasworobis an sxva kriteriumis safuZvelze araefeqtiani ganawileba

75

erCios,

rac

ekonomikaSi

saxelmwifos

intervenciisaTvis

erT-erT

SesaZlebel mizezs uzrunvelyofs.

socialuri uzrunvelyofis funqcia misi TiToeuli wevris sargeblis

mimarT

sazogadoebis

imisTvisaa
forma,

preferencias

SesaZlebeli,

romelic

rom

socialuri

ganazogadebs.

moinaxos

resursTa

uzrunvelyofis

misi

gamoyeneba

ganawilebis

masStabs

iseTi

maqsimalurad

gazrdis.

keTildReobis

ekonomikis

sazogadoebam

SesaZloa

meore

ZiriTadi

resursebi

Teoriis

Tanaxmad,

pareto-efeqtianobis

mixedviT

gaanawilos, Tu daniSnulebisamebr gamoiyenebs Tavdapirvel Senatanebs,

Semdeg ki xalxs erTmaneTTan Tavisufali vaWrobis saSualebas miscems.

saxelmwifos intervenciis meore mizezi bazris naklovanebaa (fiaskoa),

romelic

sabazro

Zalauflebis

an

bazris

ararsebobis

dros

aSkaravdeba.

is faqti, rom bazari resursebs srulyofilad ver anawilebs, sulac ar

gulisxmobs,

rom

amas

saxelmwifo

ukeT

SeZlebs.

yvela

SemTxveva

damsaxurebis mixedviT unda Sefasdes.

keTildReobis

ekonomika

individualistur

socialur

filosofias

efuZneba. igi did yuradRebas ar aqcevs im procesebs, romlebic miznis

misaRwevad

gamoiyeneba.

amdenad,

miuxedavad

imisa,

rom

politikis

gasaanalizeblad igi logikur da sasargeblo CarCos uzrunvelyofs,

keTildReobis ekonomika universaluri mecniereba ar aris.

sadiskusio SekiTxvebi

1. Tqveni azriT, romeli bazari moitans efeqtian Sedegebs? ratom?

a) sanapiroze mdebare saxlebis dazRveva wyaldidobisagan;
b) samedicino momsaxureba;
g) safondo birJa;
d) personaluri kompiuterebi;
e) sesxebi studentTaTvis, romelTac kolejSi swavla surT;

76

v) manqanis dazRveva.
2. warmoidgineT, rom ekonomika ori subieqtisagan Sedgeba. eseni arian henri
da ketrini, romlebic ori saxis saqonels pursa da wyals _ moixmaren. axla
warmoidgineT, rom uflebamosilma pirebma gvalvis gamo gadawyvites, TiToeuli
maTganisTvis arsebuli wylis resursis zustad naxevari gamoeyoT. imisaTvis,
rom erT adamians ar ganexorcielebina meoris `eqspluatacia~, arc erTs ar
SeeZlo

mieyida

meorisaTvis

wyali

ufro

meti puris

safasurad. daxazeT

ejuorTis yuTi, asaxeT mdgomareoba da axseniT, ratomaa SeuZlebeli paretoefeqtianobis dacva.

3. safrangeTis mTavroba begravs sazRvargareT gadaRebul filmebs da
subsidiebs gamoyofs qveyanaSi gadaRebuli filmebisaTvis. Seesabameba Tu ara
aRniSnuli politika resursebis ganawilebas pareto-efeqtianobis koeficientis
mixedviT?

(miniSneba:

warmoidgineT

modeli,

romelSic

momxmarebeli

or

saqonels `ucxour filmebsa~ da `adgilobriv filmebs~ Soris akeTebs arCevans.

rogori

Tanafardoba

am

produqciaTa

Senacvlebis

zRvrul

ganakveTsa

da

transformaciis zRvrul ganakveTs Soris?)

4. warmoidgineT martivi ekonomika ori subieqtiT: avgustusiT da liviaTi.
a) socialuri uzrunvelyofis funqcia iyos:

W = UL + UA,

sadac

UL da UA aris Sesabamisad livias da avgustusis sargebeli. daxazeT

socialuri ganurCevlobis mrudi. rogor aRwerT maTi keTildReobis Sesabamis

mniSvnelobebs?

b) gaimeoreT a, rodesac:

W = UL+ 3UA

g) CaTvaleT, rom sargeblis maqsimaluri SesaZlebloba aseTia:

77

(grafiki)

grafikulad uCveneT, rogor gansxvavdeba optimaluri gadawyvetileba a

da b nawilebSi miTiTebuli socialuri uzrunvelyofis funqciaTa mixedviT.
5.

garkveul

SesaZlebelia

periodSi

aseTi

proeqtis

CikagoSi

ufaso

racionalizeba

koncertebi

imarTeboda.

keTildReobis

ekonomikis

safuZvelze? daukavSireT proeqti `damsaxurebuli~ saqonlis koncefcias.

6. yvela qvemoT CamoTvlil SemTxvevaSi SegiZliaT Tu ara keTildReobis
ekonomikis safuZvelze saxelmwifo politikis racionalizeba?
a) los-anjelesSi policia wliurad 127 aTas dacviT signalizaciaze
axdens

reagirebas.

masze

gadasaxadi

ar

arsebobs

(signalis

97

procenti

mcdaria);
b) Taflis warmoebaze subsidias federaluri mTavroba gascems;
g)

amerikis

fermerTaTvis
katastrofuli

SeerTebuli

kulturaTa
sawarmoo

Statebis

dazRvevis

soflis

meurneobis

subsidirebas

danakargebis

dasazRvevad

departamenti

axorcielebs.
aranair

fermeri

sadazRvevo

gadasaxads ar ixdis;
d)

vaSingtonSi

ver

gaxdebiT

parikmaxeri,

Tu

ar

geqnebaT

qalaqis

mmarTvelobis mier gacemuli licenzia;

e) erovnuli energetikis politikis aqtis mixedviT, yvela axali tualeti
unda irecxebodes mxolod 1,6 galoni wyliT. amerikelebis uamrav saxlSi
tualeti 5,5-dan 7 galonamde wyals xarjavs Carecxvisas;
v) federaluri mTavroba wiwilis nakelisagan eleqtroenergiis warmoebis
subsidirebas axorcielebs [SeniSvna: es me ar momigonia.]
7. Tqveni TviTmfrinavi wynar okeaneSi Cavarda. Tqven ukacriel kunZulze
moxvdiT sxva mgzavrTan erTad. kunZulze moxvda aseve miwis Txilis 100 patara
yuTi. miwis Txili sakvebad gamosadegi erTaderTi saqonelia.
aseT ekonomikaSi, sadac ori adamiani da erTi saqonelia, xolo warmoeba
ar arsebobs, daxazeT diagrama da warmoadgineT SesaZlo ganawilebis formebi.

78

ganmarteT, ratom emTxveva yvelanairi ganawileba pareto-efeqtianobas. aris ki

yvelanairi ganawileba samarTliani?
8.

rogorc papi ioane-pavle II ambobda, `rac ufro stabiluri iqneba

sazogadoebrivi wyoba, miT naklebad moxdeba piradi interesebisa da mTlianad

sazogadoebis interesebis dapirispireba. stabiluri sazogadoebrivi wyoba maTi
nayofieri
bazrebi

harmonizaciis
jansaR

gzebs

`socialur

eZebs.~
wyobas~?

am

kriteriumis

rogor

mixedviT,

Seesabameba

qmnian

Tqveni

ki

pasuxi

keTildReobis pirvel Teorias?

9. warmoidgineT ekonomika, sadac ori subieqtia: viqtoria da alberti.
arsebobs ori saqoneli: Cai da Rvezeli. dReisaTvis viqtoria da alberti or
Wiqa Cais erT RvezelSi gacvlian. momavalSi, Tu ekonomika erTi WiqiT naklebi
Cais

warmoebas

daiwyebs,

misi

warmoebidan

gamoTavisuflebuli

resursi

SesaZloa sami damatebiTi Rvezelis sawarmoeblad iqnes gamoyenebuli. emTxveva

Tu ara resursebis ganawilebis aseTi forma pareto-efeqtianobis maCvenebels?
Tu ase araa, ufro meti Cai unda iyos Tu Rvezeli?
10. qvemoT CamoTvlil formulirebaTagan romelia swori, araswori an
gaurkveveli. pasuxi daasabuTeT.
a) Tu yvela xasiaTdeba Senacvlebis Tanabari zRvruli ganakveTiT, maSin
resursebis ganawileba daemTxveva pareto-efeqtianobas;
b) Tu resursebis ganawileba pareto-efeqtianobis wertils emTxveva, maSin
yvela xasiaTdeba Senacvlebis Tanabari zRvruli ganakveTiT;
g) Tu aiceriT wiTelaze, es dadebiTi garegani efeqtia;
d)

keTildReobis

ekonomikis

meore

ZiriTadi

Teoriis

mixedviT,

socialurad sasurvelia resursebis konkurentuli ganawileba.

gamoyenebuli literatura:
Bator, F.M. "The simple analytics of Welfare Maximazation". American Economic Review 47 (1957
wlis marti), gv. 22-59.

79

nawili meore

sazogadoebrivi danaxarjebi

keTildReobis

ekonomikis

Teoriam

Cveni

yuradReba

SeaCera

bazris

naklovanebebsa da ganawilebis Sesaxeb mosazrebebze, romlebic saxelmwifos

intervenciis

SesaZleblobas

informacias

imis

Sesaxeb,

qmnis.
Tu

am

ras

nawilis
SeiZleba

ramdenime

Tavi

gulisxmobdes

gvTavazobs
saxelmwifo

politikis cneba. me-4 Tavi sazogadoebrivi saqonlis gansazRvras gvaZlevs, me-5

Tavi

garegan

efeqtebs

Seexeba

(garemosTan

dakavSirebuli

sakiTxebis

gansakuTrebuli xazgasmiT), me-6 Tavi ki, im politikis gamoyenebiT, romelic me4 da me-5 TavebSia mocemuli, imis mimoxilvas eTmoba, upasuxeben Tu ara
politikuri
amaRlebis

institutebi

amocanas. me-7

bazris

naklovanebis

daZlevisa

da

efeqtianobis

da me-8 Tavebi Semosavlis ganawilebis sakiTxebs

eZRvneba.
bazris naklovaneba yvelaze xSirad dazRvevis sferoSi Cans. socialuri
dazRvevis dros mimdinare movlenebs me-9 da me-10 Tavebi ikvlevs. saxelmwifo
danaxarjebis Cveneuli analizi sruldeba me-11 TaviT, romelSic mocemulia
danaxarjebisa
Sesafaseblad

da

Sedegebis

aucilebel

analizi

praqtikul

_
wesTa

sazogadoebrivi
krebuli,

danaxarjebis

romelic

Teorias

efuZneba.

80

Tavi 4

sazogadoebrivi saqoneli

saerTo keTildReobasa da saxelmwifo xelisuflebis organoTa Soris

Sinagani, WeSmariti kavSiri arsebobs. moraluri wesrigi, romelsac saxelmwifo
xelisuflebis

organos

sazogadoebaSi

saerTo

keTildReobis

dasanergad

esaWiroeba, imave organos sTxovs, efeqtianad miaRwios mizans.

papi ioane XXIII

2001 wlis 11 seqtembers amerikis SeerTebul Statebze ganxorcielebuli

teroristuli Tavdasxmis Semdeg amerikelebi SeTanxmdnen, rom momavali riskis
gasaneitraleblad saxelmwifos qmediTi zomebi unda mieRo. miuxedavad imisa,
rom mimdinareobda (da dResac mimdinareobs) cxare kamaTi imis Sesaxeb, Tu
zomebi

unda

gatarebuliyo,

yvelam

aqsiomad

CaTvala

mosazreba,

ra
rom

saxelmwifos racionaluri funqcia Tavdacvaa. ra Tvisebebis gamo iTvleba

erovnuli Tavdacva saxelmwifos yvelaze Sesaferis pasuxismgeblobad? Sedis
Tu ara sxva saxis saqoneli da momsaxureba am TvisebebSi da evaleba Tu ara
saxelmwifos maTi uzrunvelyofa? swored es SekiTxvebia saxelmwifo politikis
ZiriTadi winaaRmdegobebis birTvi. am TavSi Cven im pirobebs ganvixilavT,
romelTa mixedviTac saxelmwifos mier garkveuli saqonlis uzrunvelyofa
racionalurad iTvleba. gansakuTrebuli yuradReba eqceva bazris naklovanebas,
romlis gamoc bazari garkveul saqonels pareto-efeqtianobis mixedviT ver
uzrunvelyofs.

81

sazogadoebrivi saqonlis gansazRvra

ra gansxvavebaa saxelmwifo Tavdacvasa da picas Soris? SekiTxva SeiZleba

suleluradac

ki

mogveCvenos,

Tumca

misi

gaanalizebis

Sedegad

mivalT

daskvnamde, Tu romeli saqoneli unda uzrunvelyos saxelmwifo seqtorma da

romeli _ kerZom. dasawyisisaTvis aRvniSnavT, rom or saqonels Soris arsebobs
erTi uzarmazari gansxvaveba _ ori adamiani ver SeWams erTdroulad erT picas:
Tu erTi Wams picas, maSin imave picaze meore analogiur qmedebas veRar
ganaxorcielebs.

amis

individTa

momsaxurebis

mier

sapirispirod,

dacva,

romelsac

erTdroulad

zRudavs. meore mniSvnelovani gansxvaveba

armia

gamoyenebis

uzrunvelyofs,

SesaZleblobas

ar

isaa, rom erT adamians advilad

SeuZlia, meore arc ki gaakaros picas. magram SeuZlebelia adamianis CamoSoreba

saxelmwifo

Tavdacvis

Sedegad

miRweuli

keTildReobisagan

(rTulia,

warmovidginoT, rom teroristebs miecemaT erTi individis saxlis darbevis

nebarTva, meoris saxlisa ki aekrZalebaT).
saxelmwifo

Tavdacva

wminda

sazogadoebrivi

saqonelia,

romelic

moxdeba,

saqonlis

Semdegnairad ganisazRvreba1:

mas

Semdeg,

rac

saqonliT

uzrunvelyofa

moxmarebisaTvis sxva piris zRvruli danaxarji nuls udris _ misi

moxmareba konkurencias ar iwvevs.

pirisaTvis saqonliT sargeblobis uflebis warTmeva an Zalian Zviria

an

SeuZlebeli

saqonlis

moxmareba

gamoricxvis

princips

ar

eqvemdebareba.

amis sapirispirod, iseTi piradi moxmarebis saqoneli, rogoric picaa,

moxmarebisas konkurencias iwvevs da gamoricxvis princips eqvemdebareba.
aRsaniSnavia sazogadoebrivi saqonlis gansazRvris zogierTi aspeqti.

miuxedavad

imisa,

rom

saqonlis

Tanabar

moculobas

yvela

moixmars,

saqonlis Tanabari Sefaseba momxmarebelTa mier saWiro ar aris. warmoidgineT,

1

literaturaSi arsebobs mTeli rigi winaaRmdegobebisa, rodesac absoluturi

saxelmwifo saqonlis daxasiaTeba xdeba. am SemTxvevaSi ix. Cornes and Sandler [1996].

82

rom lagdeba oTaxi, romelSic kolejis ramdenime studenti cxovrobs. mas aqvs
sazogadoebrivi saqonlis kargi Tviseba _ yvelas siamovnebs sufTa abazanaSi
Sesvla, amitom rTulia, romelime studenti am sargebels CamoaSoro. Tumca
zogierTi studenti sxvebze metad zrunavs sisufTaveze. analogiurad, Cvens
mier

moyvanil

mtrulad

Tavdacvis

ganwyobili

magaliTSi

ucxoelebis

isini,

vinc

arsebobas,

yvelaze

metad

saxelmwifo

ganicdian

Tavdacvas

ufro

faseulad miiCneven, vidre isini, vinc SedarebiT usafrTxod grZnoben Tavs (sxva
Tanabar

pirobebSi).

uaryofiTi

marTlac,

sazogadoebrivi

momxmarebelTa

saqoneli,

Sefasebani,

gansxvavebulia.

dadebiTia

TiToeul

Tu

adamians

erTaderTi arCevani aqvs _ axali saraketo sistemis momsaxurebiT isargeblos.

erTni, visac sjera, rom sistema usafrTxoebis xarisxs aamaRlebs, dadebiTad
afaseben

sistemas;

gadaadgilebas

meoreni

gamoiwvevs

ki

da

fiqroben,

saxelmwifo

rom

axali

usafrTxoebis

sistema
dones

armiaTa

Seamcirebs,

amitom damatebiT raketas uaryofiTad afaseben. isini siamovnebiT gadaixdian

imisaTvis, rom raketa maTTan axlos ar iyos.
wminda

sazogadoebriv

saqonlad

klasifikacia

sabazro

pirobebsa

da

teqnologiur mdgomareobazea damokidebuli. kvlav ifiqreT Suquris Sesaxeb.

rogorc ki naTura inTeba, erTi gemi misi momsaxurebiT sargeblobs, Tanac
meore gems analogiuri

momsaxurebiT sargeblobis SesaZleblobas ar arTmevs.

ufro metic, arc erT gems ar SeiZleba signaliT sargeblobis SesaZlebloba

waerTvas. aseT pirobebSi Suqura wminda sazogadoebrivi saqonelia. davuSvaT,
gamoigones SemzRudavi mowyobiloba, romlis amoqmedebis Sedegad gemi veRar
xedavs Suquris signals, vidre specialur mimReb mowyobilobas ar SeiZens. aseT
SemTxvevaSi principi, romlis mixedviTac, sazogadoebrivi saqoneli gamoricxvis
princips

ar

eqvemdebareba,

sazogadoebrivi

saqoneli.

aRar

moqmedebs.

sakmaod

Tumca

STambeWdavi

aRarc

sanaxaoba

Suquraa
ki

wminda

swored

maSin

iqmneba, rodesac wminda sazogadoebrivi saqonliT momxmarebelTa mcire jgufi

sargeblobs.

Tumca

gadaitvirTeba.

mayurebelTa

sanaxaobis

imave

raodenobis

`odenobas~

zrdasTan

TiToeuli

erTad

adamiani

areali

`moixmars~,

magram misi xarisxi adamianTa ricxovnobis zrdasTan erTad mcirdeba. amdenad,

principi, romlis Tanaxmad, sazogadoebrivi saqonlis moxmareba konkurencias
ar iwvevs, aRar moqmedebs.
xSir SemTxvevaSi kargi iqneba, `sajaroobis~, rogorc xarisxis, Sesaxeb
vifiqroT. wminda sazogadoebrivi
Sereuli

sazogadoebrivi

saqoneli zustad Seesabameba definicias.

saqonlis

moxmareba

garkveuli

masStabiT

konkurentulia da zogierTi momxmareblis gamoricxvasac iwvevs. faqtobrivad

83

wminda sazogadoebrivi saqonlis Zalian bevri nimuSi ar arsebobs. Tumca wminda

konkurenciis

analizis

Sedegad

faqtobrivi

bazrebis

saqmianobis

Sesaxeb

codnas mniSvnelovnad vimaRlebT. amdenad, wminda sazogadoebrivi saqonlis

analizi gvexmareba im problemebis aRqmaSi, romlebic xelisuflebis winaSe
dgas, romelsac gadawyvetilebebis miReba evaleba.

saqoneli SesaZloa sazogadoebrivi saqonlis mxolod erT definicias

akmayofilebdes da ara orives. aRniSnuli koncefcia swored imaze miuTiTebs,
rom arakonkurentuli moxmarebisa da momxmareblis gamoricxvis SeuZleblobis
principi
ZiriTadi

SesaZloa

erTdroulad

satransporto

gamoricxvis

dakmayofildes.

magistralebi

SeuZleblobis

TvalsazrisiT

ar

principi

mouxerxebelia

pikis

muSaobs

warmoidgineT

saaTis
_

gadasaxadis

qalaqis

dros.

ZiriTadad

transportis

monitoringis

amkrefi

jixuris

yvelgan

damontaJeba, raTa gzebze moZraoba SeizRudos. magram moxmareba TavisTavad

konkurentulad

iTvleba

es

sacobSi

moyolilma

nebismierma

adamianma

SeiZleba gamoscados. meore mxriv, bevrma SeiZleba isiamovnos uzarmazari

napiriT ise, rom sxvaTa analogiuri sargebeli sulac ar Seamciros. miuxedavad
imisa,

rom

adamianebi

moxmarebelTa

moxmarebisas

garkveuli nawilis

erTmaneTs

momsaxurebiT

konkurencias

ar

sargeblobisgan

uweven,

CamoSoreba

mainc mosalodnelia (Tu mxolod ramdenime misasvleli gza arsebobs). kvlav

gavimeorebT,

rom

samarTlebriv
magaliTis

saqonlis

gadawyvetilebebzea

moyvana.

radiotalRebs
avtomaturad

maxasiaTebeli

E-XPasses-i

iyenebs

da

daaricxavs.

teqnologiur

damokidebuli.

gamvleli

mZRols
magaliTad,

manqanebis

gzebiT
State

aq

mdgomareobasa

mosaxerxebelia

91

gzis

identificirebisaTvis

sargeblobisaTvis
Rout

da

gadasaxads

los-anjelesis

axlos

oTxzoliani gzatkecilia, romelic mxolod im mZRolebisTvisaa xelmisawvdomi,

romelTa manqanebi

specialuri mowyobilobiT aris aRWurvili. warmoidgineT,

rom erT mSvenier dRes aseT teqnologias im mZRolTa dasabegrad gamoiyeneben,

romlebic

gadatvirTul

quCaze

gavlas

Seecdebian

quCiT

sargebloba

gamoricxvis princips daeqvemdebareba.

zogierT cnebas, romelic pirobiTad gansazRvrulia, rogorc `saqoneli~,

sazogadoebrivi

saqonlis

niSan-Tvisebebi

aqvs.

patiosneba

mniSvnelovani

magaliTia. Tu TiToeuli moqalaqe komerciul garigebebSi patiosani iqneba,

maSin

saqmis

warmoebis

dros

fasebis

SemcirebiT

mTeli

sazogadoeba

84

isargeblebs.

aseTi

tipis

xarjebis

Semcireba

rogorc

arakonkurentuli

moxmarebis, ise gamoricxvis SeuZleblobis principiT xasiaTdeba. analogiurad,

Semosavlis

ganawileba

sazogadoebrivi

saqonelia.

Tu

Semosavali

`samarTlianad~ nawildeba, maSin TiToeuli individi kmayofilia imiT, rom

jansaR sazogadoebaSi cxovrobs _ Cven ar SegviZlia, romelime individis
aRniSnuli

ufleba

gamefebuli

winaaRmdegobebis

Sefasebis

xelvyoT.

meTodebis

cxadia,
fonze,

mixedviT

samarTlianobis
individebi

gansxvavdebian.

cnebis

Semosavlis

miuxedavad

irgvliv

ganawilebis

amisa,

Semosavlis

ganawileba arakonkurentulia da gamoricxvis

princips ar eqvemdebareba _

amdenad,

los-anjelesSi,

igi

aris

sazogadoebrivi

saqoneli.

adgilobrivi

mmarTvelobis brZanebis Tanaxmad, restornebi valdebulni arian, yvelas uCvenon

Tavisi restornis higienuri norma: "A" sufTa, "B" WuWyiani, "C' ukiduresad
WuWyiani.

informaciis

aseTi

ganawileba

sazogadoebrivi

saqonlis

niSan-

Tvisebebs warmoaCens _ misi moxmareba konkurencias ar iwvevs; yvelas SeuZlia,

restornis

higienuri

norma

internetSi,

gazeTSi

an

ubralod

restornis

fanjaraSi ufasod naxos. es gamoricxvis princips ar eqvemdebareba.

piradi moxmarebis saqoneli yovelTvis eqskluziurad kerZo seqtoris mier

ar

iwarmoeba.

romelsac

arsebobs

saxelmwifo

piradi

moxmarebis

uzrunvelyofs _

saqonlis

esaa

farTo

saqoneli,

asortimenti,

romlis

moxmareba

konkurentulia, Tumca momxmareblis nawils misi moxmarebis saSualeba ara aqvs

(gamoricxvis

principi

moqmedebs),

magram

mas

saxelmwifo

uzrunvelyofs.

samedicino momsaxureba da binaTmSenebloba piradi moxmarebis iseTi saqonelia,

romelsac

zogjer

mogvianebiT

vnaxavT,

saxelmwifo

uzrunvelyofs.

analogiurad,

SesaZlebelia sazogadoebrivi saqonlis

rogorc

uzrunvelyofa

kerZo seqtoris mier (ifiqreT im pirebze, romlebic fuls gamoyofen saerTo

sargeblobis sivrcis SesanarCuneblad. swored am fulis wyalobiT ulamazesi
yvavilebiTaa mofenili centraluri parki da niu-iork-siti). mokled, cneba
`kerZo~

an

`saxelmwifo~

misi

uzrunvelmyofi

seqtoris

Sesaxeb

arafers

gveubneba.

saqonlis saxelmwifo uzrunvelyofa ar niSnavs, rom aRniSnuli saqoneli

am seqtoris mieraa warmoebuli. magaliTad, nagvisagan dasufTaveba. zogierTi
sazogadoeba am momsaxurebas Tavad gaswevs _ saxelmwifo seqtoris menejerebi
nagvis gasatan manqanebs yiduloben, muSebs qiraoben da Sesabamis grafiks

85

akeTeben.

sxva

sazogadoebebSi

aRniSnuli

samuSaos

Sesasruleblad

adgilobrivi mmarTveloba kerZo firmas qiraobs, anu municipaliteti warmoebis

organizebas

Tavad

ar

axorcielebs.

amerikis

SeerTebul

StatebSi

xanZarsawinaaRmdego samsaxuris 37% kontraqtiT daqiravebul kerZo firmebze

modis. biblioTekebisaTvis aRniSnuli maCvenebeli 23%-ia, xolo adgilobrivi
sazogadoebrivi transportisaTvis _ 48% (Lopez-de-Silanes, Shleiferi da Vishni, 1997).

sazogadoebrivi saqonlis efeqtiani uzrunvelyofa

ra

iqneba

efeqtiani

saxelmwifo

odenoba?

Tavdacvis

sazogadoebrivi

an

sxva

saqonlis

sazogadoebrivi
efeqtiani

saqonlis

miwodebisaTvis

aucilebeli pirobebis gansazRvris mizniT, me-3 TavSi mocemuli analizisagan

mciredi

gansxvavebiT,

piradi

moxmarebis

saqoneli

unda

gaviazroT.

kvlav

warmovidginoT sazogadoeba, romelSic ori adamiani adami da eva cxovrobs.

piradi moxmarebis ori saqonelia _ vaSli da leRvis foToli. 4.1A grafikSi
leRvis foTlis raodenoba (f) horizontalur RerZze izomeba, xolo misi
calobiTi fasi (Pf ) _ vertikalur RerZze. leRvis foTolze adamis moTxovnis
mrudi D fA -iTaa gamoxatuli. moTxovnis mrudi leRvis foTolTa im raodenobas
gviCvenebs, romelsac mocemul fasad adami sxva Tanabar pirobebSi moixmars2.
analogiurad, D4.1B grafiki leRvis foTolze evas moTxovnis mrudia. amave
dros, yoveli individis moTxovnis mrudi gviCvenebs, Tu ramdens gadaixdis
TiToeuli

maTgani

leRvis

foTlis

gansazRvrul

raodenobaSi

(ix.

wignis

danarTi).
davuSvaT, gvinda vnaxoT, Tu rogoria leRvis foTolze bazris moTxovnis
mrudi. am mizniT Cven ubralod vajamebT leRvis foTlis im raodenobas,
romelzedac,

fasis

miuxedavad,

orive

adamianis

moTxovna

arsebobs.

4.1A

grafikSi, sadac leRvis foTlis fasi 5 dolaria, adami leRvis erT foTols
moiTxovs (horizontaluri manZili D D fA -sa da vertikalur RerZs Soris). 4.1B
grafiki miuTiTebs, rom imave fasad eva leRvis or foTols moiTxovs. amrigad,
orive individis mier moTxovnili leRvis foTlis saerTo raodenoba, Tu misi
2

moTxovnis mrudi wignis danarTSia ganxiluli.

86

fasi 5 dolars udris, samia. leRvis foTolze bazris

moTxovnis mrudi

gamoxatulia D fA+ E -iT (grafiki 4.1C). rogorc ukve vaCveneT, wertili, sadac fasi
5 dolaria, raodenoba ki 3, zustad bazris moTxovnis mrudzea ganlagebuli.
analogiurad, mocemuli fasis farglebSi bazris moTxovnis gansazRvrisaTvis
piradi moTxovnis mrudebs Soris arsebuli horizontaluri manZilisa da fasis
vertikaluri RerZis Sekrebaa aucilebeli. es horizontaluri jamis saxeliTaa
cnobili.

4.1 da 4.2 grafikebi

4.2

grafiki

4.1

grafikis

informaciis

reproducirebas

axdens.

4.2C

grafikSi bazris miwodebis mruds (Sf) zemodan bazris moTxovnis mrudi ( D fA+ E )
daedeba.

bazari

dabalansebulia

maSin,

rodesac

moTxovna

da

miwodeba

Tanasworia. aRniSnuli Tanafardoba ki maSin miiRweva, rodesac fasi 4 dolaria

87

(grafiki 4.2C). am fasad adami leRvis erTnaxevar foTols, xolo eva sam
foTols moixmars. yuradReba miaqcieT Semdegs: ar arsebobs mizezi, vifiqroT,
rom adami da eva

Tanabari odenobis leRvis foTols moixmaren. gansxvavebuli

gemovnebis, Semosavlisa da sxva maxasiaTeblebis gamo isini leRvis foTlis

gansxvavebul odenobas moiTxoven. es ki SesaZlebelia, radgan leRvis foToli
piradi moxmarebis saqonelia.
4.2C grafikSi mocemul Tanafardobas erTi mniSvnelovani Tviseba aqvs:
leRvis foTlis ganawileba pareto-efeqtianobis mixedviT xdeba. samomxmareblo
arCevanis Teoriis Tanaxmad, sargeblis maqsimizaciaze orientirebuli individi
awesebs

leRvis

foTlis

vaSliT

Senacvlebis

zRvrul

ganakveTs

(MRSfa),

romelic leRvis foTlis fasisa (Pf ) da vaSlis fasis Sefardebis tolia (Pa):

MRS fa =

Pf

Pa

3.

vinaidan racionalur arCevanze

mxolod SedarebiTi fasebi

zemoqmedebs, vaSlze SesaZloa nebismieri SemTxveviTi fasi dawesdes. ufro

moxerxebuli

rom

iyos,

Pa

gavutoloT

dolars.

amdenad,

sargeblis

maqsimizaciis piroba MRS fa = Pf -mde mcirdeba. leRvis foTlis fasi gamoiyeneba

im

donis

Sesafaseblad,

romelzedac

individi

leRvis

foTols

vaSlze

gacvlis. axla ki leRvis foTolze adamis moTxovnis mrudi ( D fA ) uCvenebs

leRvis erT foTolze maqsimalur fass, romelsac adami leRvis foTlis
moxmarebis yvela doneze gadaixdis. amdenad, moTxovnis mrudi leRvis foTlis
moxmarebis

yvela doneze

MRS fa -sac uCvenebs. analogiurad,

D Ef

SesaZloa

ganimartos, rogorc evas MRS fa ganrigi. imave meTodis gamoyenebiT davinaxavT,

rom miwodebis mrudi (Sf) 4.2C grafikSi uCvenebs, Tu rogor icvleba leRvis
foTlis

warmoebis

paralelurad

leRvis

foTlis

vaSlad

MRT fa

transformaciis zRvruli ganakveTi4.

4.2C grafikSi mocemuli Tanafardobis mixedviT, adami da eva aweseben

MRS fa -s, romelic oTxs udris. mwarmoebelic awesebs MRT fa -s, romelic aseve
oTxia. amdenad, gamodis aseTi Tanafardoba:
3

ixileT wignis danarTi.

konkurenciis pirobebSi firmebi saqonels swored im wertilamde awarmoeben, sadamdec
fasi zRvrul danaxarjs utoldeba. amdenad, miwodebis mrudi (Sf) leRvis foTlis
warmoebis yvela doneze gaweul zRvrul danaxarjs uCvenebs. rogorc ukve aRiniSna (me-3
4

Tavi), MRT fa =

MC f

MC a

. imdenad, ramdenadac Pa = 1 dolars, fasi zRvrul danaxarjs

utoldeba, amitom MCa = 1 dolars, MRTfa = MCf. amis Semdeg SegviZlia zRvruli
danaxarjisa da miwodebis mrudis mimarT transformaciis zRvruli ganakveTi
ganvsazRvroT.

88

MRS faAdam = MRS Eve

fa = MRT fa

(4.1)

4.1 gantoleba pareto-efeqtianobis (ix. me-3 Tavi) aucilebeli pirobaa.

sanam

bazari

konkurentuli

iqneba

da

saTanadod

imuSavebs,

keTildReobis

ekonomikis pirveli ZiriTadi Teoriis Tanaxmad, aRniSnuli piroba daculi

iqneba.

kvlav efeqtianobis uzrunvelyofis pirobis Sesaxeb

Cven movaxdineT piradi moxmarebis saqonlis efeqtianobis uzrunvelyofis

pirobis reinterpretacia. axla davubrundeT sazogadoebriv saqonels. vidre
formalur

dasknas

CamovayaliboT.
tkbebian.

evas

gavakeTebdeT,

davuSvaT,
mier

misiT

rom

adami

efeqtianobis
da

tkoba adamis

eva

piroba

feierverkis

analogiur

intuiciurad

cqeriT

Tanabrad

siamovnebas sulac ar

amcirebs, da piriqiT. SeuZlebelia, erTma individma meoris feierverkiT tkbobis

SesaZlebloba SezRudos. feierverkis masStabi cvalebadia, amitom rogorc
adami, ise eva sxva Tanabar pirobebSi upiratesobas did qalaqebs aniWeben.
davuSvaT, dRevandeli feierverki 19 raketisgan Sedgeba, TiTo raketis damateba
ki 5 dolari eRireba. adams surs, gadaixados 6 dolari da feierverks erTi
raketa Sematos, xolo eva mzadaa, amisTvis 4 dolari gadaixados. aris Tu ara
feierverkis erTi raketiT gazrda efeqtiani? rogorc yovelTvis, zRvruli
sargebeli

zRvrul

danaxarjs

unda

SevadaroT.

zRvruli

sargeblis

gamosaTvlelad gaixseneT, rom feierverkiT tkboba konkurentebs ar warmoSobs,

xolo meoce raketas orive (adamic da evac) moixmars. amdenad, meoce raketis
zRvruli sargebeli aris im Tanxis jami, romelsac adami da eva gadaixdian da
romelic 10 dolars udris. vinaidan zRvruli danaxarji mxolod 5 dolaria,
meoce raketis damateba namdvilad Rirs. zogadad rom vTqvaT, Tu individTa
mier sazogadoebrivi saqonlis damatebiTi erTeulisaTvis gadaxdili Tanxis
jami

mis

zRvrul

danaxarjze

metia,

maSin

efeqtianobis

gasazrdelad

am

erTeulis uzrunvelyofaa sasurveli; sxva SemTxvevaSi ki _ sasurveli ar aris.

amrigad, efeqtianobis gasazrdelad sazogadoebrivi saqonlis miwodebis gazrda

89

im momentamdea aucilebeli, vidre bolo erTeulze individis mier gadaxdili

Tanxa erTeulze gaweul zRvrul danaxarjs ar gautoldeba.
aRniSnuli Sedegis grafikulad Camosayalibeblad gaaanalizeT A jgufis
4.3 grafiki, romelSic adamis mier raketis moxmareba (r) horizontalur RerZze,
xolo raketis erTeulis fasi (Pr ) _ vertikalur RerZze izomeba. raketaze
adamis

moTxovnis

moTxovnis

mrudi

mrudia

DrA . analogiurad, 4.3B grafikze raketaze evas

DrE . rogor vipovoT raketis Sesyidvis

aris

jgufuri

survili? leRvis foTolze (piradi moxmarebis saqoneli) jgufuri moTxovnis

mrudis mosaZieblad Cven horizontalurad individualuri moTxovnis mrudebs
vajamebT.

am

proceduris

meSveobiT

adamsa

da

evas

SesaZlebloba

miecaT,

Tanabari fasis mqone leRvis foTlis sxvadasxva odenoba moexmaraT. piradi

moxmarebis saqonlis SemTxvevaSi amgvari midgoma kargia. raketis sikaSkaSe
(sazogadoebrivi saqoneli) Tanabari odenobiT unda iqnes moxmarebuli. Tu
adami meoce raketis feierverks moixmars, maSin igi evamac unda moixmaros.
amitom

azri

ara

aqvs

sazogadoebrivi

saqonlis

im

raodenobis

Sejamebas,

romelsac individebi mocemul fasad moixmaren.

raketis Sesyidvis jgufuri survilis gamosaTvlelad vajamebT fasebs,
romlebsac TiToeuli individi saqonlis gansazRvul raodenobaSi gadaixdis.
4.3A grafikSi mocemuli moTxovnis mrudi gviCvenebs, rom adami mzadaa, erT
raketaSi

dolari

gadaixados,

rodesac

20

raketas

moixmars.

evas

erT

raketaSi 4 dolaris gadaxda surs maSin, rodesac 20 raketiT sargeblobs.

raketis Sesyidvis jgufuri survili erTeulze 10 dolars udris. amdenad, Tu

DrA+ E -s 4.3C grafikSi ganvsazRvravT, rogorc gadaxdis jgufur survils,

vertikaluri manZili DrA+ E -sa da wertil r = 20-s Soris 10 unda iyos5. sxva
wertilebi

DrA+ E -ze aRniSnuli proceduris gameorebis Sedegad produqciis

TiToeuli

donisaTvis

ganisazRvreba.

sazogadoebrivi

saqonlis

SemTxvevaSi

gadaxdis jgufuri survili individualuri moTxovnis mrudebis vertikaluri

jamis saSualebiT unda moviZioT.
yuradReba

miaqcieT

piradi

moxmarebis

saqonelsa

da

sazogadoebriv

saqonels Soris simetrias. piradi moxmarebis saqonlis SemTxvevaSi yoveli

adamiani erTnairi MRS-iT xasiaTdeba, Tumca TiToeuli maTgani am saqonels

DrA+ E ar aris pirobiTi moTxovnis grafiki, radgan igi ar uCvenebs im odenobas,

romelic nebismieri fasis pirobebSi iqneba moTxovnili. Tumca pirobiTi niSani naTels
hfens msgavsebebs piradi moxmarebis saqonlis SemTxvevaSi.

90

gansxvavebuli

odenobiT

gansxvavebuli

moTxovnis

moixmars.
mixedviT

amdenad,
jamdeba.

moTxovna

horizontalurad,

sazogadoebriv

saqonels

yvela

Tanabari odenobiT moixmars, magram adamianebs SesaZloa gansxvavebuli MRS-i

hqondeT. aq vertikaluri Sejameba saWiroa imisaTvis, rom gadaxdis jgufuri
survili

iqnes

moZiebuli.

sxva

sityvebiT

rom

vTqvaT,

piradi

moxmarebis

standartuli saqonlis SemTxvevaSi yvela Tanabar fass ixdis da amis Semdeg

iRebs gadawyvetilebas, Tu raodenobiT moixmars am saqonels. sazogadoebrivi
saqonlis SemTxvevaSi ki yvela sargeblobs Tanabari odenobis saqonliT da
mxolod amis Semdeg iRebs gadawyvetilebas, Tu ramdens gadaixdis.

4.3 da 4.4 grafikebi

91

raketebis efeqtiani odenoba swored im wertilSia, romelSic adamisa da

evas

survili,

damatebiTi

erTeulis

Rirebuleba

gadaixadon,

erTeulis

warmoebis zRvrul danaxarjs utoldeba. 4.4 C grafikSi zRvruli danaxarjis

92

grafiki (Sr) gadaxdis jgufuri survilis mruds DrA+ E gadakveTs6.

gadakveTa

maSin xdeba, rodesac erTeulTa raodenobaa 45, xolo zRvruli danaxarji _ 6

dolari.
kidev erTxel gavimeorebT, rom fasebi SesaZloa Senacvlebis zRvruli
ganakveTis konteqstSi iqnes interpretirebuli. zemoT dasaxelebuli mizezebiT
adamis mier raketis safasuris gadaxdis zRvruli survili misi Senacvlebis
zRvruli ganakveTia ( MRS raAdam ), iseve, rogorc evas gadaxdis zRvruli survili
_ misi Senacvlebis zRvruli ganakveTi ( MRS raEve ). amdenad, im Tanxebis jami,
romelTa

gadasaxdelad

warmoebis

orive

TvalsazrisiT,

individi

fasebi kvlav

MRS raAdam + MRS raEve

mzadaa,

transformaciis

udris.

zRvrul ganakveTs,

MRTra -s, warmoadgens. amdenad, 4.4C grafikSi Tanafardoba Semdegi pirobiT

xasiaTdeba:

MRS raAdam + MRS raEve = MRTra

piradi moxmarebis saqonlis miwodebis SemTxvevaSi es piroba SeadareT

efeqtianobis pirobas, rogorc es 4.1 gantolebaSia aRwerili; am SemTxvevaSi
efeqtianobis
Tanabari

uzrunvelsayofad

ganakveTi

gautoldeba.

hqondes,

wminda

aucilebelia,

romelic

sazogadoebrivi

yovel

individs

transformaciis
saqonlis

Senacvlebis

zRvrul

SemTxvevaSi

ganakveTs

Senacvlebis

zRvruli ganakveTebis jami transformaciis zRvrul ganakveTis toil unda

iyos7.

vinaidan

moixmaros,

misi

yvelam

sazogadoebrivi

efeqtiani

saqonlis

uzrunvelyofisaTvis

Tanabari

saWiroa,

odenoba

bolo

unda

erTeulis

mTliani Rirebuleba (MRS-Ta jami) mis warmoebaze gaweul zrdad danaxarjs

(MRT) utoldebodes.

aRniSnuli analizi warmoebis maqsimalur saSualebas, romelic miwodebis mrudis

ukan mdebareobs, calsaxad ar ganixilavs. ix. Samuelson [1955].
7
am analizis mixedviT, sazogadoebrivi saqonlis dasafinanseblad aucilebeli
gadasaxadebi SesaZlebelia kerZo seqtorSi miRebuli gadawyvetilebebis damaxinjebis
gareSe Segrovdes; sxva SemTxvevaSi efeqtianobis piroba icvleba. ix. Atkinson and Stern
[1975].

93

problemebi efeqtianobis miRwevis gzaze

rogorc me-3 TavSi aRiniSna, zogad pirobebSi, decentralizebuli sabazro

sistema piradi moxmarebis saqonels efeqtianad uzrunvelyofs. 4.4 grafikis
mixedviT, SeuZlia ki bazars, sazogadoebrivi saqonlis miwodebis efeqtian
dones (r=45) miaRwios? pasuxi nawilobriv imazea damokidebuli, Tu ra doniT
gamoavlenen adami da eva feirverkebis mimarT WeSmarit preferencias. rodesac
piradi

moxmarebis

saqoneli

konkurentul

bazarze icvleba,

individi imis

Sesaxeb, Tu ramdenad afasebs am saqonels, ar cruobs. Tu evas surs, leRvis

foTolSi misi mimdinare fasi gadaixados, igi verafers moigebs piriqiT, ver
moaxerxebs erTi leRvis foTlis yidvas.
individma SeiZleba sazogadoebrivi saqonlis mimarT WeSmariti preferencia
damalos. adamma SesaZloa icruos, rom misTvis feierverki arafers niSnavs. Tu
adami evas raketis mTel safasurs gadaaxdevinebs, maSin mas kvlav SeeZleba,
siamovneba miiRos sanaxaobisagan, Tanac vaSlisa da leRvis foTlis sayidlad
bevri

fuli

daitovos.

erTi

individi,

romelic

meores

gadaaxdevinebs

im

momsaxurebisaTvis, romlis beneficiari Tavadac aris, fri-raideris saxeliTaa

cnobili.

cxadia,

saqonlis

evasac

SemTxvevaSi

surs

sxvisi

`TiToeuli

xarjiT

adamiani

cxovreba.

Secdeba,

sazogadoebrivi

miisakuTros

raime

sargebeli, rac sruliad SeuZlebelia piradi moxmarebis saqonlis SemTxvevaSi,

romlis konkurentul fassac TviTdamcavi meqanizmi aqvs~ (Samuelson, 1955, gv. 389).
amdenad, SesaZloa bazari ar iyos sakmarisi imisaTvis, rom sazogadoebrivi
saqonlis miwodeba efeqtiani odenobiT moxdes. bazari ar flobs im avtomatur
tendencias,

romlis

saSulebiTac

igi

saqonels

efeqtianad

rodesac

saqonliT

sargebloba

gaanawilebda

(grafiki 4.4).
Tundac
princips

im

SemTxvevaSi,

eqvemdebareba,

iseTi

saqonlis

bazris

mier

gamoricxvis

warmoeba,

romelic

moxmarebisas konkurencias ar iwvevs, araefeqtianad iTvleba. davuSvaT, yvelas

ara aqvs feierverkiT tkbobis ufleba: adamiani ver ixilavs Sous, Tu ar iyidis
uzarmazar kolizeumSi Sesasvlel bileTs. mogebis gazrdaze orientirebuli
mewarme

bileTebs

yidis.

gansazRvruli

masStabis

feierverkis

Cvenebis

SemTxvevaSi sxva mayureblis mier feierverkiT tkbobaze gaweuli zRvruli

danaxarji

nulia

(radgan

Cveneba

konkurencias

ar

iwvevs).

efeqtianobis

"Free Rider" gadaxdis gareSe mgzavrobas niSnavs, Tumca bolo qarTul ekonomikur
literaturaSi inglisuri termini mkvidrdeba, romelic, zogadad, gadaxdis gareSe
sargeblis miRebas niSnavs (red.).

94

gasazrdelad Cvenebaze adamianTa mxolod is jgufi unda SevuSvaT, romelic

feierverks nulze maRali RirebulebiT afasebs. adamians feierverkis yurebis
saSualeba

eqneba

danaxarjs).

amdenad,

arseboba,

manam,

romelic

sanam

misi

efeqtianobis
nulis

sargebeli

aRemateba

asamaRleblad

toli

iqneba.

nuls

aucilebelia

magram

is

(gaweul

iseTi

mewarme,

fasis

romelic

mayureblisagan mxolod nulis tol Rirebulebas amoiRebs, iZulebuli iqneba,

datovos biznesi.
arsebobs raime gamosavali? warmoidgineT ori aseTi piroba: (1) mewarmem
sazogadoebriv

saqonelze

TiToeuli

individis

moTxovnis

mrudi

icis;

(2)

rTulia an SeuZlebelia saqonlis erTi adamianidan meorisTvis gadacema. am

ori

pirobiT

mewarmes

saSualeba

miecema,

TiToeuli

adamianisgan

individualurad amoiRos Rirebuleba survilis mixedviT. aRniSnul process

srulyofili fasiT diskriminacia ewodeba. individi, romlisTvisac feierverki
mxolod 1 peni Rirs, zustad am Tanxas gadaixdis _ mas feierverkiT tkbobis
saSualeba eqneba. amdenad, yvela, vinc dadebiTad Seafasebs Sous, daeswreba mas,
rac ukve efeqtiani Sedegia8. Tumca individi, romlisTvisac feierverki Zalian
Rirebulia,

yvelaze

maRal

fass

gadaixdis.

amdenad,

mewarmesac

SeeZleba

biznesis gagrZeleba.
srulyofili fasiT

diskriminacia SeiZleba problemas wyvetdes, sanam

gavixsenebT, rom pirveli piroba TiToeuli individis preferenciis codnas

moiTxovs. magram Tu viciT individis moTxovnis mrudis mdgomareoba, maSin
upiratesi

optimaluri

arakonkurentuli

miwodebis

saqonliT

gansazRvra

sargeblobis

martivi

ufleba

yvela

iqneba9.

SesaZloa,

momxmarebels

ar

hqondes (moqmedebdes gamoricxvis principi), magram kerZo seqtoris miwodebas

efeqtianobasTan dakavSirebuli problemebisaken mainc mivyavarT.

fri-raideris problema

erTni fiqroben, rom fri-raideris problemas sazogadoebrivi saqonlis

araefeqtian
saxelmwifom

miwodebamde
aseTi

mivyavarT. efeqtianobis

saxis

saqonlis

warmoeba

asamaRleblad ki saWiroa,
uzrunvelyos.

aRniSnuli

Sedegi efeqtianad CaiTvleba, radgan momxmareblis mier gadaxdili zRvruli fasi

saqonlis zRvrul danaxarjs utoldeba.
9
Seqmnilia mTeli rigi meqanizmebisa, romlebic adamians aiZulebs, samTavrobo
samsaxurs Tavisi WeSmariti preferenciis Sesaxeb gaumxilos. ixileT am Tavis danarTi.

95

koncefcia imiT sabuTdeba, rom saxelmwifos SeuZlia, garkveuli meTodebis

gamoyenebiT gansazRvros TiToeuli individis WeSmariti preferencia, Semdeg ki
iZulebis

uflebis

sargeblobisaTvis
SesaZloa

gamoyenebiT
gadasaxadi

fri-raideris

aiZulos

igi,

gadaixados.

problema

sazogadoebrivi

aseT

Tavidan

SemTxvevaSi

aicilos

da

saqonliT

saxelmwifom

sazogadoebrivi

saqonlis optimaluri miwodeba uzrunvelyos.

xazgasmiT unda aRiniSnos,

rom fri-raideri ar aris faqti es gaxlavT

hipoteza, romlis mixedviT, individi zrdis sargeblis funqcias, romelic

saqonlis pirad moxmarebazea damokidebuli. arsebobs magaliTebi, rodesac
sazogadoebrivi saqonlis miwodeba ar xdeba mxolod imitom, rom individi
Tavis preferencias malavs. meore mxriv, xSir SemTxvevaSi individs SeuZlia da
moqmedebs kidec koleqtiurad, saxelmwifos iZulebis gareSe. moxaliseTa mier
gamoyofili

Tanxebis

wyalobiT

aSenda

monastrebi,

musikaluri

darbazebi,

biblioTekebi, samecniero laboratoriebi, xelovnebis muzeumebi, saavadmyofoebi

da msgavsi Senoba-nagebobani. arsebobs kerZo seqtoris mier iseTi klasikuri
sazogadoebrivi

saqonlis

uzrunvelyofis

aSkara

mtkicebuleba,

rogoric

Suquraa (Coase, 1974). erTi gamoCenili ekonomistis TqmiT, `me ar vici bevri
istoriuli
uCvenebs,

faqti

rom

an

sxva

empiriuli

preferenciaTa

mtkicebuleba,

saTanado

romelic dabejiTebiT

gamoaSkaravebis

problema

odesme

praqtikuli mniSvnelobiT yofiliyos datvirTuli~ (Johansen, 1977, gv. 147).

aseTi dakvirveba sulac ar miuTiTebs imaze, rom fri-raideris problema
aqtualuri

ar

aris.

miuxedavad

maxasiaTebelTa

mqone

zogierTi

imisa,

rom

saqonlis

sazogadoebrivi
miwodebas

kerZo

saqonlis
seqtori

uzrunvelyofs, kidev rCeba saqonlis garkveuli nawili, romlis miwodeba kerZo

seqtoris mier ar aris uzrunvelyofili (Tumca, efeqtianobis safuZvelze,
iTvleba, rom aRniSnul saqonels kerZo seqtori unda awvdides). ufro metic,
sazogadoebrivi saqonlis is raodenoba,

romlis miwodeba kerZo seqtoris

mieraa uzrunvelyofili, SeiZleba arc iyos sakmarisi. ZiriTadi sakiTxi isaa,

rom fri-raideris problemis

mniSvneloba empiriul SekiTxvas warmoadgens,

romelze pasuxic damtkicebulad arasodes CaiTvleba.

fri-raideris qcevis mniSvnelobis Sesafaseblad bevri laboratoriuli
eqsperimenti Catarda. tipuri eqsperimentis

monawileebs

dauriges Jetonebi,

romlebic maT an unda SeenaxaT an `gacvlis jgufisaTvis~ unda eCuqebinaT.

yoveli monawile TiToeuli Senaxuli JetonisaTvis iRebda anazRaurebas _
pirobiTad

dolars.

SemdgomSi

isini

Jetons

gacvlis

jgufs

Cuqnidnen.

TiToeul maTgans aZlevdnen Tanabari odenobis fuls, pirobiTad 3 dolars, im

96

monawilis

CaTvliT,

romelmac

Jetoni

gaiRo.

cxadia,

yvela

monawilis

mdgomareoba gaumjobesdeboda, Tu isini maT gankargulebaSi arsebul yvela

Jetons

gacvlis

jgufs

gadascemdnen.

am

jgufisTvis

Jetonis

Cuqeba

arakonkurentul da sayovelTao anazRaurebas uzrunvelyofda. fri-raideris

Sesaxeb Teoriis Tanaxmad, erT-erTi monawile gonivrulad gadawyvetda, Jetoni
gacvlis

jgufisTvis

ar

gadaeca

igi

sargebels

sxva

monawileTa

kontribuciis Sedegad miiRebda, TviTon ki erT Jetonsac ar gaiRebda.

ras

gviCvenebs

Sedegebi?

aRmoCenebi

eqsperimentebis

mixedviT

gansxvavebulia. magram palfris da prisbris mier Catarebuli gamokvlevebis

Sedegebi

absoluturad

tipuria.

saSualod,

sazogadoebrivi

saqonlisaTvis

individi Tavisi resursis garkveul nawils gaiRebs. amdenad, sxvisi xarjiT

sargebloba dRes imiT gamoixateba, rom zogierTi individi gacvlis jgufs mis
xelT arsebul yvela Jetons ar gadascems. meore mxriv, Sedegi ewinaaRmdegeba
cnebas imis Sesaxeb, rom sxvisi xarjiT sargeblobas sazogadoebrivi saqonlis
nulovan an umniSvnelo raodenobamde mivyavarT. ori sxva mniSvnelovani Sedegi
isaa, rom rac ufro meti adamiani gaimeorebs TamaSs, moTamaSeni miT nakleb
Jetons

gaiReben.

alternatiuli

amdenad,

kontribuciis

Rirebuleba

izrdeba

ganakveTi
(rodesac

mcirdeba,
Jetonis

xolo

misi

SenaxvisaTvis

gadasaxdeli jildo ufro izrdeba).

rogorc me-2 TavSi iqna xazgasmuli, laboratoriuli cdebis Sedegebis
interpretacias frTxilad unda movekidoT. Tumca Sedegi jer kidev cxadyofs
imas, rom adamians SeuZlia ipovos `Tbili naTeba~, Tu saqmianobas viwro piradi
interesebis sakeTildReod mimarTavs.

debatebi privatizaciis sakiTxis irgvliv

msoflios

erebi

kamaToben

im

sargeblis

Sesaxeb,

romelic

SesaZloa

saxelmwifo funqciebis privatizaciam mogvitanos. privatizacia saxelmwifos

mier

gasawevi

momsaxurebis

uflebis

kerZo

seqtorisaTvis

gadacemas

gulisxmobs, ris Semdegac es ukanaskneli aRniSnul momsaxurebas awarmoebs

an/da

gaswevs.

Cven

jer

momsaxurebis

uzrunvelyofasTan

dakavSirebul

sakiTxebs ganvixilavT, Semdeg ki _ mis warmoebasTan dakavSirebul sakiTxebs.

97

saxelmwifo uzrunvelyofa Tu kerZo uzrunvelyofa?

saxelmwifo

seqtoris

mier

uzrunvelyofil

momsaxurebas

zogierT

SemTxvevaSi kerZo seqtori gaswevs. `dacva~ SeiZleba policiam uzrunvelyos.

amasTanave, garkveuli masStabiT, dacvis gaumjobeseba saimedo saketisa da
signalizaciis

sistemis

damontaJebisa

da

dacvis

personalis

daqiravebis

gziTaa SesaZlebeli, rac ZiriTadad kerZod xorcieldeba. marTlac, dRes aSSSi kerZod daqiravebuli policielebis raodenoba samjer aRemateba saxelmwifo
samsaxurSi myofi policielebis raodenobas ("Economist", 1997, gv. 21). did ukana
ezos SesaZloa sazogadoebrivi parkis bevri niSan-Tviseba hqondes; saxelmwifo
sasamarTloebis momsaxureba kerZo seqtoris mier gaweuli msgavsi momsaxurebiT
icvleba. ase, magaliTad, swored im astronomiuli sasamarTlo baJis gamo,
romelic individma saxelmwifo sasamarTlo sistemis gamoyenebisaTvis unda
gadaixados, kompaniebi mas gverds uvlian da davas winaswar SeTanxmebuli
neitraluri mrCevlis daxmarebiT wyveten. wliurad 40 aTasze met samoqalaqo
davas, romelic tradiciulad sasamarTloSi unda gadawyvetiliyo, dRes kerZo
firmebi wyveten (Pollock, 1993, gv. B1).
drois gasvlasTan erTad, saxelmwifo da kerZo uzrunvelyofis modelTa
Tanafardoba

arsebiTad

pasuxismgebloba

Seicvala.

ganaTlebaze,

XIX

policiaze,

saukunis

ganmavlobaSi

biblioTekebsa

da

kerZo

sxva

saxis

momsaxurebaze ufro maRali iyo, vidre dRes aris. Tumca amJamad ukusvlis
tendencia SeiniSneba _ kerZo seqtors is funqciebi gadaecema, romlebic dRemde
saxelmwifo

pasuxismgeblobad

iyo

aRiarebuli.

ase,

magaliTad,

zogierT

qalaqSi saqmiani samyaros warmomadgenlebi SekavSirdnen da nagvis gamtani

kerZo firmebi daiqiraves, raTa quCebSi sisufTave SeenarCunebinaT. zogierT
sazogadoebaSi

saxlis

individualuri

mesakuTre

qiraobs

kerZo

kompanias,

romelmac xanZarsawinaaRmdego dacva unda uzrunvelyos. marTlac, daniaSi

xanZarsawinaaRmdego samsaxuris ori mesamedi kerZo seqtorze modis.
rogoria saxelmwifo da kerZo uzrunvelyofis optimaluri Tanafardoba?
SekiTxvaze pasuxis gasacemad ifiqreT im sawarmoo saSualebebze, romlebic
saxelmwifo an kerZo seqtoris mier mosaxleobisaTvis sasurveli saqonlis
sawarmoeblad aris gankuTvnili. maswavlebeli, saklaso oTaxi, saxelmZRvanelo,
kerZo maswavlebeli _ es yovelive sawarmoo saSualebaa, raTa sabolood

98

miviRoT saqoneli, romelsac ganaTlebis xarisxs vuwodebT. davuSvaT, rom

sakiTxi,

romelic

SemTxvevaSi,

sabolood

ganaTlebis

ainteresebs

done)

da

individs,

ara

mis

saqonlis

sawarmoeblad

xarisxia

(am

gamoyenebuli

konkretuli saSualebani. ra kriteriumi unda gamoviyenoT TiToeuli sawarmoo

saSualebis

masStabis

gamosaTvlelad?

am

sakiTxze

ramdenime

mosazreba

arsebobs.

SedarebiTi xelfasi da materialuri danaxarji. Tu saxelmwifo da kerZo

seqtorebi SromiTi resursebisa da masalebisaTvis gansxvavebul Tanxebs ixdian,
maSin sxva Tanabar pirobebSi da efeqtianobis safuZvelze upiratesoba ufro
iaf

seqtors

mieniWeba.

ase,

magaliTad,

sajaro

skolis

mier

swavlis

saSualebebze gaweuli danaxarji aWarbebs kerZo skolis imave maCvenebels _

sajaro skolebis maswavleblebi gaerTianebulni arian profkavSirebSi, xolo
maTi kolegebi kerZo seqtorSi _ ara.

administraciuli

danaxarjebi.

saxelmwifo

uzrunvelyofis

farglebSi

nebismieri fiqsirebuli administraciuli danaxarji SesaZloa bevr adamians

Seexos. imis nacvlad, rom sazogadoebam nagvis gadayris organizebaSi dro
dakargos, am sakiTxs specialuri samsaxuri aregulirebs. rac ufro didia
sazogadoeba, miT metia am danaxarjis ganawilebis SesaZlebloba. saxelmwifo
saskolo sistema yvela skolaSi msgavsi tipis swavlebas gvTavazobs, rac
dazogavs

mSoblis drosa da

energias,

romelic

kerZo

saskolo

sistemis

SemTxvevaSi kargi skolis Ziebisaken iqneboda mimarTuli.

gemovnebaTa mravalferovneba. bavSvian an ubavSvo ojaxebs maRalxarisxiani

ganaTlebis

Sesaxeb

gansxvavebuli

Sexedulebani

aqvT.

adamiani,

romelic

Zvirfas nivTebs saxlSi inaxavs, SesaZloa sakuTrebis dacvis momsaxurebas

ufro metad afasebdes, vidre is adamiani, romelic ase ar iqceva. vinaidan aseTi
mravalferovneba

dRes

aqtualuria,

kerZo

uzrunvelyofa

SeiZleba

ufro

efeqtianad CaiTvalos, radgan individs SeuZlia, igi Tavis gemovnebas zustad

Seusabamos. rogorc ronald reigani ambobda, `aseTi strategia uzrunvelyofs
im momsaxurebis gawevas, romelic sWirdeba klients, da ara im momsaxurebisa,
romelic samTavrobo biurokratebis mier aris SerCeuli~ (Economic Report of the
President, 1986, gv. 9). cxadia, mravalferovani gemovnebis dasakmayofileblad

99

gaweuli momsaxurebis sargebeli administraciuli danaxarjis SesaZlo zrdis

fonze unda Sefasdes.

ganawilebis

sakiTxebi.

sazogadoebis

samarTlianobis

cnebis

Tanaxmad,

zogierTi saqoneli yvelasaTvis xelmisawvdomi unda iyos. aRniSnuli koncefcia

saqonlis egalitarianizmiT (samarTliani ganawilebiT) aixsneba. es Teoria imis
garkvevaSi gvexmareba, Tu ratom gamoiyeneba ase farTod saxelmwifo saskolo
sistema _ adamians swams, rom yvelasaTvis minimaluri saswavlo kursi mainc
unda

iyos

xelmisawvdomi.

analogiuri

mosazreba

samedicino

momsaxurebis

Sesaxeb mimdinare debatebis drosac gamoikveTa.

saxelmwifo warmoeba Tu kerZo warmoeba?

aeroportis

usafrTxoeba

11

seqtembris

Semdeg

yvelaze

mniSvnelovani

sakiTxi gaxda. konsensusi imis Taobaze, rom usafrTxoebis sistema saSinel

mdgomareobaSia da saWiroa misi ganaxleba, miRweulia. debatebi mimdinareobs
imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor unda ganxorcieldes aRniSnuli gadawyvetileba. erTni
amtkiceben,

rom

federalizeba,
moxeleebi

saWiroa

rac

unda

usafrTxoeba

imas

gulisxmobs,

iyvnen.

unda

aeroportis

meoreni

daafinansos,

usafrTxoebis

rom

isini

fiqroben,
Tumca

warmomadgenlTa

federaluri

rom

mTavrobam

momsaxureba

kerZo

mTavrobis
aeroportis

firmebs

unda

dauTmos, romlebic monitorings daeqvemdebarebian da valdebulni iqnebian,

pasuxi agon Secdomebze.
es

debatebi

garkveuli

xazs

usvams

momsaxureba

saxelmwifo

winaaRmdegobaSi vardebian
momsaxurebis

gaweva

Semdegs:

adamianebi

Tanxmdebian

seqtorma

unda

imaze,

gaswios,

rom

Tumca

maSin, rodesac saubroben, Tu sad unda moxdes am

saxelmwifo

Tu

kerZo

seqtorSi?

winaaRmdegoba

nawilobriv im fundamenturi gansxvavebiTaa gamowveuli, romelic ekonomikaSi

saxelmwifos intervenciis masStabs exeba (ix. pirveli Tavi), nawilobriv ki _
saxelmwifo
sxvadasxva

da

kerZo

miwodebis

mdgomareobiT.

erTni

SedarebiTi
amtkiceben,

fasebis
rom

irgvliv

saxelmwifo

Seqmnili
seqtoris

menejerebi, kerZo seqtorSi dasaqmebuli kolegebisagan gansxvavebiT, mogebaze

orientirebulni

ar

arian

da

imaze

ar

nerviuloben,

rom

maTi

kompania

likvidirebuli iqneba an gakotrdeba. amdenad, saxelmwifo seqtoris menejerebs

100

umniSvnelo stimuli aqvT, Tavisi sawarmoebis saqmianoba akontrolon. jer

kidev 1776 wels adam smiTi amtkicebda, rom:
`evropis

monarqiul

saxelmwifoebSi

saxelmwifo

miwebis

gayidva

did

fuls

moitanda. am Tanxas saxelmwifo valis gadasaxdelad Tu gamoiyenebdnen, maSin isini

yadaRiT

datvirTul

im

uZrav

qonebas

gaaTavisuflebdnen,

romelic

saxelmwifo

sakuTrebaSi odesme arsebul miwaze ufro meti iqneboda. rogorc ki saxelmwifo miwa
kerZo sakuTreba gaxdeba, yovelwliurad gaumjobesdeba misi xarisxi da igi ukeT
damuSavdeba10.

arsebobs uamravi SemTxveva. maTgan cnobili niu-iorkSi moxda: centralur

parkSi sacigurao yinulis moednis xelaxal aSenebaze 12 milioni aSS dolari
daixarja [1980-1986]. mTavari problema is iyo, rom kontraqtorebi yinulis
Sesaqmnelad

sruliad

axali

teqnologiis

gamogonebas

Seecadnen,

magram

teqnologiam ver imuSava. 1986 wels, mas Semdeg, rac 200 aTasi aSS dolari
daixarja imis gamosakvlevad, Tu ra ar keTdeboda sworad, qalaqis pirveli
pirebi mixvdnen, rom yvelaferi Tavidan iyo dasawyebi. 1986 wlis ivnisSi uZravi
qonebis developeri donald j. trampi Seudga proeqtis ganxorcielebas da
imave wlis dekemberSi daasrula daaxloebiT 2,5 milion aSS dolarad. trampma
sacigurao moednis mSenebloba dagegmilze sami kviriT adre daamTavra da
proeqtisaTvis gamiznuli xarjebidan 750 aTasi aSS dolari dazoga. rodesac
CikagoSi mitovebuli manqanebis buqsiriT gasawevad saxelmwifo brigadas kerZo
brigadebi

Caenacvla,

wliuri

wminda danazogi 2,5

milioni

aSS dolari

aRmoCnda. 1998 wels kerZo kompaniis sakuTrebaSi gadavida samxreT floridis

saxelmwifo fsiqiatriuli klinika, romelic sakmaod uaryofiTi reputaciiT
sargeblobda,

radgan

daavadebulTa

bediT

iq

pacientebs

dainteresebuli

cudad

mkurnalobdnen.

adamianebi

Sokirebulni

gonebrivad
iyvnen

am

gadawyvetilebiT. erTi wlis Semdeg isinic ki aRiarebdnen, rom hospitalSi

mdgomareoba gaumjobesda. cota xanSi kompaniam aRniSna, rom hospitals ukve
mogeba mohqonda. 2002 wels ki saxelmwifo kvlevis Sedegad dadginda, rom aSSis sagadasaxado samsaxurma gadauxdeli gadasaxadebi (sul mcire 20 miliardi
aSS dolari) ver amoiRo. aRniSnuli gadasaxadebi sakmaod advili amosaRebi
iqneboda, Tu

gadasaxadis

akrefis funqcia

kerZo

samsaxurebs gadaecemoda

(McKinnon, 2002, gv. A1).

privatizaciis oponentebi amtkiceben, rom es magaliTebi kerZo warmoebis
Sedegad danaxarjebis danazogis moculobas azviadebs. faqtobrivad, kerZo da
saxelmwifo
10

warmoebaTa

Soris

mcire

sistemuri

gansxvaveba

arsebobs.

citirebulia: Sheshinski and Lopez-Calva [1999].

101

mniSvnelovani mizezi ki aRniSnuli ori seqtoris mier warmoebuli saqonlis

xarisxis

gansxvavebulobaa,

rac

SesaZloa,

kerZo

ufro

klinikaSi

maT

SedarebiT

dabali

fasebi

daxasiaTebas
iyos,

arTulebs.

vidre

saxelmwifo

klinikaSi. amis mizezi ki isaa, rom kerZo klinika iseT pacients, romlis
mkurnaloba Zviria, ar mkurnalobs. swored am magaliTis Semdeg mivdivarT
kerZo warmoebis oponentTa mTavar argumentamde: kerZo kontraqtori dabali
xarisxis (meorad) saqonels awarmoebs.

arasrulyofili
SeiZleba

iTqvas

kontraqtebi.

Semdegi:

kargi

kritikis
iqneba,

qarcecxlis

Tu

gasaneitraleblad

saxelmwifo

kerZo

seqtoris

warmomadgenelTan iseT kontraqts dadebs, romelic zustad da srulyofilad

gansazRvravs momsaxurebis im xarisxs, romelic saxelmwifos sWirdeba. Tumca
rogorc harti, Slaiferi da viSni [1997] aRniSnaven, zogjer srulyofils
mimsgavsebuli

kontraqtis

gauTvaliswinebel

Sedgena

garemoebas

ver

SeuZlebelia,

ganWvret.

ase,

radgan

magaliTad,

yvela

`kontraqtis

safuZvelze saxelmwifo kerZo seqtors sagareo politikas ver gadaabarebs. misi

ZiriTadi aspeqtebi xom gauTvaliswinebeli garemoebebia. kerZo kontraqtori ki
udides Zalauflebas Tavisi simdidris gasazrdelad gamoiyenebs (magaliTad,
jaris romelime adgilas gagzavnaze uaris TqmiT) ise, rom kontraqtis pirobebs
ar

daarRvevs~

(gv.

3).

meore

mxriv,

arasrulyofili

kontraqti

ar

aris

seriozuli problema SedarebiT rutinuli saqmianobis (nagvisa da Tovlisagan

gawmenda)

kerZo

seqtorisTvis

gadacemisas.

mokled rom

vTqvaT,

Tu

kerZo

seqtorSi fasi ufro dabalia, vidre saxelmwifo seqtorSi, da amave dros

SesaZlebelia

SedarebiT

srulyofili

kontraqtis

Sedgena,

maSin

SeiZleba

sakmaod msxvili funqciis gadacema kerZo seqtorisTvis.

privatizaciis

momxreebs

sjeraT,

rom

Tundac

SeuZlebeli

iyos

srulyofili kontraqtis Sedgena, arsebobs sxva meqanizmebi imisaTvis, rom

kerZo firmebma araefeqtianad ar Seamciron sawarmoo xarjebi. momxmarebeli
yidulobs saqonels; arsebobs bevri mimwodebeli. momxmarebels SeuZlia, sxva
mimwodeblisagan

SeiZinos

saqoneli,

dabalxarisxian

momsaxurebas

Tu

sTavazobs.

am

amJamindeli
TvalsazrisiT

mimwodebeli

mas

erTi magaliTia

kerZo klinika. garda amisa, reputaciis mopoveba mniSvnelovani aspeqtia _ kerZo

kontraqtori, romelsac surs momavalSi kontraqtebis dadeba, unda Seecados,
ar

ganaxorcielos

periodSi.

Slaiferi

sawarmoo
[1998]

xarjebis

amtkicebs,

araefeqtiani

rom

kargi

Semcireba

reputaciis

mimdinare

damkvidrebis

102

survili mniSvnelovani iyo kerZo seqtoris warmomadgenelTaTvis, romlebic

cixeebs uzrunvelyofdnen.
kerZo seqtori mSvenier avtomanqanas uzrunvelyofs _ Cven viwyebT fiqrs
aeroportis usafrTxoebaze (sakiTxi, romelic zemoT iyo naxsenebi). kerZo
warmoebis

momxreni

amtkicebdnen,

rom

iseTi

rutinuli

davalebis

Sesasruleblad, rogoricaa tvirTis ekranze gaSuqeba, savsebiT SesaZlebelia

srulyofili kontraqti daidos. saxelmwifos SeuZlia, daawesos standartebi
da maTi Sesrulebis monitoringi ganaxorcielos. mogebaze orientirebul kerZo
firmas eqneba stimuli, ukeTesi teqnologiiis danergviT Seamciros adamianur
resursebze gaweuli danaxarji. isini aRniSnavdnen, rom israelis aeroportSi,
romelic

msoflioSi

inspeqtorebi

erT-erTi

muSaoben.

meore

saukeTesoa,
mxriv,

tvirTis

isini,

visac

usafrTxoebis

swams,

rom

kerZo

aeroportis

usafrTxoeba saxelmwifo seqtorma unda uzrunvelyos, miiCnevdnen, rom kerZo

firma adamianuri resursebis treiningze fuls yovelTvis dazogavs Semosavlis
zrdis mizniT. privatizebuli sistema ki Sedegad sxvadasxva usafrTxoebis
donis

mqone

gansxvavebul

aeroportebs

moitanda

(Uchitelle,

2001,

gv.

WK3).

sabolood debatebSi gaimarjves adamianebma, romlebic Tvlidnen, rom ukeTesi

iqneboda, usafrTxoebis inspeqtorebi federaluri samsaxuris warmomadgenlebi
yofiliyvnen.
sabazro

garemo.

privatizaciis

irgvliv

arsebuli

debatebis

bolo

mniSvnelovani sakiTxia is sabazro garemo, romelSic saxelmwifo da kerZo

sawarmoebi

funqcionireben.

sazogadoebis

poziciidan,

kerZo

sakuTrebaSi

arsebul monopolias metad araefeqtiani Sedegis motana SeuZlia, xolo sajaro

operaciam

konkurenciis

pirobebSi

SesaZloa

sakmaod

efeqtian

maCveneblebs

miaRwios. ukanasknel SesaZleblobasTan dakavSirebiT ifiqreT Phoenix, Arizona-s

SemTxvevaze.

sazogadoebrivi

samuSaoebis

departamentis

danaxarjebisa

da

Sesrulebis xarisxis gamo Seqmnili ukmayofilebis Sedegad Phoenix-is tenderSi

kerZo kompaniebma daiwyes monawileobis miReba. tenderSi unda SerCeuliyo
firma, romelic mimdebare teritorias nagvisagan gawmendda. sazogadoebrivi
samuSaoebis

departamentsac

mieca

konkursSi

monawilebis

ufleba.

pirvel

etapze misi cda warumatebeli gamodga, radgan kerZo firmebi ukeT da ufro
iafad asrulebdnen samuSaos. Tumca garkveuli drois Semdeg departamentma
sxvadasxva eqsperimentebi (rogoricaa nagvis Segrovebis marSrutis xelaxali
dizainireba) Caatara da kontraqti daibruna. Phoenix-is ambavi cxadyofs, rom
Tu

konkurencia

arsebobs,

saxelmwifo

da

kerZo

sakuTrebebs

Soris

gansxvavebebi mniSvnelovani aRaraa. kanadaSi rkinigzis saxelmwifo da kerZo

103

danaxarjebis skrupulozuri ekonometrikuli Seswavlis safuZvelze kavesi da

kristenseni (1980, gv. 974) imave daskvnamde mividnen: `saxelmwifo sawarmoTa ase
xSirad

moxseniebuli

araefeqtianoba

efeqtiani

konkurenciisgan

misi

izolaciiTaa gamowveuli da ara misi saxelmwifo sakuTrebiT~. deventeri da

malatesta TavianT gamokvlevaSi

privatizaciis

saerTaSoriso maCveneblebis

Sesaxeb [2001] akeTeben aRmoCenas, rom im dros, rodesac saxelmwifo firmebi

kerZo firmebTan SedarebiT naklebad Semosavliania, ar arsebobs mtkicebuleba
imisa, rom privatizacia Semosavlianobas zrdis. firmis Semosavlianobis zrda
mis

privatizaciamde

ramdenime

wliT

adre

iwyeba

firmaSi

arsebiTi

restruqturizacia xorcieldeba, sanam igi kerZo seqtors mieyideba. am ideis

gansamartavad deventeri da malatesta

ambobdnen, rom mTavrobas SeuZlia,

gazardos efeqtianoba, Tumca aRniSnuli Sedegi SeiZleba uazrod gaifantos,

radgan mTavroba konkurenciul zewolas ar ganicdis. Tu marTlac asea, maSin
privatizaciis

Sedegad

miRebuli

WeSmariti

sargebeli

Sedegis

SenarCuneba

iqneba.

ganaTleba

ganaTleba saxelmwifo biujetis erT-erTi yvelaze mniSvnelovani muxlia.

amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi adgilobrivi, Statisa da federaluri mTavrobis
erToblivi danaxarji wliurad 392 miliard aSS dolars aRemateba (US Census
Bureau, 2002, gv. 143). rogorc 4.1 cxrili gviCvenebs, 1980 wlis Semdeg erT
moswavlis ganaTlebaze gaweuli faqtobrivi danaxarji 55 procentiT gaizarda.
ganaTlebaze

gaweuli

saxelmwifo

danaxarjebis

gasaanalizeblad

sazogadoebrivi saqonlis Teoriis gamoyeneba kargi iqneboda.

keTildReobis ekonomikis mixedviT, Cven viwyebT fundamenturi SekiTxviT:
ratom iRebs saxelmwifo aseT eqstensiur pasuxismgeblobas ganaTlebaze imis
nacvlad, rom igi bazars dauTmos? rogorc wina TavSi vnaxeT, bazari ver
uzrunvelyofs

efeqtian

saqonelze

igi

qmnis

ganaTleba

upirvelesad

saqonels
garegan
piradi

maSin,
efeqts

rodesac
an

moxmarebis

saubaria

warmoebulia
saqonelia,

sazogadoebriv

monopolisturad.

romelic

adamianis

keTildReobas amaRlebs imiT, rom aswavlis mas, rogor miiRos Semosavali da

gadawyvitos cxovrebiseuli problemebi. rodesac satransporto danaxarjebi

104

maRalia, maSin adgilobriv skolebs monopoliuri Zalauflebis elementi aqvT,

magram es argumenti maincdamainc damajerebeli ar aris, garda im SemTxvevisa,
roca es sofelSi xdeba.
zogierTi

imaze

miuTiTebs,

rom

ganaTlebas

sazogadoebrivi

saqonlis

maxasiaTeblebi aqvs. skola SesaZloa socializaciisaTvis mZlavri Zala iyos.

berZeni

istorikosis,

keTilSobilebis

plutarqes,

fesvica

da

moralis

nayofic

Tanaxmad,

karg

`patiosnebisa

ganaTlebaSia~.

da

demokratiul

saxelmwifoebSi ganaTleba amomrCevels safuZvelsa da perspeqtivas aZlevs,

gaakeTos arCevani. rogorc jorj vaSingtoni werda, `im masStabiT, romliTac
saxelmwifo

struqtura

sazogadoebriv

azrs

aZlierebs,

saWiroa,

Tavad

sazogadoebriv azrs moefinos naTeli.~ arsebobs mosazreba, rom ganaTleba

adamianTa

idelogiur

moqalaqeebisaTvis

damuSavebas

mTavroba

ufro

uzrunvelyofs,

misaRebi

xdeba.

aseTi

ris

Sedegadac

gziT

ganaTlebas

wvlili Seaqvs politikuri stabilurobis SenarCunebaSi.

cxrili 4.1. sajaro dawyebiTi da saSualo skolebis mier erT mowafeze

gaweuli faqtobrivi danaxarji

mowafeze gaweuli danaxarji

saswavlo weli

(dolari)

1980

4632

1985

5537

1990

6635

1995

6452

2000

7066

2001

7161

wyaro: gamoTvlilia US Census Bureau, Statistical Abstract of the United States, 2002,
Washington, DC, 2002, gv. 146.

argumentebi, romlebic ganaTlebis sferoSi saxelmwifos intervencias

asabuTebs,

ekonomikis

efeqtianobas

mixedviT,

gasaTvaliswinebelia

ukavSirdeba.

swavlebis

keTildReobis

erTianobis

ekonomikis

faqtoric

da

am

TvalsazrisiT saxelmwifo swavlebis argumentTa Camoyalibeba SesaZlebelia.

105

gaixseneT am TavSi mocemuli saqonlis egalitarianizmis cneba. ganaTlebis

xelmisawvdomoba

socialuri

mobilurobis

mniSvnelovani

wyaroa.

amdenad,

ganaTleba aris mniSvnelovani saqoneli, romelic TiToeuli moqalaqisaTvis

unda iyos xelmisawvdomi.
Tu

ganaTleba

sazogadoebrivi

saqonelia,

maSin

saxelmwifos

misi

subsidireba unda surdes. Tumca subsidirebis sazRvrebs gavcdebiT, rodesac

dawyebiTi da saSualo skola aris ara marto ufaso (finansdeba gadasaxadis
gadamxdelis

mier),

aramed

savaldebuloc.

aseTi

sistema,

romelic

bevr

qveyanaSi msgavsia, mxolod efeqtianobis safuZvelze ar aris racionaluri.

ufro metic,

ra

aris

iseTi

gansakuTrebuli

ganaTlebaSi,

rac

mTavrobas

aiZulebs, ara mxolod uzrunvelyos, aramed awarmoos kidec igi? erT-erTi

Teoriis Tanaxmad, saxelmwifo ganaTleba adamianur kapitals qmnis da amave
dros adamianebs arsebuli politikuri sistemis rwmenas unergavs. adamiani
sakuTar adamianur kapitalze zrunavs, Tumca politikuri sistemis mimarT
rwmenidan

aranair

konkurireben,
formirebas

pirad

rom

sargebels

sakuTar

axmaren.

am

procesebis

mimarTulebiT

martivad

xorcieldeba

ar

resursebs

mosazrebis

iRebs.

kerZo

moswavlis
Tanaxmad,

saxelmwifoebrivi
saxelmwifo

skolebi

adamianuri

arsebuli

erTgulebis

saskolo

ki

imiT

kapitalis

demokratiuli

formireba

sistemaSi,

ufro

romelic

konkurenciisagan daculia.
rac ar unda racionaluri mxardaWera movunaxoT ufaso sajaro skolas,
gasaocaria, rom ekonomikuri Teoriis mixedviT, adamianebisaTvis aseTi sistema
ar qmnis stimuls, ufro meti ganaTleba miiRon, vidre kerZo saskolo sistemaSi
miiRebdnen.

gaixseneT

jepetos

istoria,

romelic

gadawyvets,

Tu

rogori

ganaTleba unda miiRos misma vaJma _ pinoqiom. 4.5 naxazSi ganaTlebis masStabi
izomeba horizontalur RerZze, xolo sxva saqoneli, romelsac ojaxi moixmars,
naCvenebia

vertikalur

RerZze

(simartivisaTvis

CaTvaleT,

rom

miRebuli

ganaTlebis masStabi udris saaTebis im raodenobas, romelsac saklaso oTaxSi

gaatarebT. ufro rTuli modeli moicavs ganaTlebis im aspeqtebsac, romlebic
zrdis mis xarisxs). saxelmwifo saskolo sistemis ararsebobis SemTxvevaSi
jepeto

ganaTlebis

Seisyidis,

misi

sasurvel

arCevani

AB

odenobas
sabiujeto

pinoqiosaTvis

ganaTlebis

eo

saaTebis

eqvemdebareba

SezRudvas);

co

sxva

kerZo

bazarze

SezRudviTaa
raodenobas

saqonelze

arsebul

fasad

SemosazRvruli.
Seisyidis

gasawevi

is

(romelic

xarjebisTvisaa

gadadebuli.

106

davuSvaT, gaixsna sajaro skola. jepetos SeuZlia pinoqio gaagzavnos aseT

skolaSi, sadac igi kviraSi ep saaTis ganmavlobaSi iqneba, da damatebiTi
danaxarjebis gaweva aRar mouwevs11. es alternativa warmodgenilia ara xaziT,
aramed erTi wertiliT x, sadac ganaTlebis miRebis masStabi aris ep; jepetos
SeuZlia, mTeli Tavisi Semosavali sxva saqonlis SesaZenad daxarjos. vinaidan
indiferentulobis

mrudi

ii,

romelic

x-ze

gadis,

ufro

maRalia,

vidre

indiferentulobis mrudi i, jepeto pinoqios kerZo skolidan gamoiyvans da

sajaro
pinoqios

skolaSi
mier

saxelmwifo

Seiyvans.

mniSvnelovania,

ganaTlebis

saskolo

miRebis

sistemis

rom

ep

ufro

koeficienti

arseboba

kerZo

mcirea,

vidre

eo.

iklebs.

intuiciurad,

ganaTlebis

alternatiul

Rirebulebas mniSvnelovnad zrdis, ris gamoc jepeto kerZo saskolo sistemas

Tavs aridebs, xolo pinoqios mier ganaTlebis miRebis koeficienti mcirdeba
(rogorc es sinamdvileSi xdeba).

4.5 grafiki

11

Cven vuSvebT, rom jepeto gadasaxadebs ixdis imisgan damoukideblad, dadis Tu ara
misi Svili sajaro skolaSi.

107

indiferentulobis

mrudis

gansxvavebuli

nakrebis

SemTxvevaSi,

cxadia,

saxelmwifo ganaTlebas jepetos ojaxis wevrebis mier ganaTlebis miRebis

koeficienti SeeZlo gaezarda. ufro metic, 4.5 grafiki saxelmwifo saskolo
sistemas ganixilavs, rogorc alternativas _ `sul erTia~. vinaidan ganaTlebis
moculoba,

romelsac

gakveTilebiT
sistemam

Seivsos,

miRebuli

sajaro

skolebi

naklebad

ganaTlebis

uzrunvelyofen,

mosalodnelia,
koeficienti

rom

SesaZloa

saxelmwifo

Seamciros.

kerZo

saskolo

miuxedavad

amisa,

analizi gviCvenebs, rom sulac ar aris damtkicebuli mosazreba imis Sesaxeb,

rom saxelmwifos mier uzrunvelyofili ufaso swavleba (an sxva saqoneli am
SemTxvevisaTvis) ganaTlebis miRebis koeficients amaRlebs.

ra mizniT gaiweva danaxarjebi saxelmwifo ganaTlebaze?

saxelmwifo ganaTlebis Taobaze arsebuli debatebis mTavari sakiTxia is,

Tu ramdenad sakmarisia masze gaweuli danaxarji. aRniSnuli debatebis gamo
Cven

mniSvnelovani

SekiTxvis

winaSe

vdgavarT:

amaRlebs

Tu

ara

maRali

danaxarji ganaTlebis xarisxs?

saboloo
rogorc

jamSi,

aseTze,

Cven

aramed

vzrunavT
im

ara

Sedegebze,

ganaTlebaze
romlebsac

gaweul

danaxarjze,

moswavle

ganaTlebis

saSualebiT aRwevs. amdenad, gvesaWiroeba im urTierTobis codna, romelic

Sesyidul sawarmoo saSualebebsa da warmoebuli ganaTlebis masStabs Soris
arsebobs.
arsebuli

ganaTlebis

sxvadasxva

urTierTobis

maswavlebelTa
sirTuleebTanaa

saSualebaTa

(maswavlebelTa

raodenoba

TiToeul

dakavSirebuli.

gamoyenebis

gamocdileba

moswavleze

sirTulis

da

nawili

doneebs

wlebis

a.S.)

mixedviT,

Sefaseba

`ganaTlebis~

Soris
sakmao
Sedegis

gansazRvras ukavSirdeba, mis Sefasebaze rom aRaraferi vTqvaT.

adamianuri
daswrebis

kapitalis

Canawerebi,

zrdis

Sesafaseblad gamoiyeneba testis qulebi,

garicxulTa

raodenoba,

maRal

klasebSi

swavlis

gamgrZelebelTa raodenoba da SromiTi bazris iseTi maCveneblebi, rogoricaa

umuSevrobis done da Semosavlis done. hanuSekma [2002] im urTierTobis 376
statistikuri Sefaseba gamoikvlia, romelic sawarmoo saSualebaTa gamoyenebisa
da ganaTlebis donis Sefasebis sxvadasxva meqanizms Soris arsebobs. sawarmoo
saSualebebSi

Sedis

maswavlebeli/moswavlis

proporcia,

maswavleblis

ganaTleba, gamocdileba, xelfasi da TiToeul moswavleze danaxarji. igi

108

gasaocar daskvnamde mivida:

monacemebis mixedviT, erT moswavleze gaweuli

Sroma misi ganaTlebis xarisxze ar moqmedebs. daskvna mainc winaaRmdegobrivia

(Sander, 1993). Cndeba erTi sakamaTo SekiTxva: rogor davTvaloT danaxarji,
romelic unarSezRuduli bavSvebis SedarebiT mcire jgufze iqna gaweuli _
danaxarji gamoxatuli unda iyos fulis saxiT, romelic saSualod moswavleze
daixarja?
Tundac

imis

gaTvaliswinebiT,

rom

sawarmoo

saSualebebi

mxolod

umniSvnelod zemoqmedebs miRwevebze, zogierT qveteqsti sakmaod bundovania.

rogorc hanuSeki (2002, gv. 46) SeniSnavda, `mtkicebuleba ar ambobs, rom fuli
da resursi umniSvnelo faqtoria; arc imas ambobs, rom aRniSnuli faqtorebi
warsulSi iTvleboda umniSvnelod... marTlac, mtkicebulebis yvelaze swori
interpretacia aris is, rom zogierTi skola efeqtianad moixmars resursebs,
magram es skolebi im skolebiTaa dabalansebuli, romlebic amas ver axerxeben~.
Tumca kvleva sulac ar mianiSnebs imaze, rom ver viwinaswarmetyvelebT, romeli
skola

iqneba

efeqtiani,

Tu

ubralod

CavixedavT

maT

xelT

arsebuli

ganaTlebis saSualebaTa nusxaSi. igive marTebulia maswavleblebis SemTxvevaSi

_

miuxedavad

(maswavleblebi,
SearCevs,

imisa,

rom

romelTa

mopovebuli

direqtori

moswavleebic

akademiuri

yovelTvis
swavlisas

xarisxis

an

`karg~

maswavlebels

karg Sedegebs

maswavleblis

uCveneben)

gamocdilebis

wlebis mixedviT kargi da cudi maswavleblis identificireba Zneldeba.

gansakuTrebiT

aRsaniSnavi

Sedegi

klasSi

moswavleTa

raodenobis

Seswavlam gamoiRo. rogorc aRmoCnda, sxva faqtorebs Soris, igi akademiur

moswrebaze ar zemoqmedebs. saswavlo Sedegis Sefasebis pirobiTi berketebis
pirobebSi 20-bavSviani klasis swavleba ar aris ufro efeqtiani, vidre 30bavSvianisa.

kvlevis

Sedegad

dadginda,

rom

SeerTebul

StatebSi

erT

moswavleze gaweuli danaxarji klasis 10%-iT Semcirebisas daaxloebiT 615 aSS

dolaria.
(Hoxby, 2002B, gv. 23).
saSualebis

principis

Tu gamokvleva sworadaa Catarebuli, cxadia, SedegimixedviT,

klasis

zoma

ar

unda

Semcirdes.

kvlav

vimeorebT: es ar niSnavs imas, rom yvela danaxarji usargebloa. zogierTi

mtkicebuleba cxadyofs, rom 20-bavSviani klasi 30-ian bavSvianze efeqtiani ar
aris. Tumca klasebi, romlebic sami an naklebi moswavlisgan Sedgeba, aSkarad
ukeTesia, gansakuTrebiT _ dawyebiT klasSi, da akademiuri moswreba saSualo
doneze dabalia. gaTvaliswinebul doneze qvemoT miznobrivad Semcirebuli
klasis raodenoba (aRwerilia hanuSekis mier Catarebul kvlevebSi), magaliTad,
kerZo maswavlebelTan mecadineoba, SesaZloa Sedegiani iyos.

109

ganaTlebaze

gaweuli

danaxarjebis

efeqtianoba

mowafeTa

asakzecaa

damokidebuli. kerZod, hekmenis mier Catarebuli gamokvleva [1999] cxadyofs, rom

dabali Semosavlis mqone ojaxTa bavSvebisaTvis ganaTlebis misaRebad adreul
bavSvobaSi
kargad

Cadebuli

investiciebi

SemuSavebuli

programebi

nayofs

gamoiRebs.

mSoblebTan

xSiri

skolamdeli
vizitebisa

aRzrdis
da

Tavad

bavSvebTan intensiuri muSaobisagan Sedgeba, ramac programaSi ramdenime wlis

ganmavlobaSi
aRniSnuli

monawileobis

Semdeg

SesaZloa

prezumfcia kvlav aqtualurs

xdis

testis

qulebi

daskvnas

imis

aamaRlos.

Sesaxeb, rom

miznobrivi programebi ufro efeqtiania, vidre klasSi moswavleTa raodenobis

Semcirebis mcdelobebi.
bolos
miRwevebze
sainteresoa,

ki

gvinda

saskolo
is

aRvniSnoT:Lmiuxedavad

danaxarjis

meore

kritikul

imisa,

zemoqmedebis
cvladze

rom

sakiTxi

saganmanaTleblo
mniSvnelovani

Semosavalze

pirdapir

da
ar

mianiSnebs. Tundac ganaTlebaze gaweuli maRali danaxarji testis qulebs ar

zrdides, ar unda gagvikvirdes, Tu aRniSnuli danaxarji ukve zrdasruli
adamianis Semosavals gazrdis. Tumca ganaTlebaze gaweuli danaxarjis 10%-iT
zrda Semdgomi Semosavlis

mxolod 1 an 2%-iT zrdas iwvevs (Heckman, 1999).

mainc gafrTxildiT kvlav: zogierTi programa (gansakuTrebiT _ is programebi,

romelTa mizania adreuli Careva) Semosavalze mniSvnelovan zegavlenas axdens.

saxelmwifo ganaTlebis axali mimarTulebebi

amerikul saxelmwifo saskolo sistemas imaSi adanaSauleben, rom igi

adamians `asaSualoebs~, rac qveyanas ekonomikur da socialur safrTxes uqmnis.
saganmanaTleblo politikis bevri sxva aspeqtis msgavsad, es mtkicebulebac
sakmaod winaaRmdegobrivia. SAT-is qulebma 1960 wlidan daiklo, risi mizezic
SesaZloa is iyos, rom gamocdis Cambarebel studentTa Semadgenloba droTa
ganmavlobaSi Seicvala _ koleji ufro popularuli gaxda da testi im pirebma
Caabares, romelTac kolejSi moxvedris naklebis Sansi hqondaT. saswavlo
procesis saxelmwifo Sefasebis samsaxuri (aSS-is ganaTlebis departamentis
regulirebis sferoSi Sedis) amgvari SemadgenlobiTi tendenciurobiT naklebad
xasiaTdeba da acxadebs, rom ukanaskneli 30 wlis ganmavlobaSi gamocdis
Sedegebi odnav gaumjobesda. aseTi umniSvnelo gaumjobeseba ver aneitralebs

110

kritikis qarcecxls, romlis mixedviTac, Sedegi saTanadod ar gaumjobesebula,

miuxedavad imisa, rom erT moswavleze faqtobrivi danaxarji sakmaod gaizarda
(ixileT 4.1 cxrili).

Carteruli skolebi. Tu ganaTlebaze danaxarjis gazrda situacias ar

aumjobesebs, ra berketis gamoyenebaa SesaZlebeli am mizniT? ekonomistebi
fiqroben, arsebobs Tu ara iseTi problemuri bazari, romelic sargebels ar
miiRebs, Tu igi konkurentul garemos SeuerTdeba. es marTebulia im debatebis
SemTxvevaSic, romlebic Seexeba qveynis skolebSi gasatarebel RonisZiebebs.
zogierTi

ekonomisti

amtkicebs,

rom

swavlis

xarisxi

gaumjobesdeba,

Tu

skolebi moswavleTa mozidvisaTvis konkurirebas daiwyeben. es aris Carteruli

skolis motivaciis erTi mxare. aRniSnuli skola saxelmwifoa da saxelmwifo
Carteris qveS funqcionirebs, ris gamoc saTanado standarts icavs, Tumca aqvs
eqsperimentis Catarebis uflebac, aseve garkveuli Tavisufleba xarjvis da
personalis daqiravebis Sesaxeb gadawyvetilebaTa miRebisas. magaliTi arsebobs
arizonas

msgavs

StatebSi,

romelsac

saxelmwifoSi

yvelaze

liberaluri

Carteruli kanoni aqvs. am magaliTis mixedviT, Carteruli skola arCevanis

mravalferovnebas
Carteruli

da

skola

mSobelTa

`ZiriTadisken

kmayofilebas

zrdis.

arizonas

zogierTi

dabrunebis~

midgomas

atarebs:

garkveuli

yuradReba yofaqcevis formirebaze, orsuli moswavleebisaTvis sakvebi, da a.S.

garda

aseTi

magaliTebisa,

Catarda

ekonometrikuli

samuSaoebi,

romlebic

amtkicebs, rom Tu sajaro skola konkurirebs Carterul skolasTan, maSin

sajaro

skolaSi

swavlis

xarisxi

gaumjobesdeba. hoqsbim [2002A]

miCiganis

Statis mier 1994 wels warmodgenili Carteruli skolis programis efeqti

Seiswavla.
moswavleze
raionis

programis

farglebSi

gansazRvrul

biujetidan

miCiganis

anazRaurebas

CamoiWra

Tanxa,

Carteruli

iRebdnen.

romelic

skolebi

TiToeul

mniSvnelovania

udris

zemoT

is,

rom

miTiTebuli

anazRaurebis Tanxas yvela im moswavleze, romelic sajaro skolam Carteruli

skolis sasargeblod dakarga. hoqsbim aRmoaCina, rom is skolebi, romlebic
Carterul skolebTan konkurirebdnen, zrdidnen Tavis moswavleTa miRwevebs
(testebis

Sedegebs)

konkurenciaSi

ar

im

sajaro

moxvedrilan.

skolebTan
Tanac

SedarebiT,

aRniSnulma

romlebic

skolebma

amgvar

warmatebas

yovelgvari xarjis gazrdis gareSe miaRwies.

111

vauCerebi. bolo periodSi didi yuradReba eqceva gegmebs, romelTa mizani

arCevanis SesaZleblobis mniSvnelovani gazrdis safuZvelze sajaro skolebis
xarisxis amaRlebaa, rac vauCeruli sistemis farglebSi unda ganxorcieldes.
ZiriTadi principia moswavleTa da ara pirdapir skolis finansuri daxmareba.
TiToeul moswavles miecema saswavlo vauCeri, romelic misi ojaxis mier
nebismieri

maRali

xarisxis

skolis

SerCevisTanave

ganaRddeba.

Teoriis

mixedviT, ganaTlebis bazarze konkurenciis efeqti iseve sasargeblo iqneba,

rogorc

sxva

bazrebze.

dabali

xarisxis

skolebSi

SemsvlelTa

ricxvi

Semcirdeba da isini daixureba. Sedegad ki maswavleblis Sesaxeb moswavleTa da

mSobelTa

Sexeduleba,

naklebad

romelic

ignorirebulia,

cud

saxelmwifo

saskolo

maswavlebelTa

sistemis

dasjis

mier

safuZveli

met-

gaxdeba.

swavlidan gadasaxadis miRebis SesaZlebloba mewarmeebs waaxalisebT, axali

skolebi

im

xarisxisaa.

adgilebSi
es

Camoayalibon,

scenari

sadac

WeSmaritebasTan

arsebuli

sakmaod

skolebi

axlos

dgas.

dabali
mogebaze

orientirebulma kompaniam, Edison Project-ma, ukve daaarsa 149 skola 84 aTasi

moswavliT, romelTac ZiriTadad sajaro skolis sabWosTan aqvT kontraqti
dadebuli.
aseTi sistemis Camoyalibeba uamravi sakiTxis gadawyvetas moiTxovs. ra
masStabis Tavisufleba aqvs skolas saswavlo gegmis Camoyalibebisas? SeuZlia
Tu

ara

skolas

kriteriumiT

rekomendaciis

unda

miiRos

armqone

skolam

maswavleblebis

moswavleebi,

Tu

daqiraveba?

bevri

ra

msurvelia?

SesaZlebelia ki, rom programaSi saeklesio skolac iqnes CarTuli? SeuZliaT

Tu ara mSoblebs, damatebiTi resursebi gadascen skolas, romelsac isini
airCeven,

Tu

es

arRvevs

Tanaswori

ganaTlebis

standarts?

ra

wyarodan

Seityoben moswavleTa ojaxebi sxvadasxva saskolo arCevanis Sesaxeb?

bazarze orientirebuli sqemebis kritikosebi bevr prezumfcias uaryofen.
maTgan ZiriTadia is, rom momxmareblebi ganaTlebis bazris Taobaze kargad
informirebulni ar arian; amdenad, konkurenciis Sedegi namdvilad ar iqneba
damakmayofilebeli.

am

mosazrebis

momxreni

mianiSneben

saeWvo

reputaciis

profesiul-teqnikuri saswavleblebis momravlebaze, romlebic im studentebze

`nadiroben~, romlebic federalur studentur sesxs an vauCers miiReben. isini
amtkiceben, rom Camoyalibdeba tendencia, romlis mixedviTac, SedarebiT karg
students,

romelic

ufro

susts

ukan

Camoitovebs,

vauCeriT

sargeblobis

ufleba miecema, rac mas dabali xarisxis skolisagan daicavs. studentis

ganaTlebis

xarisxi

nawilobriv

misi

Tanatolis

imave

maCvenebelzea

damokidebuli. swored amitom susti studenti iZulebuli iqneba, ufro dabali

112

xarisxis skolaSi iswavlos, vidre vauCeruli sistemis danergvamde iswavlida.

marTlac, rodesac CileSi ramdenime wlis win vauCeruli sistema dainerga,
aRmoCnda, rom sajaro skolidan maRali SesaZleblobis mqone bevri studenti
gamovida (Ladd, 2002, gv. 19).
amis

pasuxad, arCevanis momxreebi SeniSnaven, rom miuxedavad xarjebis

mniSvnelovani zrdisa, sajaro skolis xarisxi SeerTebul StatebSi

iklebs.

SesaZloa,

SesaZleblobaTa

adamiani

moZieba

Raribi

surdes

iyos,

da

magram

SeeZlos12.

SvilebisaTvis
dRes

bevri

TandaTan
saukeTeso

sazogadoeba

vauCeruli sistemis danergvis mimarTulebiT eqsperiments atarebs. miluokiSi

1990 wels daaxloebiT 1000-ma dabali Semosavlis mqone moswavlem saxelmwifo
vauCeris

gamoyenebiT

Rirebuleba 3200 aSS

kerZo

skolaSi

dolari

swavla

daiwyo

(TiToeuli

vauCeris

iyo). rouzma [1997] gaaanaliza Sedegebi

da

aRmoaCina, rom kerZo skolis moswavleebma maTematikaSi ufro maRali qulebi

daagroves,

vidre

gamovlinda13.

sajaro

miluokisa

skolisa.

da

kiTxvaSi

ganaTlebis

ki

bazris

TiTqmis

Tanabari

konkurenciis

Sedegi

Sesaxeb

sxva

eqsperimentebis Sedegebi Semdgomi debatebis CatarebaSi dagvexmareba.

sazogadoebrivi saqoneli da sazogadoebrivi arCevani

cneba

sazogadoebrivi

im

saqonlis

aRsawerad

gamoiyeneba,

romelic

arakonkurentulia da momxmareblebs ar gamoricxavs. igi TiTqos warmoadgens

winaswar pasuxs SekiTxvaze, es saqoneli saxelmwifo seqtorma unda awarmoos
Tu ara. marTlac, ukve giCveneT, rom kerZo bazari wminda sazogadoebriv
saqonels

pareto-efeqtianobis

misawodebeli

saqonlis

Sesabamisi

raodenobis

odenobiT

ver

gansazRvrisaTvis

uzrunvelyofs.
koleqtiuri

gadawyvetileba unda iqnes miRebuli. ganaTlebis Sesaxeb diskusia gviCvenebs,

rom wminda sazogadoebrivi saqonlis (magaliTad, saxelmwifo Tavdacva) garda,
arsebobs kerZo seqtorSi warmoebuli saqoneli, romelic saxelmwifo seqtorSi
warmoebul saqonels Seenacvleba. Tumca am SemTxvevaSi sazogadoebis mier
saxelmwifo uzrunvelyofis aucilebeli masStabis Sesaxeb gadawyvetilebis
miRebaa

12
13

saWiroa.

amdenad,

sazogadoebrivi

saqonlisa

da

sazogadoebrivi

am mosazrebis argumentirebisaTvis ixileT Chubb and Moe [1990].

rouzis kvlevis struqtura me-2 TavSia aRwerili.

113

arCevanis

cnebebi

erTmaneTTanaa

gadajaWvuli.

me-6

TavSi

ganvixilavT

da

SevafasebT im meqanizmebs, romlebic koleqtiuri gadawyvetilebis misaRebad

gamoiyeneba.

daskvna

sazogadoebrivi
momxmarebels

saqonlis
ar

sazogadoebrivi

moxmareba

gamoricxavs.

saqonlis

imave,

konkurencias
amdenad,

Tumca

ara

ar

iwvevs

da

TiToeuli

adamiani

aucileblad

upirates

odenobas moixmars.

sazogadoebrivi saqonlis efeqtiani miwodeba individualuri MRS-ebis

jamis MRT-sTan tolobas moiTxovs. kerZo seqtorSi warmoebuli saqonlis
SemTxvevaSi efeqtiani miwodeba aseTia: MRS = MRT.

sabazro meqanizmi arakonkurentuli saqonlis efeqtian warmoebas ver

uzrunvelyofs, Tundac saqonlis momxmareba gamoricxvis princips ar
eqvemdebarebodes.

Cveulebrivi

dakvirveba

da

adamianebi sxvisi xarjiT

laboratoriuli

kvleva

mianiSnebs,

rom

sargeblobis SesaZleblobebs mTlianad ar

iyeneben. miuxedavad amisa, zogierT SemTxvevaSi fri-raideri seriozuli

problemaa.

sazogadoebrivi
piradi

saqonlis

moxmarebis

warmoeba

saqonlis

SesaZloa

warmoeba

kerZo

seqtorma,

saxelmwifo

xolo

seqtorma

uzrunvelyos.

Tundac saqonlis warmoebis saxelmwifo seqtoris mier uzrunvelyofas

upiratesoba eniWebodes, aucilebelia saxelmwifo da kerZo warmoebebs
Soris

arCevanis

gakeTeba.

mTavari

faqtori

imis

gansazRvrisaTvis,

saxelmwifo warmoeba ufro efeqtiani iqneba Tu kerZo, sabazro garemoa.

meore

mniSvnelovani

sakiTxia

is

masStabi,

romliTac

SesaZlebelia

srulyofili kontraqtebis kerZo seqtoris servis-provaiderebTan dadeba.

miuxedavad

imisa,

rom

ganaTlebas

saxelmwifo

uzrunvelyofs,

gaurkvevelia, aris Tu ara igi sazogadoebrivi saqoneli. ufro metic,

statistikuri gamokvlevebiT irkveva, rom ganaTlebaze danaxarjsa da mis
Sedegs Soris kavSiri sakmaod umniSvneloa.

114

miuxedavad imisa, rom klasSi moswavleTa raodenobis Semcirebis mizniT,

ganaTlebaze gaweuli danaxarjis zrda akademiuri moswrebis zrdaze ar
aisaxeba, zogierTi miznobrivi xarjviTi programa sakmaod efeqtiania.
kerZod, kargad dagegmili adreuli Careva gazrdis rogorc momavali
testis qulebs, ise Semosavals.

zogierTi ekonomisti darwmunebulia, rom sajaro skola gaumjobesdeba,

Tu konkurentul garemoSi moxvdeba. am mimarTulebis erT-erTi mxare
vauCeruli sistemaa, romlis mixedviTac, saswavlo finansur daxmarebas
pirdapir

moswavlis

ojaxi

iRebs

da

igi

uSualod

skolisaTvis

gankuTvnili ar aris. vauCeri ganaRddeba imis miuxedavad, rogori skolac

ar unda airCios ojaxma.

sadiskusio SekiTxvebi

1. romelia qvemoT CamoTvlilTagan wminda sazogadoebrivi saqoneli?

a) veluri garemo;
b) municipaluri wylis miwodeba;
g) samedicino saskolo swavleba;
d) sazogadoebrivi satelevizio programebi;
e) veb-gverdi, romelic TviTmfrinavis ganrigis Sesaxeb informacias iZleva.
2. tarzani da jeini junglebSi marto cxovroben da gepards maT mier
gasufTavebul farTobze patrulirebas, agreTve tropikuli xilis mosavlis
aRebas aswavlian. jetas 3 funti xilis Segroveba 1 saaTSi SeuZlia. igi dReSi 6
saaTs xarjavs patrulirebaze, 8 saaTs

_ nayofis Segrovebaze, 10 saaTis

ganmavlobaSi ki sZinavs.
a) mocemul magaliTSi romelia sazogadoebrivi saqoneli da romeli _
piradi moxmarebis saqoneli?
b) Tu tarzani da jeini survils gamoxataven, 1 saaTi patrulireba xilis 2
funtSi gacvalon, iqneba Tu ara gepardis drois ganawileba pareto-efeqtiani?

115

man

patrulireba

mcire

drois

ganmavlobaSi

unda

ganaxorcielos

Tu

xangrZlivad?
3. espaneTSi kerZo firmebi madridis garSemo sasartyelo gzas aSeneben.
kompaniebi Semosavals sagzao gadasaxadis dawesebis saSualebiT iReben. aris
Tu ara trasis mSeneblobis kerZo uzrunvelyofa keTilgonivruli azri?
4. 1997 wels texasis Statma saxelmwifo keTildReobis mTliani sistemis
administrirebaze tenderi gamoacxada. tenderSi monawileoba kerZo sawarmoebs
unda

mieRoT.

klintonis

miuTiTa,

rac

imiT

sajaro

moxeleebi

administraciam

daasabuTa,
unda

rom

texaselebs

qveynis

axorcielebdnen.

procesis

keTildReobis
aris

Tu

SeCerebaze

administrirebas

ara

keTildReoba

sazogadoebrivi saqoneli? romelma seqtorma unda awarmoos igi saxelmwifom

Tu kerZom? daukavSireT Tqveni pasuxi SekiTxvas, aris Tu ara es is situacia,
rodesac

kerZo

seqtoris

kompaniasTan

SedarebiT

srulyofili

kontraqtis

dadebaa SesaZlebeli.
5. gamoTvlilia, rom kerZo cixeebi erT patimarze gaangariSebiT 10%-iT
iafia, vidre saxelmwifo cixeebi (Hart, Shleifer, and Vishny, 1997). amis mixedviT,
emxrobiT Tu ara cixis privatizaciis ideas? Tu ara, ra sxva damatebiTi
informacia gesaWiroebaT?
6. ramdenime wlis win manCesteris qalaq vermontis ramdenime moqalaqem
gadawyvita, skolisaTvis

fondebis

mozidvis kampania daewyo.

moqalaqeTagan

Semdgarma kerZo jgufma gansazRvra, Tu ra moculobis kontribucia unda gaeRo

TiToeul

saojaxo

meurneobasa

gadaxdis mimarTulebiT
gancxadeba

iuwyeboda:

didi
`Cven

da

bizness.

socialuri
ver

amdenad,

zemoqmedeba

davsxdebiT

da

ver

sruli

gadasaxadis

arsebobda.

erT-erTi

davelodebiT,

rodis

miaRweven Cveni mezoblebi warmatebas~ (Tomsho, 2001, gv.AA1). kampaniis Sedegis

prognozirebisaTvis gamoiyeneT im eqsperimentis Sedegebi, romelic fri-raiders
Seexeba (ganxilulia am TavSi).
7. italia didebuli xelovnebis saganZurs flobs, romelsac saxelmwifo
marTavs.

Tumca

italiis

kulturul

institutebs

arasaTanado

saxelmwifo

dafinansebis problema awuxebT (uficis galereas florenciaSi, msoflios erTerT

udides

mezeums,

imdeni

fuli

ar

hqonda,

rom

abazanisaTvis

saWiro

pirsaxocis qaRaldi eyida). amis pasuxad 2002 wels mTavrobam daaarsa axali
saxelmwifo

saagento,

romlis

mizani

iyo,

mTlianad

Seefasebina

italiis

kulturis saganZuri da gadaewyvita, risi gayidva an ijariT gacema SeiZleboda

kerZo firmebisaTvis ("Economist", 2002, 30 noemberi, gv. 55). racionaluria Tu ara

116

saxelmwifosaTvis muzeumebis privatizacia? pasuxi gaeciT am TavSi ganxiluli

sakiTxis _ saxelmwifo warmoeba Tu kerZo warmoeba mixedviT.
8. 4.5 grafikis analizi miuTiTebs, rom saxelmwifo saskolo sistema `sul
erTias~ principiT moqmedebs individs ar SeuZlia, sajaro skolaSi miRebul
codnas kerZo gakveTilebi daamatos. gviCveneT, rogor unda moxdes diagramis
modificireba, Tu sawinaaRmdego suraTi daixateba, anu Tu mSoblebs SeeZlebaT
ganaTlebis damatebiTi saaTebis Sesyidva SvilebisaTvis, romlebic sajaro
skolaSi

swavloben.

meore

daSveba

am

modelTan

dakavSirebiT

isaa,

rom

saxelmwifo ganaTleba `ufasoa~ _ mSoblebi aranair gadasaxads ar ixdian.

uCveneT,

rogor

unda

moxdes

modelis

modificireba,

Tu

sajaro

skola

mSobelTa mier gadaxdili gadasaxadebiT dafinansdeba.

9. rodolfo da mimi erT binaSi cxovroben. qvemoT mocemuli cxrili
temperaturis yoveli donisTvis rodolfos da mimis zRvrul sargeblebs (MB)
da temperaturis SenarCunebis zRvrul danaxarjs (MC) gviCvenebs:

temperatura

rudolfos MB

mimis MB

MC

66

12

14

67

10

17

68

21

69

26

70

32

(gradusi)

axseniT, Tu ratomaa am magaliTis mixedviT temperatura sazogadoebrivi

saqoneli, da ipoveT efeqtiani temperatura.
10. telma da luiza mezoblebi arian. zamTarSi Tovlis gamwmendi manqana
telmas saxlis win teritorias ver wmends, Tu ar gawmends teritorias luizas
saxlis win. telmas zRvruli sargebeli Tovlis gawmendis momsaxurebidan 12Zs udris, sadac Z quCis gawmendis odenobaa. luizas zRvruli sargebeli aris 8
2Z. quCis gawmendis zRvruli Rirebuleba 16 aSS dolaria.
SeadgineT ori zRvruli sargeblis grafiki
sargeblis grafiki.

da agregirebuli zRvruli

aseve SeadgineT zRvruli danaxarjis grafiki da ipoveT

Tovlis gawmendis momsaxurebis efeqtiani done.

117

gamoyenebuli literatura:

Coase, Ronald H. "The lighthouse in Economics". Journal of Law and Economics (1974 wlis
oqtomberi), gv. 357 _ 376.

Ladd, Helen F. "School Vouchers: A critical view". Journal of Economic Perspectives 16 (2002
wlis Semodgoma), gv. 3 _ 24.
Neal, Derek. "How vouchers Could Change the Market for Education". Journal of Economic
Perspectives 16 (2002 wlis Semodgoma), gv. 25 _ 44.
Palfrey, Thomas R., and Jeffrey E. Prisbrey. "Anomalous Behavior in Public Goods
Experiments: How much and Why?". American Economic Review 87 (1997 wlis dekemberi), gv.
829 _ 846.
Samuelson, Paul A. "Diagrammatic Exposition of a Theory of Public Expenditure". Review of
Economics and Statistics 37 (1955), gv. 350 _ 356.

118

danarTi

preferenciaTa gamovlenis meqanizmi

bazari,

rogorc

wesi,

iseTi

sazogadoebrivi

saqonlisaTvis,

romelic

moxmarebis dros gamoricxvis princips ar eqvemdebareba, individebis WeSmariti

preferenciebis

gamovlenas

ver

axorcielebs.

amdenad,

fasTa

sistema

maT

efeqtiani odenobiT ver uzrunvelyofs. arsebobs raime gza, romelic aiZulebs

yvelas, sicruis deteqtoriT gamoicados da simarTle Tqvas? mofiqrebulia
zogierTi procedura, romelic adamians aiZulebs, WeSmariti preferenciebi
gamoavlinos. axla aRvwerT erT-erT maTgans, romelic Groves-isa da Loeb-is
muSaobazea damyarebuli14 [1975].
davuSvaT,

rom

xelisuflebis

warmomadgeneli

evas

eubneba:

`gTxovT,

saraketo feierverkze Tqveni moTxovnis mrudi aRmiweroT. am informacias, aseve

analogiur informacias adamisgan, gamoviyeneb, raTa raketebis pareto-efeqtiani
odenoba

SevarCio

mipasuxebdeT,

minda

da

TiToeul
icodeT,

Tqvengans

rom

gadasaxadi

Semdegnairad

davakisro.

daibegrebiT:

sanam

rodesac

sazogadoebrivi saqonliT uzrunvelyofis done erTi erTeuliT gaizrdeba,

cvlileba Tqvens gadasaxadebSi am erTeulis zrdad danaxarjs gautoldeba,
romelsac yvela sxva individis mier miwodebis gazrdisaTvis gadaxdili Tanxa
gamoakldeba~.
mas Semdeg, rac warmomadgeneli wava, eva, upirveles yovlisa, gadasaxadebis
struqturas algebrulad warmoidgens. Tu

DT Eve = MRTra - ( MRs ratotal - MRS raEve )

(4A.1)

4A.1 gantolebis mixedviT, evam unda gadawyvitos, ganacxadebs Tu ara

simarTles, anu saraketo feierverkis Cvenebis nebismieri donisTvis gamoavlens
Tu ara Tavis WeSmarit zRvrul Sefasebas. man icis, rom warmoeba gagrZeldeba,
sanam erTi erTeulis Sesyidvis zRvruli sargebeli
14

MRS raEve Eevas zRvrul

ixileT agreTve Tideman and Tullock [1976].

119

danaxarjs gautoldeba, rac faqtobrivad misi gadasaxadebis zrdaa. amdenad,

evas

surs,

naxos

is

sazogadoebrivi

saqoneli,

romlis

miwodebisas

dakmayofildeba Semdegi piroba:

DT Eve = MRS raEve

(4A.2)

4A.1 gantolebidan

DT Eve -is Senacvleba gvaZlevs:

MRTra - ( MRS ratotal - MRS raEve ) = MRS raEve

Tu ( MRS ratotal - MRS raEve ) davamatebT gantolebis orive mxares, miviRebT:

MRTra = MRS ratotal

(4A.3)

vinaidan 4A.2 da 4A.3 pirobebi ekvivalenturia, evas interesSi simarTlis

Tqma Seva, Tu ecodineba, rom saxelmwifo mis informacias resursebis 4A.3
gantolebis mixedviT ganawilebisaTvis gamoiyenebs.
Semdeg

eva

gaiazrebs,

rom

swored

amas

apirebs

xelisuflebis

warmomadgeneli. ratom? gaixseneT, rom igi miRebuli informaciis safuZvelze

raketebis

pareto-efeqtianobis

uzrunvelyofa

4.2

mixedviT

gantolebiT

miwodebas

xasiaTdeba.

dahpirda.

gansazRvrebis

aseTi

saxis

Tanaxmad,

MRS ratotal = ( MRS raAdam - MRS raEve ) ; amdenad, 4.3 da 4.2 gantolebebi identuria. amdenad,
saraketo

feierverkis

saxelmwifos

mier

uzrunvelyofa

4A.3

gantolebis

pirobas daakmayofilebs, xolo evas stimuli gauCndeba, simarTle Tqvas. Tuki

adamsac igive sagadasaxado struqtura waredgineba, masac eqneba simarTlis
Tqmis stimuli. amdenad, fri-raideris problema gadawyvetilad CaiTvleba.
intuiciurad rom dainaxoT, Tu rogor muSaobs sistema, gaaanalizeT 4A.
gantolebis marjvena mxare, romelic uCvenebs,

rogor ganisazRvreba evas

120

gadasaxadebi.

yuradReba

miaqcieT,

( MRS ratotal - MRS raEve ) yvela

rom

adamianis

zRvruli sargeblis jamia. amdenad, evas gadasaxadebSi cvlileba saqonlis

miwodebis zrdis dros mis zRvrul sargebelze damokidebuli ar aris. amdenad,
evas tyuilis Tqmis stimuli aRar aqvs.
am meqanizmTan dakavSirebiT garkveuli problemebi arsebobs. meqanizmis
garkveuli nawili Sereulia sxva berketebTan, romelTa mizani fri-raideris
problemis

gadawyvetaa.

pirvel

rigSi,

gadasaxadis

gadamxdelma

SesaZloa

sistemis Sinaarsi ver gaigos (Tu amas problemad ar miiCnevT, SeecadeT, es

yvelaferi

im

megobars

auxsnaT,

romelsac

ekonomikis

kursebi

arasodes

gauvlia). meore: Tundac sqema amomwuravi iyos, gadasaxadis gadamxdels unda

hqondes imis survili, rom moTxovnis mrudebi Camoayalibos da maTze angariSi
Caabaros saxelmwifos. SesaZloa, adamians miaCndes, rom amaze drois daxarjva
ar Rirs. mesame: maSin, rodesac saxelmwifo gadawyvetilebebSi milionobiT
adamiania

CarTuli,

informaciis

Segrovebasa

da

asimilaciaze

gaweuli

danaxarji dauSvebeli iqneba15 (SedarebiT mcire jgufebisaTvis, rogoricaa

socialuri klubi, es didi problema ar iqneba). vaskvniT, rom preferenciebis
gamovlenis
ukeTesad

meqanizmis

gavigebT.

saSualebiT

Tumca

iTvleba,

fri-raideris
rom

aRniSnuli

problemis
meqanizmi,

struqturas
saxelmwifo

gadawyvetilebaTa mimRebi organosTvis mainc, ar aris problemis gadawyvetis

praqtikuli gza.

15

aq damatebiTi teqnikuri problemebia. SesaZloa, Segrovebuli gadasaxadebi biujets

ar abalansebdes, aseve SesaZlebelia, jgufma Camoyalibos da Secvalos struqtura. ix.
Tideman and Tullock [1976].

121

Tavi 5

garegani efeqtebi

gaufrTxilebeli egoizmi yovelTvis cud moralze mianiSnebda; dRes igi

cud ekonomikaze mianiSnebs.
franklin delano ruzvelti

qaRaldis mwarmoebeli qarxnebi Tavisi saqmianobisas meoreul saqonels _

qimiur

dioqsins

maTeTrebeli

qlori

awarmoeben.
Seereva.

is

maSin

rogorc

ki

formirdeba,
dioqsini

rodesac

xis

garemoSi

gamova,

masas
igi

cximovani kanis zedapirsa da meZuZuri dedis rZeSi SeiWreba. zogi mecnieri

miiCnevs, rom dioqsini, sxva daavadebebis garda, Tandayolil defeqtebsa da
kibosac iwvevs.
ekonomistebi xSirad saubroben imaze, rom bazari resursebs efeqtianad
anawilebs (ix. me-3 Tavi). dioqsini ki bazris funqcionirebis Sedegia. nuTu es
imas

niSnavs,

SekiTxvaze

rom

garemoSi

dioqsinis

pasuxis

gasacemad

jer

is

arseboba
meTodebi

TavisTavad

ganvasxvavoT,

efeqtiania?
romlebiTac

adamianebi erTmaneTis keTildReobaze zemoqmedeben.

warmoidgineT, rom qalaqgareT mosaxleTa didi nawili qalaqis centralur
nawilSi cxovrebas gadawyvets. rogorc ki isini qalaqisaken gasweven, maSinve
miwaze fasi gaizrdeba. urbanuli qonebis mesakuTreebi gamdidrdebian, xolo
saxlis

arendatorebis

qalaqSi movaWre mis

(droebiTi

mesakuTreebis)

saqonelze gazrdili

keTildReoba

moTxovnis wyalobiT

Semcirdeba.
sargebels

iRebs, misi qalaqgareTa kolegis mdgomareoba ki uaresdeba. im droisaTvis,

122

rodesac

ekonomika

axal

wonasworobaSi

gadavida,

realuri

Semosavlis

ganawileba mniSvnelovnad Seicvala.

migraciis

magaliTSi

yvelanairi

zegavlena

sabazro

fasis

cvlilebis

saSualebiT xorcieldeba. davuSvaT, rom gemovnebis cvlilebamde resursTa

ganawileba pareto-efeqtiani iyo. moTxovnisa da miwodebis mrudebis cvlilebis
Sedegad Sesabamisi fasebi Seicvala; magram konkurencia garantias iZleva, rom
yvelaferi Sesabamisi Senacvlebis zRvrul ganakveTTan TanafardobaSi iqneba.
amdenad, faqti, rom erTi adamianis qceva meoris keTildReobaze zemoqmedebs,
bazris Cavardnas yovelTvis ar

iwvevs. manam, sanam zegavlena fasebis meSveobiT

xorcieldeba, bazrebis saqmianoba efeqtiania1.

urbanuli miwis magaliTisgan gansxvavebiT, dioqsinis SemTxveva sxva tipis
intervenciaze miuTiTebs. dioqsinis msxverplTa keTildReobis Semcireba fasTa
cvlilebis Sedegi ar aris. am SemTxvevaSi qaRaldis qarxnis funqcionirebis
Sedegi mezobel teritoriaze mcxovreb xalxze pirdapir moqmedebs. rodesac
erTi piri (individi, sawarmo) pirdapir zemoqmedebs meoris keTildReobaze ise,
rom es sabazro meqanizmis farglebSi ar eqceva, zemoqmedeba garegani efeqtis
saxeliTaa cnobili (radgan erTi piri zemoqmedebs im piris keTildReobaze,
romelic

misTvis

zegavlenisagan

`gareSe

gansxvavebiT,

piria~).
garegani

sabazro
efeqti

fasebiT

ganxorcielebuli

ekonomikis

efeqtianobaze

uaryofiTad aisaxeba.
am TavSi amgvar araefeqtianobas da misi gamosworebis SesaZlo gzebs
ganvixilavT. garegani efeqtebis Teoria gamoiyeneba garemos xarisxis Sesaxeb
debatebis dros, romelTa didi nawili am sakiTxzea fokusirebuli.

cxadia, fasebis axali struqtura ganawilebis TvalsazrisiT metnaklebad sasurveli

iqneba; amave dros, igi piris eTikur gansjaze iqneba damokidebuli, rogorc es
socialuri keTildReobis funqciaSia mocemuli. fasebis saSualebiT ganxorcielebuli
zegavlena zogjer finansuri garegani efeqtebis saxeliT moixsenieba. miSani [1971A]
dabejiTebiT amtkicebda, rom aRniSnuli zemoqmedeba bazris normaluri funqcionirebis
nawilia; amdenad, saxelwodeba metad damabnevelia. igi mxolod sqolioSia miTiTebuli
masalis sisrulis uzrunvelsayofad, xolo SemdgomSi ignorirebulia.

123

garegani efeqtebis buneb a

warmovidginoT, rom barti amuSavebs qarxanas, romlidanac nagavi mdinareSi

iyreba (mdinare aravis sakuTreba ar aris). liza ki am mdinaridan TevzWeriT
irCens Tavs. bartis saqmianoba lizas cxovrebis pirobebs pirdapir auaresebs,
xolo zemoqmedeba fasTa cvlilebis Sedegi sulac ar aris. am magaliTSi
sufTa wyali bartisaTvis sawarmoo saSualebad qceula. igi mas iseve iyenebs,
rogorc sxva sawarmoo saSualebebs: miwas, Sromas, kapitalsa da masalebs.
sufTa

wyali

iSviaTi

resursia

da

mas

sruliad

sxva

daniSnuleba

aqvs

(TevzWera, rogorc amas liza akeTebs, curva). efeqtianoba moiTxovs, rom bartma
gadaixados

wylis

gadasaxadi,

romelic

wylis, rogorc

iSviaTi

resursis

(romelic sruliad sxva daniSnulebisaa), Rirebulebas zustad asaxavs. amis

magivrad barti arafers ixdis da, cxadia, wyals araefeqtianad, didi odenobiT
iyenebs.
am problemis garegani efeqtebis WrilSi ganxilvis Sedegad wyaro xiluli
gaxdeba.

barti

sxva

sawarmoo

saSualebebs

efeqtianad

iyenebs,

radgan

valdebulia, maT mflobelebs gadauxados gadasaxadi, romelic alternatiuli

gamoyenebis dros sawarmoo saSualebaTa Rirebulebas asaxavs. sxva SemTxvevaSi
sawarmoo

saSualebaTa

mflobelebi

maT

ubralod sxvagan

gayidian.

Tumca

rodesac mdinares mesakuTre ar hyavs, misi ufasod gamoyeneba yvelas SeuZlia.

am SemTxvevaSi garegani efeqtebi sakuTrebis uflebis uunarobis an ararsebobis
Sedegia.

mdinares

sargeblobisaTvis

rom

patroni

gadasaxadis

hyoloda,

gadaxda

mis

mouwevda

momxmarebels
da

garegani

mdinariT

efeqtebi

ar

iqneboda.
davuSvaT, liza flobs mdinares. mas SeuZlia, barts mdinaris dabinZurebis
gamo, rac uaryofiTad aisaxeba mis mier daWeril Tevzze, Tanxa gadaaxdevinos.
barti

sawarmoo

gadawyvetilebaTa

miRebis

dros

am

gadasaxadebs

gaiTvaliswinebs da mdinares ase araefeqtianad aRar gamoiyenebs. meore mxriv,

Tu barti mdinaris mesakuTre iqneba, mas SeeZleba, lizas TevzWeris gamo
gadaaxdevinos da am gziT iSovos fuli. Tanxa, romelsac liza barts mdinareSi
TevzWeris uflebisaTvis gadauxdida, dabinZurebis arsebul xarisxze iqneboda
damokidebuli. amdenad, barts mdinaris zedmetad dabinZurebis survili aRar
eqneboda. sxva SemTxvevaSi is lizasgan did Tanxas veRar miiRebda.

124

piris sakuTrebaSi arsebuli resursis fasi alternatiuli sargeblobis

Rirebulebas asaxavs; amdenad, resursi efeqtianad gamoiyeneba (bazris fiaskos
ararsebobis

dros

mainc).

amis

sapirispirod,

is

resursi,

romelic

sazogadoebrivi sakuTrebaa, borotad gamoiyeneba _ misi ekonomiurad gamoyeneba

aravis surs.
sakiTxis ufro detalurad ganxilvis mizniT daakvirdiT garegani efeqtis
Semdeg maxasiaTeblebs:

garegani efeqtis unari aqvs rogorc momxmarebels, ise sawarmos. adamiani,

romelic xalxiT savse oTaxSi sigaras eweva, sazogadoebrivi resursis sufTa
haeris _ gamoyenebis Sedegad sxvaTa keTildReobas amcirebs.

garegani

efeqti

`dambinZureblad~

ormxrivia.

miviCnioT.

Cvens

Tumca

magaliTSi

aseve

bunebrivi

SegviZlia

iqneba,

CavTvaloT,

rom

barti
liza

TevzWeris mowyobilobiT `abinZurebs~ mdinares, raki zrdis bartis warmoebis

socialur danaxarjs. TevzWeris alternativa _ mdinareSi narCenTa utilizacia
_ socialuri TvalsazrisiT aSkarad uaresi qceva ar aris. SemdgomSi vaCvenebT,
rom aRniSnuli ori saqmianobis SemTxvevaSi igi alternatiuli variantebis
Rirebulebazea damokidebuli.

garegani efeqti SesaZloa pozitiuri iyos. warmoidgineT, rom teroristTa

Semotevaze reagirebis mizniT `yvavilze~ aiceriT. Tqven garkveul danaxarjs
gaswevT: vaqcinaciis Rirebuleba, diskomforti, mcire riski, rom vaqcinacia
daavadebas

gamoiwvevs.

isargeblebT

imiT,

rom

Tqveni

daavadebis

riski

bioterorizmis Semotevis dros minimaluri iqneba. garda amisa, arsebobs kidev

erTi sargebeli: sazogadoebis sxva wevrebs daavadebas ar gadasdebT. Tumca arc
Tqven da arc sxvebi ar iTvaliswineben aseTi saxis gare sargebels, rodesac
sargebelsa da danaxarjs iTvlian. amdenad, adamianTa arasakmarisi raodenoba
sajaro intervenciis ararsebobis dros icreba.

sazogadoebrivi saqoneli SeiZleba garegani efeqtis gansakuTrebul tipad

CaiTvalos. rodesac individi pozitiur garegan efeqts ganicdis da ekonomikaSi
CarTuli nebismieri piri mis srul efeqts grZnobs, garegani efeqti wminda

125

sazogadoebriv saqonlad CaiTvleba. dRes sazRvari sazogadoebriv saqonelsa

da

garegan

efeqts

Soris

bundovania.

davuSvaT,

Cems

ezoSi

davamontaJe

mowyobiloba, romelic eleqtrotalRebis saSualebiT koRoebs anadgurebs. Tu

koRoTa mTel armias gavanadgureb, iTvleba, rom sazogadoebriv saqonels vqmni.
Tu zegavlena mxolod ramdenime mezobelze xorcieldeba, maSin aRniSnuli
qmedeba garegan efeqtad SeiZleba CaiTvalos. Tumca formaluri TvalsazrisiT
sazogadoebrivi saqoneli da garegani efeqti TiTqmis analogiuria, praqtikaSi
mainc sasurvelia maTi erTmaneTisagan garCeva.

grafiki 5.1. garegani efeqtis problema

grafikuli analizi

5.1 grafiki aanalizebs Cvens mier ganxilul bartisa da lizas magaliTs.

horizontaluri RerZi zomavs saqonlis raodenobas _ Q-s, romelsac bartis
qarxana awarmoebs, xolo vertikaluri RerZi fuls (dolars) iTvlis. MB mrudi

126

(MB Marginal Benefit) warmoebis

gviCvenebs; igi

warmoebis

yvela doneze

zrdasTan erTad

bartis

zRvrul sargebels

ecema2. warmoebis

gvxvdeba zRvruli piradi danaxarji, romelic MPC-iTaa

yvela doneze

(Marginal Private Cost -

MPC) warmodgenili. zRvruli piradi danaxarji moicavs sawarmoo saSualebebze

bartis mier gadaxdil Tanxebs, romlebic warmoebis zrdasTan erTad izrdeba.
qarxana

mdinares

saqonelia),

rac

abinZurebs
lizas

(dabinZureba
mdgomareobas

qarxnis

saqmianobis

auaresebs.

meoreuli

qarxnis

gafarToebasTan erTad dabinZurebis xarisxi izrdeba.

warmoebis

warmoebis TiToeul

doneze dabinZurebis Sedegad lizasTvis miyenebuli zRvruli ziani MD sxiviTaa

aRniSnuli.

misi

kuTxe

damatebiTi

dabinZurebis

maRlaa

mimarTuli,

zemoqmedebis

rac

sagania.

imas

misi

niSnavs,

rom

mdgomareoba

liza

warmoebis

zrdis SemTxvevaSi uaresdeba.

Tu barts surs Semosavlis maqsimizacia, ra odenobis saqoneli unda
awarmoos man? barti saqonlis TiToeul erTeuls ise awarmoebs, rom bartis
zRvruli sargebeli bartis zRvrul danaxarjs aWarbebdes. 5.1 grafikze is
awarmoebs saqonels, rodesac MB aWarbebs MPC-s, xolo wyvets warmoebas iq,
sadac

MPC

aWarbebs MB-s.

amdenad,

igi

produqcias

Q1 sawarmoo

donemde

awarmoebs, sadac MPC MB-s gadakveTs.

5.2 grafiki

Tu barti qarxnis mTel saqonels moixmars, maSin klebadi MB saqonlis Semcirebad

zRvrul sargeblianobas asaxavs. Tu barti saqonels konkurentul bazarze gayidis, MB
sabazro fasze ucvleli darCeba. garda amisa, am magaliTSi vgulisxmobT, rom saqonlis
erT erTeulze dabinZurebis done fiqsirebulia.
2

127

sazogadoebis poziciidan, warmoeba unda gagrZeldes, sanam sazogadoebis

zRvruli sargebeli sazogadoebis zRvrul danaxarjs aWarbebs. sazogadoebis
zRvruli danaxarji ori komponentisagan Sedgeba: 1. bartis mier Sesyiduli
sawarmoo saSualebani, romelTa Rirebuleba MPC-Sia asaxuli; 2. lizasTvis
miyenebuli zRvruli ziani, romelsac MD asaxavs. amdenad, zRvruli danaxarji
udris MPC plus MD. Tu SevajamebT grafikulad MPC-isa da MD-s simaRles
warmoebis yvela doneze, zRvruli socialuri danaxarjis grafiks miviRebT. 5.1
grafikze

igi

MSC

sxiviTaa

mocemuli.

yuradReba

miaqcieT

imas,

rom

konstruqciis Tanaxmad, MSC-sa da MPC-s Soris arsebuli vertikaluri manZilia

MD (imitom, rom MSC = MPC + MD, rac gulisxmobs, rom MSC MPC = MD).
socialuri TvalsazrisiT efeqtianoba saqonlis mxolod im erTeulTa
warmoebas moiTxovs, romelTaTvisac MB MSC-s aWarbebs. amdenad, warmoeba Q*
wertilSi unda iyos, sadac ori sxivi gadaikveTeba.

Sedegebi

analizi

or

dakvirvebaze

migviTiTebs.

pirveli:

garegani

efeqtis

ararsebobisagan gansxvavebiT, kerZo bazars socialuri TvalsazrisiT efeqtiani

128

saqonlis warmoeba ar esaWiroeba, gansakuTrebiT _ rodesac saqoneli negatiur

garegan efeqtebTan asocirdeba; es gulisxmobs, rom dabinZureba am saqonlis
warmoebis Sedegia3.
meore: modeli ara mxolod imas uCvenebs, rom efeqtianoba Q1-dan Q*-mde
moZraobis

Sedegad gaizrdeba,

aramed

aseTi

manevriT

miRebuli

sargeblis

gamoTvlis meqanizmsac uzrunvelyofs. 5.2 grafiki 5.1 grafikidan zRvruli

sargeblis (MB), zRvruli piradi danaxarjis (MPC) da zRvruli socialuri
danaxarjis (MSC) sxivebis kopirebas axdens. rodesac warmoeba Q1-dan Q*-mde
mcirdeba,

barti

Semosavals

kargavs.

misi

danakargis

zusti

masStabis

gamosaTvlelad gaixseneT, rom saqonlis TiToeuli erTeulis warmoebasTan

dakavSirebuli zRvruli Semosavali
zRvrul

pirad

danaxarjs

Soris.

aris
Tu

sxvaoba zRvrul sargebelsa da

merve

erTeulis

zRvruli

piradi

danaxarji udris 10 dolars, xolo misi zRvruli sargebeli _ 12 dolars,

maSin

zRvruli

Semosavali

dolaris

tolia.

geometriulad,

saqonlis

mocemul erTeulze zRvruli Semosavali aris vertikaluri manZili MB-sa da

MPC-s Soris. Tu barti iZulebulia, warmoeba Q1-dan Q*-mde Seamciros, igi Q1dan Q*-mde warmoebuli saqonlis TiToeuli erTeulisaTvis MB da MPC mrudebs
Soris

arsebul

gansxvavebas

dakargavs.

5.2

grafikze

es

areali

dcg-iTaa

gamoxatuli.
amave dros, lizas mdgomareoba gacilebiT umjobesdeba, radgan bartis
warmoeba mcirdeba da masTan erTad iklebs lizas TevzWeraze ziani. bartis
produqciis

yoveli

erTeuliT

Semcirebis

Sedegad

liza

moigebs

Tanxas,

romelic utoldeba zRvrul zians, romelsac mas saqonlis aRniSnuli erTeuli

miayenebda. 5.2 grafikze produqciis yoveli erTeuliT Semcirebis Sedegad
lizas mogebas MD-sa da horizontalur RerZs Soris vertikaluri manZili
asaxavs. amdenad, lizas mogeba produqciis warmoebis Q1-dan Q*-mde Semcirebis
SemTxvevaSi

zRvruli

zianis

mrudis

abfe-s

(Q*-dan

Q1-mde)

qveS

arealia.

yuradReba miaqcieT, rom amJamad abfe cdhg-s utoldeba. konstruqciis Tanaxmad,

MSC-sa

da

MPC-s

Soris

vertikaluri

manZilia

MD,

romelic

MD-sa

da

horizontalur RerZs Soris arsebuli vertikaluri manZilis tolia.

jamSi, Tu warmoeba Q1-dan Q*-mde Semcirda, barti dcg areals dakargavs,
xolo liza cdhg areals moigebs. sazogadoebis poziciidan, Tu bartis erTi
3

am modelis mixedviT, dabinZurebis Semcirebis erTaderTi gza warmoebis masStabis

Semcirebaa. Tu arsebobs dabinZurebis sawinaaRmdego teqnologia, maSin SesaZlebelia
erTdroulad dabinZurebis donis Semcireba da warmoebis masStabis SenarCuneba.
analizi ZiriTadad analogiuria, radgan teqnologiis danergva resursebis gamoyenebas
moiTxovs.

129

dolari

lizas

sazogadoebas

erTi

moutans

dolaris
wminda

ekvivalenturia,

mogebas,

romelic

Q1-dan

Q*-mde

cdhg-sa

da

moZraoba

dcg-s

Soris

gansxvavebaa da dhg-iT aris moniSnuli.

mesame: analizi migvaniSnebs imaze, rom, zogadad, dabinZurebis ararseboba
socialurad

sasurveli

faqtori

ar

aris.

dabinZurebis

adekvaturi

donis

gamosaTvlelad sargeblisa da danaxarjis Sedarebaa aucilebeli, optimaluri

done ki dabinZurebis romelime pozitiur dones emTxveva. faqtobrivad yvela
sawarmoo saqmianoba dabinZurebas iwvevs. amdenad, dabinZurebis ararsebobis
moTxovna gulisxmobs yvela warmoebis SeCerebas, rac aSkarad araefeqtiani
gadawyvetilebaa.

Tu

aRniSnuli

azri

keTilgonivrul

da

praqtikul

azrs

waagavs, dae, ase iyos. Tumca SegaxsenebT, rom kongresma daisaxa erovnuli
mizani: `sanavigacio wyalSi dambinZurebeli nivTierebebis Cayra unda Sewydes
1985 wlidan~. aseTi dauSvebeli da araefeqtiani miznis dasaxva absurdulia;
garda amisa, igi Q1-s msgavsi wertilidan raime moZraobis winaRobaa.
da bolos, 5.2 grafikiT gaTvaliswinebuli proceduris ganxorcieleba
hipoTeturi zRvruli zianisa da sargeblis mrudis daxazvaze mets saWiroebs.
daaxloebiT mainc unda ganisazRvros maTi faqtobrivi mdebareoba da forma.
Tumca rTuli praqtikuli SekiTxvebi swored maSin Cndeba, rodesac dRis
wesrigSi

dabinZurebiT

gamowveuli

zianis

identificirebisa

da

Sefasebis

sakiTxi dgeba.

ra

saqmianobis

Sedegad

identificirebuli

iqnes

dabinZurebis

da

tipi

Cndeba

sxvadasxva

odenoba.

dambinZureblebi?

sawarmoo

ganvixiloT

procesTan

mJavuri

wvima

aucilebelia,
dakavSirebuli
_

sayovelTao

SeSfoTebis sagani. mecnierebma uCvenes, rom mJavuri wvima maSin Cndeba, rodesac
haerSi gamoSvebuli gogirdis oqsidi da azotis oqsidi wylis orTqlTan mJavis
Sesaqmnelad reaqciaSi Sedis. aseTi mJava dedamiwaze wvimisa da Tovlis saxiT
Camodis, zrdis mJavianobis zogad dones da

potenciurad zianis momtania

mcenareTa da cxovelTa samyarosTvis.

Tumca ar aris cnobili, ramdenad ukavSirdeba mJavuri wvima fabrikaqarxnebis

warmoebas

da

ramdenad

mcenaris

daWknobasa

da

vulkanur

amofrqvevas. ufro metic, rTulia imis gansazRvra, Tu ra odenobis gamoyofil

da generirebul azotisa da gogirdis oqsids emuqreba mJavur wvimad gardaqmnis
saSiSroeba. es garkveulwilad adgilobriv meteorologiur pirobebze, agreTve

130

sxva

dambinZureblis,

magaliTad,

araorganuli

hidrokarbonatis

arsebobis

donezea damokidebuli.

romeli dambinZurebelia zianis momtani? mecnierTa unari, dabinZurebis

zegavlenis

Sesafaseblad

farTomasStabiani

kontrolirebadi

eqsperimentebi

Caataron, metad SezRudulia. amdenad, mocemuli dambinZureblis zegavlenis

zustad

gansazRvra

federaluri

rTulia.

mTavrobis

mJavuri wvimis

mJavuri

naleqis

magaliTi

Sefasebis

am

mxriv

10-wliani

gamodgeba:
saxelmwifo

programis (500 milioni aSS dolaris Rirebulebis) Sedegebis Tanaxmad, `mJavuri

wvima

sasoflo-sameurneo

zegavlena

produqciaze

SeerTebuli Statebis

faqtobrivad

Crdilo-aRmosavleTi

ar

moqmedebs;

seqtoris

misi

maRalmTian

nawilSi arsebul tyeebze ki SezRudulia~ (Portney, 1990, gv. 175). am aRmoCenam

gaanadgura mecnierTa konsensusi, romlis mixedviTac, mJavuri wvima SeerTebul
Statebs udides zians ayenebda. kargi mecnieruli informaciis gareSe rTulia
dambinZureblebis Sesaxeb politikis SemuSaveba. am sirTules naTlad uCvenebs
1999 wlis magaliTi, rodesac garemos dacvis samsaxurma navTobis kompaniebs
M.T.B.E-s saxelwodebiT cnobili qimiuri ingredientis benzinze damateba aRar
mosTxova.

M.T.B.E imitom iyo daSvebuli, rom igi benzinis sufTa wvas uwyobda

xels da haeris dabinZurebas amcirebda. samwuxarod, mecnierebma aRmoaCines, rom

rom gaJonvis SemTxvevaSi M.T.B.E wylis dabinZurebis potenciurad saSiSi wyaro
iyo. am TvalsazrisiT araadekvaturi iqneboda, gveTqva, rom is

qimikatebi,

romelTa

ufro

gamoyenebas

aSS-is

mTavroba

ar

aregulirebs,

kibos

met

safrTxes qmnis, vidre is qimikatebi, romelTa gamoyenebac regulirdeba (ix.

Viskusi [1995]).

ra

Rirebulebisaa

miyenebuli

ziani?

dambinZureblis

mier

miyenebuli

fizikuri zianis gansazRvrisTanave gamoiTvleba materialuri ziani. rodesac

ekonomistebi

raimes

Sefasebas

cdiloben,

rogorc

wesi,

isini

adamianis

gadaxdis survilze fiqroben. Tu mzad xarT, gadaixadoT 162 aSS dolari

velosipedisaTvis, maSin es Tanxa TqvenTvis velosipedis Rirebulebaa.
velosipedisagan gansxvavebiT, dabinZureba arsebul bazrebze ar iyideba
(zogierTi gamonaklisi aqve iqneba ganxiluli). rogor gamoiTvleba adamianTa
survili, gadaixadon dabinZurebis likvidaciisaTvis? arapirdapiri daskvnis
gasakeTeblad saxlebze fasebi Seiswavles. rodesac individi saxls yidulobs,
is

or

faqtors

ukvirdeba:

saxlis

xarisxs

da

irgvliv

teritoriis

131

maxasiaTeblebs (quCebis sisufTave, skolebis xarisxi). davuSvaT, rom ojaxi

haeris

dabinZurebis

donezec

zrunavs.

wamoidgineT

ori

identuri

saxli,

romelic mdebareobs or msgavs ubanSi, oRond erTi maTgani daubinZurebel

arealSi,

meore

daubinZurebel

ki

dabinZurebulSi.

garemoSi

dgas,

ufro

vfiqrobT,

Zviri

rom

iqneba.

saxli,

fasis

romelic

diferencialis

saSualebiT gamoiTvleba individis survili, gadaixados sufTa haerisaTvis.

aRniSnuli dakvirvebani sufTa haerisaTvis individTa gadaxdis survilis
gamoTvlis bunebriv strategiaze migvaniSnebs. daakvirdiT saxlebs, romlebic
absoluturad identuria, ubralod gansxvavebulia mimdebare haeris xarisxiT,
da

Semdeg

SeadareT

maTi

fasebi.

amgvari

saxlebis

aRmoCena

gamokveTili

problemaa. sabednierod, aseTi problemis Tavidan acileba SesaZlebelia, Tu

mravaljeradi regresiis statistikur teqnologias gamoviyenebT (ix. me-2 Tavi).
Ceisa

da

grinstounis

mier

Catarebuli

ekonometrikuli

analizi

[1995]

gulisxmobs, rom individi mzadaa, Tavisi saxlis Rirebulebis 0,7 %-dan 1,5 %mde gadaixados

imisaTvis, rom erTi erTeuliT

Seamciros mikronawilakTa

(mikrogramebSi kuburi metris mixedviT) koncentracia. rogorc es me-2 TavSia

aRwerili,

ekonometrikuli

gansazRvrebis

sisrulezea

analizis

qmediToba

damokidebuli.

Tu

nawilobriv

saxlis

fasis

modelis

mniSvnelovani

determinantebi ignorirebuli iqneba, maSin dabinZurebis gamoTvlili efeqti

arasaimedoa. ufro Zireulad rom vTqvaT, gadaxdis survili kiTxvis niSnis qveS
dadgeba. mosaxleobisaTvis SesaZloa arc iyos cnobili safrTxe, romelsac
dabinZurebuli

haeri

mis

janmrTelobas

uqmnis,

da

amdenad,

dabinZurebis

Semcirebis aucileblobas jerovnad ar afasebdes. ekonometrikuli midgoma

sakmaod imedismomcemia, Tumca man ukve sabolood gansazRvra miyenebuli zianis
Rirebuleba.

daskvna

5.2 grafikze mocemuli proceduris Sesruleba biologebis, inJinrebis,

ekologebisa

da

eqimebis

unar-Cvevebis

gamoyenebas

saWiroebs.

dabinZurebis

problemis gamokvleva mkacr disciplinaTSoris midgomasac moiTxovs. xazgasmiT

aRvniSnavT, rom yvelaze
safuZvelzedac

ki

didebuli inJinruli da biologiuri monacemebis

SeuZlebelia

efeqtiani

gadawyvetilebis

miReba,

Tu

ar

visargeblebT ekonomistebis iseTi berketiT, rogoric zRvruli analizia.

132

piradi gamoxmaurebani

garegani

efeqtis

arsebobis

dros,

Tu

araferi

gakeTda

am

sakiTxis

mosagvareblad, xSirad resursebi araefeqtianad nawildeba. qvemoT ganvixilavT

garemoebebs, romelTa farglebSic kerZo individebi, sakuTari interesebidan
gamomdinare, garegan efeqtebTan dakavSirebul problemebs Tavidan icileben.

garigeba da qouzis Teorema

gaixseneT Cveni argumenti imis Sesaxeb, rom garegani efeqtis ZiriTadi

mizezi sakuTrebis uflebis ararsebobaa. rogorc ki sakuTrebaze uflebis
miniWeba

xdeba,

reagireben.

individebi

warmovidginoT,

urTierTgarigebebis
rom

mdinareze

gziT

sakuTrebis

garegan
ufleba

efeqtebze
aqvs

barts.

davuSvaT, rom lizasa da barts garigebis damyareba araferi ar daujdebaT.

SesaZlebelia

Tu

ara,

orma

mxarem

miaRwios

garigebas,

romlis

Sedegad

warmoeba Q1-dan Semcirdeba?

barts surs, ar awarmoos saqonlis mocemuli erTeuli, sanam igi iRebs
gadasaxads, romelic erTeulis warmoebis Sedegad miRebul wminda zrdad
mogebas

(MB - MPC)

gadauxados,

rom

am

aRemateba.

meore

ukanasknelma

ar

mxriv,

lizas

awarmoos

surs,

mocemuli

barts

imisTvis

erTeuli,

sanam

lizasTvis am erTeulis warmoebis Sedegad miyenebul zRvrul zianTan (MD)

SedarebiT gadasaxadi ufro mcirea.

vidre is Tanxa, romelic lizas surs

barts gadauxados, warmoebis Sedegad miRebul wminda zrdad mogebas aRemateba,

garigebis SesaZlebloba arsebobs. algebrulad, moTxovna aseTia: MD>(MB - MPC).
5.3

grafiki

(romelic 5.1

grafikze

arsebuli

informaciis

reproducirebas

axdens) uCvenebs, rom warmoebis Q1 doneze MB MPC aris nuli, maSin, rodesac
MD dadebiTia. amdenad, MD aRemateba MB MPC da garigebis SesaZlebloba
arsebobs.

133

5.3 grafiki

imave proceduris gavlis Sedegad mivalT daskvnamde, rom Tanxa, romlis

gadaxdac lizas surs, warmoebis yvela doneze Q*-s marjvniv aRemateba (MB
MPC)-s. amis sapirispirod, Q*-s marcxniv Tanxis odenoba, romelsac barti
warmoebis SemcirebisaTvis moiTxovs, aRemateba im Tanxas, romlis gadaxdac
surs lizas. amdenad, liza barts warmoebis SemcirebisaTvis uxdis Q*-s, rac
efeqtiani donea. Cven ar gvaqvs sakmarisi informacia, rom gamoviTvaloT, Tu ra
Tanxis SemTxvevaSi wyvets liza gadaxdas. es orive mxaris garigebis Sesabamis
potencialzea damokidebuli. miuxedavad imisa, Tu rogor nawildeba garigebis
Sedegad miRebuli mogeba, warmoeba sruldeba Q* wertilSi.
am analizSi mniSvnelovan rols ori arsebiTi daSveba asrulebs:
1. mxareTa garigebis danaxarji mcirea;
2. resursTa mesakuTreebs maT sakuTrebaze zianis wyaros identificireba
da, amdenad, zianis legaluri aRmofxvra SeuZliaT.
5.3

grafikis

diskusiis

Sesajameblad

aRvniSnavT,

rom

am

daSvebebis

farglebSi efeqtiani gadawyvetileba imisgan damoukideblad iqneba miRebuli,

Tu vis ekuTvnis sakuTrebis ufleba, sanam aRniSnuli ufleba vinmes aqvs

134

miniWebuli.

es

Sedegi

laureatis,

ronald

ki

cnobilia

qouzis

qouzis

pativsacemad)

Teoremis

saxeliT,

(nobelis

romlis

premiis

mixedviTac,

sakuTrebis uflebis dadgenisTanave, saxelmwifos intervencia garegani efeqtis

dasaregulireblad saWiro aRar aris (Coase, 1960).
Tumca

garegani

efeqtis

iseTi

tipi,

rogoric

haeris

dabinZurebaa,

milionobiT adamians (rogorc dabinZurebis wyaro, ise dabinZurebis msxverpli)

ukavSirdeba.

rTulia

mosalaparakeblad

imis

da

warmodgena,

dabali

Tu

Rirebulebis

rogor

Seikribebian
miaRweven4.

garigebas

isini
Tundac

momavalSi haerze sakuTrebis ufleba dadgindes, misi mesakuTre mainc ver

gansazRvravs, aTasobiT potenciuri dambinZureblidan romelma daabinZura misi
sahaero sivrce da ra proporciis zianze agebs pasuxs TiToeuli maTgani.
qouzis Teorema yvelaze Sesabamisi maSinaa, rodesac procesSi ramdenime
adamiani

monawileobs

Tundac

daculi

Semosavlis

da

iyos

garegani

aRniSnuli

ganawilebis

efeqtis

wyaro

pirobebi,

TvalsazrisiT

aSkarad

sakuTrebis

adekvaturia.

gansazRvrulia.

uflebis

miniWeba

sakuTrebis

ufleba

faseulia; Tu liza mdinaris mesakuTrea, misi Semosavali bartis SemosavalTan

SedarebiT gaizrdeba, da piriqiT.
qouzis

Teoremis

mixedviT,

sakuTrebis

uflebis

miniWeba

garemosTan

dakavSirebuli mniSvnelovani problemebis gadawyvetaSi dagvexmareboda. erTi

komentatori amtkicebda, rom kargi iqneboda, mdinareze sakuTrebis ufleba aSSSic dawesebuliyo, da miuTiTebda, rom: `inglissa da SotlandiaSi kerZo
sakuTrebam

mdinareebsa

da

farvaterebze

warmatebulad

aRmofxvra

Warbi

TevzWera; igi wylis dabinZurebas ukve 800 wlis ganmavlobaSi akontrolebs.

mesakuTreebi momxmareblebs TevzWeris uflebisaTvis mdinaris maT kuTvnil
teritoriaze
ekonomikuri

ubralod
stimuli

gadasaxads
gauCndaT,

axdevineben.

Tevzis

Sedegad

saxeobebi

da

mesakuTreebs

wylis

sisufTave

SeinarCunon~ (Conda, 1995, gv. A18).

qouzis Teoremis kargad gamoyeneba veluri samyaros dacvis mimarTulebiT
SeiZleba.

afrikaSi

ubralod

nadirobis

spilos

populaciis

akrZalva

(erTi

SenarCunebis

gza).

Tumca

mizniT

SesaZlebelia

adgilobriv

soflebSi

mcxovrebs srulebiT ar surs, daemorCilos aRniSnul akrZalvas; igi mainc

nadirobs

(rTulia

kanonis

TiToeul

moklul

cxovelze

gatareba),

amdenad,

faqtobrivad

misi

nulis

zRvruli
tolia.

rogorc aRvniSneT, saxelmwifos mier gadawyvetilebis

operaciuli xarjebi ar unda iyos ufro mcire.

danaxarji

nulis

Sesrulebaze

toli

gaweuli

135

danaxarji ki mniSvnelovnad Warb nadirobas iwvevs. meore gza cxovelebze

sakuTrebis uflebis dawesebaa. aseT SemTxvevaSi soflis mcxovrebT gauCndebaT
imis stimuli, rom Camoayalibon jogebi _ momavalSi soflis mcxovrebi gayidis
maTze nadirobis nebarTvas da iSovis fuls. sagis Tanaxmad [1996], keniaSi 1977
wels yvela saxis nadiroba aikrZala, xolo spiloTa raodenoba 1982 wels 167
aTasidan 16 aTasamde Semcirda. amis sapirispirod, zimbabveSi 1982 wels miwis
mflobelebs velur samyaroze sakuTrebis ufleba mieniWaT. am momentidan 1995
wlamde

spiloTa

raodenoba

40

aTasidan

68

aTasamde

gaizarda.

idea

individebisaTvis maT miwaze arsebul velur cxovelebze sakuTrebis gadacemis

Sesaxeb aSkarad popularuli gaxda. samxreT afrikaSi bevrma fermerma ufro
efeqtianad

CaTvala,

sakvebi

kulturebis

moyvana

SeeCerebina,

miwisaTvis

Cveulebrivi iersaxe daebrunebina da turistebisagan cxovelTa daTvalierebis

Rirebuleba amoeRo. samxreT afrikis teritoriis mesamedis daaxloebiT 18 %
dRes amgvar ekoturizms emsaxureba (Heal, 2001, gv. 10).

gaerTianeba

garegani
gaerTianebis

efeqtis
gziT

misi

daregulirebis
`aTvisebaa~.

erT-erTi

gza

simartivisaTvis,

monawile
davuSvaT,

mxareTa
rom

aris

mxolod erTi dambinZurebeli da dabinZurebis erTi msxverpli, rogorc

am

Tavis dasawyisSi barti-lizas scenarSia ganxiluli. rogorc aRiniSna, Tu

barti im zians gaiTvaliswinebs, romelsac lizas TevzWeras ayenebs, maSin
wminda

mogebis

ganxilvas).

miRebis

sxva

SesaZlebloba

sityvebiT

rom

vTqvaT,

iqneba

(daubrundiT

bartisa

da

lizas

5.2

grafikis
saqmianobis

koordinirebis SemTxvevaSi erToblivi sawarmos mogeba maT mier cal-calke

saqmianobis
faqtobrivad,

dros

miRebul

individualur

arakoordinirebuli

qmedebisas

mogebaTa
barti

da

jams

gadaaWarbebs.

liza

fuls

yrian!

bazari ki ori firmis gaerTianebis mZlavr stimuls qmnis _ lizas SeuZlia

iyidos qarxana, barts ki SeuZlia iyidos TevzWeris meurneoba, an mesame mxares
SeuZlia iyidos orive maTgani. ori firmis gaerTianebis Sedegad garegani
efeqtis `aTviseba~ xdeba _ mas ukve is mxare iTvaliswinebs, romlis saqmianobis
Sedegadac garegani efeqti warmoiqmneboda. magaliTad, bartis mier TevzWeris
meurneobis Sesyidvis SemTxvevaSi igi naklebi produqciis warmoebas daiwyebda.
aseTi gziT

barti gazrdida TevzWeris seqtoridan sargebels _ es sargebeli

qarxnuli warmoebis SemcirebiT miRebul danakliss gadaaWarbebda. Sedegad,

136

garegani efeqti ar warmoiqmneboda da bazaric araefeqtiani aRar iqneboda.

sxvagvarad

rom

vTqvaT,

gare

damkvirvebeli

situacias

`garegani

efeqtis~

kvalifikacias arc ki mianiWebda, vinaidan aseT viTarebaSi gadawyvetilebebi

erTi firmis farglebSi miiReba.

socialuri konvenciebi

firmebisagan gansxvavebiT, individebi garegani efeqtis `aTvisebis~ mizniT

ver

erTiandebian.

Tumca

arsebobs

gansazRvruli

socialuri

konvenciebi,

romlebic SesaZloa ganxiluli iqnes, rogorc mcdeloba, individs daanaxon, Tu

ra

saxis

garegan

efeqts

warmoqmnis

misi

saqmianoba.

skolis

moswavleebs

aswavlian, rom nivTebis uadgilod dayra upasuxismgeblobis niSania da ar aris

`lamazi~. Tu swavleba Sedegiania, maSin bavSvi xvdeba: miuxedavad imisa, rom
kanfetis qaRaldis an bananis qerqis tareba, sanam igi sanagve yuTs ipovides, mis
Zalisxmevas moiTxovs, man aRniSnuli Zalisxmeva unda gaswios, radgan igi
verafriT

Seedreba

im

adamianTa

nebisyofas,

romlebic

iZulebulni

arian,

nagavsayrels uyuron. ifiqreT oqros kanonze: `moeqeci sxvebs ise, rogorc

gsurs,

rom

gamosaxatavad

mogeqcnen
aseTia:

Sen~.

`vidre

naklebad
raimes

eleganturi

moimoqmedeb,

gza

am

sentimentis

gaiTvaliswine

misi

gare

zRvruli sargebeli da danaxarji~. moralis zogierTi postulatis Tanaxmad,

erTi individi meoris grZnobebs

iziarebs

da,

amdenad,

im garegan

efeqts

`iTvisebs~, romelic SesaZloa mis saqciels gamoewvia. faqtobrivad, aRniSnuli

postulatebi

bazrebis

ararsebobiT

Seqmnili

mdgomareobis

koreqtirebas

axdens.

garegan efeqtebze sazogadoebrivi reagireba

137

im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac individi sakuTari interesis mixedviT iqceva da

efeqtian

gadawyvetilebas

ver

aRwevs,

mTavrobas

intervenciis

ramdenime

aqvs5.

SesaZlebloba

gadasaxadebi

barti araefeqtianad awarmoebs produqcias, radgan sawarmoo saSualebebze

mis mier gaweuli danaxarji socialuri danaxarjebis Sesaxeb araswor signals
iZleva.

ufro

konkretulad

rom

vTqvaT,

radgan

bartis

mier

sawarmoo

saSualebebze gaweuli danaxarji metad mcirea, misi produqciis fasic Zalian

dabalia. bunebrivi gadawyvetileba, romelic gasuli saukunis 30-ian wlebSi
miRebuli

iqna

dambinZurebeli

britaneli
ibegreba

ekonomistis,
garkveuli

arTur

sesil

gadasaxadebiT,

pigus
rac

mier,

misi

aseTia:

sawarmoo

saSualebebis metad dabali fasebis kompensirebas axdens. pigus gadasaxadi aris

gadasaxadi, romliTac dambinZureblis produqciis yoveli erTeuli ibegreba da
romelic udris im zRvruli zianis Tanxas, romelsac dambinZurebeli warmoebis
efeqtian doneze warmoSobs. 5.4 grafiki 5.1 grafikze mocemuli magaliTis
reproducirebas axdens. am SemTxvevaSi Q* efeqtiani warmoebisas zRvruli ziani
udris cd manZils. es aris pigus gadasaxadi (gaixseneT, rom vertikaluri
manZili MSC-sa da MPC-s Soris aris MD).
ra reaqcia eqneba barts, rodesac misi produqciis TiToeuli erTeuli cd
gadasaxadiT daibegreba? gadasaxadi bartis zRvrul danaxarjs gazrdis. mis
mier

warmoebuli

TiToeuli

erTeulisaTvis

barti

iZulebuli

iqneba,

gadauxados rogorc sawarmoo saSualebis mimwodeblebs (iTvleba MPC-iT), ise

gadasaxadis

Semgrovebels

(iTvleba

cd-Ti).

geometriulad,

bartis

axali

zRvruli grafiki daixazeba, Tu warmoebis yvela doneze MPC-s davumatebT cd-s.

es MPC-is cd vertikaluri manZiliT gadanacvlebas moiTxovs.

aq
CamoTvlil
SesaZleblobaTa
nusxa
ar
aris
srulyofili.
alternativebis detaluri kvlevisaTvis ix. Cropper and Oates [1992].

sxvadasxva

138

5.4 grafiki

Semosavlis maqsimizaciisaTvis bartma unda awarmoos manam, sanam zRvruli

sargebeli zRvrul danaxarjs gautoldeba. es ki Mb-isa da (MPc + cd)-is
gadakveTis adgilas warmoiqmneba, romelic zustad efeqtiani warmoebis Q*
wertilze mdebareobs. faqtobrivad, gadasaxadi barts iZulebuls xdis, misi
saqmianobis Sedegad warmoqmnili garegani efeqtis Rirebuleba gaiTvaliswinos
da efeqtian warmoebas miaRwios. yuradReba miaqcieT, rom gadasaxadi TiToeul
warmoebul id erTeulze (id = OQ*) Semosavlis saxiT cd dolaris generirebas
axdens. amdenad, sagadasaxado Semosavali udris cd X I, romelic 5.4 grafikze ijcd
marTkuTxedis farTobis tolia. kargi iqneboda, es Semosavali mTlianad lizas
konpensirebis mizniT gamogveyenebina, romelsac amJamadac adgeba ziani bartis
saqmianobis

Sedegad,

an

Tanxa,

gadasaxadebis

gareSe,

arendatorisaTvis

gadagveca. Tumca aq sifrTxilea saWiro. Tu cnobili gaxdeba, rom nebismieri

piri, romelic mdinareSi Tevzs iWers, gadasaxads iRebs, is individebic ki
Seudgebian TevzWeras, romlebic amas sulac ar apirebdnen. Sedegi ki mdinareSi
araefeqtianad

didi

odenobis

TevzWera

iqneba.

mTavari

sakiTxi

isaa,

rom

139

dabinZurebis

msxverplisaTvis gaweuli

kompensacia

efeqtianobis

misaRwevad

aucilebeli ar aris.
pigus sagadasaxado sistemis ganxorcielebis gzaze garkveuli problemebi
arsebobs. aRniSnuli siZneleebis fonze, romlebic zRvruli zianis funqciis
gamoTvlas
rTuli

ukavSirdeba,

iqneba.

Tumca

adekvaturi

SesaZlebelia

sagadasaxado

ganakveTis

keTilgonivruli

dafiqsireba

kompromisis

miRweva.

davuSvaT, avtomobilis garkveuli tipi momwamvlel gazs uSvebs. Teoriulad,

gavlili manZilis mixedviT dawesebuli gadasaxadi efeqtianobas zrdis, Tumca
misi administrireba dauSveblad Zviri dajdeba. mTavrobas SeuZlia daawesos
manqanaze specialuri gayidvis gadasaxadi, Tundac manqanaze sakuTreba garegani
efeqtis masStabs ki ara, mxolod gavlil manZils gansazRvravdes. gayidvis
gadasaxads yvelaze efeqtian Sedegamde ar mivyavarT, Tumca SesaZlebelia, igi
jer kidev status-kvos gaumjobesebis mniSvnelovani saSualeba iyos.
ufro zogadad, gadasaxadis daweseba ukve gulisxmobs, rom cnobilia, Tu
vin da ra masStabiT abinZurebs. xSirad aseT SekiTxvebze pasuxis gacema Zalian
rTulia. Tumca teqnologiurma cvlilebam SesaZloa dabinZurebis monitoringi
sakmaod gaamartivos. samxreT kaliforniaSi testirebuli axali teqnologiis
Sedegad dabinZurebis TiToeul wyarosTan damontaJebulia sensori, romelic
dabinZurebas

mudmivad

ganTavsdeba.

gamoavlens.

warmogidgeniaT

dambinZureblisaTvis

pigus

aRniSnuli
kompiuteri,

adekvatur

informacia

kompiuterSi

romelic

gadasaxads

TiToeuli

gansazRvravs

da

mas

sagadasaxado davalebas ugzavnis?

cxadia, is ki ar aris aqtualuri, pigus gadasaxadi garegani efeqtis
regulirebis srulyofili meTodia Tu ara, aramed is, sxva alternativebs
Soris

ukeTesia

Tu

ara

igi.

am

konteqstSi

sasargebloa

SevniSnoT,

rom

safrangeTSi, germaniaSi, norvegiaSi, italiaSi, niderlandebsa da sxva qveynebSi

gadasaxadebiT dabinZurebis sxvadasxva tipi ibegreba (Stavins, 1999). miuxedavad
imisa, rom Statebs dabinZurebis dabegvris sakmaod mokrZalebuli sistema aqvs,
gadasaxadebi dawesebulia gansazRvrul qimikatebze, romlebic arRveven ozonis
Sres. magaliTad, oTxqloriani naxSirbadi da halon-1211 TiToeul funtze
Sesabamisad 9,84 da 26,85 aSS dolariT ibegreba.
miuxedavad imisa, rom pigus gadasaxadi garemosaTvis miyenebuli zianis
konteqstSi ganvixileT, igi Tanabrad adekvaturia sxva tipis garegani efeqtis
SemTxvevaSic. magaliTad, gadatvirTul gzebsa da gzatkecilebze TiToeuli
mZRoli danaxarjs

sxva mZRolebs

gadascems, imis

gamo, rom ufro

metad

140

tvirTavs quCas, Tumca aravin ar aris iZulebuli, es danaxarji gaiTvaliswinos.

manqanis tarebaze gadasaxadi, Tu igi quCis gadatvirTvis zRvruli danaxarjis
toli iqneba, efeqtianobas gazrdis. uinstoni da Sirli [1998], fiqroben, rom
politika,

romelic

StatebSi

socialur

quCis

gadatvirTvis

Semosavals

moitans

gamo

daawesebs

5.2

grafikze

fass,

SeerTebul

dhg-is

farTobis

ekvivalents _ wliurad daaxloebiT 3.2 miliard aSS dolars. zogierTi qalaqi

gadasaxads quCis

gadatvirTvaze awesebs. magaliTad, londonis

transporti

ganTqmuli 5-iT ibegreba (daaxloebiT 7,80 aSS dolari) pikis saaTebSi qalaqis
centrSi

moZraobis

maRalteqnologiuri

uflebiT
variantis

sargeblobisaTvis.

SemTxvevaSi

san-diegoSi

sqemis

ufro

zogierT

mZRols

SeuZlia, gamoiyenos maRali datvirTvis samanqano zoli trasaze, Tu gadaixdis

fass, romelic swored imazea damokidebuli, Tu ramdenad gadatvirTulia quCa
im momentSi.

subsidiebi

warmovidginoT
SemTxvevaSi

dambinZurebeli

warmoebis

sawarmoebis

efeqtiani

donis

fiqsirebuli

miRweva

odenoba.

SesaZlebelia,

am
Tu

dambinZurebels fuls imisTvis gadavuxdiT, rom garemo aRar daabinZuros.

SesaZloa, es idea erTi SexedviT ucnauradac ki mogveCvenos, magram garwmunebT,
rom

igi

sagadasaxado

SewyvetisaTvis

sqemis

gamoyofili

msgavsad

subsidia

muSaobs,

dambinZureblis

radgan

dabinZurebis

efeqtiani

sawarmoo

danaxarjis gasazrdelad ubralod sxva meTodia.

davuSvaT, saxelmwifo acxadebs, rom igi barts gadauxdis cd subsidias
saqonlis TiToeul erTeulze, romelsac barti ar awarmoebs. ras moimoqmedebs
barti? 5.5 grafikze bartis zRvruli ganakveTi warmoebis doneze (Q1) MB-sa da
horizontalur RerZs, ge-s, Soris manZilia. Q1 wertilSi warmoebis zRvruli
danaxarji aris jami, romelic Sedgeba im Tanxisagan, romelsac barti sawarmoo
saSualebebisaTvis
subsidiisagan,

(romelTac

romelzedac

kargad

vxedavT

barti warmoebis

MPC mrudze)

gagrZelebis

ixdis,

SemTxvevaSi

da

cd

uars

ambobs. kvlav vimeorebT, rom aseT SemTxvevaSi mosalodneli danaxarji MPC + cd

iqneba. Q1 warmoebis dros igi ek=(eg + gk) manZils udris. magram ek zRvrul
sargebels, ge-s aWarbebs. vidre Q1 wertilSi zRvruli danaxarji zRvrul
sargebels aWarbebs, bartis mier saqonlis am ukanaskneli erTeulis warmoebas

141

azri ara aqvs. amis nacvlad man uari unda ganacxados warmoebis gagrZelebaze
da unda aiRos misi kuTvnili subsidia. imave mizeziT, cxadi xdeba, rom barti
irCevs, Warbi warmoeba Q*-s mixedviT SeaCeros. am wertilis marjvniv, nebismier
sawarmoo doneze, zRvruli piradi danaxarjisa da subsidiis jami zRvrul
sargebels aRemateba.
gagrZeleba

uRirs,

meore mxriv, am wertilis marjvniv barts warmoebis

Tundac

igi

iZulebuli

iyos,

uari

Tqvas

subsidiaze.

warmoebis am doneebisaTvis mTliani alternatiuli Rirebuleba, MPC + cd, ufro

mcirea, vidre zRvruli sargebeli. amdenad, barts subsidia aiZulebs, awarmoos
mxolod Q* wertilamde, rac efeqtiani warmoebaa.

5.5 grafiki

dramatulad

gansxvavebulia

gadasaxadebisa

da

subsidiebis

sqemis

ganawilebis Sedegebi. nacvlad imisa, rom barts idcj gadasaxadi gadaexada, igi
iRebs anazRaurebas, romelic im

erTeulTa

Rirebulebis

tolia,

romelTa

warmoebazedac bartma uari ganacxada (ch). igi subsidias yovel erTeulze iRebs
(cd), romelic 5.5 grafikze dfhc marTkuTxedis tolia6. ar aris gasakviri, rom
5.5 grafikze Q1 wertili aris safuZveli, saidanac aiTvleba bartis warmoebis
Semcireba. principSi, nebismieri safuZveli Q*-is marjvniv SeiZleba SeirCes.
6

142

efeqtiani

gadawyvetileba

SesaZloa

Semosavlis

sxvadasxva

ganawilebas

ukavSirdebodes. igi me-3 TavSi mocemuli Sedegebis analogiuria ejuorTis

yuTSi efeqtiani ganawilebis wertilTa ganusazRvreli raodenobaa, romelTagan
TiToeuli realuri Semosavlis ganawilebis sakuTar sqemas ukavSirdeba.
pigus

sagadasaxado

subsidirebis

sqemasTan

programasTan

gaixseneT,

rom

arsebobas
momavalSi

5.5

dakavSirebuli

dakavSirebuli

grafikis

analizi

moiTxovs.

subsidia

maRal

SesaZloa

bevri

firma

problemebic

fiqsirebuli

Semosavals

mdinaris

problemebis
arsebobs.

odenobis

qmnis.

maxloblad

ase

garda,
pirveli:

sawarmoTa

rom,

Soreul

ganTavsdes.

axali

firmebi, romlebsac subsidiis miRebis survili eqnebaT, mdinaris maxloblad

ganlagdebian, rac saboloo jamSi faqtobrivad gazrdis dabinZurebis masStabs.
meore: subsidia SesaZloa eTikuri TvalsazrisiT arc iyos sasurveli.
rogorc miSani aRniSnavs (1971, gv. A25):
`xmauriani
amgvari

avtomobilebis

Tavisufleba

sxvaTa

marTva,

dambinZurebeli

keTildReobas

qarxnis

SemTxveviT

funqcionireba

zians

ayenebs.

da

Tumca

sazogadoebis wevrTa survili, icxovron sufTa da wynar garemocvaSi, da amgvari

Tavisufleba sxvaTa keTildReobas sulac ar amcirebs. Tu es argumentebi WeSmaritia,
maSin

arsebobs

safuZveli...

dambinZurebels

sasamarTlos

winaSe

pasuxismgebloba

daekisros~.

5.6 grafiki

143

bazris Camoyalibeba

rogorc
SesaZloa

aRvniSneT,

resursze

efeqtianobis

garegan

bazris

amaRlebis

efeqtTan

asocirebuli

ararsebobas

ukavSirdebodes.

alternatiuli

politika

araefeqtianoba
aq

mTavrobis

ikveTeba,

rac

mwarmoebelTaTvis dabinZurebis nebarTvis miyidvaSi gamoixateba. aseTi gziT

mTavroba faqtobrivad sufTa haeris an wylis bazars ayalibebs. aseTi ram sxva
SemTxvevaSi mosalodneli ar iyo. mTavroba acxadebs, rom Z* dambinZureblis
garemoSi

gaSvebisaTvis

nebarTvas

gayidis

(dambinZureblebis

odenoba

Q*

warmoebas ukavSirdeba). firmebi aRniSnuli nebarTvis mosapoveblad brZolas

daiwyeben da nebarTvasac umaRles fasad miiReben. dakisrebuli gadasaxadi
bazars

yovelgvar

pasuxismgeblobas

uxsnis

dabinZurebis

odenoba

saxelmwifos mier dawesebul dones utoldeba. TiToeuli mwarmoeblisaTvis

dabinZurebis nebarTvisTvis gadaxdili fasi dabinZurebis Rirebulebaa.
5.6 grafiki gviCvenebs, Tu rogor moqmedebs nebarTva realur samyaroSi
azotis

dioqsidis

bazarze.

horizontaluri

zRvari

azotis

dioqsidis

warmoebis uflebas, xolo vertikaluri _ am uflebis mopovebisaTvis gadaxdil

safasurs gamoiTvlis. saxelmwifo acxadebs, rom igi auqcionis wesiT gayidis

144

nebarTvebs Z*-iT dabinZurebis uflebaze. faqtobrivad dabinZurebis uflebaTa

uzrunvelyofa
uflebaze
erTeulze

Z*-is

moTxovna,
P1

mimarT
DZ,

absoluturad

qveviT

wertilSia.

vertikaluria.

daxrilobiT

firmebi,

romelTac

xasiaTdeba.

dabinZurebis
Tanabari

TiToeuli

fasi

dabinZurebuli

erTeulisaTvis ar surT P1 safasuris gadaxda, an amcireben warmoebas an ufro

sufTa teqnologias nergaven.
mTavrobas

SeuZlia,

nebarTvebis

auqcionze

gayidvis

firmebze sxva sawarmoebisTvis miyidvis pirobiT gayidos.

nacvlad

isini

sruliad SemTxveviT

aRmoCnda, rom sqema aseT drosac muSaobs. sabazro miwodeba Z*-is mimarT kvlav
absoluturad vertikaluria, xolo fasi isev P1-ia. araferi Secvlila, radgan
firmas

surs, dabinZurebis nebarTvebi im pirobiT gayidos, rom firma am

uflebas P1-ze naklebi RirebulebiT afasebs. Tundac efeqtianobis masStabi

auqcionis SemTxvevis

analogiuri iyos, ganawilebis Sedegebi

gansxvavebulia. auqcionis SemTxvevaSi

radikalurad

fuli midis saxelmwifoSi, sxva sqemis

mixedviT ki _ firmebTan, romlebic imdenad warmatebulni aRmoCndnen, rom dab

inZurebis uflebebi miecaT.
yvela

SemTxvevaSi,

am

martiv

modelSi

rogorc

nebarTvis,

ise

pigus

gadasaxadis Sedegad dabinZurebis efeqtiani done iqna miRweuli. nebismieri

maTganis dasanergad aucilebelia, vicodeT vin da ra masStabiT abinZurebs.
rogor avirCioT maT Soris ukeTesi? qroperi da otsi [1992] amtkicebdnen, rom
nebarTvas sagadasaxado sqemasTan SedarebiT garkveuli praqtikuli upiratesoba
aqvs. yvelaze mniSvnelovani aris is, rom nebarTvis sqema dabinZurebis saboloo
doneze gaurkvevlobas amcirebs. Tu mTavroba kerZo zRvruli danaxarjisa da
kerZo sargeblis Sesaxeb informacias flobs (5.4 grafiki), maSin mas SeuZlia
usafrTxod iwinaswarmetyvelos, Tu rogor imoqmedebs pigus gadasaxadi qcevaze.
magram Tu aRniSnuli mrudebis

Taobaze informacia mwiria, rTuli iqneba

ganisazRvros, ra odenobis gadasaxadi Seamcirebs dabinZurebas. Tu informaciis

simwire politikosebs aiZulebs, dabinZurebis standarti SemTxveviTi principiT
gansazRvron, amis gakeTeba dabinZurebis nebarTvis sistemis saSualebiT ufro
adviladaa

SesaZlebeli.

garda

amisa,

im

SemTxvevaSi,

Tu

firma

mogebazea

orientirebuli, standartis misaRwevad is danaxarjis teqnologias miagnebs.

ufro metic, rodesac

ekonomikaSi inflaciaa, dabinZurebis

nebarTvaze

sabazro fasebic inflaciis temps ahyveba, sagadasaxado ganakveTis Secvlas ki

xangrZlivi administraciuli procedura dasWirdeba. meore mxriv, auqcionis
sqemasTan dakavSirebuli potenciuri problema isaa, rom firmam SesaZloa

145

dabinZurebis
danaxarjis

licenzia

Warbi

minimizaciis

odenobiT

moTxovnis

iyidos,

vidre

dasakmayofileblad,

es

saWiroa

da

am

firmis

gziT

sxva

firmebs bazarze Semosasvleli gza mouWras. rTulia viwinaswarmetyveloT,

saerTod ganviTardeba Tu ara ase movlenebi.

regulireba

regulirebis

Tanaxmad,

TiToeuli

dambinZurebeli

dabinZurebis

dones

garkveuli masStabiT unda amcirebdes, an winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, iuridiul

sanqcias unda eqvemdebarebodes. Cvens modelSi barts ubralod ubrZaneben,
warmoeba Q*-mde Seamciros.
regulireba mravali gansxvavebuli firmis SemTxvevaSi efeqtiani ar aris.
warmoidgineTo ori firma, X da Y. orive maTgani uSvebs naxSirbadis dioqsids
(CO2),

qimikats,

romelsac

globalur

daTbobaSi

didi

wvlili

Seaqvs.

5.7

grafikze firmaTa warmoeba horizontalur RerZze, xolo misi Rirebuleba

(dolarSi) _ vertikalur RerZze ganisazRvreba. MBX aris zRvruli sargeblis
aRmniSvneli

sxivi

X-saTvis,

MBZ

ki

Z-saTvis.

mxolod

eqspoziciuri

TvalsazrisiT CavTvaloT, rom X-s da Y-s aqvT identuri MPC sxivi da mogebaze
orientirebuli warmoeba X1 = Z1. .

5.7 grafiki

146

davuSvaT, cnobilia, rom mTliani warmoebis efeqtiani donis SemTxvevaSi

zRvruli ziani d dolars udris. efeqtianobis misaRwevad

TiToeulma firmam

im wertilamde unda awarmoos, romelSic zRvruli sargeblis mrudi zRvruli

kerZo danaxarjis mrudsa da d-s jams gadakveTs. 5.7 grafikze efeqtiani warmoeba
aRniSnulia ase _ X* da Z*. dakvirvebis saocari Sedegi isaa, rom efeqtianobis
misaRwevad ar aris saWiro, firmebma CO2-s wliuri warmoeba Seamciron. Z
warmoebis

efeqtiani

Semcireba

gansxvavebuli MB sxivis
warmoebis

adekvaturi

gamo

Semcireba

warmoebis

xdeba,

magram,

zRvruli

Semcirebas
zogadad,

sargeblisa

aWarbebs.

nebismieri
da

es

firmis

zRvruli

kerZo

danaxarjis mrudebis formazea damokidebuli. amdenad, regulirebas, romelic

firmas

uflebas

absoluturi,

ise

aZlevs,

Tanabari

proporciuli

odenobiT

Seamciros

TvalsazrisiT),

Sedegad

warmoeba
moaqvs

(rogorc
is,

rom

zogierTi firma Zalian bevr saqonels awarmoebs, zogierTi ki _ ukiduresad

cotas.
aRniSnuli analizi ubralod imas gviCvenebs, rom dabinZurebis Semcirebis
danaxarji

da

sargebeli

sxvadasxva

SemTxvevebSi

gansxvavebulia.

manqana,

romelic SedarebiT dausaxlebel adgilas moZraobs, nakleb zians ayenebs

garemos, vidre is manqana, romelic moZraobs mWidrod dasaxlebul arealSi.
maSin ra azri aqvs imas, rom orive manqanas gamonabolqvis Semamcirebeli
Tanabarad Zviri aRWurviloba an gamonabolqvis

erTi da igive standarti

147

hqondes?

aSS-is

politikis

mxolod

naxevarSi

unda

mixedviT,

ukiduresad

akmayofilebdes

dabinZurebuli

yvela

manqana

qalaqebis

haeris

xarisxis

gasaumjobesebel standartebs. cxadia, politika ar iqneba efeqtiani. ra Tqma

unda, maregulirebel organos SeuZlia, TiToeul dambinZurebels specialurad
Seqmnili sawarmoo kvota mianiWos. magram dambinZureblebis didi odenobis
pirobebSi es administraciuli TvalsazrisiT SeuZlebelia.
empiriul

kvlevaTa

Catarebisas

cdilobdnen,

dabinZurebis

Semcirebis

danaxarji SeedarebinaT rogorc ekonomikuri stimulis, ise reglamentirebis

SemTxvevaSi.

gansakuTrebuli

dabinZurebis

adgilzea

Sedegi

ganxilul

damokidebuli.

aRmoCnda,

dabinZurebis
rom

tipsa

nebismier

da

SemTxvevaSi

ekonomikuri stimuli problemis gadaWris bevrad iafi gzaa (ix. Cropper and Oates
1992,

gv.

686).

karg

magaliTs

gvTavazobs

federaluri

mTavrobis

navTobis

ekonomiis korporaciuli (Corporate Average Fuel Company - CAFE) standartebi,

romlebic

yoveli

axali

msubuqi

manqanisTvisaa

dawesebuli.

aRniSnuli

standarti awesebs milze benzinis xarjis normas, romelic nebismierma manqanam

unda daicvas (27,5 mili galonze da 20,7 mili galonze orxidiani manqanebis
SemTxvevaSi).

alternatiuli

aramaregulirebeli

midgoma,

romlis

mizani

benzinis moxmarebisa da misi Tanmxlebi dabinZurebis masStabis Semcirebaa, aris

benzinis dabegvra. qrandalis Tanaxmad (1992, gv. 179), CAFE danaxarji 7-10-jer
Zviria, vidre danaxarji benzinze gadasaxadis dawesebaze, romelic sawvavis
moxmarebas

Seamcirebs. CAFE yvela

Semcirebis

ganakveTs,

Zveli

momxmareblis

manqanebisa

da

mier

benzinis

arasatransporto

moxmarebis

saSualebebis

moxmarebis CaTvliT, ver aTanabrebs~.

Sefaseba

garegani efeqtis arseboba xSirad intervenciis garkveul tips moiTxovs.

intervenciis

mizani

efeqtianobis

amaRlebaa.

garemosTan

dakavSirebuli

nebismieri saxis politikis ganxorcielebas Tan rTuli teqnikuri sakiTxebi

axlavs. arc erTi saxis politika ar aris srulyofili. zogierTi ekonomisti
upiratesobas bazarze orientirebul gadawyvetilebas aniWebs. efeqtiani Sedegi
misi saSualebiT ufro advilad miiRweva, vidre pirdapiri regulirebis gziT.

148

SeerTebuli Statebis gamoZaxili

eTanxmeba Tu ara garegani efeqtis problemebze gamoZaxili problemaTa

gadawyvetis Teoriul gzebs? mTavari federaluri kanoni, romelic

haeris

dabinZurebas aregulirebs, aris sufTa haeris aqti [1963] da misi Semdgomi

cvlilebebi7. sufTa haeris aqtSi 1970 wels Setanili Sesworebebis Tanaxmad,
kongresma haeris xarisxis erovnuli standarti daawesa, romelic, miuxedavad
gaweuli danaxarjisa, aucileblad unda yofiliyo daculi. garemos dacvis
saagento (Environmental Protection Agency - EPA) imisTvis daarsda, rom standartebi
daewesebina da Statebis mier maTi dacva uzrunveleyo. 1990 wels sufTa haeris
aqtSi

mniSvnelovani

wlisaTvis

qveynis

damatebebi

yvelaze

Sevida.

didi

erTi

gamonabolqvis

debulebis
mqone

mixedviT,

qalaqSi

1995

benzinis

standarti ise unda Secvliliyo, rom misi moxmarebis Sedegad gamonabolqvis

odenoba 15%-iT Semcirebuliyo. 1996 wels EPA propagandas uwevda ozonisa da
myari nawilakebiT dabinZurebisagan haeris dacvis axal, mkacr standartebs.
aRniSnuli magaliTebi miuTiTebs aSS-is tendenciaze, sabazro stimulis
nacvlad reglamentireba moexdina. marTlac, 1970-iani wlebidan Camoyalibebuli
mniSvnelovani

garemosdacviTi

kanonmdebloba

ukrZalavs

politikosebs,

garemosdacviTi standartebis dawesebis dros gaiTvaliswinon sargebeli da

danaxarji! rogorc aRiniSna, es garegani efeqtis koreqciis sakmaod Zvirad
Rirebuli mcdelobaa.
Sefasebis mixedviT, federaluri garemosdacviTi reglamentebis wliuri
danaxarji daaxloebiT 135 miliardi aSS dolaria. portnis mier Catarebuli
Sefasebis mixedviT [1990], 1990 wels sufTa haeris aqtSi Setanili damatebebis
wyalobiT 2005 wels SeerTebuli Statebis dabinZurebis kontrolze gaweuli
danaxarji daaxloebiT 30 miliardi aSS dolariT gaizrdeba, xolo sargeblis
odenoba 6-dan 25 miliard aSS dolaramde iqneba.
miaRwia

Tu

ara

sufTa

haeris

kanonmdeblobam

miznebs?

danaxarjebis

ignorirebis SemTxvevaSic ki Canaweri Sedegebis Sesaxeb Sereulia da misi

interpretireba rTulia.

haeris

dabinZurebis

garkveuli

tipebi,

magaliTad,

azotis oqsidiT, sufTa haeris aqtis pirvelad miRebis momentidan faqtobrivad

gaizarda. meore mxriv, aseTi saSiSi nivTierebis arseboba myari nawilakebis
saxiT Semcirebulia. Tumca frTxilad unda movekidoT im gadawyvetilebas, rom
7

aqtis debulebis srulyofil reziumes portni [1990] da qroperi da otsi [1992]

gvTavazoben.

149

aRniSnuli

Semcireba

garemosdacviT

reglamentirebas

ukavSirdeba.

SesaZlebelia, aseTi gaumjobeseba samrewvelo saqmianobis Semcirebis Sedegia,

rac zogadad seqtoris stagnaciiT da ara EPA-s saqmianobiTaa gamowveuli. EPAs monacemTa analizi cxadyofs, rom sufTa haeris aqti dabinZurebis Semcirebis
berketi iyo (iTvleboda, rom

aqtis

gareSe

dabinZureba

ar Semcirdeboda)

(Freeman, 2002, gv. 127). meore mxriv, makavois (1992, gv. 102) ekonometrikuli analizi
sruliad

sxva

Sedegs

gvaZlevs.

konsensusis

ararsebobis

dros

mravali

analizis Sedegad dadginda, rom reglamentirebam sazogadoebas imedi gaucrua.

ukve vaCveneT, Tu ratomaa sufTa haeris maregulirebeli msgavsi midgoma
araefeqtiani. ratom aris igi amave dros uSedego? baumols [1976] miaCnda, rom
reglamentirebis Sedegi maregulireblis sifxizlis xarisxzea damokidebuli:
`brZanebaTa miRebis siswrafe, maTi debulebebis simkacre, SesworebaTa Setanis
SemTxvevaSi

maregulireblis

mdgradobis

xarisxi,

danaSaulis

aRmoCenisa

da

dokumentirebis dros misi efeqtianoba, damnaSavis dasjisas misi Zala da warmateba da

jarimaTa simkacre, romlebic dawesebulia sasamarTlos mier~ (gv. 445).

es ki sakmaod rTuli amocanaa, gansakuTrebiT _ Tu gaviTvaliswinebT

politikur

zewolas,

ganxorcielebisas

romelsac

ganicdis.

amis

maregulirebeli
sawinaaRmdegod,

Tavisi

pigus

saqmianobis

gadasaxadi

`ara

maregulireblis fxizel Tvalze, aramed gadasaxadis Semgroveblis saimedo

mdgradobazea
dabinZurebis

damokidebuli.

isini

Segnebulad

utoveben

dambinZurebels

Semcirebis SesaZleblobas, riTac waaxaliseben, Tavi aaridon

gadasaxadebis gadaxdas~ (Baumol, 1976, gv. 445).

garda

amisa,

saboloo

muqara

regulirebis
ki

`an

dambinZurebeli

an~

midgoma

wyaros

ukuqmedebiT

daxurvaSi

xasiaTdeba.

gamoixateba.

xSir

SemTxvevaSi aRniSnuli qmedeba momuSaveTa an/da momxmarebelTa mniSvnelovan

gadanawilebas
texasis

gamoiwvevs

Statis

da,

amdenad,

sakanonmdeblo

politikuri

organos

gadawyvetilebiT,

harmonizeba specialuri da satvirTo manqanebis

dajdeboda.

imave

suliskveTebiT,

TvalsazrisiT

rTulia.
wesebTan

EPA-s

SemTxvevaSi sakmaod Zviri

rodesac

indoeTSi

sasamarTlom

uflebamosili organoebi daavaldebula, 10 aTasi avtobusisagan Semdgari parki,

romelic dizelze muSaobda, Seecvala iseTi avtobusebiT, romlebic sufTa
bunebriv

airze

uflebamosil
winaaRmdeg,
mimarTavdnen

imuSavebda,

organoebs

romlebic
da

ar

ar

gansakuTrebuli
surdaT,

imuqrebodnen,

araferi

wasuliyvnen

rom

SeuSindebobdnen

sxva

momxdara.

avtobusis

zomebTan

SimSiliT

qalaqis

mesakuTreTa

erTad

SimSilsac

sikvdils.

marTlac,

150

sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebis miRebis dRidan ori wlis gasvlis Semdegac

grZeldeboda deliSi dizelze momuSave axali avtobusebis licenzireba (Dugger,
2001, gv. A3).
imis

pirdapir

SeuZlebelia.

Tqma,

rodesac

rom
saqme

regulireba
Zalian

sasargeblo

toqsikur

arasodes

nivTierebebs

ar

aris,

exeba,

maSin

regulireba SesaZloa problemis ganeitralebis saukeTeso gza iyos. magram,

zogadad,

regulireba

ZiriTadad

garemosdacviTi

politikis

naklovanebis

wyaroa. maSin ratomaa igi aseTi popularuli? albaT imitom, rom kanonmdeblebs
uyvarT myisieri zomebis gatareba, ris saSualebasac maT miRebuli kanonebi
aZlevT. arada, am dros iseTma pasiurma zomam, rogoricaa bazris Camoyalibeba,
SeiZleba

ufro

efeqtiani

Sedegi

gamoiRos.

cinikosi

ityoda,

rom

maregulirebeli gadawyvetileba aris imis Sedegi, rom politikosebs garemos

dacvis organoTa sakeTildReod keTilSobiluri kanonmdeblobis Camoyalibeba
surT, Tumca, samwuxarod, aRniSnuli kanonmdebloba bizness `ar axarebs~.

bazarze orientirebuli midgoma: gogirdis dioqsidi

miuxedavad imisa, rom SeerTebuli Statebis garemosdacviT politikaSi

regulirebis

meTodi

dominirebs,

bazarze

orientirebul

ekonomistTa

mier

momzadebuli argumenti TandaTan iwyebs zegavlenis mopovebas. 1990 wlis sufTa

haeris

aqtis

dioqsidis

Sesworebebis
gamoyofas

Sedegad

Seiqmna

akontrolebda

bazari,

romelic

(funqcionirebda

5.6

gogirdis
grafikze

ilustrirebuli sxivebis msgavsad). yovel weliwads EPA gogridis dioqsidis

gamoyofis

maqsimalur

eleqtroenergetikul
TiToeuli

tona

saxelmwifo

kompanias

gogirdis

zRvars

(gogirdis

awesebda.

dioqsidis

dioqsidisaTvis,

mTavari

romelsac

yvela

saxis

mwarmoeblebi)

qarxana

gamoyofda

garemoSi, unda hqonoda `nebarTva qimikatis gamoyofaze~. nebarTvaTa mTlianoba

EPA-s

maqsimalur

zRvars

udrida.

nebarTvebi

Tavdapirvelad

arsebul

eleqtroenergetikul kompaniebs Sesyidvis an gayidvis uflebiT daurigdaT.

dRes nebarTva weliwadSi daaxloebiT 9 milion tonaze arsebobs (Burtraw, 2002,
gv. 140).
nebarTvebis bazari Zalian aqtiuria. nebarTvis fasi 150 aSS dolaridan 200
aSS dolaramde meryeobs. sainteresoa, rom aRniSnuli fasi mniSvnelovnad
naklebia navaraudev fasze, rac imaze mianiSnebs, rom gogirdis dioqsidis

151

gamoyofis miznobrivi odenobisTvis miyenebuli dartyma bevrad iafi aRmoCnda,

vidre vinme warmoidgenda. marTlac, stavinsi [1999] amtkicebda, rom programis
wyalobiT wliurad dazogili iqna daaxloebiT 1 miliardi aSS dolari, anu
Tanxa, romelic pirobiTi maregulirebeli procedurebis gamoyenebis Sedegad
daixarjeboda.
firmebis

waxaliseba,

saSualebiT
izogeba.

axali

dabinZurebac

magaliTad,

naxSiris

SereviT

gamonabolqvis
Sereva

gamonabolqvis

danaxarjis
teqnologia

mcirdeba

romelime

savaWro

teqnologiuri

danergon.

da

firma

Sualeduri

Semcirebis

programebis

aRniSnuli

nebarTvebze

sxvadasxva

miznis

erT-erTi

TvalsazrisiT

praqtikulad

fulic

SemcvelobasTan

gamonabolqvs

ganxorcielebamde

amcirebs.

aRniSnuli

ar

aris

teqnologiis

gadasaxdeli

gogirdis

misaRwevad

gza

meTodiT

iTvleboda,

magram

programam firmebi waaxalisa, misi amuSavebis SesaZleblobebi epovaT (Burtraw,

2002, gv. 144).
mokled

rom

iTqvas,

SO2-s

gamonabolqviT

vaWrobis

eqsperimenti

warmatebuli aRmoCnda. miuxedavad amisa, bazarze orientirebuli midgoma jer

kidev

ver daikavebs

berketi.

regulirebis

tradiciuli

(gamoTvlebis

adgils

garemosdacviTi

Tanaxmad,

igi

mSp-is

da

ver

gaxdeba garemosdacviTi

programebis

2%-ia),

amdenad,

Rirebuleba
bazarze

izrdeba

orientirebuli

midgoma politikosTaTvis SesaZloa ufro mimzidveli gaxdes.

Semosavlis ganawilebis Sedegebi

Cveni

yuradReba

mTlianad

garegani

efeqtis

efeqtianobis

faqtorebs

eTmoboda. keTildReobis ekonomika miuTiTebs, rom ganawilebis sakiTxebic unda

gaviTvaliswinoT.

Tumca

garemos

gaumjobesebaze

Semosavlis

ganawilebis

Sedegis zemoqmedebis Sefaseba sakmaod did sirTuleebs ukavSirdeba.

vin sargeblobs?

Cvens martiv modelSi sargeblis ganawileba metad martivi sakiTxia, radgan

magaliTSi

arsebobs

mxolod

erTi

tipis

dabinZureba

da

dabinZurebis

152

erTaderTi

msxverpli.

realurad

ki

individebi

garegani

efeqtebis

`mTel

asortiments~ ganicdian. zogierTi mtkicebulebis Tanaxmad, dabali Semosavlis

mqone pirTa dasaxlebebi ufro metad eqvemdebareba haeris dabinZurebis Sedegad
warmoqmnil

safrTxes,

vidre

maRalSemosavliani

individebis

dasaxlebebi

(Cropper and Oates, 1992, gv. 727). Tu es asea, maSin dabinZurebis donis Semcireba sxva
Tanabar pirobebSi realuri Semosavlis ganawilebas ufro samarTlians gaxdis.
meore

mxriv,

maRali

programidan

miRebuli

teritoriis

(erovnuli

Semosavlis

mqone

sargeblis
parkebi)

individi

beneficiaria,

gaumjobesebisken

iseTi

garemosdacviTi

romelic
aris

rekreaciuli

mimarTuli,

radgan

swored es individia misi momxmarebeli.

Tundac gvqondes garegani efeqtis msxverplis identificirebis saSualeba,
mainc ar gvecodineba, Tu ramdenad surs `msxverpls~ misi likvidacia (ramdenad
afasebs likvidaciis Sedegad miRebul sargebels). maRali Semosavlis mqone
ojaxi gacilebiT mets gadaixdis haeris xarisxis gaumjobesebaSi, vidre dabali
Semosavlis

mqone

dabinZurebis
TvalsazrisiT

ojaxi.

fizikuri
programa

amis

masStabi

Semdeg

gamwmendi

Tundac

yovelTvis

programis

Semcirdes,

maRalSemosavlian

Tanxis
ojaxs

saSualebiT
(dolaris)
mianiWebs

upiratesobas.

vin gaswevs danaxarjebs?

davuSvaT, dambinZurebel firmebs saxelmwifo politika aiZulebs, warmoeba

Seamciron. amis Semdeg firmis moTxovna warmoebis saSualebebze daecema, xolo
warmoebis saSualebaTa mepatroneebi cud dReSi Cavardebian. dambinZurebeli
firmis zogierTi yofili muSa uecrad umuSevari aRmoCndeba da iZulebuli
iqneba, didi xnis ganmavlobaSi ufro dabal xelfasze imuSaos. Tu am muSebs
mcire Semosavali eqnebaT, garemos dacva Semosavlis uTanasworobas gazrdis.
Raribi adamianis mier garemosdacviTi danaxarjis gawevis masStabi mwvave
dapirispirebis sagania. garemosdacviTi mecnierebis kritikosebi amtkiceben, rom
qalaqebSi qarxnebis funqcionirebis SeCerebis

mcdelobam `qalaqis yvelaze

Raribi mosaxleobis ekonomikuri mdgomareoba gaauaresa~ (Ross, 1999, gv. A26).

garemos damcvelebi aseTi tipis Carevas `samsaxurebriv SantaJad~ miiCneven da
Rrmad swamT _ imis mtkicebuleba, rom Raribi mosaxleoba marTlac iCagreba, ar
arsebobs.

153

aris aseTi mosazreba: Tu dambinZurebel firmas aiZuleben, gaiTvaliswinos

zRvruli socialuri danaxarji, maSin mis saqonels gaZvirebis tendencia eqneba.
efeqtianobis TvalsazrisiT es misasalmebelia, radgan sxva SemTxvevaSi fasi
mTliani resursebis Rirebulebis Sesaxeb araswor signals iZleva. miuxedavad
amisa, am saqonlis myidvelis materialuri mdgomareoba misi gaZvirebis gamo
ecema. Tu aRniSnul saqonels pirvel rigSi maRali Semosavlis mqone individi
Seisyidis,

sxva

Tanabar

pirobebSi

realuri

Semosavlis

ganawileba

ufro

Tanabari xdeba, da piriqiT. amdenad, imis Sesafaseblad, Tu rogor moqmedebs

dabinZurebis Semcireba ganawilebaze, dambinZurebeli firmis mier warmoebul
saqonelze moTxovnis mimarTulebis Sesaxeb informacia gvesaWiroeba.
cxadia,
gansazRvra

dabinZurebis
uaRresad

avtomobilebis
ganxorcielebis

kontrolze

rTulia.

uolsma

gamonabolqvze
proporciuli

gaweuli

danaxarjebis

da hansonma

gadasaxadebis

ganawilebis

[1999]

aRmoaCines,

rom

sistemis

danergva

da

danaxarjebi

wliuri

Semosavlis

ukuproporciulad icvleba. maT gamoTvales, rom ojaxs, romelic Semosavlis

ganawilebis yvelaze dabal safexurze imyofeba, aRniSnuli politikis gatareba
Semosavlis 2,65%, xolo ganawilebis umaRles safexurze myof ojaxs _ mxolod
0,35%

daujdeba.

ganzogadebulia,

vinaidan

aseTi

isini

dilemis

aRmoCenebi
winaSe

garemosdacviTi
ayenebs

politikisaTvis

individebs,

romlebic

upiratesobas Semosavlis ufro Tanabar ganawilebas, aseve ufro sufTa garemos

aniWeben.

pozitiuri garegani efeqti

aqamde Cveni yuradReba negatiur garegan efeqts eTmoboda, magram Warbi

zegavlena SesaZloa pozitiuri aRmoCndes. am SemTxvevis analizi simetriulia.
davuSvaT, rom rodesac firma samecniero-kvleviT da sacdel-sakonstruqtoro
samuSaoebs

(Research and Development R&D)

atarebs,

sargeblisa (MPB) da zRvruli danaxarjis (MC)

misi

zRvruli piradi

monakveTebi 5.8 grafikzea

mocemuli. firma irCevs R&D donis R1-s, sadac MC=MPB. davuSvaT, rom firmis
R&D sxva firmebs ufro iafi produqciis warmoebis SesaZleblobas aZlevs,
Tumca am firmebs mecnieruli SedegebisaTvis fulis gadaxda ar uwevT, radgan

154

es

ukanaskneli

saerTo

codnis

nawili

xdeba8.

5.8

grafikze

TiToeuli

mecnieruli kvlevis Sedegad sxva firmebis mier miRebuli zRvruli sargebeli

MEB-iTaa

(Marginal External Benefit zRvruli

gare

sargebeli) aRniSnuli.

mecnieruli kvlevis zRvruli socialuri sargebeli MPB-s da MEB-is jamia da

MSB-iT aris aRniSnuli.
efeqtianoba
sargeblis

moiTxovs

wonasworobas,

zRvruli
romelic

danaxarjisa
R*-ze

da

miiRweva.

zRvruli

amdenad,

socialuri

R&D saTanado

doneze ar Catarda. negatiuri garegani efeqtis gamosworeba pigus gadasaxadis

saSualebiT, xolo pozitiuri garegani efeqtisa _ pigus subsidiis meSveobiT
SeiZleba. ufro konkretulad, Tu R&D-is ganmaxorcielebel firmas eZleva
subsidia, romelic optimalur SemTxvevaSi zRvrul gare sargebels udris 5.8
grafikze ab manZils _ misi warmoeba efeqtiani iqneba9. gakveTili naTelia:
rodesac individi an firma pozitiur garegan efeqts axorcielebs, bazari raime
qmedebas

an

saqonels

ver

uzrunvelyofs,

magram

saTanado

subsidia

mdgomareobas aumjobesebs. cxadia, garegani efeqtis odenobisa da Rirebulebis

SefasebasTan
mecnieruli

dakavSirebuli
kvleviT

sirTuleebi

dadginda,

rom

kvlav

R&D-is

aqtualuria.

ukugebis

kerZo

zogierTi
ganakveTi

daaxloebiT 10%-ia, ukugebis socialuri ganakveTi ki _ 50%. Tu aRniSnuli

cifrebi sworia, maSin cxadia, rom R&D-sTan dakavSirebuli pozitiuri garegani
efeqti namdvilad arsebobs.

gafrTxileba

5.8 grafiki

aseTi situaciis Tavidan acileba zojer sapatento kanonmdeblobiTaa SesaZlebeli.

Tumca xSirad wminda mecnieruli kvlevis Sedegebi dapatentebis sagani ar aris, Tundac
isini komerciuli miznebiT gamoiyenebodes.
9 yuradReba miaqcieT, rom konstruqciis Tanaxmad, ab = ab.

155

SesaZloa, bevr

adamians saerTod araferi

smenia

terminze

pozitiuri

garegani efeqti, Tumca isini, kargi intuiciuri aRqmadobis Sedegad, rogorc

koncefciis,

ise

politikis

konteqstis

Sinaarss

mixvdebian.

am

adamianebma

kargad ician, rom miiReben subsidias, Tu saxelmwifos daarwmuneben, rom maTi

saqmianoba

Sedegad

sasargeblo

saqonels

moitans.

aseTi

subsidiebisaTvis

ganacxadebi frTxilad ori mizeziT unda gaanalizdes:

subsidia, nebismier SemTxvevaSi, gadasaxadis gadamxdelTa resursebidan
modis. amdenad, yvela subsidia gadasaxadis gadamxdelTagan (rogorc erTiani
jgufi)

recipientze

Semosavlis

gadanawilebas

moicavs.

Tundac

subsidiam

efeqtiani Sedegi moitanos, misi Sedegi gadanawilebaze SesaZloa sasurveli ar

iyos.

es

damokidebulia

Rirebulebis

Sesaxeb

gadawyvetilebaze,

romelic

socialuri keTildReobis funqciasTanaa dakavSirebuli.

faqti,
efeqtianobis
gamarTlebuli

rom

saqmianoba

misaRwevad
mxolod

sargeblis

aucilebelia
maSinaa,

momtania,
subsidiis

rodesac

ar

gulisxmobs,

gamoyeneba.

bazari

am

rom

subsidia
saqmianobis

ganmaxorcielebels sruli zRvruli ukugebis miRebis saSualebas ar aZlevs.

ase, magaliTad, kargi qirurgi, romelic saukeTesod mkurnalobs

adamians,

pozitiur garegan efeqts ar qmnis, radgan misi xelfasi misi momsaxurebis

zrdad danaxarjs moicavs.
aRniSnuls ori magaliTis saSualebiT ganvmartavT:

156

mesakuTris cxovreba sakuTar saxlSi

aSS-is

federaluri

sagadasaxado

kodeqsis

debulebaTa

Sesabamisad,

mniSvnelovani subsidia eZleva adamians, romelic sakuTar saxlSi cxovrobs

(debulebebi

detalurad

Camoyalibebulia

me-15

TavSi).

subsidiis

wliuri

Rirebuleba daaxloebiT 96 miliardi aSS dolaria (Joint Committee on Taxation, 2002,

gv.

22).

SeiZleba

am

subsidiis

dasabuTeba?

argumentebi

ZiriTadad

im

mosazrebaze daiyvaneba, rom saxlis sakuTreba dadebiT garegan efeqts qmnis.

saxlis mesakuTreebi kargad zrunaven maT qonebaze da inarCuneben sisufTaves,
rac maTi mezoblebis materialur mdgomareobas aumjobesebs, amdenad, garegan
efeqts

axorcieleben.

garda

amisa,

saxlze

sakuTreba

individisaTvis

uzrunvelyofs qveyanaSi wils, rac zrdis socialur stabilurobas _ meore

sasurveli siWarbis efeqts.
qonebis frTxili movla-patronobis Sedegad, cxadia, pozitiuri garegani
efeqti xorcieldeba; mepatroneebi ufro kargad zrunaven qonebaze, ezoze da
a.S., vidre mdgmurebi (Glaeser anf Shapiro, 2002). nuTu saxlze sakuTreba Sedegad
sasurvel

qcevas

gvaZlevs?

sasargeblo

garegani

efeqti,

romelic

saxlis

flobasTan asocirdeba, SesaZloa imis Sedegic iyos, rom saxlis mflobel

amerikel

ojaxTa

66%

maRalSemosavlianad

iTvleba

(saxlis

mflobelTa

saSualo Semosavali mdgmurebis Semosavals TiTqmis orjer aRemateba). ar

arsebobs mtkicebuleba, romelic miuTiTebda, rom sakuTrebis dabal ganakveTs
socialur arastabilurobaSi Seaqvs wvlili. SveicariaSi, romelic mSvidobiani
ararevoluciuri tendenciebiTaa cnobili, sakuTrebaSi sacxovrebeli saxlebis
mesamedze naklebia.
cxadia,

Tundac

subsidias

araefeqtianobis

gamosworebaSi

wvlili

ar

Sehqondes, igi SeiZleba Tanasworobis safuZvelze dasabuTdes. magram, rogorc

aRiniSna, saxlis mflobelebs ufro maRali Semosavali aqvT, vidre saxlis
damqiraveblebs.

amdenad,

Tu ganawilebis

mizani

Semosavlis uTanasworobis

gazrdaa, maSin am TvalsazrisiT saxlis mflobelobisaTvis subsidiis gacema

gamarTlebulia.

157

umaRlesi ganaTleba

federaluri

mTavroba

xels

uwyobs

umaRlesi

ganaTlebis

farTo

masStabebs 1960-iani wlebis Sua periodidan10. 2002 wels pirdapirma grantebma,

samuSao-saswavlo programebma da sxva sauniversiteto daxmarebam 12,8 miliardi
aSS dolari Seadgina. studentTa daxmareba sesxebis saSualebiTac (39,2 aSS
miliardi dolari) xorcieldeba. 2002 wels federaluri grantebisa da sesxebis
saxiT 17 milioni premia gaica (US Census Bureau, 2002, gv. 172). garda amisa,
umaRlesi ganaTlebisaTvis zogierTi subsidia piradi Semosavlis sagadasaxado
sistemaSia CarTuli.
umaRlesi ganaTlebis subsidirebis erT-erTi racionaluri mxare aris is,
rom igi garegan efeqts warmoSobs. rogorc me-4 TavSi iyo aRwerili, es
argumenti dawyebiTi da saSualo swavlebis SemTxvevaSi sakmaod damajerebelia.
aseTi sistema ara mxolod zrdis individis Sromisunarianobas, aramed amcirebs
danaSauls,

wvlili

formirebaSi,

rac

Seaqvs

ase

ganaTlebuli

aucilebelia

da

informirebuli

Tanamedrove

mosaxleobis

demokratiis

Tavisufali

funqcionirebisaTvis. rogorc jon adamsi 1765 wels SeniSnavda:

`ganaTlebis (codnis) miRebis saSualebaTa SenarCuneba, yvelaze dabali rangis
CaTvliT, ufro mniSvnelovania sazogadoebisaTvis, vidre qveynis yvela mdidar kacTa
qoneba. es ufro Sedegiania Tavad mdidarTaTvis da maTi Semdgomi warmatebisaTvis~
(Krueger and Lindahl [1999]).

zogierTi amtkicebs, rom unda moxdes kolejSi swavlebis subsidireba,

radgan

igi

zrdis

universitetebi

mwarmoeblurobas.

moqmedi

subsidiebis

marTlac,

saxiT

sajaro

saxelmwifosa

kolejebi
da

da

adgilobrivi

mmarTvelobisagan wliurad daaxloebiT 50 miliard aSS dolars iReben (Kane,

1998, gv. 20). is, rom koleji zrdis mwarmoeblurobas, SesaZloa WeSmaritebac
iyos11, magram manam, sanam kolejis kursdamTavrebulis Semosavali mis maRal
mwarmoeblurobas
kolejis

garegani

kursdamTavrebulTa

Tanatolebis
resursebis

asaxavs,

Semosavalze,
ekonomistebi

efeqti

ar

Semosavali

romelTac
Tvlian,

rom

mniSvnelovnad

koleji
sxva

xorcieldeba.

ar

faqtobrivad,

maRalia

daumTavrebiaT.

Tanabar

pirobebSi

maTi

SromiTi
skolaSi

10

Semdgomi detalebisa Tvis ix. Kane [1998]. aRniSnulic mniSvnelovani mxardaWeraa,

romelsac Statebi umaRles ganaTlebas uweven.
11
garkveuli
mosazrebis
Tanaxmad,
maRali
Semosavali,
romelic
umaRles
ganaTlebasTanaa asocirebuli, imis Sedegia, rom koleji aris gamosacdeli
mowyobiloba, romelic maRali SesaZleblobis mqone individebis perspeqtiul muSakebad
identificirebas axorcielebs.

158

swavlebis TiToeuli weli wliur Semosavals 5-11%-iT zrdis. imisaTvis, rom

garegani efeqtis argumenti damajerebeli iyos, individma unda daamtkicos, rom
mwarmoeblurobis Sedegi am diferencials aWarbebs.
es mtkicebulebac ki ver asabuTebs mimdinare programis formas,
yvela

uflebamosili

studentis

subsidirebas

erTi

da

imave

romelic
ganakveTiT

axorcielebs. aris Tu ara kolejis treiningis Sedegad miRebuli yvela saxis

garegani efeqti Tanaswori? axorcieleben Tu ara erTnair garegan efeqts
xelovnebis istoria, buRalteria, samedicino kursebi? Tu ase ar aris, maSin
efeqtianoba maT gansxvavebuli ganakveTiT subsidirebas moiTxovs.
arsebobs dakvirveba, rom subsidiebis Semcirebis SemTxvevaSi kolejSi
studentTa Semcirebuli odenoba swavlobs. es SesaZloa asec iyos, Tumca
subsidiis

racionalobas

ar

asabuTebs.

Tu

subsidias

iRebs

axalgazrda,

romelsac surs avtoSemkeTebeli saamqros gaxsna, maSin subsidiebis Semcirebis

SemTxvevaSi avtoSemkeTebeli saamqroebis odenobac Semcirdeba. ratom unda
vepyrobodeT

gansxvavebulad

potenciur

manqanis

meqanikossa

da

potenciur

klasikoss?
zogierTi amtkicebs, rom kolejis studentebisaTvis saxelmwifos mier
gamoyofili subsidiebis Semcirebis SemTxvevaSi yvelaze mtkivneuli dartyma
SedarebiT Raribi ojaxidan gamosul students miadgeba, radgan misTvis kerZo
seqtoridan sesxis aReba gansakuTrebiT Zneli iqneba.
kapitalis
amdenad,

investirebisaTvis
aseTi

ararsebobiT

sesxebis

aucilebeli
bazarTa

gamowveuli problemis

metad rTulia adamianuri

sesxisTvis

materializacia
gamosworeba

giraos uzrunvelyofa;
SeuZlebelia.

SeiZleba,

Tu

bazris

saxelmwifo

mimdinare saprocento ganakveTiT sesxebs xelmisawvdoms gaxdis. ar arsebobs

efeqtianobis

safuZveli,

romelic

daasabuTebda

saprocento

ganakveTis

subsidirebis racionalobas, Tu ar ganxorcieldeba pozitiuri garegani efeqti.

ras

ityviT

saswavleblis

damTavrebis

Semdeg

sesxis

gastumrebis

SesaZleblobaze? rogorc paseli [1985] aRniSnavda, `saswavleblis damTavrebis

Semdeg mZime sesxze valdebulebis perspeqtiva zogierT students gauqrobs
survils, fuli isesxos. Tumca es SezRudvis yvelaze gonivruli formaa. viRac
sabolood gadaixdis davalianebas. Tumca Znelia uyuro, rogor ixdis am vals
gadasaxadis gadamxdeli pirdapiri beneficiaris nacvlad~.
keTildReobis ekonomika aRiarebs, rom araefeqtiani programa SesaZloa
dasabuTdes,

Tu

igi

ganawilebis

`sasurvel~

Sedegs

qmnis.

kolejis

studentisaTvis miniWebuli subsidia misTvis gadamxdelis, rogorc mTliani

159

jgufis,

transferia.

Tu

students

SevxedavT,

rogorc

im

ojaxis

nawils,

romelSic igi gaizarda, maSin marTla davinaxavT, rom saswavlo daxmarebis

programebi Semosavlis Tanasworobas zrdis. federaluri daxmarebis miRebis
albaToba

ojaxis

Semosavlis

zrdasTan

erTad

iklebs.

daimaxsovreT,

rom

kolejis studentTa umetesoba mzadaa, Tavisi ojaxi Seqmnas; maTi Semosavali

mTeli

cxovrebis

ganmavlobaSi

ufro

maRalia,

vidre

mosaxleobis

sxva

nawilisa. aseTi saxis satransfero politikas, romelic kolejdamTavrebulTa

subsidirebas

axorcielebs,

gazrdamde. vinaidan
programam

SesaZloa

mivyavarT

sesxis

Semosavlis

recipienti

gazardos

araTanabari

sxva SemTxvevaSi

Semosavlis

Tanasworoba.

ganawilebis

ar wava kolejSi,
Tumca

aRniSnuli

argumenti efuZneba Semdeg mosazrebas: mizezi imisa, rom dabali Semosavlis

mqone

ojaxebis

warmomadgeneli

studentebis

mxolod

mcire

raodenoba

swavlobs kolejSi, gaxlavT is, rom swavlebis gadasaxadis dasafaravad maT

fuli ara aqvT. sawinaaRmdego mosazrebas gamoTqvamen kameroni da hekmeni [1999].
isini

fiqroben,

rom ojaxis

Semosavali

ar

moqmedebs kolejSi swavlebis

Rirebulebaze. Semosavali aris sazomi, Tu rogor garemoSi izrdeba bavSvi.

rodesac kolejSi SemsvlelTaTvis tardeba swavlebis Rirebulebis Sesaxeb
statistikuri

analizi,

romelic

studentTa

iTvaliswinebs,

swavlebis

gadasaxadisa

da

SesaZleblobis

ojaxis

Semosavlis

Sefasebas
mniSvneloba

arsebiTad mcirdeba.
subsidirebuli

sesxebi

da

pirdapiri

grantebi

studentebisa

da

kolejebisaTvis didi daxmarebaa. maT SenarCunebas orive maTgani intensiurad

lobirebs. garegani efeqtis arsebobis damajerebeli mtkicebulebis gareSe ki
sazogadoebis, rogorc erTi mTlianobis, sargebeli bundovania.

daskvna

garegani efeqti aris maSin, rodesac erTi individis saqmianoba meore

individze

sabazro

meqanizmis

gareT

zemoqmedebs.

garegani

efeqti

zogadad sakuTrebaze qmediT uflebaTa ararsebobis Sedegia.

garegani

efeqtis

Sedegad

sabazro

fasi

socialuri

danaxarjisagan

gansxvavdeba, rasac Sedegad resursTa araefeqtiani ganawileba mohyveba.

160

qouzis Teorema miuTiTebs, rom SesaZloa, efeqtiani warmoebis mizniT

kerZo mxareebma garigebas miaRwion, Tu arsebobs sakuTrebis ufleba.
Tumca SeiZleba, garigebaze gaweuli xarjebi mcire iyos, garegani efeqtis
wyaro ki advilad identificirebadi.

pigus gadasaxadi aris gadasaxadi, romliTac ibegreba dabinZureba da

romelic efeqtiani warmoebis doneze zRvrul socialur zians udris.
aRniSnuli gadasaxadi waaxalisebs mwarmoebels, Seamciros dabinZurebis
masStabi (is efeqtian donze daiyvanos).

dabinZurebis likvidaciisaTvis gacemuli subsidia mwarmoebels aiZulebs,

Seamciros dabinZureba (misi masStabi efeqtian doneze daiyvanos). Tumca
subsidiis

Sedegi

administrirebis

SeiZleba

saqonlis

TvalsazrisiT

didi

rTulia

da

odenoba

eTikuri

iyos.

igi

TvalsazrisiTac

arcTu ise momxibvleli.

dabinZurebis
dabinZurebis

uflebiT

SesaZlebelia

mTliani

masStabi

bazarze

vaWroba.

fiqsirdeba,

rac

amis

Sedegad

warmoadgens

upiratesobas, rodesac administratorebma arc ician, Tu ra reaqcia

eqnebaT dambinZureblebs pigus gadasaxadze.

regulireba araefeqtiania, vinaidan dabinZurebis Semcirebis socialuri

Rirebuleba

firmebis,

adgilmdebareobisa

da

mosaxleobis

mixedviT

icvleba. miuxedavad amisa, es aris garemosdacviTi politikis yvelaze

farTod gavrcelebuli forma,

romelic ekonomistebs yvelaze metad

aRelvebT. amis magaliTi ki SeerTebuli Statebis sufTa haeris aqti

gaxlavT.

pozitiur

garegan

efeqts

saqmianobis

arasaTanado

uzrunvelyofamde

mivyavarT. subsidias SeuZlia problemis gadawyveta, magram aramiznobrivi

subsidiebis gamoyofis Tavidan asacileblad sifrTxilea aucilebeli.

sadiskusio SekiTxvebi

1. al goris, yofili vice-prezidentis TqmiT, `klasikuri ekonomistebi

mwarmoeblurobas sakmaod viwro msoflmxedvelobiT gansazRvraven da surT,
mwarmoeblurobis Sedegad miRebuli mogeba ekonomikur progress gavuTanabroT.
magram

`wminda

gadaxedaven

graali~

iseTi

xolme im uaryofiT

mimzidvelia,
gverdiT

rom

efeqtebs,

ekonomistebi

xSirad

romlebic Tan

axlavs

161

gaumjobesebas~ (Miller, 1997, gv. A22). ganixileT, aris Tu ara es `klasikuri

ekonomistebis~ samarTliani Sefaseba. gori imasac ambobda, rom gvesaWiroeba
`vaJkacuri da mkafio qmedeba... raTa garemos gadarCenis principi civilizaciis
centralur organizaciul principad vaqcioT~. davuSvaT, politikosi xarT da
fiqrobT, rogor gadawyvitoT manqanis gamonabolqvTan dakavSirebuli problema.
rogor gamoiyenebdiT goris azrs gadawyvetilebis miRebis procesSi?
2. qvemoT mocemul grafikze kazanovas mier TveSi gamarTul wveulebaTa
ricxvi horizontalur RerZze izomeba, xolo Tanxa (dolarSi) _ vertikalur
RerZze. MCp aris wveulebaTa zRvruli danaxarji, MBp ki _ kazanovas zRvruli
sargebeli, romelsac igi wveulebidan iRebs.
a) grafikulad uCveneT, ramden wveulebas umaspinZlebs kazanova;
b) davuSvaT, arsebobs fiqsirebuli zRvruli sargebeli, $b, romelsac
kazanovas megobrebi iReben wveulebidan. uCveneT is Tqvens grafaSi;
g) ra aris mxareTa socialurad (da ara ganzrax) optimaluri done? rogor
aiZulebs socialuri komiteti kazanovas, es ricxvi Seamciros?
d) Tqvens grafaze miuTiTeT optimaluri subsidia TiToeuli mxarisaTvis
da kazanovasTvis gadaxdili Tanxis mTliani odenoba. vin moigebs da vin
waagebs am gegmis mixedviT?

grafiki

3. romeli situaciisaTvis aris misaRebi qouzis Teorema? ratom?

a)

kolejis

komunalur

studentTa

samzareulos.

jgufi

saerTo

zogierTi

sacxovrebelSi

maTgani

arasodes

erTad

iyenebs

alagebs

areul

samzareulos mas Semdeg, rac saWmlis momzadebas daamTavrebs;

b) braziliaSi akrZalulia garkveuli tropikuli jiSis Tevzis daWera da
gayidva.

miuxedavad

amisa,

mdinare

amazonis

Soreul

myvinTavi midis egzotikuri Tevzis dasaWerad da

nawilebSi

aTasobiT

saerTaSoriso Sav bazarze

gasayidad. myvinTavTa didi raodenobis arseboba anadgurebs egzotikuri Tevzis

marags;

162

g) vaSingtonis StatSi xorblis nawveralisagan gawmendis mizniT bevrma

fermerma

gadawva

Tavisi

nakveTi,

raTa

Semdegi

saTesi

sezonisaTvis

momzadebuliyo. mezoblebi pretenzias acxadeben dabinZurebis gamo;

d) internetis momxmarebeli, rogorc wesi, informaciis gadmotvirTvis
dros

nulis

tol

zrdad

danaxarjs

gaswevs.

Sedegad

xdeba

gadatvirTva,

momxmareblebi ki Zalian Relaven amgvari gaWianurebis gamo.

4. zogierTi damkvirvebeli amtkicebs, rom navTobis importi SeerTebul
Statebs saudis arabeTisa da Sua aRmosavleTis sxva qveynebis

politikis

mZevlad aqcevs. es arTulebs aSS-is sagareo politikas.

a) ganmarteT, ra saxis garegani efeqtia warmodgenili am situaciaSi?
b) daaregulireT garegani efeqti pigus gadasaxadis saSualebiT;
g) zogierT ekonomists surs adgilobrivi sawvavisa da benzinis moxmarebis
Semcireba, Tumca mTavrobisaTvis mniSvnelovnad meti amonagebis micemis sakiTxs
sifrTxiliT ekideba. am mosazrebis alternativaa feldStainis (2001, gv. A12)
mosazreba savaWrod gamosadegi eleqtronuli sawvavis konservaciis vauCerebis
sistemis Taobaze:
Tu saxelmwifos surs, benzinis moxmarebis wliuri ganakveTi Seamciros
(180 miliardi galonidan daaxloebiT 140 miliard galonamde), `kargi iqneboda,
140 miliardi sawvavis konservaciis vauCeri individebsa da bizness Soris
gaenawilebina. vinc benzins iyidis, naRd fuls gadaixdis, rasac daemateba aseTi
vauCeri sawvavis erTi galonisaTvis. vauCeri qaRaldis ubralo nagleji ki ar
iqneba, aramed krediti, romelic xelmisawvdomi iqneba sadebeto angriSze...
radgan

vauCeri aucilebeli iqneba benzinis

Rirebuleba,

romelic

gansazRvruli

iqneba

SesaZenad;

mas

moTxovnisa

eqneba sabazro
da

miwodebis

saSualebiT~.
daxazeT

diagrama

da

asaxeT

gansazRvris meqanizmi. davuSvaT,

sawvavis

konservaciis

vauCerze

fasis

vauCeris sabazro fasi 75 centia. rogor

Seicvleba amis Sedegad benzinis galonis yidvis alternatiuli Rirebuleba?

5. SeerTebul StatebSi alkoholis Warbi moxmarebis
Sefasebulia

unciaze

1,19

aSS

dolarad.

aRniSnuli

garegani efeqti

danaxarji

ZiriTadad

arafxizel mdgomareobaSi manqanis tarebis fatalur SedegebTan asocirdeba.

dReisaTvis spirtze gadasaxadi unciaze daaxloebiT 27 centia, ludze _ 13

163

centi, Rvinoze _ 12 centi (Cutler, 2002, gv. 20). am situaciis efeqtianobis

Sesafaseblad gamoiyeneT pigus dabegvris meTodi.
6. ganixileT amonaridi "Albuquerque Journal"-idan (1991 wlis 20 ivlisi). es
bazris amoralobis erT-erTi yvelaze odiozuri magaliTia: Cikagos vaWrobis
sabWom

kenWi

uyara

iseTi

kerZo

bazris

formirebas,

romelic

haeris

dabinZurebis uflebebs Seexeboda... man Camoayaliba sistema, romlis mixedviTac

gasufTavebis

aucileblobas

gansazRvravs

Tqveni

mezobeli

dambinZureblis

jibis sisqe da ara is, Tu ramdenad auaresebs igi haeris xarisxs. dabinZurebis
bazrebis

momavali

funqcionireba

aseTi

bazris

moraluri

uunarobis

demonstrirebas male moaxdens (gv. A7).

7. niu-iorkis Statis Finger Lake im turistebs izidavs, romelTac misi
araCveulebrivi Rvinoebis degustacia surT. bolo periodSi am regionSi Roris
sanaSene fermebi gaCnda _ zogierTi aTasze meti suli RoriT. didi odenobis
Roris nakelis suni negatiurad moqmedebs turizmze. `Rori da Rvino* , anu ar
agerioT!~ (Chen, 2001, gv. L1).
davuSvaT, patara goWebis ferma (Little pig - LP) tipsis venaxTan axlos
mdebareobs. qvemoT mocemuli cxrili LP-is raodenobis TiToeul dones, Rorze
gaweul zRvrul danaxarjs da tipsisaTvis miyenebul zRvrul zians gviCvenebs:

saqoneli

MC

MB

MD

13

13

10

13

13

13

11

19

13

13

21

13

15

a) ramdens Rors moaSenebs LP?

b) ra aris Rorebis efeqtiani odenoba?
g) LP-is mepatrone tipsis pretenziebiT misi meRoreobis fermis Sesaxeb
daiRala da is gamoiyidis tipsis. aseTi gaerTianebis Semdeg ramden Rors
moaSenebs LP?
*

aq sityvebis TamaSia: Wine and Swine (mTargmneli).

164

d) ra zemoqmedebas axdens LPisa da tipsis

8.

gaerTianeba maT Semosavalze?

X saqonlis kerZo zRvruli sargebeli mocemulia 10-X-is saxiT, sadac

X aris moxmarebuli erTeulis raodenoba. X-is warmoebis kerZo zRvruli

Rirebuleba
TiToeul

mudmivad

erTeulze

5
2

dolaria.
dolaris

sazogadoebis
odenobis

gare

wevrebi

warmoebuli

gadasaxadiT

X-is

daibegrebian.

saxelmwifos intervenciis ararsebobis pirobebSi ramdeni X iwarmoeba? ra aris

X-is warmoebis efeqtiani done? ra aris sazogadoebis sargebeli, rodesac igi
warmoebis

araefeqtiani

donidan

efeqtianze

gadainacvlebs?

ifiqreT

pigus

gadasaxadze, romelsac mivyavarT efeqtian warmoebamde. ra Semosavals moitans

gadasaxadi?
9. 1997 wels didi britaneTis mTavrobam gamoacxada, rom qveynis istoriaSi
pirvelad studentebi valdebulni iqnebian, universitetSi swavlis Rirebulebis
nawili gadaixadon. studentTa erovnuli kavSiris warmomadgenelma protesti
gamoTqva: `ufaso swavleba es Cveni uflebaa... Cven yovelTvis gveubnebodnen,
rom Tu avirCevdiT ganaTlebis donis amaRlebis gzas, saxelmwifo swavlis
Rirebulebas gadagvixdida, radgan saxelmwifos bevr rames mivcemT, radgan
ukeTesi samsaxuri gveqneba da met gadasaxads gadavixdiT~ (Lyall, 1997, gv. A7).
gTxovT, aRniSnuli mtkicebulebis adekvaturobaze gaakeToT komentari.
10. qveyanam gadawyvita zogierTi dambinZureblis gamoyofis wliurad 50
erTeulamde SezRudva da dabinZurebis nebarTvebisaTvis bazris organizeba.
erTi nebarTva firmas uflebas aZlevs, wliurad dambinZureblis erTi erTeuli
gamoyos.

nebarTvaze

sabazro

moTxovna aseTia:

Q = 100-10P, sadac

Q aris

moTxovnil nebarTvaTa odenoba, P ki _ nebarTvis fasi.

a) ra aris nebarTvis sabazro fasi?
b) davuSvaT, rom ACME kompanias gamonabolqvis erTi erTeuliT Semcireba
8 dolari ujdeba. SeiZens Tu ara es firma nebarTvas? ra donis efeqtianoba
miiRweva maregulirebeli reJimis gamoyenebiT, romelic ubralod ubrZanebs
ACME kompanias, gamonabolqvi erTi erTeuliT Seamciros?

165

gamoyenebuli literatura:

Coase, Ronald H. "The Problem of Social Cost". Journal of Law and Economics (1960 wlis
oqtomberi), gv. 1-44.
Cropper, Maureen L, and Wallace E. Oates. "Environmental Economics: A survey". Journal of
Economic Literature 30 (1992 wlis ivnisi), gv. 675-740.
Ellerman, A. Denny, Paul L. Joskow, Richard Schmalense, Juan-Pablo Montero, and
Elizabeth M.Baikey. Markets for Clean Air: The U.S. Acid Rain Program. Cambridge, UK: Canmbridge
University Press, 2000.
Viscusi, Kip. "Carcinogen Regulation: Risk Characteristics and the Synthetic Risk Bias". American
Economic Review 85 (1995 wlis maisi), gv. 50-54.

166

Tavi 6

politikuri ekonomia

monarqia im gamarTul

gems

waagavs, romelic sworad

micuravs, sanam

romelime kapitanis mouxerxebloba ar CaZiravs; meore mxriv ki, demokratia

flotiviTaa arasodes iZireba, Tumca fexi yovelTvis sisveleSi aqvs...
fiSer eimsi

bazris

naklovanebebisa

da

mdgomareobis

gamosworebis

meqanizmebis

ganxilva saxelmwifos SedarebiT lamaz ferebSi dagvanaxvebs. gadasaxadebisa

da danaxarjebis saSualebiT saxelmwifo bazris naklovanebebs aneitralebs,
roca xedavs, rom Semosavali eTikuri TvalsazrisiT gamarTlebuli meTodiT
nawildeba.
romelic

aRniSnul
mTavrobis

mosazrebas

adamianTa

funqcionirebis

is

jgufi

uwevs

oponirebas,

xarisxiT ukmayofiloa. sazogadoebrivi

azris gamokiTxva cxadyofs, rom mosaxleobis 40% kongress ufro metad endoba.
iumoristma p. j. ororkma, rogorc Cans, Seajera yvela es sentimenti, rodesac
aRniSna,

rom

`mTavrobisaTvis

fulisa

da

Zalauflebis

micema

Tineijeri

biWunasaTvis viskisa da manqanis gasaRebis micemis tolfasia~.

iqneb es gonebamaxviluri naTqvami ubralod dausabuTebuli pretenziaa?!
gansazRvrebis Tanaxmad, demokratiis dros Cven zustad iseTi mTavroba gvyavs,
rogoric gvsurs. arsebobs meore SesaZleblobac: TviT yvelaze demokrati
gubernatorisTvisac

ki

rTulia,

erovnul

interess

upasuxos.

am

TavSi

SexvdebiT politikur gadawyvetilebaTa miRebis procesis analizisaTvis saWiro

ekonomikur principebs, romlebic politikuri ekonomiis saxeliTaa cnobili.
politikuri ekonomiis mixedviT, individi mTavrobas aRiqvams, rogorc misi
piradi interesis gazrdis meqanizms. aRniSnul mosazrebasTan dakavSirebiT
mniSvnelovania ori sakiTxi:

167

 egoizms zogjer efeqtiani Sedegebic motanac SeuZlia. rogorc

me-3

TavSi vnaxeT, garkveul pirobebSi bazari socialuri miznis misaRwevad pirad

interess iyenebs. ismeba kiTxva: vin asrulebs am rols `politikur~ bazarze (Tu
asrulebs saerTod)?
daSveba

piradi

interesis

gazrdis

Sesaxeb

arcTu

ise

koreqtulia.

miuxedavad amisa, igi analizis kargi sastarto wertilia.

dasawyisSi ganvixilavT pirdapir demokratiul sistemas, aseve imas, Tu
ramdenad warmatebulad gardaqmnis igi sazogadoebis wevrTa preferenciebs
koleqtiur qmedebad. amis Semdeg gavaanalizebT im sirTuleebs, romlebic maSin
warmoiqmneba, rodesac gadawyvetilebas ara Tavad individi, aramed mis mier
arCeuli warmomadgeneli iRebs.

pirdapiri demokratia

demokratiul

sazogadoebaSi

saxelmwifo

danaxarjebis

Sesaxeb

gadawyvetilebis misaRebad kenWisyris sxvadasxva procedura gamoiyeneba. qvemoT

zogierTi maTganis analizs ixilavT.

konsensusi

me-4

Tavidan

gaixseneT,

Tu

rogor

arTulebs

fri-raideris

problema

situacias _ adamianebi egoistebi arian, sazogadoebrivi saqoneli resursebiT

saTanadod

ar

uzrunvelyofis

aris

uzrunvelyofili.

SemTxvevaSi

TiToeuli

arada,
individis

misi

efeqtiani

materialuri

odenobis

mdgomareoba

gaumjobesdeboda. es niSnavs, rom Tu kenWisyra im sakiTxze Catardeba, unda

iwarmoebodes Tu ara saqoneli efeqtiani odenobiT, cxadia, konsensusi iqneba
miRweuli (sanam dafinansebisaTvis aucilebeli jerovani sagadasaxado sistema
iarsebebs). konsensusis misaRwevi procedura lindalma XX saukunis adreul
wlebSi Seqmna [1919-1985].

168

lindalis

proceduris

gasaanalizeblad

gaixseneT,

rom

arsebobs

ori

individi _ adami da eva da erTi saqoneli feierverkis SuSxuna (r). adams

uTxres, rom misi wili SuSxunaze gaweul danaxarjSi iqneba 30%. Tu SuSxunis
sabazro fasi aris Pr, maSin adamis danaxarji SuSxunaze iqneba 0,30 X Pr.
mocemuli

fasis,

safuZvelze

adams

sxva

saqonlis

SuSxunas

fasis,

adamis

gansazRvruli

gemovnebisa

odenobis

da

Semosavlis

moxmarebis

survili

gauCndeba. ufro zogadad rom avxsnaT, CavTvaloT, rom SA SuSxunaze gaweuli

danaxarjidan adamis wilia. SA-s nebismieri konkretuli odenobis SemTxvevaSi
adami SuSxunas garkveul odenobas moiTxovs. raki misi gadasaxadis wili
izrdeba, xolo SuSxuna Zvirdeba, adami SuSxunas mcire odenobas moisurvebs.
6.1 grafikze horizontalur RerZze SuSxunas odenoba izomeba. adamis
gadasaxadis wili O wertilidan vertikaluri manZiliT gamoiTvleba. DrA mrudi
uCvenebs, Tu rogor mcirdeba adamis mier moTxovnil SuSxunaTa odenoba misi
gadasaxadis wilis zrdasTan erTad.
analogiurad, evas wili SuSxunaze gaweul danaxarjSi SE-iT aRvniSnoT
(gansazRvrebis Tanaxmad, SA + SE = 1). rodesac SE maRla midis, evas mier
moTxovnil SuSxunaTa odenoba mcirdeba. 6.1 grafikze evas gadasaxadis wili
Cvens mier O wertilidan qvemoT, vertikaluri RerZis mixedviT Camosvlis
paralelurad izrdeba
monakveTia

(amdenad,

OO

manZili

1-is

tolia).

evas

moTxovnis

DrE . misi kuTxe zeviTaa mimarTuli, radgan am mimarTulebiT

moZraoba vertikaluri RerZis mixedviT evasTvis dabal fass qmnis.

lindalis modelisaTvis damaxasiaTebel gadasaxadis wilsa da moTxovnis
Cveulebrivi

Teoriis

sabazro

gansxvavebac.

nacvlad

imisa,

arsebobdes,

TiToeuli

personalizebuli

fasia,

fasebs

rom

yoveli

maTganisaTvis
romelic

Soris

msgavsebac

individisaTvis

sazogadoebrivi

misi

gadasaxadis

SeiniSneba
Tanabari

saqonlis
wilzea

da
fasi

erTeulze

damokidebuli.

aRniSnuli wili lindalis fasis saxeliTaa cnobili.

6.1 grafiki

169

wonasworoba

Sedgeba

fasebisagan,

romelTac

TiToeuli

individi

sazogadoebrivi saqonlis Tanabari odenobis SemTxvevaSi `airCevs~. 6.1 grafikze

adamis wonasworobis gadasaxadis wili aris OS*, xolo evasi _ OS*. lindalis
amgvari fasebis SemTxvevaSi orive mxare Tanaxmaa, rom mowodebuli iqnes r*
odenobis SuSxuna.

konsensusis Sesrulebis xarisxi

lindalis

modeli

gadasaxadis

SeTanxmebul

wilsa

da

miwodebuli

sazogadoebrivi saqonlis odenobas gviCvenebs. ismeba mniSvnelovani SekiTxva:

rogor mivaRwioT wonasworobas? warmoidgineT, rom auqcioneri gadasaxadis
wilis Tavdapirvel odenobas acxadebs. Sesabamisi moTxovnis safuZvelze adami
da eva

SuSxunaTa sasurvel odenobas `airCeven~. Tu konsensusi miRweuli ar

iqneba, auqcioneri gadasaxadis wilis gansxvavebul ganakveTs

gamoacxadebs.

procesi gagrZeldeba manam, sanam adami da eva SuSxunaTa odenobis Sesaxeb

konsensuss ar miaRweven (r* 6.1 grafikze).
odenoba

ganisazRvreba

sabazro

amis Semdeg sazogadoebrivi saqonlis

procesis

analogiurad.

bazris

Sedegis

170

msgavsad,

SesaZloa

arsebobdes

imis

argumenti,

rom

ganawileba

pareto-

efeqtiania1.
lindalis proceduras, rogorc sazogadoebrivi saqonlis uzrunvelyofis
praqtikul meTods, ori ZiriTadi problema axasiaTebs. pirveli: aRniSnuli
meTodisaTvis amomrCevlis gulwrfelobaa aucilebeli. Tu adami xvdeba, ra
maqsimaluri odenobis Tanxas gadaixdis eva SuSxunaSi, igi Seecdeba, namdvilad
gadaaxdevinos

mas es Tanxa. evasac igive

azri amoZravebs. adamma da evam

SeiZleba lindalis strategiuli qmedebis ganxorcielebis gamo wonasworobas

ver miaRwion.
meore: ormxrivad misaRebi gadasaxadis wilis Zieba SesaZloa did dros
moiTxovdes. am magaliTSi mxolod ori mxarea. TiToeuli individis Tanxmobis
mopoveba gadawyvetilebaTa miRebis astronomiul danaxarjTanaa dakavSirebuli.
marTlac,

miuxedavad

imisa,

rom

konsensusi

imis

garantiaa,

rom

aravin

`daiCagreba~, zogjer mis gamo gadawyvetileba saerTod ar miiReba. magaliTad,

vaWrobis msoflio organizacia*, romelic 144 qveyanas Soris koordinirebuli
vaWrobisaTvis wesebs adgens,

konsensusis

safuZvelze

muSaobs.

mis

Sesaxeb

masalis momzadebisas erT-erTi Jurnalisti ambobda, rom yvelaze didi Soki

swored maSin iqneba, rodesac `isini odesme rameze SeTanxmdebian~ (Kahn, 2001, gv.
A3).

cxrili 6.1. amomrCevlis preferenciebi, romlebic wonasworobas qmnis

amomrCeveli
arCevani

kosmo

elaini

jorji

pirveli

meore

mesame

davuSvaT, rom: Pr = 1. evas SemTxvevaSi S Pr = MRS ra

E

S Pr = MRS
A

Eve
ra

. amdenad, MRS

Eve
ra

aris MRTra . anu MRS ra + MRS ra

aucilebeli pirobaa.
*
World Trade Organization WTO.
Eve

+ MRS

Adam

Adam
ra

Eve

, xolo adamis SemTxvevaSi

= S Pr + S Pr = Pr ( S E + S A ) = Pr magram Pr
R

= MRTra , rac 4.2 gantolebaSi pareto-efeqtianobis

171

xmaTa ubralo umravlesobiT kenWisyris wesi

vinaidan konsensusis miRweva sakmaod rTulia, sasurveli iqneba kenWisyris

(arCevnebis) iseTi sistemis daweseba, romelic erTsulovnebas ar moiTxovs.
xmaTa ubralo umravlesobiT kenWisyis wesis gziT ki, amomrCevelTa naxevars
plus

erTi

amomrCeveli

raime

alternativas

unda

eTanxmebodes,

raTa

es

ukanaskneli damtkicebul iqnes.

miuxedavad
iqneboda,

imisa,

misTvis

rom

kenWisyris

yuradRebiT

meqanizmi

gadagvexeda.

sakmaod

cnobilia,

warmovidginoT

kargi

sazogadoeba,

romelic sami amomrCevlisagan Sedgeba: kosmo, elaini da jorji, romelTac

unda airCion saraketo warmoebis sami donidan erT-erTi. A done yvelaze
dabalia, B saSualo, xolo C _ yvelaze maRali. amomrCevelTa preferenciebi
6.1 cxrilSia mocemuli. TiToeuli sveti uCevenebs, Tu rogor anawilebs yoveli
amomrCeveli arCevans. ase, magaliTad, elaini upiratesobas C dones aniWebs,
magram B-sa da A-s Soris arCevanis gakeTebisas upiratesobas B-s mianiWebs.

davuSvaT, kenWisyra A da B doneebs Soris arCevanis gasakeTeblad Catarda.

kosmo mxars uWers A-s, xolo elaini da jorji B-s. amdenad, B ori xmiT
erTis winaaRmdeg gaimarjvebs. is igebs nebismier arCevnebSi da xmaTa ubralo
umravlesobiT kenWisyris wesis Sedegad arCeuli variantia. yuradReba miaqcieT,
rom B-s arCeva xmaTa Tanmimdevrobisagan damoukideblad xdeba.
aseTi wesiT miRebul gadawyvetilebas arcTu ise xSirad mkafio Sedegamde
mivyavarT. gaaanalizeT preferenciebi 6.2 grafikze. kvlav warmoidgineT wyvili
arCevnebis seria, romlebic tardeba upiratesi donis dasadgenad. A da B
doneebs Soris arCevanis SemTxvevaSi ori xmiT erTis winaaRmdeg B gaimarjvebs.
sabolood, A da C doneebs Soris arCevanis SemTxvevaSi gaimarjvebs C. Sedegi
sakmaod winaaRmdegobrivia. pirveli arCevnebi cxadyofda, rom B-sTan SedarebiT
A-s eniWeba upiratesoba; meore kenWisyra gviCvenebda, rom C-sTan SedarebiT
upiratesoba B-s eniWeba. logikurad, A-s C-sTan SedarebiT upiratesoba unda
miniWeboda. Tumca mesame kenWisyraSi sruliad sapirispiro Sedegi miviReT.
miuxedavad

imisa,

rom

TiToeuli

amomrCevlis

preferencia

stabiluria,

sazogadoebis preferenciebi sakmaod cvalebadi aRmoCnda. aRniSnuli movlena

kenWisyris paradoqsis saxeliTaa cnobili.

172

cxrili 6.2. amomrCevelTa preferenciebi, romelTac

ciklur moqmedebamde mivyavarT

amomrCeveli
arCevani

kosmo

elaini

jorji

pirveli

meore

mesame

ufro metic, 6.2 cxrilSi miTiTebuli preferenciebis mixedviT, saboloo

Sedegi

xmaTa

Tanmimdevrobaze

mniSvnelovnadaa

damokidebuli.

Tu

pirveli

kenWisyra A-sa da B-s Soris Catarda da gamarjvebuli A daupirispirda C-s,

maSin C saboloo arCevania. meore mxriv, Tu pirveli arCevani B C-s winaaRmdegaa
da gamarjvebuli B upirispirdeba A-s, maSin arCevani aris A. am viTarebaSi xmaTa
Tanmimdevrobis

kontrolis

SesaZlebloba

Zalian

mniSvnelovania.

Tanmimdevrobis manipulacia aris xmaTa Tanmimdevrobis organizebis procesi,

romlis mizani saukeTeso Sedegis miRwevaa.
kenWisyrasTan dakavSirebuli problema aseTia: wyvili kenWisyra SesaZloa
ise warimarTos, rom gadawyvetileba arc iyos miRebuli. A-sa da B-s Soris
kenWisyris Semdeg imarjvebs A. Tu C upirispirdeba A-s, maSin C imarjvebs.
Semdeg Tu B daupirispirdeba C-s, gaimarjvebs B. procesi SeiZleba usasrulod
gagrZeldes. am movlenas cikluri moqmedeba ewodeba. cikluri moqmedebis kargi
istoriuli magaliTi
romelic

aSS-is

SeerTebuli Statebis

senatorebis

pirdapir

konstituciis

arCevnebs

me-17

Sesworebaa,

uzrunvelyofs.

aRniSnuli

cvlilebis miReba `saparlamento manevrebis wyalobiT 10 wliT dagvianda, rac

kenWisyris

cikluri

qmedebebiT

iyo

gamowveuli.

arCevani

(senatorebis daniSvna saxelmwifo sakanonmdeblo organos mier)

status-kvosa
da cvlilebis

or variants Soris unda gakeTebuliyo~ (Blare and Pollak, 1983, gv. 88).
cxadia, xmaTa ubralo umravlesobiT kenWisyram amgvari problemebi ar
unda warmoSvas. yvelafris Semdeg 6.1 grafikze miTiTebulma kenWisyram sakmaod
mSvidobianad

Caiara.

ratom

arsebobs

gansxvaveba?

saqme

exeba

raketebis

173

Sesyidvis

individualuri preferenciebis

struqturas. kvlav gavixsenoT 6.2

cxrilSi monawile pirebi: imdenad, ramdenadac kosmo A-s B-sTan SedarebiT, B-s
ki C-sTan SedarebiT aniWebs upiratesobas, es niSnavs, rom A kosmosaTvis ufro
met sargebels uzrunvelyofs, vidre B, xolo B _ ufro mets, vidre C. 6.2
cxrilSi mocemuli informacia kosmos am damokidebulebas aRwers. elainisa da
jorjis informacia imave mizans emsaxureba.
Cven individis preferenciis maqsimalur wertils ganvsazRvravT, rogorc
wertils, romelic yvela sxva mezobel wertilze maRla mdebareobs2. individis
preferenciebi erTi maqsimaluri wertiliT xasiaTdeba, Tu misi sargebeli
maqsimaluri

wertilidan

yvela

sxva

mimarTulebiT

moZraobis

Sedegad

ganuxrelad mcirdeba. individis preferenciebi ori maqsimaluri wertiliT

xasiaTdeba, Tu saukeTeso mdgomareobidan yvela sxva mimarTulebiT moZraobis
Sedegad sargebeli jer iklebs da Semdeg isev imatebs. amdenad, kosmos erTi
maqsimaluri wertili aqvs A, jorjsac erTi maqsimaluri wertili _ B,
elains ki _ ori maqsimaluri wertili, erTi A, xolo meore C. aRmoCnda, rom
elainis preferenciebi kenWisyris paradoqsis erTaderTi mizezia. Tu elainsac
nebismieri erTi maqsimaluri wertili eqneboda, maSin xmaTa umravlesobiT
kenWisyra adekvatur arCevans gamokveTda. 6.1 cxrilSi kenWisyris paradoqsi
swored

amitom

wertiliT

ar

yofila.

xasiaTdeboda.

preferenciebi

erTi

iq

ufro

maqsimaluri

TiToeuli

amomrCeveli

zogadad,

Tu

wertiliT

xasiaTdeba,

erTi

maqsimaluri

TiToeuli

amomrCevlis

maSin

kenWisyris

paradoqsi ar gvaqvs.
mravali

maqsimaluri

umravlesobiT
vicodeT,

Tu

kenWisyris
ramdenad

wertilis
Sedegs

mqone

amaxinjebs.

mniSvnelovania

preferenciebi
amis

isini

xmaTa

miuxedavad,

praqtikuli

ubralo

aucilebelia
TvalsazrisiT.

ganvixiloT kvlav 6.2 cxrilSi elainis magaliTi (ori maqsimaluri wertilis

mqone preferencia). misi arCevani raketaze ara saSualo, aramed minimaluri an
maqsimaluri danaxarjia. aseTi preferenciebi namdvilad ar aris iracionaluri,
magram mainc gansakuTrebuli specifikiT xasiaTdeba. iqneb elaini marTlac
fiqrobs,

rom

raketebis

saSualo

odenoba

realurad

mcire

dacvas

uzrunvelyofs (an saerTod ver uzrunvelyofs); amdenad, Tu danaxarji ar aris

maRali, maSin saSualo danaxarjis gawevas azri ara aqvs.

am analizSi sargeblis absoluturi odenoba, romelic TiToeul alternativasTanaa

asocirebuli, Sesabamisi ar aris. vertikaluri manZili SeiZleba Seicvalos, magram
ucvleli rCeba maqsimaluri wertilis mdebareoba da, amdenad, kenWisyris Sedegic.

174

davuSvaT,

rom

raketis

nacvlad

amomrCevlebi

sazogadoebriv

parkze

gaweul danaxarjs uyrian kenWs. sazogadoebrivi parki aris saqoneli, romelsac

Semcvleli moeZebneba. davuSvaT, rom sazogadoebriv parkze dabali an saSualo
danaxarjis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi amomrCeveli jeri qalaqgareT arsebul kerZo
klubSi midis, magram maRali danaxarjis SemTxvevaSi igi sazogadoebriv parks
gamoiyenebs.

jeris

sagadasaxado

tvirTi

parkze

gaweuli

danaxarjis

paralelurad izrdeba, amitom is saSualo parkTan SedarebiT upiratesobas

patara parks aniWebs. jeri verc erTi variantis Sedegad ver sargeblobs. amitom
igi upiratesobas mianiWebs parks, romelic mis gadasaxads yvelaze msubuq
tvirTad daawveba. am dros jeris yvelaze didi preferencia SesaZloa didi
danaxarjis mqone sazogadoebrivi parki iyos (es nawilobriv damokidebulia
asocirebul sagadasaxado tvirTis moculobaze, qalaqgareT arsebuli kerZo
klubis wevrobis gadasaxadTan SedarebiT). mokled, jeri saSualo parkTan
SedarebiT SesaZloa upiratesobas rogorc patara, ise did sazogadoebriv
parks aniWebdes. amrigad, rodesac sazogadoebrivi saqonlis piradi moxmarebis
saqonliT Senacvlebis saSualeba arsebobs, mravali maqsimaluri wertilis
mqone

preferencia

advilad

warmoiqmneba

(6.2

grafikze

elainis

SemTxvevis

msgavsad).

cxrili 6.3.

mxareTa danaxarjebis upiratesi done

amomrCeveli

danaxarji

donaldi

deizi

100

hiu

150

devi

160

lui

700

ufro metic, rodesac sakiTxis klasifikacia erTi ganzomilebis mixedviT

SeuZlebelia, mravali maqsimaluri wertilis mqone preferenciebi mniSvnelovan
rols

asrulebs. davuSvaT,

gamoiyenebs

Tavisufal

sazogadoeba cdilobs gadawyvitos,

Senobas:

A arCevani

ginekologiuri

Tu rogor

klinikaa,

srulwlovanTa wignebis maRazia, xolo C _ jaris dakompleqtebis samsaxuri.

saraketo warmoebis

sxvadasxva doneebisagan gansxvavebiT,

aq alternativebi

175

raodenobrivi maxasiaTeblebiT ar Semoifargleba. amdenad, mravali maqsimaluri

wertilis mqone preferenciebi advilad warmoiqmneba.

saSualo amomrCevlis Teoria

davubrundeT martiv magaliTs, romlis alternativebi saqonlis odenobis

mixedviT

gansxvavdeboda.

individi

swored

am

niSan-Tvisebis

saqonlis

TiToeuli

alternativis

safuZvelze

klasifikacias

axdens

(magaliTad,

gadawyvetilebis miReba imis Sesaxeb, Tu ra odenobis sazogadoebrivi saqoneli

unda SeiZino). saSualo amomrCeveli aris amomrCeveli, romlis preferenciebi
yvela amomrCevlis preferenciaTa nakrebis centrSi mdebareobs; amomrCevelTa
naxevars

saSualo

amomrCevelze meti

surs, meore naxevars

ki

naklebi.

saSualo amomrCevlis Teoria amtkicebs, rom sanam preferenciebi mxolod erTi

maqsimaluri wertiliT xasiaTdeba, xmaTa ubralo umravlesobiT kenWisyris
Sedegi

yovelTvis

wyvili

odenobis

saSualo

amomrCevlis

SemTxvevaSi

arCevans

SesaZloa

or

daemTxveva

saSualo

(amomrCevelTa

amomrCevels

Soris

Tanabari xmebi arsebobdes, rac SemTxveviTobis principis gamoyenebiT unda

gadawydes).
Teoriis

demonstrirebis

mizniT

CavTvaloT,

rom

arsebobs

xuTi

amomrCeveli: donaldi, deizi, hiu, deivi da lui. isini cdiloben gadawyviton,

ra masStabis wveuleba gamarTon; maTi preferenciebi mxolod erTi maqsimaluri
wertiliT

xasiaTdeba.

preferenciis
xasiaTdeba,

dones.
amitom

preferenciis

6.3

grafiki

preferenciebi
rac

ufro

gviCvenebs

mxolod

axlosaa

maqsimalur wertilTan,

miT

erTi

TiToeuli

amomrCevlis

maqsimaluri

danaxarjis

done

wertiliT
amomrCevlis

ufro did upiratesobas

aniWebs

amomrCeveli aseT dones. nulidan 5 dolaramde xarjs arc erTi amomrCeveli ar

eTanxmeba. 5 dolaridan 100 dolaramde xarjs eTanxmebian: deizi, hiu, deivi da
lui, xolo 100-dan 150 dolaramde xarjs _ hiu, deivi da lui. 150 dolarze meti
danaxarji blokirebulia sul mcire sami amomrCevlis: donaldis, deizisa da
hius mier. amdenad, umetesoba 150 dolars irCevs. es ki swored is Tanxaa,
romelsac

hiu,

saSualo

amomrCeveli,

airCevs.

kenWisyris

Sedegi

saSualo

amomrCevlis preferenciebs emTxveva.

vaskvniT, rom Tu preferenciebi erTi maqsimaluri wertiliT xasiaTdeba,
maSin xmaTa ubralo umravlesobiT kenWisyras stabilur Sedegamde mivyavarT da

176

arCevanic

saSualo

amomrCevlis

arCevans

emTxveva.

Tumca

maSin,

rodesac

preferenciebi mravali maqsimaluri wertiliT xasiaTdeba, SesaZloa kenWisyris

paradoqsi warmoiSvas4.

realurad, xSirad iseTi preferenciebi fiqsirdeba,

romelTaTvisac mravali maqsimaluri wertilia damaxasiaTebeli. amitom xmaTa

ubralo umravlesobiT kenWisyra SeiZleba stabiluri sazogadoebrivi arCevanis
gansazRvris TvalsazrisiT arcTu ise saimedo iyos. ufro metic, rogorc amas
male gavaanalizebT, am wesiT kenWisyriT SeiZleba miRebuli iqnes sakmaod
stabiluri,

magram,

samwuxarod,

araefeqtiani

gadawyvetileba

miRebuli

sargebeli gaweul danaxarjze mcire iqneba.

logrolingi*

xmaTa ubralo umravlesobiT kenWisyris wesTan dakavSirebuli problema

swored

isaa,

rom

individis

mier

upiratesobis

xarisxis

dafiqsirebis

saSualebas ar iZleva. amomrCeveli A-s B-sTan SedarebiT ubralo upiratesobas

aniWebs Tu udides upiratesobas, Sedegze ar moqmedebs. logrolingi individebs
aZlevs

xmebiT

vaWrobisa

da

emociis

dafiqsirebis

saSualebas.

davuSvaT,

amomrCevlebs smiTsa da jouns _ urCevniaT, gansazRvrul odenobaze meti

raketa ar hqondeT, Tumca maTTvis aRniSnuli sakiTxi aqtualuri ar aris.
brauns ki aSkarad meti raketa urCevnia. logrolingis saSualebiT brauns
SeeZleba, daarwmunos jounsi, met raketas misces xma, Tu brauni jounss
daeTanxmdeba, xma axali gzis mSeneblobas misces, romelic jounsis qarxanasTan
midis.
xmebiT vaWroba sakmaod winaaRmdegobrivia. misi momxreebi Tvlian, rom
xmebiT vaWrobas Sedegad sazogadoebrivi saqonlis efeqtiani mowodeba mohyveba,
iseve,

rogorc

piradi

moxmarebis

saqonlis

efeqtian

miwodebas

vaWroba

uzrunvelyofs. momxreebi xazs usvamen mis potencialsac, romlis saSualebiTac

preferenciaTa intensiurobis gamovlena da stabiluri wonasworobis miRweva
xdeba.

ufro

demokratiis

metic,

xmebiT

Seuferxebeli

vaWrobisaTvis

damaxasiaTebeli

funqcionirebisaTvis

aucilebelia.

kompromisi
rogorc

sociologi jeimz uilsoni [2000] aRniSnavda, `xmebiT vaWrobas `privilegiebis

mravali maqsimaluri wertilis mqone preferenciaTa arseboba kenWisyris paradoqss

yovelTvis ar warmoSobs. aRniSnuli damokidebulia amomrCevelTa odenobasa da maTi
preferenciis struqturaze. ixileT 1-li SekiTxva am Tavis bolos.
*
,,logrolingi" sakanonmdeblo organoSi xmebiT vaWrobas niSnavs (red.).

177

barels~

an

logrolings

konkurirebadi

uwodeben.

interesebis

aseTi

vaWroba

dasabalanseblad,

aucilebelia

romelTagan

im

TiToeuli

kanonmdeblis mieraa daculi. aRniSnul kanonmdebels ki sxva kanonmdeblis

winaSe valdebulebebi ar akisria. xmebiT vaWrobisa da `privilegiebis barelis~
proeqti iseTi miznis misaRwevad, romelic mxolod Zalisa da enis gamoyenebiT
SeuZlebelia, aucilebeli meTodia.
cifrobrivi
dagvexmareba.

magaliTi

davuSvaT,

biblioTekasa

da

aRniSnuli

upiratesobis

sazogadoeba sam proeqts

sacurao

auzs.

es

ilustrirebaSi

ganixilavs: saavadmyofos,

sazogadoeba

sami

amomrCevliTaa

warmodgenili: melani, reti da skarleti. 6.4 cxrili TiToeuli proeqtis

ganxorcielebis SemTxvevaSi maT sargebels gviCvenebs (niSani `minusi~ wminda
zaralze miuTiTebs, rac imas gulisxmobs, rom danaxarji aRemateba sargebels).

cxrili 6.4. logrolings

keTildReobis amaRleba SeuZlia

amomrCeveli
mTliani wminda

proeqti

melani

reti

skarleti

saavadmyofo

200

- 50

- 55

95

biblioTeka

- 40

150

- 30

80

sacurao auzi

- 120

- 60

400

220

sargebeli

pirveli, rasac cxrilSi SevniSnavT, aris is, rom TiToeuli proeqtisaTvis

mTliani

wminda

sargebeli

sazogadoeba,

rogorc

isargeblebs5.

magram ra

monakveTSi

eyreba?

erTi

dadebiTia.

amdenad,

mTlianoba,

TiToeuli

moxdeba,

melani

mxars

gansazRvrebis
proeqtis

Tu calkeul proeqts
saavadmyofos

uWers,

kenWi

radgan

Tanaxmad,

damtkicebiT
drois erT
misi

wminda

sargebeli dadebiTia, magram reti da skarleti mis winaaRmdeg gamodian, radgan

maTi

sargebeli negatiuria.

amdenad,

idea saavadmyofos

Sesaxeb marcxdeba.

analogiurad, marcxdeba idea biblioTekisa da sacurao auzis Taobaze.

vuSvebT, rom ar arsebobs arc garegani efeqti da arc raime faqtori, romelTa gamo
kerZo danaxarji da sargebeli socialuri analogisagan gansxvavebuli iqneba.

178

xmebiT

vaWrobam

daTanxmdeba,

xma

SesaZloa

misces

situacia

biblioTekis

gamoasworos.

ideas,

Tu

davuSvaT,

reti

melani

daTanxmdeba,

xma

saavadmyofos ideas misces. melani vaWrobaSi gamodis 160 (=200 40), xolo reti
_

100

(=150

50).

amdenad,

isini

garigebas

aRweven

da

saavadmyofosa da

biblioTekis ideebi imarjvebs. analogiurad, melanim da skarletma SesaZloa

dadon garigeba, romlis mixedviTac melani xmas miscems sacurao auzs im
pirobiT, rom skarleti mxars dauWers saavadmyofos. amdenad, logrolingiT
SesaZlebeli iqneba samive proeqtis ganxorcieleba, rac sasurveli Sedegia.
meore

mxriv,

logrolingis

oponentebi

Tvlian,

rom

mas

sargebeli

gansakuTrebuli interesisaTvis moaqvs, rac ar aris sakmarisi imisTvis, rom

ZiriTadi danaxarji gadawonos. SesaZloa, narCenTa didi odenoba warmoiSvas.
magaliTad, terorizmis winaaRmdeg sabrZolvelad transportis usafrTxoebis
administracias daevala `aTasobiT milioni dolaris daxarjva aeroportis
bombis deteqtori mowyobilobiT aRWurvisaTvis, romelic adre gafuWebuli iyo
da remonti Zviri dajda~ (Power, 2003, gv. A9) ratom? amis ZiriTadi mizezi isaa,
rom mowyobilobis mwarmoebeli firma asignebis palatis Tavmjdomaris raionSi
mdebareobda;

misi

xma

kongresis

sxva

wevrTa

`sayvareli~

proeqtebis

dasamtkiceblad mniSvnelovani iyo.

6.4 cxrili uCvenebs situacias, sadac logrolings aseTi arasasurveli
Sedegebisaken mivyavarT. Cven kvlav sam amomrCevelsa da sam proeqts vxedavT,
rogorc es 6.4 cxrilSi iyo, romlebic wminda sargeblis sxva parametrebiT
xasiaTdeba. TiToeul proeqts uaryofiTi wminda sargebeli aqvs. amdenad, yvela
uaryofili unda iqnes. asec moxdeboda, yovel maTganze rom calke kenWisyra
gamocxadebuliyo.
logrolingiT

SesaZloa

araefeqtiani

proeqtis

garkveuli

nawili

an

mTlianad proeqti damtkicdes. davuSvaT, melani biblioTekis ideas im pirobiT

uWers mxars, Tu reti saavadmyofos ideas dauWers mxars. garigeba miRweulia,
radgan orive maTgani iRebs sargebels: melani 160-iT [160 (= 200 - 40)], xolo
reti 40-iT [40 (= 150 - 110)]. melanisa da retis erToblivi mxardaWeris Sedegad
orive proeqtma gaimarjva. analogiurad SeuZliaT retsa da skarlets xmebiT
vaWroba auzisa da biblioTekisaTvis ise, rom orive proeqti damtkicdes.
aRniSnul
ifiqreT.

SedegSi

yuradReba

gasarkvevad

miaqcieT,

rogor

melanisa

da

`iCagreba~

retis

xmebiT

skarleti

orive

vaWrobaze
proeqtis

damtkicebis SemTxvevaSi. swored ase qmnis koalicias amomrCevelTa umravlesoba

da mxars im proeqts uWers, romelic maT interess emsaxureba. aseTi arCevnebis

179

mTeli `simware~

ki

umciresobaze

gadadis.

amdenad,

miuxedavad

imisa,

rom

umravlesobis proeqtis sargebeli danaxarjs aWarbebs, amas sazogadoebisaTvis,

rogorc erTi mTlianobisaTvis, sargebeli ar moaqvs. vaskvniT, rom zogierT
SemTxvevaSi

logrolingi

xmaTa

ubralo

umravlesobiT

kenWisyris

Sedegs

asworebs, Tumca igi yovelTvis ar aris panacea.

erous Seusrulebadobis Teoria

ukve vaCveneT, rom srulyofili da sasurveli Sedegis motana arc xmaTa

ubralo umravlesobis principiT kenWisyras da arc logrolings ar SeuZlia.
bevri sxva kenWisyris sistemac iyo ganxiluli, romlebic aseve arakoreqtuli
aRmoCnda6. ismeba metad mniSvnelovani SekiTxva: arsebobs ki raime eTikurad
misaRebi

meTodi,

individualuri

romlis

saSualebiTac

preferenciis

koleqtiur

garTulebis
preferenciad

gareSe

moxdeba

gardaqmna?

pasuxi

damokidebulia imaze, Tu ras gulisxmobT `eTikurad misaRebi meTodis~ cnebaSi.

nobelis

premiis

laureati,

keneT

erou

[1951]

Tvlida,

rom

demokratiul

saxelmwifoSi koleqtiur gadawyvetilebaTa miRebis wesi Semdeg kriteriums

unda akmayofilebdes7:
1.

man

miuxedavad
warumatebeli

gadawyvetileba
unda
im

miiRos.

amomrCevelTa
magaliTad,

SemTxvevaSic

ki,

Tu

preferenciebis

procedura
zogierTi

ar

konfiguraciis
unda

amomrCevlis

aRmoCndes
preferencia

mravali maqsimaluri wertiliT xasiaTdeba.

2. mas yvela Sedegis klasifikacia unda SeeZlos.
3. igi individebis preferenciebs unda upasuxebdes. kerZod, Tu TiToeuli
individi A-s B-sTan SedarebiT upiratesobas aniWebs, maSin sazogadoebac B-sTan
SedarebiT A-s unda aniWebdes upiratesobas.

esenia: qulebis mixedviT kenWisyra (TiToeul adamians eZleva qulaTa fiqsirebuli

raodenoba, romlebic gansxvavebul alternativebze unda ganawildes), xmaTa ubralo
umravlesobis principiT kenWisyra (imarjvebs alternativa, romelic yvelaze met xmas
daagrovebs), bordas angariSi (TiToeuli alternativa klasificirebulia xarisxebis
mixedviT TiToeuli amomrCevlis mier; arCevanis gasakeTeblad xarisxebi Sekrebilia),
arCevnebi "Condorset" principis mixedviT (imarjvebs alternativa, romelic wyvil
arCevnebSi danarCens amarcxebs), arCevnebi gamoricxvis principiT (is proeqti, romelic
yvelaze naklebadaa Sefasebuli amomrCevelTa umetesobis mier, Cavardeba; aRniSnuli
procedura meordeba, sanam erTi proeqti ar darCeba). ix. Levin and Nalebuff [1995].
7 erous moTxovnebi sxvadasxvanairad iqna Camoyalibebuli. Cven blerisa da polakis
formulirebas mivyvebiT.

180

4. igi mdgradi unda iyos im TvalsazrisiT, rom Tu A B-sTan SedarebiT,

xolo B G-sTan SedarebiT upiratesia, maSin A upiratesia G-sTan SedarebiT8.
5. A da B proeqtebis klasifikacia sazogadoebis mier aRniSnul proeqtTa
individualur

klasifikaciazea

damokidebuli.

ekipaJTan

erTad

kosmosuri

frena da ucxouri daxmarebis klasifikacia damokidebuli ar aris imaze, Tu ra

upiratesobas

mianiWeben

maT

individebi,

iseve,

rogorc

maTi

azri

Sidsis

samkurnalo preparatis kvlevis dros umniSvneloa. aRniSnuli daSveba zogjer

daukavSirebeli alternativebis damoukideblobis saxeliTaa cnobili.
6. gamoricxulia diqtatoruli reJimi. socialuri upiratesoba mxolod
erTi adamianis preferencias ar unda asaxavdes.
erTad aRebuli es kriteriumebi sakmaod racionaluria. ZiriTadad, amboben,
rom sazogadoebis arCevanis meqanizmi logikuri unda iyos da individebis
preferenciebs pativs unda scemdes. samwuxarod, erous analizis gasaocari
daskvna

isaa,

kriteriums

rom

im

wesis

akmayofilebs,

aRmoCena,

romelic

yvela

SeuZlebelia9.

zogadad

zemoT

mkafio

miTiTebul

gadawyvetilebas

demokratiuli sazogadoeba ver miiRebs.

Sedegs ki erous Seusrulebadobis Teoria ewodeba, romelic demoratiis
sicocxlisunarianobas

saeWvod

xdis.

bunebrivia,

rom

Teoriis

Sesaxeb

mimdinareobs debatebi, romelTa umetesoba imazea fokusirebuli, SeuZlia Tu

ara sxva saxis kriteriumTa nakrebs, socialuri gadawyvetilebis miRebis wesis
formirebis SesaZlebloba Seqmnas. aRmoCnda, rom Tu ignorirebuli iqneba erTerTi am

eqvsi kriteriumidan, SesaZloa

Camoyalibdes,

romelic

danarCen

xuT

gadawyvetilebaTa
kriteriums

miRebis

is

daakmayofilebs.

wesi
Tumca

romelime kriteriumis ignorireba SeiZleba Tu ara, maTi eTikuri qmediTobis

Sesaxeb adamianis mosazrebazea damokidebuli.
erous Teoria ar amtkicebs imas, rom gadawyvetilebaTa miRebis stabiluri
wesis aRmoCena calsaxad SeuZlebelia. Teoria mxolod imas ambobs, rom aravin
ar

SeiZleba

individualuri
problema

ar

iyos

imis

garanti,

preferenciebis
arsebobs

rom

sazogadoeba

garkveuli

(magaliTad,

maSin,

swored

ase

moiqceva.

nawilis

SemTxvevaSi

aranairi

rodesac

sazogadoebis

wevrebs

identuri preferenciebi aqvT). zogierTi imasac amtkicebs, rom erous Teoriis

8

ufro konkretulad, am konteqstSi upiratesia raRacasTan SedarebiT gulisxmobs, rom

ukeTesi an Tanabrad kargia.
9 damtkiceba rTul maTematikur analizs moiTxovs. damtkicebis procedura imas
aCvenebs, rom Tu eqvsive piroba dakmayofildeba, maSin kenWisyris paradoqsis msgavsi
fenomeni warmoiqmneba.

181

realuri mniSvneloba isaa, rom igi gemovnebaTa virtualuri erTgvarovnebis

saWiroebas im SemTxvevaSi gviCvenebs, Tu demokratiuli sistema arsebobs da
funqcionirebs. amboben imasac, rom bevr instituts konkretuli mizani aqvs,
individis

interesi

erTgvarovnebaSi

garkveul

darwmundes.

yalibSi

amisi

moaqcios,

magaliTi

raTa

gemovnebaTa

savaldebulo

saxelmwifo

swavlebaa. dakvirveba Seesabameba britaneli saxelmwifo moRvawis, benjamin

dizraelis,
SerCebaT

sityvebs:
xolme

`rodesac

saxelmwifo

eZeben

`mSobliur

ganaTleba.

mmarTvelobas~,

aRmoCnda,

rom

xelSi

damorCilebis

uzrunvelyofis saukeTeso gza aris tirania akvanSi~. lotma [1999] ganaTlebaze

gaweuli danaxarjebis mimarTulebani qveynebis mixedviT gaaanaliza; mis mier
aRmoCenili Sedegi dizraelis mosazrebis analogiuri aRmoCnda _ sxva Tanabar
pirobebSi

yvelaze

totalitaruli

mTavroba

yvelaze

did

investicias

saxelmwifo ganaTlebaSi debs.

erous Teoriis garSemo erTi, metad gansxvavebuli mosazreba arsebobs,
romlis

mixedviTac,

erous

Teoria

demokratiuli

procesebis

sicocxlisunarianobaze bevrs arafers ambobs. nobelis premiis kidev erTi

laureati, jeimz biuqeneni [1960] irwmuneboda, rom xmaTa ubralo umravlesobis
principiT kenWisyris winaaRmdegobriv xasiaTs sasargeblo Tvisebebic aqvs:
am principiT kenWisyris wesi Tavisufal sazogadoebaSi misaRebia, radgan
igi alternativebze manevrirebis saSualebas mas Semdeg qmnis, rac aRmoCndeba,
rom

erTsulovnebis

konkurirebadi

miRweva

SeuZlebelia...

alternativebis

miReba

igi

da

uzrunvelyofs

gamocda

imas,

eqsperimentulad

rom
da

pirobiTad SesaZlebelia, aseve SeiZleba maTi Secvla axali kompromisuli

alternativiT,

romelic

mudmivad

cvalebadi

Semadgenlobis

jgufis

umravlesobis mieraa damtkicebuli. es aris demokatiuli arCevnebis procesi

(gv. 83).
erous Teoriis mier wamoWrili meore mniSvnelovani SekiTxva
keTildReobis

funqciebis

gamoyenebas

Seexeba.

me-3

Tavidan

socialuri

gaixseneT,

rom

socialuri keTildReobis funqcia aris wesi, romelic individTa sargeblis

sasurvelobis

xarisxs

afasebs.

demokratiul

sazogadoebaSi

aucilebelia,

socialuri keTildReobis funqcia koleqtiurad SeirCes. magram erous Teoriis

Tanaxmad, aseTi gadawyvetilebis miReba SeuZlebelia. amdenad, ver davuSvebT,
rom socialuri keTildReobis funqcia realurad arsebobs. magram aRniSnuli
funqcia rom ar arsebobdes, rogor SesZlebdnen ekonomistebi mis gamoyenebas
alternatiul mdgomareobaTa klasifikaciisaTvis? zogierTi ekonomisti arc
sargeblobs am funqciiT. isini amtkiceben, rom igi ubralod Rirebulebis

182

Sesaxeb

gadawyvetilebaTa

wardgenis

saSualebaa

da

ara

`sazogadoebis~

preferenciebis gacxadebisaTvis aucilebeli berketi. socialuri keTildReobis

funqcia

resursebis

swori

ganawilebis

izolirebas

ar

axdens.

Tumca

ekonomistTa did nawils swams, rom es funqcia arsebiTi berketia. igi SeiZleba
`garkveul~ pasuxs ar uzrunvelyofdes, magram alternatiuli Rirebulebis
formulirebisaTvis

gamoiyenebodes.

am

interpretaciiT,

socialuri

keTildReobis funqcia Rirebul informacias uzrunvelyofs.

warmomadgenlobiTi demokratia

sazogadoebrivi gadawyvetilebis miRebis wesis Sesaxeb diskusiam ramdenime

mniSvnelovan

SekiTxvas

mohfina

naTeli.

miuxedavad

amisa,

igi

mainc

gubernatorobis Sesaxeb ararealistur mosazrebas efuZneba. saxelmwifo erTi

didi kompiuteria, romelic cdilobs, gamoaaSkaraos moqalaqeTa preferenciebi
da

es

informacia

socialuri

saqonlis

warmoebisas

gamoiyenos.

Tavad

saxelmwifos ki interesi ar gaaCnia igi neitraluria da keTilismyofeli.

faqtobrivad
biurokratebi

da

saxelmwifos
sxvani

adamianebi

marTaven.

politikosebi,

realisturi

mosamarTleebi,

politikuri

ekonomiis

modelebma mmarTvelTa miznebi da qceva unda Seiswavlos. qvemoT ramdenime

aseTi modelis analizs ixilavT. modelebi miuTiTebs, rom mmarTvelebi, iseve,
rogorc Cveulebrivi adamianebi, sakuTari interesis maqsimizacias cdiloben.

183

arCeuli politikosebi

Cvens

mier

ganxilulma

pirdapirma

demokratiam

saSualo

amomrCevlis

Teoriamde migviyvana. Tu individualur preferenciebs erTaderTi maqsimaluri

wertili aqvs da misi wardgena SesaZlebelia erTi ganzomilebiT, maSin xmaTa
ubralo

umravlesobiT

kenWisyris

Sedegi

saSualo

amomrCevlis

arCevans

emTxveva. realurad, fiskalur sakiTxebze referendumi TiTqmis ar tardeba.

ufro xSirad moqalaqeebi irCeven warmomadgenlebs, es ukanasknelni ki arCevans
moqalaqeebis
SemTxvevaSi

saxeliT
saSualo

akeTeben.
amomrCevlis

miuxedavad
Teoria

amisa,

gvexmareba

garkveuli
avxsnaT,

Tu

daSvebis
rogor

anawileben warmomadgenlebi Tavis poziciebs.

184

6.3 grafiki

ganvixiloT
warmovidginoT,

ori
rom

kandidaturis,

amomrCevelTa

smiTisa

da

preferenciebi

jounsis,

politikuri

arCevnebi.

mosazrebebis

speqtris paralelurad erTi maqsimaluri wertiliT xasiaTdeba. amomrCeveli

arCevnebSi monawileobs, raTa maqsimalurad gazardos sakuTari sargebeli,
kandidatebs ki miRebul xmaTa odenobis maqsimizacia surT.
ra moxdeba? dounsi [1957] uCvenebs, rom am garemoebaTa farglebSi, is
politikosi,

romelsac

xmebis

maqsimizacia

surs,

saSualo

amomrCevlis

preferenciis mixedviT programas iRebs, radgan am amomrCevlis preferencia

preferenciaTa

ganawilebis

sqemis

centrSia

ganTavsebuli.

imisaTvis,

rom

gavigoT, Tu ratom xdeba ase, warmovidginoT, rom amomrCeveli yvela saxis

pozicias or _ `konservatiul~ da `liberalur~ _ jgufad yofs. 6.3 grafiki
uCvenebs amomrCevelTa mosalodnel ganawilebas imis mixedviT, Tu vin aniWebs
yvelaze met upiratesobas politikuri speqtris TiToeul aspeqts. davuSvaT,
rom

kandidati

kandidati
amomrCevlis

jounsi

smiTi

pozicias

pozicias

preferenciebi

erTi

(Sualedur

(pozicias

pozicias)

centris

maqsimaluri

ikavebs,

marjvniv).

wertiliT

xolo

TiToeuli

xasiaTdeba;

garda

amisa, TiToeuli maTgani sargeblis maqsimizaciazea orientirebuli. amitom

amomrCeveli

mxars

im

kandidaturas

dauWers,

romlis

Sexedulebebic

mis

SexedulebebTan yvelaze axlosaa. smiTi moipovebs S-is marjvniv arsebul yvela

xmas, aseve S-sa da M-s Soris zogierT xmas. vinaidan M Sualeduri wertilia,
amomrCevelTa erTi naxevari M-is marcxniv mdebareobs. jounsi miiRebs am xmebs,
agreTve zogierT xmas, romelic M-is marjvniv mdebareobs, anu garantirebulad
miiRebs xmaTa umravlesobas. erTaderTi gza imisaTvis, rom smiTi `motyuebuli~
ar darCes, aris is, rom igi Tavad unda gadaadgildes M poziciisaken. amdenad,

185

orive

kandidatisaTvis

sakmaod

mniSvnelovania,

maqsimalurad

miuaxlovdnen

saSualo amomrCevlis pozicias.

modeli ori SedegiT xasiaTdeba. pirveli: ori mxarisagan Semdgari sistema
stabilurobas inarCunebs centrTan daaxloebul pozicias ikavebs. garkveuli
masStabiT es amerikuli politikuri cxovrebis kargi aRweraa. aRmoCnda, rom
prezidentobis is kandidati, romelic centrisgan sakmaod Sors dadgeba (bari
goldvoTeri 1964 wels da jorj makgoverni 1972 wels), amomrCevelTa simpaTias
verasodes moipovebs10. 2000 wlis saprezidento arCevnebis dros Jurnalistma al
gori da jorj buSi daaxasiaTa, rogorc `ori kandidati, romelTac bevr
sakiTxSi saocrad msgavsi pozicia ukaviaT~ (Farney, 2000, gv. A1). saSualo
amomrCevlis modelis Tanaxmad, amaSi gasakviri araferia. rogorc karikaturaze
xedavT, politikosisaTvis centrisgan daSoreba sakmaod avismomaswavebelia.

karikatura: `iqneb Tqvenma udidebulesobam inebos, marTos centridan!~

meore,

pirdapiri

referendumis

warmomadgenlobiTi

Sedegze ar moqmedebs. orive ubralod saSualo

sistemiT

Secvla

amomrCevlis preferenciebs

asaxavs. amdenad, saxelmwifos danaxarji `Warbi~ ver iqneba, radgan politikuri

konkurencia

xmebis

mosapoveblad

swored

danaxarjis

im

donemde

midis,

romelic saSualo amomrCevlis survils Seesabameba.

sanam

am

optimistur

Sedegebs

gulTan

axlos

mivitandeT,

ramdenime

seriozuli sakiTxi ganvixiloT.

erT ganzomilebaSi klasificireba. Tu yvela politikuri mrwamsis erTi

speqtrze ganTavseba ver moxerxdeba, maSin saSualo amomrCevlis Teoria qmediTi
aRar iqneba, radgan saSualo amomrCevlis identuroba ganxilul sakiTxzea
damokidebuli. pozitiuri qmedebebis alternativaTa saSualo amomrCeveli da
Tavdacvis sakiTxebis alternativaTa saSualo amomrCeveli SesaZloa ar iyos
erTi

da

igive

piri.

analogiurad,

rogorc

es

pirdapiri

referendumis

SemTxvevaSi iyo, Tu preferenciebi ar xasiaTdeba erTi maqsimaluri wertiliT,

maSin SeiZleba stabiluri saarCevno wonasworoba arc arsebobdes.

10

goldvoTeris erT-erTi saarCevno lozungi iyo: `arCevani da ara eqo~. saSualo

amomrCevlis Teoria ganmartavs, Tu ratom dominirebs eqo.

186

ideologia

modeli gulisxmobs imas, rom politikosebi ubralod xmebis odenobis

maqsimizacias

cdiloben,

Tumca

maTi sazrunavi

arCevnebis

mogebis

mizanze

gacilebiT metia. ideologia mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs. yovelives Semdeg,

1850 wels henri qleim Tqva: `ara, batono Cemo, me mirCevnia viyo memarjvene,
vidre prezidenti~.

pirovneba

mosazreba,

rom

amomrCevelTa

alternativazea

damokidebuli,

mniSvnelovania.

amboben,

gadawyvetileba

ararealisturia.

ronald

reiganis

ubralod

zogjer

mTeli

asarCev

pirovneba

ufro

momxibvleloba

imasi

mdgomareobda, rom mas amerikelebi mamad aRiqvamdnen.

lideroba

am modelis Tanaxmad, amomrCevlis preferenciebze politikosebi pasiurad

reagireben. Tumca aRniSnuli preferenciebi SesaZloa Tavad politikosebis
zemoqmedebis

qveS

aRmoCndes.

es

ki

imas

gulisxmobs,

rom

politikosebi

liderebi arian. saintereso eqstremaluri magaliTi imisa, Tu rogor SeuZlia

liderobas arCevnebis Sedegi Secvalos, swored maSin warmoiSoba, rodesac
politikosis qmedebani faqtobrivad cvlis mis amomrCevelTa Semadgenlobas.
magaliTad,

meri,

romelsac

mxars

upiratesad

Raribi

mosaxleoba

uWers,

SeiZleba iseT politikas atarebdes, romelic aviwroebs am regionSi maRali

Semosavlis
identurobas.

mqone
ase

mosaxleobas,
moxda

bostonSi,

riTac
XX

cvlis
saukunis

saSualo
pirvel

amomrCevlis
naxevarSi,

da

detroitSi, imave saukunis meore naxevarSi (Glaeser and Shleifer, 2002 A).

187

gadawyvetileba arCevanis gakeTebis Sesaxeb

analizi cxadyofs, rom xmis micemis uflebis mqone pirs surs am uflebis
ganxorcieleba.

Tu

kandidatebis

poziciebi

individTa garkveul nawils SesaZloa

radikaluri
gariyulad

mosazrebebis
igrZnos.

dakavSirebuli

mqone

modeli

xarjebis

erTmaneTs

Zalian

hgavs,

maSin

arCevnebSi monawileoba `daezaros~.

individma

SeiZleba

informaciis

ignorirebas

Tavi

arCevnebisagan

da

kenWisyrasTan

mopovebasa

axdens.

srulad

informirebuli

amomrCeveli zustad gansazRvravs kandidatis platformis adekvaturobas, imis

albaTobas, Tu ramdenad SeeZleba (da eqneba survili) kandidats, danapirebi
Seasrulos, da a.S. sakmaod maRali danaxarji da imis SegrZneba, rom erTi xma
saboloo

Sedegs

amomrCeveli
problema
Tavidan

ver

arCevnebSi

warmoiqmneba
acilebis

moiqceva,

gansazRvravs,

xSirad

monawileobisagan
_

TiToeul

stimuli

demokratiis

aqvs.

aris

Tavs

individs

Tu

ikavebs.

romlis

aqac

arCevnebSi

individTa

funqcionireba

mizezi,

gamoc

fri-raideris

monawileobisTvis

mniSvnelovani

warmoudgenelia.

nawili

ase

amomrCevelTa

monawileobis dabali ganakveTis gamo xSirad Civian (magaliTad, 2000 wlis

saprezidento arCevnebi, romlebSic srulwlovani mosaxleobis mxolod 51%-ma
miiRo

monawileoba), Tumca

yvelaze didi Tavsatexi isaa,

Tu ratom aris

procentuli wili ase maRali. Tavsatexi SesaZloa nawilobriv amoixsnas, Tu

gavixsenebT, rom saswavlo sistema TiToeul

individs

imas

unergavs, rom

moqalaqis valdebuleba, miiRos monawileoba arCevnebSi, viwro pirad interesze

maRla unda idges.

sajaro moxeleebi

Semdegi jgufi, romelsac gavaanalizebT, Sedgeba sajaro moxeleebisagan,

romelTac biurokratebadac moixsenieben. maTi rolis gasagebad gaixseneT, rom
arCeuli

politikosis

mier

Seqmnili

kanonmdebloba

xSirad

bundovania.

nebismieri programis ganxorcielebis berketi ki sajaro moxeleTa xelebia.

magaliTad, sufTa haeris aqti miuTiTebs, rom mTavrobam unda Camoayalibos
standartebi,
sazogadoebrivi

`romlebic

aucilebeli

janmrTeloba

iqneba

usafrTxoebis

imisTvis,

adekvaturi

rom
zRvris

mTavrobam
mixedviT

daicvas~ (Epstein, 2001, gv. A22). rogor fasdeba janmrTelobis mdgomareoba? ra

188

mecnieruli

standarti

identificirebisTvis?

am

unda

iqnes

gamoyenebuli

`adekvaturi

zRvris~

kanoni

sicarielis

Sevsebis

SekiTxvebze

dums.

pasuxismgebloba garemosdacviT samsaxurSi momuSave biurokratebs ekisreba,

romlebic didi TavisuflebiTa da ZalauflebiT sargebloben.
biurokratebis misamarTiT mwvave kritika gaismis. maT upasuxismgeblobasa
da uzarmazari biurokratiuli meqanizmis CamoyalibebaSi adanaSauleben; garda
amisa, iTvleba, rom isini moqalaqeTa pirad cxovrebaSi uxeSad erevian. axali
mimarTulebis rok-jgufic ki SeuerTda am Setevas:
biurokratia. me vxedav, rom Sen ver xedav.
biurokratia. akeTeb SenTvis, gvikeTeb Cven.
biurokratia yvavis DC* -Si.
biurokratia gklavs Sen da mklavs me.
biurokratia begravs yvelafers.
Zirs biurokratia!11
Tanamedrove mTavrobas biurokratiis gareSe funqcionireba ar SeuZlia.
biurokratebi programebis Camoyalibebisa da ganxorcielebis dros faseul
teqnikur eqspertizas uzrunvelyofen. maTi Tanamdebobaze yofnis vada arCeuli
Tanamdebobis piris imave maCvenebels yovelTvis aRemateba, rac sasicocxlod
aucilebel `instituciur

mexsierebas~

uzrunvelyofs.

biurokratebis

meore

mniSvnelovani funqciaa sajaro seqtoris tranzaqciis Sesaxeb dokumentaciis

akuratulad warmoeba, raTa aRniSnuli uflebis mqone TiToeulma moqalaqem
sazogadoebrivi

momsaxurebidan

Tanabari

daxmareba

miiRos

da

korufciis

sxvadasxva formebi aRmoifxvras.

meore mxriv ki, gulubryviloba iqneboda, gvefiqra, rom biurokratebis
erTaderTi

mizani

eleqtoratisa

da

misi

warmomadgenlebis

survilTa

interpretacia da pasiuri Sesrulebaa. Cven kidev ver gagvigia, Tu ra aris

biurokratis mizani. niskaneni [1971] amtkicebda, rom bazarze orientirebul
kerZo seqtorSi individi, romelsac surs `moipovos warmateba~, Zalisxmevas ar
zogavs imisaTvis, rom misma kompaniam maqsimalurad rentabelurad imuSaos.

kolumbiis federaluri olqi.

`biurokratiidan~ (Red Tape), kevin morisisa da greg heTsonis (Circle Jerks) sityvebi da
musika. 1980 Irving Music Inc., and Olagued Musci (BMI). yvela ufleba daculia. saerTaSoriso
saavtoro ufleba daculia.
11

189

individis xelfasi firmis Semosavlis zrdasTan erTad izrdeba. biurokrati ki,

piriqiT, Tavis yuradRebas iseT privilegiaze mimarTavs, rogoricaa samuSao
adgili,

sazogadoebrivi

SesaZlebloba,

moixveWos

reputacia,
fuladi

Zalaufleba,
Semosavali,

mfarveloba,

minimaluria12.

radgan
im

misi

studentis

sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, romelsac indoeTis sajaro samsaxurSi surda muSaobis

dawyeba, biurokratad Camoyalibeba `niSnavs udides Zalauflebas.. Zalauflebas
imisa, rom gaakeTo is, rac gsurs.. isini aWianureben im saqmes, romlis gakeTebac
surs

mTavrobas~

(Gargan, 1993, gv. A4). niskaneni fiqrobda, rom Zalaufleba, statusi da sxva
fenomenebi biurokratebis biujetTan pozitiur kavSirSia, da askvnida, rom
biurokratis mizani sakuTari biujetis maqsimizaciaa.

6.4 grafiki

hipoTezis SedegTa Sesafaseblad 6.4 grafiki ganixileT. biurokratiuli

saqoneli, Q, horizontalur RerZze izomeba. Q SesaZloa iyos saxelmwifo
binaTmSeneblobis erTeulis odenoba (romelic binaTmSeneblobisa da urbanul

12

cxadia, aRniSnuli distinqcia sakmaod bundovania. firmis aRmasruleblebi zrunaven

rogorc Zalauflebaze, ise samsaxursa da fulze. miuxedavad amisa, distinqciis
ganxilva analitikuri miznebisaTvis sasargebloa.

190

departamentSi Sedis) an sarezervo avzis odenoba (Tavdacvis departamentSi).

Tanxa

(dolarebSi)

vertikalur

RerZze

izomeba.

mrudi

aris

mTliani

Rirebuleba, romelic Q-s TiToeul donezea ganTavsebuli im kanonmdebeli

sponsoris mier, romelic biujets akontrolebs. V-s daxriloba saqonlis
zRvruli socialuri sargebelia, romelic zRvruli sargeblis Semcirebis
racionaluri daSvebis mixedviT aris formulirebuli. warmoebis TiToeul
doneze gaweuli mTliani danaxarji aris C. warmoebis TiToeuli erTeuli misi
daxrilobiT izomeba. C zrdadi zRvruli danaxarjis daSvebis safuZvelzea
Caxazuli.
davuSvaT, biurokratma icis, rom sponsori miiRebs nebismier proeqts,
romlis

mTliani

akeTebs

Qbc-is

sargebeli

SeTavazebas

mTlian
warmoebis

danaxarjs
iseT

aRemateba.

doneze,

biurokrati

romelic

(bc)

biurokratiis

masStabs maqsimumamde zrdis (aq moqmedebs SezRudva: C V-ze maRla ar unda

iyos). Qbc warmoebis araefeqtiani odenobaa. efeqtianoba moiTxovs, rom saqonlis
erTeuli manamde iwarmoebodes, sanam saqonlis zRvruli sargebeli mis zRvrul
danaxarjs

aRemateba.

amdenad,

efeqtiani

warmoeba

swored

im

wertilSi

warmoiqmneba, sadac zRvruli danaxarji zRvrul sargebels utoldeba (da ara

mTliani danaxarji mTlian sargebels utoldeba). 6.4 grafikze efeqtianobis
donea Q*, anu wertili, sadac V-sa da C-s daxrilobebi Tanabaria. amdenad,
biurokratis survils, aaSenos SeZlebisdagvarad didi `imperia~, araefeqtianad
maRal biurokratiamde mivyavarT.
niskanenis
RonisZiebaTa

modelis
eqspansia

mniSvnelovani
surT,

romlebic

Sedegi

isaa,

saqonlis

rom

biurokratebs

warmoebis

im

stimulirebas

isaxavs miznad, raTa Semosavlebis Sesaxeb sponsoris molodini gazardos _ V

mrudi maRla aswios. es kerZo seqtoris reklamis analogiuria. Tu aseTi
wonasworoba miRweuli iqneba, maSin Qbc-is wonasworobis Rirebuleba marjvniv
gadainacvlebs.

amdenad,

Tavdacvis

departamentis

warmomadgeneli

usafrTxoebaze, xolo janmrTelobisa da adamianTa momsaxurebis departamentis

warmomadgeneli _ siRaribis problemaze akeTebs aqcents.
niskaneni fiqrobs, rom biurokratma SesaZloa sponsors Tavisi saqoneli
`yvelaferi an araferi~ proporciiT warudginos: mTlianad Qbc an araferi
aiRoT. ismeba SekiTxva: ratom uaryofs sponsori biurokratis saqonels? am
SemTxvevaSi arsebiTia biurokratis informaciuli upiratesoba. biurokratiuli
saqonlis warmoebis procesi Zalian rTulia da specializebul informacias
moiTxovs,

romlis

mopoveba

sponsorisaTvis

Znelia.

SeuZlia

ki

kongresis

191

Cveulebriv wevrs, icodes im sirTuleebis Sesaxeb, romlebic atomur wyalqveSa

navTan an alternatiuli samsaxuris im treiningis programis sargebelsa da
danaxarjebTan
tardeba?

asocirdeba,

informaciis

afrikidan

modis:

biurokratebi,

romelic

mniSvnelobis

aparteidis

romlebic

keTildReobis
erTi

SesaniSnavi

dasrulebis

reJimis

programis

saTaveSi

magaliTi

Semdegac

idgnen,

farglebSi

ki

qveynis

samxreT

TeTrkaniani
marTvis

dros

dominanturi rolis TamaSs agrZelebdnen. ratom? `mxolod biurokratebma ician

qveynis marTvis saidumloebani~ (Keller, 1994, gv. A1).

gansakuTrebuli interesebi

Cven vamtkicebT, rom individi, romelsac surs, samTavrobo politikaze

zemoqmedeba

moaxdinos,

individualuri

amomrCevlis

rolSi

gamodis.

faqtobrivad saerTo interesebis mqone adamianebi koordinirebuli qmedebis

SemTxvevaSi SesaZloa araproporciuli Zalauflebis problemasac ganicdidnen.
jgufis Zalauflebis wyaro SeiZleba iyos misi wevrebis tendencia, arCevnebSi
monawileobis ufro maRali maCvenebeli hqondeT, vidre mTlianad sazogadoebas.
amasTanave, moqalaqeebs SesaZloa kampaniaSi wvlilis Setana an/da qrTamis
micema

surdeT.

magaliTad,

kongresisa

da

senatis

saarCevno

kampaniaSi

Setanili wvlili daaxloebiT 950 milioni dolari iyo [2002 w.].

ris safuZvelze yalibdeba saerTo interesebis mqone adamianTa jgufebi?
amis Zalian bevri SesaZlebloba arsebobs.

Semosavlis wyaroebi: kapitali Tu SromiTi resursi

marqsizmis
interesebi

imis

tradiciuli
mixedviT

Teoriis

Tanaxmad,

adamianTa

ganisazRvreba,

isini

kapitalistebi

politikuri
arian

Tu

proletarebi. aRniSnuli mosazreba metad martivia imisaTvis, rom Tanamedrove

SeerTebul StatebSi saerTo interesebis mqone adamianTa jgufebis formireba
ganimartos.

miuxedavad

imisa,

rom

maRali

Semosavlis

mqone

individebi

kapitalidan Semosavlis araproporciul wils iReben, mdidris Semosavlis

udidesi nawili mainc mSromelTa jgufidan modis. amdenad, Zalian Znelia
`kapitalistisa~

da

`proletaris~

identificireba.

marTlac,

SeerTebul

192

Statebsa da dasavleTis sxva qveynebSi Semosavlis ganawilebaze dakvirveba

cxadyofs, rom mTliani Semosavlis araTanabari ganawilebis mTavari mizezi
Sromis Sedegad miRebuli Semosavlis araTanabari ganawilebaa (Gottschalk and
Smeeding, 1997).

Semosavlis masStabi

Raribi

da

mdidari

mosaxleoba

mraval

sakiTxTan

dakavSirebiT

ver

Tanxmdeba. Raribi danaxarjebis gadanawilebis programas aniWebs upiratesobas,

xolo mdidari ewinaaRmdegeba mas. analogiurad, TiToeuli jgufi mxars uWers
pirobiT an aSkara subsidiebs, romlebic im saqonelze gamoiyofa, romelsac
jgufis wevrebi mudmivad moixmaren. amdenad, mdidari mxars uWers subsidias,
romelic eZleva sakuTar saxlSi mcxovreb pirs, xolo Raribi upiratesobas
saarendo cxovrebis specialur reJims aniWebs.

Semosavlis wyaro: mrewveloba, sadac dasaqmebulia individi

rogorc muSebs, ise mesakuTreebs surT, rom saxelmwifom maT mrewvelobas

mxari dauWiros. foladis, safeiqro da saavtomobilo mrewvelobaSi kavSirebi
da menejmenti mxardamxar muSaoben imisaTvis, rom saxelmwifom isini ucxouri
konkurenciisagan daicvas.

regioni

geografiuli

regionis

rezidentebs

xSirad

saerTo

interesebi

aqvT:

samxreTi Statebis mosaxleobas surs, sawvavze sasurveli sagadasaxado reJimi

dawesdes, centraluri dasavleTis mcxovrebni sasoflo-sameurneo subsidiebze
zrunaven,

xolo

Crdilo-aRmosavleTis

mcxovrebni

urbanul

ganviTarebaze

gaweul danaxarjebs lobireben.

193

demografiuli da piradi maxasiaTeblebi

xanSi

Sesuli

mosaxleoba

upiratesobas

subsidirebul

jandacvis

programebsa da karg sapensio programebs aniWebs; axalgazrda daqorwinebuli

wyvili dainteresebulia, Tu sad aris kargi skola da dabali saSemosavlo
gadasaxadi. religiuri mrwamsi mTavar rols asrulebs im debatebSi, romlebic
abortis dafinansebas da kerZo skolebisaTvis gaweul saxelmwifo daxmarebas
Seexeba. eTnikuri jgufebi orenovan saswavlo programebze gaweuli saxelmwifo
xarjebis miznobriobis Sesaxeb sxvadasxva mosazrebas gamoxataven. sqesi saerTo
interesebis

mqone

safuZvelia:

adamianTa

jgufebis

formirebis

2000 wlis arCevnebSi qalebma

metad

`demokratebs~

mniSvnelovani

araproporciulad

maRali odenobis xma misces, xolo `respublikelebma~ ufro didi zegavlena

mamakacebze moaxdines.
nusxa

usasrulod

gagrZeldeba.

saerTo

interesebis

mqone

adamianTa

jgufebis CamoyalibebisaTvis uamravi safuZveli arsebobs; amdenad, sulac ar

iqneba gasakviri, rom erT sakiTxSi dapirispirebuli adamianebi meore sakiTxze
SeTanxmdebian. `politika ucxoebsac ki aqorwinebs~ _ aRniSnuli fraza dResac
metnaklebad aqtualuria.
diskusia

axdens

im

SekiTxvis

ignorirebas,

Tu

rogor

axerxeben

organizaciuli sakiTxebis mogvarebas saerTo interesebis mqone individebi.

jgufis wevroba SesaZloa moiTxovdes sawevro gadasaxads, drois xarjvas da
a.S. TiToeul individs surs, sxvebma imuSaon, TviTon ki Sesrulebuli samuSaos
nayofi mokrifos (individi fri-raideri xdeba). arsebobs imis albaToba, rom
jgufs gafarToebis survili eqneba. SesaZlebelia isic, rom im individze,
romelsac ar surs, SeuerTdes jgufs, sanqciebi dawesdes. Tumca zogierT
SemTxvevaSi racionaluri finansuri interesi aRniSnul qmedebebs ar amarTlebs.
abortis saxelmwifo dafinansebis garSemo
zemoqmedebis

masStabsa

da

emocias

arsebuli debatebi

gviCvenebs,

romelic

ideologiis

romelime

jgufSi

Sesvlis Taobaze gadawyvetilebis miRebas axlavs Tan.

194

`nadiroba~ rentaze

Cven aRvniSneT, rom moqalaqeTa jgufs politikuri sistemiT manipulireba

SeuZlia, raTa Semosavlis gadanawileba maT sasargeblod moxdes. zogadad,
aseT qmedebas rentaze nadiroba ewodeba. am dros mTavroba Cveulebrivze ufro
maRali

ukugebis

(rentis)

miRebis

mizniT

gamoiyeneba.

rentaze

nadirobis

ramdenime forma arsebobs. mniSvnelovani varianti ki aseTia: mwarmoebelTa

jgufi aiZulebs mTavrobas, maTi saqonlis miwodeba SezRudos. SezRudul
saqonels Sedegad mwarmoeblisaTvis maRali fasi moaqvs, rac mwarmoebels
saSualebas aZlevs, renta miiRos. magaliTad, SeerTebul StatebSi araqisis
mosayvanad aucilebelia, individs hqondes saxelmwifo licenzia, romelic mas
uflebas

aZlevs,

araqisis

warmoebisaTvis

mxolod

1,5

milioni

akri

miwa

gamoiyenos. araqisis mosayvanad saWiro miwis odenobis SezRudviT mTavroba

araqisis warmoebas amcirebs da mwarmoebelTaTvis rentas agrovebs.

6.5 grafiki

195

rentaze nadirobis specifikis gasaanalizeblad ganixileT 6.5 grafiki,

romelic

araqisis

CavTvaloT,

rom

bazars

asaxavs.

araqisis

moTxovnis
S,

miwodeba,

D.

mrudia

simartivisaTvis

horizontaluria.

saxelmwifos

intervenciis ararsebobisas wonasworoba miwodebisa da moTxovnis gadakveTis

wertilSi miiRweva, sadac warmoeba aris Qc, xolo fasi _ Pc (qvemoTa indeqsi c
gvaxsenebs, rom es konkurentuli saqonelia). araqisis mwarmoebelTa interesSi
TiToeuli maTganis produqciis masStabis Semcireba da Sedegad sabazro fasis
gazrda

Seva.

ufro

konkretulad,

araqisis

mwarmoebelTa

mdgomareoba

gaumjobesdeba, Tu isini koordinirebulad gazrdian warmoebis sargebels da

gainawileben mas _ Camoayalibeben kartels (gaerTianebis forma, romelSic
erTiandebian mimwodeblebi produqciis miwodebis Semcirebisa da masze fasis
gazrdis mizniT).
ratom ar iqcevian ase mwarmoeblebi? imitom, rom koleqtiuri qmedebis
ganxorcielebis

SemTxvevaSi

isini

sargebels

miiReben,

rogorc

kartelis

nawili, rac ukve aRar aris individualuri piradi interesi. rodesac karteli
fass zrdis, individualur firmas uCndeba survili, `iTaRliTos~ _ warmoeba
dawesebul
rogorc

kvotaze

ki

maRla

isini

gazardos.

warmoebis

wonasworobamde Semcirdeba.
SeeZlebaT,
fasebis

karteli

SenarCunebis

gamoiricxeba.
dakanoneba

yvela

gazrdian,

mwarmoebeli

maSinve

fasi

moisurvebs.
konkurentul

swored aq Cndeba saxelmwifo. Tu mwarmoeblebs

saxelmwifos
saSualebac

araqisis

Zalian

dones

amas

meSveobiT
miecemaT,

warmoebis

martivad

daakanonon,
Tanac

SemTxvevaSi

SeuZlia _

maSin

maT

yovelgvari

maRali

TaRliToba

saxelmwifos

kartelis

danaSaulad

CaiTvleba

federalur

araqisis licenziis gareSe warmoeba! licenziis flobis SemTxvevaSi mosayvani

araqisis odenoba samTavrobo
asocirebuli renta

qvotiT

uzarmazaria _

ganisazRvreba. licenziis

erT-erTi

Sefasebis

flobasTan

Tanaxmad, ukugebis

wminda ganakveTi 51%-s udris (Bovard, 1995, gv. A10).

ra

aris

kartelisTvis

saukeTeso

fasi?

samrewvelo

sargeblis

maqsimizaciisaTvis kartels saqonlis ise warmoeba sWirdeba, rom warmoebis

zRvruli

danaxarji

(erTi

tona

araqisis

warmoebis

zRvruli

danaxarji)

zRvrul Semosavals (araqisis gayidvis Sedegad miRebuli zRvruli Semosavali)

udrides. miwodebis mrudi aris warmoebis zRvruli danaxarji (MC), xolo
zRvruli Semosavlis mrudi _ MR. kartelis saqoneli, Qcartel , maTi gadakveTis
Sedegad ganisazRvreba,

asocirebuli fasi

ki Pcartel -ia.

mwarmoeblebi

iReben

araqisis maRal fass (ab manZili) TiToeul gayidul ad tonaze _ gamodis, rom
araqisis mwarmoeblebis renta abcd farTobs uTanabrdeba.

196

mwarmoeblebma salicenzio sistemis SesanarCuneblad garkveuli Tanxa unda

gaiRon. savaraudod, maT uwevT kongresis wamyvani wevrebis saarCevno kampaniaSi
wvlilis Setana, lobistebis daqiraveba da a.S. ra maqsimalur Tanxas gadaixdis
mwarmoebeli am sistemis SenarCunebisaTvis? renta Cveulebriv ukugebaze ufro
maRali gadasaxadia. mwarmoebeli mzad aris, Tavisi kargi mdgomareobisaTvis
maqsimaluri Tanxa gadaixados, romelic rentebis mTlian Rirebulebas (abcd)
utoldeba.
rogorc Cans, rentaze nadirobas ubralod momxmareblidan (vinc maRal
fass ixdis) mwarmoeblamde (vinc rentas iRebs) transferisaken mivyavarT. Tumca
realurad ufro bevri ram xdeba. gaixseneT im arealSi momxmareblis siWarbe,
romelic fasis maRla da moTxovnis mrudis dabla mdebareobs (ixileT wignis
danarTi).

licenziebis

SemoRebamde

momxmarebelTa

fae

siWarbe

arealSi

fiqsirdeboda. analogiuri logikiT, licenziis dawesebis Semdeg momxmarebelTa

siWarbe fbc arealSi fiqsirdeba. amdenad, momxmarebelTa mdgomareoba or areals
Soris

arsebuli

miemarTeba.

gansxvavebis

visTan

midis

(abce)

darCenili

gamo

uaresdeba.

nawili

(dce)?

abcd

mwarmoeblisaken

aravisTan.

es

`sruli

danakargia~, romelsac sazogadoeba ganicdis _ danakargi, romelsac aranairi

mogeba

ar

axlavs.

sruli

tevadobis

danakargi

imitom

warmoiqmneba,

rom

araqisze fasis zrdis Sedegad araqissa da sxva saqonels Soris momxmarebelTa

arCevanis deformireba xdeba.
monopoliis

standartuli

reJimis

SemTxvevaSi

dce

farTobi

sruli

tevadobis erTaderTi danakargia. magram rentaze nadirobis modelSi igi ufro

didi iqneba. rogorc aRiniSna, rentaze nadiroba resursebs mTlianad amowuravs

lobistebi

cdiloben

kanonmdeblebis

darwmunebas,

konsultantebi

maregulirebeli jgufis winaSe mowmeebad gamodian, reklamaze pasuxismgebeli

piri

ki

romelTa

sazogadoebasTan
axali

urTierTobis

saqonlisa

da

kampanias

momsaxurebis

axorcielebs.
sawarmoeblad

resursebi,
gamoyenebaa

SesaZlebeli, kvlav arsebuli saqonlisa da momsaxurebis ganawilebaze brZolas

xmardeba. amdenad, abcd farTobi ubralod erTdroulad gadasaxdeli Tanxis
transferi ar aris; igi emsaxureba realuri resursebis Sefasebas, romlebic
sabazro Zalauflebis SesanarCuneblad gamoiyeneba. mokled rom vTqvaT, am
mosazrebis mixedviT, rentaze nadirobasTan asocirebuli sruli tevadobis
danakargi abcd da dce, an abce Tanxaa.
Cven

ver

davaskvniT,

rom

abce

farTobi

yovelTvis

danakargia.

bevr

SemTxvevaSi es farTobi rentaze nadirobis efeqtianobis danaxarjs zrdis.

197

magaliTad, zogjer rentaze nadiroba saarCevno kampaniaSi finansuri SenataniT

an qrTamis micemiT gamoixateba. es ubralo transferia da realuri resursis
`amowurvad~

ar

SeiZleba

CaiTvalos.

miuxedavad

amisa,

rentaze

nadirobis

modelis arsebiTi Sedegi isaa, rom igi Cveni yuradRebis fokusirebas im

danakargis

potenciur

gamoyenebis

Sedegad

masStabze

axdens,

grovdeba,

romelic

rodesac

mTavrobis

aRniSnuli

Zalauflebis

Zalaufleba

rentis

dagrovebazea orientirebuli.
saboloo SekiTxva ki ase JRers: ratom aZleven arsebobis uflebas rentaze
nadirobis

fenomens?

mwarmoeblis

6.5

mogebas

grafiki

aWarbebs.

gviCvenebs,

ratom

ar

rom

momxmareblis

moiTxoven

danakargi

momxmareblebi

aseTi

licenziebis gauqmebas?
erTi mizezi isaa, rom saerTo interesebis mqone adamianTa jgufi SeiZleba
kargad iyos organizebuli da saTanado informacia hqondes, maSin, rodesac is
individebi,

romlebsac

organizebulni

iyvnen

mZime
da

tvirTad
mimdinare

awveba

gadasaxadebi,

movlenebis

SesaZloa,

Sesaxebac

ar

arc

hqondeT

warmodgena. SesaZlebelia, moqalaqe, romelic aRniSnul danaxarjebs gaswevs,

informirebulic
programis

iyos,

danaxarjs

magram

paeqrobaSi

mTeli

mosaxleoba

drois

daxarjva

inawilebs;

ar

uRirdes.

amdenad,

araqisis

individualuri moxmareblis danaxarji dabalia am ukanasknels opoziciis

organizebaSi

drois

koncentrirebulia

da

daxarjva
politikuri

ar

uRirs.

organizaciis

sargebeli
potenciur

SedarebiT
beneficiarad

iTvleba.

sxva monawileebi

arsebobs

kidev

ramdenime

mxare,

romelic

saxelmwifos

fiskalur

gadawyvetilebebze axdens zemoqmedebas.

sasamarTlos
xarjviT

gadawyvetilebis

gadawyvetilebebze

saSualebiT

mniSvnelovnad

sasamarTlo

zemoqmedebs.

saxelmwifo

mosamarTleebi

imis

uflebas iZlevian, rom danaxarjebi iseTi gansxvavebuli mimarTulebebiT iqnes

gaweuli, rogoric saxelmwifo skolebi da cixeTa modernizaciaa. sakmaod
STambeWdavi

magaliTia

misuris

federaluri

mosamarTlis

gadawyvetileba,

romliTac skolebis asaSeneblad kanzas-sitis 1,2 miliardi dolaris daxarjva

daevala.

mosamarTlis

azriT,

skola

TeTrkanian

ojaxebs

yvelaze

didi

198

umciresobis

mqone

raionebSi

miizidavda.

mosamarTlem

adgilobriv

mmarTvelobas am gegmis dasafinanseblad gadasaxadis gazrda daavala (Blumstein,

1995, A13).
Jurnalistebi fiskalur Sedegebze sxvadasxva sakiTxebis gaSuqebis gziT
zemoqmedeben.

magaliTad,

dazianebuli

xidebisa

da

gzebis

farTo

sazogadoebrivi gaSuqebis Sedegad bevrma TviTmmarTvelobam insfrastruqturis

gasaumjobeseblad danaxarjebi gazarda.
informacia
SeiZleba

Zalauflebis

iTqvas,

gadawyvetilebebze

rom

potenciurad

eqspertebic

zemoqmedebas.

mniSvnelovani

axdenen

sakanonmdeblo

wyaroa,

amitom

saxelmwifo

seqtoris

konsultanti,

romelsac

garkveuli programebis gamocdileba aqvs, debulebaTa SemuSavebisas xSirad

mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs. arasamTavrobo eqspertebi, akademiuri mecnierebi,
garemosdacviTi inJinrebi da sxvebi cdiloben, Tavisi kvalifikacia ekonomikur
politikaze

zegavlenis

meinard keinzis

gansaxorcieleblad gamoiyenon.

ekonomistebs

jon

(1965/1936, gv. 383) cnobili gamonaTqvamis citireba uyvarT:

`ekonomistebisa da politikosebis ideebi, miuxedavad imisa, WeSmaritia Tu ara,

ufro Zlieria, vidre dRemde hgoniaT. marTlac, msoflios marTvas cota ram
sWirdeba~. Tumca Zalian rTulia ganisazRvros, zemoqmedebs Tu ara politikaze
socialuri mecnierebebi, da Tu asea, rogor?

cxrili 6.6. zogierT qveyanaSi saxelmwifo danaxarjebis

proporcia mSp-sTan (gansazRvrul wlebSi)

wlebi

kanada

Sveicaria

didi britaneTi

1900

9,5

14,4

1910

11,4

12,7

1920

16,1

26,2

1930

18,9

15,9

26,1

1940

23,1

19,2

30,0

1950

22,1

19,9

39,0

1960

29,7

17,7

31,9

1970

31,2

21,3

33,2

1980

37,8

29,3

41,8

1990

46,0

33,6

41,9

199

2001

37,4

38,8

ar aris informacia.
wyaro: 1970 wlamde _ Pommerehne, "Quantitative Aspects of Federalism: A study of Six

Countries", in The Political Economy of Fiscal Federalism, ed. Wallace oates (Lexington, MA: D C
Health, 1977), gv. 310. Semdegi wlebi gamoTvlilia sxvadasxva gamocemebis mixedviT:
National Accounts, vol.2 (Paris: Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development), garda
2001-isa, romelic gamoTvlilia: US Census Bureau, Statistical Abstract of the United States,
2002, gv. 838.

ratom izrdeba mTavrobis zoma?

politikuri ekonomiis sakiTxTa Soris mTavrobis zegavlenis zrdis gamo

yvelaze didi vnebaTaRelva SeiniSneba. rogorc es pirvel TavSi dokumenturad
iyo

dadasturebuli,

xangrZlivi

drois

ganmavlobaSi

SeerTebul

StatebSi

saxelmwifo danaxarjebi rogorc absoluturi, ise proporciuli TvalsazrisiT

astronomiulad gaizarda. mzardi sajaro seqtori mxolod SeerTebul Statebs
ar axasiaTebs, razedac dasavleTis sxva qveynebis maCveneblebic miuTiTebs (6.6
grafikze). Tu gvsurs gavigoT, Tu ratom izrdeba mTavrobis zegavlena, aSSisTvis

damaxasiaTebeli

movlenebisa

da

institutebis

ganxilviT

ar

unda

SevizRudoT. arsebobs bevri cnobili Teoria, romlebic urTierTgamomricxavi

sulac ar aris. arc erT Teorias ar ZaluZs, mTeli fenomeni axsnas. Tu maT
erTobliobaSi ganvixilavT, ufro meti bundovani sakiTxi darCeba.

moqalaqeTa preferenciebi

saxelmwifo
davuSvaT,

rom

danaxarjebis
saSualo

zrda

amomrCevlis

moqalaqeTa
moTxovna

preferenciebis
saxelmwifo

gamoxatvaa.

saqonelsa

da

momsaxurebaze (G) saxelmwifo saqonlisa da momsaxurebis (P) da Semosavlis (I)

Sesabamisi fasis funqciaaa (f).

200

G = f (P,1)

(6.1)

moTxovnis
migviyvanos,

funqcias

romelic

SeuZlia

im

saxelmwifo

Semosavlis

seqtors

gazrdil

unda

proporciamde

gadascemoda.

rodesac

Semosavali mocemuli procentiT izrdeba, moTxovnili saxelmwifo saqoneli da

momsaxureba

ufro

meti

procentiT

izrdeba

moTxovnaze

Semosavlis

elastiuroba yvelaze maRalia. Tu marTlac asea, maSin sxva Tanabar pirobebSi

Semosavlis

zrdis

process

Semosavlis

im

wilis

mkacrad

zrdad

koeficientamde, romelic saxelmwifo seqtorSi midis, TavisTavad mivyavarT13.

analogiurad, Tu moTxovnaze fasis elastiuroba G-saTvis ufro dabalia da P
TandaTan izrdeba, mTavrobis Semosavlis wili izrdeba.
mniSvnelovania

Semdegi

sakiTxi:

saxelmwifo

seqtoris

masStabis

SedarebiTi zrda TavisTavad ar miuTiTebs imaze, rom politikur procesebSi

raime

`arasworia~.

saxelmwifos

rolis

zrda

SesaZlebelia

amomrCevlis

survili iyos, romelic mis alternatiul Rirebulebas kerZo seqtorSi misi

winaswari moxmarebis TvalsazrisiT racionalurad iTvaliswinebs. Semdeg ki
Cndeba

aseTi

SekiTxva:

SeiZleba

Tu

P-sa

ara,

da

I-Si

ganxorcielebuli

faqtobrivi cvlileba garkveuli drois gasvlis Semdeg G-Si ganxorcielebuli

istoriuli

cvlilebis

mizezad

CaiTvalos?

aRniSnul

SekiTxvaze

pasuxis

gasacemad borCerdingma [1985] P-sa da I-Si momxdari procentuli cvlilebebis

gamoTvla daiwyo. P-s procentuli cvlileba man P-s mimarT G-s elastiurobis
ekonometrikul Sefasebaze gaamravla, xolo I-Si dafiqsirebuli procentuli
cvlileba _ I-s mimarT elastiurobaze. gamoTvlis Sedegad miviReT, rom G-Si
momxdari

cvlilebis

mizezi

aris

P-sa

da

I-Si

momxdari

cvlilebebi.

borCerdingma es cifri G-Si dafiqsirebul cvlilebas Seadara da aRmoaCina,

rom 6.1 gantolebis saSualebiT SeerTebuli Statebis saxelmwifo biujetis
zrdis mxolod 38 %-is dasabuTeba SeiZleba. es, cxadia, uxeSi gamoTvlaa,
magram igi aSkarad miuTiTebs imaze, rom saSualo amomrCevlis faqtoris garda,
kidev bevri faqtori arsebobs, romelic saxelmwifos rolis zrdaze moqmedebs.

13

hipoTeza imis Sesaxeb, rom saxelmwifo momsaxureba ufro swrafad izrdeba, vidre
Semosavali, vagneris kanonis saxeliTaa cnobili (adolf vagneris pativsacemad,
romelmac misi formulireba moaxdina. moRvaweobda XIX saukuneSi.)

201

marqsistuli mosazreba

zogierTi marqsistuli Teoriis Tanaxmad, saxelmwifo danaxarjebis zrda

politikur-ekonomikuri sistemisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli integraluri procesia.
marqsistul modelSi kerZo seqtors surs, Warbi produqcia awarmoos, amdenad,
kapitalistur mmarTvelobas isRa darCenia, produqciis asaTviseblad danaxarji
gazardos. rogorc wesi, aRniSnuli samxedro danaxarjis zrdiT miiRweva. amave
dros, saxelmwifos surs, momuSavis ukmayofilebis aRmosafxvrelad socialur
momsaxurebaze

danaxarji

gazardos.

saboloo

jamSi,

mzardi

danaxarji

sagadasaxado amonagebis odenobas uswrebs, mTavroba ki kraxs ganicdis.

masgreivi [1980] amtkicebda, rom istoriuli faqtebi analizs ewinaaRmdegeba.
`arsebobs

umniSvnelo

sazogadoebrivi

mtkicebuleba

ukmayofilebis

imisa,

rom

gamosworebiskenaa

danaxarji,
mimarTuli,

romelic
ganuxrelad

izrdeba~ (gv. 388). aRsaniSnavia agreTve, rom dasavleT evropaSi II msoflio omis
Semdgom periodSi mTavrobis zomisa da kompetenciis astronomiul zrdas Tan
axlda

yvelaferi,

garda

samxedro

Zalis

reabilitaciisa.

marqsistuli

analizis ZiriTadi kontribucia ki isaa, rom gamokveTilad aRiarebs kavSirs,

romelic arsebobs mTavrobis zomis zrdis iseT wyaroTa Soris, rogoricaa
ekonomikuri da politikuri sistemebi.

SemTxveviTi movlenebi

im Teoriebs, romlebic mTavrobis zrdas gardauvlad miiCneven, oponirebas

uwevs azri, romelic miiCnevs, rom es SemTxveviTi movlenis Sedegia. `normalur~
periodSi saxelmwifo danaxarjebis mokrZalebuli zrda SeiniSneba. ekonomikur
da

politikur

sistemaze

sruliad

SemTxveviTma

gare

Sokebma

saxelmwifo

danaxajebis ufro maRali done da dafinansebis axali meTodebis danergva

`moiTxova~.

Sokis

ganeitralebis

Semdegac

ki,

inerciis

Sedegad

maRali

danaxarjebi kvlav dominirebda. pikoki da uaizmani [1967] amas cvlilebis efeqts

uwodebdnen. Sokis magaliTebad didi depresia, II msoflio omi da vietnamis omi
gamodgeba.

202

cvlilebani sazogadoebis damokidebulebaSi

popularuli diskusiebi zogjer imaze miuTiTebs, rom iseT socialur

tendencias, rogoric sakuTari Tavis ndobis waxalisebaa, Sedegad is moaqvs,
rom adamians politikuri sistemis mimarT eqtravagantuli moTxovna uCndeba.
amave dros, farTod gavrcelebuli satelevizio reklama ararealurad maRal
molodins

qmnis,

rasac

`santa

klausis

mentalitetamde~

mivyavarT,

es

ki

sabolood individs imis SegrZnebas akargvinebs, rom samTavrobo programasac

aqvs Tavisi alternatiuli Rirebuleba.
Tumca DerTni imasac amtkiceben, rom individi saxelmwifo proeqtebis
Sedegad miRebul sargebels jerovnad ar afasebs. aseT SemTxvevaSi saxelmwifo
seqtori Zalian mcirea. ufro zogadad rom vTqvaT, miuxedavad imisa, rom bolo
periodSi gamokveTili socialuri fenomeni SesaZloa saxelmwifo danaxarjebis
zrdis mizezi iyos, aRniSnulis gansamartavad igi ufro saimedoa, radgan didi
xania, rac arsebobs da bevri ram unaxavs.

Semosavlis gadanawileba

mTavroba izrdeba, radgan dabali Semosavlis mqone individebi politikur

sistemas

Semosavlis

gadasanawileblad

iyeneben.

idea

is

aris,

rom

politikosebs saSualo an dabali Semosavlis mqone amomrCevelTa mozidva

SeuZliaT,

Tu

maT

maRalSemosavliani

garkveul
individis

sargebels

SesTavazeben,

Semosavlidan

romelic

gamoiqviTeba.

vidre

uSualod
saSualo

Semosavali Sualedur Semosavals aRemateba, gadanawilebisaTvis aucilebeli

meqanizmebi ki arcTu didi zianis momtania, politikosebs xmebis

mopoveba

SeuZliaT,

masStabs

Tu saxelmwifos

dafinansebiT

Semosavlis

ganawilebis

gazrdian. davuSvaT, arsebobs xuTi amomrCeveli, romelTa Semosavali aris

Sesabamisad: 5 aTasi aSS dolari; 10 aTasi dolari; 15 aTasi dolari; 25 aTasi
dolari; 40 aTasi dolari. Sualeduri Semosavali 15 aTasi dolaria, xolo
saSualo _ 19 aTasi dolari. politikosi, romelic mxars uWers saxelmwifo
programebs, romelTa mixedviTac Semosavali gadaecema im individebs, romelTa
Semosavali

25

aTasi

dolarze

naklebia,

xmaTa

umravlesobas

moipovebs.

Sualedur da saSualo Semosavlebs Soris gansxvavebis zrdis paralelurad

izrdeba mTavrobis mier dafinansebuli gadanawilebis masStabi _ rac ufro

203

meti Semosavalia koncentrirebuli zeda wertilSi, miT metia gadanawilebis

transferebidan

saSualo

amomrCevlis

potenciuri

sargebeli. personis

da

taberlinisis mixedviT [1999], ganviTarebul qveynebSi Semosavlis transferis

politika marTlac xasiaTdeba aRniSnuli maxasiaTebliT.
Teoriis

problema

isaa,

rom

igi

ar

uCvenebs,

Tu

ratom

izrdeba

TandaTanobiT saxelmwifo danaxarjebi (rogorc es 1.1 cxrilSia mocemuli).

ratom

ar

mdidris

arsebobs

erTjeradi

Semosavlis

qveynebSi

qonebis

transferi,

konfiskacia

an

xdeba?

mdgomareobis

rodesac

wina

Raribis

sasargeblod

saukuneSi

dasavleT

evropis

saarCevno moTxovnebi

TandaTan

gauqmda.

SeerTebul StatebSi darCenil saarCevno barierTagan zogierTi moqalaqeTa

Sesaxeb

kanoniT

(1960-iani

wlebi)

moixsna.

arCevanis

uflebis

gafarToeba

maTTvis, vinc Semosavlis yvelaze mcire nawils iRebs, zrdis amomrCevelTa

proporcias, romlebic im politikoss uWeren mxars, romelic maT Semosavlis
gadanawilebas dahpirdeba. xmis uflebis TandaTan gafarToebas Sedegad moaqvs
mTavrobis

zomis

ganuxreli,

TandaTanobiTi

da

ara

erTjeradi

zrda.

es

hipoTeza hastidisa da kenis [1997] analizs Seesabameba (analizi saxelmwifo

danaxarjebis mimarTulebis Sesaxeb 1950-1958 ww-Si). am periodis ganmavlobaSi
Statebis garkveulma nawilma amomrCevlis gadasaxadi da marTlweris testi
gaauqma,

ramac

amomrCevelTa

raodenoba

gazarda,

gansakuTrebiT

Rarib

mosaxleobaSi. aseT StatebSi aRiniSneboda `keTildReobaze danaxarjis uecari

zrda (Tumca sxva saxis danaxarji ucvleli darCa)~ (gv. 53).
am Teoriis

nakli isaa, rom igi

ver ganmartavs meTodebs,

romlebic

saxelmwifos mier Semosavlis gadanawilebisas gamoiyeneba. Tu es marTalia,

maSin Semosavlis transferTa umetesoba Raribi mosaxleobisken unda iyos
mimarTuli;

is

aamaRlebs maT

keTildReobas, anu

transferi unda arsebobdes. amis

SeerTebul

StatebSi

xSirad

naRdi

fulis

pirdapiri

nacvlad, rogorc Semdeg TavSi vnaxavT,

transferi

naturiT

da

sxva

sargebliT

xorcieldeba, romelic saSualo da maRali Semosavlis mqone klasisaTvis aris

damaxasiaTebeli.
alternatiuli

mosazreba

arsebobs

imis

Taobaze,

rom

Semosavlis

gadanawilebis Sedegad yvelaze metad saSualo Semosavlis mqone adamianebi

igeben. `saxelmwifo danaxarjiT upirvelesad saSualo klasi sargeblobs; mas
ki

14

Raribi

da

mdidari

individebi

afinanseben~14.

ix. Stigler [1970], romelic amgvar winadadebas

pativsacemad direqtoris kanons uwodebs.

Tumca

ekonomistis,

sxva

samTavrobo

aaron

direqtoris,

204

satransfero programebi arsebobs, romelTa beneficiarebi mdidrebi arian; X

TavSi ixileT, magaliTad, diskusia samedicino momsaxurebis Sesaxeb.
satransfero

programebi,

romelTa

beneficiarebi

sxvadasxva

klasis

warmomadgenlebi arian, SesaZloa erTdroulad arsebobdes. mTavrobis mier

Semosavlis gadanawilebis Sesaxeb mosazrebani urTierTgamomricxavi ar aris.
mniSvnelovani

maTi

erTianobaa:

politikosebi,

rentis

maZiebelni,

saerTo

interesebis mqone individTa jgufebi da biurokratebi mxars mudmivad mzardi

masStabis programebs uWeren.

mTavrobis zrdis kontroli

rogorc
miuTiTebs,
individs

aRvniSneT,

rom

saxelmwifo

romelime

swams,

rom

seqtoris

sabiujeto procesi

saxelmwifo

amomrCevlis

preferenciebi

kontrolis

ganxorcielebis

wesrigSi

seqtoris

metnaklebad
sakiTxi

arsebiTi

ar

finansur

ganapirobebs.

mniSvnelovani

zrda
aris.

qcevas

maTTvis

ar

imaze

aris.

ar

zogierT
saSualo

mTavrobaze
meore

mxriv,

arseboben adamianebi, romlebic mTavrobis zomis zrdas saxelmwifo politikis

moSlis

simptomad

miiCneven.

maTTvis

mTavrobis

zomis

SezRudvis

sakiTxi

sakmaod mniSvnelovania.
kontrolis

SesaZleblobis

Sesaxeb

gamarTuli

debatebis

dros

ori

argumenti gaisma. pirveli aris is, rom ZiriTadi problemis mizezi saxelmwifos
mier

warsulSi

aRebuli

valdebulebebia.

amdenad,

dRes

politikosebs

saxelmwifo danaxarjebis zrdis ganakveTis an Semadgenlobis Sesacvlelad

SezRuduli
romelTa

qmedebebis

gatareba

SeuZliaT.

arian

pensionerebi,

beneficiarebi

avadmyofebi

da

sxva,

arakontrolirebadi

iseTi

uflebrivi

programebi,

Sromisuunaroebi,

umuSevrebi,

danaxarjis

udides

kategorias

ganekuTvneba. rodesac davamatebT iseT muxlebs, rogoricaa saxelmwifo valis

momsaxureba, soflis meurneobis mxardaWeris programebi, Tavdacvaze gaweuli
danaxarjebi,

vnaxavT,

rom

federaluri

biujetis

daaxloebiT

75%

,,arakontrolirebadia~.
aris ki es danaxarjebi marTlac arakontrolirebadi? Tu kanonmdeblobam
uflebrivi programebi daakanona, igi uflebamosilia, gaauqmos kidec isini.
bevri

programis

araTu

Semcireba,

aramed

gauqmebac

ki

SesaZlebelia

Teoriulad. realurad ki moraluri da politikuri principebi mosaxleobis

205

garkveuli jgufebisaTvis micemuli pirobis darRvevis uflebas ar iZleva.

nebismieri seriozuli Semcireba Soreuli momavlisTvisaa gadatanili. amdenad,
mimdinare programebis safuZvelze aRebuli valdebulebis mqone individze es
ar imoqmedebs.
meore argumentis Tanaxmad, Cveni politikuri institutebi fundamenturadaa
moSlili, xolo kontroli uflebrivi programebis Secvlaze mets iTxovs.
mdgomareobis gamosworebis ramdenime gza arsebobs.

biurokratiuli stimulis Secvla

niskaneni, romelic biurokratias mTavrobis dauSvebeli zrdis mizezad

MmiiCnevda,
romelic

ambobda,

rom

biurokratebis

samTavrobo

samsaxuris

kargi

iqneboda,

imperiul
menejeris

Seqmniliyo

tendenciebs
xelfasi

misi

finansuri

Searbilebda.
samsaxuris

stimuli,
magaliTad,

Semadgenlobis

cvlilebaze unda iyos damokidebuli. biurokrati, romelic samsaxuris biujets

Seamcirebs,

gazrdil

xelfass

miiRebs

(analogiuri

jildo

SeiZleba

SevTavazoT im kanonmdebels, romelic biujetis xarjviT nawils Seamcirebs).

Tumca aseTma sistemam SesaZloa arasasurvel

Sedegebamdec

ki

migviyvanos.

xelfasis gasazrdelad menejerma SeiZleba biujeti im wertilis qvemoTac

Seamciros, romelSic zRvruli sargebeli zRvrul danaxarjs utoldeba. nuTu
marTlac

gvsurs,

gaizardos

im

socialuri

muSakis

xelfasi

imdenjer,

ramdenjerac is Seamcirebs im ojaxTa odenobas, romelTac ufleba hqondaT,

saxelmwifo daxmareba mieRoT?
niskaneni

sazogadoebrivi

saqonlis

gasawevad kerZo firmebis gamoyenebis

SemTxvevaSi,

Tu

saxelmwifo

sawarmoeblad

da

momsaxurebis

proporciis gazrdazec fiqrobda, im

seqtori

maT

dafinansebas

gaagrZelebda.

privatizaciis Sesaxeb sakiTxebi me-4 TavSi iyo ganxiluli.

fiskaluri institutebis Secvla

rodesac

saubroben

saxelmwifo

danaxarjebze

kontrolis

dawesebaze,

ZiriTadad sabiujeto procesis kontrols gulisxmoben. kritikosebi wlebis

206

ganvlobaSi amtkiceben, rom federaluri biujeti yovelgvar disciplinasaa

moklebuli.
1980-iani wlebidan moyolebuli, kongresi Seecada, ramdenime kanoni mieRo,
romelTa mizani garkveuli disciplinis daweseba iyo. dRes ukve qmediTi kanoni,
biujetis Sesrulebis aqti* , 1990 wels iqna miRebuli. igi danaxarjisa da
Semosavlis

miznebzea

fokusirebuli.

ase,

magaliTad,

1997

wlis

biujetma

daawesa diskretuli xarjvis zeda zRvari (1998-dan 2002 wlamde) (diskretuli

xarji yvela im xarjs gulisxmobs, romelTac kongresi aZlevs xmas, avzis
mSeneblobidan

sajaro

moxeleebis

xelfasebamde).

dadginda ramdenime

wesi,

romlebmac gansazRvra mdgomareoba, romlis drosac zeda zRvris darRveva

SesaZlebeli iyo.
problema isaa, rom rodesac saqme am wesebis Tavidan acilebaze midga,
kongresma udidesi SemoqmedebiTi niWi gamoavlina. magaliTad, gauTvaliswinebel
SemTxvevaze

danaxarjis

gaweva

dawesebuli

zeda

zRvris

darRvevad

ar

iTvleboda. 1999 wels yovel aT weliwadSi erTxel Casatarebel aRweraze 4,5

miliardi

aSS

dolari

klasificirebuli.
konstitucia

gamoiyo,

Tumca,

romelic

iqidan

uzrunvelyofs,

2000

gauTvaliswinebel

gamomdinare,
wlis

rom

aRweraze

xarjad

aRweris

iqna

Catarebas

danaxarjis

gawevis

aucileblobis ganWvreta 200 wlis winac ki SeiZleboda!

amgvari

sasacilo

situaciebis

Semxedvares

aucileblad

gauCndeba

SekiTxvis dasmis survili: aqvs ki raime azri fiskaluri institutis arsebobas?

Tu prezidentsa da kongress gansazRvruli odenobis fulis daxarjva surT,
gana ar SeuZliaT, yovelgvar wess koordinirebulad auaron gverdi? marTlac,
2000 da 2001 wlebSi diskretulma xarjma BEA-s limits 200 miliardi aSS
dolariT

gadaaWarba.

erT-erTma

damkvirvebelma

aRniSnuli

movlena

Semdegnairad daaxasiaTa: `es giJuri xarjva da BEA-s dacinvaa~ (Schick, 2002, gv.
46). sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, kanonmdeblebi raime gasamarTlebeli sabuTis
moZiebiTac ki ar iwuxeben Tavs isini ubralod kanonebs gverds uvlian.
amitom

BEA-sTan

dakavSirebuli

gamocdilebis

safuZvelze

raime

daskvnis

gamotana rTulia. aravin icis, ra formas miiRebda xarjebi kanonis ararsebobis

dros.
fiskaluri
gamocdilebis

institutebis
analizia.

mniSvnelobis

Statebis

Sefasebis

umetesobas

meore

gza

konstitucia

Statebis

operatiul

deficitur biujets ukrZalavs (operatiuli biujeti mimdinare danaxarjebis

*

Budget Enforcement Act BEA.

207

dasafinanseblad gamoiyeneba, kapitaluri biujetisagan gansxvavebiT, romelic

grZelvadian

investiciebs,

magaliTad,

gzebisa

da

Senobebis

mSeneblobas

afinansebs). mniSvnelovania is, rom wesebi masStabisa da simkacris mixedviT

gansxvavebulia. zogierT StatSi gubernators erTaderTi moTxovna waeyeneba:
waradginos dabalansebuli biujeti. Tu aRmoCnda, rom gubernatoris gegma
arasworia da deficiti warmoiqmneba, ar aris saWiro, rom Statma gadasaxadebi
gazardos da danaxarji Seamciros _ mas SeuZlia, fuli deficitis Sesavsebad
isesxos da igi momavali wlis biujetSi Seitanos. sxva StatebSi amgvari
sistema miuRebelia _ deficitis Semdgom periodSi gadatana ar SeiZleba.

aseTi

xerxebi zogjer Statebis deficitis dasafaravad gamoiyeneba. ase, magaliTad,

kolorados

gubernatorma

268

milioni

aSS

dolariT

Seamcira

Statebis

deficiti: sajaro moxeleebs xelfasi erTi dRis dagvianebiT misca (fiskaluri

wlis ukanaskneli dRis nacvlad xelfasi gasca Semdegi fiskaluri wlis
pirvel dRes). Tumca aseTi strategiuli fandebi arcTu ise xSirad gamoiyeneba.
gamokvlevis yvelaze bunebrivi strategia aseTia: SevadaroT mkacri da
SedarebiT rbili sabiujeto wesebis mimdevari ori Stati; vnaxoT, romlis
biujeti

xasiaTdeba

reagirebs

naklebi

gauTvaliswinebel

deficitiT

da

Semcirebul

romeli

ufro

Semosavalze.

operatiulad

arsebobs

imis

mtkicebuleba, rom mkacri sabiujeto kanonebis mqone Stati naklebi deficitiT

xasiaTdeba

da

miTiTebul

danaklisze

ufro

swrafad

reagirebs.

am

mtkicebulebis interpretacia sakmaod rTulia. Cven ar viciT, Statis aseTi

Sedegi

ramdenadaa

damokidebuli

mkacr

wesebze.

es

SesaZlebeli

iqneboda,

mkacri kanonebi finansuri konservatorebis mier rom iyos miRebuli, romlebic

deficitis sakiTxs samarTlebrivi iZulebis gareSec agresiulad miudgebodnen.
swored aseTi daskvna gamoitana ramdenime ekonometrikulma kvlevam. aseTi
garTulebis

gaTvaliswinebis

Semdeg

Tavad

fiskaluri

institutebis

arsebiTobis sakiTxi mainc dgeba. rogorc poterba (1997, gv. 83) SeniSnavda:
`miuxedavad imisa, rom analizis aseTi Sedegebi sakmarisi ar aris federaluri
sabiujeto politikis sakiTxebis srulyofilad gamokvlevisaTvis, isini qmnis
albaTobas, rom sabiujeto procesis Secvla zemoqmedebs sabiujeto Sedegze~.

sakonstitucio SezRudvebis SemoReba

BEA-s problemebi swored im mosazrebis gamo Seeqmna, rom BEA ubralod

kanonmdeblobis nawili iyo, romlis Sesworeba, SeCereba da gauqmeba orive

208

palatis

xmaTa

umravlesobiTaa

SesaZlebeli.

zogierTi

SesaZloa

Sorsac

wavides da sabiujeto kanoni Tavad konstituciaSi Seitanos. konstituciaSi

Sevida ramdenime Sesworeba, romelTa debulebebi tipuria:
1.

kongresi

daamtkicebs

sabiujeto

winadadebas,

`romelSic

mTliani

Semosavlis

ganakveTze

maRali

danaxarji mTlian Semosavals ar aRemateba~.

2.

mTliani

Semosavali

`erovnuli

ganakveTiT~ ar izrdeba.
3.

`kongresi

da

prezidenti

uzrunvelyofen

imas,

rom

faqtobrivma

danaxarjma biujetiT gansazRvrul danaxarjs ar gadaaWarbos~.

4. debulebebi omis SemTxvevaSi SesaZloa ignorirebuli iqnes.
rogorc

liberali,

ise

konservatori

ekonomistebi

Tvlian,

rom

dabalansebul biujetSi cvlilebis Setana ramdenime mizeziT ar aris jansaRi

idea15.
pirveli:

danaxarjisa

da

Semosavlis

Sesaxeb

sabiujeto

winadadebis

momzadeba ekonomikis funqcionirebis Sesaxeb prognozebis momzadebas moiTxovs.

problema swored isaa, rom prognozis avtorebi sxvadasxva Sefasebebs akeTeben.
rogor SearCevs kongresi am prognozTa Soris saukeTesos? Tu SerCeuli iqneba
araswori prognozi, maSin kongresi gauazreblad daarRvevs kanons! sakiTxi
ufro amouxsneli da bundovani xdeba, rodesac aRmoCndeba, rom zogierTi
prognozi

politikuri

tendenciurobis

safuZvelze

SeirCeva.

danaxarjebis

gazrdis mosurneni mxars dauWeren iseT prognozs, romelSic sagadasaxado

Semosavlebis muxli momavali wlisTvis gaberilia, da piriqiT.
meore:

clileba

`danaxarjsa~

da

`Semosavals~

ver

gansazRvravs.

mosaxerxebeli buRaltruli meTodebis gamoyenebis Sedegad kongress advilad

SeuZlia,

gverdi

auaros

kanons.

magaliTad,

mTavrobas

martivad

SeuZlia,

Camoayalibos sxvadasxva samsaxurebi da korporaciebi, romlebsac xarjvisa da

sesxebis

uflebamosileba

eqnebaT.

aseTi

saxis

arasabiujeto

saqmianoba

biujetis faqtobrivi masStabis dafarvis mniSvnelovani saSualebaa. amasTanave,

kanonmdeblebs

SeuZliaT,

regulirebis

iseT

miznebs

miaRwion,

romelTa

Sesrulebas gazrdili danaxarji esaWiroeba. magaliTad, kongress SeuZlia,

samsaxurebis administracias daavalos TanamSromelTa dazRveva, nacvlad imisa,
rom meti danaxarji gaswios samedicino momsaxurebaze.
15

ix. Schultze [1995], sadac argumenti biujetSi cvlilebis gatarebis winaaRmdeg, agreTve
Buchanan [1995], sadac argumenti cvlilebis gatarebis sasargeblodaa mocemuli.

209

swavlulma iuristebma ramdenime SekiTxva dasves: ra moxdeba deficitis

SemTxvevaSi? mTel kongress xom ar Casvamen cixeSi? SesaZlebelia Tu ara,
kongresi zedmeti xarjvis gamo gaasamarTlon? gadawyveten ki federaluri
mosamarTleebi ekonomikur politikasTan dakavSirebul sakiTxebs? SeuZlia ki
moqalaqes, sasamarTlosgan moipovos akrZalva, romlis Tanaxmadac deficitis
SemTxvevaSi

yovelgvari

saxelmwifo qmedeba

SeCerdeba? BEA-s

gamocdileba

informaciuli xasiaTisaa. rodesac kanonis dacvas uaresi Sedegi mohqonda,

vidre mis ignorirebas, kanoni yovelTvis ignorirebuli iyo.
miuxedavad
dawesebis
Setanis

amisa,

idea

xarjvasa da

dResac

Sesaxeb

deficitze

popularulia.

mosazreba

konstituciuri

dabalansebul

kongresSi

1997

SezRudvebis

biujetSi

wels

cvlilebis

damarcxda.

Tumca

mosalodnelia, rom momavalSi aseTi winadadeba kidev iqneba.

daskvnebi

saxelmwifos mier gadawyvetilebis miRebis procesi rTuli da gaugebaria.

demokratiis martivi modelebis sawinaaRmdegod, arsebobs Zala, romelic imaze
met

saxelmwifo

mimdinare

saxsrebs

sabiujeto

xarjavs,

procesis

vidre saSualo amomrCeveli

kritikosebma

ukeTesi

isurvebda.

alternativa

ver

Camoayalibes. sabiujeto procesisaTvis racionaluri wesebisa da SezRudvebis

formulireba,

rogorc

konstituciis,

ise

kanonis

doneze,

akademiuri

da

politikuri moRvaweobis gzaze umniSvnelovanesi sakiTxia.

bolos

ki,

xazi

gvinda

gavusvaT

Semdegs:

azri

imis

Sesaxeb,

rom

saxelmwifo finansebis arsebuli sistema tendenciuri da araefeqtiania, ar

gulisxmobs, rom mTavroba, rogorc instituti, `cudia~. individs, romelic
resursebis bazarze orientirebuli midgomis Sesabamisad ganawilebas emxroba,
ufleba aqvs bazris gaumjobesebis gzebi eZios. es saxelmwifos SemTxvevaSic
SesaZlebelia.

210

daskvna

politikuri

ekonomia

politikuri

gadawyvetilebis

miRebis

procesis

raTa

pirdapiri

analizis dros ekonomikuri principebiT sargeblobs.

ekonomistebma

Seiswavles

demokratiis
lindalis

dros

sxvadasxva

sazogadoebrivi

faswarmoqmnas

sazogadoebrivi

meTodebi,
saqonlis

mivyavarT

saqonlis

efeqtian

doneebi

SeerCiaT.

konsensusisaken,
miwodebas

romelic

ukavSirdeba

da

preferenciaTa gulwrfel aRiarebazea damokidebuli.

xmaTa umravlesobiT kenWisyram, Tu zogierTi individis preferencia

erTi maqsimaluri wertiliT ar xasiaTdeba, SesaZloa sazogadoebrivi
saqonlis Sesaxeb alogikur gadawyvetilebamde migviyvanos.

logrolingi xmebiT vaWrobis saSualebiT amomrCevels preferenciaTa

intensiurobis

gamoxatvis

saSualebas aZlevs. Tumca SesaZloa

didi

danakargis xarjze mcire mogeba warmoiqmnas.

erous

Seusrulebadobis

miRebisaTvis

iseTi

wesis

Teoria

amtkicebs,

moZieba,

romelic

rom

gadawyvetilebis

ramdenime

racionalur

kriteriums erTdroulad akmayofilebs, zogadad SeuZlebelia. Sedegi ki

isaa, rom demokratiuli sistema Seusabamo gadawyvetilebas iRebs.

warmomadgenlobiTi demokratiis SemTxvevaSi mTavrobis qcevis axsna im

urTierTqmedebis Seswavlas moiTxovs, romelic arCeul xelisuflebas,
sajaro moxeleebsa da saerTo interesebis mqone individTa jgufs Soris
arsebobs.

SemzRudavi daSvebis farglebSi arCeuli politikuri figuris qmedeba

saSualo amomrCevlis survilebs Seesabameba.

sajaro moxeleebi ekonomikuri politikis ganviTarebasa da Sesrulebaze

mniSvnelovnad

zemoqmedeben.

erTi

Teoriis

mixedviT,

biurokrati

cdilobs samsaxuris biujetis maqsimizacias, rasac Warb momsaxurebamde

mivyavarT.

rentis maZiebeli fizikuri pirebi mTavrobis saqmianobaze zemoqmedebis

gansaxorcieleblad jgufs qmnian. gansakuTrebuli interesi Semosavlis
wyaros,

Semosavlis

masStabis,

mrewvelobis,

regionis

an

piradi

maxasiaTeblebis safuZvelze formirdeba.

211

mTavrobis

zomis

zrdis

daCqareba

bevr

mizezzea

damokidebuli.

am

fenomenis ganmarteba aseTia:

moqalaqeebs ubralod ufro didi masStabis mTavroba surT.
saxelmwifo

seqtori

unda

gafarTovdes,

raTa

Warbi

kerZo

warmoebis

aTviseba moaxerxos.
iseTi

SemTxveviTi

movlenebi,

rogoricaa omi,

mTavrobis

zomis

zrdas

aCqarebs, xolo inerciis wyalobiT Zvel doneze dabruneba aRar xdeba.

ararealisturi

molodinis

Sedegia

gazrdili

moTxovna,

romelic

saxelmwifo programebis alternatiuli Rirebulebis ignorirebas axdens.

garkveuli jgufebi saxelmwifos iyeneben imisaTvis, rom gadainawilon
Semosavali.

winadadebebi

mTavrobis

zomis

zrdaze

kontrolis

ganxorcielebis

Sesaxeb kerZo seqtorSi konkurencias, sabiujeto procesis reformas da

sakonstitucio cvlilebebs waaxalisebs.

sadiskusio SekiTxvebi

1. davuSvaT, xuTi adamiani (1, 2, 3, 4 da 5) Semdegnairad axorcielebs A, B, C

da D proeqtebis klasificirebas:

a) grafikulad asaxeT preferenciebi (rogorc es 6.2 grafikzea).

b) SeirCeva Tu ara xmaTa umravlesobiT romelime proeqti? romeli? Tu ar
SeirCeva, axseniT _ ratom.

212

2. 2002 wels aSS-is senatma miiRo kanoni soflis meurneobis Sesaxeb.

Crdilo-aRmosavleTelma

senatorebma

samxreTSi

brinjis

mwarmoebelTa

subsidirebas dauWires mxari, samxreTelebma ki _ Crdilo-aRmosavleTSi rZis

mwarmoeblebis subsidirebas. Cvens mier warmodgenilia modelebi politikur
gadawyvetilebaTa miRebis procesis Sesaxeb. romeli moergeba yvelaze kargad
am konkretul situacias?
3.

`teqnologiis~

investiciebs,
(wliurad)

ris
3%-iT

qveynis

Sedegadac

mrewveloba
kerZo

izrdeba.

axal

seqtorSi

mTavrobis

aRWurvilobaSi

momuSavis

warmomadgenlebi

debs

mwarmoebluroba
aseTi

teqnikuri

progresis beneficiarebi ar arian.

a) Tu kerZo seqtorSi xelfasi zRvruli saqonlis Rirebulebas utoldeba,
ramdeniT gaizrdeba xelfasi wliurad?
b) saxelmwifo seqtorSi momuSaveTa xelfasi ise izrdeba, rom igi kerZo
seqtoris

analogiur

maCvenebels

Seesabameba.

ra

TanafardobaSia

sazogadoebrivi momsaxureba kerZo seqtorSi warmoebul saqonelTan?

g) Tu yovelwliurad erTi da imave odenobis sazogadoebrivi

momsaxureba

iwarmoeba, rogor Seicvleba mTavrobis zoma da saxelmwifo danaxarji?

4. qristiania (Tavisufali qalaqi kopenhagenSi) aris sazogadoeba, romelic
800 srulwlovnisa da 250 bavSvisagan Sedgeba. sazogadoeba `hipebma da sxvebma~
Camoayalibes. danarCeni daniisagan gansxvavebiT, igi ar emorCileba kanonebs. `aq
ar

arsebobs

konsensusis

gubernatori,
safuZvelze

gadawyvetileba

arasodes

sabWo
wydeba...
ar

an

administraciuli

praqtikulad,

miiReba...

sxvadasxva

es

organo,
niSnavs,

jgufebidan

yvelaferi
rom

bevri

komunaluri

valdebulebebis ganawilebisa da dafarvis dros daZabuloba SeiniSneba~ (Kinzer,

1996, gv. A3). Seesabameba Tu ara es Sedegi Cvens Teoriebs, romlebic pirdapiri
demokratiis dros kenWisyrasTanaa dakavSirebuli? kenWisyris ra procedurebs
gauwevdiT rekomendacias qristianiasTvis?
5.

2002

wlis

Sualedur

arCevnebSi

kaliforniaSi

amomrCevelTa

76%

TeTrkanianebi iyvnen, arada, isini kaliforniis mosaxleobis naxevarze naklebia.

Tu

es

monacemebi

sworia,

maSin

ramdenad

adekvaturia

Teoria

saSualo

amomrCevlis Sesaxeb?
6. 1998 wels Ppuerto-rikos mosaxleobam referendumi Caatara. arsebobda
xuTi arCevani: 1. SenarCunebuliyo Tanamegobrobis statusi; 2. Seqmniliyo Stati;
3.

moepovebina

demokratia;

4.

Camoeyalibebina

`Tavisufali

asociacia~

213

(damoukideblobis tipi, romlis mixedviTac SeerTebul Statebze garkveuli

Zalaufleba delegirdeboda); 5. arc erTi. ganixileT is problemebi, romlebic
SesaZloa

warmoiSvas,

rodesac

mosaxleoba

arCevans

xuTi

alternatividan

akeTebs.
7. evrokavSiris wevri qveynebi valdebulni arian, deficiti mSp-is 3%-ze
dabla

SeinarCunon.

qveynebi,

romlebic

am

kanons

arRveven,

jarimdebian.

SeerTebuli Statebis gamocdilebaze (romelic 1990 wlis biujetis Sesrulebis

aqts ukavSirdeba) dayrdnobiT, rogor fiqrobT, ramdenad efeqtiani iqneba aSSSi deficitis SezRudvebi? rogor fiqrobT, ras moimoqmedeben evrokavSiris
wevri qveynebi?
8. rentaze nadirobis sakiTxze diskusiis dros aRiniSna, rom licenziis
gareSe araqisis moyvana akrZalulia. licenzia SesaZloa arafermermac iyidos.
marTlac asea: licenziaTa umetesobas floben firmebi, romelTac araqisis
warmoebasTan araviTari kavSiri ar aqvT (magaliTad, sadazRvevo kompaniebi). am
faqtis gaTvaliswinebiT, rogor fiqrobT, iqneba Tu ara samarTliani araqisis
warmoebis
gaixseneT

SemTxvevaSi
diskusia

salicenzio

imis

Sesaxeb,

sistemis
rom

gauqmeba?

licenziis

pasuxis

mflobeli

gacemisas

valdebulia,

licenziisaTvis Tanxa gadaixados.

9. rZeze moTxovnis mrudi mocemulia Q-Ti, romelic udris 100 10P, sadac P
aris fasi galonze, Q ki _ wliuri moTxovnis odenoba. miwodebis mrudi
horizontaluria, Tu fasi 2-is tolia.
a) bazari konkurentulia. amdenad, ra Rirs rZis erTi galoni da ramdeni
galoni iyideba?
b)

zogierTi

amuSaveben

politikosis

kartels

(aseTi

TanxmobiT

karteli

rZis

marTla

mwarmoeblebi

funqcionirebs

qmnian

da

SeerTebuli

Statebis Crdilo-aRmosavleT nawilSi). ra iqneba kartelis fasi da ramdeni

galoni

rZe

gaiyideba?

[miniSneba:

zRvruli

amonagebis

mrudi

(MR)

warmodgenilia Semdegnairad: MR = 10 Q/5. garda amisa, gaxsovdeT, rom

miwodebis

mrudi

warmoebis

TiToeul

donesTan

dakavSirebul

zRvrul

danaxarjs uCvenebs].
g) ra renta asocirdeba kartelTan?
d) kartelis SesanarCuneblad rZis mwarmoeblebi lobisti politikosebis
saarCevno kampaniebisaTvis erTjerad Sesatans ixdian. ra aris is maqsimaluri

214

Tanxa,

romlis

Setanis

survilic maT

eqnebaT? ra aris kartelis sruli

tevadobis danakargi?
e)

rZis mwarmoeblebi kongresSi maTi sakiTxis gasatanad erTjeradi

Tanxis nacvlad lobistebsa da advokatebs daiqiraveben. icvleba Tu ara Tqveni

azri

sruli

tevadobis

danakargis

Sesaxeb,

romelic

rentis

ZiebasTan

asocirdeba?
10. 11 seqtembris Semdeg arsebobda saSiSroeba, rom teroristebi qveynis
sasursaTo

uzrunvelyofis

sursaTisa da wamlis
niskanenis

sabotaJs

daiwyebdnen.

sasursaTo

administraciis kompetencias

biurokratiis

modeli

(grafiki

6.4).

ra

usafrTxoeba

ganekuTvneba.

gamoiyeneT

zemoqmedebas

moaxdens

sursaTis uvneblobasTan dakavSirebuli axali vnebaTaRelva administraciis

TanamSromlebis optimalur odenobasa da faqtobriv odenobaze?
11.

`TheEconomist~

gakveTili

is

wers:

`amerikis

rom

SedarebiT

aris,

uaxlesi

istoriis

konservatiul

erT-erTi

qveyanaSi

naTeli

demokratebi

warmatebas maSin aRweven, rodesac centrisken gadaadgildebian~ (2002 wlis 16

noemberi).

politikuri

ekonomiis

romeli

modeli

xsnis

saukeTesod

am

magaliTs?

gamoyenebuli literatura:
Borcherding, Thomas E. "The Causes of Government Expenditure Growth: A Survey of the U.S.
Evidence". Journal of Public Economics 28. # 3 (1985 wlis dekemberi), gv. 359-382.
Levin, Jonathan, and Barry Nalebuff. "An Introduction to Vote-Counting Schemes". Jurnal of
Economic Perspectives 9 (1995 wlis zamTari), gv. 3-26.
Persson, Torsten, and Guida Tabellini. "Political Economics and Public Finance". Working
Paper 7097. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, 04. 1999
Poterba, James M. "Do Budget Rules Work?" In Fiscal Policy: Lessons from Economic Research,
ed. Alan J Auerbach. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1997.

215

Tavi 7

Semosavlis ganawileba:
konceptualuri sakiTxebi

RaribTa

daxmareba

civilizaciis

winaSe

arsebuli

yvelaze

rTuli

gamocdaa.
semiuel jonsoni

`mTavrobis mTeli xelovneba imaSi mdgomareobs, rom mosaxleobis erTi

fenidan

maqsimaluri

odenobis

Tanxa

amoiRos

da

meore

fenas

gadasces~.

volteris es mtkiceba SesaZloa odnav gadaWarbebulad mogeCvenoT, Tumca yvela

WeSmaritad

politikuri

sakiTxi

Semosavlis

ganawilebas

ukavSirdeba.

SekiTxvebi imis Taobaze, Tu vin moigebs da vin waagebs, aSkarad Tu SefarviT,

saxelmwifo

politikis

saxelmwifo

Semosavlis

aspeqtebze

ifiqroT.

gaaanalizoT

sadiskusio
ganawilebis

Semdeg

ZiriTadi

sagania.

TavSi

Tavi

politikis

ukve

saxelmwifo

es

imis

saSualebas

normatiul

SesaZlebloba

programebi,

romelTa

da

mogcemT,
pozitiur

geqnebaT,

mizani

rom

RaribTa

Semosavlis SenarCunebaa.
sanam saqmes SevudgebodeT, vnaxoT, ramdenad evaleba ekonomists, zogadad
ganixilos ganawilebis sakiTxebi. erTni fiqroben, rom es ar ganekuTvneba
ekonomistis kompetenciis sferos. Semosavlis `marTebuli~ ganawilebis Sesaxeb
arsebuli

mosazreba

sxvadasxvaobaTa
dawyebuli

subieqturia

sakiTxs

diskusia

gadawyvetda,

ekonomikis

ekonomistebma socialuri

da

`mecnieruli~
ar

arsebobs.

obieqturobas

sakiTxebis

gza,

ganawilebis

Crdils

efeqtianobis

romelic

ayenebs.

analizisagan

eTikur
Taobaze
amdenad,

Tavi unda

Seikavon.

216

am mosazrebas ori problema axasiaTebs. pirveli: rogorc me-3 TavSi iqna

ganxiluli,

keTildReobis

ekonomikis

Teoria

miuTiTebs,

rom

efeqtianoba,

TavisTavad, araadekvaturi normatiuli standartia. amdenad, rodesac resursTa

alternatiuli
kriteriumi

ganawilebis

unda

iqnes

Sedareba

xdeba,

gamoyenebuli.

efeqtianobisagan

cxadia,

viRacas

gansxvavebuli

gauCndeba

survili,

amtkicos, rom efeqtianoba gadamwyveti faqtoria, magram, garwmunebT, es misi

subieqturi Sefaseba iqneba.
meore: gadawyvetilebis mimRebni politikiT gaTvaliswinebuli ganawilebis
struqturas

adgenen.

Tu

ekonomistebi

ganawilebis

sakiTxebis

ignorirebas

moaxdenen, maSin politikosebi ekonomistebs gauweven ignorirebas. Sedegad imas

miviRebT,

rom

politikosebi

mxolod

ganawilebis

sakiTxze

iqnebian

fokusirebulni da efeqtianobis sakiTxs uyuradRebod datoveben. ekonomisti,

romelic

ganawilebis

sakiTxebs

gamudmebiT

Tvals

adevnebs,

politikoss

efeqtianobisa da ganawilebis Sesaxeb arsebuli mdgomareobis Taobaze mudmivad

acnobebs.

ekonomikis

Seswavla

eTikuri

Sefasebis

umaRles

SesaZleblobas

aravis uboZebs. miuxedavad amisa, ekonomistebs aqvT unari da gamocdileba,

alternatiul

RirebulebaTa

Sedegebi

warmoaCinon

da

sxvadasxva

eTikuri

miznebis miRwevisaTvis gaweuli danaxarjebi gamoTvalon.

unda

monawileobdes

Tu

SecvlaSi?

rogorc

struqturis

ara

saxelmwifo

pirvel

TavSia

Semosavlis

ganawilebis

aRniSnuli,

politikuri

filosofiis zogierTi mniSvnelovani tradicia konkretulad miuTiTebs imaze,

rom

Semosavlis

yvelaze

minimaluri

ganawilebaze.
masalis

ganawilebaSi

intervenciac

magaliTad,

SeZenis

saxelmwifo
ki

saxelmwifos

SemTxvevaSi

zogierT

ar

unda

axdens

mier

Caerios.

saxelmwifos

zegavlenas

Semosavlis

sazogadoebrivi

firmasTan

ideba

saqonlisaTvis

kontraqti,

xolo

zogierTi _ kontraqtis gareSe rCeba. im firmis mflobeli, romelic kontraqts

dadebs,

damatebiT

sagadasaxado

da

Semosavals
saxarjo

miiRebs.

politika

ufro

realuri

zogadad,

saxelmwifos

Semosavlis

ganawilebis

cvlilebas ukavSirdeba.

217

Semosavlis ganawileba

gavaanalizoT informacia Semosavlis mimdinare ganawilebis Sesaxeb. 7.1

cxrili uCvenebs SeerTebul StatebSi Semosavlis ganawilebas 1960-iani wlebis
bolodan (Census Bureau). igi gviCvenebs, rom ganawileba usamarTlo iyo. 2001 wels
mosaxleobis umdidresi mexuTedi mTliani Semosavlis 50%-s iRebda, xolo
uRaribesi mexuTedi _ 4%-ze naklebs. cxrili aseve gviCvenebs, rom usamarTlo
ganawilebis done TandaTan gaizarda. Semosavlis wili, romelic uRaribesi
ojaxebis or mexuTedze nawildeba, ufro naklebia, vidre ramdenime aTwleulis
win. sainteresoa, rom usamarTlo ganawilebis precedenti mxolod SeerTebul
Statebs ar axasiaTebda. usamarTlo ganawileba yvela ganviTarebadi qveynis
seni iyo, Tumca misi masStabi sxvagan odnav mcire gaxldaT.

cxrili 7.1.

fuladi Semosavlis ganawileba ojaxebs Soris

procentuli wili
weli

udablesi

meore

saSualo

meoTxe

umaRlesi

umaRlesi

mexuTedi

mexuTedi

mexuTedi

mexuTedi

mexuTedi

5%

1967

4,0

10,8

17,3

24,2

43,8

17,5

1977

4,4

10,3

17,0

24,8

43,6

16,1

1982

4,1

10,1

16,6

24,7

44,5

16,1

1987

3,8

9,6

16,1

24,3

46,2

18,2

1992

3,8

9,4

15,8

24,2

46,9

18,6

1997

3,6

8,9

15,0

23,2

49,4

21,7

2001

3,5

8,7

14,6

23,0

50,1

22,4

wyaro: US Bureau of the Census, Current Popilation Reports, series P. 60-209 (Washington
D.C:

US

Government

Printing

Office),

2001,

URL:

http://www.census.gov/hhes/income/histinc/h02.html. cifrebi naturiT ganxorcielebul

transferebs ar moicavs.

218

cxrili 7.2. vin aris Raribi?

jgufi

siRaribis ganakveTi

jgufi

siRaribis ganakveTi

yvela piri

11,7 %

18 wlamde

16,3%

TeTrkaniani

7,4

65 wlis da zemoT

10,1

Savkaniani

20,7

laTino-amerikeli

19,4

martoxela dedebi

26,4

ojaxebiT

wyaro: US Bureau of the Census, "Historical Poverty Tables". [WWW Document] URL:
http://www.census.gov/prod/2002/pubs/p60-219.pdf. cifrebi 2001 wlisaa.

cxrili 7.3.

siRaribis ganakveTi (gansazRvruli wlebi)

weli

siRaribis ganakveTi

weli

siRaribis ganakveTi

1959

22,4%

1980

13,0%

1960

22,2

1985

14,0

1965

17,3

1990

13,5

1970

12,6

1995

13,8

1975

12,3

2000

11,3

2001

11,7

wyaro: US Bureau of the Census, "Historical Poverty Tables". [WWW Document] URL:
http://www.census.gov/hhes/poverty/histpov/perindex.html

Semosavlis

ganawilebis

Sesafaseblad

SesaZlebelia

maTi

odenobis

gamoTvla, vinc siRaribis zRvars qvemoT imyofeba. siRaribis zRvari aris

realuri Semosavlis fiqsirebuli ganakveTi, romelic cxovrebis minimaluri
donis

uzrunvelsayofad sakmarisia1.

cxadia,

imis

dadgenisas,

Tu ra aris

siRaribis zRvris gamosaTvlelad, pirvel rigSi, im racionis minimaluri Rirebuleba

unda iqnes gamoTvlili, romelic kvebiTi Rirebulebis standarts akmayofilebs. Semdeg
Semosavlis is proporciuli wili unda gamoiTvalos, romelic sakvebze sxvadasxva

219

adekvaturi, subieqturi mosazrebebi dominirebs. miuxedavad amisa, siRaribis

zRvris arseboba sasargeblo sakontrolo wertilad iTvleba. 2001 wels oTxi
wevrisagan Semdgari ojaxis siRaribis zRvari iyo 18244 aSS dolari. imave wels
dafiqsirebuli saSualo Semosavali (ojaxTa erTi naxevari iRebda masze dabal,
xolo meore naxevari _ masze maRal Semosavals) 42228 aSS dolari iyo. 2001
wels siRaribis zRvars qvemoT 32,9 milioni adamiani, anu mosaxleobis 11,7%
imyofeboda.
7.2 cxrili sxvadasxva demografiuli jgufebis mixedviT siRaribis zRvars
qvemoT

myofi

mosaxleobis

proporcias

gviCvenebs.

siRaribe

gansakuTrebiT

daundobelia martoxela dedebis ojaxebSi _ siRaribis zRvars qvemoT aseTi

ojaxebis 26,4%-ia. Savkanianebic da laTino-amerikuli warmoSobis adamianebic am
zRvars qvemoT imyofebian.
7.3 cxrili siRaribis ganakveTSi droTa ganmavlobaSi momxdar cvlilebebs
asaxavs. cifrebi cxadyofs, rom siRaribis masStabi SeerTebul StatebSi dRes
mniSvnelovnad

dabalia,

vidre

naxevari

saukunis

win.

Tumca

Semcirebis

tendenciis stabilizeba ver xerxdeba.

ratom nawildeba Semosavali ase araTanabrad? es SekiTxva didi xania
ekonomikis centralur adgils ikavebs, Tumca masze mkafio pasuxi jer kidev ar
arsebobs2. SeerTebul Statebsa da dasavleTis sxva qveynebSi ojaxebs Soris
Semosavlis
sxvadasxva

usamarTlod
xelfasia.

ganawilebis

sakuTrebaze

mTavari

gansxvavebuli

mizezi

ojaxis

Semosavali

ufrosTa

(procentebi,

dividendebi da a.S.) Semosavlis usamarTlo ganawilebis gamomwvevi araarsebiTi

mizezia. dakvirveba, cxadia, mniSvnelovania, magram igi Semosavlis usamarTlo
ganawilebis mizezs jer kidev ver xsnis _ SesaZloa, vinmem aseT mizezad
sxvadasxva masStabis gasamrjelo daasaxelos. gamomuSavebuli gasamrjelo iseT
gansxvavebul faqtorebzea damokidebuli, rogoricaa: fizikuri Zala, gonebrivi
potenciali, energia, janmrTeloba, ganaTlebis done, ojaxuri mdgomareoba,
sqesobrivi da rasobrivi diskriminacia, saxelmwifo keTildReobis programebi
da iRbali. ekonomistebis azriT, bolo periodSi araTanabari ganawilebis
zrdis ZiriTadi

mizezi ganaTlebis

Sedegad miRebuli

finansuri ukugebis

zrdaa. iseTi teqnologiuri cvlilebebis Sedegad, rogoricaa kompiuteruli

teqnikis

sayovelTao

danergva,

kolejdamTavrebulebi

bevrad

maRal

zomis ojaxebSi ixarjeba. siRaribis zRvari `adekvatur~ racionze am proporciis

Sebrunebuli ricxvis gamravlebiT dgindeba.
2 etkinsoni [1983] Semosavlis ganawilebis alternatiul Teoriebs ganixilavs; topeli
[1997] Semosavlis
ganawilebaSi bolo periodSi
ganxorcielebul cvlilebebs
aanalizebs.

220

anazRaurebas iReben, vidre maTi Tanatolebi, romelTac dabali ganaTleba aqvT.

Tumca es siRaribis yvela tipis asaxsnelad ar gamodgeba. rogorc mogvianebiT
vnaxavT, es faqti keTilgonivruli politikis SemuSavebis process, romlis
mizani Semosavlis gadanawileba iqneba, `datanjavs~.

ganawilebis Sesaxeb arsebuli monacemebis interpretacia

aSS-Si

aRweris

monacemebi

Semosavlis

ganawilebisa

da

siRaribis

ganakveTis Sesaxeb yvelaze farTo ganxilvis sagania. amdenad, mniSvnelovania

vicodeT es monacemebi da maTi SezRudvebis dros gamoyenebuli meTodebi.

Semosavlis maCveneblebi mxolod ojaxTa fulad Semosavals moicavs. am

faqtis mniSvnelobis gasagebad Semosavlis gansazRvras gTavazobT. individis
Semosavali aris mocemuli periodis ganmavlobaSi daxarjuli da dazogili
Tanxebis jami (Semosavlis ufro detaluri gansazRvreba ixileT me-15 TavSi).
ojaxis Semosavali ara mxolod miRebuli naRdi fulisagan, aramed naturiT
miRebuli Semosavlisagan (anazRaureba ara naRdi fuliT, aramed saqonliT an
momsaxurebiT)

Sedgeba.

oficialuri

definicia,

romelic

naturiT

miRebul

Semosavals ar iTvaliswinebs, siRaribis donis araswor Sefasebamde migviyvans.

warmoidgineT, rom Tqveni administracia Rarib mosaxleobas vauCers urigebs,
romelic

Raribs

saukeTeso

sastumroSi

cxovrebisa

da

yvelaze

cnobil

restoranSi saWmlis mirTmevis SesaZleblobas aZlevs. Tumca amiT siRaribis

oficialuri ganakveTi ar

Seicvleba.

Seuqmnis.

is

samagierod,

dabalSemosavliani

mosaxleobis

saxelmwifo Raribebs

uzrunvelyofs

fufunebas

sasursaTo

binaTmSeneblobis

programas,

ver

talonebs,
samedicino

samsaxuris subsidirebas. Cveni Sefasebis Tanaxmad, saxelmwifos mier gacemuli

arafuladi

sargeblis

ganakveTi 20%-ze metiT

naturiT

gaTvaliswinebis

Semdeg

siRaribis

oficialuri

Semcirdeba3.

miRebuli

Semosavlis

erT-erTi

ZiriTadi

forma

im

drois

Rirebulebaa, romelsac srulwlovnebi Tavis ojaxs miuZRvnian. oficialuri

monacemebi arafers ambobs imaze, rom martoxela mSoblis ojaxisaTvis da ori
mSoblis

ojaxisaTvis

gansxvavebuli

odenobis

ekonomikuri

resursebia

US Census Bureau, CPS Annual Demographic Supplement. cxrili ganTavsebulia Semdeg

misamarTze: http://www.census.gov/hhes/poverty01/r&dtable6.html
3

221

xelmisawvdomi, an imaze, rom ekonomikuri resursebis sxvadasxva odenobas iRebs

ojaxi, romelSic orive mSobeli muSaobs, da ojaxi, romelSic mxolod erTi
mSobelia dasaqmebuli. naturiT Semosavali zogjer grZelvadiani sargeblobis
saqonliTaa warmodgenili. yvelaze mniSvnelovani magaliTi am mxriv saxlia,
romelic mflobelisaTvis sacxovrebel-komunaluri momsaxurebis nakads qmnis.
aRniSnuli momsaxurebis Rirebuleba saxlis mesakuTis mier sxva SemTxvevaSi
sacxovrebeli binis daqiravebaze gaweul danaxarjs utoldeba. amdenad, Tu
ojaxi flobs saxls, romlis daqiravebisTvisac mas 5 aTasi aSS dolari unda
gadaexada, maSin gamodis, rom es Tanxa mis SemosavalSi unda iqnes CarTuli.
dakvirveba efuZneba im faqts, rom 15 aTas aSS dolarze naklebi Semosavlis
mqone ojaxebis 48% saxlebs flobs.

oficialuri cifrebi ar iTvaliswinebs gadasaxadebs. Semosavlis Sesaxeb

arsebuli monacemebi gadasaxadis gadaxdamde periods asaxavs. amdenad, faqti,
rom sagadasaxado sistemas maRalSemosavliani ojaxebis Semosavlis ufro didi
odenoba miaqvs, vidre dabalSemosavliani ojaxebisa, am cifrebSi naCvenebi ar
aris.

RaribTa

sasargeblod

Semosavlis

ganawilebis

erT-erTi

yvelaze

mniSvnelovani programa, romelsac gamomuSavebuli saSemosavlo gadasaxadis

krediti (Earned Income Tax Credit - EITC)

ewodeba,

saSemosavlo gadasaxadis

meSveobiT xorcieldeba (programa me-8 TavSia ganxiluli).

saSualebiT
dolari

dabalSemosavlian

gadaecema;

siRaribis

ojaxebs

yovelwliurad

Sesaxeb

statistika

EITC programis

31

ar

miliardi

iTvaliswinebs

aSS
am

transferebs.

Semosavali

wliurad

izomeba.

Semosavlis

koncefcia

mniSvnelovania

mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu igi garkveuli periodis intervaliT izomeba. Tumca

drois zusti grafiki gamokveTili ar aris. dRiuri an kvireuli Sefaseba
absurduli ideaa SesaZloa, TviT yvelaze mdidar adamiansac ki drois mcire
monakveTSi

nulovani

Semosavali

hqondes.

yvelaze

racionaluri

iqneboda,

Semosavali weliwadSi erTxel gagvezoma (swored wliurad dgeba oficialuri

monacemebi).

Tumca

wliurma

Sefasebamac

ki

SeiZleba

individis

WeSmariti

ekonomikuri mdgomareoba ver asaxos. wlidan wlamde Semosavali SesaZlebelia

mniSvnelovnad
ganmavlobaSi

meryeobdes.
miRebuli

Teoriuli

Semosavali

TvalsazrisiT,

idealuri

mTeli

varianti

sicocxlis

iqneboda,

Tumca

praqtikulad am monacemis gamoTvla warmoudgenelia.

222

sxvadasxva periodebis Semosavlebs Soris arsebuli gansxvavebani SesaZloa

ubralo

akademiur

fandad

CavTvaloT,

Tumca

es

gansxvavebani

metad

mniSvnelovania. individs dabali Semosavali aqvs, rodesac is axalgazrdaa,

SedarebiT maRali roca saSualo asakSia, da naklebi, rodesac xandazmulia
da pensias iRebs. amdenad, individebi, romelTac identuri Semosavali aqvT
mTeli

sicocxlis

imyofebian,
Sefaseba

ganmavlobaSi,

wliurad
(7.1-dan

ganawilebas

7.3

uCvenebs,

magram

sxvadasxva
cxrilis
vidre

sxvadasxva

Semosavals
CaTvliT)

is

sasicocxlo

iReben.

wliuri

Semosavlis

ufro

usamarTlo

Semosavlis

Sefasebani,

fazaSi

romlebic

sicocxlis

mTel

xangrZlivobazea gaTvlili. xangrZlivi periodisaTvis keTildReobis ganakveTis

Sefasebis

Sedegad

Raribi

ojaxebis

wili

siRaribis

wliur

ganakveTTan

SedarebiT sami an oTxi procentuli punqtiT mcirdeba (Jorgenson, 1998).

rTulia
sxvasTan

dakvirvebis

erTad

obieqtis

cxovrobs

da,

gansazRvra.

amdenad,

individTa

garkveuli

udidesi

masStabiT,

nawili

erToblivi

ekonomikuri gadawyvetileba miiReba. ris mixedviT unda Sefasdes Semosavlis

ganawileba individis Tu ojaxis? Tu ekonomia erTad cxovrebiT miiRweva, es
individis Semosavlis gamoTvlis dros gaTvaliswinebuli unda iqnes Tu ara?
ase, magaliTad: aris Tu ara orwevriani ojaxi, romlis Semosavali 30 aTasi aSS
dolaria, iseTive materialur mdgomareobaSi, rogorSic erTwevriani ojaxi,
romlis Semosavali 15 aTasi aSS dolaria? ori individis danaxarji erTi
individis danaxarjis toli ver iqneba, magram SesaZloa wyvilma ise icxovros,
rom 1,5 individis danaxarji gaswios. Tu asea, maSin, realurad, wyvili ufro
ukeTes materialur mdgomareobaSi yofila, vidre erTwevriani ojaxi. Tumca
marTebuli

makoreqtirebeli

konteqstSi

7.2

cxrilidan

faqtoris
gaixseneT,

moZieba
rom

arcTu

erT-erTi

ise

advilia.

kategoria

am

swored

martoxela dedebi arian, romelTac awevT ojaxi da ar hyavT qmari. Tumca,

baumanis [1997] gamoTvlebis Tanaxmad, im ojaxis Semosavlis gaTvaliswinebis
Sedegad, romlis wevrebic daqorwinebulni ar arian iuridiulad, oficialuri
gansazRvrebis Tanaxmad Raribad Seracxul individTa 55% siRaribis zRvars
zemoT gadainacvlebs.
problema moulodnelad Cndeba, rogorc ki ojaxis struqtura icvleba.
warmoidgineT, ra moxdeba, rodesac bebias gazrdili Semosavali, nacvlad
srulwlovan
saSualebas

SvilebTan
miscems.

erTad

warmoiqmneba

cxovrebisa,
axali

sakuTar

ekonomikuri

saxlSi
erTeuli

cxovrebis
Semosavlis

dabali ganakveTiT. oficialuri statistika gviCvenebs, rom viTareba gauaresda

223

_ saSualo Semosavali daeca da ekonomikuri uTanabroba gaizarda. Tumca

axali

sacxovrebeli

mimarTulebebi

individebis

mdgomareobas

zogadad

aumjobesebs.
amrigad, Semosavlis ganawilebisa da siRaribis donis standartuli sazomi
berketebi sasargeblo informacias uzrunvelyofs, Tumca maT garkveuli eWviT
unda movekidoT. es aSkaraa, rodesac Sedarebebi droTa ganmavlobaSi xdeba.

Semosavlis ganawilebis logikuri safuZveli

cxadia, Semosavali usamarTlod nawildeba. individebi ver Tanxmdebian,

saxelmwifom ganawilebis politika unda gaataros Tu ara. aRniSnul sakiTxze
qvemoT bevr mosazrebas SexvdebiT.

martivi utilitarizmi

tradiciuli keTildReobis ekonomikis postulatis Tanaxmad, sazogadoebis

keTildReoba misi wevrebis keTildReobazea damokidebuli. algebrulad, Tu
sazogadoebaSi
sargeblianoba

arsebobs
aris

Ui

raodenobis

maSin

individi

socialuri

da

keTildReoba,

i-uri
W,

individis
individebis

sargeblianobis F funqciaa4:

W = F (U 1 ,U 2,..., U n )

(7.1)

7.1 gantolebas zogjer utilitaruli socialuri keTildReobis funqcias

uwodeben, radgan igi XIX saukunis socialuri utilitarizmis filosofosebTan

diskusia im problemebs ar iTvaliswinebs, romlebic maSin warmoiSoba, rodesac

sazogadoebis wevrebi socialuri keTildReobis funqciis Sesaxeb ver Tanxmdebian. ix.
me-6 Tavi.

224

asocirdeba5. Ui -s nebismieri cvlileba sxva Tanabar pirobebSi zrdis W-s.

cvlileba,

romlis

ganxorcielebis

Semdeg

erTi

individis

mdgomareoba

umjobesdeba ise, rom meore individis materialur mdgomareobas ziani ar

adgeba, socialuri keTildReobis dones amaRlebs.
ras ambobs

utilitarizmi imis Sesaxeb, saxelmwifom Semosavali unda

gaanawilos Tu ara? pasuxi gulwrfelia, Tumca ara Zalian informaciuli _

saxelmwifos SeuZlia, Semosavali im pirobiT gadaanawilos, rom amis Sedegad
gaizrdeba

W.

ufro

konkretuli

instruqciis

misaRebad

ganvixiloT

7.1

gantolebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli konkretuli piroba:

W = U 1 + U 2 + ... + U N

(7.2)

am SemTxvevaSi socialuri keTildReoba individTa sargeblianobis ubralo

jamia. es aditiuri socialuri keTildReobis funqciis saxeliTaa cnobili.
davuSvaT, saxelmwifos mizania, 7.2 gantolebaSi mocemuli W maqsimalurad
gazardos. aRniSnuli socialuri keTildReobis funqcia, ramdenime daSvebasTan
erTad, mkacri Sedegebis miRebis safuZvels gvaZlevs. davuSvaT, rom:
1. individebs aqvT identuri sargeblianobis funqcia, rac mxolod maT
Semosavalzea damokidebuli.
2. aRniSnuli sargeblianobis funqciebi Semosavlis Semcirebad zRvrul
sargeblianobas

gamoxatavs

individis

Semosavlis

zrdasTan

erTad

misi

materialuri mdgomareoba umjobesdeba, magram ufro mcire proporciiT.

3. xelmisawvdomi Semosavlis mTliani odenoba fiqsirebulia.
saxelmwifom

am

daSvebebisa

da

aditiuri

socialuri

keTildReobis

funqciis gamoyenebis Sedegad Semosavali imisTvis unda gadaanawilos, rom

srul Tanasworobas miaRwios.
amis dasamtkiceblad warmovidginoT, rom sazogadoeba ori wevrisagan _
petresa da pavlesgan Sedgeba (am SemTxvevaSi ufro martivia ganzogadeba, vidre
mravalwevrian

magaliTebSi).

7.1

grafikze

OO

horizontaluri

manZilis

faqtobrivad, utilitaristebi amtkicebdnen, rom socialuri keTildReoba 7.2

gantolebis Tanaxmad sargebelTa jamia. Tumca saxelwodeba dRes 7.1 gantolebis ufro
zogadi formulirebisaTvis gamoiyeneba.

225

saSualebiT sazogadoebisaTvis

xelmisawvdomi Semosavlis

pavles Semosavali O wertilis

gamoiTvleba.

izomeba, petres Semosavali ki _

amdenad,

OO

mTliani odenoba

marjvniv arsebuli

manZiliT

O wertilis marcxniv arsebuli manZiliT.

nebismieri wertili pavlesa

da petres

Soris

Semosavlis

ganawilebas gviCvenebs. Cveni mizania, `saukeTeso~ wertili vipovoT.

pavles Semosavlis zRvruli sargeblianoba O wertilidan vertikalurad

izomeba. meore daSvebis Tanaxmad, pavles Semosavlis zRvruli sargeblianobis
sxivi misi Semosavlis donis mimarT qvemoTaa daxrili da aRniSnulia MU Paul iT. petres Semosavlis zRvruli sargeblianobis sxivi MU Peter -iTaa aRniSnuli
(gaxsovdeT,

rom

horizontalur

RerZze

marcxniv

moZraoba

aris

petres

Semosavlis zrda). petresa da pavles identuri sargeblianobis funqciebi aqvT,

amdenad, MU Peter MU Peter -is sarkisebri gamosaxulebaa.
davuSvaT, rom pavles Tavdapirveli Semosavalia Oa, petresi ki _ Oa . aris
Tu

ara

socialuri

keTildReobis

funqcia

SeZlebisdagvarad

maRali,

an

SesaZlebelia Tu ara, rom petresa da pavles Soris Semosavlis ganawilebis

SemTxvevaSi sargeblis jami gaizardos? davuSvaT, rom petres ab dolari
gamoarTves da misces pavles. cxadia, petres mdgomareoba gauaresdeba, xolo
pavlesi _ gaumjobesdeba. aq daismeba arsebiTi SekiTxva: ra mouva sargebelTa

226

jams? petre pavleze mdidaria, amitom petres sargeblianobis danakargi pavles

mogebaze

mcire

geometriulad,

iqneba,

amdenad,

TiToeuli

maTi

individis

sargeblianobis

Semosavlis

jami

zRvruli

gaizrdeba.

sargeblianobis

sxivis qveS ganTavsebuli areali individis Semosavlis cvlilebiT gamowveul

sargeblianobis cvlilebas zomavs. pavlesaTvis ab dolaris micemis Sedegad
pavles sargeblianoba abfe arealiT gaizarda, petresaTvis ab gamorTmevam ki
petres sargeblianoba abdc arealiT Seamcira. maTi sargeblianobis jami cefd
gamuqebuli arealiT gaizarda.
sanam

sxvadasxva

individis

Semosavali

da

zRvruli

sargeblianoba

araTanabaria, sargeblianobis jami gaizrdeba, Tu Semosavals ufro Rarib

individs

gavunawilebT.

mxolod

I* wertilSi,

sadac

Semosavali

zRvrul

sargeblianobas utoldeba, xdeba socialuri keTildReobis maqsimizacia. aseT

viTarebaSi Semosavlis sruli Tanasworobis wertilis Zieba unda gagrZeldes.
daskvna ekonomikuri politikisaTvis gasaocaria. amdenad, yuradRebiT unda
movekidoT im daSvebebs, romelTac igi efuZneba.

daSveba # 1. imis dadgena, individebi identuri sargeblianobis funqciiT

xasiaTdebian

Tu

ara,

SeuZlebelia.

Cven

verasodes

gavigebT,

individebi

saqonlis moxmarebiT Tanabrad kmayofilni arian Tu ara, radgan kmayofilebis

obieqturad Sefaseba SeuZlebelia. Tumca aRniSnuli daSveba ori mosazrebiTaa
dasabuTebuli:
pirveli:

SeuZlebelia

davamtkicoT,

rom

individebi

Tanabar

sargeblianobas iReben Semosavlis identuri odenobidan. Tumca es marTebuli

daSvebaa. Tu individebi xiluli maxasiaTeblebiT (wona, simaRle da a.S.) didad
ar gansxvavdebian, ratom iqneba gansxvavebuli maTi sargeblianobis funqciebi?
rogorc nobelis premiis laureati, amartia seni (1999, gv. 358) ambobda, `rogor
SeuZlia gaigos erTma adamianma sxva adamianis fiqri da grZnoba, Tu ar
Seadarebs

Tavis

fiqrsa

da

grZnobas.

SesaZloa,

aseTi

Sedareba

ar

iyos

absoluturad zusti, magram... adamianTaSorisi Sedarebis didi sizuste misi

sistematuri gamoyenebisaTvis SeiZleba arc iyos saWiro~.
meore: daSvebis interpretacia ara fsiqologiuri, aramed eTikuri kuTxiTaa
SesaZlebeli.
moqmedebdes,

ganawilebis
TiTqos

politikis

yvela

individi

SemuSavebisas
identuri

saxelmwifo

sargeblianobis

ise

unda

funqciiT

xasiaTdebodes (miuxedavad imisa, namdvilad asea Tu ara).

227

cxadia, rom arc erT arguments ar ZaluZs skeptikosis darwmuneba. amdenad,

daSveba kvlav arasaimedod gamoiyureba.

daSveba # 2. odnav ufro teqnikuri, Tumca mainc mniSvnelovani protesti

Semosavlis klebadi zRvruli sargeblianobis Sesaxeb daSvebas axlavs Tan.
nebismieri mocemuli saqonlis zRvruli sargeblianoba SesaZloa moxmarebis
Sedegad

daeces.

Tumca

aRniSnuli

daSveba

mTlianad

Semosavlis

mimarT

WeSmariti ar aris. 7.1 grafikSi Sedegebi radikalurad icvleba, Tu Semosavlis

zRvruli

sargeblianobis

sxivi

qvemoT

ixreba.

davuSvaT,

rom

Semosavlis

zRvruli sargeblianoba Semosavlis yvela doneze ucvlelia. maSin MU Peter da

MU Paul

identur

dolaris

horizontalur

gamorTmevis

xazze

SemTxvevaSi

iqneba

misi

warmodgenili.

sargeblianobis

petresaTvis

danakargi

pavles

mogebas utoldeba. amdenad, maTi sargeblianobis jami Semosavlis ganawilebaze

damokidebuli

ar

aris.

saxelmwifos

ganawilebis

politikas

socialuri

keTildReobis Secvla ar SeuZlia.

daSveba # 3. daSvebis Tanaxmad, sazogadoebis mTliani Semosavali, OO ,

fiqsirebulia. namcxvris zoma saxelmwifos mier misi naWrebis ganawilebis
Sedegad

ar

Seicvleba.

davuSvaT,

rom

individis

sargebeli

ara

marto

Semosavalze, aramed Tavisufal drozecaa damokidebuli. TiToeuli individi

iRebs

gadawyvetilebas

imis

Sesaxeb,

Tu

ra

odenobis

Tavisufali

dro

moaxmaros sargeblis maqsimizacias (anu ramdeni xani imuSaos). gadasaxadebi da

subsidiebi,
individis

romlebic
samuSao

Semosavlis

gasanawilebladaa

gadawyvetilebas cvlis

dawesebuli,

da mTlian

realur

zogadad

Semosavals

amcirebs. amdenad, sazogadoeba, romlis mizani sargeblianobis jamis gazrdaa,

dilemis winaSe dgeba. erTi mxriv, mas Semosavlis ganawilebis gaTanabreba
surs.

aseTi

qmedebiT

ki

is

xelmisawvdomi

Semosavlis

mTlian

odenobas

amcirebs. Semosavlis optimaluri ganawileba Tanasworobis misaRwevad gaweul

danaxarjs (realuri Semosavlis danakargs) unda iTvaliswinebdes. zogierTi
kvleva cxadyofs, rom aseTi danaxarjebi marTlac mniSvnelovania. balardma
[1996]

gaaanaliza

dabalSemosavlian
iTvaliswinebda.

programa,
individebze

man

daadgina,

romelic

maRalSemosavliani

ganxorcielebul
rom

aseT

naRdi

SemTxvevaSi

fulis

individebis
transfers

maRalSemosavliani

individis danakargi 1,28-2,14-jer mainc aRemateboda beneficiaris mogebas. Tumca

es sakiTxi jer kidev formulirebis stadiaSia.

228

amrigad,

identuri

sargeblianobis

funqciis

Sesaxeb

daSveba

imis

garantirebisaTvis, rom saxelmwifo ganawilebis politikis ganxorcielebiT

Tanasworobas miaRwevs, sakmarisi ar aris. pasuxi Semosavlis ganawilebis dros
gamoyenebul

meTodebsa

da

maT

mier

adamianis

qcevaze

ganxorcielebul

zemoqmedebazea damokidebuli.

maqsimumis kriteriumi

utilitarizmis

pirobebSi

socialuri

keTildReobis

funqciis

forma

adekvaturi saxelmwifo ganawilebis politikis CamoyalibebaSi mniSvnelovan

rols asrulebs. 7.2 gantolebaSi ganvixileT martivi aditiuri socialuri
keTildReobis
ganawilebis

funqcia,
mimarT

romlis

Tanaxmadac

indiferentulia6.

Tu

sazogadoeba

sargeblianobis

sargeblianobis

erTeuls

erT

individs gamoarTmeven da meores miscemen, sargeblianobaTa jami ucvlelia.

gansazRvrebis Tanaxmad, aseTia socialuri keTildReoba.
utilitaruli socialuri keTildReobis sxva funqcia amgvari logikiT ar
xasiaTdeba da, cxadia, gansxvavebuli politikuri daniSnulebisaa. ganixileT
socialuri keTildReobis aseTi funqcia:

W = Minimum(U 1 ,U 2 ,..., U n

(7.3)

7.3 gantolebis Tanaxmad, socialuri keTildReoba minimaluri sargeblis

mqone individis sargebelzea damokidebuli. aRniSnuli socialuri fenomens
xSirad

maqsimalur

kriteriums

uwodeben,

radgan

misi

mizani

minimaluri

sargeblis mqone individis sargeblis maqsimizaciaa. maqsimaluri kriteriumis

Tanaxmad,

Semosavlis

ganawileba

idealurad

Tanaswori

unda

iyos,

garda

Tanasworobidan iseTi gadaxrisa, romlis Sedegad yvelaze Raribi individis

materialuri mdgomareoba umjobesdeba. warmovidginoT sazogadoeba, romlis
mdidari individi, petre, Rarib pavles

amuSavebs. saxelmwifo gadasaxadiT

dabegravs petres da amonagebs pavles gaunawilebs. petre dabegvris Semdeg

amcirebs
6

warmoebas

da

pavles

aTavisuflebs.

ufro

metic,

7.2 gantoleba ar gulisxmobs imas, rom rogorc zemoT

sazogadoeba Semosavlis ganawilebis mimarT indiferentulia.

iyo

pavles

mier

damtkicebuli,

229

saxelmwifosagan
warmoqmnil
pirobebSi

miRebuli

danakargTan
SesaZloa,

Semosavali

SedarebiT

maqsimaluri

samsaxuridan

mcirea.

aseTi

kriteriumis

gaTavisuflebiT

hipoTeturi

ekonomiis

dakmayofilebis

Semdegac

arsebobdes araTanabari Semosavali.

maqsimalurma kriteriumma didi yuradReba daimsaxura. filosofosi jon
raulzi [1971] amtkicebda, rom kriteriumi eTikuri TvalsazrisiT misaRebi iyo.
raulzis argumenti sawyisi mdgomareobis Sesaxeb mosazrebas eyrdnoboda. esaa
warmosaxviTi situacia, rodesac arc erTma adamianma ar icis Tavisi adgili
sazogadoebaSi. adamianebi arc imaze fiqroben, gamdidrdebian Tu gaRaribdebian.
amdenad, raulzi miiCnevs, rom sawyis mdgomareobaSi adamianTa mosazrebani
ganawilebis miznebis

Taobaze miukerZoebeli da samarTliania. raulzi imasac

amtkicebda, rom sawyis poziciaSi myofi individebi maqsimaluri socialuri

keTildReobis

funqcias

danergaven,

radgan

igi

adamianebs

fataluri

Sedegebisagan azRvevs. adamians eSinia, Semosavlis ganawilebisas fskerze ar

aRmoCndes. amitom mas urCevnia fskerze maqsimalurad maRali pozicia daikavos.
raulzis analizi winaaRmdegobrivia. mniSvnelovania, Tu ramdenad eTikuria
is gadawyvetilebebi, romelTac adamiani sawyis poziciaSi miiRebs. ratom unda
mivaniWoT gansakuTrebuli moraluri mniSvneloba sawyis mdgomareobaSi myofi
adamianis amoralur da egoistur mosazrebebs? garda amisa, Tundac CavTvaloT,
rom raulzis Sexeduleba sawyisi poziciis eTikurobis Sesaxeb marTebulia,
sakiTxavia,
raulzis

migviyvans
mimdevrebs

ki

racionaluri

ise

eSiniaT

egoizmi

riskisa,

rom

maqsimalur

kriteriumamde?

aranairi

SesaZleblobis

gamoyeneba ar surT. Tumca individTa umetesoba siRaribis mcire SesaZleblobis

arsebobas daeTanxmeba, Tu samagierod maRali Semosavlis miReba SeeZleba.
da

bolos,

kritikosebi

SeniSnaven,

rom

maqsimaluri

kriteriumi

specifikuri SedegebiT xasiaTdeba. feldStaini (1976 gv. A84) aseT scenars

gvTavazobs: `arsebobs axali SesaZlebloba imisa, rom yvelaze Raribi individis
materialuri mdgomareoba odnav gaumjobesdes. Tumca amgvari qmedebiT TiTqmis
yvela sxva individis
iqneba

mxolod

mniSvnelovani

mdgomareoba

ramdenime,
Raribi

vinc

individis

mniSvnelovnad
uzRvav

gauaresdeba, gamonaklisi

simdidres

keTildReobis

moixveWs~.

amaRlebaa.

yvelaze

maqsimaluri

kriteriumi ki migviTiTebs, rom sazogadoebam es SesaZlebloba unda gamoiyenos.

Tumca aseTi midgoma aramimzidvelad gamoiyureba.

230

Semosavlis ganawileba pareto-efeqtianobis mixedviT

aditiuri da maqsimaluri socialuri keTildReobis funqciebis ganxilvam

im daskvnamde migviyvana, rom Semosavlis ganawilebis Sedegad individTa erTi
jgufis mdgomareoba umjobesdeba, xolo meore jgufisa uaresdeba. ganawileba
pareto-gaumjobesebis wertilSi arasodes ar iqneba _ igi iseT cvlilebas
verasodes uzrunvelyofs, romlis drosac TiToeuli individis materialuri
keTildReoba Tu ar gaumjobesdeba, arsebul doneze mainc darCeba. zustad aseT
Sedegs iZleva imis daSveba, rom TiToeuli individis sargebeli mxolod mis
Semosavalzea

damokidebuli.

am

koncefciis

sapirispirod,

warmovidginoT

mdidari altruisti, romlis sargebeli ara mxolod mis Semosavalze, aramed

Raribis Semosavalzecaa damokidebuli. aseT viTarebaSi ganawilebam SesaZloa
pareto-gaumjobesebis wertils miaRwios.
roca mdidari (petre) dolars Raribs (pavles) aZlevs, petres kmayofileba
Tavisi keTili saqcielis gamo mis zarals gadawonis. amave dros, dolaris
damatebiT pavles sargebelic izrdeba. transferis Sedegad orive individis
materialuri mdgomareoba gaumjobesdeba. marTlac, efeqtianoba imas moiTxovs,
rom Semosavali ganawildes, sanam petres mier pavlesaTvis dolaris gadacemis
Sedegad

gazrdili

sargeblianobis

kmayofilebis

danakargs,

rac

SegrZneba

ufro

zustad

dabali

udris

moxmarebiTaa

petres

gamowveuli.

davuSvaT, petres uWirs aseTi transferis Tavad ganxorcieleba. albaT imitom,

rom mas ara aqvs informacia, Tu vin aris namdvilad Raribi. Tu saxelmwifo
petres am transferiT usasyidlod uzrunvelyofs, maSin efeqtianoba gaizrdeba.
es problema garegan efeqts ukavSirdeba. pavles qceva (am SemTxvevaSi _
moxmareba) petres keTildReobaze bazris garedan axdens zemoqmedebas. rogorc
yovelTvis,

saxelmwifos

efeqtianobis

amaRleba

SeuZlia.

Tu

movlenebs

logikur dinebaze mivuSvebT, SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom Semosavlis ganawileba

sazogadoebrivi
araTanasworobis
mdgomareoba

saqonelia,

radgan

xarisxi

zemoqmedebs.

Semosavlis

ufro

TiToeuli
davuSvaT,
Tanabari

individis
rom

sargeblianobaze

TiToeuli

ganawilebis

individis
SemTxvevaSi

gaumjobesdeboda. Tumca arc erT individs TavisTavad ar surs, Semosavali

Raribs gadasces. Tu saxelmwifo iZulebis uflebis gamoyenebiT TiToeul
mdidar individs aiZulebs, Semosavali Raribebs gadaunawilos, ekonomikuri
efeqtianoba gaizrdeba.

231

cxadia, adamianTa cxovrebaSi altruizmi did rols asrulebs. Tumca es ar

niSnavs imas, rom saxelmwifos Semosavlis ganawilebis programaTa umetesoba
swored altruistuli motivebiT sabuTdeba. argumenti imaze miuTiTebs, rom
iZulebis gareSe individi Raribs efeqtian Tanxaze naklebs miscemda. Tumca Tu
adamians

surs

daexmaros

Raribs,

is

asec

moiqceva

amas

cxadyofs

miliardobiT dolari, romelic yovelwliurad saqvelmoqmedo fondebs emateba.

kidev bevri mizezi arsebobs, romlis gamoc adamianis pirad interesSi
Semosavlis

ganawileba

Sedis.

jer

erTi,

adamians

arakontrolirebadi

garemoebis gamo gaRaribebis mudmivad eSinia. Semosavlis ganawilebis politika

ki dazRvevas waagavs. rodesac individis materialuri mdgomareoba kargia, igi
gadasaxadis formiT RaribTa sakeTildReod `premias~ ixdis. Tu cudi dro
dadgeba, gadaxdili Senatani individs ukan ubrundeba da mis mdgomareobas
amsubuqebs. idea imis Sesaxeb, rom saxelmwifom `usafrTxoebis bade~ (ekonomikis
stabiluri funqcionirebis sistema) unda uzrunvelyos, Zalian Zvelia. XVII
saukunis politikosi, tomas hobzi [1963/1951, gv. 303-304] ambobda, rom: `individi,
romelic SemTxveviT aRmoCndeba uZluri, arCinos sakuTari Tavi, kerZo pirebis
qvelmoqmedebis imedad ar unda darCes. igi Tanamegobrobis kanonma unda daicvas
da uzrunvelyos misTvis bunebrivad aucilebeli pirobebi~.
garda amisa, Semosavlis ganawilebis programebi socialuri stabilurobis
safuZvelia.

Tu

Raribi

ufro

gaRaribda,

igi

SeiZleba

antisocialuri

RonisZiebebis (danaSauli, masobrivi uwesrigobani) iniciatoradac ki iqces.

norvegielma biznesmenma mis saxelmwifoSi mimdinare ganawilebis uzarmazari
programebis Sesaxeb aseTi komentari gaakeTa: `SesaZloa es Zviri iyos, magram
mas

socialuri

simSvide

Semosavlis

ganawilebis

socialuri

komentatori

ganawileba

mcire

moaqvs~.

kavSiri

cvlilebas
Tvlis,

politikuri

Soris

rom

socialur
naTeli

SeerTebul

mniSvnelobisaa,

stabilurobasa
ar

aris.

StatebSi

albaT

misi

da

zogierTi
Semosavlis

moqalaqeebis

individualisturi daZabulobis gamo~ (Kristol, 1997).

araindividualisturi Sexedulebebi

Semosavlis ganawilebis Sesaxeb Cvens mier ganxiluli ideebi sxvadasxva

SedegiT xasiaTdeba, Tumca yvela maTgani utilitarul mosazrebas iziarebs.
maT mixedviT, socialuri keTildReoba individTa sargeblianobis garkveuli

232

funqciaa. Semosavlis optimaluri ganawilebis principebi ki swored socialuri

keTildReobis
ganesazRvra,

funqciidan
rogori

iRebs

unda

saTaves.

iyos

zogierTi

Semosavlis

moazrovne

ganawileba,

cdilobda

individualuri

gemovnebisgan damoukideblad. rogorc feari SeniSnavda (1971, gv. 552), platonis

mosazrebiT, jansaR sazogadoebaSi mdidrisa da Raribis Semosavlis proporcia
maqsimum `oTxi erTTan~ unda iyos. araTanasworoba arasasurvelia. davuSvaT,
maRalSemosavliani individis Semosavali ise izrdeba, rom dabalSemosavliani
individis

materialur

mdgomareobas

ziani

ar

miadges.

standartuli

utilitarizmis mixedviT, sazogadoebisaTvis es kargi iqneba. araTanasworobis

mowinaaRmdegeni

ki, romelTa umetesobis

upirvelesi principi

Tanabari

da

samarTliani ganawilebaa, amas negatiur movlenad CaTvlian7.

arsebobs SedarebiT neitraluri mosazreba imis Taobaze, rom mxolod
gansakuTrebuli

saqoneli

unda

ganawildes

samarTlianad.

amas

zogjer

saqonlis egaliterianizmi ewodeba. zogierT SemTxvevaSi midgoma momxibvlelia.

adamianTa

umetesobas

ganawilebuli.

omis

swams,

rom

periodSi

xmis

ufleba

aucilebeli

Tanabrad

sursaTic

unda

iqnes

Tanabrad

unda

gadanawildes. saqonlis egaliterianizmis sxva saxeebi ufro winaaRmdegobrivia.

yvela amerikeli bavSvisaTvis swavlebis masStabi Tanabari unda iyos Tu ara,
Tu konkretul ojaxs swavlebis ufro didi masStabis uzrunvelyofis ufleba
eqneba? daculi unda iyos Tu ara analogiuri formiT TiToeuli individis
janmrTeloba?

cxadia,

`gansakuTrebuli~

saqonlis

asortimentis

dadgena

rTulia.
sainteresoa, rom pozicia, romelic saqonlis egaliterianizms waagavs,
pirobiTi keTildReobis ekonomikis safuZvelze ganzogaddeba. davuSvaT, henri
ketrinis keTildReobaze zrunavs. henris sargeblianoba sakuTar Semosavalze,
agreTve ketrinis sursaTis moxmarebis koeficientze da ara mis Semosavalzea
damokidebuli (SesaZloa imitom, rom henris ar surs sxva produqti, romelic
SesaZloa

ketrins

SeeZina).

faqtobrivad,

ketrinis

sasursaTo

moxmarebis

Sedegad pozitiuri garegani efeqtebi viTardeba. me-5 TavSi mocemuli logikis

Tanaxmad,
subsidireba

efeqtianoba
moxdeba

an

gaizrdeba,

Tu

sursaTiT

igi

ketrinis
pirdapir

sasursaTo
iqneba

moxmarebis

uzrunvelyofili.

mokled, rodesac donori recipientis mier garkveuli saqonlis moxmarebaze

zrunavs, politika, romelic Semosavlis am saqonlis saSualebiT ganawilebas

es mosazreba ufro Zlieria, vidre raulzis azri, romelic Tvlida, rom araTanabari
ganawileba dasaSvebia manam, sanam is Raribi mosaxleobis materialur keTildReobas
amaRlebs.

233

iTvaliswinebs,

SesaZloa

garegani

efeqtebis

gamosworebis

mcdelobad

CaiTvalos.

sxva mosazrebani

procesi Sedegi. ganxilul SemTxvevebSi aqsiomad iyo miCneuli is, rom

individTa

Semosavali

aris

zogadi

sakuTreba

da

misi

`sazogadoebis~

Sexedulebis Sesabamisad ganawileba SesaZlebelia. yuradReba arc im procesTa

samarTlianobas ar eqceoda, romelTa mixedviTac Tavdapirveli Semosavlis
ganawileba

ganisazRvreboda,

romlebic

Semosavlis

mosazreba,

rom

da

arc

im

gasanawileblad

Semosavlis

procedurebis

gamoiyeneboda.

samarTlian

samarTlianobas,

piriqiT,

ganawilebas

Tavad

arsebobs

is

procesi

gansazRvravs, romlis ganmavlobaSic Semosavlis generireba xdeba. magaliTad,

SeerTebul StatebSi popularulia mosazreba imis Taobaze, rom Tu `Tanabari
SesaZlebloba~ yvelasaTvis xelmisawvdomi iqneba, maSin Sedegi samarTliani
iqneba, miuxedavad imisa, Tu rogor ganawildeba dagrovili Semosavali. amdenad,
Tu

Semosavlis

dagrovebis

procesi

samarTliania,

maSin

saxelmwifos

dafinansebiT Semosavlis ganawilebis RonisZiebis ganxorcieleba saWiro aRar

iqneba.
filosofosi
struqturaSi

robert

cvlilebis

nociki,

romelsac

ganxorcielebis

Semosavlis

marTebulobis

ganawilebis

dasabuTeba

surda,

[1974] utilitaristul principebs daupirispirda. man daamtkica, rom SekiTxva,

rogor unda gaanawilos `sazogadoebam~ Semosavali, sruliad uazroa, radgan
`sazogadoebas~, rogorc aseTs, gasanawilebeli Semosavali ar aqvs. Semosavals
adamiani

iRebs.

saxelmwifo

ganawilebis

politikis

erTaderTi

SesaZlo

argumenti isaa, rom sakuTrebaSi arsebuli qoneba araproporciulia. nociks

aqcenti `kargi~ socialuri funqciis Ziebidan sazogadoebis qmedebaTa marTvis
wesebis `karg~ nakrebze gadaaqvs. problema isaa, Tu rogor unda Sefasdes
socialuri

procesebi.

rTulia,

procesis

Sesaxeb

misi

Sedegebisagan

damoukideblad imsjelo. Tu wesebis `kargi~ nakrebis gamoyenebT arasasurvel

Sedegs

miviRebT,

rogor

SeiZleba,

wesi

karg

wesad

CaiTvalos?

arsebobs

mosazreba, rom bazris mier generirebuli Semosavali samarTlianobis pirobiT

cnebasTan srulad harmonizebulia: `bazari gvajildoebs bejiTi muSaobisaTvis,
muyaiTobisaTvis,
harmonizebuli

patiosnebisaTvis,
samarTlianobis

yairaTianobisaTvis...

koncefciebTan...

saqme

is

es
ki

ki
ar

kargadaa
aris,

rom

234

sabazro ganawileba srulyofilad samarTliania, aramed is, rom bevr sxva

alternativas

Soris

igi

samarTlianobis

adamianiseul

aRqmasTan

yvelaze

axlos dgas~ (Brawning, 2002, gv. 511).

mobiluroba. saxelmwifo ganawilebis politikis sawinaaRmdego argumenti

isaa, rom saTanado socialuri mobilurobis fonze Semosavlis ganawileba
gansakuTrebul eTikur interess kargavs. davuSvaT, rom individi, romelic
Semosavlis ganawilebis udables safexurze imyofeba (an misi Svili), momavalSi
ekonomikuri

kibis

mwvervalze

ava.

amave

dros,

zogierTi

individi

dabla

gadmoinacvlebs, metnaklebad mainc. amis Semdeg statistika ganawilebis Sesaxeb,

romelic

droTa

ganmavlobaSi

SedarebiT

ucvleli

rCeba,

didi

masStabis

cvlilebas Semosavlis ganawilebaSi malavs. yvelaze dabal safexurze myofi

individi Tundac Zalian Raribi iyos, ganawilebis Secvla droTa ganmavlobaSi
didi socialuri problema ar aris. sainteresoa, rom es mosazreba Seesabameba
kvlevis

Sedegebs,

romelic

Semosavlis

ganawilebis

mimarT

adamianTa

damokidebulebis dasadgenad Catarda. Tu individs imis odnavi gancda aqvs, rom

igi sazogadoebaSi win waiwevs, rac ar unda Raribi iyos, mainc ityvis, rom
Semosavlis ganawilebis politikas mxars ar uWers (Alesina and La-ferrara, 2001).
arsebobs
gotSalkis

ramdenime

(1997,

gv.

kvleva
37)

Semosavlis

gamoTvlebis

mobilurobasTan

Tanaxmad,

1974

dakavSirebiT.

wels

Semosavlis

ganawilebis TvalsazrisiT imave poziciaze 1991 wels yvelaze dabali erTi

mexuTedis
mexuTedSi

Semadgenlobidan mxolod 42% darCa, 1974 wels ki maRal erT

myofTagan

mxolod

54%.

SeerTebuli

Statebis

mosaxleobaSi

mravali fena namdvilad ar gamoiyofa. meore mxriv, imdeni mobiluroba ar

arsebobs,

rom

utilitaristebi

darwmundnen

Semosavlis

araTanasworoba

mniSvnelovani sakiTxi ar aris.

korufcia.

ganawilebis

araTanasworobam
institutebis

erT-erTi

argumenti

SesaZloa samarTlebrivi,

damxoba

gamoiwvios.

isaa,

politikuri

sazogadoeba

rom
da

ekonomikuri

radikalurma

maregulirebeli
TvalsazrisiT

verasodes ayvavdeba, Tu sakuTrebis ufleba ar iqneba daculi. zrda investicias

moiTxovs, investirebas ki aravin ganaxorcielebs, Tu imis SiSi eqneba, rom mis
qonebas individi an saxelmwifo miisakuTrebs. Tu individTa garkveuli fena
mniSvnelovan simdidres daagrovebs, mas SeeZleba Tavisi simdidris wyalobiT
sasamarTloebi da politikuri procesebi moisyidos. amis Semdeg igi fuls

235

ukanonod moixveWs (moiparavs), magram ar daisjeba glaserma da

Sliferma

[2002B] aRmoaCines, rom susti kanonis mqone qveynebSi (aRmosavleT evropis

gardamavali

ekonomikis

mqone

qveynebi)

ekonomikur

zrdaze

araTanasworoba

damRupvel zemoqmedebas axdens.

danaxarjis zemoqmedeba

Cven ganvixileT, saxelmwifom Semosavali unda gaanawilos Tu ara. axla

analitikur

problemebs

ganawilebis

programebis

zemoqmedeba

realuri

davubrundeT,

romlebsac

Sefasebisas

wavawydebiT.

Semosavlis

faqtobrivi

ganawilebaze

saxelmwifo

danaxarjis
danaxarjis

politikis
zemoqmedebis

saxeliTaa cnobili. saxelmwifo Semosavlis ganawilebaze gadasaxadebisa da

saxarjo politikis gatarebis saSualebiT zemoqmedebs (analizi ixileT me-12
TavSi,

sadac

gadasaxadebia

ganxiluli).

rTulia,

danaxarjis

zemoqmedeba

ganisazRvros. amis sxvadasxva mizezi arsebobs, romelTagan aRsaniSnavia:

fardobiTi

fasebis

efeqti.

davuSvaT,

saxelmwifom

dabalSemosavlian

individTa binaTmSeneblobis subsidireba gadawyvita. ra zemoqmedebas axdens es

Semosavlis ganawilebaze? individi, romelic subsidias iRebs, moigebs, xolo
is,

vinc

gadasaxads

ixdis

izaralebs.

Tu

gadasaxadis

gadamxdelis

Semosavali ufro maRalia, vidre subsidiis recipientisa, maSin Semosavali

ufro Tanabrad ganawildeba.
samwuxarod, am magaliTma SesaZloa SecdomaSic Segviyvanos. Tu subsidia
waaxalisebs

individs,

meti

sacxovrebeli

moiTxovos,

maSin

SesaZloa

binaTmSeneblobis pre-subsidirebis danaxarji gaizardos. amdenad, subsidiis

recipienti subsidiis mTeli TanxiT ar sargeblobs: miwis mesakuTrec mogebas
iRebs. mxolod Teoriulad SeuZlebelia ganisazRvros, Tu ramdenad gaZvirda
bina (Tu gaZvirda saerTod). rogorc me-12 TavSi naxavT, binis fasi moTxovnisa
da miwodebis mrudebis Tanafardobazea damokidebuli.
binaTmSeneblobis

subsidirebis

programa

mimwodebelTa Semosavalzec zemoqmedebs.

amdenad,

samSeneblo

saSualebebis

mSeneblobaSi dasaqmebul

236

pirTa

xelfasi

izrdeba.

Zvirdeba

samSeneblo

masalebic.

Tu

samSeneblo

saSualebaTa mimwodebels maRali an saSualo Semosavali aqvs, am tendenciis

wyalobiT Semosavali naklebad Tanasworad ganawildeba.
zogadad,
individze

nebismieri

zemoqmedebs,

saxelmwifo
miuxedavad

programa
imisa,

awesebs

myidvelis

fasebs,
rolSia

romlebic
igi

Tu

gamyidvelisa. saxarjo programa, romlis ganxorcielebis Sedegad intensiuri

moxmarebis

saqonlis

fardobiTi

individis

mdgomareobas

fasi

auaresebs.

izrdeba,

sxva

analogiurad,

Tanabar

pirobebSi

programa,

romelic

mimwodeblis sawarmoo saSualebaTa fass zrdis, mis materialur mdgomareobas

aumjobesebs. ubralod, Zalian rTulia, konkretuli programis ganxorcielebiT
gamowveuli fasis cvlileba iqnes asaxuli. ekonomistebi Tvlian, rom mocemuli
politikis

Sedegad

sargebels

mxolod

recipientebi

iReben;

Semosavlis

ganawilebaze fasis sxva cvlilebiT gamowveuli efeqti umniSvneloa. xSir

SemTxvevaSi amgvari mosazreba marTldeba.

sazogadoebrivi saqoneli

mniSvnelovani

saxelmwifo danaxarji

gaiweva sazogadoebrivi saqonlis

warmoebaze saqonlisa, romlis erTdroulad moxmareba erTze met adamians

SeuZlia. rogorc me-4 TavSi aRiniSna, bazari ar aiZulebs individs, aRiaros,
ramdenad afasebs sazogadoebriv saqonels.

magram Tu ar viciT, ramdenad

afasebs TiToeuli ojaxi sazogadoebriv saqonels, rogor SevZlebT Semosavlis

ganawilebaze misi zemoqmedebis gansazRvras? saxelmwifom 2002 wels Tavdacvaze
daaxloebiT 349 miliardi aSS dolari daxarja. ramdeni dolariT gazarda am
qmedebam TiToeuli ojaxis realuri Semosavali? isargebla Tu ara TiToeulma
maTganma Tanxis erTi da imave odenobiT? Tu ase ar aris, maSin ufro metad
Raribma isargebla Tu mdidarma?
amomwuravi pasuxebis gacema rTulia. samwuxarod, alternatiuli pasuxebi,
romlebic

WeSmaritTan

axlos

mdgar

daSvebebs

efuZneba,

gansxvavebuli

SedegebiT xasiaTdeba. menCikma [1991] sazogadoebriv saqonelze (am SemTxvevaSi,

Tavdacvaze)

danaxarjis

ganawilebis

Sedegebi

ori

daSvebis

gamoyenebiT

gaaanaliza:

237

a) ojaxis sargeblis wili misi Semosavlis proporciulia;

b) wili ojaxis wevrebis raodenobis proporciulia.
(a) daSvebis Tanaxmad, mosaxleobis udablesi erTi mexuTedis Semosavali
3,8%-iT gaizrdeba (Tavdacvaze gaweuli xarjebi); (b) daSvebis mixedviT ki, misi
Semosavali

danaxarjebis

14,6%-iT

gaizrdeba.

Sedegebi,

cxadia,

sakmaod

delikaturia.

naturiT ganxorcielebuli transferis Sefaseba

bolo

ramdenime

aTwleulis

ganmavlobaSi

soflis

meurneobis

departamentma Rarib mosaxleobas 3 miliard funtze meti Warbi yveli, karaqi

da

mSrali

rZe

gadasca.

Warbi

sursaTis

gadacemis

programa

naturiT

ganxorcielebuli transferis politikis mxolod erTi magaliTia. Cven naturiT

ganxorcielebul
individebisaTvis

transfers
gaweul

ganvixilavT,

daxmarebas:

rogorc

sasursaTo

dabalSemosavliani

talonebi,

samedicino

daxmarebis polisi, saxelmwifo binaTmSenebloba. Tumca saSualo da maRali

Semosavlis mqone individebic naturiT transferisagan iReben sargebels. amis
magaliTia ganaTleba.

wminda sazogadoebrivi

saqonlisagan gansxvavebiT,

gadacemuli

naturis

momxmarebeli erTdroulad ramdenime adamiani ar SeiZleba iyos. miuxedavad

amisa, imis gamoTvla, Tu ramdenad afaseben mas beneficiarebi, rTulia. yvelaze
mosaxerxebeli

meTodi

am

maCveneblis

gamosaTvlelad

isaa,

rom

naturiT

transferis ganxorcielebisas saxelmwifos mier daxarjuli yoveli dolari

recipientis Semosavlis yoveli dolariT zrdaze metyvelebs. samwuxarod, ar
arsebobs

mizezi,

virwmunoT,

rom

naturiT

transfers

beneficiari

aseT

safuZvelze afasebs. ganvixiloT jounsis cxovreba. igi tipuri keTildReobis

recipientia, romlis Tviuri Semosavali 300 aSS dolari yvelsa da `sxva
danarCen produqtebzea~ gayofili. erTi funti yvelis sabazro fasi 2 aSS
dolaria,

xolo

`sxva danarCeni

produqtebis~

erTeulebis

fasi

aSS

dolari. 7.2 grafikSi jounsis mier yvelis moxmareba horizontalur RerZze,

sxva produqtis moxmareba ki vertikalur RerZze izomeba. jounsis sabiujeto

238

SezRudva

AB8.

aris

davuSvaT,

rom

jounsi,

romelic

zrdis

Tavis

sargeblianobas, 260 erTeul sxva produqts da 20 funt yvels yidulobs.

warmovidginoT,
uzrunvelyofs,
jounsis

rom

Tumca

mdgomareoba

moxmarebis

saxelmwifo

bazarze
yvelis

nebismieri

mis

jounss
gayidvas

programis

donis

Tviurad
ukrZalavs.

danergvis

paralelurad,

60

rogor

Semdeg?

jounss

funti
sxva

SeuZlia

yveliT

Seicvleba
saqonlis

winandelTan

SedarebiT 60 funtiT meti yveli moixmaros. geometriulad, misi sabiujeto

SezRudva AB-s marjvniv 60 erTeuliT gadainacvlebs, rac sabolood mogvcems
AFD-s. yvelaze maRali indiferentulobis mrudi, romelic SesaZloa AFD-s
sabiujeto

SezRudvas Seexos,

aris

mrudi7.2

grafikSi.

igi

sabiujeto

SezRudvas zustad `kuTxeSi~ _ F wertilSi exeba, sadac jounsi 60 funt yvels

da 300 erTeul sxva danarCen produqts moixmars.
Tu

jounsis

mier

koeficients

warsulis

gazrdilia.

saxelmwifo

amJamad
imave

yvelisa

da

maCvenebels

jounss

yveliT

sxva

produqtebis

SevadarebT,
uzrunvelyofs,

moxmarebis

vnaxavT,
mas

ki

rom

igi

SeuZlia,

yvelisaTvis gadadebuli fuliT sxva produqtebi iyidos.

7.2 grafiki

imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor avagoT sabiujeto xazi, ixileT wignis danarTi.

239

axla

davuSvaT,

rom

saxelmwifo

jounss

60

funti

yvelis

nacvlad

pirdapir naRd fuls, 120 aSS dolars (= 60 funti X 2 dolari funtze) aZlevs.
Semosavlis 120 dolariT zrda sabiujeto SezRudvis ise formirebas iwvevs,
rom AB-s yvela wertilze zustad 120 erTeuliT maRla iqneba. sabiujeto
SezRudva 7.2 grafikze HD wiriTaa warmodgenili. yuradReba miaqcieT, rom
naRdi fulis transferi jounss saSualebas aZlevs, moxmareba HF segmentis
farglebSi gaafarToos. aRniSnuli SesaZlebloba jounss yvelis programis
dros ar hqonda, radgan mas saxelmwifos mier gadacemuli yveliT vaWroba sxva
produqtebis SesaZenad ekrZaleboda.
HD

sabiujeto

SezRudvis

fonze

jounsi

axorcielebs

sargeblis

maqsimizacias E3 wertilamde. am wertilSi is 340 erTeul sxva produqts da 40

funt yvels moixmars. E3 da F wertilebis SedarebiT vaskvniT, rom:
(1) naRdi fulis transferis programis farglebSi jounsi nakleb yvels da
ufro

met

sxva

produqts

moixmars,

vidre

yvelis

transferis

programis

farglebSi;
(2) 120 dolaris Rirebulebis yvelis gadacemiT jounsis mdgomareoba ise
ar umjobesdeba, rogorc 120 aSS dolaris gadacemiT.

240

E3 wertili ufro maRali indiferentulobis mrudze mdebareobs, vidre F

wertili, amdenad, naRdi fulis transferi jounsis mdgomareobas aumjobesebs.
yvelis programis problema isaa, rom igi jounss aiZulebs, yvelis mTeli masa
(60 funti) moixmaros. mas albaT erCivna, yvelis nawili gaeyida da am fuliT
sxva produqti SeeZina.
aris Tu ara naRdi fulis transferi naturiT transferTan SedarebiT
yovelTvis ufro ukeTesi? pasuxi aseTia yovelTvis ara. 7.3 grafiki smiTis
mdgomareobas asaxavs, romlis Semosavali jounsis Semosavlis identuria da
analogiur sabiujeto SezRudvebs ganicdis (AB yvelis programis danergvamde
da AFD programis danergvis Semdeg). Tumca smiTs sxva gemovneba aqvs da sxva
saxis indiferentulobis mrudebiT xasiaTdeba. subsidiamde igi axorcielebs
sargeblis maqsimizacias E4 wertilamde, 82 funt yvels da 135 erTeul sxva
produqts moixmars; subsidiis Semdeg is 126 funt yvels da 168 erTeul sxva
produqts moixmars. smiTis mdgomareoba naRdi fulis transferis Sedegad ar
gaumjobesdeba, misi yvelaze preferenciuli wertili HD-ze mxolod yvelis
subsidiis SemTxvevaSia xelmisawvdomi. smiTi bednieria, rom SeuZlia 60 funtze
meti yveli moixmaros; SezRudva, romlis Tanaxmadac mas minimum 60 funti
yvelis moxmareba mouwevs, smiTis mdgomareobas zians ar ayenebs.

7.3 grafiki

241

amdenad, ar SeiZleba zustad vicodeT, naturiT transferi Semosavlis

pirdapir transferTan SedarebiT naklebad fasdeba Tu ara. saboloo pasuxi
empiriuli analizis saSualebiT unda moiZebnos. magaliTad, RaribTa daxmarebis
mimarTulebaTa zogierTi kvleva miuTiTebs, rom binaTmSeneblobis subsidiiT
miRebuli TiToeuli dolari naRdi fuliT miRebuli 90 centis tolfasia
(Crews, 1995) 9.
naturiT transferTan dakavSirebuli kidev erTi problema isaa, rom is
mniSvnelovan administraciul danaxarjs iwvevs. ganxiluli yvelis programis
SemTxvevaSi danaxarji yvelis Senaxvaze, transportirebasa da ganawilebaze
gaiweva (gadasaxadi imdenad maRalia, rom zogierTi sazogadoeba monawileobaze
Tavs ikavebs). analogiurad, sasursaTo talonis programasTan dakavSirebuli
administraciuli danaxarjis Semcireba SesaZlebelia, Tu beneficiari kuponis
nacvlad Ceks miiRebda, romliTac sursaTis Rirebulebas gadaixdida.

binaTmSeneblobis
programis
struqtura
yvelis
programis
struqturisagan
gansxvavdeba. recipients binaTmSeneblobisaTvis garkveuli fasis gadaxda uwevs. Tumca
ZiriTadi idea igivea. detaluri analizisaTvis ixileT momdevno Tavi.

242

naturiT transferis ganxorcielebis mizezebi

momdevno TavSi naxavT, rom sasursaTo, binaTmSeneblobisa da samedicino

daxmarebis

transferi

SeerTebuli

politikaSi

mniSvnelovan

adgils

Statebis

ikavebs.

Semosavlis

Tu

naturiT

SenarCunebis

ganxorcielebuli

transferi, naRdi fuliT ganxorcielebul transferTan SedarebiT, recipients

naklebad akmayofilebs da ufro maRal administraciul danaxarjebs moiTxovs,
maSin ratom xorcieldeba igi saerTod? am SekiTxvaze bevri SesaZlo ganmarteba
arsebobs. zogierTi maTgani Cvens mier adre ganxilul normatiul sakiTxebs
ukavSirdeba.

kerZod,

saqonlis

egalitarianizmi

SesaZloa

ganawilebi

politikaSi mniSvnelovani faqtori iyos. magaliTad, erTxel aSS-is kongresma

mkafiod

daadgina

erovnuli

mizani,

romelic

ase

JRerda:

`uzrunvelvyoT

Rirseuli sacxovrebeli saxli da adekvaturi sacxovrebeli garemo TiToeuli

amerikuli ojaxisaTvis~. SeniSneT gansxvaveba am mizansa da Semdeg sentiments
Soris: `uzrunvelvyoT jerovani Semosavali ise, rom TiToeul amerikul ojaxs
cxovreba iseT saxlSi SeeZlos, rogorsac airCevs~.
ufro metic, naturiT transferi SiSs SedarebiT aneitralebs. ganxilvam
cxadyo, rom imis identificireba, Tu vin unda miiRos daxmareba da vin ara,
uproblemod mimdinareobs. realurad es ase ar xdeba da adamianebi, romelTac
daxmarebis miReba ar ekuTvniT, zogjer misi beneficiarebi xdebian. daxmarebis
miRebis uflebis armqone pirs naturiT transferi xSirad survils ukargavs,
moiTxovos

daxmareba,

radgan

saSualo

Semosavlis

mqone

pirs

fuladi

daxmarebis miReba endomeba da ara im produqtisa, romelic mas ar esaWiroeba.

aRniSnuli
gayidva

prezumfcia

rTulia

gansakuTrebiT

marTebulia,

(saxelmwifo binaTmSeneblobisas,

Tu

miRebuli

saqonlis

binis

gayidvis

msgavsad).

analogiurad, keTildReobis recipientTaTvis barierebis Seqmna (rigSi dgoma,

oficialuri dokumentebis farTo asortimentis Sevseba) daxmarebis miRebis
survils

zogierT

iseT

individs

daukargavs,

romelsac

daxmarebis

gziT

miRebuli produqti `sinamdvileSi marTla~ ar esaWiroeba. saqme kompromisTan

gvaqvs.

erTi

mxriv,

ganxorcielebul

Raribi

daxmarebas

upiratesobas
mianiWebs

imave

naRdi

fuliT

Rirebulebis

(500

dolari)

binaTmSeneblobis

daxmarebasTan SedarebiT. magram Tu naturiT daxmareba SiSs aneitralebs, maSin

SesaZlebelia

resursebis

ufro

meti

arxis

gayvana

im

adamianebs

Soris,

romlebsac namdvilad esaWiroebaT daxmareba. Tumca arsebobs mosazreba, rom

saxelmwifom

keTildReobis

recipientTaTvis

optimalurze

meti

administraciuli barieri daawesa. magaliTad, 2003 wels, buSis administraciis

243

brZanebiT,

skolaSi

ufaso

sadilis

misaRebad

moswavles

unda

waredgina

mtkicebuleba, rom misi mSoblebis Semosavali sakmarisad dabali iyo. aris

azri, rom miRebuli gadawyvetileba bavSvebTan mimarTebiT usamarTlo iyo.
naturiT

ganxorcielebuli

daxmareba

politikuri

TvalsazrisiT

mimzidvelia, radgan igi ara mxolod beneficiars, aramed upiratesad produqtis

mwarmoebels

exmareba.

transferi,

romelic

zrdis

moTxovnas

sacxovrebel

saxlze, qmnis sargebels mSeneblobisaTvis. mSeneblobaSi dasaqmebulni mzad

arian, im politikur koalicias dauWiron mxari, romelic am programas atarebs.
analogiurad, soflis meurneobaSi dasaqmebuli pirebi yovelTvis sasursaTo
talonebis udidesi damcvelebi iyvnen. oregonis Statma ramdenime wlis win
iTxova nebarTva, rom keTildReobis recipientTa mier misaRebi sasursaTo
taloni naRdi fuliT misaReb daxmarebad gardaeqmna. idea sasoflo-sameurneo
Statebidan

arCeulma

moxeleebi,

kongresis

romlebic

wevrebma

sxvadasxva

dablokes.

naturis

analogiurad,

satransfero

sajaro

programebis

administrirebas axorcieleben, mas yovelTvis ukavSireben Tavis politikur

mxardaWeras.

magaliTad,

binaTmSeneblobisa

da

urbanuli

ganviTarebis

departamentis sajaro moxeleebi sacxovrebeli biniT daxmarebis SeCerebas da

naRdi fulis grantebiT mis Canacvlebas tradiciulad, Zlier ewinaaRmdegebian.
naturiT daxmarebis Sesaxeb arsebuli ganmartebani urTierTgamomricxavi
ar aris da albaT politikis Camoyalibebazedac axdens gavlenas.

daskvnebi

Cven bevri mosazreba ganvixileT imis Sesaxeb, Tu ramdenad sasurvelia

saxelmwifos

mier

aSkarad

mosazrebebi

sruli

gatarebuli

Tanasworobis

Semosavlis

damyarebis

ganawilebis

ideidan

politika.

umoqmedobis

ideamde

meryeobs. uTanxmoebis masStabi, cxadia, gasakviri ar aris. ganawilebis mizani

imas efuZneba, Tu rogor warmoudgenia individs kargi sazogadoeba. mosazrebebi
sakmaod

winaaRmdegobrivia.

Semosavlis

optimaluri

ganawilebis

Sesaxeb

Teoriebi ufro normatiulia, vidre pozitiuri. rogorc momdevno TavSi vnaxavT,

naTeli

ar

aris,

aSS-Si

Semosavlis

ganawilebis

proceduras

romelime

logikuri normatiuli Teoria Seesabameba Tu ara.

kidev
Semosavlisa

erTxel
da

gavamaxvileT
masze

yuradReba

saxelmwifo

im

politikis

siZneleebze,
zegavlenis

romlebic
Sefasebisas

244

warmoiSoba. intervenciamde arsebuli Semosavali wliurad (da ara sicocxlis

mTeli xangrZlivobisTvis) gamoiTvleba. Semosavlis bevri mniSvnelovani tipi
ignorirebulia

Semosavlis

Sefasebisas

mis

daTvlasTan

dakavSirebuli

sirTuleebis gamo. saxelmwifo danaxarjis programis efeqtis gamoTvlac ar

aris

advili.

aRniSnuli

programebis

saSualebiT

SeumCnevlad

icvleba

fardobiTi fasebi da realuri Semosavlebi. transfers xSirad sazogadoebrivi

saqonlis an naturis forma aqvs, amitom misi Tanxobrivi Rirebulebis gamoTvla
sakmaod rTulia. amrigad, Semosavlis ganawilebaze saxelmwifo programebis
efeqtis interpretacias frTxilad unda movekidoT.

daskvna

siRaribis donis gansazRvra sakmaod rTulia. siRaribis oficialur

saxelmwifo monacemebTan dakavSirebuli problemebi aseTia: a) maTSi
aisaxeba

mxolod

naRdi

fuliT

miRebuli

Semosavali;

b)

maTSi

gaTvaliswinebuli ar aris gadasaxadebi; g) isini efuZneba Semosavlis

wliur

gamoTvlas;

d)

maTSi

gaTvaliswinebuli

ar

aris

ojaxis

Semadgenlobis cvlileba.

Tu:

1.

socialuri

keTildReoba

aris

identuri

sargeblianobis

funqciebis jami, igi damokidebulia mxolod Semosavalze; 2. arsebobs

Semosavlis klebadi zRvruli sargeblianoba; 3. Semosavlis mTliani
odenoba fiqsirebulia, maSin Semosavali Tanabrad unda ganawildes.
es

sakmaod

mkacri

daSvebebia

da

maTi

Sesusteba

radikalurad

gansxvavebul Sedegebamde migviyvans.

maqsimaluri kriteriumis Tanaxmad, Semosavlis saukeTeso ganawileba

yvelaze

dabali

maqsimalurad

sargeblianobis

zrdis.

am

daSvebis

mqone

individis

eTikurobasTan

sargebels
dakavSirebiT

winaaRmdegobrivi Sexedulebani arsebobs.

Semosavlis

ganawileba

analogiurad

ganxorcieldes

Semosavali

SesaZloa

miukerZoebladaa

yvela

sazogadoebrivi
iRebs

ganawilebuli.

saqonlis

sargebels,
am

dros

radgan
saWiroa

saxelmwifo iZuleba, raTa Semosavali ganawildes. pareto-efeqtiani

245

ganawileba maSin miiRweva, rodesac transferis Sedegad arc erTi

individis mdgomareoba ar uaresdeba.

Semosavlis

ganawilebis

utilitarul

Sesaxeb

postulatebs

arsebuli

uaryofs.

sxva

arsebobs

mosazrebani

mosazreba,

rom

upirvelesi principi mdgomareobs SemdegSi: Semosavali, an garkveuli

saqoneli mainc, Tanabrad unda iyos ganawilebuli. sxvebi amtkiceben,
rom

Semosavali

araadekvaturad

nawildeba,

sanam

ganawileba

`samarTlian~ process efuZneba.

saxelmwifo

programas

fardobiTi

fasebis

Secvla

SeuZlia,

rac

sxvadasxva individebisaTvis danakargsa da mogebas iwvevs. rTulia

fasis yvela cvlilebis aRricxva. amrigad, ekonomistebi, rogorc
wesi,

ZiriTadad

fokusirebas

im

sabazro

fasebze

axdenen,

ramdenad

afasebs

romlebzedac pirdapiri zemoqmedeba xorcieldeba.

individi

arasodes

aaSkaravebs

imas,

Tu

sazogadoebriv saqonels; rTulia ganisazRvros, rogor zemoqmedebs

aseTi saqoneli realur Semosavalze.

bevri saxelmwifo programa saqonelsa da momsaxurebas (naturiT

transferi)

naRdi

recipientebs
gayidvis

miRebuli

ufleba

moxmarebis

fuliT
ara

survili

daxmarebis

produqtisa
aqvT.

eqneba,

Tu

da

nacvlad

momsaxurebis

recipients

naturiT

uzrunvelyofs.

naklebi

transferis

legalurad
produqtis

Rirebuleba

mis

sabazro Rirebulebaze dabali iqneba.

naturiT

daxmarebis

programebi

SesaZloa

sameurveo,

saqonlis

egalitarianizmis, administraciuli Sesrulebadobis an politikuri

momxibvlelobis gamo dominirebdes.

sadiskusio SekiTxvebi

1. `ar mainteresebs, ramdenad mdidaria yvelaze mdidari. me vnerviulob

imaze, rom Tu igi araeTikurad gamdidrdeba, Tavis

simdidres uxeSad da

borotad gamoiyenebs... imaze ar vdardob, ra simdidres dakargavs mdidari, an

rogor daibegreba... arc is mainteresebs, SeinarCunebs Tu ara mTel simdidres...
magram me mecodeba yvela Raribi... vfiqrob, maTi siRaribe yvelaze intensiuri
zrunvis sagani unda gaxdes. darwmunebuli var, rom am sakiTxidan Semosavlis

246

araTanabari ganawileba erovnul yuradRebas Tavisken mimarTavs (Stein, 1996, gv.

A14). eTanxmebiT Tu ara am winadadebas? Seesabameba Tu ara igi utilitarul
postulatebs?
2. davuSvaT, rom arsebobs mxolod ori adamiani: simoni da CeriTi. maT
unda gaiyon fiqsirebuli Semosavali _ 100 dolari. simonisaTvis Semosavlis
zRvruli sargeblianobaa:

MU 3 = 400 - 2 I a

xolo CeriTis zRvruli sargeblianoba:

MU C = 400 - 6I C

sadac I C , I S Sesabamisad CeriTisa da simonis Semosavalia.

a)

rogoria

Semosavlis

optimaluri

ganawileba,

Tu

socialuri

keTildReobis funqcia aditiuria?

b) rogoria optimaluri ganawileba, Tu sazogadoeba mxolod CeriTis
sargebels afasebs? an piriqiT? pasuxebs daurTeT komentarebi;
g) rogor Seicvleba Tqveni pasuxebi, Tu simonisa da CeriTis Semosavlis
zRvruli sargeblianoba mudmivia:

MU C = 400
MU S = 400

3. siRaribis masStabis popularuli sazomi siRaribeSi gansxvavebaa. am

sazomiT

gamoiTvleba,

Tu

ra

odenobis

Semosavali

unda

gadaeces

Rarib

mosaxleobas imisaTvis, rom saojaxo Semosavali siRaribis zRvars ascdes. ra

konceptualuri

sirTuleebiT

xasiaTdeba

siRaribis

Sefasebis

amgvari

247

saSualeba? [miniSneba: Tu saxelmwifos Raribi ojaxebisTvis fuli im mizniT

unda mieca, rom isini siRaribis zRvramde asuliyvnen, ra moxdeboda maT mier
SromiTi

resursebis

uzrunvelyofasTan

dakavSirebiT?

ra

moxdeboda

maT

transferamdel SemosavalTan dakavSirebiT?].

4. davuSvaT, saxelmwifo samsaxurebis ufrosebs aiZulebs, muSakebisaTvis
dRiuri samedicino daxmarebis centri Seqmnan. warmovidginoT, rom erT-erTi
samsaxuris mier gaweuli dRiuri samedicino daxmarebis sabazro Rirebuleba
wliurad 5 aTasi aSS dolaria. SegviZlia davaskvnaT, rom muSaki, romelic
dRiuri samedicino daxmarebis centris upiratesobiT isargeblebs, wliurad
mdgomareobas 5 aTasi aSS dolariT gaiumjobesebs? [miniSneba: gaaanalizeT
modeli,

sadac

individi

akeTebs

arCevans

or

saqonels

Soris

(`dRiuri

samedicino daxmarebis dro~ da `sxva saqoneli~)].

5. gaaanalizeT Semdegi saxelmwifo programebi:
a) meSvide klasis yvela moswavles mieces portatuli kompiuteri;
b)

Raribi

ojaxis

bavSvebisaTvis

uzrunvelyofili

iqnes

ufaso

skolisSemdgomi programebi.
ra zemoqmedebas moaxdens TiToeuli programa Semosavlis ganawilebaze?
6. ekonomika ori individis, linisa da jonaTanisagan Sedgeba, romelTa
sargeblis doneebi aRniSnulia, rogorc UL da UJ.
a) davuSvaT, socialuri keTildReobis funqcia aris:

W = UL +UJ

marTalia

Tu

ara,

rom:

sazogadoebisaTvis

ara

aqvs

mniSvneloba,

vis

miscems dolars _ lins Tu jonaTans;

b) axla davuSvaT, rom socialuri keTildReobis funqciaa:

W = U L + 8U J

248

marTalia Tu ara, rom: sazogadoeba upiratesobas jonaTanis bednierebas

aniWebs da ara linis bednierebas;
g) axla warmovidginoT, rom socialuri funqciaa:

W = min[U L , U J ]

marTalia

Tu

ara,

rom:

am

sazogadoebaSi

Semosavlis

optimaluri

ganawileba absoluturad Tanabrad xdeba.

7.

gaaanalizeT

7.2

grafikiT

mocemuli

naturiT

transferis

modeli.

davuSvaT, rom recipients ara aqvs yvelis gayidvis ufleba. Tumca arsebobs
Savi

bazari,

sadac

erTi

funti

yveli

dolarad

iyideba.

uCveneT,

ra

zemoqmedebas axdens Savi bazari individis sabiujeto SezRudvaze. aumjobesebs

Tu ara igi mdgomareobas?
8.

Seris

US,

sargeblianobaa

xolo

misi

Semosavali

YS.

marSas

sargeblianoba aris Um, misi Semosavali ki _ YM. davuSvaT, rom am SemTxvevaSi

U s = 100YS1 2 , da U M = 100Y A1

gansazRvreT

+ 0.8U S

pareto-efeqtiani

gadanawileba;

ganmarteT,

ratomaa

es

koncefcia am situaciaSi adekvaturi. davuSvaT, rom Tavdapirvelad Serisa da

marSas

Semosavali

100-s

udris.

Tu

socialuri

keTildReobis

funqcia

aditiuria, ra moxdeba socialur keTildReobasTan dakavSirebiT, Tu marSas 36

fulad erTeuls gamoarTmeven da Seris gadascemen?

249

gamoyenebuli literatura:

Atkinson, A.B. The Economics of Inequality. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1983.
Browning, Edgar K. "The Case Against Income Redistribution". Public Finance Review 30 (2002
wlis noemberi), gv. 509-530.
Gottschalk, Peter. "Inequality, Income Growth, and mobility: The Basic Facts". Journal of
Economic Perspectives 11 (1997 wlis gazafxuli ), gv. 21-40.
Jorgenson, Dale W. "Did We Lose the War on Poverty?" Journal of Economic Perpectives 12
(1998 wlis zafxuli), gv. 79-96.

250

mecxre Tavi

socialuri dazRveva I: saxelmwifo sapensio

uzrunvelyofa da umuSevrobisagan dazRveva

netav maSinac dagWirdebi da damapureb, rodesac me samocdaoTxi wlis

viqnebi?
jon lenoni da pol makartni

cxovreba aRsavsea moulodnelobebiT. iseTi movlenebi, rogoricaa xanZari da

avadmyofoba, uaryofiTad moqmedebs adamianze. mdgomareobis Semsubuqebisa da
Tavdacvis erTaderTi gza sadazRvevo paketis SeZenaa. piri, romelic gadasaxads
uxdis sadazRvevo kompanias, dazRveulia arasasiamovno moulodnelobebisagan.
zaralis
kompensacias
zogierTi
federaluri
saxelmwifo
programac
iTvaliswinebs,
romelic
nawilobriv
arakontrolirebadi
garemoebebiTaa
gamowveuli. aRniSnuli programebi socialuri dazRvevis saxelwodebiTaa
cnobili (CamonaTvali 9.1 cxrilSia mocemuli). Tqven naxavT, rom socialur
dazRvevaze gaweul danaxarjebze federaluri danaxarjebisa da mTliani Sida
produqtis didi wili modis.

sxvadasxva programa, cxadia, gansxvavebul mizans emsaxureba. Tumca zogierT

maTgans iseTi maxasiaTeblebi aerTianebs, rogoricaa:

savaldebulo monawileoba.
dazRveviT sargeblobis ufleba da sargeblis masStabi nawilobriv
adamianis mier warsulSi ganxorcielebul Senatanebzea damokidebuli.
sargeblis gadaxda iwyeba iseTi identificirebadi incidentis Semdeg,
rogoricaa: samuSaodan daTxovna, avadmyofoba an pensiaze gasvla.
ar aris saWiro programis racionalurobis (saWiroebis) Sefaseba _
sargeblis
miRebis
uflebis
misaRebad
finansuri
siZneleebis
manifestireba aucilebeli ar aris.

axla ki ganvixiloT, Tu ra amarTlebs socialuri dazRvevis arsebobas.

winamdebare Tavi eTmoba socialuri dazRvevis ori mniSvnelovani programis
daxasiaTebas:
saxelmwifo
sapensio
uzrunvelyofas
da
dazRvevas
umuSevrobisagan. Semdeg TavSi ki naxavT socialur doneze uzrunvelyofili
janmrTelobis dazRvevis detalur analizs.

251

cxrili 9.1 ZiriTadi socialuri dazRvevis programebi

programa
saxelmwifo
sapensio
uzrunvelyofa (OASDI)
`mediqeari (SeRavaTiani
samedicino dazRveva
xandazmulTa da
invalidTaTvis)
dazRveva umuSevrobisagan
veteranTa samedicino
dazRveva

SemoRebis TariRi
1935

2002
$ 453

1965

254

1935

51

1917

22

mTliani procentuli
wili federalur
danaxarjebSi

37,9%

mTliani procentuli
wili mSp-Si

7,5%

wyaro: pirveli sami monacemi mopovebulia kongresis sabiujeto ofisidan, The

Economic and Budget Outlook: Fiscal Years 2004-2013 (Washington, DC: US Government printing Office,
2003). bolo monacemi miviReT prezidentis aRmasrulebeli ofisis menejmentisa
da biujetis samsaxuridan, The Budget of the United States Government, for Fiscal Year 2004
(Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office, 2003).

ra saWiroa socialuri dazRveva?

keTildReobis pirveli Teoriis Tanaxmad, kerZo bazari, rogorc wesi,

uzrunvelyofs saqonlis sakmaris raodenobas. ra aris gansakuTrebuli
iseTi saqonlis SemTxvevaSi, rogoricaa `dazRveva~?
araxelsayreli SerCeva

252

gaixseneT mesame Tavi da Cveni mimoxilva, sadac aRvniSneT, rom asimetriuli

informaciis arsebobas (mdgomareoba, rodesac garigebis erTi mxare meore
mxarisaTvis
miuwvdomel
informacias
flobs)
sadazRvevo
bazris
araefeqtianobamde mivyavarT. axla ki mokled ganvixiloT es argumenti,
magaliTad ki sicocxlis dazRveva gamoviyenoT. sadazRvevo paketis myidvelis
erTaderTi maxasiaTebeli, romelzec sadazRvevo kompania zrunavs, misi
sicocxlis mosalodneli xangrZlivobaa. kompaniis TvalTaxedviT, idealuri
klienti arasodes kvdeba. imdenad, ramdenadac potenciurma klientma ufro
kargad icis Tavis janmrTelobasTan dakavSirebuli problemebi, vidre
sadazRvevo kompaniam, adgili asimetriuli informaciis arsebobas aqvs. rodesac
mzRveveli sxvadasxva adamianis sicocxlis mosalodnel xangrZlivobas ver
akontrolebs, igi iZulebulia, yvela klients erTi da igive momsaxureba
gauwios. visTvis iqneba es momsaxureba yvelaze Rirebuli? cxadia, im
adamianebisaTvis, romelTa janmrTelobis mdgomareoba problemuria, maT
sadazRvevo kompaniis momsaxureba da misgan misaRebi sargebeli sWirdebaT.
swored es adamianebi ar sWirdeba sadazRvevo kompanias klientebis saxiT!
amdenad,
sadazRvevo
kompanias
klienturis
amorCeva
Tavad
kompaniis
interesebisaTvis araxelsayreli pirobiT uxdeba. am periodSi fasi izrdeba
reagirebs araxelsayrel SerCevaze, rac, saboloo jamSi, kompanias `karg~
klienturas akargvinebs. amis Sedegad ki problema uaresdeba. individi,
romelsac aqvs sadazRvevo kompaniidan miRebuli sargeblis gamoyenebis
gansakuTrebuli survili da maRali moTxovna dazRvevaze, iseTi fenomenis
arsebobas udebs safuZvels, romelic araxelsayreli SerCevis saxelwodebiTaa
cnobili. asimetriuli informaciis arsebobis pirobebSi araxelsayreli SerCeva
bazris efeqtianobas amcirebs.

axla ki ganvixiloT aseTi problema: davuSvaT, rom daizRveva ara moaxloebuli

sikvdili, aramed grZelvadiani sicocxle. ratom warmoadgens es problemas?
gifiqriaT odesme, ramden xans icocxlebT pensiaze gasvlis dRidan? aravin
icis amis Sesaxeb. sicocxlis mosalodneli xangrZlivoba pensiaze gasvlidan
daaxloebiT 18 welia, magram 65 wels miRweulTa mxolod 25% Tu gaxdeba 90
wlisa da metis. SesaZloa, Rrma siberemde cxovreba Zalian sasurveli iyos,
Tumca aq Cndeba erTi problema: geyofaT ki siberis periodisaTvis gadadebuli
da danazogi fuli sicocxlis bolomde? rogor davazRvioT sakuTari Tavi
navaraudevze ufro xangrZlivi sicocxlisagan? sadazRvevo kompania yidis
momsaxurebis
pakets,
romelsac
anuiteti
ewodeba.
anuiteti
individs
yovelwliuri SemosavliT uzrunvelyofs sicocxlis ganmavlobaSi. Teoriulad,
sadazRvevo kompania xarjavs fuls pirebze, romlebic saSualoze didxans
cxovroben, samagierod, fuls akeTebs im pirebis xarjze, romlebsac mokle
sasicocxlo cikli aRmoaCndebaT da, amdenad, danakargebis gareSe muSaobas
axerxebs.

problema amjeradac bazarze araxelsayrel SerCevaSi mdgomareobs. piri,

romlis sasicocxlo cikli, rogorc Cans, Cveulebrivze ufro xangrZlivi
iqneba, ufro metad saWiroebs anuitets. araxelsayreli SerCevis Sedegad
sadazRvevo kompaniis mier anuitetze gaweuli danaxarji izrdeba, amdenad,

253

izrdeba misi fasic, rac anuitetis potenciur myidvelebs afrTxobs da bazars

amcirebs. amdenad, bazari ver uzrunvelyofs pirs saTanado TanxiT, romelic
saWiroa misTvis ufro xangrZlivi sasicocxlo ciklisaTvis. savaldebulo
socialuri
dazRveva
araxelsayreli
SerCevis
problemas
aneitralebs;
savaldebulo socialuri dazRvevis Tanaxmad, TiToeuli piri valdebulia,
SeiZinos sadazRvevo momsaxurebis paketi. amdenad, savsebiT SesaZlebelia,
socialuri dazRveva ganvixiloT, rogorc anuiteti, romlis SeZena TiToeuli
individisaTvis savaldebuloa.

rogorc mesame TavSi aRiniSna, asimetriuli informacia mniSvnelovnad aferxebs

efeqtianobas. Tumca xSirad xdeba ise, rom asimetriuli informacia aseTi
zemoqmedebiT sulac ar xasiaTdeba. empiriuli TvalsazrisiT, SesaZloa Tu ara,
rom
araxelsayreli SerCevis faqtori socialuri dazRvevis aucileblobas
qmnides? _ es damokidebulia programis bunebaze. sicocxlis dazRvevis
SemTxvevaSi araxelsayreli SerCevis faqtori ase mniSnvelovani ar aris. am
momsaxurebis myidveli samedicino Semowmebas gadis da janmrTelobis
mdgomareobis Sesaxeb specialur kiTxvars avsebs. kiTxvarSi araswori pasuxis
arsebobisas momsaxurebis gaweva wydeba. rogorc Cans, aseTi pirobebi sakmarisia
imisaTvis, rom Tavidan iqnas acilebuli asimetriuli informaciis arseboba,
rac araxelsayreli SerCevis mTavar gamomwvev mizezs warmoadgens [Hendel and
Lizzeri, 2000]. dRes kargadaa ganviTarebuli janmrTelobis dazRvevis bazrebi,
xelmisawvdomia rogorc individualuri, aseve jgufuri sadazRvevo baraTis
momsaxurebis anotaciebi. Tumca anuitetis bazari sruliad sawinaaRmdegodaa
mowyobili. aSS-Si anuitetis bazari mcire da ganuviTarebelia, rac, zogierTi
adamianis azriT, sabazro Cavardnaze migvaniSnebs. Tumca arsebobs sruliad
sxvagvari azric, romlis Tanaxmadac anuitetis bazris simcire imiTaa
gamowveuli, rom socialuri dazRvevis sistema aviwroebs da devnis kerZo
anuitets _ bevri potenciuri myidveli ar midis bazarze imitom, rom mas ukve
saxelmwifos mier uzrunvelyofili anuiteti faqtobrivad SeZenili aqvs.

sxva argumentebi

garda araxelsayreli SerCevis faqtorisa, savaldebulo socialuri

dazRvevis arsebobis aucileblobas bevri sxva faqtoric iwvevs.
windaxedulobis simcire. individs ara aqvs sakmao windaxeduloba
imisaTvis, rom sakuTari
keTildReobisaTvis daezRvios;
amdenad,
mTavrobam unda aiZulos igi, sadazRvevo paketi SeiZinos. ase magaliTad,
arsebobs friad popularuli azri imis Taobaze, rom socialuri
dazRvevis ararsebobs SemTxvevaSi adamianTa umetesoba ver daagrovebda
sakmaris fuls (aqtivs) imisaTvis, rom uzrunveleyo uzrunveli sibere.
aseTi argumenti or sakiTxs wamoWris. pirveli, nuTu savaldebulo
socialuri dazRvevis gareSe marTla ver moaxerxebs individi sakmarisi
fulis dagrovebas? am kiTxvaze pasuxis gasacemad saWiroa, vnaxoT, Tu
rogor
moqmedebs
individi
savaldebulo
sadazRvevo
sistemis
254

ararsebobis
pirobebSi.
es
ki
sakmaod
did
sirTuleebTanaa
dakavSirebuli. Tundac es realoba iyos, mTavrobis Carevis winapiroba
mainc ar iqmneba. maRali individualisturi filosofiis mimdevarni
Rrmad arian darwmunebulni imaSi, rom TiToeul individs sakuTari
gadawyvetilebis miRebis SesaZlebloba unda hqondes, Tundac igi am gziT
Secdomas uSvebdes.
moraluri riski (arakeTilsindisieri moqmedebis safrTxe). individs
swams, rom igi, Caayenebs ra sakuTar Tavs unugeSo situaciaSi, mTavrobas
daavaldebulebs, daexmaros mas. magaliTad, sazogadoeba Tvlis, rom
gaumarTlebelia umweo xandazmulTa daxmarebis institutis arseboba,
radgan bevri axalgazrda amgvar daxmarebas dazRvevis formad miiCnevs
da sakuTar Tavs umweo mdgomareobaSi Cavardnis uflebas aZlevs. es ki
moraluri riskis, anu arakeTilsindisieri moqmedebis safrTxis winaSe
gvayenebs _ es aris cvlileba individis moqmedebaSi, rac gamowveulia im
faqtiT, rom igi dazRveulia (ixileT mesame Tavi). savaldebulo sistemis
arsebobis erT-erTi gamarTleba moraluri riskis Semcirebis mcdelobaa.
gadawyvetilebis miRebis danaxarjebis dazogva. sadazRvevo da anuitetis
bazrebis struqtura sakmaod rTulia, amdenad, individs swori arCevanis
gasakeTeblad bevri dro sWirdeba. Tu oficialuri pirebi, romlebic
gadawyvetilebas iReben, iseT momsaxurebas SesTavazeben sazogadoebas,
romelic misaRebia misi TiToeuli wevrisaTvis, maSin es ukanasknelni ar
daxarjaven
resurss
gadawyvetilebis
miRebaSi.
Tumca
Zneli
dasajerebelia,
rom
mTavrobam
sazogadoebas
marTebuli
da
mosaxerxebeli politika SesTavazos. saerTod, yvela adamians Tavisi
moTxovnileba aqvs. amdenad, ukeTesi iqneba, TiToeuls sakuTari
gadawyvetilebis miRebis saSualeba mivceT.
Semosavlis ganawileba. Cven ukve aRvniSneT, rom socialuri dazRvevis
programis
Sedegad
miRebuli
sargebeli
(daxmareba)
nawilobriv
warsulSi ganxorcielebul Senatanebzea damokidebuli. Tumca, zogierTi
programis farglebSi, daxmarebis moculobasa da warsul Senatans
Soris kavSiri sakmaod sustia. savaldebulo socialuri dazRvevis
pirobebSi adamianTa erTi nawili ukeTesad cxovrobs, vidre kerZo
dazRvevis pirobebSi icxovrebda, xolo meore nawili ki _ uaresad. am
TvalsazrisiT,
socialuri
dazRvevis
programebi
Semosavlis
gadanawilebis programas warmoadgens. swored es gvexmareba, avxsnaT
programis savaldebulo xasiaTi. sxva SemTxvevaSi individma, romelsac
danakargis eSinia, SesaZloa, socialuri dazRvevis programaze Tavad
Tqvas uari. socialuri dazRvevis erT-erTi programa, romelsac Cven
axla ganvixilavT, saxelmwifo sapensio uzrunvelyofis saxelwodebiTaa
cnobili da mniSvnelovani gamanawilebeli aspeqtebiT xasiTdeba.

saxelmwifo sapensio uzrunvelyofis sistemis struqtura

saxelmwifo sapensio uzrunvelyofa oficialurad ki `xandazmulTa,
marCenalis gareSe darCenilTa da qmeduunaroTa dazRveva (Old Age,
Survivors, and Disability Insurance - OASDI) _ Sida saxsrebiT dafinansebuli
erT-erTi umsxvilesi programaa. sistema aseTi stiliT muSaobs: sistemis
255

wevrebi da maTi damqiraveblebi samuSao ciklis ganmavlobaSi ixdian

saxelfaso gadasaxads. pensiaze gasvlis Semdeg sistemis wevrebi iReben
daxmarebas, romlis moculoba
nawilobriv maT mier warsulSi
ganxorcielebul Senatanebzea damokidebuli. saxelmwifo sapensio
sistema, uzrunvelyofs ra individs wliuri fiqsirebuli daxmarebiT
pensiaze
gasvlis
momentidan
mTeli
sicocxlis
ganmavlobaSi,
warmoadgens imis garantias, rom individi mokle vadaSi ver amowuravs
dagrovil Tanxas (aqtivebs). sapensio sistema daxmarebas uzrunvelyofs
SromisuunaroTaTvis, agreTve misi da pensioneris meuRlisa da kmayofaze
myofi SvilebisaTvis. garda amisa, saxelmwifo sapensio uzrunvelyofis
sistema gamanawilebeli programis formiTac funqcionirebs. dRes vinc
muSaobs, saxelmwifo sapensio uzrunvelyofis an sxva saxelmwifo
sapensio programis farglebSi yvela dazRveulia.
sistema sakmaod rTulia. misi ZiriTadi debulebebi qvemoTaa mocemuli.
ufro
detaluri
informaciisaTvis
ki
saxelmwifo
sapensio
uzrunvelyofis sistemis veb-gverds mimarTeT (www.ssa.gov).
ZiriTadi komponentebi
gadasaxadis gadaxdis sistema Semosavlis miRebisTanave. saxelmwifo
sapensio programa 1935 wels daiwyo. am dros igi Zalian hgavda dazRvevis
kerZo sistemas. individi mTeli Tavisi samuSao ciklis ganmavlobaSi
xelfasis nawils inaxavda specialur fondSi. droTa ganmavlobaSi
fondSi xdeboda procentis damateba, pensiaze gasvlis dRidan ki
individi iRebda fondSi deponirebul ZiriTad Tanxasa da akumulirebul
procents. aseTi sqema sruli dafinansebis saxelwodebiT iyo cnobili.
aseTi sistema male moiSala. 1939 wels sistemam sxva forma SeiZina. es
iyo Semosavlis miRebisTanave gadasaxadis gadaxdis sistema. aRniSnuli
sistemis farglebSi, pensioneris daxmarebis (pensiis) formireba amJamad
momuSaveTa SenatanebiT xdeba. pensionerTa TiToeul Taobas miecema
pensia, romelic formirebulia Sromisunariani da momuSave Taobis
SenatanebiT da ara - akumulirebuli fondidan. aseT sistemaze gadasvlis
ZiriTadi mizezi is iyo, rom xandazmulTa danazogis didi nawili
sruliad daikarga didi depresiis dros, arada, isini imsaxurebdnen imaze
mets, ris saSualebasac depresiis Semdgom ramdenime weliwadSi
dagrovili fuli iZleoda. am sistemaze gadasvlis meore mizezi ki is
iyo, rom zogierTi politikosi SiSobda, aseTi fondi an araefeqtianad
iqneboda gankarguli saxelmwifos mier, an ubralod daixarjeboda.
cvlilebaTa Sedegad 1983 wels saxelmwifo sapensio uzrunvelyofis
sistemam zedmeti Tanxa daagrova da satransto fondSi gadaricxa.
rogorc SemdgomSi iqneba naCvenebi, satrasto fondi warmoadgens
saaRricxvo mowyobilobas da mas ar gaaCnia mniSvnelovani realuri
Sedegi. amdenad, ufro zusti iqneboda, Tu sistemas mivaniWebdiT aseT
saxelwodebas: Semosavlis miRebisTanave gadaxdis sistema.
saxelmwifo sapensio uzrunvelyofis sistemis pirveli beneficiarebi
TavianT
Senatanze
Zalian
maRal
ukugebas
iRebdnen.
yvelaze
mniSvnelovani magaliTi am mxriv ida fiuleria, erT-erTi pirveli
beneficiari, romelmac 24,85 aSS dolari gadaixada sapensio gadasaxadis
256

saxiT, samagierod ki 99 wlamde icocxla da misi pensiis mTliani

moculoba 20897 aSS dolars gautolda.
cxadi transferi. 1939 wlis kanonmdeblobaSi ganxorcielebuli meore
mniSvnelovani cvlileba iyo programis samoqmedo arealis gafarToeba.
1935 wlis aqtis Tanaxmad, yovelTviur pensias iRebdnen dazRveuli
momuSaveebi, romelTa wlovaneba 65 wels an mets utoldeboda. 1939 wels
yovelTviuri sapensio daxmareba dazRveul momuSaveTa arasrulwlovani
Svilebis an maTi meuRleebisTvisac dainerga. amdenad, saxelmwifo
sapensio uzrunvelyofis programa uzrunvelyofs ara marto dazRvevas,
aramed
individTa
Soris
Semosavlis
transfers
axorcielebs.
satransfero funqcia droTa ganmavlobaSi sul ufro da ufro met
mniSvnelobas iZenda. kulminacia ki 1972 wels umweoTaTvis damatebiTi
daxmarebis uzrunvelyofis (Supplemental Security Income - SSI) programis
danergva iyo. programa, romelic, miuxedavad imisa, rom saxelmwifo
sapensio uzrunvelyofis administraciis mier iyo administrirebuli,
Tavisi pirobiTi definiciis Tanaxmad, ar warmoadgens dazRvevas. es aris
daxmarebis programa, romelic xandazmulebsa da Sromisuunaroebs
federaluri
minimaluri
Semosavlis
garantiiT
uzrunvelyofs.
damatebiTi
SemosavliT
uzrunvelyofis
programa
merve
TavSia
ganxiluli.
daxmarebis
struqtura.
individis
pensia
(daxmareba,
romelsac
saxelmwifo
sapensio
uzrunvelyofis
sistema
uzrunvelyofs
individisaTvis) damokidebulia misi Semosavlis istoriaze, asaksa da
sxva pirad faqtorebze. pirvel etapze xdeba indeqsirebuli saSualo
Tviuri Semosavlis (Average Indexed Monthly Earnings - AIME) gamoTvla. es
aris individis saSualo xelfasi misi samuSao ciklis ganmavlobaSi1.
daiTvleba wliuri Semosavali da miiReba mxedvelobaSi Semosavlis zeda
zRvari. zeda zRvari igivea, rac xelfasis maqsimaluri moculoba,
romelic warmoadgens sapensio saxelfaso dabegvris sagans (ganxilulia
Semdeg nawilSi).
Semdegi nabiji AIME-s Casmaa daxmarebis gamosaangariSebel formulaSi,
rac saSualebas gvaZlevs, vipovoT individis pensiis daricxvis sabaziso
sidide (primary insurance amount - PIA), rac im sabaziso daxmarebas
warmoadgens, romelic im momuSaves unda gadaexados, romelic pensiaze
normalur sapensio asakSi gadis (65 weli an ufro gvian; damatebiTi
informacia qvemoT ixileT), an romelic Sromisuunaro xdeba. daxmarebis
gamoTvlis formula isea Sedgenili, rom PIA izrdeba AIME-s zrdasTan
erTad, magram ufro dabali ganakveTiT. 2003 wels PIA gamoTvlili iyo
Semdegnairad:
AIME-s pirveli 600 dolaris 90%, plus
600 dolarsa da 3653 dolars Soris AIME-s 32%, plus
1

xelfasi, romelsac iRebs individi sxvadasxva wlis ganmavlobaSi, ar aris pirdapir

Sedarebadi imdenad, ramdenadac droTa ganmavlobaSi zogadad icvleba fasebi.
aRniSnulis Sesasworeblad yvela momuSavis xelfasis zrdis procentis mixedviT xdeba
xelfasis indeqsireba. im individebisaTvis, romlebic sul mcire 35 wlis ganmavlobaSi
muSaobdnen, kalkulaciis dros yvelaze saukeTeso 35 weli miiReba mxedvelobaSi.

257

3653 dolarze maRali AIME-s 15%

amdenad, pensioneris PIA, romlis AIME 200 dolaria, 180 dolars udris,
im pensioneris PIA ki, romlis AIME 1600 dolaria, daaxloebiT - 863
dolars. gTxovT, SeniSnoT, rom dabali AIME-s mqone momuSaveebi
uflebamosilni arian, aiRon daxmareba SemosavalTan SedarebiT ufro
maRali proporciiT, vidre im momuSaveebma, romlebic maRali AIME-Ti
xasiaTdebian2. faqtobrivad, 2003 wels Cveulebrivi momuSave, romelsac
hqonda dabali Semosavali da pensiaze 65 wlis asakSi gavida, iRebda
saxelmwifo pensias, romlis moculoba AIME-s 64%-s udrida; saSualo
Semosavlis mqone pensionerisaTvis es maCenebeli 48%-s udrida, xolo
maRali
Semosavlis
mqone
pensionerisaTvis
ki
_
40%-s
[www.ssa.gov/OACT/COLA/examples.html].
individis faqtobrivi daxmarebis moculoba damokidebulia ara marto
PIA-ze, aramed or sxva faqtorzec.
asaki, rodesac xdeba daxmarebis gamoyofa. asaki, rodesac individi xdeba
uflebamosili, miiRos saxelmwifo sapensio uzrunvelyofis sistemiT
gansazRvruli
sapensio
daxmareba,
normaluri
sapensio
asakis
saxelwodebiTaa cnobili. normaluri sapensio asaki damokidebulia
individis dabadebis welze. 1944-sa da 1954 wlebs Soris dabadebuli
piris normaluri sapensio asaki 66 welia. aRniSnuli maCvenebeli yovel
Semdgom weliwadze ori TviT izrdeba _ 1960 welsa da mis Semdgom
dabadebuli pirebisaTvis ki normaluri sapensio asaki 67 welia. momuSave
uflebamosilia, daxmareba miiRos sul mcire 62 wlidan, magram aseT
SemTxvevaSi, Tviuri daxmarebis moculobis permanentuli Semcireba
imdenad, ramdenadac normalur sapensio asakad 67 welia miCneuli,
Semcirebis ganakveTi 30% iqneba. analogiurad, momuSave, romelic
normaluri sapensio asakis dadgomis Semdegac ar miiRebs daxmarebas,
miiRebs daxmarebas, romelic permanentuli zrdis ganakveTiT xasiaTdeba.
1943 welsa da mis Semdgom dabadebuli momuSave, romelic ar gadis
pensiaze normaluri sapensio asakis miRwevis Semdegac ki, miiRebs
daxmarebas, romelsac yovel vadagadacilebul weliwadze emateba 8%.
recipientis
ojaxuri
mdgomareoba.
rodesac srulad
dazRveuli
martoxela momuSave pensiaze normaluri sapensio asakis miRwevisTanave
gadis, misi faqtobrivi yovelTviuri daxmareba ubralod pensiis
daricxvis sabaziso sidides udris. momuSave, romelsac kmayofaze hyavs
meuRle an Svili, damatebiT iRebs PIA-s 50 procents. pensioneri wyvilis
saSualo yovelTviuri daxmareba daaxloebiT 1460 aSS dolaria
[dazRvevis mTavari ofisi (Office of the Chief Actuary), 2003].
garda amisa, daxmarebis struqturis formirebaze ori damatebiTi wesi
moqmedebs. pirveli: daxmarebis 85%-ze meti, romelsac iRebs individi,
romlis
Semosavali
gansazRvrul
sabaziso
Tanxas
aRemateba,
2

kanoni gansazRvravs PIA-s maqsimalur moculobas, agreTve daxmarebis specialur

minimums, romelic xangrZlivi drois ganmavlobaSi dabali Semosavlis mqone
momuSaveebs ufro didi moculobis daxmarebiT uzrunvelyofs, vidre es Cveulebrivi
formuliT gamoiTvleba.

258

federaluri saSemosavlo gadasaxadiT ibegreba. aseTi sabaziso Tanxa

aris 25000 aSS dolari dauojaxebeli gadamxdelisaTvis da 32000 aSS
dolari daojaxebuli wyvilisaTvis. meore: daxmareba koreqtirdeba
inflaciis mixedviT. AIME-s gamoTvlis dros mxedvelobaSi miiReba
warsuli Semosavlebi, romlebic xelfasis zrdis indeqsiT aris
koreqtirebuli.
ufro
metic,
individis
daxmarebis
Tanxis
msyidvelobiTunarianoba mas Semdeg, rac individi gaxdeba uflebamosili,
miiRos saxelmwifo sapensio uzrunvelyofis sistemiT gaTvaliswinebuli
daxmareba, wliuri saarsebo minimumis zrdis indeqsis mixedviT
yovelTvis koreqtirdeba, rac, Tavis mxriv, samomxmareblo fasebis
indeqsis saSualebiT izomeba. finansuri aqtivebis Zalian mcire
raodenoba iTvaliswinebs inflaciisagan dacvis amgvar meqanizms.
saxelmwifo sapensio uzrunvelyofis sistemis recipientTa daxmarebis
Tanxa normaluri sapensio asakis miRwevamde 11000 aSS dolari
Semosavlis
zemoT
(es
Tanxa
yovelwliurad
icvleba,
radgan
xorcieldeba misi indeqsacia saSualo xelfasis zrdis ganakveTis
mixedviT) recipientis Semosavlis yovel or dolarze daaxloebiT erTi
dolariT
mcirdeba.
aRniSnuli
piroba
Semosavlis
kriteriumis
saxelwodebiTaa
cnobili.
Tumca
zogierT
SemTxvevaSi
individis
daxmareba, romelic Semosavlis kriteriumis pirobis gamo mcirdeba,
momavalSi SesaZloa, gaizardos. amdenad, `miuxedavad imisa, rom sapensio
Semosavlis kriteriums xSirad saSemosavlo gadasaxadad aRiqvamen,
realurad igi daxmarebis Tanxis gadaxdis im momentamde gadavadebas
iTvaliswinebs, rodesac momuSaves mniSvnelovani Semosavali aRar eqneba~
[kongresis sabiujeto ofisi, 2001, gv. 24].
dafinanseba. saxelfaso gadasaxadi momuSavis wliuri daubegravi
xelfasis procentul nawils warmoadgens, vidre Semosavali miaRwevs
gansazRvrul Tanxas. gadasaxadis nawils ixdis damqiravebeli, xolo
meore naxevars ki _ Tavad daqiravebuli, anu momuSave. kanonmdeblis
survili iyo, programis xarji damqiravebelsa da momuSaves (anu
daqiravebuls) Tanabrad gadaexada. miuxedavad amisa, damqiravebels
SeuZlia, Tavisi kuTvnili xarjis gaReba nawilobriv an mTlianad
momuSaves dabali daubegravi xelfasis gacemis gziT daakisros. xdeba
Tu ara xarjis gaRebis valdebulebis momuSavisaTvis gadacema, me-12
TavSia ganxiluli. amJamad ki mxolod imas aRvniSnavT, rom programis
xarjebis Tanabrad (50-50%-ze) ganawileba realurad ar xdeba.
droTa ganmavlobaSi daxmarebis Tanxa gaizarda. gaizarda saxelfaso
gadasaxadic. dRes sagadasaxado ganakveTi 6,2%-s udris (mas ixdis
TiToeuli damqiravebelic da momuSavec), rac mis Tavdapirvel dones
eqvsjer aRemateba (ix. 9.2 cxrili). 1977 wlis kanonmdeblobis Tanaxmad,
maqsimaluri dasabegri Semosavali saSualo xelfasis zrdis ganakveTTan
erTad avtomaturad izrdeba.
cxrili 9.2. saxelmwifo sapensio uzrunvelyofis sistemis sagadasaxado
ganakveTebi* (SerCeuli periodi)
weli

maqsimaluri dasabegri
Semosavali (dolari)

damqiravebeli da
daqiravebuli
259

1937
1950
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
2003

$ 3000
3000
4800
7800
29700
51300
76200
87000

(momuSave), TiToeuli
(procenti)
1,0%
1,5
3,0
4,2
5,08
6,2
6,2
6,2

* ganakveTSi ar Sedis saxelfaso gadasaxadi, romliTac dafinansebulia `mediqeari~,

romelzec 1,45%-s ixdis rogorc damqiravebeli, aseve daqiravebuli (momuSave).
aRniSnuli gadasaxadis zeda zRvari ar arsebobs.
wyaro: mTavari sadazRvevo ofisi, saxelmwifo sapensio uzrunvelyofis administracia
(Office of the Chief Actuary, Social Security Administration) [URL: http://www.ssa.gov].

9.2 cxrilSi mocemul ganakveTebSi ar Sedis damatebiTi saxelfaso

gadasaxadi,
romliTac
xdeba
`mediqearis~ programis dafinanseba
(aRniSnuli programis Sesaxeb Cven Semdeg TavSi visaubrebT). dRes
aRniSnuli gadasaxadis ganakveTi 1,45%-s udris damqiraveblisa da
daqiravebulisaTvis
(TiToeulisaTvis).
1993
wlis
kanonmdeblobis
Tanaxmad, misi safuZveli yvela Semosavalia. amdenad, individisaTvis,
romlis Semosavali saxelmwifo sapensio uzrunvelyofis maqsimalur
dasabegr Tanxaze dabalia, kombinirebuli saxelfaso sagadasaxado
ganakveTi gamoiTvleba, romliTac ifareba rogorc saxelmwifo sapensio
gadasaxadi, agreTve `mediqearis~ gadasaxadi, rac 15,3%-s [= 2 X (6,2 + 1,45)]
udris.
bunebrivia, ibadeba kiTxva, Tu ratom xdeba saxelmwifo sapensio
uzrunvelyofis
programis
dafinanseba
specialuri
saxelfaso
gadasaxadidan da ara mTliani Semosavlidan. marTlac, 1999 wels
prezidentma klintonma warmoadgina erTob arawarmatebuli winadadeba,
qveyanaSi saxelmwifo sapensio programis gasafarToeblad gamoyenebuli
yofiliyo mTliani Semosavali. am winadadebas Zalian mcire mxardaWera
xvda wilad. mizezi, ris gamoc sapensio fondis dafinanseba saxelfaso
gadasaxadidan
xdeba,
ufro
politikur
xasiaTs atarebs,
vidre
ekonomikurs. kavSiri gadasaxadsa da daxmarebis Tanxas Soris, rac ar
unda umniSvnelo iyos igi, mTavrobas avaldebulebs, SeinarCunos sistema,
romelic
uzrunvelyofs
daxmarebas.
franklin
ruzveltma
aseTi
mdgomareoba sakmaod mWevrmetyvelurad aRwera:
es gadasaxadebi arasodes yofila ekonomikis winaSe arsebuli
problema. isini mxolod da mxolod politikur xasiaTs atarebs. Cven
vawesebT saSemosavlo gadasaxads imisaTvis, rom gadamxdelma igrZnos,
rom mas SeuZlia, hqondes iuridiuli, moraluri da politikuri
ufleba, moiTxovos da aiRos pensia. aseTi gadasaxadebis arsebobis
pirobebSi politikosi verc moisurvebs da verc gaauqmebs saxelmwifo
sapensio uzrunvelyofis programas [Your Stake in the Fight, 1981, gv. 504].

ganawilebis sakiTxebi
260

Cven davaxasiaTeT saxelmwifo sapensio uzrunvelyofis sistema da

davinaxeT, rom igi gacilebiT metia, vidre dazRvevis programa. Tu
dazRvevis uzrunvelyofa erTaderTi mizani iqneboda, maSin individi
warsul Senatanebze daaxloebiT igive moculobis ukugebas miiRebda.
kerZod, TiToeuli individi samarTlian sadazRvevo ukugebas miiRebda _
saSualod,
miRebuli
daxmareba
sapensio
Senatanebis
moculobas
gautoldeboda (gamoTvla unda moxdes `saSualod~, radgan daxmarebis
mTliani moculoba damokidebulia individis sicocxlis xangrZlivobaze,
romlis winaswar ganWvreta SeuZlebelia). faqtobrivad, adamianTa
zogierTi tipi sistematurad iRebs sxvebTan SedarebiT ufro maRal
ukugebas.
cxrili 9.3 saxelmwifo sapensio uzrunvelyofis programis daxmareba da
danaxarji
pensiaze
gasvlis
weli

1980

1995

2015

dabali
Semosavlis
mqone
saxelmwifo sapensio
uzrunvelyofis programis
Tanxa
saxelfaso gadasaxadebi
sicocxlis ganmavlobaSi
mogeba
saxelmwifo sapensio
uzrunvelyofis programis
Tanxa
saxelfaso gadasaxadebi
sicocxlis ganmavlobaSi
mogeba
saxelmwifo sapensio
uzrunvelyofis programis
Tanxa
saxelfaso gadasaxadebi
sicocxlis ganmavlobaSi
mogeba

Semosavlis done
saSualo
Semosavlis
mqone

maRali
Semosavlis
mqone

67048$

111422$

139186$

27718

61595

82057

39330

49827

57130

75180

124000

158687

54516

121146

171658

20664

2854

- 12971

108164

178709

236189

89311

198468

314610

18853

- 19759

- 78421

wyaro: ganaxlebuli cxrilebi, wardgenili Tavad avtorTa mier, 2002 weli, ix. C. Eugene
Steuerle and Jon M. Bakija, "Retooling Social Security for the 21st Century: Right and Wrong Approaches to
Reform", Washington DC: The Urban Institute Press, 1994 Tavdapirveli cxrilebi da
meTodologia. Rirebuleba gamoxatulia 1993 w. dolarebSi.

kanonmdeblobis
struqtura,
romelic
saxelmwifo
sapensio
uzrunvelyofis sistemis funqcionirebas aregulirebs, metad rTulia.
swored amitom Znelia, ganisazRvros, vin igebs da vin agebs. ganawilebis
aspeqtebis Sesaswavlad yvelaze pirdapiri gza aris mosalodneli
sasicocxlo xangrZlivobis ganmavlobaSi sapensio fondidan ramdenime
individisaTvis wminda daxmarebis moculobis faqtiuri gamoTvla, rac
saSualebas mogvcems, davinaxoT, Tu vin iRebs met daxmarebas. gamoTvlis
pirveli
etapi
sapensio
daxmarebis
(romelsac
individi
iRebs)

261

saSualebiT miRebuli mTliani Semosavlis gamoTvlaa3. momavalSi

mosalodneli sapensio daxmarebebis Rirebuleba sapensio Tanxad
(saxelmwifo sapensio uzrunvelyofis programis Tanxad) klasificirdeba.
igi warmoadgens individis aqtivTa mniSvnelovan nawils _ saSualod, mis
wilad modis pensioneri individis likvidur aqtivTa 38% [Baxter, 2001].
Sepirebuli sapensio daxmarebis mimdinare Rirebuleba individis mier im
`sikeTed~ CaiTvleba, romelsac mas saxelmwifo uxdis. sazogadoebis
TvalsazrisiT ki es aris mTavrobis Seusrulebeli valdebuleba da,
amdenad, `wminda sikeTes~ ar warmoadgens.
wminda daxmarebis kalkulaciis meore etapi danaxarjis gamoTvlaa, rac
gulisxmobs yvela im gadasaxds, romelsac individi ixdis sicocxlis
ganmavlobaSi. cxadia, rogorc saxelmwifo sapensio sistemis Tanxa,
agreTve momavali saxelfaso ganakveTi droTa ganmavlobaSi xelfasis
zrdazea damokidebuli. 9.3 cxrilSi mocemulia sami `warmomadgeneli~
individi: `dabali Semosavlis mqone, romelic yovelTvis saSualo
xelfasis Tanxis 45%-s Soulobs, `saSualo Semosavlis mqone~, romelic
saSualo xelfass Soulobs da `maRali Semosavlis mqone~, romelic
maqsimalur Semosavals iRebs, rac socialuri dazRvevis gadasaxadiT
ibegreba.
gamoTvlebi sami gansxvavebuli sapensio asakis mixedviTaa Catarebuli.
cxrilis TiToeuli ujredi gvaZlevs aseT informacias: (1) saxelmwifo
sapensio uzrunvelyofis programis Tanxa; (2) saxelfaso gadasaxadebi
sicocxlis ganmavlobaSi; (3) wminda mogeba saxelmwifo sapensio
uzrunvelyofis
sistemidan,
romelic
martivad
gamoiTvleba:
(1)
maCvenebels _ (2) maCvenebeli. amdenad, individi, romelsac saSualo
Semosavali aqvs da romelic pensiaze 1995 wlidan gava, miiRebs 124000
dolar sapensio daxmarebis Tanxas. individi ixdida saxelfaso
gadasaxads, romlis mTlianma moculobam Seadgina 121146 aSS dolari.
amdenad, misi wminda mogeba sistemidan Seadgens 2854 dolars.
9.3 cxrili gviCvenebs, Tu rogor gadaanawilebs Semosavals sxvadasxva
fenas Soris saxelmwifo sapensio uzrunvelyofis sistema. arsebuli da
momavali pensionerebis SemTxvevaSi ki rac ufro maRali iqneba
maTi
Semosavali, miT ufro dabali iqneba maTi pensia. marTlac, maRali
Semosavlis mqone individebi, romlebic pensiaze 2015 wels gavlen,
saxelmwifo
sapensio
daxmarebis
programaSi
monawileobis
gamo
daaxloebiT 78000 aSS dolars dakargaven. cxrili gviCvenebs, Tu rogor
anawilebda Semosavals saxelmwifo sapensio uzrunvelyofis sistema
Zvel Taobebze. ganvixiloT ori individi saSualo SemosavliT,
romelTagan erT-erTi pensiaze 1980 wels gavida, xolo meore ki 2015
wels gava. pirveli sapensio programis wyalobiT miiRebs wminda
daxmarebas 49827 dolaris, xolo meore _ 19759 dolaris odenobiT.

saxelmwifo sapensio daxmarebis moculoba damokidebulia sicocxlis xangrZlivobaze,

amdenad, misi faqtobrivi Rirebuleba ganusazRvrelia da aqtuaruli cxrilebi
gamoyenebul unda iqnas `saSualo~ an `mosalodneli~ Rirebulebis gamosaTvlelad.
daxmareba gaicema da, Sesabamisad, xarjebi gaiweva xangrZlivi drois ganmavlobaSi,
amdenad, sicocxlis xangrZlivoba `mimdinare RirebulebiT unda iyos gamoTvlili. Tu
TqvenTvis ucnobia aRniSnuli koncefciebi, ixileT me-11 Tavi.

262

rogorc naxatidan Cans, saxelmwifo sapensio uzrunvelyofis sistema

ufro didsulovania wina Taobis, vidre axalgazrda Taobis mimarT.
naxati
9.3 cxrili Cvens yuradRebas miapyrobs imaze, Tu rogor anawilebs
saxelmwifo sapensio sistema Semosavals TaobaTa Soris. garda amisa,
saxelmwifo sapensio sistema Semosavals Taobis SigniTac anawilebs. am
konteqstSi mniSvnelovania, SevniSnoT, rom ararealuria, Tu cxad
gadanawilebas, romelic materializirebulia daxmarebis sakalkulacio
formulaSi, mTeli sicocxlis ganmavlobaSi miRebuli Semosavlis
konteqstSi ganvixilavT. aRniSnuli gadanawileba ki swored im martivi
mizeziTaa gamowveuli, rom mTeli sicocxlis ganmavlobaSi sapensio
daxmareba damokidebulia aramxolod wliur daxmarebaze, aramed wlebis
im raodenobaze, romlis ganmavlobaSic Tqven iRebT sargebels. ase
magaliTad, libmanma [2001B] gamoiTvala, rom im afro-amerikelebs Soris,
romlebic pensiaze 1990-ian
wlebSi gavidnen,
mTeli sicocxlis
ganmavlobaSi miRebuli wminda sapensio daxmareba iyo uaryofiTi (2514
aSS dolari), xolo TeTrkanianebSi ki _ dadebiTi (250 aSS dolari).
magram, Tu imave afro-amerikelebs danarCeni mosaxleobis analogiuri
mosalodneli sicocxlis xangrZlivoba da ganaTleba eqnebodaT, maSin
maTi wminda sapensio daxmareba dadebiTi gaxdeboda (18259 aSS dolari).
sasicocxlo ciklis faqtoris gaTvaliswinebis Sedegad bevr sxva
saintereso daskvnamde mivdivarT. aviRoT, magaliTad, gansxvaveba sqesis
mixedviT. qali mamakacze didxans cocxlobs, amdenad, is daxmareba,
romelsac qali mTeli sasicocxlo ciklis ganmavlobaSi miiRebs,
mamakacis mier misaRebi daxmarebis analogiur maCvenebels aRemateba.
libmanis gamoTvlaTa Tanaxmad, im adamianebidan, romlebic 1990-ian
wlebSi pensiaze gavidnen, mamrobiTi sqesis warmomadgenlebma dakarges
daaxloebiT
43000
aSS
dolari,
xolo
mdedrobiTi
sqesis
warmomadgenlebma ki moiges 37000 aSS dolari.
saxelmwifo sapensio uzrunvelyofis sistema Semosavals individTa
arCevanisa da maTi cxovrebiseuli faqtorebis mixedviT anawilebs. sxva
Tanabar pirobebSi qorwinebaSi myofi individi kmayofaze myofi meuRliT
bevrad met daxmarebas iRebs, vidre martoxela adamiani. daqorwinebuli
individi iRebs damatebiT daxmarebas meuRlisaTvis, romelic misi
sakuTari daxmarebis 50%-is tolia. ufro metic, qorwinebaSi myofi piris
gardacvalebis SemTxvevaSi misi darCenili meuRle uflebamosilia,
mTeli daxmareba miiRos. unda aRiniSnos isic, rom wyvili, romelSic
mxolod erT-erTs aqvs Semosavali, iRebs ufro met daxmarebas, vidre
qorwinebaSi myofi Semosavlis mqone meuRleebi. warmoidgineT ojaxi,
romelSic cols aqvs ufro meti Semosavali mTeli sicocxlis
ganmavlobaSi, vidre mis qmars. Tu daxmarebis Tanxa, romlis miRebis
ufleba aqvs qmars saxelfaso istoriis mixedviT, naklebia misi colis
sapensio daxmarebis 50%-ze, maSin qmars gaezrdeba sapensio daxmarebis
Tanxis moculoba da colis sapensio daxmarebis maqsimum 50%-s
gautoldeba. am Tanxas qmari warsulSi rom ar emuSava, mainc miiRebda.
Tu qmris sapensio daxmarebis Tanxa aRemateba colis sapensio daxmarebis
Tanxis 50%-s, maSin qmari igebs mxolod im sxvaobiT, rac arsebobs mis
sapensio daxmarebis Tanxasa da colis sapensio daxmarebis Tanxis 50%-s
263

Soris. amdenad, miuxedavad imisa, rom SedarebiT dabali Semosavlis

mqone meuRlis xelfasi ibegreba saxelfaso gadasaxadiT mTeli misi
samuSao ciklis ganmavlobaSi, saxelmwifo sapensio uzrunvelyofis
programidan igi Zalian mcire Tanxas iRebs.
aris Tu ara ganawilebis aseTi sqema sasurveli? rogorc yovelTvis,
pasuxi axlac subieqtur gadawyvetilebazea damokidebuli. SesaZloa,
arsebobdes mosazreba, rom xalxi, romelic didi depresiisa da II
msoflio omis dros cxovrobda, imdenad arasamarTlianad daiCagra, rom
imsaxurebs, axali Taobisagan miiRos kompensacia. Tu am midgomas
gamoviyenebT, maSin 9.3 cxrilSi mocemuli TaobaTaSorisi transferi
sakmaod miznobrivi da racionaluria. meore mxriv, gaurkvevelia, Tu
samarTlianobisa
da
obieqturobis
romeli
principi
asabuTebs
ganawilebis meqanizms ojaxebis sxvadasxva tips Soris, romelic es-esaa
ganvixileT.
gaimarTa bevri sajaro diskusia saxelmwifo sapensio uzrunvelyofis
sistemis transferebis Sesaxeb, Tumca saTanado yuradReba maT arasodes
miqcevia. Tanxebi Zalian didia: es Tanxebi pirdapiri daxmarebis
programebis saSualebiT rom yofiliyo gadacemuli, albaT, yvelaze
cxare
kamaTis
sagani
gaxdeboda.
Tumca
saxelmwifo
sapensio
uzrunvelyofis sistemis aspeqtebi bundovania, xolo sazogadoebrivi
informirebulobis done ki _ dabali.
satrasto fondi
rodesac
saxelfaso
sagadasaxado
Semosavlebi
aRemateba
beneficiarebisTvis gadasaxdeli daxmarebis Tanxas, sxvaoba gamoiyeneba
saxelmwifo
obligaciebis
SesaZenad,
romlebic
`deponirebulia~
saxelmwifo sapensio uzrinvelyofis sistemis satrasto fondSi. sityva
brWyalebSi imitomaa Casmuli, rom satrasto fonds xSirad arasworad
moiazreben. mas miiCneven, rogorc gigantur Semnaxvel angariSs, romelic
momavalSi uzrunvelyofs daxmarebis Tanxebis gacemas. sinamdvileSi
satrasto fondi saaRricxvo mowyobilobaa, romelic federalur
biujetSi saxelmwifo sapensio sistemis mier akumulirebul wliur
namets aRricxavs. Tavisi arsiT satrasto fondi ar aZlierebs mTavrobis
unars, momavalSi uzrunvelyos daxmarebis Tanxebis gamoyofa.
sakiTxSi
ukeT
gasarkvevad
kargi
iqneboda,
mogvexdina
Semdegi
fundamenturi faqtis aRiareba: nebismier momaval weliwads pensionerisa
da momuSavis moxmarebis masStabi im wels warmoebuli produqciis
moculobidan gamomdinareobs. amdenad, satrasto fonds SeuZlia,
daafinansos momavali pensionerebis moxmareba produqciis moculobis
gazrdis gziT momavalSi. erTaderTi gza, romlis saSualebiTac
satrasto fonds SeuZlia momavalSi produqciis moculobis gazrda,
aris arsebuli ZiriTadi kapitalis gazrda, radgan maRali ZiriTadi
kapitali momavali momuSaveebis mwarmoeblurobas zrdis. sxva sityvebiT
rom vTqvaT, Tu satrasto fondSi akumulirebuli Tanxebi met
saxelmwifo danazogTan ar asocirdeba, maSin aRniSnuli Tanxebi
momavalSi daxmarebis Tanxebis gadaxdas ver uzrunvelyofs.

264

axla ki davuSvaT, rom saxelmwifo sapensio uzrunvelyofis sistemis

nametis pirobebSi politikosebi iReben gadawyvetilebas biujetis
arasapensio nawilis xarjvis gazrdis Sesaxeb. ase magaliTad, mocemul
weliwads saxelmwifo sapensio uzrunvelyofis sistemam moagrova nameti
10 miliardi aSS dolaris moculobiT; kongresma ki sxva programaze 10
miliardi aSS dolariT meti daxarja. satrasto fondSi kidev darCa 10
miliardi dolaris Semosavali. es Semosavali warmoadgens danaxarjs,
romelic gaweul unda iqnas xazinis xarjze; misi dafarvis Semdgom es
danaxarji dafinansebuli iqneba sazogadoebrivi gadasaxadebis gazrdis
an sxva danaxarjebis Semcirebis gziT. Tumca es 10 miliardi ar zrdis
saxelmwifo
danazogebs.
amdenad,
realurad
ar
gazrdila
arc
sazogadoebis unari, uzrunvelyos daxmarebis Tanxa. faqtobrivad,
saxelmwifo sapensio uzrunvelyofis sistema 1980-iani wlebis meore
naxevridan didi nametiT xasiaTdeba. aRniSnuli nametiT xdeboda
federaluri biujetis danarCeni didi deficitis kompensacia, rac
gulisxmobs swored imas, rom satrasto fondis Rirebuleba bevrad
aRemateba
danazogis faqtobriv
zrdas [prezidentis ekonomikuri
angariSi, 2002 weli, gv. 77]. Cven kvlav davubrundebiT am sakiTxs
mogvianebiT, rodesac saxelmwifo sapensio uzrunvelyofis sistemis
reformis Sesaxeb winadadebebs ganvixilavT.
xandazmulTa ekonomiuri mdgomareoba
rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, saxelmwifo sapensio uzrunvelyofis sistemis
erT-erTi mTavari mizani xandazmulTa Semosavlis SenarCunebaa. miaRwia
ki programam am mizans? cifrebi sakmaod optimistur istorias
gviamboben. xandazmulTa jgufi SedarebiT araxelsayrel mdgomareobaSi
myof jgufad iTvleba. 1970 wels xandazmulTa oTxi ojaxidan saSualod
erTi ojaxi siRaribis zRvars qvemoT imyofeboda. Semcirda xandazmulTa
siRaribis ganakveTi; ufro metic, dRes igi ufro mcirea, vidre mTliani
mosaxleobis siRaribis ganakveTi. 2001 wels 65 wels gadacilebuli
mosaxleobis 10,1% iyo Raribi, maSin rodesac mTliani mosaxleobis igive
maCvenebeli 11,7%-s udrida. ukanaskneli aTwleulebis ganmavlobaSi
xandazmulTa Semosavali ufro swrafad mzardi ganakveTiT gaizarda,
vidre danarCeni mosaxleobis analogiuri maCvenebeli. 1974 wlidan 2001
wlamde 15 wels gadacilebuli mTliani mosaxleobis realuri saSualo
Semosavali daaxloebiT 31%-iT gaizarda, xolo 65 wels gadacilebuli
mosaxleobis analogiuri maCvenebeli ki _ 45%-iT4. dRes xandazmulTa
mTliani
Semosavlis
39%
saxelmwifo
sapensio
uzrunvelyofis
programebidan midis. xandazmulTa yvelaze Raribi (mexuTe) fenis
Semosavlis 82% saxelmwifo sapensio uzrunvelyofis programidanaa
dafinansebuli [http://www.ssa.gov/].
saxelmwifo
sapensio
uzrunvelyofis
programasTan
dakavSirebiT
sagulisxmoa ori gafrTxileba. pirveli: marTalia, saxelmwifo sapensio
uzrunvelyofis sistemam xandazmulTa Soris orjer Seamcira siRaribis
done, man mainc ver moaxerxa siRaribis sruli aRmofxvra. xandazmuli
qalebi, gansakuTrebiT ki qvrivebi, mZime ekonomikuri siZneleebis winaSe
imyofebian. meore: saxelmwifo pensia yovelTvis ar warmoadgens
4

kalkulaciebi efuZneba: www.census.gov/hhes/www/income.html.

265

pensionerebisaTvis xelmisawvdomi resursebis wminda damatebas. individma

SesaZloa, sakmaod mcire danazogi gaakeTos saxelmwifo pensiis imediT,
an SesaZloa, miatovos muSaoba da pensiaze gavides. imisaTvis, rom
gavigoT, Tu ra zemoqmedebas axdens saxelmwifo sapensio sistema
individis gadawyvetilebebze, aucilebelia, SevafasoT sistemis efeqti
da ganvixiloT es sakiTxi.

efeqti ekonomikur qcevaze

zogierTi
ekonomisti
amtkicebs,
rom
saxelmwifo
sapensio
uzrunvelyofis sistema amaxinjebs individebis qcevas da asustebs
ekonomikur efeqtianobas. diskusiaTa qarcecxlSi swored danazogebi da
SromiTi
gadawyvetilebebi
moxvda.
rogorc
vnaxavT,
empiriul
moRvaweobasTan dakavSirebuli yoveli sirTule, romelic meore TavSi
iyo ganxiluli, axla Cven winaSe erTgvari revanSis formiT wardgeba.
saxelmwifo sapensio uzrunvelyofis sistemis efeqti qcevaze kvlav
winaaRmdegobriv sakiTxad darCeba. amdenad, wignis es nawili upiratesad
mimdinare kvlevebis Sesaxeb angariSs warmoadgens da ara gadamwyveti
daskvnebis mokle anotacias.
danazogebi
saxelmwifo
sapensio
uzrunvelyofis
sistemisa
da
danazogebis
struqturis kvlevis amosavali wertili aris danazogis sasicocxlo
ciklis Teoria, romlis Tanaxmadac adamiani moxmarebisa da dazogvis
Sesaxeb gadawyvetilebas iRebs im daskvnebis safuZvelze, romelsac
individi mTeli sicocxlis ganmavlobaSi akeTebs. im periodSi, romlis
ganmavlobaSic individi muSaobs, piri Semosavlis garkveul nawils im
mizniT zogavs, rom uzrunveli sibere Seiqmnas5. aseTi Tanxebi
investirebulia, vidre dadgeba maTi gamoyenebis aucilebloba, rac
zrdis
sazogadoebis
ZiriTad
kapitals.
saxelmwifo
sapensio
uzrunvelyofis sistemis danergva mniSvnelovnad cvlis sicocxlis
ganmavlobaSi dagrovili danazogi Tanxis moculobas. cvlileba sami
saxis zemoqmedebiTaa gamowveuli:
simdidris Canacvlebis efeqti. momuSave gaiazrebs, rom saxelmwifo
sapensio fondSi Setanili kontribuciis safasurad igi garantirebul
sapensio Semosavals miiRebs. amdenad, individi saxelmwifo sapensio
gadasaxads `danazogadac~ ki aRiqvams; am imediT igi aRar gaakeTebs sxva
damatebiT danazogs (an SedarebiT patara danazogs gaakeTebs). aRniSnuli
fenomeni simdidris Canacvlebis efeqtis saxelwodebiTaa cnobili.
rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, Semosavlis miRebisTanave gadasaxadis gadaxdis
sistemis pirobebSi kontribucia amJamindel beneficiars gadaexdeba.
amdenad, saxelmwifo danazogi ufro cotaa, vidre kerZo danazogis
Semcirebis ganakveTi, rac kapitalis akumulaciis mTliani moculobis
Semcirebas gulisxmobs.
5

cxadia, danazogis akumulireba sxva mizniTac xdeba: samomxmareblo da grZelvadiani

saqonlis SeZena, gamoyeneba saWiroebis Jams da a.S. ufro detaluri informaciisaTvis
sasicocxlo ciklis Teoriis Sesaxeb ix. Modigliani [1986].

266

pensiaze gasvlis efeqti. saxelmwifo sapensio sistemam SesaZloa, ubiZgos

individs, mosalodnelze adre gavides pensiaze. imisaTvis, rom piri
gaxdes uflebamosili, miiRos daxmareba, igi aRar unda muSaobdes. Tumca,
Tu gaizrdeba sapensio periodi, individs daugrovdeba meti aranamuSevari
weliwadi, romlis ganmavlobaSic individis moxmarebis dafinanseba unda
moxdes; amdenad, individs ufro naklebi raodenobis samuSao weli eqneba
imisaTvis, rom Tanxebis akumulireba moaxerxos. pensiaze gasvlis efeqti
danazogi Tanxis moculobas zrdis.
memkvidreobis efeqti. davuSvaT, rom danazogis akumulirebis yvelaze
mniSvnelovani mizani misi SvilebisaTvis memkvidreobiT gadacema aris.
gaixseneT 9.3 cxrilidan, rom saxelmwifo sapensio uzrunvelyofis
sistemis farglebSi Svilis (momuSavisa da gadasaxadebis gadamxdelis)
Semosavali mamas (pensionersa da daxmarebis beneficiars) gadaecema.
amdenad, mSobels SeuZlia, gaakeTos meti danazogi da SvilisaTvis
gadasacemi
memkvidreoba
gazardos,
riTic
saxelmwifo
sapensio
uzrunvelyofis sistemis gamanawilebeli efeqtis kompensacia moxdeba.
Tavisi arsiT adamianebi danazogs imisaTvis zrdian, rom Svilebis
Semosavalze saxelmwifo sapensio uzrunvelyofis sistemis zemoqmedeba
Seamsubuqon.
aRniSnuli
fenomeni
ki
memkvidreobis
efeqtis
saxelwodebiTaa cnobili.
ekonometrikuli analizi. samive zemoT aRwerili zegavlenis tipi
gansxvavebuli mimarTulebiT muSaobs. amdenad, marto Teoria uZluria,
axsnas, Tu saxelmwifo sapensio uzrunvelyofis sistema danazogebze ra
zemoqmedebas axdens. aq ukve saWiroa ekonometrikuli analizi. pirveli
nabiji
maTematikuri
kavSir-urTierTobis
gansazRvraa,
romelic
gviCvenebs, Tu danazogebis Tanxa saxelmwifo sapensio fondis Tanxebze
da
sxva
mniSvnelovan
cvladebze
rogoraa
damokidebuli.
alternatiulad, mkvlevarma SesaZloa, gaakeTos im urTierTobis
postulireba, romelic moxmarebis moculobas axsnis, rogorc imave
cvladebis funqcias, radgan, gasazRvrebis Tanaxmad, danazogi da
moxmareba erTi da imave medalis sawinaaRmdego mxares warmoadgens _
nebismieri faqtori, romelic moxmarebis moculobas erTi dolariT
zrdis, imave TanxiT amcirebs danazogis moculobas.
winaaRmdegobriv kvlevaSi feldSteinma [1974] aRniSna, rom moxmareba
mocemuli wlis ganmavlobaSi wlis dasawyisSi arsebuli piradi
simdidris, wlis ganmavlobaSi gankargvadi (wminda) Semosavlisa da
saxelmwifo sapensio uzrunvelyofis Tanxis funqcias (sxva cvladebs
Soris) warmoadgens. Semosavali da piradi simdidre gaTvaliswinebulia,
radgan individis moxmarebis potencialis formirebisaTvis saWiro
meqanizms warmoadgens.
kvlevis ganaxlebul versiaSi feldSteinma [1996] regresiis gantoleba
SeerTebuli Statebis wliur monacemebTan (1932-dan 1992 wlamde) erTad
Seafasa. man gamoiyena statistikuri meTodebi, romlebic meore TavSi
aRweril
meTodebs
waagavda.
ZiriTadi
SekiTxva,
romelic
Cven
gvainteresebs, aris im parametris niSani da sidide, romelic saxelmwifo
sapensio uzrunvelyofis sistemis Tanxis cvlads zrdis. feldSteinma
267

aRmoaCina dadebiTi da statistikurad mniSvnelovani sidide 0,028. es

dadebiTi niSani cxadyofs, rom saxelmwifo sapensio uzrunvelyofis
sistemis Tanxis zrda moxmarebis zrdas iwvevs da danazogs amcirebs.
amdenad, simdidris Canacvlebis efeqti dominirebs pensiaze gasvlisa da
memkvidreobis efeqtebze.
koeficientis raodenobrivi mniSvnelobis Sesafaseblad ganvixiloT
aseTi magaliTi: 2001 wels saxelmwifo sapensio uzrunvelyofis sistemis
Tanxis moculoba uxeSi SefasebiT 16000 miliardi aSS dolaris tolia.
koeficienti 0,028 gulisxmobs, rom saxelmwifo sapensio uzrunvelyofis
sistemam piradi danazogi 2002 wels 448 miliardi aSS dolariT Seamcira
( = 0,028 X $16000). 2002 wels piradi danazogis moculoba daaxloebiT 296
miliardi aSS dolari iyo. 448 miliardi dolari potenciuri kerZo
danazogis, anu 744 miliardi aSS dolaris (448 miliardi dolarisa da
296 miliardi dolaris jami) 60%-ia. amdenad, Tu feldSteinis
kalkulaciebi sworia, maSin saxelmwifo sapensio uzrunvelyofis
sistema, romlis mixedviTac gadasaxadi Semosavlis miRebisTanave
gadaixdeba, amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi kapitalis akumulaciaze friad
uaryofiTad
zemoqmedebs.
imdenad,
ramdenadac
produqtiuloba
mniSvnelovnad damokidebulia ZiriTad kapitalze, es ukve seriozuli
sakiTxia6.
feldSteinis kvlevam azrTa sxvadasxvaobas daudo safuZveli. sxva
kvlevebi, romlebic iyenebdnen gasxvavebul monacemebsa da Sefasebis
meTodebs, sruliad gansxvavebul Sedegebs aRwevdnen. ase magaliTad,
laimerma
da
lesnoim
[1982]
miakvlies
mtkicebulebas,
romelic
mianiSnebda imaze, rom saxelmwifo sapensio uzrunvelyofis sistema rig
SemTxvevebSi danazogebis moculobas zrdida. Tu yvela am analizs
SevajerebT, mainc Tamamad SesaZloa iTqvas, rom saxelmwifo sapensio
uzrunvelyofis sistema namdvilad negatiur zemoqmedebas axorcielebs
danazogebze, Tumca kvlavac gaurkvevelia zemoqmedebis simZlavris
xarisxi [Hurd, 1990].
gadawyvetileba pensiaze gasvlis Sesaxeb
62 wels gadacilebul individs saxelmwifo sapensio uzrunvelyofis
sistema nawilobriv an mTlianad pensiaze gasvlisaken ubiZgebs. 1930 wels
65 wels gadacilebuli mamakacebis 54% kvlav muSaobda. 1950 wlisaTvis
dasaqmebis ganakveTi aRniSnuli jgufisaTvis 45,8% iyo, xolo 2001 wels
ki 18%-mde daeca7. klebis aseTi tendencia gamowveuli iyo iseTi
faqtorebiT, rogoricaa: zrdadi Semosavali, sicocxlis mosalodneli
xangrZlivobis cvlileba, Tanamdebobrivi gansxvavebani. bevri mkvlevari
fiqrobs, rom saxelmwifo sapensio uzrunvelyofis sistema sapensio
mimarTulebebis esoden dramatul cvlilebebs iwvevda.

sainteresoa, rom saxelmwifo sapensio uzrunvelyofis sistemis danergvis periodSi,

anu 1930 wels, sistemis mier danazogis Semcirebis tendencia mis Rirsebad iyo
miCneuli. bevrs swamda, rom didi depresiis mTavari gamomwvevi mizezi is iyo, rom
mosaxleobas ar hqonda unari, TviTonve daefinansebina sakuTari moxmareba.
7
ixileT aSS mosaxleobis aRweris biuro, [1975, gv. 132]. naxeT veb-gverdi: www.bls.gov

268

saxelmwifo sapensio uzrunvelyofis sistema pensiaze gasvlis stimuls

gvTavazobs. stimulis arsSi rom gaverkveT, saxelmwifo sapensio
uzrunvelyofis sistemis sikeTis koncefcia unda gavixsenoT. saxelmwifo
sapensio uzrunvelyofis sistemis sikeTe im daxmarebaTa mimdinare
Rirebulebas warmoadgens, romlis miReba individs SeuZlia. davuSvaT,
rom 66 wlis individi iRebs gadawyvetilebas imis Sesaxeb, imuSaos Tu
ara kidev erTi wlis ganmavlobaSi. mTavaria, ra moxdeba mis sapensio
daxmarebis TanxasTan dakavSirebiT, Tu igi pensiaze gasvlas gadaavadebs
erTi wliT da imuSavebs. Tu cvlileba sapensio TanxaSi pozitiuria da
igi emateba dabegril (wminda) xelfass, romelsac individi Sesrulebuli
muSaobisaTvis iRebs, maSin individis muSaobis stimuli ufro Zlierdeba.
magram, Tu cvlileba sapensio TanxaSi negatiuria, maSin mcirdeba
momavali wlis ganmavlobaSi muSaobis survili.
am analizis Semdeg aseTi kiTxva wamoiWreba: damatebiTi wlis
ganmavlobaSi muSaobis SemTxvevaSi cvlilebas pensiis TanxaSi ra
gansazRvravs? pasuxi sxvadasxva faqtorzea damokidebuli, Tumca yvelaze
mniSvnelovania koreqtireba, romelsac sapensio Tanxa eqvemdebareba, Tu
individi
kidev
erT
damatebiT
weliwads
imuSavebs.
erT-erTi
SesaZlebloba aqtuaruli
samarTliani
koreqciis
saxelwodebiTaa
cnobili, rac niSnavs imas, rom, Tu individi kidev erTi wlis
ganmavlobaSi daxmarebis miRebaze uars ityvis, maSin mis mier momavalSi
asaRebi pensiis Tanxa izrdeba ise, rom mimdinare RirebulebiT igi
momavalSi ucvleli moculobiT gadaecema individs. am SemTxvevaSi
sapensio Tanxis moculoba ar icvleba imis mixedviT, individi kidev
erTi damatebiTi weliwadis ganmavlobaSi imuSavebs Tu ara. amdenad,
individs
sistema
arc
ubiZgebs
pensiaze
gasvlisaken
da
arc
ewinaaRmdegeba mis mier am gadawyvetilebis miRebas. aRmoCnda, rom,
rogorc ki momuSave 64 wels miaRwevs, Tanxis koreqtireba sulac ar
moxdeba samarTlianad, rac TavisTavad imas gulisxmobs, rom, Tu
individi agrZelebs muSaobas kidev erTi damatebiTi wlis ganmavlobaSi,
sapensio Tanxa klebulobs. marTlac, 66 wlis individisaTvis sapensio
Tanxis Semcirebis ganakveTi wminda Semosavlebamde SesaZloa, sakmaod
maRali iyos _ daaxloebiT 23% (daimondisa da gruberis [1999, gv. 456]
gamoTvlebis Tanaxmad).
ramdenad zemoqmedebs sapensio Tanxis esoden usamarTlo koreqcia
pensiaze gasvlis Sesaxeb gadawyvetilebebze? ramdenime ekonometrikuli
kvlevis mizani piris gadawyvetilebaze pensiaze gasvlis Sesaxeb
saxelmwifo sapensio uzrunvelyofis sistemis zemoqmedebis Sefaseba iyo.
bevri maTgani mivida saerTo hipoTezamde: sistema pensiaze gasvlas
waaxalisebs da im individebis Sromis moculobas Seamcirebs, romlebic
muSaobas agrZeleben. ase magaliTad, TerTmet industriul qveyanaSi
saxelmwifo sapensio uzrunvelyofis sistemis Sesaxeb Catarda kvleva
[1999] gruberisa da uaizis mier, romlebmac aRmoaCines, rom pensiaze
gasvlis SemTxvevebi normaluri sapensio asakis miRwevisTanave, anu
pirvelive sapensio wels, xSiria. Tumca danazogebis akumulirebis
analogiurad,
reaqciis
masStabis
Taobaze
mniSvnelovani
ganusazRvreloba arsebobs. ganusazRvrelobis gamomwvevi mniSvnelovani
mizezi aris is faqti, rom is cvladebi, romlebic xandazmulTa SromiT
gadawyvetilebebze zemoqmedebs, gamosaTvlelad rTuli da zogjer
269

xelmiuwvdomelicaa.
aseTi
cvladebia:
janmrTelobis
mdgomareoba,
adgilobrivi SromiTi bazris pirobebi da kerZo pensiebis saxiT
akumulirebuli Tanxebi.
Sedegebi
bevr ekonomists sjera, rom saxelmwifo sapensio uzrunvelyofis sistema
rogorc muSaobis, aseve danazogis akumulirebis survils amcirebs.
Tumca zogierTi ekonomisti am mosazrebaSi arsebuli bundovani
mtkicebulebis gamo ase Rrmad darwmunebuli ar aris. nebismier
SemTxvevaSi, Tundac saxelmwifo sapensio uzrunvelyofis sistema
ekonomikur gadawyvetilebebs marTlac amaxinjebdes, es mainc ar
miuTiTebs
imaze,
rom
sistema
cudia.
Tu
sazogadoebas
surs,
xandazmulebi Semosavlis garkveuli doniT iyvnen uzrunvelyofilni,
maSin igive sazogadoeba mzad unda iyos, garkveuli safasuri gadaixados
xandazmulTaTvis Semosavlis gansazRvruli donis uzrunvelsayofad
(rac TavisTavad efeqtianobis SemcirebasTanaa dakavSirebuli). meore
mxriv, Tu arsebobs imisi SesaZlebloba, rom xandazmulebi igive
daxmarebiT sargeblobdnen, xolo sazogadoebam ki naklebi danakargi
miiRos, maSin sistemis reformirebis sakiTxi unda gadaisinjos.

saxelmwifo
sapensio
grZelvadiani zemoqmedeba

sistemaze

ganxorcielebuli

dRes saxelmwifo sapensio sistemaSi gadaxdili saxelfaso gadasaxadi

aRemateba sapensio Tanxas, romelic sistemam pensionerisaTvis unda
uzrunvelyos. aseTi nametis arseboba daaxloebiT 2016 wlamdea
navaraudevi. am momentis Semdeg mTavrobas gadasaxadebis gazrda, pensiis
Tanxis an sxva danaxarjebis Semcireba, an sazogadoebisagan sesxis aReba
mouwevs. mokled rom vTqvaT, arsebuli struqturis fonze saxelmwifo
sapensio uzrunvelyofis sistema finansurad arastabilurad gamoiyureba.
martivi
formula
dagvexmareba,
problemis
wyaro
warmovaCinoT.
stabiluri sistemis farglebSi, sadac gadasaxadi Semosavlis miRebis
momentSi gadaixdeba, pensioneris mier miRebuli pensiis Tanxa zustad
amJamindeli momuSaveebis mier gadaxdil Tanxas udris. Tu Nb aris
pensionerTa raodenoba, B ki pensioneris mier miRebuli pensiis Tanxaa,
maSin daxmarebaTa mTliani moculoba iqneba N b B . amJamindeli
momuSaveebis mier gadaxdili gadasaxadebi sagadasaxado ganakveTis (t),
momuSaveTa raodenobisa (Nw) da momuSavis saSualo xelfasis namravls:
( w) t N w w warmoadgens. amdenad, miRebuli sapensio daxmarebisa da
gadaxdili gadasaxadebis Tanafardoba moiTxovs:

Nb B = t Nw x
gantolebis gadanacvlebis Sedegad viRebT:

270

t=(

Nb

Nw

) (B )
w

(9.1)

pirveli monacemi marjvena mxares daqvemdebarebulobis ganakveTi _

pensionerebisa da momuSaveebis proporciuli damokidebuleba aris. meore
monacemi Senacvlebis ganakveTs _ saSualo pensiis proporciul
damokidebulebas saSualo xelfasze warmoadgens. saxelmwifo sapensio
uzrunvelyofis sistemasTan dakavSirebuli grZelvadiani problemebi
swored im faqtis gamo warmoiqmneba, rom amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi
xandazmuli mosaxleobis siWarbiT xasiaTdeba, rac TavisTavad miuTiTebs
imaze, rom daqvemdebarebulobis ganakveTi ganuxrelad izrdeba. dRes es
maCvenebeli erTi mesamedia, rac gulisxmobs imas, rom erT pensionerze
daaxloebiT sami momuSave modis. 2030 wlisaTvis (rodesac `Sobadobis
bumis~ Taoba normalur sapensio asaks miaRwevs), proporcia iqneba 0,5 _
mxolod ori momuSave darCeba erT pensionerze. (9.1) gantolebidan Cans,
rom zrdadi daqvemdebarebulobis ganakveTis SemTxvevaSi, imisaTvis, rom
sistemam (romlis mixedviTac gadasaxadis gadaxda Semosavlis miRebasTan
erTad xdeba), kvlavac uzrunvelyos sapensio Tanxebis igive moculoba
(anu B/w-s mudmivi Rirebuleba), aucilebeli gaxdeba momuSaveTa
gadasaxadebis
gazrda.
ase
magaliTad,
dRes
damqiraveblisa
da
daqiravebulis (momuSavis) mier gadaxdili kombinirebuli sagadasaxado
ganakveTi 12,4%-ia, rac SeiZleba 2030 wels daaxloebiT 20%-mde
gaizardos. alternatiulad, imisaTvis, rom Tavidan iqnas acilebuli
gadasaxadebis gazrda, sapensio Tanxis moculoba erTi mesamediT unda
Semcirdes.
imave
problemas
bevri
sxva
qveyanac
ganicdis.
daqvemdebarebulobis ganakveTi izrdeba kanadaSi, avstraliaSi, dasavleT
evropis, laTinuri amerikisa da aziis rig qveynebSi.

saxelmwifo sapensio uzrunvelyofis sistemis reforma

saxelmwifo sapensio uzrunvelyofis finansuri problemebi dRes
sayovelTao yuradRebis centrSia. grZelvadiani perspeqtiviT, `statusqvo~ sakmaod arastabilurad gamoiyureba. swored amitom sistemis
SesaZlo cvlilebis Sesaxeb mTeli rigi diskusiebi imarTeba. ganvixiloT
ramdenime alternatiuli potenciuri reforma.
arsebuli sistemis SenarCuneba
erT-erTi mosazreba aris is, rom saxelmwifo sapensio uzrunvelyofis
sistema `krizisul mdgomareobaSi~ sulac ar aris. rogorc aaroni [1996,
gv. 1] aRniSnavda, `problemebi realuria da, cxadia, yuradRebas
imsaxurebs. rac ufro swrafi iqneba adekvaturi reagireba, miT ukeTesi
iqneba sistemisaTvis. gadasaxadebi gaizrdeba, pensiis Tanxa Semcirdeba,
an orive erTad moxdeba. Tumca mTavrobis aCqarebuli guliscema da
damZimebuli sunTqva sulac ar aris saWiro~. ase magaliTad, Tu
saxelfaso sagadasaxado ganakveTi gaizrdeboda 1,89%-iT, xolo amonagebi
ki satrasto fondis akumulirebis saSualebas mogvcemda, maSin
SesaZlebeli gaxdeboda sistemis mwyobrSi Cayeneba da igi momavali 75
271

wlis
ganmavlobaSi
stabilurad
imuSavebda.
alternatiulad,
SesaZlebelia, sapensio asakis gazrdis an pensiis maRali sagadasaxado
ganakveTebiT dabegvris saSualebiT Senacvlebis ganakveTi Semcirdes. am
midgomis momxreebi amtkiceben, rom saxelmwifo sapensio uzrunvelyofis
sistema popularuli da warmatebuli programaa, romelsac ganviTareba
unda vacadoT. oponentebi saubroben im problemis Sesaxeb, romelic ukve
aRiniSna _ sistema amcirebs saxelmwifo danazogs, arastabilurad
anawilebs Semosavals da a.S. garda amisa, sazogadoebas ar surs,
gaizardos gadasaxadebi. dabolos, imisaTvis, rom uzrunvelyofil iqnas
permanentuli balansi, aucilebelia, mniSvnelovnad (daaxloebiT 4,7%-iT)
gaizardos xelfasis gadasaxadis ganakveTi.
sistemis privatizacia
ukanasknel
periodSi
rogorc
politikosebi,
aseve
mecnierebi
seriozulad ganixilaven saxelmwifo sapensio uzrunvelyofis sistemis
privatizebis sakiTxs. termini privatizacia moicavs sqemaTa did
raodenobas,
TiToeul
maTgans
erTi
saerTo
niSan-Tviseba
aqvs:
damqiravebelica da daqiravebulic ixdis savaldebulo gadasaxads,
romelic akumulirdeba individualur angariSze. momuSaveni Tanxis
sxvadasxva finansur aqtivSi, gansakuTrebiT urTierTfondebSi (rac
SerCeuli
aqciebisa
da
valdebulebebis
nakrebs
warmoadgens)
investirebas axorcieleben. samuSao ciklis dasasruls individi sapensio
periodis ganmavlobaSi angariSze dagrovili Tanxis wyalobiT Tavadve
uzrunvelyofs
sakuTar
Tavs.
saerTod,
unda
arsebobdes
imisi
SesaZlebloba,
rom
individma,
adreuli
sikvdilis
SemTxvevaSi,
angariSze arsebuli gamouyenebeli Tanxa gadasces memkvidres.
1981 wels CileSi ganxorcielda saxelmwifo sapensio uzrunvelyofis
sistemis privatizacia. Ciles sistema sami ZiriTadi komponentisagan
Sedgeba: (1) yvela momuSave valdebulia, Tviuri Semosavlis 10%
ganaTavsos angariSze, romelic gaxsnilia mTavrobis mier akreditirebul
finansur servis-firmaSi; (2) pensiaze gasvlis momentidan pensiis miReba
SesaZloa rogorc TandaTanobiT, aseve anuitetis formiT; (3) individi,
romelic
CarTulia
sistemaSi
sakmarisi
periodis
ganmavlobaSi,
garantirebul minimalur pensias iRebs, romelic dafinansebulia
mTliani Semosavlidan [Edwards, 1998].
Ciles sistemis momxibvleloba SemdegSi mdgomareobs: xangrZlivi
perspeqtiviT, valdebulebebs ukugebis gacilebiT ufro maRali ganakveTi
ericxeba, vidre es saxelmwifo sapensio uzrunvelyofis sistemis
farglebSi xdeba. sapensio anaricxebis investireba kerZo bazarze
saSualebas mogvcems, ukugebis ganakveTi gaizardos da momuSaveTa
gadasaxadebis gazrdis gareSe pensioners ufro maRali pensia mieces.
mosazrebis Sesafaseblad gavixsenoT Cveni dakvirveba imis Sesaxeb, rom
momuSavisa da pensioneris moxmarebis koeficienti yovelTvis warmoebis
wliur maCvenebelzea damokidebuli. amdenad, privatizacia momavali
pensionerebis moxmarebis dafinansebas momavalSi warmoebis moculobis
gazrdis gziT xels Seuwyobs. erTaderTi gza am miznis misaRwevad ki
danazogebis gazrdaa.
272

Tumca ar arsebobs safuZveli, davijeroT, rom privatizacia Tavisi

arsiT gazrdis saxelmwifo danazogis moculobas. mTavrobas uwevs,
nebismieri gziT daifinansos deficiti. dRes saxelmwifo sapensio
uzrunvelyofis sistemis satrasto fondi saxelmwifo obligaciebis
formiTaa warmodgenili. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, saxelmwifo iZulebuli
iqneba, Tavisi obligaciebi kerZo investorebs mihyidos. imisaTvis, rom
kerZo investori saxelmwifos obligaciebis satrasto fondis gavliT
SeZenaSi dainteresdes, maSin maTi Semosavlianoba unda gaizardos (rac
ufro daamZimebs gadamxdelis sagadasaxado tvirTs), an Semcirdes
aqciebis Rirebuleba, an orive erTad. sabolood ki es yvelaferi
warmoadgens saxelmwifo da kerZo fasiani qaRaldebis gacvlas satrasto
fondsa da kerZo bazrebs Soris. rogorc xedavT, axali danazogis
akumulireba ar momxdara.
ai, ratom iTvaliswinebs danazogis zrdas privatizirebis rTuli
modelebi. ase magaliTad, feldSteini da samviki [2001] gvTavazobdnen
`piradi sapensio angariSebis~ danergvas, romelzec individis saxelfaso
gadasaxadi (Semosavlis 1,5%) mxolod individis Tanxmobis safuZvelze
ganTavsdeba. feldSteini da samviki amtkicebdnen, rom aseTi midgoma
axali tipis danazogis akumulirebas waagavs, romelic mniSvnelovnad
gazrdis ZiriTad kapitalsa da warmoebas.
riski. ukanasknelma wlebma aSkarad dagvanaxva, rom aqciebisaTvis
damaxasiaTebelia
rogorc
Rirebulebis
Semcireba,
aseve
gazrda.
privatizaciis erT-erTi naklovaneba ki is aris, rom igi met finansur
risks iwvevs. pasuxad privatizaciis ideis mesveurebi amtkiceben, rom
arsebuli mdgomareobis stabiluroba ararealuria _ TiToeuli individi
im
saSiSroebis
winaSe
dgas,
rom
momavali
kanonmdebelni,
SeewinaaRmdegebian ra (9.1) gantolebaSi mocemul mkacr postulatebs,
pensiis Tanxas Seamcireben. faqtobrivad, bevrma qveyanam, aSS-s CaTvliT,
ukve Secvala sapensio sistema ise, rom dRevandeli axalgazrda da
saSualo asakis Taoba momavalSi Semcirebul pensias miiRebs [McHale,
1999]. faqtobrivad, privatizaciis mesveurebi amtkiceben, rom politikuri
riskis Semcirebisa da privatizaciis gziT ufro usafrTxo da naklebad
riskiani sistema damkvidrdeba.
administracia. SeuZlebelia sapensio sistemis administracia ufasod.
aucilebelia fulis gadaxda iseT momsaxurebaSi, rogoricaa: Tanxebis
Segroveba, amonaweris warmoeba, aqtivTa marTva, sapensio Tanxis
gamoTvla da sxva. swored amitom zogierTi adamiani SiSobs, rom
privatizaciis SemTxvevaSi es xarjebi Zalian gaizrdeba. ramdenad
realuria es SiSi? pasuxis gasacemad is xarjebi ganvixiloT, romlebic
gaiweva organizaciebze, romlebic dRes sapensio danazogis angariSs
gvTavazobs, an pensioners SemosavliT uzrunvelyofs (magaliTad,
gansazRvruli erToblivi fondebi). Cven davinaxavT, rom danaxarji
damokidebulia sistemis detalebze. investoris winaSe arCevanisa da
momsaxurebis
asortimenti
rac
ufro
didia,
miT
maRalia
administraciuli xarjebi. ase magaliTad, rac ufro xSirad Secvlis
individi investicias, miT ufro Zviri iqneba programa. SesaZlebelia
administraciuli danaxarjebis Semcireba, Tu individis mier aqtivTa
273

gadanawilebis sixSire SeizRudeba, rac, amave dros, programis

moqnilobas Seamcirebs. mTavari ki isaa, rom privatizebuli sistema,
racionaluri kompromisis wyalobiT, SesaZloa, yvelaze mokrZalebuli
danaxarjebiTac ki iqnes administrirebuli [Shoven, 2000].
ganawileba. rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, miuxedavad imisa, rom saxelmwifo
sapensio
uzrunvelyofis
sistema
xSirad
sadazRvevo
sistemadac
moiazreba, misi erT-erTi mniSvnelovani mizani Semosavlis gadanawilebaa.
arsebul sistemas ori gansakuTrebuli da calsaxa mizani gaaCnia:
aiZulos individi, muSaobis periodidan miRebuli Semosavali pensiis
periodze gadaanawilos, agreTve gaanawilos Semosavali xandazmulebze,
romlebic, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, `socialurad adeqvaturi~ mxardaWeris
deficitis winaSe dadgebodnen. saxelmwifo sapensio uzrunvelyofis
sistemasTan dakavSirebuli bevri problema swored imitom wamoiWreba,
rom sistema erTi berketis saSualebiT ori kurdRlis daWeras cdilobs.
privatizaciis
modelTa
umetesoba
am
orive
mizans cal-calke,
damoukideblad aregulirebs. pensiis dafinanseba individualur sapensio
angariSebze
dagrovili
Tanxis
saSualebiT
xdeba.
rac
Seexeba
gadanawilebis mizans, mas damoukidebeli sistema aregulirebs, romelic
transfers im pensionerebs sTavazobs, romelTa sapensio angariSze
arsebuli Tanxa sazogadoebisaTvis misaRebi dafinansebis garantias ar
iZleva. umweoTaTvis damatebiTi daxmarebis uzrunvelyofis programa,
romelic mTliani Semosavlidanaa dafinansebuli, amgvari transferebis
gansaxorcieleblad ukve arsebuli meqanizmia. savaraudod, SesaZloa misi
im mizniT gafarToeba, rom xandazmulebma imdeni daxmareba miiRon,
ramdensac sazogadoeba moisurvebs.
privatizaciis mniSvnelovani Sedegi aris is, rom ojaxuri mdgomareoba
aRar iqneba mTavari individis sapensio Tanxis gansazRvraSi. Tu wyvili,
romelTagan mxolod erTi muSaobs da agreTve is wyvili, romelTagan
orive muSaobs, Tanabari moculobis Tanxas Seitans fondSi, Tanabar
sapensio daxmarebas miiRebs. kmayofaze myofi umuSevari meuRleebis
problema SesaZloa, Semdegnairad gadawydes: moxdeba TiToeuli meuRlis
dakrediteba im TanxiT, romelic wyvilis mier fondSi Setanili mTliani
Tanxis naxevars udris. am gziT, Tundac ganqorwinebis SemTxvevaSi,
TiToeul meuRles sakuTari balansi eqneba, romlis safuZvelze sapensio
Tanxa gamoiTvleba.
cxadia, saxelmwifo sapensio sistemis transferis nawilis mTliani
dafinanseba
sxva
samTavrobo
prioritetebTan
sistemis
srul
konkurentunarianobas
moiTxovs.
politikosebi
da
sazogadoeba
valdebulni arian, sxva socialuri miznebis WrilSi calsaxad
gansazRvron xandazmulTaTvis transferTa Rirebuleba. privatizaciis
mowinaaRmdegeni amtkiceben, rom am gziT mTlianad moiSleba programa
[Munnell,
1999].
sawinaaRmdego
reagireba
kvlavac
aqtiurad
ismis
privatizaciis momxreTa mxridan.
buSis komisia. 2001 wels prezidentma buSma Camoayaliba komisia,
romelsac
unda
SeemuSavebina
winadadebebi
saxelmwifo
sapensio
uzrunvelyofis
sistemis
privatizaciis
Sesaxeb.
komisia
sami
274

alternatiuli winadadebiT wardga. samive maTgani Seicavda Sereul

saxelmwifo-kerZo sistemebs, romelSic individs saSualeba eqneboda,
saxelfaso
gadasaxadebis
garkveuli
nawili
pirad
angariSze
ganeTavsebina. im individis sapensio Tanxa (romelic ganisazRvreba im
principiT, rom gadasaxadebi gadaixdeba Semosavlis miRebisTanave),
romelic am alternativas airCevda, Sesabamisad Semcirdeboda. erT-erTi
gegmis
Tanaxmad,
individi
uflebamosili
iqneboda,
saxelfaso
gadasaxadis 2,5% pirad sapensio angariSze (Personal Retirement Account - PRA)
im pirobiT gadaetana, Tu momuSave am angariSze Seitanda Semosavlis
damatebiT
1%-s
(dabali
Semosavlis
mqone
individisaTvis
ganxorcieldeboda 1% damatebiTi Senatanis subsidireba). es winadadeba
akmayofilebda
racionaluri
reformis
ganxorcielebis
erT-erT
winapirobas _ TiTqos axlebur sistemas danazogis akumulaciis
masStabis
gazrdisaTvis
unda
Seewyo
xeli.
samwuxarod,
bevri
administraciuli sakiTxi am winadadebaSi naxsenebi ar iyo _ amdenad,
misi
Sefaseba
Znelia.
Tumca
aucilebelia,
aRvniSnoT,
rom
sazogadoebrivi-kerZo narevi ar aris ubralod Teoriuli SesaZlebloba;
isini danergilia da muSaobs bevr qveyanaSi, Sveciis, avstraliis,
germaniisa da didi britaneTis CaTvliT. airCevs ki am gzas amerikis
SeerTebuli Statebi?

dazRveva umuSevrobisagan
1935 wels (zustad imave wels, rodesac iqna dakanonebuli saxelmwifo
sapensio uzrunvelyofis sistema), kongresma miiRo kanoni, romlis
Tanaxmadac, Stati uflebamosilia, gaataros umuSevrobisagan dazRvevis
(Unemployment Insurance - UI) programebi. programis mizani Semosavlis im
danakargis
kompensaciaa,
romelic
umuSevrobisganaa
gamowveuli.
faqtobrivad, xdeba nebismieri xelfasis kompensacia. 2002 wels
daaxloebiT 10 milionma individma miiRo pirveli daxmareba. saSualo
kvireuli UI daxmareba daaxloebiT 258 aSS dolars udris [www.doleta.gov].
ratom azRvevs saxelmwifo umuSevrobisagan? gaixseneT mesame Tavidan,
rom kerZo bazari im situaciebSi, rodesac araxelsayreli SerCevisa da
moraluri riskis fenomenebi aqtiurdeba, dazRvevis saTanado moculobas
ver uzrunvelyofs. umuSevroba srulad pasuxobs am pirobebs. momuSave,
romelsac yvelaze metad emuqreba umuSevroba, umuSevrobisagan dazRvevas
yvelaze aqtiurad moiTxovs (araxelsayreli SerCeva). amdenad, kerZo
firma, romelic cdilobda, gaewia amgvari momsaxureba, mogebis misaRebad
maRal sadazRvevo gadasaxadebs iTxovda, rac potenciuri klienturis
did nawils afrTxobda. amavdroulad, is momuSave, romelsac amgvari
sadazRvevo paketiT sargeblobis ufleba eqneboda, meti uqme droTi (anu
umuSevrobiT) `datkbeboda~, vidre sxva SemTxvevaSi (moraluri riski).
Zalian rTulia imis garkveva, Tu visi braleulobiTaa gamowveuli
umuSevroba amdenad, sadazRvevo kompanias mouwevda didi moculobis
Tanxebis gadaxda usafuZvlo moTxovnebis dasakmayofileblad. mokled,
daujerebelia, rom umuSevrobisagan dazRveva romelime kerZo sadazRvevo
kompaniisaTvis odesme warmatebul da Semosavlian biznesad iqces.
araxelsayreli
SerCevis
fenomeni
damqiravebels
imis
survils
daukargavs, rom Tavisi TanamSromeli umuSevrobisagan daazRvios.
275

dazRveva umuSevrobisagan damatebiTi preferenciaa, romelmac SesaZloa,

iseTi momuSaveebic ki moizidos, romlebic sxva SemTxvevaSi arasodes
dainteresdebodnen xangrZlivi muSaobiT.
savaldebulo saxelmwifo programa araxelsayreli SerCevis problemas
Tavidan gvacilebs. amdenad, umuSevrobisagan dazRvevas saxelmwifos mier
efeqtianobis gazrdis potenciali aqvs, Tumca saxelmwifos mier
aRniSnuli dazRvevis uzrunvelyofa moralur risks ar amcirebs.
rogorc Semdeg naxavT, es umuSevrobisagan dazRvevis sistemis dagegmvis
problemas arTulebs. axla ki ganvixiloT, Tu rogor muSaobs
umuSevrobisagan dazRvevis programa.
daxmareba
kviraTa
raodenoba,
romlis
ganmavlobaSic
individs
SeuZlia,
isargeblos daxmarebiT, rTuli formulis saSualebiT gamoiTvleba,
romelic muSaobis istoriasa da im Statzea damokidebuli, romelSic
individi cxovrobs. Statebis umetesobaSi maqsimaluri dro 26 kviriTaa
gansazRvruli. aRniSnuli periodi gagrZeldeba, Tu Statis umuSevrobis
done gansazRvrul maCvenebels aRemateba. ase magaliTad, 11 seqtembris
Semdeg, periodi 13 kviriT gaizarda. Statebis umetesoba daxmarebis
gamosaTvlel iseT formulas iyenebs, sadac Senacvlebis mTliani
ganakveTi _ daubegravi Semosavlis proporcia, romelic Senacvlebulia
UI-s saSualebiT _ daaxloebiT 50%-is tolia (arsebobs maqsimaluri zeda
zRvari, romlis gadaWarbeba akrZalulia). UI daxmareba ibegreba
federaluri saSemosavlo gadasaxadiT, Tumca Tavisufalia saxelmwifo
sapensio uzrunvelyofis gadasaxadisagan.
dafinanseba
UI-s dafinanseba saxelfaso gadasaxadidan xdeba. saxelmwifo sapensio
sistemisagan gansxvavebiT, Statebis umetesobaSi am gadasaxads mxolod
damqiravebeli
ixdis
(da
ara
damqiravebeli
da
daqiravebuli
erToblivad)8. damqiraveblis UI sagadasaxado valdebuleba mocemuli
momuSavisaTvis damqiraveblis UI gadasaxadis ganakveTis, tu-sa da
momuSavis wliuri Semosavlis (UI gadasaxadis zeda zRvramde) namravls
warmoadgens. federaluri kanonmdeblobis Tanaxmad, UI gadasaxadis
safuZveli moicavs minimum pirvel 7000 aSS dolars TiToeuli momuSavis
wliuri Semosavlis mixedviT. Statebis 76% sargeblobs UI gadasaxadis
sabaziso monacemiT, romelic aRemateba federalur sabaziso monacems
dabegrili
SemosavliT,
romelic
havaize
29300
dolars
udris
[www.doleta.gov].
saxelfaso gadasaxadis mniSvnelovani Tviseba aris is, rom tu
damqiraveblis mixedviT gansxvavdeba: UI gamocdilebis reitingis
sistemiT xasiaTdeba _ tu damokidebulia imaze, Tu firmas TanamSromelTa
Tanamdebobidan gaTavisuflebis konteqstSi rogori gamocdileba aqvs.
firma,
romelic
TanamSromelTa
did
raodenobas
aTavisuflebs
8

rogorc me-12 TavSi aRiniSna, miuxedavad imisa, rom debulebis Tanaxmad, gadasaxadi
unda gadaixados damqiravebelma, realurad gadasaxads daqiravebulic ixdis.

276

dakavebuli Tanamdebobidan, UI sistemaze moTxovnis farTo da swraf

generirebas axorcielebs. amdenad, aseT firmebs miniWebuli aqvT
SedarebiT maRali tu. Tu moxdeba momuSavis gaTavisufleba, damqiraveblis
gazrdili danaxarji (tu-s maRali Rirebulebis gamo) yovelTvis ufro
mcirea, vidre UI daxmareba, romelsac momuSave iRebs. am mizeziT
gamocdilebis reitingis sistema xasiaTdeba, rogorc `arasrulyofili~.
zegavlena umuSevrobaze
umuSevrobisagan
dazRvevis
danergvis
Tavdapirveli
momentidanve
arsebobda seriozuli SiSi imisa, rom igi umuSevrobis dones gazrdida,
risi erT-erTi mizezic gamocdilebis reitingis arasrulyofili
sistemaa. davuSvaT, rom firmis produqtze moTxovna droebiT Sesustda
da mas zogierTi TanamSromlis gaTavisufleba uwevs. gamocdilebis
reitingis arasrulyofili sistemis farglebSi damqiraveblis danaxarji,
romelic gamoxatulia gazrdili UI gadasaxadebis formiT, ufro
naklebia, vidre momuSavisaTvis gadaxdili UI daxmarebis Tanxa. amdenad,
SesaZloa,
ormxrivad
momgebiani
iyos
TanamSromlis
droebiT
gaTavisufleba. im SemTxvevaSi, Tu sistemas eqneboda gamocdilebis
reitingis srulyofili sistema, maSin UI aRar Seuwyobda xels
samsaxuridan droebiT gaTavisuflebas.
UI-s zemoqmedebis Sesaxeb bevrs msjeloben rogorc mecnierul, aseve
politikur doneze. ZiriTadi aqcenti SedarebiT maRali Senacvlebis
ganakveTebzea
gadatanili.
rogorc
ukve
aRvniSneT,
individis
Tanamdebobrivi
mdgomareoba
xSirad
Tavad
am
individis
mieraa
kontrolirebuli. amdenad, aramarTebuli yofaqcevis gamo individma
SesaZloa,
samsaxuri
dakargos.
analogiurad,
umuSevari
adamiani
samsaxurs sakuTari gadawyvetilebisamebr (an aqtiurad, an pasiurad)
eZebs. umuSevrobisagan dazRvevis arsebobis gamo individi Seecdeba,
muSaoba
iseT
seqtorSi
daiwyos,
romelic
mas
gaTavisuflebis
SemTxvevaSi sakmaod maRali daxmarebiT uzrunvelyofs. garda amisa,
umuSevrobisagan dazRvevis arseboba individs aZlevs saSualebas, ufro
didi dro samsaxuris SerCevas dauTmos, vidre amas sxva SemTxvevaSi
gaakeTebda.
aris Tu ara aseTi moraluri riskis problema mniSvnelovani empiriuli
TvalsazrisiT? es kiTxva uamravi ekonometrikuli kvlevis sagani iyo.
rogorc wesi, mkvlevari afasebda regresias, romlis marcxena mxares
ganTavsebuli cvladi im kvirebis raodenobaa, romlis drosac individi
umuSevrobis sadazRvevo sistemiT gaTvaliswinebul daxmarebas iRebs.
ganmartebiTi cvladebi moicavs momuSavis pirad maxasiaTeblebsa (sqesi
da ojaxuri mdgomareoba) da UI yovelkvireuli daxmarebis Tanxis
moculobas. Tu UI xels Seuwyobs umuSevrobas, yovelkvireuli
daxmarebis Tanxis koeficienti dadebiTi unda iyos; rac ufro maRalia
sadazRvevo daxmarebis saxiT gacemuli Tanxa, miT ufro didxans unda
gagrZeldes umuSevrobis periodi. gamoTvlebis Sedegad aRmoCnda, rom UI
wminda Senacvlebis ganakveTis 10%-iani zrda _ kvireuli daxmarebis
proporciis gazrda yovelkvireuli xelfasis mimarT 45%-dan 55%-mde _
umuSevrobis periods daaxloebiT 1 1 kviriT zrdis [Meyer, 2002].
2
277

is faqti, rom umuSevrobisagan dazRveva umuSevrobas Seuwyobs xels,

arcTu ise arasasurveli da sagangaSoa. rac ufro met dros daxarjavs
individi swori samsaxuris SerCevaSi, miT ufro Sesabamis samsaxurs
monaxavs igi, rac, saboloo jamSi, efeqtianobas aamaRlebs. aRniSnuli
argumentis Tanaxmad, UI-s ararsebobis pirobebSi samsaxuris Ziebaze
daxarjuli dro suboptimaluri iqneba. aseTi SemTxveva ki maSin gveqneba,
rodesac umuSevari individi samsaxuris Ziebis dros moxmarebis
arsebuli donis SesanarCuneblad fuls ver isesxebs. ufro zogadad,
sazogadoeba, romelsac swams, rom aucilebelia iZulebiT umuSevari
individebis
moxmarebis
done
SenarCundes,
zogierT
SemTxvevaSi
iZulebuli iqneba, igive daxmareba nebayoflobiT umuSevrebs gauwios.
SesaZloa ki saxelmwifom daxmareba gaswios da, amavdroulad, naklebi
dabrkoleba warmoSvas? am kiTxvaze pasuxis gasacemad ramdenime
socialuri eqsperimenti Catarda. ilionisSi Catarebuli cdis pirobis
Tanxmad, SemTxveviTobis principiT SerCeuli umuSevari individebisagan
Semdgar jgufs 500 aSS dolaris moculobis premias Sehpirdnen,
romelsac isini miiRebdnen, Tu samsaxurs 11 kviris ganmavlobaSi
monaxavdnen da am samsaxurs oTxi Tvis ganmavlobaSi SeinarCunebdnen.
individi, romelsac aseTi premia SesTavazes, erTi kviriT naklebi drois
ganmavlobaSi UI daxmarebas iRebda, vidre sakontroli jgufis wevrebi _
amdenad, programam ufro meti UI daxmarebis Tanxa dazoga, vidre
premiebze daxarja. eqsperiments Tavs daatyda bevri Cveulebrivi
problema, romelic socialur eqsperimentebs Tan axlavs (detaluri
informaciisaTvis ix. meieri [1995]), misi Sedegi erTob nayofieri mignebaa
samomavlo kvlevebis Casatareblad.

daskvnebi
rogorc winamdebare TavSi araerTgzis aRiniSna, socialuri dazRvevis
programebi erTob gauTvaliswinebeli SedegebiT xasiaTdeba. Zneli
warmosadgenia, rom socialuri dazRvevis sistemis damfuZneblebis
survili
iyo,
Semosavlis
mniSvnelovani
gadanawileba
ojaxuri
mdgomareobis safuZvelze ganexorcielebinaT. analogiurad, aravis
surda umuSevrobisagan dazRvevis iseTi sistemis Seqmna, romelic
umuSevrobis masStabebs waaxalisebda da gazrdida.
ra masStabiT iwvevs socialuri dazRveva ekonomikur problemebs,
jerjerobiT ucnobia. arsebobs aSkara konsensusi imis Taobaze, rom
aSS-s socialuri sadazvevo politika samarTliani da efeqtiani ar aris,
rac nawilobriv imiTaa gamowveuli, rom programa adreul periodSia
danergili _ maSin ki sruliad gansxvavebuli ekonomikuri da
demografiuli
pirobebi
iyo.
socialuri
sadazRvevo
politikis
naklovanebis nawilobrivi gamomwvevi mizezi politikosTa uunarobaa,
zustad gansazRvon programis Sedegi da mizani. reformis gatareba
siZneleebTanaa dakavSirebuli, radgan socialuri dazRvevis arsebuli
formebi xelSeuxebel da wminda fenomenadaa qceuli.

278

dagveTanxmebiT, rom Zalian rTulia socialuri dazRvevis `jansaRi~

sistemis SemuSaveba. rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, moraluri riski rogorc
kerZo, aseve sazogadoebrivi sadazRvevo gegmis dizains arTulebs. UI-s
arseboba momuSaves waaxalisebs, samsaxuris ZiebaSi `gaumarTleblad
didi~ dro daxarjos, xolo saxelmwifo sapensio uzrunvelyofis
sistema ki `amcirebs~ individis survils, danazogis akumulireba
ganaxorcielos. aseTi stimulis ganeitraleba dabali Senacvlebis
ganakveTis saSualebiT dazRvevis masStabs amcirebs. magram programis
wardgenisa da ganxorcielebis ZiriTadi safuZveli dazRvevis sistemis
funqcionirebis aucilebloba iyo. stimulsa da adeqvatur dazRvevas
Soris swori kompromisis povna _ ai, problema, romlis gadawyvetis gza
arcTu ise gamWvirvalea.

daskvna

socialuri dazRvevis arseboba aucilebelia araxelsayreli

SerCevis, gadawyvetilebis miRebaze gaweuli xarjebis, Semosavlis
ganawilebisa da paternalizmis gamo.
saxelmwifo sapensio uzrunvelyofa aris socialuri dazRvevis
umsxvilesi
programa,
romelic,
marTlac,
udides
Sida
danaxarjebTanaa dakavSirebuli. sistema xandazmulTaTvis sapensio
daxmarebas uzrunvelyofs.
sapensio Tanxis moculobis gamoTvla or safexurad mimdinareobs.
indeqsirebuli saSualo yovelTviuri Semosavali (AIME) momuSavis
Semosavlis istoriis safuZvelze iTvleba, rac pensiis daricxvis
sabaziso
sidides
(PIA)
gansazRvravs.
daxmarebis
Tanxis
gamosaTvlelad PIA koreqtirdeba TanxiT, romelic sapensio asakze,
ojaxur mdgomareobasa da sxva Semosavlebzea damokidebuli.
saxelmwifo
sapensio
uzrunvelyofis
sistemis
farglebSi
gadasaxadis gadaxda Semosavlis miRebisTanave xdeba. mimdinare
sapensio
daxmarebis
dafinanseba
amJamindeli
momuSaveebis
gadasaxadebis saSualebiT xdeba.
sapensio uzrunvelyofis satrasto fondi saaRricxvo meqanizms
warmoadgens da, TavisTavad, ar zrdis sazogadoebis unars,
mzrunveloba gauwios momaval pensionerebs.
farTo TvalsazrisiT, saxelmwifo sapensio uzrunvelyofis sistema
Semosavals maRali Semosavlis mqone individebidan dabali
Semosavlis mqone individebze anawilebs, mamakacebidan _ qalebze
da axalgazrda Taobidan - xandazmul Taobaze. wyvili, romelTagan
mxolod erTi iRebs Semosavals, ufro momgebian mdgomareobaSia im
wyvilTan SedarebiT, romelTagan orive iRebs Semosavals, an analogiur mdgomareobaSi myof martoxela individebTan SedarebiT.
droTa
ganmavlobaSi
xandazmulTa
ekonomikuri
statusi
gaumjobesda. pensiam am mimarTulebiT didi roli Seasrula.
saxelmwifo sapensio uzrunvelyofis sistema amcirebs piradi
danazogis moculobas (Senacvlebis efeqti), an zrdis mas (pensiaze
gasvlisa
da
memkvidreobis
efeqti).
racionaluri
daskvna
ekonometrikuli Sedegebis safuZvelze miiReba, romlis Tanaxmadac,
279

danazogi Semcirda, Tumca ra moculobiT, es jer kidev

gaurkvevelia.
pensioneri xandazmuli momuSaveebis procentuli wili dramatulad
gaizarda mas Semdeg, rac saxelmwifo sapensio uzrunvelyofis
sistema dainerga, rac, nawilobriv, sistemis dabrkolebaTa Sedegia.
sapensio gadasaxadebis moculoba 2016 wlidan Seicvleba. erT-erTi
SesaZlo cvlileba sistemis privatizaciaa, romlis Semdeg individs
Tanxis investirebis saSualeba miecema. aseTi gegmebi ganxilvis
procesSia, Tumca unda gvaxsovdes, rom garda im SemTxvevisa, Tu
mocemuli winadadebebi danazogis gazrdaSi axla ar dagvexmareba,
igi verc momavalSi Seamsubuqebs xandazmulTa uzrunvelyofis
tvirTs.
umuSevrobisagan
dazRvevis
sistema
gamocdilebis
reitingis
arasrulyofili sistemiT xasiaTdeba. ufro metic, am sistemis
farglebSi gacemuli daxmareba xSirad warsulSi miRebuli
Semosavlis mniSvnelovan proporcias warmoadgens. orive faqtori
umuSevrobas zrdis.

sadiskusio SekiTxvebi
1. safrangeTis
avtomobilis
dazRvevis
bazarze
asimetriuli
informaciis arsebobis dasadgenad eqsperimenti Catarda. Ciapori da
salanie [2000] individis sadazRvevo paketis momsaxurebis arealsa
da
kompensaciis
Tanxas
Soris
urTierTdamokidebulebas
daakvirdnen. aRmoCnda, rom rac ufro met momsaxurebas sTavazobs
sadazRvevo paketi klients, miT ufro Zviria kompensacia. axseniT,
ras efuZneba es midgoma (sxvaTa Soris, asimetriuli informaciis
egzistenciis aranairi mtkicebuleba ar arsebobda).
2. amJamindeli
saxelmwifo
sapensio
uzrunvelyofis
sistema
savaldebulo monawileobas moiTxovs; amasve iTvaliswinebs bevri
saprivatizacio gegma. milton fridmeni [1999] oponirebda ra am
midgomas, aRniSnavda, rom `Semosavlis is wili, romelsac individi
dazogavs da gadadebs imisaTvis, rom sapensio periodSi gamoiyenos,
damokidebulia individis garemo pirobebsa da Rirebulebebze.
amdenad, am maCveneblis daweseba yvela adamianisaTvis iseTive
uazrobaa, rogorc imis savaldebulo gansazRvra, Tu ramdeni unda
daxarjos individma saojaxo saqmeebsa da transportze~. ra iqneba
saxelmwifo sapensio uzrunvelyofis sistemaSi nebayoflobiTi
monawileobis Sedegi?
3. 1990-ian wlebSi 65 wels gadacilebuli individebis proporcia im
adamianebis mimarT, romelTa asaki 20-dan 64 wlamde meryeobda,
inglisSi 26,7%-s udrida. 2050 wels es maCvenebeli 45,8%-mde
gaizrdeba. davuSvaT, rom sapensio uzrunvelyofis sistemis
farglebSi gadasaxadis gadaxda Semosavlis miRebisTanave xdeba.
rogor Seicvleba saxelfaso gadasaxadi 1990-dan 2050 wlamde 1990
wels dafiqsirebuli xelfasi-pensiis proporciis moculobis
SesanarCuneblad? Tu sagadasaxado ganakveTebi mudmivi iqneba,
rogor Seicvleba xelfasi-pensiis proporcia?
4. ganixileT urTierTdamokidebuleba or winadadebas Soris: (a)
saxelmwifo sapensio uzrunvelyofis sistemis farglebSi gacemuli
280

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

pensiis Tanxa nawilobriv eqvemdebareba pirad saSemosavlo

gadasaxads,
magram
mxolod
im
recipientTaTvis,
romelTa
Semosavlis sxva wyaroebi gansazRvrul zRvars aRemateba. (b)
sapensio sistema socialuri dazRvevaa da ara daxmareba; amdenad,
misi racionalurobis damtkicebis aranairi safuZveli ar arsebobs.
jein ostini Tavis cnobil nawarmoebSi `grZnoba da mgrZnobeloba~
werda: `Tu daakvirdebiT, dainaxavT, rom individebi usasrulod
cxovroben, Tu ki raime saxis anuitets iReben~. daukavSireT es
citata anuitetis bazarze gamefebul araxelsayreli SerCevis
fenomens.
9.1 formulis Sesaxeb gamarTuli msjelobis dros ukve aRvniSneT,
rom problema SesaZloa, wamoiSvas Senacvlebis imave ganakveTis
SenarCunebiT
im
mosaxleobaSi,
sadac
matulobs
daqvemdebarebulobis ganakveTi. davuSvaT, imis nacvlad, rom
Senacvlebis ganakveTi ucvlelad SevinarCunoT, sazogadoeba
ecdeba, ucvlelad SeinarCunos daxmarebis Tanxa. rogor imoqmedebs
aseTi
midgoma
daqvemdebarebulobis
mzard
ganakveTze,
gansakuTrebiT ki xelfasis pirobebSi, rac produqtiulobis
matebiTaa gamowveuli.
ganixileT aseTi midgoma: `grZelvadiani perspeqtiviT, aqciis
ukugebis ganakveTi saxelmwifo savalo valdebulebebze ukugebis
ganakveTs aRemateba. amdenad, momavali pensionerebisaTvis ukeTesi
iqneba, Tu saxelmwifo sapensio uzrunvelyofis fondis investireba
moxdeba aqciebSi da ara saxelmwifo obligaciebSi.
diamondisa da gruberis [2001, gv. 456] gamoTvlebis Tanaxmad, im
SemTxvevaSi, Tu 68 wlis mamakaci gadawyvets, imuSaos kidev erTi
wlis ganmavlobaSi da pensiaze 69 wlis asakSi gava, 68 wlis asakSi
kidev erTi damatebiTi wlis ganmavlobaSi muSaobis efeqti aseTia:
saxelmwifo sapensio uzrunvelyofis sistemis mTliani Tanxa 95964dan 91131 aSS dolaramde Seicvleba. aris Tu ara aqtuarulad
samarTliani sapensio Tanxa, romelsac individi kidev erTi
damatebiTi wlis ganmavlobaSi muSaobis Semdeg miiRebs? pasuxi
ganmarteT.
amtkiceben, rom saxelmwifo sapensio uzrunvelyofis sistemis
dafinansebis sqema arasamarTliania, radgan dabali Semosavlis
mqone individi ufro maRali gadasaxadiT ibegreba, vidre maRali
Semosavlis mqone individi. ganmarteT es argumenti. aRniSnuli
mosazrebis oponentebi amtkiceben, rom sagadasaxado sistemis
ganxilva, rogorc gadasaxadis transferis sistemis nawilisa, ukve
Secdomaa.
saxelmwifo
sapensio
uzrunvelyofis
sistema
proporciulad zrdis dabali Semosavlis individis sapensio
Tanxas. axseniT es argumentic.
warmoidgineT, rom individis Semosavali 15%-iani saSemosavlo
sagadasaxado ganakveTiTa da 7,45% sapensio da `mediqearis~
sagadasaxado ganakveTiT ibegreba. davuSvaT, rom, misi umuSevrobis
SemTxvevaSi, umuSevrobisagan dazRvevis sistemiT gaTvaliswinebuli
daxmareba misi daubegravi Semosavlis 50%-s anazRaurebs. gaixseneT,
rom sadazRvevo daxmareba ibegreba saSemosavlo gadasaxadiT,
magram ara saxelfaso gadasaxadiT. dabegrili Semosavlis ra
procentuli wils anazRaurebs UI daxmareba? ra zemoqmedebas
axdens UI dasaqmebaze?
281

Selected References
Congressional Budget Office. Social Security:A Primer, Washington, DC: US Government
Printing Oddice, September 2001
Feldstein, Martin, and Horst Siebert, eds. Social Security Pension Reform in Europe. Chicago:
University of Chicago Press, 2002.
Meyer, Bruce D. Comparing In-Work Benefits and the Reward to Work for Families with
Children in US and UK. Fiscal Studies 23 (March 2002). pp. 1-49.
Meyer, Bruce D. Lessons from the U.S. Unemployment Insurance Experiments. Journal of
Economic Literature 33 (March 1995), pp. 91 -131.
Munnell, Alicia H. Reforming Social Security: The Case Against Individual Accounts.
National Tax Journal, vol. LII, no. 4 (December 1999), pp. 783 802.

282

Tavi 10
socialuri dazRveva II: janmrTelobis dacva

me namdvilad ar gamaCnia pasuxi yvela SekiTxvaze, magram me sruliad

darwmunebuli var imaSi, rom dauSvebelia amerikis mier am problemis
ugulebelyofa...
bil klintoni, janmrTelobis dacvis Sesaxeb
prezident klintonis am winadadebam sakmaod farTo gamoxmaureba
pova. mosaxleobis nawilma aRiqva, rom aSS jandacvis sistema garkveuli
saxis problemebis winaSe idga. janmrTelobis dacvis sakiTxis irgvliv
msjelobaTa umetesoba am seqtorSi mTavrobis jerovan da saTanado
rolze iyo fokusirebuli. winamdebare Tavi mimoxilvis imave meTodebs
iyenebs, romelic wina TavebSi iyo gamoyenebuli. kvlav daviwyebT imisi
analiziT, Tu ra aris gansakuTrebuli janmrTelobis dacvaSi, rogorc
momsaxurebis seqtorSi da ganvixilavT, Tu ratom ver uzrunvelyofs mas
kerZo bazari. amis Semdeg Cven aSS janmrTelobis dacvis seqtoris
funqcionirebisa
da
masSi
mTavrobis
monawileobis
sakiTxebs
SeviswavliT.

ra aris gansakuTrebuli janmrTelobis dacvaSi?

janmrTelobis dacva unikaluri momsaxurebaa, romelic sikvdilsicocxlis
sakiTxs
ukavSirdeba.
gadarCenisaTvis
uaRresad
mniSvnelovania kvebisa da TavSesafris sakiTxis mogvarebac, rasac kerZo
bazari optimalurad axerxebs. janmrTelobis dacvis seqtoris kidev
erTi unikaluri niSan-Tviseba is aris, rom misi masStabi ukanasknel
periodSi ganuxrelad farTovdeba: 1970 wels janmrTelobaze gaweuli
danaxarji mTliani Sida produqtis 7,1% iyo, dRes ki daaxloebiT 13,2%ia [avadmyofobis kontrolisa da prevenciis centrebi, 2003]. Tavisi arsiT,
is faqti, rom adamianebi am momsaxurebaze araproporciulad bevrs
xarjaven, arc unikaluria da arc sagangaSo. ukanasknel periodSi
cifrul kamerasa da DVD pleierze gaweuli danaxarjebic dramatulad
gaizarda, Tumca aravin dardobs amis Sesaxeb.
ratom ereva saxelmwifo am bazris funqcionirebaSi? _ qvemoT
CamoTvlili ramdenime mizezis gamo:

283

mwiri informacia. momxmarebeli SesaZeni saqonlis maxasiaTeblebis

Sesaxeb, zogadad, kargadaa informirebuli. ase magaliTad: rodesac
Tqven yidulobT vaSls, Tqven zustad iciT, Tu rogori gemo da sxva
niSan-Tviseba aqvs mas. Tumca avadmyofobis periodSi Cven warmodgena ar
gvaqvs aucilebeli samkurnalo procedurebis Sesaxeb. am SemTxvevaSi Cven
ndobas vucxadebT eqims da miTiTebul rCevas vasrulebT. eqimi ki is
adamiania, romelic Tavis momsaxurebas yidis Cvenze. cxadia, arsebobs
bevri
sxva
momsaxureba,
romlis
irgvliv
ganusazRvreloba
da
asimetriuli
informacia
(Tundac saxlis saremonto
samuSaoebi)
arsebobs. magram aseT viTarebaSi informaciis mosagroveblad bevrad
meti dro gvaqvs xolme, vidre maSin rodesac samedicino daxmareba
gvesaWiroeba.
araxelsayreli SerCeva da moraluri riski. janmrTelobis dacvis
xarji SesaZloa, warmoudgenlad maRali iyos. aseT situaciaSi adamians
dazRveva sWirdeba. kerZo sadazRvevo bazris Sesaxeb Cven mier wina
TavebSi ganxiluli problemebi janmrTelobis dazRvevis mimarTac
Tanabrad aqtualuria.

sadazRvevo kompania mocemuli jgufis (magaliTad, saSualo asakis

qalaqSi macxovrebel qalbatonebze) warmomadgenlebze garkveul
safasurad yidis momsaxurebis pakets. aRniSnul pakets swored is
SeiZens, vinc yvelaze maRali riskis matarebelia. ase magaliTad,
Tu monika gulis Setevis maRali riskis winaSe dgas, xolo
reiCeli ki sruliad janmrTelia, Tu maT sadazRvevo kompania
Tanabari Rirebulebis sadazRvevo pakets SesTavazebs, arsebobs
didi albaToba, rom sadazRvevo pakets swored monika iyidis.
araxelsayreli SerCevis problemis Tanaxmad, sadazRvevo paketis
saSualo myidveli ufro maRali riskiT xasiaTdeba, vidre mis
jgufSi sxva saSualo adamiani. sadazRvevo kompania, romlis bevri
klienti avadaa, dakargavs fuls. imisaTvis, rom kompaniam ar
imuSaos wagebaze, man unda gazardos sadazRvevo Senatani
(gadasaxadi).
maRali
Senatanebis
SemTxvevaSi,
SedarebiT
dabalriskiani individi bazars datovebs (maRali gadasaxadis
pirobebSi, monika mxolod im SemTxvevaSi SeiZens sadazRvevo pakets,
rodesac namdvilad darwmunebuli iqneba, rom mas gulis Seteva
emuqreba). amdenad, bazarma sxva Tanabar pirobebSi SesaZloa
saTanado da jerovani janmrTelobis dazRveva ver uzrunvelyos.
dazRveva individis yofaqcevas amaxinjebs. individi, romelmac icis,
rom dazRveulia, naklebad ecdeba, riski aicilos. dazRveulma
individma SesaZloa cxovrebis arajansaR stils misdios: Wamos
bevri junk food-i (maRalkaloriuli, dabali kvebiTi Rirebulebis
sakvebi) da im imediT ar ivarjiSos, rom aseTi qmedebis yvela
SesaZlo uaryofiT Sedegs dazRveva gaaneitralebs. garda amisa,
dazRveul individs surs, Warbi samedicino daxmarebiT isargeblos,
radgan sadazRvevo kompania ixdis yvela an zogierTi momsaxurebis
gadasaxads. aRniSnuli fenomeni moraluri riskis saxelwodebiTaa
cnobili.

moraluri riskis analizi SesaZlebelia moTxovna-miwodebis pirobiTi

diagramis
saSualebiT.
10.1
grafikze
warmodgenilia
samedicino
284

momsaxurebaze sabazro moTxovnis mrudi Dm. simartivisaTvis davuSvaT,

rom samedicino momsaxurebis gawevis zRvruli Rirebuleba _ P0 _
mudmivia. miwodebis mrudi _ Sm _ P0-is horizontalur monakveTs
warmoadgens. rogorc yovelTvis, axlac Tanafardoba moTxovnisa da
miwodebis mrudebis gadakveTis wertilSi miiRweva: P0 fasi, M0 ki
raodenobaa. samedicino momsaxurebaze gaweuli mTliani danaxarji udris
erTeulis fasis namravls erTeulTa raodenobaze, anu OP0-s namravls
OM0-ze, rac P0OM0a marTkuTxeds qmnis.
grafiki 10.1

unda SevniSnoT, rom 10.1 grafikze mocemuli moTxovnis mrudi

daRmavali kuTxiT xasiaTdeba. nuTu avadmyofi, fasis miuxedavad, ar
asrulebs eqimis daniSnulebas? nuTu Tqven gamwvavebuli apendicitis
dros eqims vaWrobas dauwyebT? samedicino momsaxurebis moTxovnis
mrudi
idealurad
vertikaluria,
rac
TavisTavad
samedicino
proceduraTa
diskretul
xasiaTs
ugulebelyofs.
pacienti,
Tavdapirvelad, gadawyvetilebas iRebs imis Sesaxeb, izrunos Tu ara
sakuTari janmrTelobis dacvaze. miuxedavad konfliqt-interesisa,
romelzec Cven ukve vimsjeleT, pacienti arcTu iSviaTad eqimis
daniSnulebas arRvevs.
ra
zemoqmedebas axdens
dazRveva
bazarze?
simartivisaTvis
davuSvaT,
rom
dazRveva
janmrTelobis
dacvis
xarjebis
80%-s
anazRaurebs. danarCen nawils, anu 20%-s (rac `TanadazRvevis ganakveTis~
saxelwodebiTaa cnobili), ixdis pacienti. dazRvevis zemoqmedebis
Sesafaseblad warmoidgineT, rom TanadazRvevis ganakveTi, anu 20%,
pacientis mier gadasaxdeli fasis 80%-iani Semcirebis ekvivalenturia _
285

Tu saavadmyofos dRiuri zrdadi xarji 800 dolaria, pacienti ixdis

mxolod 160 dolars. 10.1 grafikze pacienti aRar ixdis P0 fass, aramed
ixdis mxolod mis 20%-s. aseTi dabali fasis pirobebSi moTxovna
izrdeba M1-mde, xolo pacientis mier samedicino momsaxurebaze gaweuli
xarji ki OjhM1 marTkuTxeds qmnis.
myardeba axali wonasworoba: pacienti ixdis P0-is 20%-s, Tumca
samedicino momsaxurebis gawevis zRvruli Rirebuleba jer kidev P0-ia;
sxvaoba, anu P0-is 80% ki sadazRvevo kompaniis mier gadaixdeba. amdenad,
mTliani danaxarji udris OP0 gamravlebuli OM1-ze an marTkuTxed
P0OM1b-s, sadac sadazRvevo kompaniis mier ganxorcielebuli gadaxda
P0bhj marTkuTxeds moicavs. amdenad, dazRvevis arsebobis Sedegad
samedicino momsaxurebis xarji P0OM0a-dan P0OM1b-mde izrdeba, rac
aM0M1b areals qmnis.
cxadia, danaxarjebis zrdis faqtiuri Tanxa moTxovnis mrudis
formazea damokidebuli. formis Sefasebis mizniT cnobili eqsperimenti
Catarda (romelic SemTxveviTi SerCevis princips iyenebda) RAND
korporaciis mier (1970-iani wlebi).
SemTxveviTi SerCevis safuZvelze
individebma sadazRvevo momsaxurebis paketi sxvadasxva sadazRvevo
TanamonawileobiT miiRes. am gziT ukve SesaZlebeli iqneboda, gvenaxa, Tu
rogor Seicvleboda individis mier janmrTelobis dacvaze gaweuli
danaxarji. Sedegma cxadyo, rom samedicino momsaxurebis fasis 10%-iani
zrda moTxovnis moculobis daaxloebiT 2%-iT Semcirebas iwvevs
[Newhouse et al., 1993].
garegani
efeqti.
individis
mier
samedicino
momsaxurebiT
sargebloba rogorc dadebiT, aseve uaryofiT garegan efeqts warmoqmnis.
Tu Tqven gripis sawinaaRmdego acras gaikeTebT, maSin warmoiqmneba
dadebiTi garegani efeqti _ sxva individebis gripiT inficirebis
saSiSroeba mcirdeba. Tumca, meore mxriv, individis mier antibiotikebiT
borotad sargeblobis SemTxvevaSi, imunuri baqteriis axali Stami
viTardeba da mdgomareoba uaresdeba. garegani efeqtis arsebobis
pirobebSi, saxelmwifo intervencia WeSmaritad zrdis efeqtianobas
(ixileT me-5 TavSi mocemuli ZiriTadi argumentebi).
paternalizmi.
individma
SesaZloa,
ver
gaigos,
rogor
funqcionirebs sadazRvevo sistema. individma SesaZloa, sadazRvevo
momsaxurebis paketi windauxedaobis gamo ar SeiZinos. paternalizmis
argumentebis
Tanaxmad,
individisaTvis
samedicino
sadazRvevo
momsaxurebis paketis SeZena savaldebulo unda iyos, radgan igi
individis
sargebels
da
metnaklebad
stabilur
mdgomareobas
uzrunvelyofs. am mimarTulebiT arsebuli bevri mosazrebis fonze
arsebobs erTi seriozuli sazogadoebrivi konsensusi _ TiToeuli
individisaTvis sul mcire ZiriTadi samedicino momsaxureba mainc unda
iyos xelmisawvdomi.

aSS-s janmrTelobis dacvis bazari

286

aSS-s janmrTelobis dacvis bazari erTob vrcelia. igi moicavs:

saavadmyofoebs, kerZo klinikebs, eqimebs, eqTnebs, dantistebs, saTvalis,
receptiT da ureceptod gasacemi medikamentebis, proTezebisa da sxva
saSualebebis mwarmoeblebs. am sferoSi dasaqmebulia daaxloebiT 10
milioni adamiani da masze mSp-s daaxloebiT 13,2% modis. xarjvis ori
ZiriTadi komponenti saavadmyofoebsa (daaxloebiT 32%) da eqimis
momsaxurebaze (daaxloebiT 22%) modis. winamdebare Tavis dasawyisSi
mocemuli iyo Teoria janmrTelobis dacvis bazrebis Sesaxeb, ris
safuZvelzec Cven ukve SegviZlia, am bazris ZiriTadi niSan-Tvisebebi
ganvixiloT.
kerZo dazRveva
momxmarebeli sakuTari jibidan jandacvis xarjebis mxolod 17%-s
ixdis. danarCeni `mesame mxaris~ mier ixdeba _ janmrTelobis dazRvevaSi
kerZo seqtori ixdis xarjebis 35%-s, saxelmwifo _ 43%-s, xolo xarjis
danarCeni nawili ki filantropuli Senatanebidan da sxva wyaroebidan
ifareba1. mokled rom iTqvas, momxmarebeli janmrTelobis dacvasTan
dakavSirebuli xarjebis did nawils ar ixdis. am nawilSi Cven
janmrTelobis dazRvevis kerZo sistemas davaxasiaTebT.
damqiraveblis mier uzrunvelyofili dazRveva. amerikis SeerTebul
StatebSi kerZo dazRvevis mniSvnelovani da gansakuTrebuli niSanTviseba SemdegSi mdgomareobs: 65 wlamde mosaxleobis daaxloebiT 93%-s
damqiravebeli kerZo dazRveviT uzrunvelyofs2. magram, Tu individi
sursaTs an tansacmels damqiraveblis saSualebiT ar yidulobs, maSin
ratom sargeblobs damqiraveblis mier uzrunvelyofili dazRveviT? es
fenomeni, rogor Cans, warmoadgens qveproduqts, romelic saxelmwifo
saxelfaso da fasebis kontrolis sistemas (damkvidrda II msoflio omis
dros) mxedvelobidan gamorCa. sakompensacio paketis iseTi arasaxelfaso
komponenti, rogoricaa janmrTelobis dazRveva, gaTavisuflebuli iyo
kontrolisagan. rogorc Cans, damqiravebelma samuSao Zalis mosazidad
aseTi saxis arafuladi sargeblis SeTavazeba daiwyo. damqiraveblis mier
uzrunvelyofilma dazRvevam didi popularoba SeiZina mas Semdeg, rac
ZalaSi Sevida saSemosavlo gadasaxadis maregulirebeli kanonmdeblobis
zogierTi debuleba, romelsac Cven mogvianebiT ganvixilavT.
damqiraveblis
mier
uzrunvelyofili
dazRvevis
erT-erTi
maxasiaTebeli ki isaa, rom individi samsaxuris dakargvasTan erTad
dazRvevasac kargavs. 1996 wels kongresma daamtkica kanonmdebloba,
romlis Tanaxmad, individi, romelic icvlis samuSaos, sadazRvevo pakets
inarCunebs.
janmrTelobis
dazRvevis
gadanacvlebadobisa
da
aucileblobis aqtis (romelic kenedi-kazenbaumis - sakanonmdeblo
iniciatorebisa da sponsorebis - saxels atarebs), damqiravebeli
valdebulia, axali TanamSromeli (romelic adre dazRveuli iyo)
kompaniis sadazRvevo 12_Tvian jgufur sadazRvevo polisSi CarTos,
1

`mediqearisa~ da `mediqeidis~ momsaxurebis centris mier mowodebuli informacia. Data

Compendum 2002, www.cms.hhs.gov.
2
`mediqearisa~ da `mediqeidis~ momsaxurebis centris mier mowodebuli informacia.
Health United States 2002, www.cms.hhs.gov.

287

Tundac mas winaswarve janmrTelobis darRveva aReniSnebodes, romlis

mkurnaloba Zviri iqneba da, amdenad, firmis sadazRvevo gadasaxads
gazrdis.
garda
amisa,
kanonis safuZvelze
sadazRvevo
kompania
valdebulia, sadazRvevo momsaxurebis fasi xelmisawvdomi datovos im
pirisaTvis, romelic jgufur sadazRvevo poliss datovebs. kenedikazenbaumis aqtis erTi ZiriTadi mizani SromiTi bazris efeqtianobis
amaRleba iyo. aseTi kanonmdeblobis ararsebobis SemTxvevaSi, individi,
romelic mkurnalobis ZviradRirebul kurss gadis, amJamindel samsaxurs
mijaWvuli iqneba _ mis potenciur damqiravebels misi daqiravebis Semdeg
ufro maRali sadazRvevo danaxarjebis gadaxdis survili ar eqneba.
aRsaniSnavia, rom `samsaxurTan mijaWvis~ fenomenTan dakavSirebiT bevri
kazuistikuri
midgoma
arsebobs.
bundovania
ekonometrikuli
mtkicebuleba imis Sesaxeb, moqmedebda Tu ara es fenomeni kenedikazenbaumis aqtamdec [Holtz-Eakin, 1994]. nebismier SemTxvevaSi, zogierTi
politikosi darwmunebulia, rom kanons aferxebda is faqti, rom
mzRveveli individs sadazRvevo pakets erTob maRali fasiT sTavazobda.
es Sedegi sulac ar aris gansacvifrebeli: araxelsayreli SerCevisa da
administraciuli danaxarjebis gamo sadazRvevo paketis maRali fasi
mosalodnelic unda yofiliyo.
SromiT
bazarTan
dakavSirebulia
araxelsayreli
SerCevis
faqtoric.
damqiraveblis
mier
uzrunvelyofili
dazRveva
garkveulwilad wyvets am problemas _ sadazRvevo pakets TanamSromelTa
jgufisaTvis xom damqiravebeli iZens, amdenad, sadazRvevo kompaniam icis,
rom, rogorc wesi, sadazRvevo paketis Rirebuleba Zalian maRali ar
unda iyos. am SemTxvevaSi Cven ukve ugulebelvyofT im faqts, rom
konkretuli firmis momuSave SemTxveviTobis principze SerCeuli ar
unda iyos. Tu gainteresebT, ratomaa ase, gaixseneT, rom janmrTelobis
dazRveva momuSavis kompensaciis mxolod erT komponents warmoadgens.
sxva
Tanabar
pirobebSi
firmas
SeuZlia,
TanamSromels
sruli
sadazRvevo paketis SeTavazebis nacvlad ufro maRali xelfasi
gadauxados. individi, romelic avadmyofobis Zalian dabali riskiT
xasiaTdeba, an meuRlis dazRveviT sargeblobs, upiratesobas iseT
damqiravebels mianiWebs, romelic mas maRal xelfassa da dazRvevis
mcire pakets SesTavazebs (an am ukanasknels saerTod ar SesTavazebs).
aRniSnuli fenomenis meore mxare is aris, rom firma, romelic momuSaves
xelsayrel da farTo sadazRvevo pakets sTavazobs, mimzidveli iqneba
iseTi samuSao ZalisaTvis, romelic janmrTelobis maRali riskiT
xasiaTdeba. kompania iZulebulia, maRali riskis mqone individTa
sadazRvevo paketisaTvis maRali gadasaxadi gadaixados. amdenad, mas
saxelfaso ganakveTis Semcireba mouwevs, ris Sedegadac aseTi samsaxuri
janmrTelobis maRali riskis mqone adamianTaTvis sul ufro da ufro
mimzidveli xdeba. es aris araxelsayreli SerCevis tipuri fenomeni,
rasac Sedegad is moaqvs,
rom saTanado sadazRvevo paketis
uzrunvelyofas mxolod ramdenime damqiravebeli axerxebs.
dazRvevis uzrunvelyofis mravalferovani formebi. Cven ukve
ganvixileT damqiraveblis mier uzrunvelyofili dazRvevis forma,
romelic janmrTelobis dazRvevisa da xelfasis dones Soris arsebul
erTgvar kompromiss warmoadgens. janmrTelobis dacvis maT mier
SeTavazebuli meTodi xSirad gansxvavebulia. adreul 1980-ian wlebamde
288

moqmedebda aseTi sistema: sadazRvevo paketi samedicino dawesebulebas

dazRveulis mkurnalobis faqtobriv xarjebs uxdida. aseTi sistema
atarebda
iseT
saxelwodebas,
rogoricaa
`anazRaureba
gaweuli
danaxarjebis safuZvelze~ an `gadasaxadi gaweuli momsaxurebisaTvis~.
danaxarjebis safuZvelze moqmedi sistema mkurnalobaze gaweuli
danaxarjebis Semcirebis Zalian mcire SesaZleblobas iZleoda; piriqiT,
rac ufro meti resursi daixarjeboda pacientis mkurnalobaze, miT met
Tanxas miiRebda samkurnalo dawesebuleba.
mkurnalobis
maRali
da
mzardi
danaxarjebis
pirobebSi
damqiravebuli iZulebuli gaxda, iseTi zomebi gaetarebina, romlebic
momsaxurebis gamoyenebas SezRudavda da bazris miwodebis, da ara
bazris moTxovnis mxares, fasebs dabal doneze SeinarCunebda. aseTi
mdgomareoba zogadad kontrolirebadi dazRvevis saxelwodebiTaa
cnobili. am dros pacienti Zalian mcire xarjs gaswevs (an saerTod ar
gaswevs). amdenad, imisi stimuli, rom moTxovnis mxares moxdes
janmrTelobis dacvis xarjebis ekonomia, ar arsebobs. am dros
samkurnalo dawesebuleba maqsimalurad cdilobs, xarjebi dabal doneze
SeinarCunos. aseTi stimulis erTi magaliTi erT individze gaweuli
danaxarjis
anazRaurebis
sistemaa,
romlis
farglebSic
maTi
mzrunvelobis qveS myofi TiToeuli pacientisaTvis provaideri wliur
gadasaxads iRebs, miuxedavad pacientis mier gamoyenebuli momsaxurebisa.
marTvadi samedicino momsaxurebis bevri forma arsebobs. janmrTelobis
dacvis uzrunvelmyof organizaciebTan (Health Maintanance Organizations HMOs) erTad eqimTa jgufi mxolod konkretul polisze muSaobs da
pacients eqimebis naxva mxolod am polisebiT gaTvaliswinebuli pirobis
Tanaxmad SeuZlia. amis garda, upiratesi arCevanis sistemac arsebobs
(Preferred Provider Organizations - PPOs), romlis Tanxmadac, eqimTa SerCeuli
jgufi polisis mflobels SedarebiT dabal fasad emsaxureba. polisis
mflobels SeuZlia, sxva eqims mimarTos, magram am SemTxvevaSi mas Tavad
mouwevs danaxarjis dafarva. am Temis irgvliv sakmaod bevri variacia
arsebobs. dRes amerikelebis daaxloebiT 95% kontrolirebadi dazRvevis
sistemiTaa dazRveuli.
TamaSobs Tu ara kontrolirebadi dazRvevis sistema dadebiT
rols
janmrTelobis
dacvaze
gaweuli
fasebis
SenarCunebis
mimarTulebiT? 1990-ian wlebSi es sistema sakmaod efeqtianad muSaobda _
Sedegad janmrTelobis dacvis xarjebma da sadazRvevo gadasaxadma
mniSvnelovnad
daiklo.
magram
aseTi
warmateba
danaxarjebis
kontrolirebis
mimarTulebiT sakmaod
moklevadiani
gamodga
da
xarjebma kvlav zrda daiwyo. am fenomenis SesaZlo mizezebs odnav
mogvianebiT ganvixilavT.
kontrolirebadi
dazRvevis
sistemis
naklovaneba
SemdegSi
mdgomareobs: samkurnalo dawesebuleba gaweuli momsaxurebis xarisxs
amcirebs. cxadia, es bunebrivia, radgan imis miuxedavad, Tu ra saxis
momsaxurebaa gaweuli, Tanabari gadasaxadi miiReba. Tumca sakmaod
bundovani argumentebis fonze kalteris mier ganxorcielebuli kvleva
gviCvenebs,
rom
sxva
Tanabar
pirobebSi
individi,
romelic
kontrolirebadi dazRvevis sistemiTaa dazRveuli, sxva individisaTvis
gaweul momsaxurebaze uares momsaxurebas ar iRebs.
289

saxelmwifos roli
janmrTelobis dacvis sferoSi mTavroba mniSvnelovan rols
TamaSobs.
igi
uflebamosilia
eqimebis
licenzirebaze,
garemoSi
janmrTelobis
winaSe
arsebuli
safrTxis
monitoringze,
flobs
saavadmyofoebs, daavadebaTa profilaqtikisa da gauvnebelyofis mizniT
afinansebs kvlevebs, saTaveSi udgas bavSvebis imunizaciis programebs da
atarebs bevr sxva RonisZiebas. axla ki kargi iqneba, Tu yuradRebas
gadavitanT saxelmwifos rolze janmrTelobis dazRvevis uzunvelyofis
mimarTulebiT. arsebobs sami ZiriTadi programa: `mediqeidi~, `mediqeari~
da kerZo dazRvevisaTvis aracxadi subsidia, romelic federalur
saSemosavlo sagadasaxado sistemaSi Sedis. `mediqeidi~ federaluri
mTavrobis doneze uzrunvelyofili janmrTelobis dazRvevis programaa,
romelic gansazRvruli dabali Semosavlis mqone individebisaTvis da
bavSvebisaTvis moqmedebs (Cven am programis Sesaxeb ukve visaubreT me-8
TavSi). axla ki ori danarCeni programa ganvixiloT.
`mediqeari~
programa `mediqeari~ 1965 wels dainerga. igi 65 wlis, 65 wels
gadacilebul individebsa da invalidebs uzrunvelyofs janmrTelobis
dazRveviT. programis mizania, xandazmulTaTvis maTTvis zedmeti
finansuri tvirTis dakisrebis gareSe xarisxiani janmrTelobis dacvis
sistema xelmisawvdomi gaxados. 2002 wels `mediqearze~ gaweulma
xarjebma 254 miliardi aSS dolari Seadgina. es aris meore udidesi
saxelmwifo xarjviTi programa saxelmwifo sapensio uzrunvelyofis
programis Semdeg.
vidre `mediqearis~ detalebs CavuRrmavdebiT, ganvixiloT, Tu
ratomaa
ase
eqstensiurad
CarTuli
saxelmwifo
xandazmulTa
janmrTelobis dazRvevis bazarSi. bolos da bolos, cxadia, rom
xandazmulTa mier Semosavlis miRebis unari klebulobs, agreTve
uaresdeba xandazmulTa janmrTeloba. gaixseneT am Tavis dasawyisSi
mocemuli janmrTelobis dacvis bazris daxasiaTeba. araxelsayreli
SerCevis faqtoris arsebobis gamo dazRvevis efeqtiani moculobis
uzrunvelyofa
saWiro
da aucilebeli
moculobiT SeuZlebelia.
problemis aRmofxvra SesaZlebelia, Tu sadazRvevo polisis SeZena
yvelasaTvis savaldebulo gaxdeba. garda amisa, janmrTelobis dazRvevis
polisis SeZena maRal administraciul da savaWro danaxarjTanaa
dakavSirebuli. individs yvelaze marTebuli da racionaluri polisis
Zieba uxdeba, saWiro xdeba sxvadasxva samedicino gamokvlevis Catareba
da a.S. xandazmul individTa erT jgufSi gaerTianebis gziT samTavrobo
programa amgvar danaxarjs amcirebs. aseTi erTmniSvnelovani midgomis
naklovaneba ki is aris, rom igi sruliad ugulebelyofs individTa
preferenciebs sadazRvevo momsaxurebis saxeebis mimarT.
`mediqearis~
struqtura.
`mediqeari~
moicavs TiTqmis
mTel
mosaxleobas, romelic 65 wlis an metisaa. programis daregistrirebul
beneficiarTa raodenoba daaxloebiT 39.6 milion adamians aRwevs.
290

programa federaluri mTavrobis mieraa administrirebuli da masSi

monawileobis kriteriumi yvela StatSi absoluturad erTgvarovania.
`mediqeidisagan~ (RaribTa janmrTelobis dacvis programa) gansxvavebiT,
`mediqearis~ saWiroeba da racionaluroba ar fasdeba. imisaTvis, rom
miiRos programiT sargeblobis ufleba, ar arsebobs imis saWiroeba,
individma daadasturos, rom misi Semosavali gansazRvrul zRvars
qvemoT imyofeba.
sargebeli. Tu saxelmwifo samedicino seqtorSi monawileobis
miRebas gadawyvets, maSin mas fundamenturi gadawyvetilebis miReba
mouwevs: vin gaswevs (awarmoebs) samedicino momsaxurebas _ saxelmwifo
Tu kerZo seqtori? am mimarTulebiT TiToeuli qveyana Tavis
gadawyvetilebas iRebs. ase magaliTad, did britaneTSi saxelmwifo
flobs da marTavs saavadmyofoebs. aSS-Si ki - piriqiT: jandacva kerZo
seqtoris mier aris uzrunvelyofili. amdenad, `mediqeari~ gulisxmobs
imas, rom saxelmwifo mxolod afinansebs da ara gaswevs (awarmoebs)
jandacvasTan dakavSirebul momsaxurebas.
`mediqearis~ programa sam: A, B da C nawiladaa gayofili. A
komponenti, romelzec 2000 wels 131 miliardi aSS dolari daixarja,
hospitalizaciis dazRvevis (Hospital Insurance - HI) saxelwodebiTaa
cnobili.
hospitalizaciis
dazRvevis
programaSi
monawileoba
savaldebuloa. igi stacionaruli mkurnalobis 90 dRes wliurad da
xandazmulTa
TavSesafarSi
yofnis
100
dRes
afinansebs
(orive
SemTxvevaSi pacienti ixdis gadasaxadebis garkveul nawils). HI
grZelvadian institucionalur momsaxurebas ar afinansebs. `mediqearis~
B komponenti ki damatebiTi samedicino dazRveva (Supplementary Medical
Insurance - SMI) aris, romelic eqimebisaTvis gadasaxads, maT mier
gamowerili preparatebis Rirebulebasa da saavadmyofos gareT gaweuli
samedicino momsaxurebis gadasaxads faravs. HI-sagan gansxvavebiT, SMI
nebayoflobiTia, romlis registrirebuli monawileebi yovelTviur
gadasaxads ixdian, romelic droTa ganmavlobaSi icvleba da amJamad
daaxloebiT 59 aSS dolars udris. uflebamosili mosaxleobis
daaxloebiT 99% monawileobs SMI-Si. programis mesame, C nawilis
saxelwodebaa `mediqears + arCevani~. igi individs uflebas aZlevs,
monawileoba gansazRvruli kontrolirebadi dazRvevis programaSi
miiRos. `mediqears + arCevanis~ TiToeuli polisi `mediqearis~ sargeblis
srul pakets uzrunvelyofs, garda uimedo avadmyofTa saavadmyofos
(hospisi) xarjebis anazRaurebisa. `mediqears + arCevanis~ Tviuri
gadasaxadi Cveulebriv B nawiliT gaTvaliswinebul gadasaxads aRemateba.
samagierod, programa faravs xarjebs, romlebic receptiT gamoweril
medikamentebze
(rac
ar
aris
gaTvaliswinebuli
`mediqearis~
standartuli polisiT) gaiweva. pirobiTad, kontrolirebadi dazRvevis
msgavsad, `mediqears + arCevani~ zRudavs individis unars, SearCios
samkurnalo
dawesebuleba.
detaluri
informacia
`mediqearis~
gadasaxadsa da sargeblis Sesaxeb ixileT `mediqearisa~ da `mediqeidis~
momsaxurebis centrebis veb-gverdze: http://cms.hhs.gov/medicare/.
rogorc aRvniSneT, `mediqeari~ receptiT gamowerili wamlebis
Rirebulebis anazRaurebas ar iTvaliswinebs. `mediqeari~ 1960-ian wlebSi
dainerga. am dros farmacevtul teqnologiaSi revoluciuri winsvla
291

jer kidev ar SeiniSneboda, ris Sedegadac wamali iqca centralur

qvakuTxedad gulis daavadebis mkurnalobidan arTritis mkurnalobamde.
receptiT gamowerili wamlebis xarji aSS-is jandacvis sistemis yvelaze
swrafad mzardi komponentia. `mediqearis~ beneficiarebma 2002 wels
ambulatoriul wamlebze daaxloebiT 87 miliardi dolari daxarjes.
aRniSnuli maCvenebeli 2005 wels 128 miliard dolaramde unda
gaizardos [Congressional Budget Office, 2002. gv. ix]. Cven odnav mogvianebiT
ganvixilavT
im
sakiTxebs,
romlebic
`mediqearis~
sistemisaTvis
medikamentebis xarjebis anazRaurebis komponentis damatebas ukavSirdeba.
dafinanseba. HI-is dafinanseba amJamindeli momuSaveebis saxelfaso
gadasaxadidan
xdeba.
ganakveTi
udris
1,45%-s
rogorc
damqiraveblisaTvis,
aseve
daqiravebulisaTvis
(mTlianad
2.90%).
gadasaxadiT ibegreba nebismieri Semosavali: am SemTxvevaSi ar moqmedebs
zeda
zRvari.
sagadasaxado
amonagebi
HI-s
satrasto
fondSia
deponirebuli, saidanac janmrTelobis dacvis provaiderebs momsaxurebis
gadasaxadi
gadaexdebaT.
`mediqearis~
gadasaxadi
Semosavlis
miRebisTanave gadaixdeba. dRevandeli pensionerebis samkurnalo xarjebs
dRevandeli momuSaveebi gadaixdian. aRniSnuli xarjebi HI-s satrasto
fondidan ar ifareba. saxelmwifo sapensio uzrunvelyofis satrasto
fondis (ixileT wina Tavi) msgavsad, HI-s satrasto fondic, upirvelesad,
saaRricxvo mowyobilobas warmoadgens da ar zrdis sazogadoebis
faqtiur unars, aanazRauros momavali samkurnalo xarjebi.
HI-sagan gansxvavebiT, SMI dafinansebulia ZiriTadi Semosavlidan
da ara saxelfaso gadasaxadidan. garda amisa, SMI Tanxas iRebs ukve
naxsenebi yovelTviuri gadasaxadidanac. dRes SMI-s dafinansebis wyaros
daaxloebiT 82% ZiriTadi Semosavlidan, xolo 18% ki gadasaxadidan
modis. amdenad, SesaZloa davaskvnaT, rom federaluri subsidia sakmaod
mZimea.
`mediqearis~ uzrunvelyofa ufro jansaRi finansuri fundamentiT.
cxrili 10.1 `mediqearze~ gaweuli federaluri danaxarji
weli
1967
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
2002

danaxarji
(miliard dolarSi)
3,2 $
6,8
14,1
34,0
69,6
107,4
177,1
253,7

danaxarji
(mSp-is procenti)
0,4 %
0,7
0,9
1,2
1,7
1,9
2,4
2,2

wyaro: Congressional Budget Office [2003, gv. 156-157].

10.1 cxrili gviCvenebs, Tu rogor icvleba droTa ganmavlobaSi

`mediqearze~ gaweuli danaxarjebi. monacemebi gamoxatulia dolarSi da
agreTve mocemulia mSp-is procentis saxiTac. 1967 wels `mediqearis~
292

danaxarji 3,2 miliard aSS dolars Seadgenda, rac mSp-is daaxloebiT

0,4%-s udrida. 2002 wlisaTvis maCvenebeli 253 miliard dolaramde
gaizarda da, Sesabamisad, mSp-is 2,2% Seadgina. ukanaskneli aTwleulis
ganmavlobaSi `mediqearis~ zrdis ganakveTma federaluri danaxarjebis
zrdis ganakveTs gauswro. swored amitom warmoiqmna seriozuli
politikuri interesi imisa, rom `mediqearis~ tvirTi federalur
biujetze Semsubuqdes. xalxi kargad aris informirebuli `mediqearis~
finansuri problemebis Sesaxeb, romelTa gadawyvetazec didi dro da
energia ixarjeba. am problemis gadaWris SesaZlo variantebia:
amJamindeli beneficiarebis tvirTis gazrda. problemis gadaWris
erT-erTi
alternativa
yovelTviuri
gadasaxadis,
TanadazRvevis
ganakveTisa da daxmarebis miRebis damtkicebuli asakis gazrdaa.
aRniSnuli alternativa sakmaod seriozulad damuSavda 1997 wels, Tumca
sakanonmdeblo process ver gauZlo.
fasebis kontroli. adreuli 1980-iani wlebidan `mediqearis~
danaxarjebis Semcirebis saukeTeso meTodad momsaxurebis provaiderebis
mier miRebuli fasebis kontroli miiCneoda. ase magaliTad, 1984 wels
`mediqearis~ A komponentma gaweuli danaxarjis anazRaurebis sistemidan
samomavlo anazRaurebis sistemaze gadainacvla, romlis farglebSic HI
saavadmyofos
uxdis
Tanxas,
romelic
damokidebulia
pacientis
avamdyofobis xarisxze da ganisazRvreba pacientis mkurnalobamde.
`mediqearis~ B komponenti gazrdili periodis ganmavlobaSi eqimisaTvis
gadasaxdeli
`gayinuli~
(ucvleli)
gadasaxadiT
xasiaTdeba.
aq
moculobis Sesrulebis standarti moqmedebs, rac zrdis misaReb
ganakveTs uzrunvelyofs, romlis safuZvelzec eqimis momsaxurebaze
danaxarjebis gaweva xdeba. standartis Seusrulebloba isjeba. fasebis
kontrolis proceduris administrireba Zalian rTulia (moqmedebs
`mediqearis~ reglamenti, romlis moculoba daaxloebiT 100000 gverdia)
da xSirad arasasurvel uaryofiT gverdiT efeqts warmoqmnis xolme.
kontrolis
yvelaze
negatiuri
Sedegi
`mediqearis~
pacientis
mkurnalobaze samkurnalo dawesebulebebis naklebi mzadyofna aris. ase
magaliTad, mas Semdeg, rac 2002 wels `mediqearma~ eqimis momsaxurebis
gadasaxadis 5,4%-iani sayovelTao Semcireba gamoacxada, samedicino
dawesebulebaTa mniSvnelovnma nawilma ubralod Sewyvita `mediqearis~
pacientis miReba da mkurnaloba (floridis Statis qalaq jeqsonvilis
maios klinikis filialis CaTvlT) [Rosenberg, 2002, gv. 11]. nebismier
SemTxvevaSi, 10.1 cxrilSi mocemuli monacemebis safuZvelze `mediqeari~,
sxvadasxva saxis sakontrolo meqanizmebis arsebobis miuxedavad, kvlav
ganagrZobs uwyvet da swraf zrdas.
kontrolirebadi dazRveva. rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, amerikaSi
samedicino momsaxurebas kerZo seqtori uzrunvelyofs. kontrolirebadi
dazRvevis
alternativa
dRes
ukve
`gaweuli
momsaxurebisaTvis
gadasaxadis gadaxdis~ tradiciul midgomaze calsaxad dominirebs da
igi `mediqeidis~ programisaTvis TandaTan ufro seriozul datvirTvas
iZens. 1997 wels miRebuli kanonmdebloba individs imisaken ubiZgebs, rom
kontrolirebad dazRvevaSi miiRos monawileoba. miuxedavad amisa, es
alternativa
arcTu
popularulia:
aseT
dazRvevaSi
`mediqearis~
beneficiarTa mxolod 15% CaerTo [Cutler, 2002, gv. 11]. ufro mogvianebiT,
293

`mediqearis~ programas am ukanasknelis mier SeTavazebuli anazRaurebis

dabali tarifis gamo bevri HMO gamoeTiSa. nebismier SemTxvevaSi,
rTulia imisi prognozireba, kontrolirebadi dazRvevis saSualebiT
jandacvis xarjis arsebuli done momavalSic SenarCundeba Tu ara.
uimedo avadmyofTa saavadmyofo (hospisi) da saxlSi mkurnaloba.
`mediqearis~ beneficiarebi uimedo mdgomareobaSic ki (sikvdilis win)
samkurnalo
dawesebulebaTa
momsaxurebas
iyeneben.
sicocxlis
ukanasknel weliwads mkurnalobaze gaweuli xarjebi `mediqearis~
danaxarjebis
27%-s
Seadgens.
`mediqearis~
principebis
Tanaxmad,
ukurnebeli seniT Sepyrobil pacients maqsimalurad unda Seumsubuqdes
mdgomareoba.
`mediqeari~
ar
iTvaliswinebs
momakvdavi
pacientis
mkurnalobas mtkivneuli da ZviradRirebuli procedurebiT, romelTa
mizani
pacientis
sicocxlis
gaxangrZlivebaa.
swored
pirveli
mosazrebis gamo, `mediqearis~ wesebis Tanaxmad, ukurnebeli seniT
daavadebul pacients aqvs saSualeba, uimedo avadmyofTa saavadmyofoSi
(hospisSi) imkurnalos. rogorc garberi, makardi da maklelani [1999]
mogviTxroben,
aseTi
cvlilebis
gatarebis
Sedegad
sicocxlis
ukanasknel periodSi gaweuli samkurnalo xarjebi ar Semcirebula. maT
daadgines, rom momakvdavi beneficiarebis mier saavadmyofoebSi vizitebis
raodenoba Semcirda, magram, samagierod, proporciulad gaizarda
hospisiTa da sxva momsaxurebiT sargeblobis SemTxvevebi, rac aranairi
danazogis gakeTebis saSualebas ar iZleva.
samkurnalo danazogis angariSi (Medical Savings Accounts - MSAs).
`mediqearis~ danaxarjebis Semcirebis mcdelobaTa umetesoba ZiriTad
aqcents
janmrTelobis
dacvis
provaiderebze,
anu
samkurnalo
dawesebulebebze akeTebda. Tumca gamoikveTa alternatiuli midgomac,
romelic momxmarebels sakmaod Zlier stimuls sTavazobda, rom am
ukanasknels janmrTelobis dacvis xarji Seemcirebina. `mediqearis~
pacientebis didi nawili, anazRaurebadi xarjebis fonze, Zalian mcire
xarjs gaswevs (an ar gaswevs saerTod). amis sapirispirod, seriozuli
daavadebis sadazRvevo polisis pirobebSi, individi ixdis Tavisi
mkurnalobis xarjebs, im SemTxvevis garda, Tu xarji Zalian maRali ar
aris. maRali danaxarjis anazRaurebas ki ukve sakuTar Tavze mzRveveli
iRebs. amdenad, individs surs, Cveulebrivi, regularuli danaxarjebi
akontrolos. kidev erTxel vimeorebT, rom individs seriozuli
avadmyofobis SemTxvevaSi samkurnalo xarji aunazRaurdeba.
`mediqearis~ C nawilis farglebSi beneficiarTa SezRudul
raodenobas SeuZlia, gaxsnas da flobdes samkurnalo danazogis
angariSs, romelic, faqtobrivad, seriozuli avadmyofobis sadazRvevo
poliss warmoadgens. mTavroba iyenebs fulis nawils, romelic
daxarjuli iqneba imisaTvis, rom individma kontrolirebadi dazRvevis
RonisZiebebSi miiRos monawileoba da sadazRvevo polisi Seisyidos,
romelSic dauzRveveli minimumi sakmaod maRalia (daaxloebiT 6000 aSS
dolari). fulis danarCeni nawili angariSzea deponirebuli. mas Semdeg,
rac dauzRveveli minimumis Sevseba moxdeba, angariSze arsebuli Tanxis
gamoyeneba SesaZlebeli iqneba. garkveuli moTxovnebis dakmayofilebis
Semdeg angariSze darCenili Tanxa pirdapir miemarTeba individis
jibeSi _ misi gamoyeneba Tavisufladaa SesaZlebeli arasamkurnalo
294

mizniT.
swored
amis
gamo
individs
yovelTvis
janmrTelobis dacvaze gaweuli xarjebi dazogos.

aqvs

stimuli,

faqtobrivad, MSA-s mizania, ebrZolos dazRvevasTan asocirebul

moralur risks. pacients `Warbi~ mkurnalobis gamoyenebis stimuli
uqreba, radgan danaxarji alternatiul Rirebulebas iZens. Tumca es
midgoma araxelsayreli SerCevis problemas verafriT umklavdeba _
sadazRevo polisi maRali dauzRveveli minimumiT mosaxleobis yvelaze
janmrTel nawils miizadavs, romelsac imedi aqvs, rom igi yvelaze
nakleb
samkurnalo
xarjs
gaswevs.
Sedegad
`mediqearis~
sxva
komponentebs mouwevT SedarebiT ufro uaresi janmrTelobis (da,
amdenad, Zviri) pacientebis momsaxureba. nebismier SemTxvevaSi, MSA
mxolod 1997 wlidan dainerga da dRes xelmisawvdomia monawileTa
mxolod SezRuduli raodenobisaTvis. amdenad, dRes maTi muSaobis
arcTu ise bevri Sedegia TvalsaCino.
yvelaze samwuxaro azri, albaT, isaa, rom daSvebuli polisi,
romelic grZelvadian perspeqtivaSi `mediqearis~ danaxarjebis zrdas
SeewinaaRmdegeba, ar arsebobs. Cven mogvianebiT davinaxavT, rom arsebobs
mTeli rigi mosazrebani, romelTa Tanaxmad, samkurnalo xarjebis zrda
gamowveulia im Zalebis zemoqmedebiT, romlebzec saxelSekrulebo
kompensaciis sakontrolo areali ar vrceldeba.
janmrTelobis dazRvevis aracxadi subsidia
mTavrobis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani zemoqmedeba janmrTelobis
dacvis
bazarze
federaluri
sagadasaxado
kanonis
saSualebiT
warmoiqmneba, romlis Tanaxmad, individis xelfasi saxelmwifo sapensio,
saxelfaso da saSemosavlo gadasaxadebiT ibegreba, magram ar ibegreba
damqiraveblis mier samedicino dazRvevis polisis SeZena. ase magaliTad,
Tu Tqvenma damqiravebelma xelfasi 2000 dolariT gagizardaT, maSin
Tqven mogiwevT gazrdili Tanxis Sesabamisi gazrdili gadasaxadebis
gadaxda. magram, Tu Tqveni damqiravebeli am 2000 dolars Tqveni
sadazRvevo polisis dasafinanseblad gamoiyenebs, maSin Tqven mier
gadasaxdel gadasaxads arc erTi centi ar moemateba. kanonmdeblobis
Sedegis ufro meti TvalsaCinoebisaTvis davuSvaT, rom individis
xelfasi ibegreba kombinirebuli gadasaxadiT 38%-is odenobiT. gamodis,
rom TiToeuli miRebuli dolaridan individis gankargulebaSi aris
mxolod 62 centi. amis sapirispirod, individis damqiraveblis mier
sadazRvevo polisis dasafinanseblad gaRebuli TiToeuli dolariT
zustad erTi dolari Rirebulebis sadazRvevo momsaxurebis SeZena xdeba
(anu am SemTxvevaSi Tanxa absoluturad Tavisufalia yovelgvari
gadasaxadisagan). faqtobrivad, sagadasaxado kodeqsis am debulebis
Tanaxmad, janmrTelobis dazRvevis polisis Sesyidvis subsidireba sxva
saqonlis mimarT misi alternatiuli Rirebulebis Semcirebis gziTaa
SesaZlebeli.
praqtikulad,
subsidiis
moculoba
sakmaod
didia.
gruberisa da poterbis kvlevis [1996, gv. 149] Tanaxmad, igi damqiraveblis
mier uzrunvelyofili janmrTelobis dazRvevis Sesabamis Rirebulebas
daaxloebiT 32%-iT amcirebs. janmrTelobis dazRvevis SesaZeni Tanxis
gamoqviTva sagadasaxado bazidan wliurad amerikis xazinas daaxloebiT

295

75
miliardi
Semosavali).

dolari

ujdeba

(gauTvaliswinebeli

sagadasaxado

aracxadi subsidiis arsebobis gamo momuSave janmrTelobis

dazRvevis formiT ganxorcielebul ufro maRal kompensacias iTxovs,
vidre sxva pirobebSi moiTxovda. amdenad, janmrTelobis dazRvevis
paketi TandaTan ufro yovlismomcveli da farTo xdeba. analogiurad,
subsidia ubiZgebs damqiravebels, sadazRvevo polisi iseTi momsaxurebiT
Seavsos da gaafarToos, rogoricaa Tvalis mkurnaloba da yoveldRiuri
stolmatologiuri momsaxureba.
araferia cudi sadazRvevo polisis SeZenaSi: igi adamianTa
cxovrebiseul kritikul saWiroebebs avsebs. Tumca efeqtianobis
misaRwevad
sadazRvevo
polisis
SeZenis
procesSi
momxmarebeli
gadawyvetilebas misi zRvruli Rirebulebis (ix. mesame Tavi) safuZvelze
iRebs. subsidiis wyalobiT, momxmareblis mier gadasaxadeli fasi
polisis zRvrul Rirebulebaze ufro dabalia, rac momxmarebels imisken
ubiZgebs, rom saWiroze meti sadazRvevo momsaxurebis paketi SeiZinos.
Sesabamisad, aseTi individi saWiroze met samedicino momsaxurebasac
moixmars. bevri analitikosi darwmunebulia, rom swored aseTi
tendenciis Sedegad izrdeba mkurnalobaze gaweuli danaxarji da,
amdenad, damqiraveblis mier uzrunvelyofili janmrTelobis dazRvevis
dabegvrac saWiro xdeba.
arsebobs
mniSvnelovani
argumentebi
imis
Taobaze,
rom
sagadasaxado subsidia `Warbi~ moculobis sadazRvevo momsaxurebis
gamoyenebas iwvevs. garkveuli masStabiT, teqnologiuri cvlileba
janmrTelobis dacvis industriaSi sadazRvevo sistemis xelgaSlilobiT
iyo gamowveuli _ janmrTelobis dazRvevis wyalobiT, individi uflebas
aZlevs sakuTar Tavs, ZviradRirebuli axali procedurebiT isargeblos.
aseT viTarebaSi mwarmoebeli mzadaa, axali momsaxureba Seqmnas. ibadeba
aseTi kiTxva: iqneb sagadasaxado subsidia saTaves Zalian bevr siaxles
udebs? sazogadoebrivi saqonlis Teoriis Tanaxmad (ixileT meoTxe Tavi),
kerZo bazari saTanado da jerovan inovacias ver qmnis. samedicino
inovaciebis
Sesaxeb
Catarebulma
kvlevam
cxadyo,
rom
igi
sazogadoebrivi produqtis niSan-Tvisebebs atarebs _ arakonkurentuli
da sayovelTao moxmarebiT xasiaTdeba. aseT SemTxvevaSi SesaZloa,
CaiTvalos, rom subsidia
racionaluria.
faqtobrivad,
zogierTi
mtkicebuleba cxadyofs, rom samedicino inovaciis socialuri ukugebis
masStabi kerZo ukugebis moculobas aRemateba [Cutler and McClellan, 2001].
amrigad, jer kidev gaurkvevelia, aracxadi sagadasaxado subsidia
amcirebs Tu ara efeqtianobas.

wyvili problema: xelmisawvdomoba da Rirebuleba

janmrTelobis dacvis arsebuli sistemis kritika ori ZiriTadi
monaTesave
mimarTulebiT
xdeboda:
janmrTelobis
dacvis
xelmisawvdomoba da misi Rirebuleba. winamdebare nawili ufro
detalurad ganixilavs am or sakiTxs.
296

xelmisawvdomoba
65 wlamde asakis amerikelebis 83%-ia dazRveuli, xolo danarCeni
17%, anu 41 milioni adamiani, dauzRvevelia. 65 wlamde asakis
dauzRveveli mosaxleobis procentuli maCvenebeli droTa ganmavlobaSi
izrdeba. 1979 wels aRniSnuli maCvenebeli mxolod 14,7% iyo.
dauzRveveli mosaxleoba amerikis janmrTelobis dacvis sistemis mTavar
sazrunavs warmoadgens.
dauzRvevelTa jgufi sakmaod mravalferovania. ase magaliTad, im
mosaxleobis 31%, romelTa Semosavali siRaribis zRvars qvemoTaa,
dauzRvevelia. amave dros, dauzRvevelia im mosaxleobis 7,7%, romlis
Semosavali 75000 aSS dolars aRemateba. dasaqmebis faqtoris safuZvelze
SesaZlebelia, iTqvas, rom naxevar ganakveTze dasaqmebuli mosaxleobis
daaxloebiT 22% dauzRvevelia. Tumca dauzRvevelia srul ganakveTze
momuSave pirTa daaxloebiT 16%-ic [US Census Bureau, 2002b]. marTlac,
dauzRvevel moqalaqeTa umetesoba dasaqmebulia, an maTi ojaxis wevrebi
mainc arian dasaqmebulni. individis mier janmrTelobis dazRvevis
polisis flobis albaToba im firmis moculobis proporciulad
izrdeba, romelSic dasaqmebulia individi, rac, savaraudod, imiTaa
gamowveuli,
rom
dazRvevis
Rirebuleba
firmis
moculobazea
damokidebuli. dasaqmebulTa ricxovnobis zrdasTan erTad TiToeuli
momuSavis
sadazRvevo
polisTan
dakavSirebuli
administraciuli
danaxarji klebulobs. ufro metic, firma, sadac bevri adamiania
dasaqmebuli, adamianTa did jgufze daavadebis gavrcelebis met
saSiSroebas qmnis, amdenad, maT aqvTYSesaZlebloba, sadazRvevo polisi
ufro xelsayreli ganakveTiT SeiZinon.
mniSvnelovania,
gaviazroT,
rom
janmrTelobis
dazRvevis
ararseboba da Tavad janmrTelobis dacvis ararseboba erTi da igive ar
aris. zogierTi individi janmrTelobis dacvis xarjebs sakuTari
jibidan gaiRebs, Tumca dauzRveveli individi saSualod mkurnalobis
mxolod 44%-s ixdis. ufaso mkurnalobas maTTvis uzrunvelyofs
saavadmyofoebi. 2001 wels aSS-is saavadmyofoebSi ufasod Catarda
mkurnaloba (romlis Rirebuleba 24 miliardi aSS dolari iyo).
mkurnaloba
sxva
mxareTa
mier
gadaxdili
zrdadi
gadasaxadis
saSualebiT dafinansda [Hadley and Holahan, 2003]. miuxedavad amisa,
dauzRveveli individi ufro nakleb samedicino momsaxurebas moixmars,
vidre janmrTelobis analogiuri problemis mqone dazRveuli individi.
saocaria is faqti, rom jer kidev bundovania, Tu rogor aisaxeba
mkurnalobis aseTi simwire janmrTelobis mdgomareobaze. rogorc meeri
da rouzi [2003] aRniSnaven, mzardi dazRvevis wyalobiT, dauzRvevelis
janmrTelobis mdgomareoba umjobesdeba. Tumca aRsaniSnavia isic, rom
zogierTi kvleva sruliad sawinaaRmdegos amtkicebs.
ratom izrdeba dauzRvevel individTa proporciuli wili? am
SemTxvevaSi mTavari da ZiriTadi faqtori dazRvevis Rirebulebaa.
janmrTelobis dazRveva TandaTan ufro Zvirdeba, individs Tavisi
xelfasidan sadazRvevo momsaxurebis paketis misaRebad sul ufro meti
Tanxis daxarjva uxdeba. zogierT SemTxvevaSi individs ar uRirs
dazRvevaSi fulis gadaxda. marTlac, dazRveviT sargeblobs im
297

momuSaveTa mxolod 89%, visTvisac xelmisawvdomia damqiraveblis mier

uzrunvelyofili dazRveva [Cooper and Schone, 1997]. dabali Semosavlis
mqone
individs
urCevnia,
ar
isargeblos
damqiraveblis
mier
uzrunvelyofili dazRveviT. misi saxelfaso gadasaxadi imdenad mcirea,
rom misTvis sul erTia, gamoakldeba Tu ara dasabegr Tanxas dazRvevis
uzrunvelyofaze gaRebuli Tanxa. amdenad, janmrTelobis dacvis
sistemaze
xelmisawvdomobis
Semcirebis
tendencia
mkurnalobis
Rirebulebis zrdis tendencias mWidrod ukavSirdeba.
Rirebuleba
cxrili 10.2 saxelmwifo danaxarjebi janmrTelobis dacvaze (SerCeuli
periodis ganmavlobaSi)

weli

sruli danaxarji
(miliard dolarSi)

1970
1980
1990
1997
2000
2011

73 $
246
696
1091
1300
2800*

mSp-s procenti
7,0 %
8,8
12,0
13,1
13,2
17,0*

saxelmwifos wili
janmrTelobaze gaweul
mTliani danaxarjebSi
37,8 %
42,7
40,6
46,0
45,2
-

prognozi
* moicavs federalur, Statebisa da adgilobriv danaxarjs
wyaro: Health United States 2002, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [http://www.cdc.gov/].
prognozi 2011 wlisaTvis, romelic mogvawoda `mediqearisa~ da `mediqeidis~ serviscentrebma [http://www.cms.hhs.gov/].

cxrili 10.3. erT sulze gaweuli faqtobrivi danaxarji janmrTelobaze

zogierT qveyanaSi*

kanada

2535 $

germania

2748

iaponia

2012

didi britaneTi

1763

amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi

4631

* aSS dolari

298

wyaro: Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, OECD Health Data 2002, cxrili 9.
[http://www.oecd.org/].

10.2 cxrili aSS-Si janmrTelobis

dacvis Rirebulebis zrdis
daujerebel ganakveTs gviCvenebs. 1970 wels janmrTelobis dacvaze gaweuli
xarjebi mSp-is 7,1%-s Seadgenda. dRes es maCvenebeli daaxloebiT 13,2%-s
utoldeba da, prognozis Tanaxmad, 2011 wlisaTvis 17%-s gautoldeba. 10.3
cxrili gviCvenebs aSS-is danaxarjebs sxva qveynebis fonze. cxrili cxadyofs,
rom amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi ufro mets xarjavs TiToeuli moqalaqis
janmrTelobis dacvaze, vidre kanada, germania, iaponia an didi britaneTi.
sainteresoa is faqti, rom, miuxedavad imisa, rom amerika ufro met danaxarjs
gaswevs, vidre aRniSnuli qveynebi, grZelvadiani perspeqtivis fonze, aRniSnuli
danaxarjebis zrdis ganakveTi am qveynebis imave ganakveTs ar Seesabameba. aseTi
dakvirveba kargadaa dokumentirebuli 10.2 cxrilSi, romelic
mSp-Si
janmrTelobis dacvaze gaweuli danaxarjebis procentul wils gviCvenebs.
janrTelobis dacvis dafinanseba aRniSnul oTx qveyanaSi aSS-sagan sruliad
gansxvavebulad warmoebs. konkretulad ki am qveynebSi janmrTelobis dacvas
damqiravebeli ar uzrunvelyofs, rogorc es
aSS-Si xdeba da mTavroba
fasebis dawesebaSi ufro mniSvnelovan rols TamaSobs. amdenad, Tu Cven gvsurs,
aSS-Si janmrTelobis dacvaze gaweuli danaxarjebis zrdis aseTi ganakveTi
avxsnaT, ar unda gavakeToT eqskluziuri aqcenti mxolod im faqtorebze,
romlebic amerikisaTvis unikalurad iTvleba. Cven SevecdebiT, mokled
gagacnoT niuhauzis [1992a] mier Catarebuli kvleva, romelic ecada, gamoeTvala,
ramdenad zemoqmedebs TiToeuli qvemoT moyvanili faqtori zrdis ganakveTze.

grafiki 10.2

299

amerikis dabereba. 1980 wels aSS-is mosaxleobis 11,1% 65 wels

gadacilebuli iyo; dRes es maCvenebeli 12,4%-ia. imave periodis ganmavlobaSi 85
wels gadacilebuli mosaxleobis wili 1,0%-dan 1,5%-mde gaizarda [US Bureau of
the Census, 2002, gv. 13]. TandaTan moxucdeba mosaxleoba, amdenad, mosalodnelia
janmrTelobis dacvaze gaweuli xarjebis zrda. ramdenad xsnis amerikis
daberebis fenomeni danaxarjebis zrdis tendencias? imisaTvis, rom am kiTxvaze
uxeSi pasuxi mainc mieRo, niuhauzma gamoiTvala, Tu ramdenad Seicvleboda
mTliani danaxarji, Tu sulze gaweuli danaxarji TiToeul asakobriv jgufSi
ucvleli darCeboda, rogorc es 1950 wlidan 1987 wlamde iyo da mxolod
asakobrivi jgufSi gaerTianebuli adamianebis raodenoba Seicvleboda. man
aRmoaCina, rom cvlileba asakobriv struqturaSi danaxarjis Zalian mcire
proporciiT zrdas iwvevs.

Semosavlis zrda. Semosavlis zrdasTan erTad izrdeba moTxovna

samedicino momsaxurebaze. amdenad, Semosavlis zrda SesaZloa, janmrTelobis
dacvis danaxarjebis zrdas iwvevdes. samedicino momsaxurebis moTxovnis
ekonometrikuli analizis safuZvelze niuhauzma gansazRvra, rom samedicino
momsaxurebis moTxovnasTan asocirebuli Semosavlis elastiuroba 0,2-sa da 0,4s Soris meryeobs, anu Semosavlis 10%-iani zrda samedicino momsaxurebaze
moTxovnis 2-4%-iT zrdas iwvevs. elastiurobis gamravlebis Sedegad Semosavlis
faqtobriv procentul zrdasTan dakavSirebiT niuhauzma gaarkvia, rom
Semosavlis zrda janmrTelobis xarjebis daaxloebiT 10%-iT zrdas iwvevs.
mdidari sazogadoeba janmrTelobis dacvis ufro da ufro srulyofil pakets
iTxovs. Tumca Semosavlis zrda erTpirovnulad ar iwvevs janmrTelobis
dacvis danaxarjis zrdas.

mesame mxaris gadasaxadi. 10.1 cxrilSi Cven vxedavT, rom dazRveva

samedicino momsaxurebaze arsebul moTxovnas zrdis. gaixseneT, rom Cveni
mizania, avxsnaT, Tu mkurnalobis xarji ganuxrelad ratom izrdeba. imisaTvis,
rom mesame mxaris gadaxda amgvari xarjebis zrdis mizezi gaxdes, aucilebelia,
sadazRvevo momsaxurebis sfero gafarTovdes. dazRveul adamianTa ricxvi
izrdeba. miuxedavad amisa, rogorc niuhauzis mier Catarebuli gamokvlevebi
cxadyofs, dazRveulTa ricxovnobis gazrdaze samkurnalo xarjebis zrdis
mxolod erTi mervedi modis. marTlac, is saSualo ganakveTi, romlis
mixedviTac saavadmyofos xarjebis anazRaureba xdeboda, 1980-iani wlebidan
ucvlelia, maSin rodesac saavadmyofos faqtobrivi danaxarji daaxloebiT 50%iT gaizarda [gv. 7].

xarisxis gaumjobeseba. niuhauzma daadgina, rom yvela zemoT miTiTebuli

da zogierTi sxva faqtoris
(`dazRveviTi medicina~,
administraciuli
danaxarjebi) zemoqmedebaze samkurnalo xarjis zrdis ganakveTis naxevarze
odnav naklebi modis. igi amtkicebda, rom danarCen zrdaze pasuxismgebeli
teqnologiuri
progresia.
ufro
intensiuri
gaxda
eqimTa
treningebi,
gaumjobesda samedicino aparatura da aRWurviloba. ukanaskneli ramdenime

300

aTwleuli samedicino teqnologiis STambeWdavi ganviTarebis mowmea. amis

Sedegad samedicino momsaxurebis xarisxi gaumjobesda, mag.: diagnostikuri
saSualebebi, qirurgiuli operaciebi da sxvadasxva daavadebis Terapiuli
mkurnaloba. dRes gulis Setevis mkurnaloba sruliad gansxvavdeba im
procedurisagan, romelsac analogiuri avadmyofobis SemTxvevaSi 1970 wels
atarebdnen. faqtobrivad, iseTi inovaciebi, rogoricaa koronaruli Suntirebis
operacia da gulis kaTeterizacia gulis daavadebis mqone pacientis danaxarjs
zrdis. amave dros, maT, faqtobrivad, Seamcires janmrTelobis Sedegis miRwevis
Rirebuleba (magaliTad: reabilitacia saavadmyofoSi gulis Setevis dros)
[Newhouse, 2001].

dRes zogierTi samedicino teqnikuri miRweva sakmaod iaffasiani gaxda. im

pacientisaTvis
aspirinis
gamowera,
romelsac
gulis
Seteva
hqonda,
mniSvnelovnad zrdis misi gadarCenis albaTobas. magram sakmaod Zviria axali
samedicino teqnologia. aseTia magaliTad, pozitronis saemisio tomografi (PET
positron emission tomography), romelsac magnitur-rezonansul tomografze an
rentgenis aparatze swrafad SeuZlia ujredSi cvlilebis aRmoCena, vidre
moxdeba simsivnis warmoqmna. amdenad, ukve CamoTvlili faqtorebis ararsebobis
pirobebSic ki samedicino danaxarjebis zrda moxdeboda.

Teoria teqnologiis Sesaxeb gvexmareba, avxsnaT, Tu yvela qveyanaSi

janmrTelobis dacvis xarji ratom izrdeba, miuxedavad imisa, rom sxvadasxva
qveyanaSi samedicino momsaxurebis dafinansebisa da miwodebis sistema
sxvadasxvanairia (ix. 10.2 cxrili). aRniSnul sazogadoebebs erTi calsaxa niSani
aerTianebT
_
isini
teqnikur
ZviradRirebul
inovacias
erTnairad
eqvemdebarebian.

Teoria
teqnologiis
Sesaxeb
sruliad Rirebulebis
(danaxarjis)
SenarCunebis faqtorsac sxvanair Suqs hfens. gana cudia, Tuki Rirebuleba
(danaxarji) xarisxis gaumjobesebis gamo izrdeba? am SemTxvevaSi ZiriTadi
SekiTxva aris is, afasebs Tu ara individi amgvar inovacias zRvruli
sazogadoebrivi danaxarjis safuZvelze. WeSmariti pasuxi am SekiTxvaze
ucnobia, Tumca niuhauzi sakmaod provokaciul mosazrebas warmoTqvams: `Tu
momxmarebelTa umetesoba axal teqnologias jerovnad ar afasebs, maSin ratom
ar vendobiT im firmas, romelic 1960-iani wlebis medikamentebis imave periodis
fasebSi SemoTavazebas cdilobs?~ (gv. 6).

aRniSnul arguments marfisa da topelis [2000] kalkulaciebi amagrebs,

romelTa Tanaxmad, sicocxlis mosalodneli xangrZlivobis zrdam aSS-is
saxelmwifo simdidres 1970-1990 wlebSi daaxloebiT 2,8 trilioni aSS dolari
(1992 wlis dolarSi) Semata. nebismieri aseTi gamoTvla ramdenime mizezis gamo
miaxloebiTia. pirveli, rogor SeiZleba dolaris saxiT warmovadginoT
gaxangrZlivebuli sicocxlis yoveli weliwadi? marfi da topeli Semdegi

301

statistikuri SefasebebiT sargebloben: momuSave im samsaxurSi, romelic mis

sicocxles did risks uqmnis, maRal xelfass iTxovs. es midgoma Semdeg TavSia
ganxiluli. meore, ar aris calsaxad dadasturebuli, rom sicocxlis
gaxangrZliveba janmrTelobis dacvis stilis gaumjobesebiT aris gamowveuli.
marfi da topeli aRniSnaven, rom `wliuri zrdis Tanxis (2,8 trilioni aSS
dolari) Semadgeneli daaxloebiT 1,5 trilioni aSS dolari gulis daavadebis
letaluri Sedegis Semcirebis wyalobiT dagrovda _ es aris is sfero, sadac
rogorc prevenciis, aseve saswrafo daxmarebisa da mkurnalobis miRwevebi
Zalian mniSvnelovania~ (gv. 24). mesame, miuxedavad imisa, rom sicocxlis
gaxangrZlivebis faqtori Zalian mniSvnelovania, zogadad, samedicino sferoSi
miRweulma warmatebebma adamianTa cxovrebis xarisxi gaaumjobesa, rac aseve
aranakleb yuradsaRebi faqtoria. ifiqreT ubralod menj-barZayis proTezirebis
operaciis, `viagras~, `koqs 2~-is Semanelebeli iseTi agentis Sesaxeb,
rogoricaa
arTritis
tkivilis
Sesamsubuqebeli
`vioqsi~,
agreTve
artroskopiuli qirurgiis Sesaxeb. cxadia, rTulia da zogjer SeuZlebelic ki,
aseTi progresi dolariT gamovxatoT. Sedegi ki, marTlac, umniSvnelovanesia.
amdenad, miuxedavad marfisa da topelis daaxloebiTi gamoTvlebisa, maT mier
gamoTqmuli ZiriTadi mosazreba imis Taobaze, rom janmrTelobis dacvaze
gaweul xarjs udidesi da Seufasebeli Sedegi moaqvs, calsaxa da zustia.

amdenad, xSirad SexvdebiT sxvadasxva mosazrebebs imis Taobaze,

samkurnalo
xarjebis
gazrda
ganpirobebulia
Tu
ara
teqnologiuri
cvlilebiT. sainteresoa, rom mizez-Sedegobriv kavSirs, garkveulwilad,
sruliad sxva mimarTulebiT mivyavarT _ danaxarjis zrda samedicino inovaciis
rentabelurobis zrdas iwvevs da, amdenad, teqnologiur progress waaxalisebs.
cxadia, rTulia am mosazrebis Semowmeba, Tumca arsebobs mtkicebulebani,
romlebic cxadyofs, rom realurad, marTlac, ase xdeba xolme. finkelSteinma
[2003] aRniSna, rom 1993 wels `mediqearma~ yvela beneficiarisaTvis gripis
sawinaaRmdego
vaqcinaciis
Rirebulebis
yovelgvari
Tanagadaxdis,
an
dauzRveveli minimumis gareSe, anazRaureba daiwyo. man aRmoaCina, rom
aRniSnuli cvlilebis gatarebis Semdeg farmacevtulma firmam mniSvnelovnad
maRali
investicia
ganaxorciela
imisaTvis,
rom
gripis
axali
da
gaumjobesebuli vaqcinebi Seqmniliyo.

amrigad, ar arsebobs mizezi, vifiqroT, rom samkurnalo xarjebis zrda

TavisTavad negatiuri faqtoria, an mSp-is optimaluri procentuli wili
arsebobs, romelic janmrTelobis dacvis xarjebis anazRaurebas unda daeTmos.
fasis SenarCunebis iseTi meqanizmi, romelic teqnologiur progress aferxebs,
sazogadoebis mdgomareobas mxolod gaauaresebs.

302

saxelmwifos axleburi roli janmrTelobis dacvis sistemaSi

Seqmnili mdgomareobis gamo kritikosebi Tvlian, rom ubralod
SeuZlebelia,
fasebi
CamoviyvanoT
`misaReb~
doneze
federaluri
mTavrobis mier Seqmnili sistemis fundamenturi Secvlis gareSe. amdenad,
kritikosebi imisaTvis, rom Semcirdes dauzRvevel moqalaqeTa ricxvi,
saxelmwifos intervencias aucilebel faqtorad miiCneven.
bevri daiwera jandacvis sistemaSi mTavrobis rolis gazrdis
Sesaxeb. axla ganvixiloT yvelaze seriozuli da gamorCeuli midgomebi
da SesaZleblobebi.
individualuri mandati. Statebis garkveuli nawili rezidentebs
avtomobilis dazRvevis SeZenas sTxovs. maSin ratomaa SeuZlebeli,
saxelmwifom TiToeul moqalaqes janmrTelobis dazRvevis ZiriTadi
paketis SeZena mosTxovos? amgvari ideis avtori memkvidreobis fondi
(Heritage Foundation) vaSingtonSi saxelmwifo politikis instituti iyo.
memkvidreobis fondis gegmis Tanaxmad, SenarCunebuli unda yofiliyo
`mediqearisa~ da `mediqeidis programebi, Tumca damqiraveblis mier
momuSaveTa janmrTelobis dazRvevaze gaweuli Tanxis dabegvra unda
dawyebuliyo. amis nacvlad damqiravebels momuSave janmrTelobis
dazRvevis vauCeriT unda uzrunveleyo, romlis saSualebiTac mas
sadazRvevo momsaxurebis Tavad (an sxva organizaciis, magaliTad,
eklesiis an sxva gaerTianebis saSualebiT) SeZenis SesaZlebloba
eqneboda. am ideis momxreebi Tvlidnen, rom `danaxarjis kontroli
saukeTeso meqanizmis saSualebiT moxdeba, danaxarji dabal doneze
SenarCundeba, maRal doneze darCeba efeqtianoba da xarisxi: es ki aris
momxmareblis arCevani konkurentul bazarze~ [Butler, 1992, gv. 42-43]. gegmas
mcire biurokratiuli aparati esaWiroeboda da igi momxmareblis
arCevanis uflebas, marTlac, icavda. iqneboda ki vauCeri sakmarisi
imisaTvis, rom individs sadazRvevo momsaxureba SeeZina? _ am kiTxvaze
pasuxi sakmaod bundovani da mravalmniSvnelovani iyo. garda amisa,
miwodebis mxares araxelsayreli SerCevis safrTxe warmoiqmneboda _
mzRveveli ar daazRvevda maRali riskis mqone individs. aseT SemTxvevaSi
sadazRvevo kompanias aseTi klientebisaTvis gadasaxadis gazrdis
ufleba unda miscemoda, an saWiro gaxdeboda iseTi meqanizmis danergva
da amuSaveba, romelic daavaldebulebda sadazRvevo kompanias, amgvari
klientebisaTvis momsaxureba gaewia. rogor moxdeboda mandatis danergva
da amoqmedeba? ra sadamsjelo meqanizmi iarsebebda im individisaTvis,
romelic sadazRvevo momsaxurebas ar SeiZenda? cixeSi Casvamdnen?
iqneboda ki raime daSvebuli finansuri jarima, romelic imdenad didi
iqneboda, rom yovel individs aiZulebda, sadazRvevo momsaxureba
SeeZina?
erTi provaideri
reformis erT-erTi gegma arsebuli janmrTelobis dazRvevis
bazris srul moSlas da mis nacvlad janmrTelobis dazRvevis
erTaderTi kompaniis amoqmedebas iTvaliswinebda. erTi provaideris
(erTi sadazRvevo kompaniis) dafinanseba gadasaxadebis saSualebiT
moxdeboda. kompanias yoveli moqalaqe, Semosavlisa da janmrTelobis
303

mdgomareobis miuxedavad, janmrTelobis dacvis gansazRvruli paketiT

unda uzrunveleyo, dazRveulze gaweuli pirdapiri danaxarjis gareSe.
Tu yvela moqalaqisaTvis savaldebulo iqneboda sistemaSi monawileobis
miReba, maSin araxelsayreli SerCevis problemac gadaiWreboda. aseTi
sistemis gansazRvruli formebi kanadasa da evropis ramdenime qveyanaSia
gamoyenebuli. kanadaSi samedicino momsaxurebas kerZo seqtori eweva,
anazRaurebis sakiTxi ki mTavrobasTan Tanxmdeba. did britaneTSi
jandacvis momsaxurebas sazogadoebrivi seqtori saxelmwifo jandacvis
samsaxuris saSualebiT axdens. amerikis SeerTebuli StatebisaTvis erTi
provaideris sistemis Camoyalbebis saukeTeso varianti `mediqearis~
samoqmedo sferos mTel mosaxleobaze gazrda da misi ara mxolod
xandazmulebze gavrcelebaa.
is faqti, rom erTi provaideris sistema individs janmrTelobis
dacvaze gaweuli xarjebis pirispir ar ayenebs, sistemis qomagTaTvis
udides upiratesobas, xolo sistemis kritikosebisaTvis ki yvelaze
seriozul negatiur mxares warmoadgens. am ideis momxreebi Tvlian, rom
friad araeTikuria, avadmyofi individi xarjebisa da Sedegis Sesaxeb
gadawyvetilebis miRebis winaSe daayeno. SeuZlebelia, erTsa da imave
dros man gaiaros mkurnalobis kursi da Tan mTeli aRfrTovanebiT
daafasos programis universaluri xelmisawvdomoba. imdenad, ramdenadac
pacienti Zalian cota samkurnalo xarjs ixdis, an ar ixdis arafers,
kritikosebi SeniSnaven, rom sistemis xarjis Semcirebis aranairi
stimuli ar arsebobs.
Tu fasi xarjebis normirebas ver axorcielebs, maSin aucilebelia
sxva meqanizmis amoqmedeba. im qveynebSi, sadac erTi provaideris sistema
moqmedebs, danaxarjebis normireba momsaxurebis miwodebis SezRudvis
gziT xdeba. winaswar dgeba jandacvis globaluri biujeti, romelic
fasebze kontrolisa da reglamentebis saSualebiT sruldeba, rac
aucilebel
samkurnalo
proceduraTa
safuZvelze
ganisazRvreba.
zogierT SemTxvevaSi aRniSnul proceduras samkurnalo proceduris
didi xnis lodini da zogjer masze uaris Tqmac mohyveba. did
britaneTSi, magaliTad, 65 wels gadacilebuli pacienti Tirkmlis
dializze arc ki daiSveba.
erTi provaideris sistemis kritikosebi ZiriTad aqcents akeTeben
imaze, rom sistema iRebs gadawyvetilebas imis Sesaxeb, Tu ramdeni unda
daxarjos janmrTelobis dacvaze individma da es gadawyvetileba
politikur arenaze gamoaqvs. ase magaliTad, kanadaSi yvela `aucilebeli
samkurnalo~ momsaxureba saxelmwifos mieraa dafinansebuli, Tumca
`samedicino saWiroebis~ definicia regionebisa da politikuri garemos
mixedviT gansxvavdeba. garda amisa, mniSvnelovani sakiTxia, ramdenad meti
dro esaWiroeba axali teqnologiis danergvas erTi provaideris
SemTxvevaSi decentralizebul sistemasTan SedarebiT. ditoni da paqsoni
[2001] amtkiceben, rom amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi sikvdilianobis
koeficienti daeca. amerikaSi amgvari tendenciis dafiqsirebis Semdeg
oTx weliwadSi sikvdilianoba did britaneTSic Semcirda. did
britaneTSi sikvdilianoba rom gvian Semcirda, mkvlevarebi im faqts
miaweren, rom didi britaneTis centralizebuli sistema axali da
ZviradRirebuli teqnologiebis damkvidrebis process aferxebs.
304

cxadia, ramdenime kazuistikuri mtkicebuleba arsebobs, romelic

adasturebs, rom erTi provaideris sistema kanadasa da dasavleT
evropaSi xangrZlivi perspeqtiviT sicocxlisunariani ar aris. rogorc
ukve aRvniSneT, jandacvis xarjebi, aSS-s msgavsad, am qveynebSic izrdeba.
kanadis jandacvis sistemis Sesaxeb ukanasknel periodSi gamoqveynebul
statiaSi aRniSnulia, rom `pacients grZel rigSi dgoma uwevs, sanam
diagnozs dausvamen an operacias gaukeTeben, rac ukargavs sazogadoebas
ndobas kanadis jandacvis sistemis mimarT~. amas Sedegad is mosdevs, rom
`yvela miiswrafvis kerZo samedicino momsaxurebisaken. pacienti mzadaa,
gadaixados fuli, oRond swrafi samedicino momsaxureba gauwion~
[krausi, 2003, gv. A3]. Zalian mniSvnelovania sistemis mier gaweuli
momsaxurebis sakiTxi. sakmaod seriozulia kanadis jandacvis sistemis
mimarT kritika: `arsebuli mdgomareobis pirobebSi, kanada mxolod imiT
unda amayobdes, rom
qveyanaSi dabali donis samedicino momsaxureba
yvelasaTvis erTnairad xelmisawvdomia~. Tumca kanadis jandacvis
sistemis
damcvelebi
Tvlian,
rom,
miuxedavad
imisa,
rom
amerikelebisaTvis ufro advilad xelmisawvdomia eqimis momsaxureba da
maT ar uwevT grZel rigSi dgoma, kanadasa da amerikaSi sicocxlis
xangrZlivobis maCvenebeli erTi da igivea. amrigad, mkurnalobis Sedegi,
mkurnalobaze gaweuli xarjebis garda, damokidebulia bevr sxva
faqtorzec. Cven am Temas mogvianebiT davubrundebiT.
gamowerili medikamentis Rirebulebis anazRaureba
rogorc individualuri mandatis, aseve erTi provaideris sistemis
SemoReba aSS jandacvis sistemaSi radikalur cvlilebebs gamoiwvevs.
alternatiuli midgoma arsebuli sistemis im pirobiT SenarCunebas
gulisxmobs, rom `mediqeari~ gamowerili medikamentis Rirebulebas
aanazRaurebs. rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, gamowerili medikamenti jandacvis
sferoSi udides rols TamaSobs, Tumca maTi Rirebulebis anazRaureba
`mediqearis~ mier, rogorc wesi, ar aris gaTvaliswinebuli.
gamowerili
medikamentis
anazRaurebis
programis Sedgenisas
gadasawyvetia mTeli rigi seriozuli sakiTxebi. ramdenad farTo unda
iyos programa? ramdeni unda iyos dauzRveveli minimumi da Tanagadaxdis
norma? vin miiRebs daxmarebas? `mediqearis~ TiToeuli beneficiari Tu
mxolod dabali Semosavlis mqone individi? rogorc nebismier
sadazRvevo programaSi, am SemTxvevaSic gaTvaliswinebul unda iqnas
araxelsayreli SerCevis sakiTxi. savaraudod, is individi, romelsac
yvelaze meti raodenobis medikamenti sWirdeba, programis monawile
gaxdeba, rac sadazRvevo Senatanis moculobas gazrdis. SesaZloa,
araxelsayreli SerCeva bazris miwodebis mxaresac arsebobdes _
sadazRvevo kompania ecdeba, SezRudos im individTa monawileoba
programaSi, romelsac, savaraudod, bevri da ZviradRirebuli medikamenti
dasWirdeba. am problemis gadawyvetis erTi SesaZlo gza kerZo klinikis
reklamirebis nacvlad janmrTelobis klubebis reklamirebaa.
aseTi qmedeba ueWvelad gazrdis danaxarjs. rogorc ukve
aRvniSneT, `mediqeari~ finansurad arastabiluria; amdenad, medikamentis
Rirebulebis
anazRaurebis
misTvis
dakisreba
finansuri
305

arastabilurobis problemas ufro mtkivneuls gaxdis. danaxarji

damokidebulia konkretul debulebebze. amdenad, kongresis sabiujeto
ofisi [2002] ganixilavda ramdenime variants, ris Sedegadac man aRmoaCina,
rom danaxarji 2005-2012 wlebSi 200 miliard aSS dolaramde Tavisuflad
gaizrdeba. am konteqstSi saintereso iqneboda, aRgveniSna, rom, zogierTi
mkvlevaris azriT, gamowerili wamlis moculobis zrda jandacvis
mTliani xarjebis ufro nakleb zrdas gamoiwvevs, vidre vinmes
warmoudgenia.
lixtenbergi
[2002]
`mediqearis~ beneficiarebisaTvis
gamoweril wamlebsa da sxva samkurnalo procedurebs swavlobda. man
aRmoaCina, rom maSin rodesac pacienti ukanasknel periodSi warmoebul
medikamentebs iyenebs, wamalze gaweuli danaxarjis garda sxva danaxarji
wamalze gaweuli Rirebulebis zrdis TanxasTan SedarebiT rvajer
mcirdeba.
buSis
administraciam
wamoayena
winadadeba
`mediqearis~
im
beneficiarebisaTvis
wamlis
Rirebulebis
anazRaurebis
Sesaxeb,
romlebic kontrolirebad dazRvevaSi monawileoben. rogorc ukve
aRvniSneT,
`mediqearis~
beneficiarebi
kontrolirebadi
dazRvevis
alternativas didi enTuziazmiT ar moekidnen, amdenad, ar aris naTeli,
es winadadeba politikurad sicocxlisunariani gamodgeba Tu ara.
medikamentis Rirebulebis ganuxreli zrdis gamo mTavrobas aucileblad
mouwevs
gadawyvetilebis
miReba
medikamentebis
Rirebulebis
anazRaurebis Sesaxeb.
saboloo mosazrebani
rodesac saubaria jandacvis sferos reformirebaze, ar dagaviwydeT,
rom:

gadawyvetilebis
miReba
yovelTvis
rTulia,
radgan
igi
dakavSirebulia dilemasTan, romelic Tavs socialuri dazRvevis
yvela programis SemuSavebis procesSi iCens _ saxelmwifo
uzrunvelyofa Tavisi arsiT efeqtianobis miznebs ewinaaRmdegeba.
araferia amqveynad ufaso. universaluri samoqmedo arealisa da
Rirebulebis SenarCunebis cnebebi urTierTwinaaRmdegobrivia.
SeuZlebelia, 41 milioni adamiani jandacvis seqtorSi CavrToT
da, Tanac, danaxarji imave doneze SevinarCunoT. analogiurad,
SeuZlebelia, gavafarTovoT samoqmedo areali da Tan imave
doneze SevinarCunoT regulaciebi Tundac im ubralo mizezis
gamo, rom mosaxleobis maRali riskis mqone jgufs kerZo bazarze
dazRvevis polisis SeZena ar SeuZlia. dazRvevis SeZenis
erTaderTi gza maTTvis mTavrobis is kanonebia, romelic
romelime kompanias aiZulebs, aseTi mosaxleobisaTvis dazRveva
uzrunvelyos. es ar niSnavs imas, rom universaluri dazRveva
araracionaluri da araswori mizania. Tumca TiToeuli Cvengani
miznis misaRwevad saWiro saSualebebs realisturad unda
afasebdes.
miuxedavad imisa, rom Cveni ZiriTadi aqcenti upirvelesad
jandacvis danaxarjebze iyo gadatanili, Cveni mTavari da
ZiriTadi sazrunavi adamianTa janmrTelobaa. aRniSnuli ori
faqtori
mWidrodaa
dakavSirebuli,
Tumca
statistikuri
306

mtkicebuleba am sakiTxis irgvliv susti da umniSvneloa. bevri

komentatori imasac amtkicebs, rom ganviTarebul qveynebSi
danaxarjebis
zrda
janmrTelobis
gaumjobesebaze
da
sikvdilianobis koeficientis Semcirebaze ar moqmedebs. iseTi
cxovrebiseuli Cvevebi, rogoricaa: moweva, dieta da varjiSi am
TvalsazrisiT ufro mniSvnelovania.

daskvna

jandacvis bazari mwiri informaciis, araxelsayreli SerCevisa da

moraluri
riskis
problemebis
arsebobis
gamo
SesaZloa,
araefeqtiani
aRmoCndes,
rac
janmrTelobis
dazRvevasTan
pirdapiraa asocirebuli.
kerZo samedicino dazRvevis didi nawili uzrunvelyofilia
damqiraveblis mier momuSavis sasargeblod.
`mediqearis~ programa uzrunvelyofs janmrTelobis dazRvevas im
mosaxleobisaTvis, romlis asaki 65 weli an metia. daxmareba
moicavs hospitalizaciis dazRvevasa da damatebiT samedicino
dazRvevas. aseTi sistemis farglebSi eqimisa da samedicino
momsaxurebis danaxarji anazRaurdeba.
hospitalizaciis dazRveva amJamindeli momuSaveebis saxelfaso
gadasaxadiT
(1,45%
rogorc
damqiraveblisaTvis,
aseve
daqiravebulisaTvis) aris dafinansebuli. damatebiTi samedicino
dazRveva dafinansebulia ZiriTadi Semosavlidan. Tu arsebuli
tendenciebi
momavalSic
gagrZelda,
`mediqearis~
danaxarji
Semosavals gadaaWarbebs.
`mediqearis~ danaxarjebis zrdis SesaCereblad ramdenime meTodi
arsebobs, rogoricaa: amJamindeli beneficiarebisaTvis ufro didi
tvirTis dakisreba, fasebis kontroli, kontrolirebadi dazRveva,
hospisiT gazrdili sargebloba, samedicino momsaxurebis saxlSi
gaweva da samkurnalo danazogis angariSi. gaurkvevelia, Tu
ramdenad warmatebuli aRmoCndeba es meTodebi.
federaluri sagadasaxado kanonmdeblobis Tanaxmad, damqiraveblis
mier uzrunvelyofili janmrTelobis dazRveva ar ibegreba, rac
janmrTelobis dazRvevisaTvis aracxad subsidias warmoadgens.
aSS mosaxleobis daaxloebiT 15% dauzRvevelia. 65 wlamde asakis
dauzRvevel moqalaqeTa wili droTa ganmavlobaSi izrdeba.
janmrTelobis dacvis xarji ganuxrelad da swrafad izrdeba.
amisi SesaZlo mizezebia: mosaxleobis dabereba, Semosavlis zrda,
mesame
mxaris
gadasaxadis
dominanturi
mdgomareoba
da
teqnologiuri progresi. rogorc Cans, ukanakneli faqtori am
mimarTulebiT yvelaze seriozul rols TamaSobs.
warmodgenilia jandacvis sistemis reformirebis mTeli rigi
winadadebebi.
individualuri mandati aiZulebs yvela moqalaqes, SeiZinos
janmrTelobis momsaxurebis paketi.
erTi provaideris sistemis farglebSi, dazRveva uzrunvelyofili
iqneba saxelmwifos mier. dazRveva sagadasaxado SemosavlebiT
dafinansdeba.
307

`mediqearis~
sistemas
SesaZloa,
gamowerili
medikamentis
Rirebulebis anazRaurebis funqcia daematos.
dauzRveveli pirisaTvis jandacvis sistemaze xelmisawvdomobis
gazrda danaxarjis gazrdas da jandacvis bazarze mTavrobis
intervenciis gaZlierebas gamoiwvevs.

sadiskusio SekiTxvebi:
1. ifiqreT Semdeg citataze: `ekonomistebi samedicino momsaxurebis
danaxarjis sakiTxs ganixilaven, rogorc sruliad fuW danaxarjs.
sad midis fuli? fuli midis eqimebTan, eqTnebTan Tu samedicino
saSualebebis mimwodeblebTan. SemdgomSi isini yiduloben saWmels,
tansacmelsa da manqanas. nuTu ufro ukeTes mdgomareobaSi iqneba
eri, sadac bevri musikaluri inventaria, vidre penicilini, an sadac
ufro meti frCxilis saRebavia, vidre antibaqteriuli malamo? ra
mniSvneloba aqvs imas, Tu raSi ixarjeba fuli, rodesac is brunavs
da, Tanac, zrdis dasaqmebas? [New York Times Magazine, December 12,
1993, gv. 28].
a) miaCniaT Tu ara ekonomistebs, rom jandacvaze gaweuli
danaxarji `fuWia~?
b) citataSi mocemuli bolo winadadeba jandacvaze gaweuli
danaxarjis Sefasebis kriteriums warmoadgens. ra kriteriums
gamoiyenebda ekonomisti?
2. `araxelsayreli SerCevis arseboba Teoriulad sadazRvevo bazars
angrevs, praqtikulad ki individebis msxvili mogebis, msxvili
jgufuri SenaZenis gamoyenebisa da sagadasaxado subsidiis
kombinacia ganviTarebul, an, SesaZloa iTqvas, erTob ganviTarebul
sadazRvevo bazars astimulirebs [Feldstein, 1995A, gv. 3].
a) axseniT, Tu ratom angrevs araxelsayreli SerCevis faqtori
sadazRvevo bazaars?
b) romel `sagadasaxado subsidiazea~ citataSi saubari?
g) ra konteqstSia dazRvevis bazari `erTob ganviTarebuli?
3. davuSvaT, rom eqimTan wliuri vizitebi aRiniSneba Dd-Ti, vizitis
fasi _ Pd-Ti. Semdegi urTierTkavSiri fiqsirdeba: Dd = 4,22 0,0444 Pd.
a) Tu vizitis Rirebuleba 50 dolaria, ramdeni viziti Sedgeba
wlis ganmavlobaSi? ra Tanxa ixarjeba vizitebze?
b) davuSvaT,
rom
individi
dazRveulia.
ar
moqmedebs
dauzRveveli minimumi, xolo TanadazRvevis ganakveTi ki
10%-ia. ramdenjer Sedgeba viziti eqimTan aseT SemTxvevaSi? ra
Tanxas ixdis pacienti Tavisi jibidan? ramdens ixdis
sadazRvevo kompania? ra aris mTliani danaxarji?
4. 1994 wels tenesis StatSi dainerga programa, romlis Tanaxmadac,
janmrTelobis dazRveviT uzrunvelyofil iqna TiToeuli individi,
308

romelic samedicino dazRveviT sakuTar Tavs ver uzrunvelyofda,

an imdenad avad iyo, rom ver SeiZenda kerZo dazRvevis
momsaxurebis pakets. 1999 wlisaTvis programis danaxarji ise
gaizarda, rom Stati iZulebuli gaxda, daxmareba Seemcirebina,
gaerTulebina monawileobis kriteriumi da gadasaxadi eqimebisa da
HMO-saTvis Seemcirebina. 10.1 grafikze dayrdnobiT ganmarteT, Tu
ratom
iyo
SesaZlebeli
aseTi
Sedegis
miReba.
zogierTi
damkvirvebeli aRniSnavs, rom yvelaze didi Secdoma iyo imis
molodini, rom bevri beneficiaris arseboba programaSi ZiriTadi
danaxarjis Semcirebas gamoiwvevda. samwuxarod, aseTi prognozi ar
gamarTlda. ratom ver SeinarCuna HMO-m samedicino momsaxurebis
fasi didi xnis ganmavlobaSi (gamoiyeneT Teoria).
5. im SemTxvevaSi, Tu `mediqearis~ programas gamowerili medikamentis
Rirebulebis anazRaurebis pasuxismgebloba daekisreba, maSin
individs mouwevs gadawyvetilebis miReba, isargeblos Tu ara
aRniSnuli momsaxurebiT. gadawyvetilebis Secvla SeuZlebeli
iqneba.
individi
an
sargeblobs
gamowerili
medikamentebis
Rirebulebis anazRaurebis momsaxurebiT da ixdis sadazRvevo
gadasaxads, an verasodes isargeblebs am momsaxurebiT. ra
logikuri safuZveli aqvs efeqtianobas am SemTxvevaSi?
6. e.w. `medigefis dazRveva avsebs `mediqearis~ xarvezs, rac moicavs
Tanagadaxdas, dauzRvevel minimumsa da gamowerili medikamentebis
Rirebulebis anazRaurebas. ramdenime wlis win mTavrobam daamtkica
reglamenti, romelic gansazRvravda im minimalur standarts,
romelic `medigefs~ unda daekmayofilebina, ris Sedegadac es
ukanaskneli gaZvirda da xandazmulTa 25%-ma (romelsac unda
SeeZina `medigefis~ sadazRvevo momsaxurebis paketi) momsaxurebis
SeZenisagan Tavi Seikava [Finkelstein, 2002].
davuSvaT, rom individi ori saxis saqonels moixmars: `dazRvevas~
da `yvela sxva saqonels~. `medigefis~ dazRvevis paketisa da yvela
sxva saqonlis erTeulis Rirebuleba 1 dolaria. daxazeT sabiujeto
SezRudvis
grafiki
indiferentulobis
mrudebiT,
romlebic
Seesabameba Semdeg scenars: araregulirebad bazarze individi, romlis
Semosavali 30000 aSS dolaria, 5000 aSS dolarad yidulobs
`medigefis~ dazRvevas. mTavroba `medigefs minimaluri paketis
gazrdis
instruqcias
aZlevs;
amdenad,
individma
`medigefis~
momsaxurebis sul mcire 8000 erTeuli mainc unda SeiZinos (an
saerTod ar unda SeiZinos es momsaxureba). amdenad, individi, romelic
awon-dawonis
situacias,
gadawyvets,
saerTod
ar
isargeblos
`medigefis~ dazRveviT.
7. konoris moTxovna dazRvevaze mocemulia Semdegnairad: Q = 100 8P,
sadac P aris erTeulis fasi, xolo Q ki - moTxovnil erTeulTa
raodenoba. dazRvevis erTeulis mimdinare sabazro fasi aris 2
dolari. konors SeuZlia, SeiZinos imdeni erTeuli, ramdenic surs.
dazRvevis saSemosavlo gadasaxadiT SeZena ar ibegreba. konoris
saSemosavlo gadasaxadis ganakveTi 25%-ia.
a) ra moculobis dazRvevas moiTxovs konori?
309

b) kanonmdeblobaSi
ganxorcielebuli
cvlilebis
Sedegad
dazRvevis Tanxis dabegvra iwyeba. axla ra moculobis
dazRvevas moiTxovs konori?
g) ramdenad ukavSirdeba Tqveni pasuxi im mosazrebas, rom
sadazRvevo
danaxarjebis
gaTavisufleba
saSemosavlo
gadasaxadisagan dazRvevis Warb moxmarebas iwvevs. sxva ra
faqtorebis
gaTvaliswinebaa
saWiro
imisaTvis,
rom
ganisazRvros, aris Tu ara gadasaxadisagan gaTavisuflebis
faqtori araefeqtiani?

gamoyenebuli literatura:
Culter, David. Health Care abd the Public Sector. Working Paper No. 8802. Cambridge,
MA: National Bureau pf Economic Research, February 2002.
McClellan, Mark. Medicare Reform: Fundamental Problems, Incremental Steps. Journal
of Economic Perspectives 14, no. 2 (Spring 2000), pp. 21-24.
Murphy, Kevin M, and Rober Topel. Medical Research Whats It Worth? The Milken
Institutte Review, First Quarter, 2000, pp. 23-30.
Newhouse, Joseph. Medical Care CostsL How much Welfare Loss? Journal of Economic
Perspectives 6, no. 3 (Summer 1992), pp. 3- 22.

310

Tavi 11

danaxarjisa da sargeblis analizi

parizi uZlebs masas.

henri IV, safrangeTis monarqi

Tu
bostonSi
ukanaskneli
aTwleulis
ganmavlobaSi
yofilxarT,
aucileblad SeniSnavdiT, rogori gadatvirTulia qalaqis quCebi transportiT,
risi mizezic e.w. Big Dig-ia didi, $ 14,6 miliardiani saxelmwifo proeqti
loganis aeroportamde axali gzebisa da kidev erTi gvirabis gasayvanad.
mSenebloba sakmaod did TanxebTan iyo dakavSirebuli. arsebobs ki raime wesi,
romlis
mixedviTac
SesaZloa
amgvar
proeqtTa
Sefaseba?
iseTi
infrastruqturuli proeqti, rogoric Big Dig-ia, aTasobiT sazogadoebrivi
proeqtis (dawyebuli mkerdis kibos skriningidan kosmosuri kvlevebiT
damTavrebuli) mxolod erTi nairsaxeobaa. rogor unda miiRos mTavrobam
gadawyvetileba imis Sesaxeb, ganaxorcielos Tu ara proeqti? keTildReobis
ekonomikis Teoria gadawyvetilebis miRebis winaswar meTods uzrunvelyofs:
unda Sefasdes proeqtis ganxorcielebamde arsebuli da proeqtis Semdgomi
socialuri keTildReobis funqcia da dadgindes, izrdeba Tu ara igi. Tu
socialuri keTildReobis funqcia izrdeba, maSin proeqtis ganxorcieleba
racionaluria.

es meTodi koreqtulia, Tumca arcTu ise sasargeblo. socialuri

funqciis dasadgenad da Sesafaseblad aucilebelia Zalian didi informacia.
socialuri keTildReobis funqcia garkveuli konceptualuri problemebis
gadasawyvetadaa Rirebuli, Tumca igi proeqtis SefasebasTan dakavSirebuli
yoveldRiuri
problemebis
gadawyvetisas
TiTqmis
arafris
momtania.
keTildReobis ekonomika gvTavazobs fundaments danaxarjisa da sargeblis
analizis gansaxorcielebad. es aris praqtikul meTodTa erToblioba, romlis
mixedviTac saxelmwifo danaxarjebis Sesaxeb gadawyvetilebis miReba xdeba1.

bourdmeni, grinbergi, viningi da vaimeri [1996] keTildReobis

danaxarjisa da sargeblis analizis meTodis kavSirs ganixilaven.

ekonomikisa

da

311

saxelmwifo proeqtisa da
strategiis ganxorcielebis Sedegad kerZo
seqtori gansazRvruli saxis saqonlis an resursis deficitis winaSe dgeba.
xarjisa da Sedegis analizi sistematur meTodTa erTobliobas warmoadgens,
romlis mixedviTac produqtis an resursis Sefaseba xdeba SesaZlebeli. aseTi
Sefasebis safuZvelze analitikosi gansazRvravs, racionaluri da sasargebloa
Tu ara romelime konkretuli proeqti. danaxarjisa da sargeblis analizi
politikosis berketia. igi exmareba politikoss, miaRwios imas, rasac kargad
funqcionirebadi bazari avtomaturad axerxebs _ proeqtis dafinanseba
racionaluria, vidre misi zRvruli socialuri sargebeli zRvrul socialur
danaxarjs aWarbebs.

mimdinare Rirebuleba

proeqtis SefasebaSi, rogorc wesi, sxvadasxva periodis danaxarjisa da

sargeblis Sefaseba igulisxmeba. ase magaliTad, Raribi bavSvis skolamdeli
aRzrda moiTxovs mniSvnelovan danaxarjs awmyoSi, Tumca ukugebas momavalSi
uzrunvelyofs. winamdebare nawilSi Cven ganvixilavT sakiTxebs, romlebic
sxvadasxva periodis danaxarjisa da sargeblis fuladi erTeulis Rirebulebis
Sedarebas ukavSirdeba. Tavdapirvelad, warmovidginoT, rom inflacia saerTod
ar xdeba. SemdgomSi ganvixilavT, Tu rogor xdeba gamoTvlebSi inflaciis
faqtoris gaTvaliswineba.

fuladi erTeulis mimdinare Rirebulebis gadayvana fuladi erTeulis momaval

RirebulebaSi

davuSvaT, Tqven 100 aSS dolari SeitaneT bankSi da ganaTavseT iseT

angariSze, romelic wliurad 5% sargebels mogitanT (gadasaxadis gadaxdis
Semdeg). wlis bolos Tqven geqnebaT: (1 + 0,05) X $100 = $105. Tqven Tadapirvelad
ganaTavseT 100 dolari, romelsac daemata 5 dolari procentis saxiT.
davuSvaT, rom Tqven Tanxas Semdegi wlisTvisac datovebT. meore wlis bolos
Tqven geqnebaT: (1 + 0,05) X $105 = $110,25. aRniSnuli SesaZloa, agreTve
gamoisaxos, rogorc: (1 + 0,05) X (1 + 0,05) X 100 = (1 + 0,05)2 X 100. Tu Tanxas sami
wlis ganmavlobaSi datovebT angariSze, maSin misi moculoba mesame wlis
bolos iqneba: (1 + 0,05)3 + $100. ufro zogadad, Tu $R ganTavsebulia angariSze T
wlis ganmavlobaSi, xolo r ki saprocento ganakveTia, maSin T wlis bolos misi
moculoba iqneba: $R X (1 + r)T. es formula awmyoSi deponirebuli Tanxis momaval
Rirebulebas gviCevnebs.

312

fuladi erTeulis momavali

mimdinare RirebulebaSi

Rirebulebis

gadmoyvana

fuladi

erTeulis

davuSvaT, rom vinmes surs Tqvengan $100-is sesxis aReba

erTi wlis
Semdeg ukan dabrunebis pirobiT. piri, romelic am garigebas gTavazobT,
absoluturad sandoa. amdenad, Tqven ar gaqvT sababi, ifiqroT, rom gasesxebul
Tanxas dakargavT. Tan ar dagaviwydeT, rom inflacia ar arsebobs. ra
maqsimalur Tanxas gaasesxebT dRes? gasesxebul 100 dolars xom momavalSic 100
dolaris msyidvelunarianoba eqneba?! magram ar dagaviwydeT, rom am Tanxas
Tqven mimdinare wlis ganmavlobaSi ver miiRebT. am dros Tqven kargavT
sargebels, romelic daericxeboda Tanxas, Tqven rom igi bankSi gangeTavsebinaT.
ratom unda gadaixadoT dRes 100 dolari imisaTvis, rom momavalSi isev 100
dolari miiRoT, rodesac SegiZliaT, 100 dolaris bankSi deponirebis gziT
momaval wels miiRoT 105 dolari? amdenad, momavalSi dasabrunebeli 100
dolaris fuladi erTeulis Rirebuleba dRevandeli 100 dolaris fuladi
erTeulis Rirebulebaze naklebia. Tanxis momavali moculobis mimdinare
Rirebuleba warmoadgens Tanxis im maqsimalur moculobas, romlis gadaxdis
survilic gaqvT dRes imisaTvis, rom momavalSi fulis miRebis ufleba
moipovoT.

im Tanxis dasadgenad, romelsac dRes gaiRebT imisaTvis, rom momavalSi

(erTi wlis Semdeg) 100 dolari miiRoT, Tqven unda ipovoT cifri, romlis (1 +
0,05)-ze gamravlebis Sedegad miiRebT 100 dolars. ganmartebis Tanaxmad, es aris
100 dolari/(1 + 0,05), anu daaxloebiT 95.24 dolari. amdenad, im SemTxvevaSi,
rodesac saprocento ganakveTi 5%-ia, erTi wlis Semdeg misaRebi 100 dolaris
fuladi erTeulis mimdinare Rirebulebaa: $100 / (1 + 0,05). Tqven, albaT,
SeniSneT, rom es formula im formulis simetriulia, romelic Cven mimdinare
Rirebulebis momaval RirebulebaSi gadayvanis dros gamoviyeneT. mimdinare
Rirebulebis momaval RirebulebaSi (periodi erTi wlis Semdeg) gadasayvanad
saprocento
ganakveTisa
da erTis
jami
mravldeba
Tanxis
mimdinare
Rirebulebaze; momavali Rirebulebis mimdinare RirebulebaSi gadmosayvanad
saWiroa Taxis gayofa erTisa da saprocento gankveTis jamze.

axla ki ganvixiloT SemTxveva, rodesac gasesxebuli Tanxis dabrunebas

ori wlis Semdeg gvpirdebian. aseT SemTxvevaSi gamoTvlebis dros unda
gaviTvaliswinoT, rom Tu 100 dolars 2 wlis ganmavlobaSi bankSi ganvaTavsebT,
maSin misaRebi saboloo Tanxa iqneba: $ 100 X (1 + 0.05)2. imisaTvis, rom momavalSi
(ori wlis Semdeg) 100 dolari miviRoT, dRes unda ganvaTavsoT Tanxa, romelic
(1 + 0,05)2-ze gamravlebis Sedegad zustad gautoldeba 100 dolars, anu: $100 / (1
+ 0,05), e.i. daaxloebiT 90,70 dolari.

313

zogadad, rodesac saprocento ganakveTi warmodgenilia r-is saxiT, T

weliwadSi misaRebi $R Tanxa ubralod udris $R / (1 + r)T2. inflaciis ararsebobis
pirobebSic ki momavalSi fuladi erTeulis Rirebuleba ufro naklebia, vidre
fuladi erTeulis mimdinare Rirebuleba dRes da, amdenad, saWiroa misi im
TanxiT `diskontireba~, romelic saprocento ganakveTsa da Tanxis miRebis
drozea damokidebuli.
swored
amitom
r
xSirad
moiazreba,
rogorc
T
diskontirebis ganakveTi. analogiurad, (1 + r) momavalSi T periodis Semdeg
misaRebi Tanxis diskontirebis faqtors warmoadgens. yuradReba miaqcieT, rom
ramdenadac maRalia T, sxva Tanabar pirobebSi miT naklebia mimdinare
Rirebuleba, rac ufro didi xnis ganmavlobaSi giwevT Tanxis miRebis lodini,
miT naklebi Tanxis gadaxdis survili gaqvT dRes.

dabolos, ganvixiloT magaliTi, romlis mixedviTac Tqven giwevT $R0-is

gadaxda dRes, erTi wlis Semdeg - $R1-is, ori wlis Semdeg - $R2-is da a.S. T wlis
ganmavlobaSi. ramdenad Rirs am qmedebis ganxorcieleba? axla ukve cxadia, rom
iseTi gulubryvilo pasuxi, rogoricaa ($R0 + $R1 + + SRT) marTebuli ar aris
imdenad, ramdenadac igi miuTiTebs imaze, rom momavalSi misaRebi fuladi
erTeulis Rirebuleba zustad ekvivalenturia dRes arsebuli fuladi
erTeulis Rirebulebisa. diskontirebis faqtorze gayofis gareSe sxvadasxva
periodis fulad RirebulebaTa ubralo mimateba vaSlisa da forToxlis
mimatebas hgavs. yvelaze marTebuli iqneba, sxvadasxva periodis (TiToeuli
wlis) Tanxis Rirebuleba mimdinare RirebulebaSi gadaviyvanoT da Semdeg
mivumatoT erTmaneTs.

PV = R0 +

R1
R2
RT
+
+ ... +
2
(1 + r ) (1 + r )
(1 + r ) T

(11.1)

SeuZlebelia, mimdinare Rirebulebis gamoTvlas didi mniSvneloba

mivaniWoT. Tumca misi mniSvnelobis ignorirebac seriozul Secdomamde
migviyvans. diskontirebis ugulebelyofis dros momavalSi misaRebi Tanxa ufro
maRali Rirebulebis Cans xolme, vidre sinamdvileSi aris. ase magaliTad,
ganvixiloT proeqti, romelic 20 weliwadSi 1 milion dolars mogvitans. Tu
saprocento ganakveTi 5%-ia, maSin mimdinare Rirebuleba udris $376889 [=
$1000000 / (1,05)20]. im SemTxvevaSi, Tu
r = 10%-s, maSin mimdinare Rirebuleba
20
udris $148644 [= $1400000 / (1,10) ].

es formula gulisxmobs, rom saprocento ganakveTi r aris mudmivi. davuSvaT, rom

saprocento ganakveTi drois ganmavlobaSi icvleba: pirvel weliwads igi udris r1 -s,
meore wells - r2 -s da a.S. amdenad, $RT Tanxis mimdinare Rirebuleba, romelic T
weliwadSi unda iqnas gadaxdili, aris $RT/[(1 + r1) X (1 + r2)X X (1 + rT)].

314

cxrili 11.1 mimdinare Rirebulebis gamoTvla

gadasaxdeli Tanxa

momavali wlebi

diskontirebis
faqtori

mimdinare
Rirebuleba

R0

R0

R1

(1 + r)

R1/(1+r)

R2

(1+r)2

R2/(1+r)2

RT

(1 + r)T

RT/(1 + r) T

inflacia

rogor
Seicvleba
gamoangariSebis
meTodi,
rodesac
momavalSi
mosalodnelia fasis gazrda? ganvixiloT proeqti, romelic mimdinare fasebiT
yovelwliurad Tanabar ukugebas moitans. ukugeba $R0-iT aRvniSnoT. davuSvaT,
rom inflaciis wliuri ganakveTi 7%-ia da ukugebis Tanxis fuladi erTeulis
Rirebuleba am fasTan erTad izrdeba. amdenad, erTi wlis Semdeg ukugebis
fuladi erTeulis Rirebuleba aris $1 da udris (1,07) X $R0. analogiurad, ori
wlis Semdeg misaRebi ukugebis fuladi erTeulis Rirebuleba $2 = (1,07)2 X $R0
iqneba. zogadad, T periodSi misaRebi ukugebis fuladi erTeulis Rirebuleba
aris $T = (1+0,07)T X $R0.

$0, $1, $2 ,... $T-is fuladi erTeulis Rirebuleba nominaluri Tanxis

saxelwodebiTaa cnobili. nominaluri Tanxa Sefasebulia ukugebis wels
dafiqsirebuli fasebis donis mixedviT. aseTi ukugebis Sefaseba SesaZlebelia
romelime weliwads arsebuli fasebis mixedviTac, rasac realuri Tanxa
ewodeba, radgan igi ar asaxavs cvlilebebs, romelic, faqtobrivad, fasebs
cvlis. Cveni magaliTis mixedviT, realuri Tanxa aris mudmivi $R0, romelic
Sefasebulia mimdinare fasebis mixedviT. ufro zogadad, Tu mimdinare wlis
fasebis mixedviT realuri ukugeba aris $R0, $R1, $R2, ... $RT, xolo inflaciis
wliuri ganakveTi ki -ia, maSin nominaluri ukugeba udris: $R0, $R1 X (1 + ), $R2 X (1
+ )2, ... , $RT X (1 + )T.

315

Tumca es ar aris mTeli filosofia. Tu mosalodnelia fasebis zrda,

maSin gamsesxebels r wliuri saprocento ganakveTiT, romelic fasebis
stabilurobis dros gamoiyeneboda, gasesxebis survili ekargeba. gamsesxebelma
icis, rom Semcirebuli Rirebulebis TanxaSi gaTvaliswinebuli unda iyos
inflaciis ganakveTi (1 + ), meore wlis TanxaSi _ (1 + )2. sabazro saprocento
ganakveTi izrdeba im TanxiT, romelic daaxloebiT inflaciis mosalodnel
ganakveTs udris, r procentidan r + procentamde3.
Cven vxedavT, rom mosalodneli inflaciis pirobebSi rogorc ukugebis
nakadi, aseve diskontirebis ganakveTi klebulobs. nominalur gamoxatulebaSi
Semosavlis nakadis mimdinare Rirebuleba aris:

PV = R0 +

(1 + p ) R1
(1 + p ) 2 R2
(1 + p )T RT
+
+
...
+
(1 + p )(1 + r ) (1 + p ) 2 (1 + r ) 2
(1 + p ) T (1 + r )T

(11.2)

(11.2) gantolebas Tu davakvirdebiT, aRmovaCenT, rom igi (11.1) gantolebis

ekvivalenturia, radgan yvela punqti, romelic (1 + p ) -s moicavs, anulirebulia.
mTeli am Teoriis mniSvneloba is aris, rom Cven viRebT erTsa da imave pasuxs
imis miuxedavad, romeli sidide gamoiyeneba _ realuri Tu nominaluri.
mniSvnelovania, rom erTi da imave meTodiT iqnes gamoTvlili fuladi
erTeulis sidide da diskontirebis ganakveTi. Tu Rs -sTvis gamoyenebulia
realuri Rirebuleba, maSin diskontirebis ganakveTic realuri saxiT unda
iqnes wardgenili _ sabazro saprocento ganakveTs inflaciis mosalodneli
ganakveTi unda gamoakldes. alternatiulad, Tu Cven ganvaxorcielebT sabazro
saprocento ganakveTis diskontirebas, maSin ukugeba gamoxatuli unda iqnes
nominaluri formiT.

kerZo seqtoris proeqtis Sefaseba

rogorc am Tavis dasawyisSi ukve aRvniSneT, danaxarjisa da sargeblis

analizis arsebiTi problema saxelmwifo proeqtebis danaxarjisa da sargeblis
Sefaseba aris. am SemTxvevaSi umjobesia, igive problemis gaazreba kerZo firmis
poziciidan daviwyoT.

(1 + r)-isa da (1 + )-is warmoebuli aris (1 + r + + r). amdenad, nominaluri ganakveTi,

faqtobrivad, realur ganakveTs + + r sididiT aWarbebs. Tumca racionaluri sididis
ricxvebisaTvis r umniSvnelo sididea, am SemTxvevaSi ufro marTebuli miaxloebaa r + .
zogierT SemTxvevaSi SesaZloa, nominaluri saprocento ganakveTi arc ki Seesabamebodes
inflaciis ganakveTs. ixileT me-15 Tavi: `gadasaxadebi da inflacia~.

316

davuSvaT, rom firma or urTierTgamomricxav X da Y proeqts ganixilavs.

X proeqtis realuri sargebeli da danaxarji gamoxatulia, Sesabamisad, BX-iTa
da CX-iT; Y proeqtis sargebeli da danaxarji ki _ BY da CY-iT. orive proeqtis
SemTxvevaSi sargeblisa da xarjis realizacia maSinve xdeba. firmas or
SekiTxvaze pasuxis gacema uwevs: 1. ganaxorcielos Tu ara proeqtebidan erTerTi mainc? aris Tu ara proeqtebis ganxorcieleba dasaSvebi? (firmas SeuZlia,
saerTod ar ganaxorcielos arc erTi proeqti).
2. Tu dasaSvebia orive
proeqtis ganxorcieleba, romelia ufro upiratesi? imdenad, ramdenadac orive
proeqtis sargebeli da danaxarji dauyonebliv gancxaddeba, am SekiTxvebze
pasuxis gacema martivia. gamoTvaleT X proeqtis wminda ukugeba (BX - CX) da
SeadareT Sedegi Y proeqtis wminda ukugebas (BY - CY). proeqtis ganxorcieleba
dasaSvebia, Tu misi wminda ukugeba dadebiTi sididea, anu sargebeli aRemateba
danaxarjs. Tu orive proeqti dasaSvebia da firmas maT Soris arCevanis
gakeTeba uwevs, maSin igi upiratesobas im proeqts aniWebs, romelic ufro
maRal wminda ukugebas moitans.

saerTod ki proeqts realuri sargebeli da ukugeba garkveuli periodis

Semdeg moaqvs. davuSvaT, rom X proeqtis Tavdapirveli sargebeli da danaxarji

B0X da C0X ; proeqtis dawyebidan pirveli wlis Semdeg sargebeli da

aris

danaxarji aris B1X da C1X , xolo proeqtis funqcionirebis ukanaknel weliwads

ki es maCveneblebia: BTX da CTX . X proeqtis wminda ukugeba (romelic SesaZloa,
zogjer uaryofiTic ki iyos) ase gamoiyureba:

( B0X - C 0X ), ( B1X - C1X ), ( B2X - C 2X ),..., ( BTX - C TX )

cxrili 11.2 ori proeqtis mimdinare Rirebulebis Sedareba

wliuri wminda ukugeba

mimdinare Rirebuleba

weli

kvleva da
ganviTareba

reklama

r=

kvleva da
ganviTareba

reklama

-$ 1000

-$ 1000

$150

$200

600

-0-

0,01

128

165

-0-

-0-

0,03

86

98

550

1,200

0,05

46

37

0,07

10

-21

317

Semosavlis nakadis ( PV X ) mimdinare Rirebulebaa:

PV X = B0X - C 0X +

B1X - C1x B2X - C 2X

BTX - CTX
,
+
+
...
+
(1 + r )
(1 + r ) 2
(1 + r )T

sadac r diskontirebis ganakveTia, romelic zustad Seesabameba kerZo

seqtoris proeqts (odnav qvemoT mocemulia mosazrebani diskontirebis
ganakveTis SerCevis Sesaxeb).

analogiurad, davuSvaT, rom Y proeqtis Sedegad xdeba danaxarjebisa da

sargeblis B Y da C Y nakadis dagroveba T drois ganmavlobaSi (gaiTvaliswineT,
rom T da T SesaZloa, Tanabari xangrZlivobis arc iyos). Y proeqtis mimdinare
Rirebulebaa:

PV Y = B0Y - C 0Y +

B1Y - C1Y B2Y - C 2Y

BTY - CTY
+
+
...
+
(1 + r )
(1 + r ) 2
(1 + r ) T

orive proeqti mimdinare RirebulebiT axla ukve Sefasebulia. amdenad,

Cven SegviZlia, imave meTodebiT visargebloT, ra meTodebiTac wina SemTxvevaSi
vsargeblobdiT. proeqtis Sefasebis mimdinare Rirebulebis kriteriumi is aris,
rom:

proeqtis ganxorcieleba dasaSvebia maSin, rodesac misi mimdinare

Rirebuleba dadebiTia.
rodesac SeuZlebelia orive proeqtis erTad ganxorcieleba da
aucilebelia arCevanis gakeTeba, maSin upiratesoba maRali mimdinare
Rirebulebis mqone proeqts mieniWeba.

diskontirebis ganakveTi erT-erTi mniSvnelovani sakiTxia. r-is ganakveTze

damokidebulia iseTi seriozuli gadawyvetilebebis miReba, rogoricaa proeqtis
ganxorcielebis adekvaturoba da misi sxva proeqtebTan SedarebiToba.

ganvixiloT 11.2 cxrilSi naCvenebi ori proeqtis komponenti _ kvlevisa

da ganviTarebis programa da sareklamo kampania. orive maTgani 100 aSS
dolaris odenobis Tavdapirvel danaxarjs moiTxovs. kvlevisa da ganviTarebis

318

programis Sedegad sargeblis saxiT pirveli wlis bolos 600 dolars

miviRebT, xolo 550 aSS dolars ki _ mesame wlis bolos. sareklamo kampania,
Tavis mxriv, sami wlis ganmavlobaSi 1200 aSS dolars moitans.

gamoTvlebi cxadyofs, rom diskontirebis ganakveTis SerCeva erTob

seriozuli da mniSvnelovani procesia. r-s dabali moculobis SemTxvevaSi
kvlevisa da ganviTarebis programasTan SedarebiT upiratesoba sareklamo
kampanias eniWeba. samagierod, diskontirebis maRali ganakveTis SemTxvevaSi
(rodesac mogebis miReba mxolod momavalSia SesaZlebeli), upiratesoba eniWeba
kvlevisa da ganviTarebis proeqts. aseT SemTxvevaSi sareklamo kampaniis
proeqti SesaZloa, araadekvaturadac ki CaiTvalos.

amdenad, aucilebelia, r-is SerCeva zedmiwevniT yuradRebiT moxdes ise,

rom igi firmis finansebis faqtiur alternatiul Rirebulebas maqsimalurad
miuaxlovdes. Tu SerCeuli diskontirebis ganakveTi Zalian maRalia, maSin igi
aucileblad Seaferxebs iseTi proeqtebis ganxorcielebas, romlidanac
amonagebis miReba SedarebiT Soreul momavalSia SesaZlebeli da piriqiT. am
SemTxvevaSi aucileblad gasaTvaliswinebelia firmis gadasaxadebi. magaliTad,
Tu ukugebis mimdinare sabazro ganakveTi aris 10%, magram firmis sagadasaxado
ganakveTi 25%-s uaxlovdeba, maSin ukugeba gadasaxadebis gadaxdis Semdgom
mxolod 7,5%-ia. imdenad, ramdenadac ukugeba gadasaxadis gadaxdis Semdgom
warmoadgens firmis alternatiul Rirebulebas, aucilebelia misi gamoyeneba ris gansazRvris dros.

mimdinare Rirebulebis kriteriumis garda, gamoiyeneba proeqtis Sefasebis

bevri sxva kriteriumi. rogorc Cven mogvianebiT davinaxavT, maTi gamoyenebis
Sedegad zogjer mcdar pasuxs viRebT. swored amitom Cven upiratesobas
mimdinare Rirebulebis kriteriums vaniWebT. miuxedavad yvelafrisa, sxva
meTodebic erTob popularulia, amitom aucilebelia, kargad gavecnoT maT da
Tanmxleb problemebs.

ukugebis Sida ganakveTi

warmovidginoT, rom firma ganixilavs Semdegi saxis proeqts: dRes igi

xarjavs 1 milion dolars axal kompiuterul qselze, xolo erTi wlis Semdeg
1,04 milion zrdad Semosavals miiRebs. Tu Tqven gkiTxaven, Tu ramdenia
kompiuteris qselis `ukugebis ganakveTi~, Tqven upasuxebT: 4%. Tqven aseTi
pasuxi miiReT r -s Rirebulebis gansazRvris Semdeg, romlis saSualebiTac
amoixsneba aseTi gantoleba:

319

- $1000000 +

$1040000
=0
(1 + r )

meTodis ganmarteba Semdegnairad SegviZlia: Tu proeqtis Semosavali aris (B),

xolo misi xarji ki (C) T periodis ganmavlobaSi, maSin misi ukugebis Sida
ganakveTi ( r ) warmoadgens iseT r -s, romlis saSualebiTac amoixsneba Semdegi
saxis gantoleba:

B0 - C 0 +

B1 - C1 B2 - C 2
B - CT
+
+ ... + T
=0
2
1+ r
(1 + r )
(1 + r ) T

(11.3)

ukugebis Sida ganakveTi diskontirebis ganakveTs warmoadgens, romelic

proeqtis mimdinare Rirebulebas nulamde daiyvans.

proeqtis ganxorcieleba dasaSvebia, Tu proeqtis

r aRemateba r-s, anu

firmis finansebis alternatiul Rirebulebas. magaliTad, Tu proeqtis

Semosavali 4%-ia, maSin rodesac firmas Semosavali sxva investiciidan mxolod
3%-ia,
proeqtis
ganxorcieleba
racionalurad
CaiTvleba.
Sesabamisi
SedarebiTobis kriteriumi ki Semdegia: Tu SeuZlebelia orive proeqtis
erTdrouli ganxorcieleba da firma arCevanis winaSe dgeba, maSin upiratesoba
ufro maRali r -s mqone proeqts unda mieniWos.

ukugebis Sida ganakveTis gamoyenebiT proeqtebis SerCevam SesaZloa,

uaryofiT Sedegebamdec migviyvanos. warmovidginoT X proeqti, romelic am
etapze 100 dolaris odenobis danaxarjs moiTxovs, xolo erT weliwadSi ki 110
dolars mogvitans, anu misi ukugebis Sida ganakveTi 10%-ia. proeqti Y am etapze
1000 dolaris odenobis danaxarjs moiTxovs, xolo erT weliwadSi ki 1080
dolaris odenobis Semosavals mogvitans, anu Y proeqtis ukugebis Sida
ganakveTia 8%. SeuZlebelia romelime proeqtis dublireba. davuSvaT, firmas
Tavisuflad SeuZlia, isesxos an gaasesxos fuli wliuri 6%-iT.

ukugebis Sida ganakveTis safuZvelze X proeqts Y proeqtTan SedarebiT

calsaxa upiratesoba eniWeba. firmis Semosavali X proeqtidan mxolod $4-ia
($10-s gamoklebuli $6 (procenti)), xolo Y proeqtis SemTxvevaSi is iRebs $20
Semosavals ($80 gamoklebuli $60 (procenti)). firmam ukugebis Sida ganakveTis
gamoyenebis safuZvelze miRebuli gadawyvetilebis sapirispiro gza unda
airCios da upiratesoba mianiWos Y proeqts, romelsac ufro meti mogebis
motana SeuZlia. mokled, Tu proeqtebi gansxvavebulia masStabis mixedviT, maSin
ukugebis Sida ganakveTis gamoyenebiT miRebuli Sedegi arcTu ise saimedoa. amis

320

sapirispirod, mimdinare Rirebulebis gamoTvlis meTodi swor pasuxs gvaZlevs,

Tundac proeqtebi masStabis mixedviT gansxvavdebodes. magaliTad, X proeqtis
mimdinare Rirebuleba aris 100 + 110/1,06 = 3,77, xolo Y proeqtisa ki _ 1000 +
1080/1,06 = 18,87. amdenad, am meTodis gamoyenebiT miRebuli pasuxi miuTiTebs, rom
Y proeqti aSkarad momgebiani proeqtia X proeqtTan SedarebiT.

`sargebeli _ danaxarjis koeficienti

davuSvaT, rom proeqtis Semosavalia B0, B1, B2, , BT, xolo danaxarjebi ki _
C0, C1, C2, , CT. sargeblis (B) mimdinare Rirebulebaa:

B = B0 +

B1
B2
BT
+
+ ... +
2
1 + r (1 + r )
(1 + r ) T

danaxarjis (C) mimdinare Rirebuleba ki aris:

C = C0 +

C1
CT
C2
+
+ ... +
2
1 + r (1 + r )
(1 + r )T

(11.4)

`sargebeli _ danaxarjis koeficients zogjer B/C-s (Benefit-Cost Ratio)

uwodeben.

imisaTvis, rom proeqtis ganxorcieleba racionalurad CaiTvalos,

aucilebelia, misi `sargebeli _ danaxarjis~ koeficienti erTs aRematebodes. am
wesis gamoyenebis Sedegad Cven yovelTvis vRebulobT swor pasuxs. imisaTvis,
rom dainaxoT, Tu ratom xdeba ase, ubralod gaiazreT, rom B/C >1, rac
gulisxmobs imas, rom B C >0. es ki warmoadgens mimdinare Rirebulebis
kriteriums imisaTvis, rom proeqtis ganxorcieleba racionalurad CaiTvalos.

gansaxorcielebeli proeqtebis SerCevis dros, faqtobrivad, usargebloa

`sargebeli _ danaxarjis~ koeficientis gamoyeneba. warmovidginoT, rom
romelime Stati toqsikuri narCenebis utilizaciis or meTods Seiswavlis. I
meTodis Tanaxmad, moxdeba toqsikuri narCenebis specialur nagavsayrelze
utilizacia da am qmedebis Sedegad miRebuli sargebeli (B) 100 milioni dolari
iqneba, xolo danaxarji (C) ki _ 100 milioni dolari, amdenad, `sargebeli _

321

danaxarjis~ koeficienti iqneba 2.5. II meTodis Tanaxmad, romelic iTvaliswinebs

narCenebis saturnze raketiT gagzavnas, B = 200 milion dolars, xolo C = 100
milions, amdenad, `sargebeli _ danaxarjis~ koeficienti aris 2. Statis
xelmZRvaneloba pirvel meTods irCevs, radgan misi `sargebeli _ danaxarjis~
koeficienti ufro maRalia. axla ki warmovidginoT, rom nagavsayrelze
analizis dros analitikosebs SemTxveviT gamorCaT iseTi faqtori, rogoricaa
40-milioniani zarali, romelic gaumarTavi filtraciiTaa gamowveuli. Tu
nagavsayrelze proeqtiT misaReb sargebels 40 milioni gamoakldeba, maSin misi
`sargebeli _ danaxarjis~ koeficienti gaxdeba $210/$100 = 2,1. nagavsayrelis
proeqts mainc upiratesoba mieniWeba raketis proeqtTan SedarebiT. aRniSnuli
40 milioni dolari SesaZloa, ganxilul iqnes, rogorc danaxarjis zrda. aseT
SemTxvevaSi B/C = $250/$140 = 1,79 da raketis proeqti ufro mimzidvelad
gamoiyureba.

amrigad, `sargebeli _ danaxarjis~ koeficientis gamoTvlas ganuyrelad

axlavs erTgvari ganusazRvreloba. Semosavlis gamoTvla xSirad `uaryofiTi
xarjis saxiT xdeba da piriqiT. amdenad, sargeblisa da danaxarjis
keTilgonivruli klasifikaciis Tanaxmad, nebismieri nebadarTuli proeqtis
`sargebeli _ danaxarjis~ koeficienti SesaZloa, TavisTavad maRali iyos. amis
sapirispirod, (11.1) gantoleba gviCvenebs, rom mimdinare Rirebulebis kriteriumi
arasodes Segviyvans aseT SecdomaSi, radgan es maCvenebeli efuZneba sxvaobas,
romelic arsebobs sargebelsa da danaxarjs da ara maT ganakveTebs Soris.

ukugebis Sida ganakveTisa da `sargebeli _ danaxarjis~ koeficientis

safuZvelze warmoebuli gamoTvlebis Sedegad SesaZloa, araswori pasuxi
miviRoT. amdenad, mimdinare Rirebulebis kriteriumi yvelaze saimedo
qvakuTxedia.

322

diskontirebis ganakveTi saxelmwifo proeqtebisaTvis

imisaTvis,
rom
mTavrobam
gansaxorcielebeli
proeqtis
Sesaxeb
keTilgonivruli gadawyvetileba miiRos, aucilebelia, gamoTvlil iqnes misi
mimdinare Rirebuleba. unda aRiniSnos, rom saxelmwifo seqtori kerZo
seqtorisagan gansxvavebuli meTodiT gamoiTvlis danaxarjs, sargebelsa da
diskontirebis ganakveTs. am Tavis winamdebare nawilSi Tqven saSualeba
mogecemaT, kargad gaiazroT is problemebi, romlebic Tan axlavs saxelmwifo
seqtorSi diskontirebis ganakveTis gamoTvlas. amis Semdeg Cven gavaanalizebT
im problemebs, romlebic danaxarjisa da sargeblis Sefasebas ukavSirdeba.

rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, kerZo individTa mier SerCeuli diskontirebis

ganakveTi ukugebis im ganakveTs unda asaxavdes, romelic xelmisawvdomia
alternatiul investiciebze. miuxedavad imisa, rom praqtikulad rTulia
ganakveTze aseTi detaluri aqcentis gakeTeba, konceptualuri mosazrebidan
gamomdinare, firmis Tanxebis alternatiuli Rirebuleba r-is WeSmarit
Rirebulebaze miuTiTebs.

am etapze SedarebiT mcire konsensusia miRweuli imis Sesaxeb, Tu

romelia saxelmwifo proeqtebis konceptualurad marTebuli diskontirebis
ganakveTi. ganvixiloT ramdenime SesaZlebeli varianti4.

ganakveTi, romelic kerZo seqtoris ukugebazea dafuZnebuli

davuSvaT, rom ekonomikaSi kerZo investiciis ukanaskneli 1000 dolaris

wliuri ukugebis ganakveTi 16%-ia. Tu mTavroba amoiRebs 1000 dolars kerZo
seqtoridan da mas proeqtSi Cadebs (anu es 1000 dolari srulad kerZo
seqtoris investiciidan iqneba gaRebuli), maSin sazogadoeba dakargavs im 160
dolars, romelic investicias unda moetana. amdenad, saxelmwifo proeqtis
alternatiuli Rirebuleba kerZo seqtoris ukugebis 16%-ian ganakveTs
warmoadgens. 16% diskontirebis racionaluri ganakveTia, radgan igi zustad
gansazRvravs alternatiul Rirebulebas. ara aqvs mniSvneloba imas, ibegreba
Tu ara ukugeba. miuxedavad imisa, ukugebis mTeli Tanxa rCeba investorTan, Tu
misi gansazRvruli nawili miemarTeba saxelmwifo biujetSi, ukugebis ganakveTi
gadasaxadebis gadaxdamde zustad gansazRvravs sazogadoebisaTvis sasargeblo
Sedegis Rirebulebas, romelic Tanxebis gamoyenebis Sedegad miviReT.
4

alternatiul SesaZleblobaTa Sesaxeb detaluri informaciisaTvis ix. Tresch [2002,

Tavi 24]

323

praqtikulad, mocemuli proeqtisaTvis Tanxis Segroveba sxvadasxva

gadasaxadebidan xdeba, romelTagan moxmarebasa da investiciaze TiToeuls
gansxvavebuli zegavlena aqvs. amdenad, Cven mier odnav adre gakeTebuli
daSvebis
sawinaaRmdegod,
rogorc
Cans,
saxelmwifo
proeqtisaTvis
gansazRvruli fulis garkveuli nawili moxmarebis an investirebis Semcirebis
xarjze grovdeba. ra aris im Tanxis alternatiuli Rirebuleba, romlis
uzrunvelyofa moxmarebis Semcirebis xarjze xdeba? warmovidginoT, rom
arsebobs adamiani, saxelad keni, romelic iRebs gadawyvetilebas imis Sesaxeb,
mimdinare wlis ganmavlobaSi Tanxis ra nawili daxarjos da ra nawili
dazogos. am periodSi keni, TiToeuli daxarjuli dolaris safasurad, uars
ambobs momaval wels dazogil erT dolarze, romelsac daemateboda ukugebis
ganakveTi, romelsac keni dolaris dazogvis SemTxvevaSi miiRebda. amdenad,
kenisaTvis TiToeuli daxarjuli dolaris alternatiuli Rirebuleba ukugebis
im ganakveTiT ganisazRvreba, romelsac keni dolaris dazogvis SemTxvevaSi
miiRebda. davuSvaT, rom kenisaTvis xelmisawvdomi sainvesticio SesaZleblobis
Semosavali gadasaxadebis gadaxdamde 16%-ia, magram ar dagaviwydeT, rom keni
valdebulia, gadasaxadebis saxiT saxelmwifos ukugebis 50% gadauxados. keni,
romelic dRes erT dolars moixmars, faqtobrivad, uars acxadebs ukugebis
ganakveTze, romelic gadasaxadebis gadaxdis Semdgom 8%-s udris. gadasaxadebis
gadaxdis Semdeg darCenili ukugebis ganakveTi gansazRvravs individis
danakargs moxmarebis Semcirebis Sedegad, amdenad, moxmarebis Semcirebis
xarjze danazogi fulis Rirebuleba dabegvris Semdeg diskontirebul unda
iqnes ukugebis ganakveTiT.

sajaro seqtori fulad resurss kerZo seqtoris moxmarebisa da

investirebis Semcirebis xarjze iRebs. amdenad, yvelaze keTilgonivruli iqneba,
gadasaxadebis gadaxdamde arsebuli da gadasaxadebis gadaxdis Semdgom
darCenili ukugebis ganakveTebis saSualo Sewonili sidide gamoviyenoT:
gadasaxadebis
gadaxdamde arsebuli
ukugebis
ganakveTi investiciebidan
miRebuli Tanxis proporciuli, xolo gadasaxadebis gadaxdis Semdgom
darCenili ukugebis ganakveTi ki xarjvis Semcirebis gziT miRebuli Tanxis
proporciuli iqneba. Cveni wina magaliTis mixedviT, Tu Tanxis erTi meoTxedi
investiicidan modis, xolo Tanxis sami meoTxedi ki moxmarebis Semcirebis
xarjze grovdeba, maSin saxelmwifo seqtoris diskontirebis ganakveTi aris 10%
( 1 16% + 3 8% ).

samwuxarod, realur samyaroSi rTulia ganisazRvros,

saxelmwifo proeqtisaTvis gamoyofili Tanxis ra nawili modis investiciis

Semcirebis da ra nawili _ moxmarebis Semcirebis xarjze. miuxedavad imisa, rom
arsebobs informacia TiToeuli gadasaxadis moxmarebasa da investirebaze
zemoqmedebis Sesaxeb, praqtikulad Zalian rTulia imis gansazRvra, Tu romeli
gadasaxadiT xdeba proeqtis ganxorcielebis dafinanseba da romeli proeqtis
dafinanseba
xdeba
konkretulad.
faqtobrivad,
SeuZlebelia,
saimedod
ganisazRros sidideebi da erTeulebi. amgvari naklovanebis gamo diskontirebis
ganakveTebis gansazRvris mimarTulebiT mcirdeba am meTodis, rogorc
praqtikuli gzamkvlevis, saimedoobis xarisxi.

324

socialuri diskontirebis ganakveTi

saxelmwifo danaxarjebis Sefasebis dros iTvaliswineben diskontirebis

socialur ganakveTs. es aris maCvenebeli, romelic miuTiTebs imaze, am etapze
Tu ramdenad uRirs sazogadoebas Tanxis dazogva (anu uaris Tqma Tanxis
garkveuli nawilis daxarjvaze). Tumca ratom unda gansxvavdebodes dazogili
Tanxis alternatiuli Rirebuleba sazogadoebisaTvis im alternatiuli
Rirebulebisagan, romelic ukugebis ganakveTebis bazarze arsebobs? socialuri
diskontirebis ganakveTi SesaZloa, ufro mcire iyos ramdenime qvemoT
CamoTvlili mizezis gamo:

zrunva momaval Taobebze. politikosi valdebulia, izrunos momavali

Taobis keTildReobaze. kerZo seqtori
ki piriqiT: mxolod sakuTar
keTildReobazea orientirebuli. amdenad, socialuri poziciidan kerZo seqtori
zogavs Zalian mcire resurss, amitom igi awesebs ukugebis Zalian maRal
ganakveTs, romelic xelmisawvdomi iqneba momavalSi. amdenad, saxelmwifo,
rogorc
momaval
TaobaTa
interesebis
altruisti
damcveli,
qmnis
`yovlismcodnisa~ da filantropis sakmaod ararealistur suraTs. yvelaze
egoisti individic ki axorcielebs proeqts, romelic sargebels momaval
Taobas moutans. Tu arsebobs imis albaToba, rom momavali Taoba miiRebs
sargebels
romelime
proeqtidan,
maSin
maRali
iqneba
mosalodneli
Semosavalic, rac, faqtobrivad, dRes xels Seuwyobs da miizidavs investicias.
kerZo firma dRes rgavs didi raodenobiT xes imisaTvis, rom momavalSi miiRos
Semosavali xe-tyiT vaWrobis Sedegad, rac, dagveTanxmebiT, sakmaod Soreuli
perspeqtivaa5.

paternalizmi. adamiani arcTu ise SorsmWvretelia, rom sworad Seafasos

momavalSi misaRebi sargebeli; igi amgvari sargeblis diskontirebas Zalian
maRali ganakveTiT axorcielebs xolme. pigu [1932, Tavi 2] am problemas
axasiaTebs, rogorc `defeqtian optikur unars. saxelmwifom unda gamoiyenos
diskontirebis iseTi ganakveTi, romelsac individi gamoiyenebda, igi momavalSi
misaReb
sargebels
adekvaturad
rom
afasebdes.
es
aris
erTgvari
paternalisturi argumenti _ saxelmwifo aiZulebs moqalaqes, am etapze gaswios
SedarebiT mcire xarji da dazogos Tanxa, xolo, samagierod, miiRos ufro
meti momavalSi (swored maSin moqalaqe madlobas gadauxdis saxelmwifos
amgvari SorsmWvretelobisa da gulisxmierebisaTvis). yvela paternalisturi
argumentis msgavsad, aqac Tavs iCens fundamenturi filosofiuri kiTxva: maS
rodis unda dadges is dro, rodesac individi daiwyebs saxelmwifos
privilegiebiT sargeblobas?
5

ratom ar unda Cados individma fuli im proeqtSi, romelic mas sicocxleSi ar

moutans Semosavals? mas xom yovelTvis eqneba imisi saSualeba, rom momavali
sargeblis miRebis ufleba axalgazrda Taobis warmomadgenelze gayidos da am gziT
proeqtis Semosavali sicocxleSive gamoiyenos.

325

bazris araefeqtianoba. rodesac firma raime mimarTulebiT Tanxis

investirebas axorcielebs, igi mTel codnasa da teqnologiur `nou-haus~
agrovebs, riTic SesaZloa, sxva firmebmac isargeblon. am SemTxvevaSi
investicia dadebiT gare efeqts, marTlac, qmnis. Cveulebrivi argumentaciis
Tanaxmad ki, bazari saTanado moculobis investicias ver uzrunvelyofs
(ixileT me-5 Tavi, `dadebiTi garegani efeqti~). sabazro ganakveTze dabali
diskontirebis ganakveTis gamoyenebis gziT mTavrobas am naklovanebis
aRmofxvra SeuZlia. yvelaze seriozuli praqtikuli problema am TvalsazrisiT
zemoqmedebis faqtobrivi masStabis gansazRvraa. ufro metic, zemoqmedebis
Sesaxeb arsebuli Teoria cxadyofs, rom mdgomareobis gamosworebis ufro
keTilgonivruli meqanizmi iqneba optimaluri zRvruli gare sargeblis
moculobis gansazRvra da am Tanxis toli subsidiis gamoyofa (ixileT me-5
Tavi).

rogorc Cans, sabazro ganakveTebis gamoyenebis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli arc

erTi argumenti saxelmwifo seqtoris diskontirebis ganakveTis gansasazRvravad
ar aris saimedo. ra movimoqmedoT? Zalian Zneli iqneba, racionaluri
winaaRmdegoba gavuwioT saxelmwifo seqtorisaTvis dawesebul diskontirebis
ganakveTs, romelic ukugebis daubegrav da dabegril ganakveTebs Soris
meryeobs. am TvalsazrisiT erTi praqtikuli procedura arsebobs: gamoTvlili
unda iqnes proeqtis mimdinare Rirebuleba diskontirebis ganakveTebis
asortimentis fonze, ris Sedegadac davadgenT, aris Tu ara mimdinare
Rirebuleba dadebiTi r-is nebismieri racionaluri sididis SemTxvevaSi. Tu
mimdinare Rirebuleba dadebiTia, maSin analitikosi ufro darwmunebulia imaSi,
rom miRebuli pasuxi diskontirebis ganakveTis mimarT ar aris mgrZnobiare.
mgrZnobiarobis
analizi
aris
danaxarjisa
da
sargeblis
analizis
ganxorcielebisaTvis saWiro meTodi, romlis gamoyenebis Sedegad cxadi xdeba,
Tu rogor icvleba parametris erTi modeli sxva modelis cvlilebis Sedegad.

praqtikuli diskontireba saxelmwifo seqtorSi

federaluri mTavroba iyenebs diskontirebis

ganakveTebis farTo
asortiments. diskontirebis faqtobrivi modeli damokidebulia samsaxurisa da
proeqtis tipze [Bazelon and Smetters, 1999]. mmarTvelobiTi da sabiujeto ofisis
reglamentebis Tanaxmad, federaluri samsaxuri valdebulia, gamoiyenos
ukugebis 7%-iani realuri ganakveTi im pirobiT, rom igi kargad Seafasebs kerZo
seqtoris proeqtebis ukugebis ganakveTs dabegvramde. am wesis miuxedavad, bevri
proeqtis SemTxvevaSi, romlis danaxarjisa da sargeblis gancxadeba sakmaod
xangrZlivi periodis ganmavlobaSi xdeba, ukugebis 2%-iani realuri ganakveTi
gamoiyeneba; ganakveTi dabegvris Semdgom ukugebis ganakveTs uaxlovdeba.

326

federaluri sabiujeto dagegmva xSirad ufro met SeusabamobasTanaa

dakavSirebuli. rodesac axali sagadasaxado an xarjviTi programis wardgena
xdeba, aucileblia misi 5-wliani zemoqmedebis manifestireba imisaTvis, rom
dadgindes, igi balansis darRvevas gamoiwvevs Tu ara6. swored amitom yvelaze
mniSvnelovani Sesabamisi gadasaxadebis an danaxarjebis Tanxebia; momavali
nakadi diskontirebulia nulovani ganakveTiT. ase magaliTad, strategia,
romelic dRes xarjvas zrdis miliardi dolariT da romelic dafinansebuli
iyo miliardi dolaris odenobis gadasaxadebiT xuTi wlis win, ganxiluli
iqneba ise, TiTqos mas ar hqondes aranairi zemoqmedeba deficitze. arada,
mimdinare Rirebulebis TvalsazrisiT, saxelmwifo portfeli kargavs fuls.

xuTwliani gadasaxedidan fiskaluri winadadebebis fiskaluri Sedegebi

ugulebelyofilia. realurad isini usasrulobis ganakveTiTaa diskontirebuli!
warmovidginoT proeqti, romelic pirveli xuTi wlis ganmavlobaSi moitans 5
miliard dolar Semosavals, magram 10 weliwadSi gamoiwvevs 20 miliardi
dolaris danakargs. mimdinare sabiujeto wesebis mixedviT, aseTi strategia
qmnis siWarbes qveyanaSi; arada, nebismieri keTilgonivruli diskontirebis
ganakveTis gamoyenebis SemTxvevaSi calsaxaa, rom grZelvadiani perspeqtiviT
strategia saxelmwifosaTvis ekonomikurad wamgebiania. zogadad, mTavroba
waaxalisebs im proeqtebs, romlebic Semosavliania moklevadiani, magram
wamgebiania grZelvadiani perspeqtiviT [Bazelon and Smetters, 1999].

saxelmwifo seqtoris sargeblisa da danaxarjis Sefaseba

proeqtis Sefasebis Semdegi nabijia sargeblisa da danaxarjis Sefaseba.

kerZo firmis SemTxvevaSi, aRniSnuli ori faqtoris Sefaseba SedarebiT ufro
sworxazovnad mimdinareobs. proeqtis sargebeli aris mis Sedegad miRebuli
Semosavali, danaxarji ki firmis gadasaxadi sawarmoo saSualebebze. orive
maTgani sabazro fasis mixedviT ganisazRvreba. saxelmwifo seqtorSi Sefasebis
problema ufro rTulia, radgan sabazro fasi socialur sargebelsa da
danaxarjs ver asaxavs. ase magaliTad, ganvixiloT gzatkecilis gafarToebis
proeqti, romelmac SesaZloa, ziani miayenos garemos. kerZo da saxelmwifo
seqtori erTnairad ver ganaxorcielebs am proeqts: sargeblisa da danaxarjis
analizi aRniSnul or seqtorSi xSirad Zalian gansxvavebulia, radgan
saxelmwifos uwevs socialuri xarjebis (romelic garegani efeqtis faqtorsac
moicavs) gaTvaliswineba.

garkveuli mizezebis gamo senati iTxovs informacias momavali 10 wlis ganmavlobaSi

mosalodneli nakadebis Sesaxeb.

327

ganvixiloT ramdenime meTodi, romlis saSualebiTac

seqtoris proeqtebis sargeblisa da danaxarjis Sefaseba xdeba.

saxelmwifo

sabazro fasebi

rogorc me-3 TavSi aRiniSna, srulfasovnad funqcionirebad konkurentul

garemoSi saqonlis fasi rogorc warmoebis zRvrul sazogadoebriv xarjs,
agreTve momxmareblisaTvis saqonlis zRvrul fass asaxavs. Tu saxelmwifo
iyenebs iseT sawarmoo saSualebas, an qmnis iseT produqts, romelic iyideba
kerZo bazarze, maSin sargeblisa da danaxarjis Sesafaseblad sabazro fasebis
gamoyeneba upriani iqneba.

ZiriTadi problema is aris, rom realuri samyaro bevri iseTi

naklovanebiT xasiaTdeba, rogoricaa: monopolia, garegani efeqti da a.S.
amdenad, fasi zRvrul socialur danaxarjsa da sargebels ar asaxavs. am
SemTxvevaSi is ki ar aris gasarkvevi, aris Tu ara sabazro fasi
yovlismomcveli, aramed is, Tu ramdenad keTilgonivruli iqneba misi da ara
Sefasebis sxva alternatiuli meTodebis gamoyeneba. es alternatiuli meTodebi
unda miviRoT an gamoviyvanoT msoflio ekonomikis Zalian rTuli da sakmaod
saeWvo modelebidan. sabazro fasebi ki, mTeli maTi naklovanebis miuxedavad,
auracxel informacias iafad iZleva. ekonomistTa didi nawilis azriT, rom ara
aSkara naklovanebani, sabazro fasi saxelmwifo seqtoris sargeblisa da
danaxarjis gamosaTvlelad universaluri saSualeba iqneboda.

koreqtirebuli sabazro fasebi

fasi saqonelze, romelic iyideba arasrulyofil bazarze, zRvrul

socialur Rirebulebas ZiriTadad ver asaxavs7. aseTi produqtis Crdilovani
fasi misi socialuri zRvruli danaxarjis safuZvels warmoadgens. miuxedavad
imisa, rom arasrulyofil bazrebze saqonlis sabazro fasi Crdilovani
fasisagan gansxvavdeba, zogierT SemTxvevaSi sabazro fasi Crdilovani fasis
gamosaTvlelad gamoiyeneba. odnav mogvianebiT Sesabamis pirobebs ganvixilavT.
nebismier SemTxvevaSi ZiriTadi arsi aris is, rom Crdilovani fasi saxelmwifo
intervenciis mimarT ekonomikis reaqciazea damokidebuli.

monopolia. samxreT afrikaSi ludis warmoeba monopolizirebulia Sps

South African Breweries mier. davuSvaT, rom ganaTlebis ministri kontrolirebuli
eqsperimentis Catarebis mizniT ludis Sesyidvis winadadebas ganixilavs.
eqsperimentis mizania, ganisazRvros ludis moxmarebis zemoqmedeba kolejis
7

detaluri informaciisaTvis ix. Boardman, Greenberg, Vining, and Weimer [1996].

328

studentebis akademiuri moswrebis xarisxze. rogor unda moxdes proeqtis

danaxarjisa da sargeblis analizis dros imis gaTvaliswineba, rom
eqsperimentis sawarmoo saSualeba monopolizirebulia?

srulyofili konkurenciisagan gansxvavebiT, romlis farglebSic fasi da

zRvruli
danaxarji
Tanabaria,
monopolisturi
warmoebis
pirobebSi
monopolistis fasi zRvrul danaxarjs gacilebiT aRemateba (ixileT mesame
Tavi). rogor unda Seafasos saxelmwifom ludi: sabazro Rirebulebis (romelic
momxmareblis fass asaxavs) Tu zRvruli sawarmoo danaxarjis safuZvelze
(romelic asaxavs warmoebaSi gamoyenebuli resursebis zrdad Rirebulebas)?

pasuxi damokidebulia im zemoqmedebaze, romelsac saxelmwifo Sesyidvebi

axdens bazarze. Tu mosalodnelia ludis warmoebis zrda im raodenobiT, ra
raodenobac esaWiroeba proeqts, maSin socialuri alternatiuli Rirebuleba
warmoadgens resursebis Rirebulebas, romlebic gamoiyeneba damatebiTi
produqciis warmoebis dros _ es ki zRvruli sawarmoo danaxarjia. meore
mxriv, Tu ar moxdeba meti ludis warmoeba, ludis mwarmoebeli Semosavals
kerZo momxmareblisgan miiRebs, romelic luds moTxovnis fasiT afasebs.
kombinaciis SemTxvevaSi racionaluri iqneba fasisa da zRvruli danaxarjis
saSualo Sewonili sididis gamoyeneba (gTxovT, diskontirebis ganakveTis
problemasTan msgavseba SeniSnoT).

gadasaxadebi. Tu sawarmoo saSualeba gayidvis gadasaxadiT ibegreba,

maSin mwarmoeblis mier misaRebi fasi myidvelis mier gadaxdil fasze naklebi
iqneba, radgan myidvelis mier gadaxdili Tanxis garkveuli nawili gadasaxadis
amkrefTan midis. saxelmwifos mier dasabegri sawarmoo saSualebis SeZenis
SemTxvevaSi romeli fasi unda iqnes gamoyenebuli xarjebis gamosaTvlelad:
mwarmoeblis fasi Tu gamyidvelis fasi? ZiriTadi principi igivea, rac
monopoliis SemTxvevaSi. Tu mosalodnelia warmoebis zrda, maSin racionaluri
iqneba mwarmoeblis, miwodebis fasis gamoyeneba. im SemTxvevaSi, Tu warmoebis
masStabi ucvleli unda darCes, maSin upriani iqneba momxmareblis fasiT
sargebloba. kombinaciis SemTxvevaSi racionaluri iqneba saSualo Sewonili
sididis gamoyeneba.

umuSevroba. Tu saxelmwifo proeqtis gansaxorcieleblad daiqiraveben

individs kerZo seqtoridan, maSin misi alternatiuli Rirebuleba iqneba
xelfasis is ganakveTi, romelsac mas kerZo seqtorSi uxdidnen. mdgomareoba
rTuldeba, rodesac proeqtSi xdeba iseTi adamianis dasaqmeba, romelic
iZulebiT umuSevaria. umuSevari piris dasaqmebis Sedegad produqtis moculoba
ar mcirdeba, Tumca piris mier proeqtidan misaRebi xelfasi raimes
alternatiul Rirebulebas ar warmoadgens. umuSevari individi, romelsac
daiqiraveben, uars ambobs mxolod Tavisufal droze, romlis Rirebulebac,
albaT, metad umniSvneloa imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom aRniSnuli individi

329

iZulebiT iyo umuSevari. miuxedavad amisa, mainc vawydebiT or sirTules: 1) Tu

saxelmwifo axorcielebs stabilizaciis politikas dasaqmebis mudmivi donis
SenarCunebis mimarTulebiT, maSin umuSevari individis dasaqmeba dasaqmebisa da
produqtis sxva adgilas Semcirebas gamoiwvevs. aseT SemTxvevaSi momuSavis
socialuri Rirebuleba misi xelfasia. 2) im SemTxvevaSi, Tu momuSave iZulebiT
umuSevaria proeqtis dawyebis periodisaTvis, es ar gulisxmobs imas, rom igi
aseve umuSevari
darCeboda proeqtis
ganxorcielebis
mTeli periodis
ganmavlobaSi. Tumca individis momaval samsaxureobriv SesaZleblobaTa
prognozireba erTob rTulia. umuSevrobis mizezebisa da xasiaTis irgvliv
arsebul winaaRmdegobaTa fonze dausaqmebeli resursis Sefaseba kvlavac rCeba
mtkivneul da gadauwyvetel problemad. mniSvnelovani Semcirebis gareSe
dausaqmebeli SromiTi resursis Sefaseba mimdinare xelfasiT praqtikuli
TvalsazrisiT yvelaze karg miaxloebas warmoadgens.

samomxmareblo danazogi

kerZo firma mcire erTeulia mTeli ekonomikis fonze. amdenad, mis

warmoebaSi ganxorcielebuli cvlileba ar zemoqmedebs produqtis sabazro
fasze. saxelmwifo proeqti ki, piriqiT, SesaZloa, imdenad didi iyos, rom
sabazro fasi Secvalos. ase magaliTad, saxelmwifos irigaciis proeqtma
SesaZloa, Seamciros sasoflo-sameurneo warmoebis zRvruli danaxarji ise,
rom sursaTis sabazro fasic ki Semcirdes. magram sabazro fasis Secvlis
SemTxvevaSi rogor Sefasdeba sursaTis darCenili raodenoba _ Tavdapirveli
fasiT, proeqtis Semdgomi fasiT Tu raime Sualeduri fasiT?

grafiki 11.1

330

11.1 grafiki gvaZlevs suraTs avokados momyvani warmosaxviTi regionis

Sesaxeb. avokado funtebSi horizontalur RerZze, xolo misi fasi ki
vertikalur RerZze izomeba, Da ki avokadoze arsebuli moTxovnaa. irigaciis
proeqtis dawyebamde miwodebis mrudi iyo Sa, xolo sabazro fasi da raodenoba
ki iyo Sesabamisad $2,89 da A0 (miwodebis mrudi horizontaluria, amdenad, misi
ZiriTadi wertilebi SenarCundeba, miuxedavad imisa, rom misi kuTxe zemoTaa
mimarTuli).

irigaciis

proeqts

miwebis

didi

nawili

daeTmoba,

xolo

avokadoze

moTxovnis mrudi Sa -mde gadaadgildeba. axali wonasworobis farglebSi fasi

1,35 dolaramde daecema, avokados moxmareba ki A1-mde gaizrdeba. ramdenad
gaumjobesda momxmareblis mdgomareoba? SekiTxva SesaZloa aseTi formiTac
davsvaT: `ramdens gadaixdis momxmarebeli imisaTvis, rom moixmaros A1 funti
avokado 1,35 dolarad imis nacvlad, rom moixmaros A0 funti avokado 2,89
dolarad?

ekonomistebi pasuxis gacemis dros xSirad samomxmareblo danazogis

cnebas iSvelieben _ es aris momxmareblisaTvis sasurvel da mis mier realurad

331

gadasaxdel Tanxas Soris arsebuli sxvaoba. rogorc wignis danarTidan Cans,

samomxmareblo danazogi izomeba im arealiT, romelic mdebareobs moTxovnis
mrudis dabla da sabazro fasis horizontalur xazs zemoT. amdenad, rodesac
fasi aris 2,89 dolari, maSin samomxmareblo danazogi aris ebd areali.

rodesac avokados fasi 1.35 dolaramde ecema irigaciis proeqtis

ganxorcielebis Sedegad, maSin samomxmareblo danazogi kvlav moicavs areals,
romelic
mdebareobs
moTxovnis
mrudis
dabla
da
mimdinare
fasis
horizontaluri xazis maRla. Tumca axla fasi ukve 1,35 dolaria, amdenad,
samomxmareblo danazogis areali aris esg. samomxmareblo danazogi ecg-sa da
ebd-s Soris arsebuli sxvaobiT gaizarda da man bcgd areali daikava. amdenad,
areali or fass Soris arsebuli moTxovnis mruds ukan gansazRvravs, Tu ra
moculobiT SeiZens momxmarebeli avokados dabal fasad. im pirobiT, rom
damgegmavs SeuZlia moTxovnis mrudis formis gansazRvra, SesaZlebeli iqneba
proeqtis sargeblis Sefasebac.

Tu saqonlis miwodebis mrudi zemoTkenaa mimarTuli, SesaZloa

gaTvaliswinebul
iqnes mwarmoeblis
danazogSi (ganxilulia
danarTSi)
ganxorcielebuli cvlilebani. ase magaliTad, saijaro qiris regulirebis
xarjisa
da
sargeblis
analizis
miwis
mesakuTreTa
raodenobaSi
ganxorcielebuli cvlilebis Sefaseba SesaZlebelia im SemTxvevaSi, Tu
iarsebebs ijaraze moTxovnis mrudis formis Sesaxeb arsebuli informacia.

ekonomikuri qcevis Sedegad miRebuli daskvnebi

aqamde Cven ganvixilavdiT iseT SemTxvevebs, rodesac sabazro informacia

socialuri xarjisa da sargeblis Sefasebis sawyis wertils warmoadgenda.
xSiria iseTi SemTxvevebi, rodesac saqonliT aSkara vaWroba ar xdeba, amdenad,
arc arsebobs Sesabamisi bazari. axla ganvixiloT ori magaliTi da pasuxi
gavceT SekiTxvas: rogor fasdeba individTa survili, gadaixadon fuli
gansazRvruli saqonlisaTvis?

drois fasi. winamdebare Tavis dasawyisSi naxsenebi bostonis Big Dig-is

proeqtis mniSvnelovani komponenti iyo 3,5 mili gzatkecilis gayvana, rac 6,5
miliard aSS dolaris odenobis danaxarjs moiTxovda. winaswari Sefasebis
Tanaxmad, axali gzatkeciliT sargeblobis Sedegad centrsa da aeroports
Soris arsebuli manZilis gavla 8 wuTSi gaxdeboda SesaZlebeli (gzatkecilis
gareSe mgzavrobas 45 wuTi esaWiroeboda). racionaluria Tu ara aseTi proeqti?
marTalia, arsebobs metad cnobili naTqvami imis Sesaxeb, rom `dro fulia~,
magram imisaTvis, rom Cven CavataroT proeqtis danaxarjisa da sargeblis
analizi, zustad unda vicodeT, Tu ra Rirs dro. drois fasis gansazRvris
yvelaze gavrcelebuli meTodia Tavisufal drosa da Semosavals Soris

332

arsebuli arCevanis TeoriiT sargebloba. individi akeTebs arCevans: igi

muSaobs, vidre Tavisufali drois subieqturi Rirebuleba gautoldeba im
Semosavals, romelsac igi iRebs erTsaaTiani muSaobis Sedegad (anu xelfasis
ganakveTi gadasaxadebis gadaxdis Semdeg). amdenad, dabegrili xelfasi
dazogili drois fasis dasadgenad gamoiyeneba8.

miuxedavad imisa, rom es midgoma sasargebloa, arsebobs ori ZiriTadi

problema: (1) zogierTi individi ar irCevs samuSao saaTebis raodenobas. am
mxriv yvelaze seriozuli problema iZulebiTi umuSevrobaa. (2) drois yoveli
momenti, romelsac adamiani samsaxuris gareT atarebs, ar aris ekvivalenturi.
ase magaliTad, mgzavrobis drois Sesamcireblad individma SesaZloa, iseTi
ganakveTiT gadaixados, romelic mis xelfass aRemateba. meore mxriv, individi,
romelic mxolod SabaT-kviras marTavs manqanas, SesaZloa, sulac ar zrunavdes
drois alternatiul Rirebulebaze, gansakuTrebiT im SemTxvevaSi, Tu igi mainc
ar muSaobs SabaT-kviras.

ramdenime mkvlevari Seecada, drois fasi imis mixedviT ganesazRvra, Tu

ra saxis transports da, Sesabamisad, mgzavrobis ra xangrZlivobas airCevda
adamiani. davuSvaT, rom mocemuli sazogadoebis wevrebs aqvT ori satransporto
saSualebis _ avtobusis an matareblis _ gamoyenebis ufleba. matarebliT
mgzavrobas naklebi dro sWirdeba, magram igi Zviria. imis mixedviT, Tu ra
zedmet Tanxas ixdis individi imisaTvis, rom imgzavros matarebliT, Cven
SegviZlia daskvnis gakeTeba imis Sesaxeb, Tu individi mgzavrobis drois
Sesamcireblad ramdens gadaixdis. cxadia, iseTi maxasiaTebeli, rogoricaa
individis Semosavali, mis mier gamoyenebul satransporto saSualebas
gansazRvravs. meore TavSi aRwerili statistikuri teqnikis msgavsi meTodebi
gamoyenebul unda iqnes am cvladebis gaTvaliswinebis mizniT. aseTi kvlevebis
safuZvelze dadginda, rom mgzavrobis periodis efeqtiani fasi daubegravi
saxelfaso ganakveTis 50%-is tolia (ix. Small [1992, gv. 43-45]).

sicocxlis fasi. 11 seqtembris tragediis Semdeg Seiqmna specialuri

fondi, romlis saSualebiTac tragediiT dazaralebul pirTa ojaxebis
kompensacia unda momxdariyo. Jurnalistma aseTi SekiTxva dausva fondze
pasuxismgebel pirs: `ra aris sicocxlis fasi? pasuxi aseTi iyo: `albaT, an
rabini unda iyo da an mRvdeli am kiTxvaze pasuxis gacemas rom Seecado~
[Henriques, 2001, gv. WK10]. marTlac, Cveni religiisa da kulturuli
faseulobebis Tanaxmad, sicocxle Seufasebeli fenomenia. gaixseneT ramdenime
wlis win momxdari ambavi: samxreT polusze momuSave mecnierma, jeri nilsenma,
mkerdSi
simsivne
SeniSna.
mas
esaWiroeboda
daxmareba.
medikamentebis
gadasatanad dauyonebliv gaigzavna sahaero ekipaJi (amindis gamo ekipaJi ver
daeSva miwaze da medikamentebi aparatidan miwaze dauSves). ramdenime Tvis
Semdeg, rodesac dadginda, rom doqtor nilsens hospitalizacia esaWiroeboda,
mis aSS-Si gadasayvanad meore ekipaJi gaigzavna. am movlenas ganixilavda yvela
8

detaluri informaciisaTvis ix. me-16 Tavi: `Sromis miwodeba~

333

sainformacio gamoSveba, Tumca aravis dausvams SekiTxva operaciis Catarebis

gamo gaweuli xarjis Sesaxeb. ar arsebobs xarji, romelic miuaxlovdeba
sicocxlis fass. amdenad, ar gaocdeT, Tu Tqvenc gTxoven, SeafasoT Tqveni
cxovreba da uecrad aRmoaCenT, rom igi absoluturad Seufasebelia.

aseTi situacia danaxarjisa da sargeblis analizs arTulebs. Tu

sicocxle Seufasebelia, xolo proeqtis ganxorcielebis Sedegad gadarCeba
erTi sicocxle mainc, maSin gamodis, rom proeqtis mimdinare Rirebuleba
usasrulobamde maRalia. amis Sedegad, ar arsebobs gadawyvetilebis miRebis gza
imis Sesaxeb, keTilgonivruli iqneba Tu ara am proeqtis ganxorcieleba.
amerikaSi yvela gza rom oTx xazad gaiyos, aucileblad Semcirdeba sagzao
katastrofebi. aris ki es kargi proeqti? proeqti, romlis Sedegad moxdeba
erTi sicocxlis xelyofa mainc, usasrulobamde dabali Rirebulebisaa. am
konteqstSi gaixseneT Semdegi faqti: imisaTvis, rom dakmayofildes sawvavis
efeqtianobis saxelmwifo mandati, manqanis mwarmoebeli qmnis ufro msubuq
manqanas, vidre sxva SemTxvevaSi awarmoebda. msubuqi manqana ki katastrofis
ufro met safrTxesTanaa asocirebuli. amdenad, rogor fiqrobT, CaiTvleboda
Tu ara dauSveblad sawvavis standartis proeqti misi danaxarjisa da
sargeblis Sefasebis safuZvelze?

sicocxlis gansazRvruli Rirebulebis dadgenis mizniT ekonomistebi

ori meTodiT sargebloben: erTi maTgani dakargul Semosavlebs efuZneba, xolo
meore ki gardacvalebis albaTobas.

dakarguli Semosavlebi. am meTodis Tanaxmad, individis sicocxlis fasi

mis mier mTeli sicocxlis ganmavlobaSi miRebuli wminda Semosavlis mimdinare
Rirebulebaa. Tu individi gansazRvruli proeqtis Sedegad gardaicvleba, maSin
misi sicocxlis fasi sazogadoebisaTvis im produqciis mosalodneli mimdinare
Rirebulebaa, romelic am individs unda Seeqmna. aRniSnuli meTodi xSirad
gamoiyeneba sasamarTloebSi, rodesac saqme gardacvlilis ojaxis wevrebis mier
misaReb kompensacias exeba. gamodis, rom sazogadoeba arafers dakargavs
xandazmuli, fizikurad susti, fizikurad an gonebrivad unarSezRuduli
mosaxleobis erTdrouli gardacvalebiT. cxadia, meTodis gamoyenebis Sedegi
imdenad arabunebrivia, rom bevri ekonomisti uars ambobs mis gamoyenebaze.

gardacvalebis albaToba. proeqtebis umetesoba uSualod ar zemoqmedebs

adamianis sicocxlis xangrZlivobaze. mas piris gardacvalebis albaTobis
Secvla SeuZlia mxolod. ase magaliTad, aravinaa calsaxad darwmunebuli
imaSi, rom kibos daavadebis Seswavla individis sicocxles gadaarCens. kvlevas
mxolod gardacvalebis albaTobis Semcireba SeuZlia. es gansxvaveba sakmaod
seriozulia. adamiani, romelic fiqrobs, rom misi sicocxle Seufasebelia,
garkveuli Tanxis safasurad mudmivad gardacvalebis safrTxis winaSe ayenebs
mas. individi, romelic msubuq manqanas marTavs, avtokatastrofaSi daRupvis

334

ufro didi riskis winaSe dgas, vidre individi, romelic maRali gamavlobis
manqanas marTavs (sxva Tanabar pirobebSi). individi mzadaa, sakuTari sicocxle
daayenos didi riskis qveS fulis im fasad, romelsac igi msubuqi manqanis
SeZeniT dazogavs.

individis mier riskis preferenciis gamoaSkaravebis meore gza mis mier

profesiis amorCevaa. zogierTi tipis samuSao sicocxles didi safrTxis qveS
ayenebs. SevadaroT identuri ganaTlebis, gamocdilebisa da kvalifikaciis mqone
ori momuSave. erT-erT maTgans ufro safrTxiani samsaxuri aqvs. igi ufro
maRal xelfass iRebs. maRali xelfasi gardacvalebis maRali albaTobis
kompensaciis saSualebas warmoadgens. sxvaoba ori individis saxelfaso
ganakveTs Soris aris is Tanxa, ris fasadac individi sakuTar Tavze gazrdil
risks iRebs. garenma [1988] gamoiTvala, rom yovel 100000 momuSaveze sawarmoo
ubeduri SemTxvevis erTi erTeuliT gazrda xelfasis daaxloebiT 0,55%-iT
gazrdas iwvevs9.

Tumca adamianebi mzad arian, gadaixadon sakmaod soliduri Tanxa damcavi

meqanizmebis
SesaZenad
(magaliTad,
saxanZro
signalizacia),
romlebic
gardacvalebis albaTobas amcirebs. sxvadasxva kvlevas sxvadasxva Sedegi
moaqvs, Tumca am kvlevebis Sedegad miRebuli sicocxlis fasi 4-dan 9 milion
dolaramde meryeobs [Viscusi and Aldy, 2003]. diapazoni imdenad didia, rom
SesaZloa, es gamoTvla sruliad usargebloc ki mogeCvenoT. Sefaseba
iracionaluri proeqtebis gamosadevnad mainc Zalian sasargebloa. Seminuli
ganaTebuli saavario
gasasvlelis
damontaJebis
Rirebuleba
TiToeuli
gadarCenili sicocxlis mixedviT 900000 dolaria. aRniSnuli RonisZieba
calsaxad gaivlis
gamocdas
racionalurobaze. meore mxriv, azbestis
mocilebis saxelmwifo wesebis Rirebuleba TiToeul gadarCenil sicocxleze
100 milion dolarze metia.

am midgomis yvelaze momxibvleli aspeqti aris is, rom sicocxlis

Sefaseba gadaxdis survilis safuZvelze xdeba. es
monacemi sakmaod
mniSvnelovani da winaaRmdegobrivia. brumi [1989] amtkicebda, rom SemTxveviTi
midgomis gamoyeneba arasworia, radgan igi aRiarebs, rom zogierTi individis
sicocxle aucileblad dasruldeba. aravin icis, rodis dasruldeba sicocxle.
swored amitom sakiTxs isev Tavidan vubrundebiT. SeuZlebelia, Sefasdes
proeqti, romelic adamianis sicocxles Seexeba.

akademiuri winaaRmdegoba sazogadoebrivi Relvis sagani gaxda _ igegmeba

bevri proeqti, romelic saxelmwifos usafrTxoebas da ekologias exeba.
TiToeuli maTgani danaxarjisa da sargeblis analizis WrilSi unda Sefasdes.
9

detaluri informaciisaTvis ix. Viskusi [2003]. danaxarjisa da sargeblis analizi unda

moicavdes ojaxisa da megobrebisaTvis umZimesi danakargis fsiqologiur Rirebulebas,
agreTve cvlilebebs maT finansur mdgomareobaSi.

335

erT-erTi proeqtis oponirebisas lobistma garemos dacvis sakiTxebSi SeniSna,

rom SeuZlebelia, `SevafasoT sicocxlis gadarCena~ [Wetstone, 1995]. samwuxarod,
iSviaTi resursebis mqone msoflioSi Cven arCevanis gakeTebis saSualeba ara
gvaqvs. erTaderTi SekiTxva is aris, gamoiyeneba Tu ara faswarmoqmnis
keTilgonivruli meqanizmebi.

aramaterialuri (xelSeuxebeli) sikeTis Sefaseba

zogierTi saxis sargeblis an danaxarjis Sefaseba TviT yvelaze

ganswavluli mkvlevaris mierac ki SeuZlebelia. mravaljeradi gamoyenebis
xomaldebis gaSvebis programis erT-erTi sargebeli gazrdili saxelmwifo
prestiJia. marTlac, prezidentma jorj buSma ganacxada, rom kosmosuri
gamokvlevebi `adamianTa gulis siRrmeSi gamJRavnebuli survilia~. erovnuli
parkebis gaSeneba individs aZlevs saSualebas, isiamovnos mSvenieri xediT. nuTu
SeiZleba aseTi sikeTis fuladi erTeuliT Sefaseba? daimaxsovreT, rom
aramaterialuri sikeTis SemTxvevaSi unda gaiTvaliswinoT sami mniSvnelovani
faqtori:

pirveli: aramaterialurma sikeTem SesaZloa, daamsxvrios mTeli Teoria

danaxarjisa da sargeblis Sesaxeb. aseTi proeqtebi yovelTvis Zalian didia,
amdenad,
nebismieri
maTgani
SesaZloa,
araracionaluradac
CaiTvalos.
Jurnalistma, romelic britaneTSi arsebuli diskusiis Taobaze komentars
akeTebda, unda aSenebuliyo Tu ara gvirabi la-manSis arxis qveS, aseTi rCeva
gasca: `aaSeneT gvirabi. aaSeneT ara imitom, rom sargeblisa da danaxarjis
mosawyeni analizi iZleva dadebiT pasuxs, aramed imitom, rom britaneTs
gaacocxlebs didi proeqti [Will, 1985a]. Tumca nebismierma proeqtma SesaZloa,
`gamcocxleblis~ funqcia Seasrulos. rogor SevarCioT proeqti aseT
SemTxvevaSi? (cxadia, arxis gvirabi sabolood aSenda. 1994 wels dasrulda misi
mSenebloba da misi xarji 15 miliard dolars gautolda. realurma xarjma
winaswar dagegmili xarjs TiTqmis orjer gadaaWarba).

meore: danaxarjisa da sargeblis analizis berketebis gamoyenebiT

SesaZloa, aramaterialuri sikeTis Sefasebis sazRvrebi dadgindes. davuSvaT,
rom mravaljeradi gamoyenebis xomaldebis gaSvebis programis Tvladi xarji
da sargebeli aris Sesabamisad C da B, xolo misi aramaterialuri sikeTe ki
(magaliTad, saxelmwifo prestiJi) ucnobi sididea (X). Tu gamoTvlili xarji
gamoTvlis sargebels aRemateba, imisaTvis, rom programis ganxorcielebaze
gaices nebarTva, maSin X unda aRematebodes (C B)-s. aseTi informaciis Sedegad
SesaZloa,
dadgindes,
rom
aramaterialuri
sikeTe
ar
aris
imdenad
mniSvnelovani, rom proeqtis ganxorcieleba Rirdes. Tu (C - B) mravaljeradi
gamoyenebis xomaldebis gaSvebis programisaTvis udris 10 milion dolars
wliurad, maSin mosaxleoba unda SeTanxmdes imaze, rom saxelmwifo prestiJis
amaRleba namdvilad imsaxurebs amgvar kontribucias. Tu aRniSnuli maCvenebeli

336

10 miliardi aSS dolaria, maSin aucilebelia gansxvavebuli gadawyvetilebis

miReba.

mesame: maSinac ki, rodesac SeuZlebelia gansazRvruli Sedegis Sefaseba,

misi miRwevis alternatiuli meTodebi arsebobs. aseT SemTxvevaSi TiToeuli
alternativis xarjis sistematuri Seswavla da maT Soris uiafesi meTodis
SerCevaa aucilebeli. aRniSnuli procesi ekonomikuri efeqtianobis analizis
saxelwodebiTaa
cnobili.
SeuZlebelia,
fuladi
erTeuliT
Sefasdes
saxelmwifo usafrTxoeba. miuxedavad amisa, SesaZlebelia, alternatiuli
iaraRis sistemis danaxarji ganisazRvros.

danaxarjisa
Secdomebi

da

sargeblis

analitikosTa

Cveulebrivi

Cven mier ukve ganxiluli problemebis garda, treSma [2002] uamravi

Cveulebrivi Secdoma aRmoaCina, romelic Tan axlavs danaxarjisa da sargeblis
analizs.

`jaWvuri reaqcia~

amgvari midgoma sainteresoa im mxriv, rom misi gamoyenebis dros meoradi

sargeblis gamoTvla xdeba. saxelmwifos mier gzis gayvanis SemTxvevaSi
pirveladi sargebeli individebisa da firmebisaTvis transportirebis xarjis
Semcireba iqneba. amave dros, izrdeba adgilobrivi restornebis, sastumroebisa
da benzingasamarTi sadgurebis Semosavali, rac sursaTis, TeTreulisa da
sawvavis adgilobriv mwarmoebelTa Semosavlebs aamaRlebs. Tu ZiriTad
sargebels aseTi meoradi sargebelic daemateba, maSin, faqtobrivad, yvela
proeqti dadebiTi mimdinare RirebulebiT Sefasdeba.

aRniSnuli meTodis gamoyenebis Sedegad ratomRac ugulebelyofilia is

faqti, rom sargeblis garda, proeqts SesaZloa, danakargi hqondes. gzis
gayvanis Semdeg iklebs matareblis operatoris Semosavali misi klienturis
garkveuli nawili avtomobiliT sargeblobas daiwyebs. avtomobiliT gazrdili
sargebloba gazrdis fass sawvavze da sawvavis momxmarebelTa finansur
keTildReobas Seamcirebs.

337

mokled rom iTqvas, jaWvuri reaqcia ZiriTadad orientirebulia im

sargebelze, romlis transferic erTi rgolidan meoreze xdeba. sawvavis fasis
zrdis Sedegad Semosavali sawvavis momxmareblidan sawvavis mwarmoebelze
gadadis, Tumca igi proeqtis wminda sargebels ar warmoadgens. rogorc ukve
aRvniSneT, ganawilebiTi mosazrebani gadawyvetilebis miRebis procesSi
SesaZloa, marTlac, mniSvnelovani iyos. magram, raki xdeba meoradi sargeblis
gaTvaliswineba, meoradi danakargis gaTvaliswinebac aucilebeli iqneba.

`SromiTi Zala

ramdenime wlis win kongresi ganixilavda sakiTxs imis Sesaxeb,

gaegrZelebina Tu ara `stelsis~ programa. Tavdacvis departaments fulis
daxarjva am proeqtze ar surda, magram kaliforniis senatorma diana
finSteinma programis gagrZelebis calsaxa survili gamoTqva. man ganacxada,
rom programa `uzrunvelyofs xelfass, akuratulobasa da dacvas. meore dRes
kongresis CanawerebSi misi gamoTqma Caanacvles sityvebiT: `sasargeblo tvirTi
[Ricks, 1994, gv. A14].

senatoris Secdoma tipuria. xSirad proeqts agrZeleben imis gamo, rom

igi samuSao adgilebs `qmnis~. am dros momuSaveTaTvis gadaxdili xelfasi
proeqtis Sedegad iTvleba, es ki nonsensia, radgan xelfasi danaxarjis
kategorias miekuTvneba da ara sargeblis kategorias. cxadia, im SemTxvevaSi, Tu
momuSave iZulebiT umuSevaria, maSin socialuri danaxarji ufro naklebia,
vidre xelfasi. SeuZlebelia, proeqtSi dasaqmebuli kontingenti xangrZlivi
drois ganmavlobaSi umuSevrobis yvelaze maRali ganakveTis mqone regionSic ki
umuSevari darCes.

`gaormageba~

warmovidginoT, rom mTavroba apirebs miwis im garkveuli nawilis

irigacias, romlis damuSaveba dReisaTvis SeuZlebelia. programis Sedegad (1)
miwis Rirebulebis zrdisa da (2) damuSavebis Sedegad miRebuli wminda
Semosavlis nakadis mimdinare Rirebulebis jami iTvleba. problema ki is aris,
rom fermers SeuZlia, an daamuSaos miwa da wminda Semosavlis nakadiT
isargeblos, an miwa gayidos. konkurentul garemoSi miwis gasayidi fasi
zustad misi damuSavebis Sedegad miRebul wminda Semosavals udris. fermeri
orive qmedebas erTdroulad ver ganaxorcielebs. amdenad, (1) da (2) faqtoris
Sejameba WeSmariti Sedegis (sargeblis) gaormagebas gulisxmobs.

338

aseTi Secdoma imdenad sulelurad gamoiyureba, rom warmoudgenelia,

vinmem igi dauSvas. Tumca rogorc treSi [2002, gv. 825] SeniSnavs, erT dros
gaormageba iyo aSS-is Sinagan saqmeTa departamentis melioraciis biuros
oficialuri politika. biuros reglamentebis Tanaxmad, miwis irigaciis
Sedegad miRebuli sargebeli miwis Rirebulebisa da miwis damuSavebis Sedegad
miRebuli wminda Semosavlis mimdinare Rirebulebis jams warmoadgenda.

mosazrebani ganawilebis Sesaxeb

kerZo seqtorSi arcTu ise mniSvnelovania, Tu vin isargeblebs proeqtis

SedegiT da vin gaswevs mis xarjs. dolari dolaria, miuxedavad imisa, Tu vin
miiRebs an daxarjavs mas. zogierTi ekonomistis azriT, upriani iqneboda
aRniSnuli midgomis danergva saxelmwifo seqtorisaTvis. Tu proeqtis mimdinare
Rirebuleba dadebiTia, maSin rekomendirebuli iqneba misi ganxorcieleba imis
miuxedavad, Tu vin igebs, an vin agebs. vidre proeqtis mimdinare Rirebuleba
dadebiTia, piri, romelic igebs, uflebamosilia, aanazRauros im piris zarali,
romelic proeqtis ganxorcielebis Sedegad waagebs. am dros sargeblianobis
wminda zrda fiqsirdeba. aseTi midgoma xSirad hiqs-kaldoris kriteriumis10
saxelwodebiTaa cnobili, romlis safuZvelzec SeirCeva proeqti, romelSic
pareto-gaumjobesebis potenciali devs. ar aris aucilebeli faqtobrivi
kompensaciis ganxorcieleba: SeirCeva da racionalurad Sefasdeba proeqti,
romlis ganxorcielebis dros sazogadoebis garkveuli nawili gaiRebs xarjs,
rac sxva individs ufro meti wminda sargeblis miRebis saSualebas miscems.

saxelmwifos mizani sazogadoebrivi keTildReobis (da ara sargeblis)

maqsimizaciaa.
amdenad,
zogierTi
ekonomisti
fiqrobs,
rom
proeqtis
ganawilebiTi aspeqtebi aucileblad unda iqnes gaTvaliswinebuli. hiqskaldoris kriteriumi ki ganawilebiT aspeqtebs saTanadod ar aregulirebs.

ganawilebis problemis gadawyvetis erTi SesaZlo gza arsebobs:

mTavroba,
yovelgvari
safasuris
gareSe,
racionaluri
transferis
ganxorcielebis gziT mogebulebsa da wagebulebs Soris ganawilebiT miRebul
arasasurvel
Sedegs
gamoasworebs11.
mTavroba
uwyvetad
uzrunvelyofs
Semosavlis optimaluri ganawilebis dones, amdenad, xarjisa da Semosavlis
analitikoss mxolod mimdinare Rirebulebis gamoTvla evaleba. aseTi meTodis
daxasiaTebis dros, cxadia, gvaxsendeba realoba: mTavrobas, albaT, arc

10

kriteriums saxeli ewoda jon hiqsisa da nikolas kaldoris sapativsacemod.

yovelgvari safasuris gareSe niSnavs imas, rom satransfero sistemis administrireba
ar moiTxovs danaxarjs da transferic isea warmoebuli, rom ar amaxinjebs adamianis
qcevas (ix. me-13 Tavi).
11

339

Zalaufleba aqvs da arc SesaZlebloba imisaTvis, rom Semosavali optimalurad

gaanawilos12 (ix. me-7 Tavi).

davuSvaT, politikoss swams, rom mosaxleobis erTi jgufi Semosavlis

miRebas yvelaze metad imsaxurebs. Camoyalibdeba ganawilebiTi preferencia,
romlis Tanaxmadac, am jgufis erTi wevrisaTvis micemuli erTi dolari ufro
Rirebulia, vidre sxva jgufis wevrisaTvis micemuli igive Tanxa. preferenciis
Camoyalibebas upiratesi jgufis sasargeblod proeqtebis araobieqturi SerCeva
mohyveba. ganawilebiTi sakiTxebis irgvliv arsebul diskusiaTa didi nawili
Semosavalze, rogorc adamianTa klasifikaciis safuZvelzea fokusirebuli.
miuxedavad amisa, rasobrivi, eTnikuri da genderuli maxasiaTeblebic garkveul
rols TamaSobs.

mas Semdeg, rac analitikoss upiratesi jgufis wevrobisaTvis aucilebel

kriteriums warudgenen, man unda gansazRvros, rogor gamoTvalos am jgufis
sargebeli da ra gansxvaveba iqneba jgufis wevrebisa da sazogadoebis danarCeni
nawilis sargebels Soris. udris Tu ara mdidris erTi dolari Raribis or
dolars? an iqneb 50 dolars? aseT sakiTxebze pasuxis gacema mTlianad
subieqtur Sefasebazea damokidebuli. analitikosis maqsimumi aris is, rom
aiZulos politikosi, naTlad Camoayalibos subieqturi Sefaseba da kargad
gaiazros Sedegi.

ganawilebiTi mosazrebebis wardgenis potenciuri safrTxe is aris, rom

politikuri sakiTxebi ufro mniSvnelovani xdeba, vidre xarjisa da sargeblis
analizi. imis mixedviT, Tu ra parametrebia gamoyenebuli Sefasebis procesSi,
nebismieri proeqti SeiZleba dadebiTi mimdinare RirebulebiT Sefasdes, imis
miuxedavad, Tu ramdenad araefeqtiania igi. garda amisa, ganawilebiTi
mosazrebebis gaerTianeba mniSvnelovnad zrdis xarjisa da sargeblis analizis
winaSe arsebul sainformacio moTxovnilebas. analitikosi valdebulia,
aramxolod sargebeli da danaxarji Seafasos, aramed - maTi ganawilebis
meqanizmi mosaxleobaSi. rogorc me-7 TavSi ukve aRvniSneT, saxelmwifos
fiskaluri saqmianobis Sedegad miRebuli Semosavlis ganawilebis sqemis
Sefaseba rTulia.

ganusazRvreloba

12

ufro metic, rodesac saxelmwifo Semosavlis ganawilebis sqemis modificirebaze

muSaobs, icvleba Sesabamisi fasebi. Tumca maTi cvlilebis paralelurad icvleba
sargebeli da danaxarji. amdenad, efeqtianobisa da samarTlianobis sakiTxebis ase
martivad gamocalkeveba SeuZlebelia.

340

2003 wlis dasawyisSi kosmosuri xomaldi `kolumbia~ xelaxali gafrenis

dros atmosferoSi afeTqda. katastrofa dResac yvelaze sazareli magaliTia
da mudmivad gvaxsenebs, rom saxelmwifo proeqtebis Sedegi amoucnobia.
saproeqto winadadebis Sesaxeb arsebuli bevri mniSvnelovani diskusia bolos
im daskvnamde midis, rom aravin icis, ra Sedegs moitans proeqti. dasaqmebis
treningis programa daxmarebis programis recipientTa Semosavlebs rogor
gazrdis? imuSavebs Tu ara saTanadod maRalteqnologiuri iaraRis sistema
saomar mdgomareobaSi?

davuSvaT, rom ori proeqti ganixileba. orive maTgani Tanabari xarjiTa

da erTaderTi beneficiariT kailiT _ xasiaTdeba. X proeqti 1000 dolaris
sargebels ueWvelad da garantirebulad moitans. Y proeqti an ar moitans
aranair sargebels (SesaZleblobis 50%), an 2000 aSS dolars (SesaZleblobis
50%) moitans. romel proeqts mianiWebs kaili upiratesobas?

yuradReba miaqcieT, rom saSualod X da Y proeqti Tanabari sargebliT

xasiaTdeba,
radgan
mosalodneli
sargebeli
Y
proeqtidan
aris:

1 $0 + 1 $2000 = $1000. miuxedavad amisa, Tu kaili ar aris keTilganwyobili

2
2
riskis mimarT, maSin igi aucileblad SearCevs X proeqts _ Y proeqti garkveul
riskTanaa dakavSirebuli, xolo X proeqti ki saimedoa. sxva sityvebiT rom
vTqvaT, im SemTxvevaSi, Tu kaili ar aris keTilganwyobili riskis mimarT, maSin
mas Y proeqtis garkveul Tanxaze (1000 dolarze naklebi) gacvlis survili
eqneba. kaili mzadaa, garkveul Semosavalze uari Tqvas, oRond usafrTxod
igrZnos Tavi. adamianTa umetesoba mzadaa, riskis Tavidan asacileblad
gadaixados garkveuli Tanxa, ris mtkicebulebasac sxvadasxva tipis dazRveva
warmoadgens.

im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac proeqtis sargebeli an danaxarji garkveul

riskTanaa
dakavSirebuli,
maTi gansazRvrul
ekvivalentad
konvertacia
aucilebeli xdeba. es gansazRvruli Semosavlis raodenoba aris, romelsac
individi daTmobs imisaTvis, rom ganusazRvreli Sedegebisagan Tavi daizRvios.
gansazRvruli ekvivalentis gamosaTvlelad aucilebelia informacia imis
Sesaxeb, Tu rogor nawildeba ukugeba da ramdenad keTilganwyobili arian
riskis mimarT proeqtis monawileebi. gamoTvlis es meTodi am Tavis danarTSia
aRwerili.

gansazRvruli ekvivalentis gamosaTvlelad Tavidanve unda vicodeT, Tu

rogoria danaxarjisa da sargeblis SemTxveviTi ganawileba. zogierT
SemTxvevaSi sainJinro daskvna da amindis Sesaxeb monacemebi SesaZloa,
gamoyenebul iqnes imis gansasazRvrelad, Tu damba wyaldidobis Sedegad
gamowveuli zianis albaTobas rogor Seamcirebs. Tumca xSirad rTulia,
sxvadasxva Sedegs davukavSiroT albaToba. atomur reaqtorebTan dakavSirebiT

341

sakmarisi gamocdileba ar arsebobs, raTa defeqtis masStabi Sefasdes.

analogiurad, ramdenad darwmunebulia individi, rom Sidsis sawinaaRmdego
axali vaqcina namdvilad efeqtiani iqneba? am SemTxvevaSic karg analitikoss
erTi gamosavali aqvs: maqsimalurad calsaxad Camoayalibos sakuTari mosazreba
da gansazRvros, mosazrebaTa modificirebis SemTxvevaSi arsebiTi sakiTxebi ra
doniT Seicvleba.

Rirs Tu ara klasis ricxovnobis Semcireba?

Cven ukve vnaxeT meoTxe TavSi, rom sazogadoebriv skolaSi klasis

ricxovnobis Semcirebis efeqtianobis sakiTxi sakmaod sakamaToa. diskusiebis
dros ZiriTadi aqcenti klasis zomasa da moswavleTa akademiur moswrebaze
keTdeboda. miuxedavad amisa, Zalian mniSvnelovania, ganvixiloT klasis zomis
momaval Semosavlebze zemoqmedebis sakiTxi. eqneba Tu ara SedarebiT mcire
zomis klasis moswavles mozrdilobaSi (sxva Tanabar pirobebSi) ufro meti
xelfasi? klasis ricxovnobisa da Semosavlebis urTierTobis ekonometrikuli
analizis dros kardma da krugerma [1996] aRmoaCines, rom klasis zomis 10%-iani
Semcireba momaval wliur Semosavals 0,4-dan 1,1%-mde zrdis. Tu, marTlac, asea,
maSin SesaZloa, CavTvaloT, rom klasis zomis Semcireba monetarul sargebels
moitans.

aris ki klasis ricxovnobis Semcireba TavisTavad racionaluri

strategia? klasis zomis Semcireba sakmaod Zviri jdeba: saWiroa ufro meti
maswavleblis daqiraveba, damatebiTi saklaso oTaxebis mowyoba da a.S.
aRemateba Tu ara sargebeli danaxarjs? SekiTxvaze pasuxis gasacemad pelcmanma
[1997] danaxarjisa da sargeblis analizis meTodi gamoiyena. misi analizis
Sedegad Cven mier am TavSi ganxiluli ramdenime Zireuli faqtori warmoCindeba.

xarjisa da sargeblis analizi diskontirebis ganakveTis SerCevas da

yovelwliuri sargeblisa da xarjis gamoTvlas moiTxovs. vnaxoT, rogor ecada
pelcmani am problemebis daregulirebas.

diskontirebis ganakveTi

Teoriulad sakmaod rTulia konkretuli diskontirebis ganakveTis

SerCeva, amdenad, pelcmanma praqtikulad SearCia wyvili ganakveTi da daakvirda,
iyo Tu ara arsebiTi Sedegi mgrZnobiare sxvaobis mimarT. pelcmanis mier
SerCeuli (realuri) ganakveTebi iyo 3% da 7%.

342

danaxarjebi

pelcmanis gamoTvlebis Tanaxmad, klasis zomis 10%-iani Semcireba

moiTxovs sajaro skolis yvela saswavlo saSualebis (maswavlebeli, saklaso
oTaxi, aRWurviloba da a.S.) 10%-iT gazrdas. amdenad, klasis 10%-iani
permanentuli Semcireba wliur xarjs 10%-iT gazrdis. 1994 wels aSS-is sajaro
skolebSi moswavleze gaweuli wliuri danaxarji daaxloebiT 6500 aSS
dolaria, am Tanxis 10% ki _ 650 dolari. danaxarjis daricxva moxdeba 13 wlis
ganmavlobaSi (swavlebis periodi TiToeuli studentisaTvis). xarjis daricxva
swavlebis
periodis
ganmavlobaSi
xdeba,
amdenad,
aucilebelia
maTi
diskontireba, 11.3 cxrilis (1) rigi r-is orive (3% da 7%) mniSvnelobisaTvis
gviCvenebs 650 dolaris mimdinare Rirebulebas 13 wlis ganmavlobaSi. rogorc
aRvniSneT, aRniSnuli cifrebi warmoadgens C-s, anu proeqtis xarjebis
mimdinare Rirebulebas diskontirebis nebismieri ganakveTis SemTxvevaSi.

cxrili 11.3 klasis zomis 10%-iani Semcirebis danaxarji da sargebeli

mimdinare Rirebuleba
r = 7%

r = 3%

$5813

$7120

(2) sargebeli (225 dolari wliurad 2007

wlidan 2056 wlamde)

$1379

$4060

(3) sargebels minus danaxarji

-$4434

-$3060

(1) xarji (650 dolari

wlidan 2006 wlamde)

wliurad

1994

wyaro: gamoTvlebi pelcmanis kvlevaze dayrdnobiT [1997].

C-s gamoTvlas bevri faqtori amartivebs: yvelaze mniSvnelovani is aris,

rom xarji swavlebis yoveli wlisaTvis mudmivia. faqtobrivad, studentze
gaweuli xarji saSualo skolaSi ufro maRalia, vidre dawyebiT skolaSi,
amitom danaxarjis didi proporciis momaval wlebze ganawilebiT misi
mimdinare Rirebuleba Semcirdeba.

sargebeli

343

rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, kardma da krugerma gamoTvales, rom klasis

zomis Semcirebis Sedegad miRebuli ukugebis ganakveTi 0,4%-dan 1,1%-mde
meryeobs. pelcmanma Sualeduri ganakveTi airCia: 0,75%. misi azriT, individi
skolis damTavrebisTanave iwyebs muSaobas da 50 wlis ganmavlobaSi muSaobs,
amdenad, Semosavali momavali 50 wlis ganmavlobaSi wliuri 0,75%-iT izrdeba.
1994 wels 25 wlis da am asaks gadacilebuli momuSave mamakacis saSualo
wliuri Semosavali 30000 dolari iyo. am Tanxis 0,75%-iT gazrdis Sedegad
Semosavals daemateba 225 dolari wliurad 50 wlis ganmavlobaSi. xarjebis
msgavsad, aucilebelia sargeblis diskontireba. yuradReba miaqcieT, rom
Tavdapirvelad aRniSnuli 225 dolari 13 wlis mere iqneba xelmisawvdomi;
amdenad, misi mimdinare Rirebulebaa $225/(1 + r)13 . sargeblis (B) mimdinare
Rirebuleba diskontirebis orive ganakveTis SemTxvevaSi miTiTebulia cxrilis
(2) rigSi.

rogorc
xarjis,
aseve
sargeblis
gamoTvlac
mniSvnelovnad
gamartivebulia. Cveulebriv, mamakaci ufro mets Soulobs, vidre qali, amdenad,
mamakacis
saSualo
Semosavlis
gaTvaliswineba
sargeblis
Sefasebas
araobieqturad mimarTavs zemoT. meore mxriv, Semosavali droTa ganmavlobaSi
Cveulebriv izrdeba _ igi erTsa da imave doneze ar rCeba. analizis dros
ratomRac ugulebelyofilia aramonetaruli ukugeba (danaSaulis Semcireba,
arCevnebis dros ufro informirebuli arCevanis gakeTebis saSualeba da a.S.).
pelcmanis saboloo SefasebiT, socialuri sargebeli ganaTlebisaTvis Zalian
dabalia.

danaxarjisa da sargeblis balansi da maTi gansazRvra

proeqtis mimdinare wminda Rirebulebis gamoTvla wrfivad unda

ganxorcieldes. diskontirebis TiToeuli ganakveTisaTvis aiReT 11.3 cxrilis
(2) rigSi mocemuli sargebeli da mas (1) rigSi mocemuli danaxarji gamoakeliT.
am gamoTvlis pasuxi (3) rigSia mocemuli, sadac Cans, rom Tu r aris 7%, maSin
danaxarji sargebels $4434-iT aRemateba, xolo Tu r aris 3%, maSin - $3060-iT.
amdenad, diskontirebis nebismieri ganakveTis SemTxvevaSi, (B - C) uaryofiTi
sididea, rac gulisxmobs imas, rom klasis zomis 10%-iani Semcireba
racionalur proeqtad verasodes CaiTvleba. swored amis safuZvelze pelcmani
ironiulad SeniSnavs, rom studentebis keTildReoba amaRldeba, Tu klasis
zoma 10%-iT gaizrdeba, xolo dazogil Tanxas ki daemateba sabazro
saprocento ganakveTi da TiToeul students gadaecema (gv. 226).

klasis ricxovnobis Semcirebis analizi miuTiTebs praqtikuli danaxarjisa

da sargeblis analizis ramdenime mniSvnelovan aspeqtze:

344

analizi xSirad disciplinaTSorisi mecnierebis kompetenciaSi Sedis:

ekonomists xSirad ara aqvs sakmarisi kvalifikacia imisaTvis, rom
Seafasos yvela danaxarji da sargebeli. ase magaliTad, saWiro iqneba
inJinris daskvna imis gansasazRvrad, Tu ra danaxarji iqneba saWiro
saklaso sivrcis 10%-iT gasafarToeblad. analogiurad, Tu vinme
danaSaulis Semcirebas sargeblad miiCnevs, SesaZloa, aucilebeli gaxdes
im sociologis konsultacia, romelic danaSaulebriv qmedebas swavlobs.
xarjisa da Sedegis Sefaseba, gansakuTrebiT Tu maTi realizacia
momavalSia mosalodneli, specialur da gansakuTrebul daSvebebs
moiTxovs. Cven ukve aRvniSneT, rom pelcmanis martivi daSveba Semosavlis
mudmivobis Sesaxeb WeSmariti ar aris. Tumca imisaTvis, rom ukeTesad
Sefasdes sargebeli da danaxarji, aucilebelia, gvqondes alternatiuli
mosazreba imis Taobaze, Tu Semosavali drois ganmavlobaSi rogor
gaizrdeba (an Semcirdeba), rac arcTu ise naTelia dRevandeli
gadasaxedidan.
Tu
Zalian
maRalia
ganusazRvrelobis
xarisxi,
analizis
dros
SeuZlebelia ganawilebis aspeqtebis gaTvaliswinebac. ase magaliTad,
mkvlevari, romelic ver adgens klasis zomis Semcirebis zemoqmdebis
zust masStabs mTlian Semosavlebze, ver Seafasebs Semosavlis
ganawilebis sqemas.
danaxarjisa da sargeblis analizi informaciis Sejamebis saukeTeso
meTods warmoadgens. igi waaxalisebs analitikoss, calsaxad ganacxados
Tavisi daSvebebis Sesaxeb da naTlad Camoayalibos rekomendaciebi.
klasis zomis Semcirebis Sesaxeb pelcmaniseuli mosazreba ramdenime
friad saeWvo sakiTxs moicavs; swored amitom SesaZloa, daskvna
sabolood araswori aRmoCndes. miuxedavad amisa, pelcmanis analizi
uaRresad Rirebulia, radgan igi racionalur CarCos qmnis, romlis
farglebSic momavalSi unda gaimarTos diskusiebi yvelaze mniSvnelovan
sakiTxebze.

mTavrobis mier danaxarjisa da sargeblis analizis gamoyeneba

(an gamouyenebloba)

Tqven ukve kargad iciT, rom danaxarjisa da sargeblis analizi ar aris

panacea, romelic yvela SekiTxvaze saboloo da mniSvnelovan `mecnierul~
pasuxs uzrunvelyofs. miuxedavad amisa, analizi mniSvnelovnad gvexmareba
gadawyvetilebis miRebis saimedo da mdgradi proceduris Camoyalibebasa da
swori gadawyvetilebis miRebaSi. sargeblobs Tu ara mTavroba am meTodebiT?
1930-iani wlebis Semdgom federaluri mTavrobis brZanebis Tanaxmad, sxvadasxva
proeqtis danaxarjisa da sargeblis analizi Catarda. prezidenti reigani, buSi
da klintoni gamoscemdnen administraciul brZanebulebebs, romlis Tanaxmadac,
yvela
ZiriTadi
regulaciebis
danaxarjisa
da
sargeblis
analizis
ganxorcieleba aucilebeli iyo.

am

rogorc demokratebis, aseve respublikelebis administracia prezedentis

brZanebulebebs xSirad ugulebelyofda. arc kongresi gamoirCeoda

345

maincdamainc didi surviliT, ganexorcielebina analizi. marTlac, hanma da

sxvebma [2002] Seiswavles 1990-iani wlebiT daTariRebuli 48 umsxvilesi
federaluri janmrTelobis, uvneblobisa da garemosdacviTi regulacia da
daadgines, rom danaxarjisa da sargeblis analizi sami regulaciisaTvisac ki
ar iyo ganxorcielebuli. ubralod, arc erTi samsaxuri brZanebulebiT
gaTvaliswinebul danaxarjisa da sargeblis analizs ar axorcielebda. ratom
ar xdeba danaxarjisa da sargeblis analiziT sargebloba saxelmwifo
gadawyvetilebis miRebis procesSi? albaT, imitom, rom danaxarjisa da
sargeblis analizs
Zalian
bevri
praqtikuli
sirTule
axlavs
Tan,
gansakuTrebiT ki maSin, rodesac ar arsebobs konsensusi mTavrobis miznebis
Sesaxeb. garda amisa, bevr biurakrats arc Sesabamisi unari aqvs da arc
survili, gansakuTrebiT maSin, rodesac saqme maT sakuTar programas exeba. arc
erT politikoss ar siamovnebs misi `sayvareli~ proeqtis sxvebis mier
detaluri Seswavla da analizi.

zogierT sasicocxlo seqtorSi danaxarjisa

warmoeba aSkarad akrZalulic ki aris:

da

sargeblis

analizis

`sufTa haeris Sesaxeb kanonis Tanaxmad, akrZalulia danaxarjis

ganxilva mas Semdeg, rac haeris xarisxis standarti dawesdeba. 1997 wels,
rodesac prezidentis mTavar mrCevels garemosdacviT sakiTxebSi uTxres,
rom zogierTi axali garemosdacviTi regulaciis danaxarji sargebels
asobiT miliardi dolariT gadaaWarbebs, man upasuxa: `saqme ar aris
mxolod fulSi... es xom janmrTelobis standartebia [Cushman, 1997, gv.
28]. nebismieri sxva pozicia aralegalurad CaiTvleboda.
imave kanonis Tanaxmad, kompania valdebulia, daamontaJos aRWurviloba,
romelic dabinZurebis xarisxs amcirebis, miuxedavad imisa, ramdenad
mcirea zrdadi SemcirebiT miRebuli sargebeli da ramdenad didia
aRWurvilobis zrdadi danaxarji.
gadaSenebis zRvarze myofi jiSebis gadarCenis Sesaxeb kanonis Tanaxmad,
Tevzisa da veluri samyaros dacvis samsaxurs SeerTebuli Statebis
farglebSi, danaxarjis miuxedavad, gadaSenebis zRvarze myofi TiToeuli
jiSis dacva daevala.
sursaTis, wamlisa da kosmetikuri saSualebis Sesaxeb kanonis Tanaxmad,
sursaTisa da wamlis administracia valdebulia, akrZalos nebismieri
sakvebdanamati, romelmac SesaZloa, gamoiwvios kibo adamiansa da
cxovelSi, riskis simcirisa da sargeblis masStabis miuxedavad.

1995 wels kongresis ramdenime wevri aRniSnul kanonTa Secvlas Seecada.

iniciativa damarcxda. ufro metic, 2001 wels uzenaesma sasamarTlom `sufTa
haeris~ Sesaxeb kanoniT gaTvaliswinebuli danaxarjisa da sargeblis analizis
gareSe proeqtebis ganxorcielebis akrZalva kidev erTxel daakanona. SesaZloa,
gadawyvetileba keTilgonivruli iyos iuridiuli TvalsazrisiT, magram igi
warumatebeli aRmoCnda politikosebisaTvis. miuxedavad imisa, rom danaxarjisa
da sargeblis analizi arasrulyofili berketia, igi erTaderTi analitikuri
CarCoa logikuri gadawyvetilebis misaRebad. danaxarjisa da sargeblis

346

analizis akrZalva gadawyvetilebis miRebis

danaSaulebriv qmedebad aRiarebas gulisxmobs.

keTilgonivruli

proceduris

daskvna

danaxarjisa da sargeblis analizi keTildReobis ekonomikis potenciuri

proeqtebis Sefasebis mizniT praqtikuli gamoyenebis formaa.
imisaTvis, rom erTmaneTs sxvadasxva drois wminda sargebeli SevadaroT,
aucilebelia, maTi mimdinare Rirebuleba gamoviTvaloT.
iseTi meTodebis gamoyenebas, rogoricaa: ukugebis Sida ganakveTi,
Semosavlisa da xarjis koeficienti, araswor daskvnebamde mivyavarT.
diskontirebis ganakveTis dadgena danaxarjisa da sargeblis analizis
dros yvelaze mniSvnelovani etapia. kerZo seqtorSi analizis dros sami
SesaZlo sazomi arsebobs: ukugebis kerZo ganakveTi dabegvramde, ukugebis
dabegvramde da dabegvris Semdgomi kerZo ganakveTebis saSualo Sewonili
da socialuri diskontirebis ganakveTi. maT Soris arCevani keTdeba imis
mixedviT, Tu romeli seqtoria Seviwroebuli (investireba Tu xarjva?) da
kerZo bazrebi sazogadoebis preferenciebs ra masStabiT asaxavs.
praqtikulad
aSS-is
mTavroba
diskontirebis
ganakveTebiT
erTob
qaoturad sargeblobs.
saxelmwifo proeqtis sargebeli da danaxarji sxvadasxva meTodis
saSualebiT fasdeba:

sabazro fasebi warmatebiT gamoiyeneba, Tu ar arsebobs mizezi, vifiqroT,

rom isini socialuri zRvruli danaxarjisagan gansxvavdeba.

Crdilovani fasebis saSualebiT xdeba sabazro fasebis koreqtireba,

romelic avsebs socialuri zRvruli danaxarjisagan gadaxras, rac sabazro
naklovanebaTa gamo arsebobs.

Tu SromiTi Zala dRes umuSevaria da mosalodnelia maTi umuSevrad yofna

proeqtis mimdinareobis mTeli periodis ganmavlobaSi, alternatiuli
Rirebuleba iqneba dabali.

Tu msxvili saxelmwifo proeqti wonasworobiT fass cvlis, samomxmareblo

siWarbe sargeblis gamoTvlaSi dagvexmareba.

iseTi saqonlis Rirebuleba, romelic ar iyideba, individis qcevis

safuZvelze ganisazRvreba. Sefasebis ori meTodi arsebobs: drois dazogvis

347

Sedegad miRebuli sargeblis gamoTvla

SemcirebiT miRebuli sargeblis Sefaseba.

da

gardacvalebis

albaTobis

aramaterialuri sargebeli da danaxarji Seufasebelia. aRniSnuli

faqtori ar unda iyos gaTvaliswinebuli danaxarjisa da sargeblis
analizSi.
SesaZloa,
calke
iqnes
gamoTvlili,
Tu
ramdenad
mniSvnelovania es ori faqtori imisaTvis, rom gadawyvetileba Secvalos.
danaxarjisa da sargeblis analizs erTob uaryofiTi Sedegis motana
SeuZlia Semdegi tipuri Secdomebis arsebobis gamo:

`jaWvuri reaqcia~ _ imisaTvis, rom saproeqto winadadeba CaiTvalos ufro

mimzidvelad, iTvaliswineben meorad sargebelsac ki, magram meorad xarjs
ugulebelyofen.

`SromiTi Zala~ _ xelfasi ganixileba, rogorc proeqtis sargebeli da ara

rogorc proeqtis danaxarji.

`gaormageba~ _ sargebeli SecdomiTaa gaormagebuli.

danaxarjisa da sargeblis analizSi ganawilebiTi aspeqtis CarTvis

sakiTxic sakmaod winaaRmdegobrivia. zogierTi analitikosi Tvlis, rom
dolari dolaria, miuxedavad imisa, vin miiRebs mas, xolo zogierTi ki
upiratesobas proeqtebs SerCeuli jgufebis sasargeblod aniWebs.
ganusazRvrel situaciebSi individi upiratesobas naklebad sarisko
proeqts aniWebs (sxva Tanabar pirobebSi). zogadad, ganusazRvreli
proeqtis
danaxarji
da
sargebeli
konvertirebul
unda
iqnes
gansazRvrul ekvivalentSi.

sadiskusio SekiTxvebi

1.

`Tqven rom iyoT am qveynis mmarTveli, ras gaakeTebdiT: ikiTxavdiT, aris

Tu ara rentabeluri bavSvebisaTvis cecxlgamZle saRamuris warmoeba, Tu
ubralod ubrZanebdiT mwarmoebels, aseTi saRamuri daemzadebina?
uCivlebdiT Tu ara im mSenebls, romelic gamoacxadebda, rom mas Zalian
Zviri ujdeba kedlebis axlos miSeneba? [Herbert, 1995]. ra iqneba Tqveni
pasuxi am SekiTxvebze?
2. niu-jersiSi ukanaknel periodSi brZaneba gamoica, romlis mixedviTac,
avtomobilis
gamonabolqvis
Semmowmebeli
sistemebis
inspeqciis
procedura gamkacrda. amis Sedegad lodinis xangrZlivoba 15 wuTidan 2
saaTamde
gaizarda.
rogor
unda
moxdes
aRniSnuli
faqtoris

348

gaTvaliswineba gamonabolqvis Semmowmebeli programis danaxarjebisa da

Semosavlis analizSi?
3. proeqti yovelwliurad 25 dolaris sargebels moitans. Semosavlis
miReba SesaZlebeli iqneba
momavali
wlidan. Semosavlis
miReba
usasrulobamde gagrZeldeba. ra iqneba sargeblis mimdinare Rirebuleba,
Tu saprocento ganakveTi 10%-ia? [miniSneba: usasrulo jami x + X2 + X3 +
udris x/(1 x), rodesac x 1-ze naklebia]. ganazogadeT Tqveni pasuxi da
miuTiTeT: Tu B aris usasrulo wliuri sargebeli, xolo misi
saprocento ganakveTi ki - r, maSin misi mimdinare Rirebuleba aris B/r.
4. dRes gaRebuli 1000 dolari momavali wlidan usasrulo periodamde
wliur 80 dolar Semosavals mogvitans. ar aris inflacia, sabazro
saprocento ganakveTi aris 10% dabegvramde da 5% dabegvris Semdeg.
a) ras udris ukugebis Sida ganakveTi?
b) proeqtis dasafinanseblad saWiro fuli momxmareblis saxarjo Tanxidan
modis. racionaluri iqneba Tu ara proeqtis ganxorcieleba? ratom?
davuSvaT, rom gadasaxadebi Segrovilia kerZo firmebis investiciis
Semcirebis
xarjze.
CaiTvleba
Tu
ara proeqtis
ganxorcieleba
racionalurad? davuSvaT, momxmarebeli xarjavs Tavisi ukanaskneli
dolaridan 60 cents, xolo 40 cents ki zogavs. CaiTvleba Tu ara
proeqtis ganxorcieleba racionalurad? ganmarteT Tqveni pasuxi.
g) davuSvaT, rom socialuri diskontirebis ganakveTi aris 4%. ra aris
proeqtis mimdinare Rirebuleba?
d) davuSvaT, momavali 10 wlis ganmavlobaSi mosalodnelia 10% wliuri
inflacia. rogor Seicvleba am SemTxvevaSi Tqveni pasuxebi (a), (b) da (g)
SekiTxvebze?

5. bili mgzavrobs metropoliteniT. mgzavrobis tarifi 75 centia. bili

mzadaa, SearCios transportirebis sxva saSualeba, Tu gaizrdeba tarifis
Rirebuleba. arsebobs erTaderTi alternativa - avtobusi, romelsac 5
wuTiT meti sWirdeba. bili erTi wlis ganmavlobaSi 10-jer mgzavrobs.
qalaqSi metropolitenis sistemis mniSvnelovani remonti igegmeba, ris
Semdegac Semcirdeba mgzavrobis xangrZlivoba, magram mgzavrobis tarifi
40 centiT gaizrdeba. momavali wlidan gaizrdeba tarifi da Semcirdeba
mgzavrobis xangrZlivoba. ase gagrZeldeba usasrulod. saprocento
ganakveTi 25%-ia.
a) ra aris proeqtis sargeblisa da danaxarjis mimdinare Rirebuleba?
b) qalaqis mosaxleobidan 55 aTasi saSualo fenas warmoadgens da
yvela maTgani hgavs bils, 5000 ki Raribia. Raribi individi an
umuSevaria, an samsaxurTan axlos cxovrobs. amdenad, mosaxleobis es
jgufi transportis romelime saSualebiT ar sargeblobs. ra
sargebels da danaxarjs moutans proeqti mTlianad qalaqs? ras
udris proeqtis mimdinare Rirebuleba?
g) qalaqis sakrebulos wevrebi lobireben axal proeqts, romlis
Tanaxmadac, saSualo klasis warmomadgeneli ixdis dauyonebliv
gadasaxads 1,25 dolaris odenobiT, raTa uzrunvelyos `ufaso~
iuridiuli momsaxureba RaribTaTvis momavali ori wlis ganmavlobaSi.
iuridiuli konsultaciis wliuri Rirebuleba RaribTaTvis 62500 aSS

349

dolaria. davuSvaT, aRniSnuli Tanxis miReba wlis

SesaZlebeli. ras udris proeqtis mimdinare Rirebuleba?

bolosaa

d) Tu qalaqis mosaxleobam arCevani unda gaakeTos metropolitenis

proeqtsa da iuridiuli momsaxurebis proeqts Soris, Tqveni azriT,
romels airCevs igi?
*e)

ras udris TiToeuli dolaris `ganawilebiTi Rirebuleba~,

romelsac Raribi miiRebs da romelic ori proeqtis mimdinare
Rirebulebas gaaTanabrebs? saSualo klasis mier miRebuli dolaris
Rirebulebis ra nawils utoldeba Raribi adamianis mier miRebuli
dolari? pasuxi axseniT.

6. Arthur D. Lille International-ma CexeTis mTavrobis davalebiT Tambaqos mowevis

danaxarjisa da sargeblis analizi moamzada. angariSis Tanaxmad, mowevis
wminda sargebeli dadebiTia imis gamo, rom iwvevs naadrev sikvdils da
saxelmwifos pensioneris Senaxvaze naklebi fuli exarjeba. SeafaseT
aseTi midgoma, gaixseneT sicocxlis fasis sakiTxi.
7. Jurnalisti niu-iorkSi narCenTa utilizaciis xarjsa da sargebelze
msjelobda. pirveli, rac man sargeblis kategorias miakuTvna, iyo is, rom
utilizaciis mizniT daaxloebiT 1000 samuSao adgili Seiqmna [Johnson,
2001, gv. L23]. ramdenad logikuria aseTi midgoma?
8. kuriesa da gruberis [1996] Tanaxmad, `mediqeidis~ gafarToebis Sedegad
1980-iani wlebSi 5,1%-iT Semcirda bavSvebis sikvdilianoba. TiToeuli
gadarCenili sicocxlis mixedviT, gafarToebis danaxarji 1,6 milioni
iyo. rogor fiqrobT, CaiTvleboda Tu ara racionalurad `mediqeidis~
gafarToebis proeqti danaxarjisa da sargeblis analizis gamoyenebiT?

gamoyenebuli literatura:

Bazelon, Coleman, and Kent Smetters. Discounting Inside the Washington, D.C. Beltway. Journal of
Economic Perspectives (Fall 1999), pp. 213 28.

Boardman, Anthony E; david H Greenberg; Aidan R Vining; and David L Weimer. Xosr Benefit Analysis:
Concept and Practice. New Yourk: Prentice Hall, 1996.

rTulia

350

Viscusi, W Kip, and Joseph E Aldy. The Value of a Statistical Life: A Critical Review of Market Estimates
Throughout the World. Working paper No. 9487. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic
Research, February 2003.

danarTi

gansazRvruli ekvivalentis Rirebulebis gamoTvla

danarTi gviCvenebs, Tu rogor unda gamoviangariSoT

ekvivalentis Rirebuleba ganusazRvreli proeqtisaTvis.

gansazRvruli

davuSvaT, rom jounsi dRes E raodenobis fuls Soulobs. igi

monawileobas iRebs dasaqmebis treningSi, romlis zemoqmedebac momaval
Semosavlebze gansazRvruli ar aris: Sansi imisa, rom jounsis wliuri
Semosavlebi ucvleli darCeba, an gaizrdeba y dolariT, 1/2-s udris (1/2 Sansi)13.
programis sargebeli aris is Tanxa, romlis gadaxdis survilic eqneba jounss.
amrigad, Cveni ZiriTadi amocanaa, es Tanxa gamoviTvaloT. pasuxi aseTi iqneba:
y/2 dolari, anu jounsis Semosavlebis mosalodneli zrda14. magram aseTi
meTodiT gamoTvlili Tanxa Zalian maRalia. xom ar dagaviwydaT, rom
Semosavlis Sedegi saeWvo da ganusazRvrelia da jounsi garkveuli riskis
winaSe dgas? ramdenadac jounsisTvis miuRebelia riski, imdenad met Semosavals
daTmobs igi, oRond meti usafrTxoeba moipovos. Tu proeqtis sargebeli an
danaxarji sariskoa, maSin aucilebelia maTi gansazRvrul ekvivalentad
konvertacia, rac gansazRvruli Semosavlis moculobas warmoadgens, romelsac
individi imisaTvis gadaixdis, rom Tavi proeqtis ganusazRvreli Sedegisagan
daizRvios.

gansazRvruli
ekvivalentis
cneba
mocemulia
11.A
grafikze.
horizontalur RerZze izomeba jounsis Semosavali, xolo vertikalurze ki _
sargeblis moculoba. OU sxivi jounsis sargeblis funqciaa, romelic
sargeblis mTlian Tanxas gviCvenebs, rac Semosavlis TiToeul donesTanaa
asocirebuli. algebrulad, sargeblis Tanxa, romelic mocemuli Semosavlis
donesTan, anu I-sTanaa asocirebuli, U(I)-s warmoadgens. monakveTis forma
erTgvarad WeSmaritebasTan axlos mdgom daSvebas asaxavs, romlis Tanaxmadac,

13

1/2 Sansi simartivisTvisaa mocemuli. ZiriTadi Sedegi Sansebis aseT ganawilebaze

damokidebuli ar aris.
14
mosalodneli Semosavali gamoiTvleba TiToeuli SesaZlo Sedegis gamravlebiT
SesaZleblobaze, rasac Semdeg daemateba: (1 / 2 o) + (1 / 2 y ) = y / 2 .

351

Semosavlis zrdis SemTxvevaSi izrdeba sargebeli, magram Semcirebadi

ganakveTiT, anu Semosavlis klebadi zRvruli sargeblianoba fiqsirdeba.

grafiki 11.A

imisaTvis,
rom
nebismieri
Semosavlis
donesTan
asocirebuli
sargeblianoba vipovoT, horizontaluri RerZidan avideT zemoT, OU-s
mimarTulebiT da Semdeg ki vertikalur RerZze gadavideT. Tu proeqti ver
uzrunvelyofs Semosavals jounsisaTvis da misi Semosavali kvlavac E iqneba,
maSin misi sargeblianoba iqneba U(E), rogorc es asaxulia vertikalur RerZze.
Tu proeqtis ganxorcielebis Sedegad jounsis Semosavali y dolariT
gaizrdeba, maSin misi mTliani Semosavali iqneba (E + y), xolo misi
sargeblianoba ki - U(E + y).

proeqtis orive Sedegis miRebas Tanabari (1/2) Sansi aqvs, amdenad, jounsis
saSualo an mosalodneli Semosavali iqneba E + y/2, romelic naxevar gzaze
mdebareobs E-sa da (E + y)-s Soris da gamoxatulia -Ti. Tumca am SemTxvevaSi
sainteresoa
ara
mosalodneli
Semosavali,
aramed
mosalodneli

352

sargeblianoba15. mosalodneli sargeblianoba ori Sedegis sargeblianobis

saSualo sididea: 1/2U(E) + 1/2U(E + y). geometriulad, mosalodneli sargeblianoba
zustad naxevar gzazea U(E)-sa daU(E+y)-s Soris da -Tia gamoxatuli.

axla ukve SegviZlia gavigoT, Tu ramdenad Rirebulia jounsisTvis

samsaxurebrivi treningi (anu ra Tanxas gadaixdis jounsi monawileobisaTvis).
Cven
unda
vipovoT
Semosavlis
moculoba,
romelic
miesadageba

sargeblianobis dones. aRniSnuli moculoba horizontalur RerZze C-is

saxiTaa gamoxatuli, romelic, Tavisi definiciis Tanaxmad, gansazRvrul
ekvivalents warmoadgens. aucilebelia, SevniSnoT, rom C naklebia -ze _
dasaqmebis treningis programis gansazRvruli ekvivalenti mosalodnel
Semosavalze naklebia. aseTi maxasiaTebeli Cven mier adre gamoTqmul hipoTezas
Seesabameba. jounss surs, gadaixados ( C) riskis premia. ganusazRvreli
proeqtis danaxarjisa
da sargeblis
racionaluri Sefaseba
proeqtis
mosalodneli Rirebulebis riskis premiis TanxiT Semcirebas moiTxovs,
romelic mTlianad individis sargeblianobis funqciis formazea damokidebuli.

cxadia, mosalodneli Rirebulebis gamoTvla bevrad ufro martivia,

vidre gansazRvruli ekvivalentisa. sabednierod, xSir SemTxvevebSi sruliad
sakmarisia mosalodneli Rirebulebis gamoTvla. davuSvaT, rom sabombardiro
aRWurvilobis Sesaqmnelad axali proeqti muSavdeba. imdenad, ramdenadac ar
arsebobs sruliad naTeli teqnologia, analitikosebs ver daudgeniaT zusti
saboloo xarji. ojaxisTvis danaxarji iqneba 15 dolari (1/2 Sansi) an 25
dolari (Sansis 1/2). proeqts esaWiroeba Zalian didi Tanxa, Tumca ase
ganawilebuli Tanxa sakmaod umniSvneloa ojaxisaTvis. 11.A grafikis Tanaxmad,
orive Sedegi sakmaod axlosaa erTmaneTTan OU mrudze. OU mrudze ganlagebuli
wertilebi TandaTan uaxlovdeba erTmaneTs, mosalodneli Rirebuleba da
gansazRvruli ekvivalenti TiTqmis identuri xdeba (sxva Tanabar pirobebSi).
individi Tanxis aseTi mcire porciis SemTxvevaSi riskis premias ar moiTxovs.

farTomasStabiani riskiani proeqtis ganusazRvreli sargeblisa da danaxarjis

Sefaseba misi mosalodneli Rirebulebis safuZvelze xdeba. Tu riski sakmaod
maRalia
individis
SemosavalTan
SedarebiT,
maSin
aucilebeli
xdeba
gansazRvruli ekvivalentis gamoTvla.

15

Tu iciT Teoria ganuzRvrelobis Sesaxeb, albaT, icnobT daSvebas: individs aqvs `fon
niuman-morgenSternis sargeblianobis funqcia~.

353

Tavi 12

gadasaxadebi da Semosavlis ganawileba

ibrZole da imoqmede, rogorc gsurs, daawese gadasaxadebi _ sasurvel

mogebas movaWre mainc miiRebs.

jon loki

amerikaSi

sagadasaxado

sistemis

Sesaxeb

politikuri

debatebis

dros

ismeba sakiTxi _ samarTlianad nawildeba Tu ara sagadasaxado tvirTi. am

normatiul
pozitiur

sakiTxze
SekiTxvas

ganawilebaze?
ganawilebis

imis

keTilgonivruli

daskvnis

gavceT:

moqmedebs

gasagebad,

struqturas,

rogor
Tu

rogor

martivi

adamianisaTvis

gvekiTxa,

gadasaxadis

saxiT.

martivia,

meTodi

Tu

saWiroa,

pasuxi

gadasaxadebi

Semosavlis

gadasaxadebi

Semosavlis

cvlis

iqneboda,

TiToeuli

misaRebad

gamokiTxva

ramdens

magram xSirad

Cagvetarebina

ixdis

da

yovelwliurad

_ araswori.

magaliTi

gviCvenebs, rom sagadasaxado tvirTis Sefaseba gacilebiT rTulia.

davuSvaT,

erTi

boTli

Rvinis

fasi

10

dolaria.

mTavrobis

mier

dawesebulia gadasaxadi _ boTlze 1 dolari, romelic Semdegnairad unda

Segrovdes: rogorc ki Rvinis SeZena xdeba, gadasaxadis Semgrovebeli (romelic
daxlTan dgas) gamyidvels dolars gamoarTmevs, sanam igi fuls salaros
aparatSi Cadebdes. Cveulebrivi damkvirvebeli daaskvnis, rom Rvinis gadasaxads
gamyidveli ixdis.
davuSvaT, gadasaxadis dawesebidan ramdenime kviris Semdeg, gadasaxadis
arsebobis gamo, erTi boTli Rvinis fasi 11 dolaramde gaizarda. cxadia,
mflobeli erTi

boTlis

gayidviT

imave

Tanxas

iRebs,

rasac

gadasaxadis

354

dawesebamde iRebda. gadasaxadis dawesebis gamo misi materialuri mdgomareoba

ar uaresdeba. momxmarebeli, romelic gazrdil fass ixdis, mTel gadasaxads
faravs. axla ki warmovidginoT, rom gadasaxadis dawesebis Semdeg fasi 10,30
dolaramde gaizarda. am SemTxvevaSi mflobels TiToeul gayidul boTlze
mxolod 9,30 dolari darCeba; misi materialuri mdgomareoba TiToeul gayidul
boTlze 70 centiT uaresdeba. momxmareblis mdgomareobac uaresdeba mas
Rvinis

erT

mwarmoebeli

boTlSi
da

30

centiT

momxmarebeli

metis

uwevs1.

gadaxda

sagadasaxado tvirTs

aseT

inawileben.

SemTxvevaSi
jer

kidev

arsebobs imis SesaZlebloba, rom gadasaxadis dawesebis Semdegac ki erTi

boTli Rvinis fasi 10 dolari darCes. am dros momxmareblis mdgomareoba ar
uaresdeba, samagierod, gamyidvels uwevs mTeli sagadasaxado tvirTis zidva.

sagadasaxado tvirTis samarTlebrivi ganawileba gulisxmobs

gadasaxadze

iuriudiulad pasuxismgebeli piris identificirebas. wina paragrafSi aRweril

samive SemTxvevaSi kanoniT ibegreba gamyidveli, magram daakvirdiT, vis amZimebs
realurad sagadasaxado tvirTi? fasebi gadasaxadis dawesebis Semdeg icvleba.
gadasaxadze

iuridiulad

pasuxismgebeli

piris

identifikacia

gadasaxadis

realuri gadamxdelis Sesaxeb arafers gveubneba.

sagadasaxado tvirTis ekonomikuri ganawileba im cvlilebaze miuTiTebs,

romelic individis pirad realur SemosavalSi gadasaxadis gadaxdis gamo
moxda.

am

TavSi

sagadasaxado

yuradRebas

tvirTis

imaze

gavamaxvilebT,

samarTlebrivi

ganawileba

Tu

rogor

gansxvavdeba

sagadasaxado

tvirTis

ekonomikuri ganawilebisagan da ra aris sagadasaxado tvirTis gadatana.

sagadasaxado tvirTis gadatana: ZiriTadi SeniSvnebi

Tu gaxdiT imis Sesaxeb diskusiis monawile, rogor zemoqmedebs gadasaxadi

Semosavlis ganawilebaze, gaxsovdeT qvemoT aRwerili dakvirvebani.
1

faqtobrivad, momxmareblisa da mwarmoeblis fasis cvlileba mTeli ambis mxolod

erTi patara nawilia. gadasaxadis daweseba da, Sedegad, fasis cvlileba arCevans
yovelTvis amaxinjebs.

355

mxolod adamianebs SeuZliaT, gadasaxadebis simZime aitanon

"New York Times"-is redaqtorma sagadasaxado tvirTis ganawilebis Sesaxeb

kvleva

gaakritika.

kvleva

amtkicebda,

rom

`federaluri,

saxelmwifo

da

adgilobrivi mmarTveloba fuls individebisagan iRebs, miuxedavad imisa, fuls

adamianebi ixdian Tu kompaniebi~ (norisi, 1999). es mosazreba, Cveulebriv, mcdar
warmodgenas

asaxavs

imis

Taobaze,

rom

bizness

damoukideblad

SeuZlia

gadasaxadis gadaxda. aSS-is samarTlebrivi sistema zogierT dawesebulebas

(magaliTad,

korporacias)

ise

ganixilavs,

TiTqos

is

adamiani

iyos.

es

moxerxebuli gamonagoni zogjer gaurkvevlobas iwvevs. ekonomistebi miiCneven,

rom mxolod adamians _ aqcioners, momuSaves, miwis mesakuTres, momxmarebels _
ZaluZs sagadasaxado tvirTis tareba; magram korporacias amis unari ara aqvs.
gadasaxadebis
moxdes

maTi

kriteriumad

gadaxda

mxolod

klasifikacia
xSirad

adamians

ganawilebis

warmoebaSi

SeuZlia, magram rogor unda

struqturis

maTi roli

gasaanalizeblad?

gamoiyeneba (anu

ra sawarmoo

saSualebebiT uzrunvelyofen sawarmoo process) (sawarmoo saSualebebi xSirad

warmoebis faqtoris saxeliT moixsenieba). rogor cvlis sagadasaxado sistema
Semosavlis

ganawilebas

kapitalistebs,

mSromelebsa

da

miwis

mesakuTreTa

Soris? es Semosavlis funqcionaluri ganawilebis saxeliTaa cnobili.

am analiziT SezRudva odnav moZvelebuli midgoma iqneboda. XVIII saukunis
inglisSi sakuTrebis
momuSaveebs

mflobelebs albaT erTi dRec ar umuSaviaT, xolo

arasodes

miscemiaT

qonebis

flobis

SesaZlebloba.

dRes

SeerTebul StatebSi individi, romelic Semosavals SromiT moipovebs, flobs

danazogis angariSs an/da Cveulebriv aqcias (xSirad aseT aqtivebs individis
pensia moicavs). analogiurad, zogierTi adamiani kapitalis uzarmazar nawils
flobs, magram mainc sruli ganakveTiT muSaobs. amdenad, ufro racionaluri
iqneboda, Segveswavla, Tu rogor zemoqmedebs gadasaxadi adamianTa Soris
mTliani

Semosavlis

ganawilebaze,

rasac

Semosavlis

ganawilebis

masStabi

ewodeba. informacia adamianTa mier kapitalidan, miwidan, Sromidan miRebuli

Semosavlis

proporciis

Sesaxeb,

agreTve

cvlilebani

funqcionalur

ganawilebaSi SesaZloa interpretirebuli iqnes, rogorc ganawilebis masStabSi

cvlileba.
yvelaze

magaliTad,

metad

gadasaxadi,

daazaralebs

romelic

individs,

amcirebs

romelic

kapitalze

Semosavlis

ukugebas,

ganawilebis

356

mwvervalze imyofeba, radgan mdidar adamians Semosavlis SedarebiT maRali

wili kapitalis flobidan aqvs2.
klasifikaciis sxva sqemebi saintereso specifikur problemaTa WrilSi
iqneba. rodesac sigaretze federaluri gadasaxadi izrdeba, yvelaze didi
yuradRebis centrSi regionebis mixedviT gadasaxadebis ganawilebis sakiTxi
dgeba (araproporciulad dazaraldeba Tu ara Tambaqos mwarmoebeli Statis
mosaxleoba?). amasTanave, rodesac urbanul zonebSi miwis dabegvris sistemaSi
cvlileba

xdeba,

analitikosebi

gadasaxadebis

rasis

mixedviT

ganawilebis

sakiTxs akvirdebian. analogiuri magaliTebi sakmaod xSiria (sqesis, asakisa da

a.S. TvalsazrisiT).

gaazrebuli unda iqnes rogorc Semosavlis wyaro,

ise misi gamoyenebis mimarTulebani

Cvens

mier

aRweril

Rvinis

SemTxvevaSi

vaskvniT,

rom

gadasaxadis

ganawilebiTi efeqti individis mier Semosavlis gamoyenebis mimarTulebebze

mniSvnelovnadaa damokidebuli.

Rvinis

fasi izrdeba. amdenad, im adamianis

mdgomareoba, romelic bevr Rvinos yidulobs, uaresdeba. Tu gadasaxadis gamo

Rvinoze moTxovna Semcirdeba, maSin Rvinis sawarmoo faqtorebs Semosavlis
dakargvis

safrTxe

Seeqmneba.

amdenad,

gadasaxadi

Semosavlis

wyaroze

zemoqmedebiT cvlis Semosavlis ganawilebis struqturas. davuSvaT, Raribi

individi Semosavlis did proporcias Rvinoze xarjavs, venaxebi ki mdidarTa
sakuTrebaSia.

Semosavlis

gamoyenebis

mxriv,

igi

Raribidan

mdidarze

gadanawildeba, wyaros mxriv ki _ mdidridan Raribze. gadasaxadis zogadi

ganawileba

swored

imazea

damokidebuli,

Tu

ra

zegavlena

xorcieldeba

Semosavlis wyarosa da misi moxmarebis mimarTulebebze. aRniSnuli gansxvaveba

mniSvnelovania
prezidentis

imisaTvis,

goris

rom

winadadebis

gavigoT

debatebis

irgvliv

arsi,

warmoiqmna.

romlebic

winadadeba

vice-

Waobiani

floridis Statis gasufTavebas Seexeboda. Statis ekologiuri mdgomareoba

Saqris warmoebis narCenebis Cadinebis Sedegad uaresdeba. gori moiTxovda,
Saqris produqti gansakuTrebuli gadasaxadiT dabegriliyo, amonagebi Tanxa ki
Statis

gasufTavebas

Tumca zogierTi
kapitalidan modis.

moxmareboda.

am

dabalSemosavliani

azris

oponireba

pensioneris

ara

Semosavlis

mxolod

didi

im

nawilic

357

momxmareblebma daiwyes, romlebic Saqarze gazrdili fasis gamo Relavdnen,

aramed floridelma momuSaveebmac, romlebic mixvdnen, rom Saqarze moTxovnis
Semcirebis SemTxvevaSi warmoebis masStabi daecemoda _ gadasaxadi mxolod
Seamcirebda maT Semosavals.
realurad,

rodesac

ekonomistebi

saqonelze

dawesebul

gadasaxads

ganixilaven, Semosavlis wyaros yovelTvis gverds uvlian, xolo sawarmoo

saSualebaze

dawesebuli

gamoyenebis

mimarTulebebis

mosaxerxebelia

maSin,

gadasaxadis

gaanalizebis

ignorirebas

rodesac

dros

axdenen.

Semosavlis

Semosavlis

aseTi

gamoyenebis

procedura

mimarTulebebze

saqonelze gadasaxadi yvelaze sistematurad, sawarmoo faqtoris gadasaxadi ki

_ Semosavlis wyaroze zemoqmedebs. daSveba analizs amartivebs, Tumca misi
siswore yovelTvis unda Semowmdes (ix. Fullerton and Rogers [1997]).

gadasaxadis ganawileba damokidebulia imaze,

Tu rogor ganisazRvreba fasebi

gadasaxadebis

ganawilebisTanave

dgeba

sakiTxi,

Tu

rogor

cvlis

gadasaxadi fass. cxadia, fasis gansazRvris sxvadasxva modeli gansxvavebul

pasuxs gagvcems SekiTxvaze: vin atarebs realurad sagadasaxado tvirTs? am
TavSi SexvdebiT sxvadasxva modelebs, aqve Sedarebuli iqneba Sedegebi.
erT-erTi
gadasaxadis
yovelTvis

mniSvnelovani
ganawileba

dros

ganmavlobaSi,

fasis

moiTxovs.

vidre

sakiTxia

mcire

analizisaTvis

cvlilebazea

reaqcia
drois

ufro

gamoyenebuli

damokidebuli.
mZlavria

ganmavlobaSi.

cvlileba

xangrZlivi
amdenad,

dro.
ki

periodis

gadasaxadebis

grZelvadiani da moklevadiani ganawileba gansxvavebuli iqneba. amitom saWiroa

drois

im

monakveTis

gansazRvra,

romelic

mocemul

politikur

SekiTxvas

Seesabameba.

358

gadasaxadis ganawileba damokidebulia

sagadasaxado Semosavlis gankargvaze

biujetis dabalansebis mizniT gadasaxadebis ganawileba maT dawesebas da

am

gadasaxadebis

amonagebi

TanxiT

saxelmwifo

xarjebis

dafinansebas

gulisxmobs. zogadad, gadasaxadis ganawilebiTi efeqti damokidebulia imaze,

Tu rogor xarjavs mTavroba fuls. Sidsis kvlevaze gaweuli danaxarjis
ganawilebiTi efeqti gansxvavdeba im danaxarjis analogiuri maCveneblisgan,
romelic skolis bavSvebisaTvis cxeli sadilis momzadebaze gaiweva. zogierTi
kvleva amtkicebs, rom saxelmwifo sagadasaxado amonagebis zustad im odenobas
xarjavs, rasac momxmarebeli am Tanxis miRebis SemTxvevaSi daxarjavda. es ki
imis

ekvivalenturia,

rom

saxelmwifom

amonagebi

erTjeradad

daubrunos

momxmarebels da misi xarjvis ufleba misces.

sagadasaxado Semosavali xSirad gansakuTrebuli danaxarjisaTvis arc ki
aris gamiznuli. am dros saWiroa ganvazogadoT SekiTxva _
mTavroba

fuls.

gadasaxadis
enacvleba,

garda

amisa,

ganawilebis
xolo

diferenciuli

unda

struqtura,

saxelmwifo

ganawilebis

gavaanalizoT,
rodesac

biujeti

saxeliTaa

erTi

ucvleli
cnobili.

Tu

rogor xarjavs
rogor

gadasaxadi

rCeba.

es

icvleba
meores

gadasaxadis

diferenciuli

ganawileba

gadasaxadebSi ganxorcielebul cvlilebebs asaxavs. amdenad, aucilebeli xdeba

aTvlis wertilis moZieba. hopoTeturi `sxva gadasaxadi~ Sedarebis safuZvelia.
es

erTjeradi

gadasaxadia

gadasaxadi,

romlis

gadaxdis

valdebuleba

individs akisria, miuxedavad misi ekonomikuri qmedebebisa (magaliTad, 10%-iani

saSemosavlo

gadasaxadi

damokidebulia

individis

ar

aris

erTjeradi

Semosavlis

gadasaxadi,

masStabze;

magram

radgan

igi

suladobrivi

gadasaxadi, 500 dolari, romelic Semosavlisagan damoukideblad arsebobs,

erTjeradia).
gadasaxadis

absoluturi

ganawileba

gadasaxadis

efeqts

ganixilavs,

rodesac sxva gadasaxadSi an saxelmwifos xarjebSi cvlileba ar SeiniSneba.

gadasaxadebis
modelebi

absoluturi

interesdeba.

ganawilebiT

modelSi

yvelaze

stabiluri

miznis

metad

makroekonomikuri

misaRwevad

gadasaxadis

doneebi icvleba.
gadasaxadis progresiuloba sxvadasxva meTodis gamoyenebiT fasdeba

359

davuSvaT, mkvlevarma konkretul gadasaxadSi yvela individis realuri

wili gamoiTvala, rac danaxarjis ekonomikuri ganawilebaa. aseTi mcdelobis
praqtikuli

Sedegi

gadasaxadis

proporciul,

progresiul

an

regresiul

gadasaxadad klasifikacia gaxlavT. gansazRvreba proporciuli gulisxmobs

`sworxazovans~;

es

aris

mdgomareoba,

rodesac

saSemosavlo

gadasaxadis

gansazRvrebani

bundovania.

proporcia, Semosavlis donis miuxedavad, mudmivia3.

progresiuli
samwuxarod,

da

isini

gaurkvevloba

regresiuli

imdenad

Seaqvs.

(Semosavalze

orazrovania,

maTi

gadaxdili

gadasaxadis

ganmarteba

gadasaxadis

rom

xSirad

saSualo

wili)

sajaro

sagadasaxado

konteqstSia

debatebSi
ganakveTis

SesaZlebeli.

Tu

saSualo sagadasaxado ganakveTi Semosavlis zrdasTan erTad izrdeba, maSin

gadasaxadi progresiulia, xolo Tu mcirdeba _ regresiuli.

cxrili 12.1 sagadasaxado valdebulebani

hipoTeturi sagadasaxado sistemis pirobebSi

sagadasaxado

saSualo

zRvruli

valdebuleba

sagadasaxado

sagadasaxado

(dolari)

ganakveTi

ganakveTi

2,000

$ - 200

-0,10

0,2

3,000

0,2

5,000

400

0,08

0,2

10,000

1400

0,14

0,2

30,000

5400

0,18

0,2

Semosavali
(dolari)

gaurkvevlobis
zRvruli

mizezi

sagadasaxado

sagadasaxado
mimarTebiT

ganakveTi

isaa,

rom

ganakveTis
gadaxdil

cvlilebaa.

am

zogierTi

adamiani

konteqstSi

gadasaxadebSi

distinqciis

progresiulobas

ganixilavs.

zRvruli

Semosavlis

cvlilebasTan

sailustraciod

saSemosavlo

gadasaxadis struqturis martivi magaliTi ganvixiloT. TiToeuli individi

sakuTar
dolars

gadasaxads
da

gamoiTvlis

SemTxvevaSi individi
3

Semdegnairad

gamoiTvlis:

darCenili

monacemis

20%-is

Tanxis

Semosavals
20%-s

gamoaklebs

(uaryofiTi

3000

sxvaobis

tol subsidias iRebs). 12.1 cxrili

Tumca Semosavlis gansazRvreba ar aris `sworxazovani~. ix. me-15 Tavi.

360

sxvadasxva Semosavlis SemTxvevaSi gadaxdili gadasaxadis odenobas, saSualo

sagadasaxado

ganakveTsa

SemosavalTan

erTad

ganakveTi

da

zRvrul

izrdeba

ki mudmivia

sagadasaxado

saSualo

ganakveTi,

da 0,2-s udris, radgan

ganakveTs

zRvruli

gviCvenebs.

sagadasaxado

TiToeul damatebiT

naSovn

dolarze individi, Semosavlis sididis miuxedavad, damatebiT 20 cents ixdis.

SeiZleba

adamianebi

sagadasaxado

sistemis

progresiulobis

Sesaxeb

ver

SeTanxmdnen. yovel maTgans SesaZloa marTebuli definicia hqondes. amdenad,

Zalian mniSvnelovania, naTlad ganvsazRvroT progresiuli da regresiuli
gadasaxadis arsi. am momentidan CavTvaloT, rom isini saSualo sagadasaxado
ganakveTis konteqstSia gansazRvruli.
imis gansazRvra, Tu ramdenad progresiulia sagadasaxado sistema, ufro
rTulia,

vidre

Tavad

progresiulobisa.

arsebobs, romelTagan ors

gavaanalizebT4.

bevri

racionaluri

alternativa

pirvelis Tanaxmad, rac ufro metad

izrdeba saSualo sagadasaxado ganakveTi Semosavlis zrdasTan erTad, miT

ufro progresiulia sistema.
ekonomikuri

sagadasaxado

algebrulad, davuSvaT,
valdebuleba

rom

(iuridiuli

T0

T1

da

aris

valdebulebisagan

gansxvavebiT) Sesabamisad I 0 da I 1 doneze ( I 1 aRemateba I 0 -s). progresiulobis

sazomi v1 aris:

v1 =

T1 T0
I
I0

(12.1)

I1 - I 0

mas Semdeg, rac gamoiTvleba

T1 -sa da T0 -s odenoba da Caismeba 12.1

gantolebaSi, is sagadasaxado sistema, romelsac ufro maRali v1 Rirebuleba

eqneba, ufro progresiulad CaiTvleba.
meore

alternativis

mixedviT:

erTi

sagadasaxado

sistema

ufro

progresiulia, vidre meore, Tu misi sagadasaxado amonagebis elastiuroba

mogebis
romelic

mimarT
gaiyofa

(anu

sagadasaxado

Semosavlis

SemosavlebSi

procentul

procentuli

cvlilebaze)

ufro

cvlileba,
maRalia.

v2

Semdegnairad gamoiTvleba:L

ixileT Formby, Smith, and Sykes [1986].

361

v2 =

(T1 - T0 ) ( I 1 - I 0 )

T0
I0

ganvixiloT

(12.2)

aseTi

winadadeba:

TiToeuli

individis

sagadasaxado

valdebuleba im gadasaxadis Tanxis 20%-iT gaizrdeba, romelsac

individi

ixdis. amis Sedegad individis sagadasaxado valdebuleba winandelTan, T0 -sTan,

SedarebiT 1,2 T0 -mde gaizrdeba. Tu winandeli valdebuleba iyo T1 , maSin igi

1,2 T1 -mde gaizrdeba. kongresis A wevrma ganacxada, rom am gziT sagadasaxado

sistema ufro progresiuli gaxdeba. B wevrma Tqva, rom am meTods araviTari
efeqti

ar

eqneba

progresiulobis

TvalsazrisiT.

vin

aris

marTali?

es

progresiulobis sazomzea damokidebuli. Tu 12.1 gantolebaSi 1,2 T0 -sa da

1,2 T1 -s Sesabamisad T0 -iTa da T1 -iT SevanacvlebT, v1 20 %-iT gaizrdeba.

amdenad, am meTodis Sedegad gaizrdeba progresiuloba. Tu aseve SevcvliT

v 2 ucvleli darCeba (mricxveli da mniSvneli

maCveneblebs 12.2 gantolebaSi,

mravldeba 1,2-ze,

ris

Sedegadac efeqts

ver

viRebT).

Cven ki imis Cveneba

gvindoda, rom progresiulobis

Tundac yvelaze keTilgonivrulma sazomma

SesaZloa

mogvces5.

gansxvavebuli

pasuxi

kvlav

vimeorebT,

rom

diskusiis

gasamarTavad naTeli definiciebi aucilebelia.

nawilobrivi wonasworobis modeli

davubrundeT
gadasaxadebi
gadasaxadebis

am

Tavis

Semosavlis
Sedegad

yvelaze

arsebiT

ganawilebaze.

fasebis

sakiTxs:

gaixseneT,

cvlilebaa.

amitom

rogor

rom

zemoqmedebs

problemis

metad

arsi

mniSvnelovania,

vicodeT, Tu rogor ganisazRvreba fasi. qvemoT ganvixilavT fasis gansazRvris

nawilobrivi wonasworobis models. es aris modeli, romelic mxolod im

yuradReba miaqcieT, rom v1 da v 2 zogadad damokidebulia Semosavlis doneze. zogjer

erT sagadasaxado sistemasac ki ara

progresiulobis Sesaxeb msjelobas.

aqvs

mudmivi

v1 da

v 2 , rac

arTulebs

362

bazars ukavSirdeba, romelzedac gadasaxadia

dawesebuli, da sxva bazrebis

arsebobas ar iTvaliswinebs. aseTi analizi mniSvnelovania, rodesac bazari

dasabegri saqonlisaTvis SedarebiT pataraa. Cvens analizSi wamyvani iqneba
srulyofili konkurenciis pirobebSi moTxovnisa da miwodebis modeli.

saqonlis erTeulze dawesebuli gadasaxadi

pirvel rigSi, ganvixiloT fiqsirebuli gadasaxadi (gayiduli saqonlis

erTeulze

gadasaxdeli

fiqsirebuli

gadasaxadi).

magaliTad,

federaluri

mTavroba awesebs gadasaxads Sampanurze _ 3,40 dolars galonze da gadasaxads

sigaretze _ 39 cents kolofze. davuSvaT, rom Sampanuris fasi da odenoba
konkurenciulad,

anu

( SC )

miwodebisa

da

moTxovnis

( DC )

SefardebiT,

ganisazRvreba (grafiki 12.1). gadasaxadis dawesebamde moTxovnili fiqsirebuli

odenoba da fasi Sesabamisad aris Q0 da P0 .
axla davuSvaT, rom galonze dawesda gadasaxadi $u, xolo gadasaxadze
iuridiulad pasuxs agebs myidveli (anu myidveli samarTlebrivad gadasaxadis
gadamxdelia).

gadasaxadis

zegavlenis

analizisas

mniSvnelovania

gaviTvaliswinoT, rom momxmareblis mier gadaxdili fasi mimwodeblis mier

miRebuli fasisgan gansxvavdeba. adre erTi sabazro fasis gansazRvrisaTvis
SegveZlo

moTxovna-miwodeba

modificirebaa

saWiro,

gagveanalizebina.

raTa igi

or

axla

gansxvavebul fass

aseTi

analizis

myidvelisa da

gamyidvelis fasebs, movargoT.

12.1 grafiki

363

ganvsazRvroT, Tu rogor zemoqmedebs gadasaxadi moTxovnis monakveTze. a

avirCioT SemTxveviT wertilad. wertili miuTiTebs imaze, rom maqsimaluri
fasi, romelsac momxmarebeli

Qa galonSi gadaixdis, aris

Pa . erTeulze

gadasaxadis, u-s, dawesebis Semdeg Qa galonSi momxmarebelTa umetesoba kvlav

Pa -s gadaixdis. amdenad, ar arsebobs mizezi, vifiqroT, rom gadasaxadi

Sampanuris mimarT momxmareblis damokidebulebaze moqmedebs. Tumca rodesac
momxmarebeli galonSi Pa Tanxas gadaixdis, mwarmoebeli aRar miiRebs mTlian
Tanxas. amis nacvlad, momxmareblis mier miRebuli Tanxa iqneba: ( Pa - u) (Tanxa,
romelic

12.1 grafikze b wertiliTaa moniSnuli).

erTeulze gadasaxadis

dawesebis Semdeg moTxovnis mrudze a wertili mwarmoeblis mier miRebul

wertils aRar emTxveva. moTxovnis mrudze arsebuli b wertili mwarmoeblis
aRqmadobis wertilia mwarmoebeli kargad xvdeba imas, rom

Qa

galonis

miwodebis SemTxvevaSi mis mier galonis gayidvis Sedegad miRebuli Tanxa

( Pa - u) iqneba. mwarmoeblisTvis umniSvneloa, Tu ramdens ixdis momxmarebeli

galonSi;

mimwodeblisTvis

aqtualuria

is

Tanxa,

romelsac

is

gayidul

galonSi miiRebs.

364

a wertili SemTxveviT iyo SerCeuli. Tu moTxovnis mrudze sxva romelime

wertils avirCevdiT, garwmunebT, movlenebi iseve ganviTardeboda. magaliTad,
gadasaxadis dawesebis Semdeg,

Qc produqtis gayidvis Sedegad mwarmoebeli

iRebs fass, romelic n wertils (romelic m wertilidan u manZilis gamoklebis

Sedegad vipoveT) emTxveva. Tu am process nebismier wertilSi moTxovnis mrudis
paralelurad gavimeorebT, miviRebT moTxovnis axal mruds, romelic Zvel
mrudTan SedarebiT u dolariT qvemoTaa. 12.2 grafikSi aseTi gziT miRebuli
moTxovnis mrudi DC -iTaa aRniSnuli. DC monakveTi gviCvenebs, Tu ra Tanxas
iRebs mwarmoebeli TiToeul gayidul erTeulSi.

12.2 grafiki

Sampanuris boTlebis

ra odenoba CaiTvleba optimalurad gadasaxadis

dawesebis Semdeg? wonasworoba iq miiRweva, sadac miwodebis mrudi moTxovnis

mruds

gadakveTs.

es

ki

12.2

grafikze

Q1

wertilia.

Cven

vxedavT,

rom

gadasaxadis dawesebis Sedegad gayiduli saqonlis raodenoba Q0 -dan Q1 -mde

Semcirda.
ra iqneba wonasworobis fasi? rogorc aRvniSneT, axal wonasworobaSi ori
fasi

figurirebs:

mwarmoeblis

mier miRebuli

fasi da momxmareblis

mier

gadaxdili fasi. mwarmoeblis mier miRebuli fasi efeqtiani moTxovnisa da

365

miwodebis

mrudebis

gadakveTis

adgils

( Pn )

emTxveva. momxmareblis

mier

gadaxdili fasi aris Pn plus u, gadasaxadi erTeulze. am fasis geometriulad

asaxvisaTvis

Pn -s maRla, vertikalurad unda gadavinacvloT im manZiliT,

romelic u-s toli iqneba. Tumca, konstruqciis Tanaxmad, DC -sa da DC -s Soris

arsebuli manZili u-s udris. amdenad, momxmareblis mier gadaxdili fasis
gansazRvris mizniT ubralod DC -sa da -s S C gadakveTis wertilidan zemoT,
Tavdapirveli moTxovnis mrudamde, DC -mde, gadavinacvlebT. ase gansazRvruli
fasi aris Pg . igi moicavs gadasaxads; mas xSirad gadasaxadis Semcvel fassac
uwodeben. meore mxriv, Pn aris fasi, romelic Tavisufalia gadasaxadisagan.
gadasaxadi momxmareblis mdgomareobas auaresebs, radgan Pg , axali fasi,
ufro maRalia,
gadasaxadis

vidre Tavdapirveli fasi ( P0 ). Tumca momxmareblis fasi

sruli

mwarmoebelic

odenobiT

gadasaxadis

nawils

Semcirebul odenobas iRebs.

gadasaxadis
dawesebis

dawesebamde
Sedegad

ar

ixdis,

( Pg

P0 ) naklebia u-ze.

radgan gayidul

galonSi Tanxis

mwarmoebeli axla mxolod Pn -s iRebs, Tumca

P0 -s

rogorc

izrdeba

iRebda.

amdenad,

mwarmoeblis,

ise

aSkaraa,

rom

momxmareblis

gadasaxadis
materialuri

mdgomareoba gauaresda6. yuradReba miaqcieT, rom momxmarebeli da mwarmoebeli

`inawileben~ gadasaxads: momxmareblis fasis zrda ( Pg - P0 ) da mimwodeblis
fasis Semcireba ( P0 - Pn ) $u-s gasagebs xdis.

12.3 grafiki

Warbi zomebis TvalsazrisiT, momxmareblis mdgomareoba mkfg arealiT, xolo

mwarmoeblis mdgomareoba _ mghn arealiT uaresdeba. Warbi danakargis mTliani odenoba
sagadasaxado amonagebs fhg samkuTxediT aRemateba; es aris gadasaxadis Warbi
sagadasaxado tvirTi, rogorc es me-13 TavSia axsnili. momxmareblisa d mwarmoeblis
Warbi zomebis gasaanalizeblad ix. me-3 Tavis danarTi.
6

366

gansazRvrebis Tanaxmad, Segrovebuli gadasaxadebi Sesyidul fiqsirebul

odenobaze,

Q1

geometriulad,

-ze,

da

fiqsirebul

gadasaxadze,

u-zea

damokidebuli.

Q1 aris kfhn marTkuTxedis sigane, xolo u _ misi simaRle.

amdenad, sagadasaxado Semosavali am marTkuTxedis farTobia.

analizi ori mniSvnelovani SedegiT xasiaTdeba:

fiqsirebuli gadasaxadis efeqti ar aris damokidebuli imaze, Tu vin

ibegreba: momxmarebeli Tu mwarmoebeli. davuSvaT, rom u gadasaxadiT Sampanuris
mwarmoebeli daibegra da ara momxmarebeli. warmovidginoT, rom fasi Pi 12.3
grafikSi

Tavdapirveli

miwodebis

mrudze

mdebareobs.

miwodebis

mrudis

Tanaxmad, imisaTvis, rom mwarmoebelma Q1 erTeuli awarmoos, erTeulSi Pi fasi

mainc unda miiRos. erTeulze gadasaxadis dawesebis Semdeg mwarmoebels kvlav
surs, Pi fasi miiRos. amisaTvis ki momxmarebelma erTeulze Pi + u -s toli fasi
unda gadaixados, romelic geometriulad j wertilSia naCvenebi. axla naTelia,
aris Tu ara argumenti saimedo. miwodebis mrudis sapovnelad

S c erTeuli

gadasaxadis TanxiT zemoT unda avitanoT. miwodebis axali mrudi

Sc -iTaa

367

aRniSnuli. gadasaxadis gadaxdis Semdgomi wonasworoba Q1 wertilSia, sadac

S c da Dc mrudebi gadaikveTeba.
gadakveTis fasi, Pg , momxmareblis mier gadaxdili fasia. imisaTvis, rom
gavigoT, ra aris mwarmoeblis mier misaRebi fasi, Pg -s unda gamovakloT u, rac

Pn -s gvaZlevs. Tu 12.2 grafiks SevxedavT, aRmovaCenT, rom Q1 = Q1 , Pg = Pg da Pn =

Pn . amdenad, fiqsirebuli gadasaxadis efeqti araa damokidebuli imaze, bazris
romeli mxare daibegreba am gadasaxadiT.
ukve
ambobs

aRvniSneT,

rom

gadasaxadebis

gadasaxadebis

ekonomikuri

samarTlebrivi

ganawilebis

Sesaxeb.

ganawileba

arafers

metaforuladac

ki

warmoudgenelia, gadasaxadis Semgrovebeli idges momxmareblis gverdiT da

Sampanuris erTi galonis SeZenisTanave arTmevdes mas u dolars, an idges
gamyidvelis gverdiT da u dolars gamyidvelis mier produqtis gayidvisTanave
agrovebdes. 12.2 da 12.3 grafikebi cxadyofs, rom am SemTxvevaSi mniSvnelovania
momxmareblis mier gadaxdil fassa da mwarmoeblis mier miRebul fass Soris
sxvaoba, romelic
romelic

gadasaxadis SemoRebisTanave warmoiqmneba, da ara is, bazris

mxare dazaraldeba amiT.

momxmareblis mier gadaxdil fassa da

mimwodeblis mier miRebul fass Soris gadasaxadis gamo warmoqmnil sxvaobas

sagadasaxado areali ewodeba.

fiqsirebuli

gadasaxadis

ganawileba

damokidebulia

moTxovnisa

da

miwodebis elastiurobaze. 12.2 grafikSi gadasaxadis mTeli simZime gadadis

momxmarebelze _ mis mier gadasaxdeli fasi ufro meti odenobiT izrdeba,
vidre

mwarmoeblisaTvis

misaRebi

fasi

mcirdeba.

Sedegi

moTxovnisa

da

miwodebis mrudebis formis mixedviT mkacrad gansazRvrulia. rogorc wesi, rac

ufro elastiuria moTxovna, sxva Tanabar pirobebSi, miT naklebia momxmareblis
sagadasaxado tvirTi.
Tanabar

pirobebSi,

analogiurad,

miT

naklebi

rac

ufro elastiuria miwodeba,

sagadasaxado

tvirTi

aqvs

sxva

mwarmoebels.

elastiuroba ekonomikuri agentis mier gadasaxadis acilebis unaris uxeSi

Sefasebis saSualebaa. rac ufro elastiuria mrudi, fasebis zrdis SemTxvevaSi
miT martivia momxmareblisaTvis sxva produqtis arCeva. amdenad, mimwodebels
ufro

didi

sagadasaxado tvirTis

zidva

mouwevs.

arsebobs

sawinaaRmdego

SemTxvevac, rodesac momxmarebeli fasis miuxedavad produqtis imave odenobas

iZens.

aseT

dros

mTeli

sagadasaxado

tvirTi

momxmarebelze

gadadis.

analogiuri mosazrebani miwodebis mxaresTan dakavSirebiTac arsebobs.

368

12.4 grafiki

12.4 da 12.5 grafikebi eqstremalur SemTxvevebs aRwers. 12.4 grafikze X

saqoneli srulad araelastiuri miwodebiT xasiaTdeba. erTeuli gadasaxadis
dawesebisTanave

moTxovnis

efeqtiani

mrudi

D X

iqneba.

rogorc

adre,

mwarmoeblis mier miRebuli fasi ( Pn ) aris S X -sa da D X -s gadakveTis wertilSi.

yuradReba miaqcieT, rom

Pn

P0 -ze zustad u dolariT naklebia. amdenad,

mwarmoeblis mier miRebuli fasi zustad gadasaxadis odenobiT mcirdeba. amave

dros, momxmareblis mier gadaxdili fasi
srulad

araelastiuri

mwarmoebels

awveba.

miwodebis

12.5

grafiki

Pg ( = Pn + u )

SemTxvevaSi

P0

wertilSi rCeba.

gadasaxadis

sawinaaRmdego

SemTxvevas

mTeli

simZime

gviCvenebs.

produqtis miwodeba srulad elastiuria. erTeulze gadasaxadis dawesebis

Semdeg moTxovnis

D Z

mruds miviRebT.

Z1 axal wonasworobaSi produqtis

moTxovnili odenobaa, xolo mwarmoeblis mier miRebuli fasi, Pn , kvlav P0

wertilSi

rCeba.

moxmareblis

mier

gadaxdili

fasi,

Pg , aris

P0 +u. am

SemTxvevaSi gadasaxadis mTeli simZime momxmarebelze gadadis7.

yuradReba miaqcieT, rom vidre sawarmoo saSualebebze gaweuli danaxarji mudmivia,

konkurentuli bazrisaTvis, rogorc 12.5 grafikze, grZelvadiani miwodebis mrudi
horizontaluria. amdenad, am pirobebSi sagadasaxado tvirTi momxmareblebma xangrZlivi
drois ganmavlobaSi unda ataron.

369

debatebi
SeerTebul

Tambaqoze

StatebSi

dawesebuli

seriozuli

gadasaxadis

politikuri

Sesaxeb.

debatebi

bolo

periodSi

gaimarTa.

debatebi

Tambaqos dabegvras Seexeboda. 2000 wels Tambaqos nawarmis TiTo kolofze

dawesebuli 24-centiani federaluri gadasaxadi 34 centamde gaizarda, dRes ki
ukve 39 cents utoldeba. kanonmdebelTa gansazRvrul nawils am ganakveTze
SeCereba ar surs da misi 1 dolaramde gazrda aqvs ganzraxuli. gadasaxadis
gazrdis ideis damcvelTa erT nawils mwevelTa koeficientis Semcireba surs,
meore

nawils

ki

Tambaqos

mwarmoebelTa

dasja.

mwevelTa

ricxovnobis

Semcirebis mosurneni fiqroben, rom gadasaxadi sigaretze momxmareblis mier

gadasaxdel fass gazrdis, xolo Tambaqos mwarmoebelTa dasjis mosurneni
imedovneben, rom mwarmoebelTa mier miRebuli Tanxis

odenoba Semcirdeba.

romeli efeqti iqneba ufro Zlieri? Cvens mier ganxiluli modeli gadasaxadis
efeqtis Sesaxeb zustad gveubneba, Tu ra unda vipovoT _ sigaretis bazarze
moTxovnisa da miwodebis elastiuroba.

advaluri gadasaxadi

axla ganvixiloT advaluri gadasaxadis ganawilebis struqtura. es aris

gadasaxadi,

romlis

ganakveTi

Rirebulebis

proporciulia.

tenesis

Stati

SeZenil sasursaTo saqonelze 6% gadasaxads awesebs. faqtobrivad, yvela saxis

saxelmwifo da adgilobrivi gadasaxadi restornis saWmelsa da tansacmelze
advaluri gadasaxadebia.

370

12.6 grafiki

advaluri gadasaxadis analizi fiqsirebuli gadasaxadis msgavsad unda

warimarTos. ZiriTadi strategia imis Sefasebaa, Tu rogor icvleba arsebuli
moTxovnis

mrudi

wonasworoba.

gadasaxadis

nacvlad

imisa,

dawesebis
rom

Semdeg

TiToeuli

da

sad

miiRweva

erTeulisaTvis

axali

analogiuri

absoluturi odenobiT mrudi qvemoT daweuliyo, advaluri gadasaxadi mas imave

proporciiT amcirebs. amaSi gasarkvevad 12.6 grafikze sursaTze moTxovna ( D f )
da

miwodeba

Sf

ganvixiloT.

gadasaxadebis

wonasworobis fasi da odenoba aris Sesabamisad

ararsebobis

pirobebSi

P0 da Q0 . davuSvaT, rom

sursaTis bruto-fasi 25%-iT ibegreba8. gavaanalizoT D f -ze mdebare m wertili.

gadasaxadis

dawesebis

Semdeg

momxmarebeli

kvlav

mzadaa,

Qm

funti

advaluri gadasaxadis gamoTvla mraval mniSvnelovan faqtorTanaa dakavSirebuli.

gadasaxadi neto-fasidan gamoiTvleba Tu bruto-fasidan? Cvens magaliTSi gadasaxadi
aris bruto-fasis 25%, rac neto-fasis 33%-ia. Tu momxmareblis mier gadaxdili fasi 1
dolars udris, gadasaxadi 25 cents unda gautoldes, mwarmoeblis mier miRebuli fasi
ki 75 centi unda iyos. 25 centi 75 centis 33%-ia es gaxlavT gadasaxadis procentuli
Sefardeba neto-fasTan.

371

sursaTisaTvis Pm maqsimaluri Tanxa gadaixados. mwarmoeblis mier misaRebi

Tanxa im vertikaluri manZilis 75%-ia, romelic m wertilsa da horizontalur
RerZs

Soris

arsebobs

da

n wertiliTaa

aRniSnuli.

amdenad,

n wertili

moTxovnis mrudze mdebareobs da mas mwarmoebeli iRebs. r wertilSi arsebuli

fasi massa da horizontalur RerZs Soris arsebuli manZilis erTi meoTxediT
Camodis

qvemoT,

wertilisaTvis

wertilamde.

gavimeorebT,

Tu

aRniSnul

arsebuli

Df

proceduras

moTxovnis

mrudi

12.7

-s

yvela

grafikze

ganisazRvreba, rogorc D f . am momentidan analizi iseve grZeldeba, rogorc

fiqsirebuli fasis SemTxvevaSi: wonasworoba iq miiRweva, sadac S f

gadakveTs

D f -s, odenoba iqneba Q1 , sursaTis mwarmoebelTa mier miRebuli fasi _ Pn ,

xolo momxmareblis mier gadaxdili fasi _

Pg . gadasaxadis ganawilebis

struqtura moTxovnisa da miwodebis elastiurobiT ganisazRvreba.

12.7 grafiki

aseTi analizi uamrav situaciaSia misaRebi. davuSvaT, rom 12.7 grafikze

xelaxali aRniSvnebi gakeTda. axla ki sasursaTo bazris nacvlad, saarendo

372

binebis

bazari

warmovidginoT.

uZravi

qonebis

gadasaxadis

ganawilebis

struqtura ar aris damokidebuli imaze, Tu vin ixdis qonebis gadasaxads:

mesakuTre

Tu

damqiravebeli.

es

ewinaaRmdegeba

miRebul

mosazrebas

imis

Taobaze, rom gadasaxads ZiriTadad miwis mepatrone ixdis.

gadasaxadi warmoebis faqtorebze

Cven

ganvixileT

saqonelze

dawesebuli

gadasaxadi.

axla

warmoebis

faqtorebze dawesebuli gadasaxadebi gavaanalizoT.

xelfasze
amonagebi
rogorc

gadasaxadi.

socialuri
es

me-9

gaaanalizeT

usafrTxoebis

TavSia

miTiTebuli,

xelfasze

sistemis

gadasaxadi,

dasafinanseblad

momuSavis

Semosavlis

romlis

gamoiyeneba.

7,65%-is

toli

gadasaxadi damqiravebelma, imave ganakveTis gadasaxadi ki _ Tavad momuSavem

(jamSi 15,3%) unda gadaixados9. gadasaxadis ase gayofas sakmaod didi xnis
istoria aqvs. Sedegad, Cvens kanonmdeblebs swamT, rom xelfasze gadasaxadi
rogorc

damqiravebelma,

ise

daqiravebulma

unda

gadaixados.

Tumca

samarTlebrivi distinqcia muSasa da ufross Soris am mxriv umniSvneloa.

rogorc ukve iTqva, xelfasze gadasaxadis efeqti daqiravebulis mier miRebul
Tanxasa da damqiraveblis mier gadaxdil Tanxas Soris arsebul sxvaobazea
damokidebuli.

mas Semdeg, rac Semosavali gadaaWarbebs gansazRvrul dones, xelfasze gadasaxadis

ganakveTi Semcirdeba. ix. me-9 Tavi.

373

mosazreba ilustrirebulia 12.8 grafikze, sadac

moTxovna, xolo
davuSvaT, rom
udrida.

SL

SL

SromiTi

DL

SromiT resursze

_ SromiTi resursis miwodebaa. ilustrirebis mizniT

aris srulad araelastiuri. dabegvramde xelfasi

resursis

Rirebulebaze

gadasaxadi

mimdinare

w0 -s

moTxovnis

mruds DL -mde gadaswevs. rogorc yovelTvis, DL -sa da DL -s Soris manZili aris

sxvaoba gadaxdil da mimwodeblis mier miRebul Tanxas Soris. gadasaxadis
dawesebis Semdeg momuSaveTa mier miRebuli xelfasi wn -mde mcirdeba. meore
mxriv, damqiraveblis mier gadaxdili xelfasi, w g , kvlav w0 wertilSi rCeba.
miuxedavad

imisa,

daregulirebuli,

rom

cxadi

gadasaxadis
xdeba,

rom

ganawileba

momuSavis

mier

samarTlebrivadaa
miRebuli

xelfasi

gadasaxadis toli TanxiT mcirdeba. mTeli sagadasaxado tvirTi mas akisria.

cxadia, sruliad sawinaaRmdego Sedegs miviRebdiT, Tu CavTvlidiT, rom
miwodeba elastiuria. ZiriTadi principi isaa, rom gadasaxadis efeqtis Sesaxeb
verafers gavigebT, Tu Sesabamisi faqtorebis elastiurobis donis Taobaze
informacia ar gveqneba. arsebuli informaciis Tanaxmad, SeerTebul StatebSi
samuSao saaTebis mTliani miwodebis elastiuroba daaxloebiT nulis tolia
(Heckman, 1993). axlo momavalSi ase gagrZeldeba: xelfasze gadasaxadis didi

374

nawili SromiT Zalas daawveba, miuxedavad imisa, rom kongresi araerTxel

Seecada, tvirTi Tanabrad gaeyo.

kapitalis

dabegvra

globalur

ekonomikaSi.

kapitalze

gadasaxadis

analizis strategia xelfasze gadasaxadis analizis analogiuria: daxazeT

moTxovna-miwodebis mrudebi, gadasaxadis ganakveTis mixedviT gansazRvruli
TanxiT gadaaadgileT an moabruneT Sesabamisi mrudi da Semdeg naxeT, Tu
rogor gansxvavdeba gadasaxadis dawesebis Semdeg miRweuli axali wonasworoba
Zvelisagan.

iseTi

ekonomikis

farglebSi,

romlisTvisac

vaWroba

ucxoa,

moTxovnis mrudi qvemoT Camova (firma nakleb kapitals moiTxovs, rodesac

fasebi izrdeba), xolo kapitalis miwodebis mrudi zemoT ava (individebi met
kapitals awvdian (anu mets zogaven), rodesac danazogis ukugeba izrdeba)10.
aseT SemTxvevaSi kapitalis mflobels gadasaxadis garkveuli nawili akisria,
romlis

zusti

odenoba

miwodebisa

da

moTxovnis

elastiurobazea

damokidebuli.
davuSvaT, rom saqme axla ukve Ria ekonomikasTan gvaqvs, roca kapitali
qveynidan qveyanaSi Tavisuflad gadadis. faqtobrivad, kapitalis erTaderTi
globaluri bazari arsebobs. Tu kapitalis mimwodebeli ver miiRebs ukugebis
mimdinare saerTaSoriso ganakveTs erT qveyanaSi, igi kapitals sxva qveyanaSi
gaitans. moTxovna-miwodebis mrudebis TvalsazrisiT, kapitalis miwodeba erT
qveyanaSi srulad elastiuria _ misi moqalaqeebi uflebamosilni arian, imdeni
kapitali

Seisyidon,

ramdenic

surT,

ukugebis

mimdinare

saerTaSoriso

ganakveTiT, magram araviTar SemTxvevaSi ufro dabali ganakveTiT. kapitalze

gadasaxadis

ganawilebis

ilustrirebuli,

Sedegebi

gadasaxadis

STambeWdavia.

SemoRebamde

rogorc

momxmareblis

12.5

grafikzea

mier

kapitalze

gadaxdili Tanxa zustad gadasaxadis odenobiT gaizarda, Tumca kapitalis

mimwodebels aranairi sagadasaxado tvirTi ar akisria. sqema martivia: kapitali
sazRvargareT
dakisrebis

gadainacvlebs,

safrTxe

Tu

emuqreba;

am

qveyanaSi

amdenad,

mas

gadasaxadis

sagadasaxado
dawesebamde

tvirTis
arsebuli

amonagebis ganakveTi izrdeba.

integrirebul msoflio ekonomikaSi kapitali qveynidan qveyanaSi arcTu ise
advilad gadaedineba. ufro metic, SeerTebuli Statebis kapitalis bazari
didia; amitom saeWvoa, rom aq miwodebis mrudi srulad horizontaluri iyos.
miuxedavad
10

amisa,

politikosi,

romelic

globalizacias

gverds

uvlis,

Tumca danazogi ukugebis ganakveTiT ar unda gaizardos. ix. me-16 Tavi.

375

Seecdeba,

kapitalis

TvalsazrisiT

mflobeli

mobiluria.

sagadasaxado tvirTi

dabegros.

amdenad,

sxvebze

misi

gadadis.

kapitali

saerTaSoriso

mflobelisTvis

rac Seexeba

dakisrebuli

kapitalze gadasaxadis

progresiulobis sakiTxs, garwmunebT, rom es iluziaa.

saqonlis dabegvra konkurenciis ararsebobisas

konkurentuli

bazari

Cvens

analizSi

did

rols

asrulebs.

axla

ganvixiloT, Tu rogor icvleba Sedegebi alternatiuli sabazro struqturis

farglebSi.

monopolia.
erTaderTi

konkurenciis

gamyidvelis

sawinaaRmdego

arsebobas

formaa

gulisxmobs.

monopolia.

12.9

monopolia

grafikze

ixilavT

monopolists, romelic X produqts awarmoebs. saqonlis dabegvramde moTxovnis

mrudi

DX

iyo,

produqciis

xolo

warmoebaze

Sesabamisi
gaweuli

zRvruli

zRvruli

saSualo mTliani danaxarjis mrudi ki _

amonagebis

danaxarjis

mrudi
mrudi

_
aris

MRX .

MC X ,

ATC X . rogorc yovelTvis, axlac

sargeblis maqsimizaciisaTvis aucilebelia, warmoebam im wertils miaRwios,

sadac zRvruli amonagebi zRvrul danaxarjs utoldeba, anu
romlis drosac fasi aris

X 0 warmoebas,

P0 . erTeulze miRebuli ekonomikuri sargebeli

saSualo amonagebsa da saSualo mTlian danaxarjs Soris sxvaobaa, anu ab

manZili. gayiduli fiqsirebuli odenoba aris db. amdenad, mTliani mogeba udris
ab gamravlebuli db-ze, rac ikavebs abdc marTkuTxedis farTobs.
davuSvaT, rom X produqtis erTeuli u gadasaxadiT daibegra. mimdinare
moTxovnis mrudi, romelic mwarmoeblisaTvisaa mniSvnelovani, qveviT u-s toli
vertikaluri manZiliT Camoinacvlebs11. 12.10 grafikze moTxovnis mrudi D X -iTaa
aRniSnuli. amave dros, zRvruli sargeblis mrudi, romelic mniSvnelovania
firmisaTvis,
TiToeul

qveviT

gayidul

u-s

toli

erTeulze

manZiliT
firmis

Camoinacvlebs,
zrdad

amonagebs

radgan

gadasaxadi

amcirebs.

axali

mimdinare zRvruli amonagebis mrudi MR X -iTaa moniSnuli.

alternatiulad, SegveZlo zRvruli danaxarjis mrudi maRla agvewia u manZiliT.
saboloo Sedegi erTnairia.
11

376

12.9 grafiki
12.10 grafiki

377

378

X 1 wertilSi ( MR X -sa da MC X -s gadakveTa) dafiqsirebuli warmoeba

firmis sargeblis maqsimalurad gazrdazea orientirebuli.

warmoebis

X1

donis SemTxvevaSi vnaxavT, rom monopolisti D X -iT gazrdil fass miiRebs ( D X

moTxovnis mrudia, romelic mniSvnelovania monopolistisaTvis), xolo Tavad

Pn

fasi

wertilSi iqneba.

momxmareblis

mier gadaxdili fasi

u + Pn -iTaa

gansazRvruli. diagramaze misi adgili Pg wertilSia. dabegvrisSemdgomi mogeba

erTeulze monopolistis mier miRebul fassa da saSualo mTlian danaxarjs
Soris sxvaoba, anu fg manZilia. gayiduli fiqsirebuli odenoba aris if. amdenad,
monopoliis ekonomikuri mogeba gadasaxadis dawesebis Semdeg fghi farTobiT
izomeba.
ra aris gadasaxadis efeqti? saqonlis moTxovnili odenoba iklebs ( X 1 <

X 2 ) ; momxmareblis mier gadaxdili fasi izrdeba ( Pg > P0 ); monopolistis mier

miRebuli fasic mcirdeba ( Pn < P0 ). yuradReba miaqcieT, rom monopolistis
sargebeli 12.10 grafikze gadasaxadebis farTobis (jghi) dabla mdebareobs, xolo
12.9

grafikze

monopolisti

ufro

mcirea,

bazarze

vidre

didi

abdc

farTobi.

ZalauflebiT

miuxedavad

sargeblobs,

misi

imisa,

rom

materialuri

mdgomareoba uaresdeba gayiduli produqciis erTeulze gadasaxadis dawesebis

Sedegad. sajaro debatebi xSirad miuTiTebs imaze, rom sabazro Zalauflebis
mqone firmas SeuZlia, mTeli sagadasaxado tvirTi momxmarebels gadasces. Cveni
analizi

ki

uCvenebs, rom yvelaze xarbi

da gaumaZRari

monopolistic

ki

iZulebulia, sakuTar Tavze aiRos sagadasaxado tvirTis nawili. rogorc adre,

axlac

momxmareblis

tvirTis

zusti

sidide

moTxovnis

elastiurobazea

damokidebuli.
kargi

iqneba,

advaluri

gadasaxadis

Cveneuli

analizi

monopolistis

SemTxvevas movargoT ( D X da MR X , nacvlad qveviT gadaadgilebisa, moabruneT).

es iqneba mkiTxvelis savarjiSo.

oligopolia. or radikalur winaaRmdegobas _ srulyofil konkurenciasa

da monopolias _ Soris oligopolias aRmovaCenT. oligopolia aris bazari
`ramdenime~ gamyidveliT. samwuxarod, ar arsebobs Teoria, romelic kargad
aRwerda, Tu rogor xdeba oligopoliis pirobebSi gadasaxadebis ganawileba.
mizezi

martivia:

sagadasaxado

tvirTis

ganawileba,

upirveles

yovlisa,

damokidebulia imaze, rogor icvleba Sesabamisi fasebi gadasaxadebis SemoRebis

379

Semdeg. Tumca

oligopoliuri

fasis

gansazRvris

zogadad

aRiarebuli

da

misaRebi Teoria ar arsebobs.

cxadia, mainc SegviZlia, bevr sakiTxze gamovitanoT daskvna. amisaTvis
aucilebelia warmovidginoT is problemebi, romelTa winaSec oligopoliuri
bazris monawile firmebi dganan. firmebis TvalsazrisiT, idealuri garemo
swored maSin iqmneba, rodesac firmebi warmoebuli saqonlis raodenobaze
farulad SeTanxmdebian, ris Sedegadac mTeli seqtoris mogeba maqsimalurad
izrdeba. warmoebis aseTi done kartelis gadawyvetilebis saxeliTaa cnobili
(karteli mwarmoebelTagan Semdgari jgufia, romelic Semosavlis maqsimizaciis
mizniT koordinirebulad muSaobs. navTobis saerTaSoriso
yvelaze

cnobili

magaliTia).

kartelis

gadawyvetileba

karteli OPEC-i
TiToeul

firmas

aiZulebs, sabazro fasis gazrdis mizniT warmoeba Seamciros. firmebis winaSe

arsebuli problema ki isaa, rom kartelis gadawyvetilebis miRweva Zalian
rTulia.

ratom?

imitom,

rom

firmis

warmoebis

masStabis

Sesaxeb

gadawyvetilebis miRebisTanave TiToeul firmas uCndeba `TaRliTobis~ survili

mas surs, isargeblos maRali fasiT da dadgenil kvotaze meti produqti
awarmoos

(gaixseneT

da

ifiqreT

OPEC-ze;

imaze,

Tu

rogor

cdilobs

is,

aiZulos Tavisi wevrebi, rom Tavi Seikavon `Warbi~ produqtis warmoebisagan).

Sedegad, oligopoliur bazarze saqonlis odenoba yovelTvis metia kartelis
gadawyvetilebis
mdgomareoba

Sesabamisad

gaumjobesdeba,

dawesebul
Tu

raime

warmoebis
meqanizmi

kvotaze.
gamoiZebneba,

firmebis
romlis

saSualebiTac firma warmoebis masStabs Seamcirebs.

ra

moxdeba

aseTi

saqonlis

dabegvris

SemTxvevaSi?

iseve,

rogorc

konkurenciisa da monopoliis SemTxvevaSi, firmebi Tavisi saqonlis moculobas

amcireben. Tumca, yvela sxva sabazro struqturisagan gansxvavebiT, es arcTu
ise

cudia

oligopoliuri

firmebisaTvis.

mTliani

mogebis

(gadasaxadebis

gadaxdamde) nebismieri mocemuli odenobis SemTxvevaSi firmebis mdgomareoba

uaresdeba, radgan maT gadasaxadebis gadaxda uwevT. firma amcirebs warmoebas
da amiT kartelis gadawyvetilebas ufro uaxlovdeba. amdenad, misi mTliani
mogeba izrdeba. Teoriulad SesaZlebelia, mTliani mogeba ise gaizardos, rom,
mogebidan
mdgomareoba

gadasaxadebis
mainc

gamoqviTvis

gaumjobesdes

miuxedavad,

(Delipalla

and

Keen,

firmis
1992).

materialuri

Tumca

ar

aris

gamoricxuli, rom firmebis mdgomareoba gauaresdes. gansazRvruli daskvnis

gasakeTeblad aucilebelia informacia imis Sesaxeb, Tu ramdenad amcirebs
firma Tavis warmoebas.

380

oligopoliis ekonomikuri mimarTulebebi TandaTan naTeli xdeba. amdenad,

albaT gadasaxadis efeqtis Sefasebis modelebi SemuSavdeba. ekonomistTa didi
nawili ki stabilurad eyrdnoba im prognozs, romelsac konkurentuli modeli
gvTavazobs, miuxedavad imisa, rom TiToeulma ekonomistma kargad icis, rom igi
mxolod miaxloebiTia.
mogebis gadasaxadi

Cven ganvixileT gadasaxadebi, romlebic gayidvebs ukavSirdeboda. firma

SesaZloa

ekonomikuri

warmoebaSi

mogebis

gamoyenebuli

mixedviT

faqtorebis

daibegros.

alternatiuli

ekonomikuri

Rirebulebis

mogeba
ukugebaa,

romelsac firmis mflobeli iRebs (ekonomikuri mogeba Cveulebrivze maRali an

Warbi

mogebis

firmebis

saxeliTaa

SemTxvevaSi

cnobili).

mogebis

mogebis

gadasaxadis

maqsimizaciaze

ganawileba

orientirebuli

SeuZlebelia

misi

tvirTi mxolod firmis mflobels awevs.

warmoidgineT
momavalSi

misi

srulyofili
wonasworoba.

konkurenciis

firmis

monawile

warmoeba

zRvruli

firma

da

axlo

danaxarjisa

da

zRvruli Semosavlis gadakveTis wertiliT ganisazRvreba. ekonomikur mogebaze

dawesebuli gadasaxadi arc zRvrul danaxarjs da arc zRvrul sargebels ar
cvlis.

amdenad,

warmoebis

firmas

masStabi ar

ar

surs

icvleba,

sawarmoo
arc

gadawyvetilebis

momxmareblis

mier

Secvla.

raki

gadaxdili fasis

odenoba ar Seicvleba (rac momxmareblis mdgomareobas gauaresebisagan icavs).

gadasaxadis

gadaxdas

firma

sakuTar

Tavze

iRebs.

analogiuri

Sedegis

misaRebad SesaZloa sxva gzac gamoviyenoT: Tu ekonomikur mogebaze gadasaxadis

ganakveTi aris t p , firmis mizania, gazardos gadasaxadis gadaxdis Semdgomi
mogeba, (1 - t p ) , sadac aris ekonomikuri mogeba gadasaxadebis gadaxdamde.
ubralod ariTmetikac ki cxadyofs imas, rom -s maqsimizaciis strategia im
strategiis

identuria,

romelic

zrdis

(1 - t p ) -s.

amdenad,

warmoeba

da

momxmareblis fasi igive rCeba. mTeli sagadasaxado tvirTi firmas awevs.

Soreuli

momavlisaTvis

gansazRvruli

konkurenciuli

wonasworobis

SemTxvevaSi ekonomikur mogebaze dawesebuli gadasaxadi ar figurirebs, Tavad

ekonomikuri

mogebis

ararsebobis

gamo

igi

konkurenciam

gandevna.

monopolists SesaZloa ekonomikuri mogeba yvelaze Soreul momavalSic ki

hqondes. wina abzacSi mocemuli mizezebiT gadasaxads monopoliis mflobeli

381

ixdis.

Tu

firma

zrdis

mogebas,

sanam

misi

mogeba

daibegreba,

maSin

sagadasaxado tvirTis gadanawileba SeuZlebeli iqneba12.

ekonomikuri mogebis gadasaxadi ar cvlis ekonomikuri gadawyvetilebis
formas

da

momxibvleli

administraciis

zogierTma

politikuri
wevrma

alternativaa.

1993

saavadmyofoebis

wels

mogebis

klintonis
gadasaxadiT

dabegvra moiTxova. Tumca mogebis gadasaxads sajaro finansebis specialistebi

mxars ar uWeren, radgan ekonomikuri mogebis operaciuli aqtivobis Sesaxeb
Teoriuli

mosazrebis

Camoyalibeba

rTulia.

ekonomikuri

mogeba

xSirad

ukugebis ganakveTis analizis Sedegad gamoiTvleba, romelsac firma kapitalis

bazridan iRebs. igi ukugebis romelime `fundamentur~ ganakveTs unda Seedaros,
romelic mTavrobis mieraa dawesebuli. cxadia, am SemTxvevevaSi mniSvnelovani
ZiriTadi

kapitalis

Sefasebaa.

romeli

Rirebuleba

unda

gamoviyenoT:

Tavdapirveli Tu Secvlis Rirebuleba? iqneb, ukugebis ganakveTi maRali ara

Warbi Semosavlis gamoa, aramed imitom, rom sawarmo Zalian riskiania da unda
moxdes investorebis kompensacia riskis gamo? aseTi mosazrebebis Semdeg Cans,
rom sirTuleebi arsebobs administraciasa da SesrulebaSi13.

sagadasaxado tvirTis ganawileba da kapitalizacia

ramdenime wlis win kaliforniis saporto qalaq port-huenimSi sanapiroze

arsebuli qoneba daibegra. gadasaxadi nawilobriv damokidebuli iyo imaze, Tu
okeanesTan ramdenad axlos mdebareobda qoneba. masTan axlos ganTavsebuli
qonebis mesakuTreebi damatebiT wliurad 192 dolariT daibegrnen. sanapiroze
arsebuli qonebis mflobelebi am gadawyvetilebas xmamaRla SeewinaaRmdegen.
aRniSnuli epizodi imaze Cagvafiqrebs, Tu ra xdeba miwis dabegvris Semdeg.
miwis gansakuTrebuli maxasiaTebeli isaa, rom misi miwodeba fiqsirebulia,
xolo Tavad miwa xangrZlivi gamoyenebisTvisaa gamiznuli. davuSvaT, wliuri
saarendo gadasaxadis ganakveTi wels aris $ R0 . cnobilia, rom saarendo
gadasaxadi momaval wels iqneba $ R1 , ori wlis Semdeg _ $ R2 da a.S. ramdens
gadaixdis individi miwisaTvis? miwis konkurentuli bazris SemTxvevaSi misi
12

meore mxriv, Tu firmas sxva mizani amoZravebs, mas SeuZlia gazardos fasi mogebis
gadasaxadis sapasuxod. mogebis maqsimizaciis erT-erTi alternativa amonagebis
maqsimizaciaa. firma Seecdeba, maqsimalurad gaafarToos gayidvebis masStabi im
pirobiT, Tu am gziT isini ukugebis `racionalur~ wils iReben.
13 ix. Gillis and McLure [1979].

382

fasi rentis mimdinare diskontirebul Rirebulebas gautoldeba. amdenad, Tu

saprocento ganakveTi aris r, maSin miwis miwis fasi ( Pr ) udris:

PR = $ R0 +

$ R1
$ R2
$ RT
+
+ ... +
2
(1 + r ) (1 + r )
(1 + r )T

(12.3)

sadac T aris bolo weli (SesaZlo usasruloba), rodesac miwas Semosavali

moaqvs.

$u0 gadasaxadiT unda daibegros,

acxadeben, rom miwa mimdinare wels

momaval wels _

$u1 gadasaxadiT, ori wlis Semdeg _ $u 2 -iT da a.S. 12.4

grafikidan ukve viciT, rom raki miwis miwodeba fiqsirebulia, mflobelis mier
miRebuli

saarendo

Semosavali

gadasaxadis

sruli

odenobiT

ecema.

amdenad, miwis mesakuTris ukugeba Tavdapirvelad Semcirdeba $( R0 - u 0 ) iT, momaval wels _

$( R1 - u1 ) , 2 wlis Semdeg _ $( R2 - u 2 )

da a.S. miwis

perspeqtiuli myidveli aucileblad gaiTvaliswinebs, rom miwis yidviT is iZens

rogorc

momaval

SesaZleblobas.

sagadasaxado

amdenad,

valdebulebas,

gadasaxadis

dawesebis

ise

ukugebis

Semdeg

miwis

momaval
yvelaze

mondomebuli myidveli miwaSi gadaixdis ( PR ):

PR = $( R0 - u 0 ) +

$( R1 - u1 ) S ( R2 - u 2 )
$( RT - uT )
+
+ ... +
2
1+ r
(1 + r )
(1 + r ) T

(12.4)

12.4 da 12.3 gantolebaTa Sedarebisas vnaxavT, rom gadasaxadis dawesebis

Sedegad miwis Rirebuleba Semcirda:

u0 +

u1
u2
uT
+
+ ... +
2
1 + r (1 + r )
(1 + r ) T

383

amdenad,

gadasaxadis

dawesebis

Sedegad

miwis

Rirebuleba

momavalSi

gadasaxdeli gadasaxadebis mimdinare RirebulebiT Semcirda. procesi, romlis

drosac gadasaxadebis nakadi aqtivis fasSi erTveba, kapitalizaciis saxeliTaa
cnobili.
kapitalizaciis gamo piri, romelsac mTeli sagadasaxado tvirTi awevs,
miwis gadasaxadis dawesebis momentSi miwis samudamo mepatrone xdeba. momavali
miwis mflobeli sagadasaxado organoebSi Ceks gamowers, Tumca gadasaxadebi
namdvilad ar aris `tvirTi~, ramdenadac igi SeZenis dros gadaxdili miwis
RirebulebiTaa

dabalansebuli.

kapitalizacia

gadasaxadis

ganawilebis

Sefasebas arTulebs, rodesac es gadasaxadi xangrZlivi moxmarebis saqonelzea

daricxuli, romlis miwodebac fiqsirebulia. miwis amJamindel mesakuTreTa
identificireba am miznisaTvis ar kmara _ saWiroa vicodeT, Tu vin iyo miwis
mesakuTre gadasaxadis dawesebis momentSi. sulac ar aris gasakviri,

port-

huenimis mosaxleoba ase ganrisxebuli rom iyo14!

zogadi wonasworobis modelebi

nawilobrivi wonasworobis mimzidveloba mis simartiveSia _ SedarebiT

mcire

droSi

mxolod

erTi

bazriT

sargebloba

xdeba.

Tumca

zogierT

SemTxvevaSi, sxva bazris ignonirebis Sedegad, SesaZloa gadasaxadis efeqtis

arasruli suraTi miviRoT. davuSvaT, rom sigaretze gadasaxadis ganakveTi
gaizarda.

sigaretze

moTxovnis

Semcirebis

proporciulad

Semcirdeba

Tambaqoze moTxovna. fermeri, romelsac Tambaqo Tavis fermaSi mohyavda, sxva

kulturis
zrdasTan

(magaliTad,
erTad

bambis)

mcirdeba

misi

warmoebaze
fasi,

rac

gadaerTveba.
zians

bambis

miayenebs

im

miwodebis
individebs,

romlebic ukve didi xania awarmoeben bambas. amdenad, gamodis, rom bambis
mwarmoebeli

iZulebuli

iqneba,

sigaretze

dawesebuli

gadasaxadis

tvirTi

gainawilos.

14

rodesac miwis dabegvramde Sesabamisi prognozi keTdeba, arsebobs varaudi, rom

tvirTis garkveuli nawili miwis prognozTa gavrcelebis momentSi dafiqsirebul
mesakuTres mainc daawveba. Tu es asea, maSin imis identificireba, Tu vin iyo miwis
mesakuTre miwis dabagvris momentSi, SesaZloa aRarc iyos sakmarisi.

384

Tu ibegreba seqtori, romelic

mTeli ekonomikis fonze `vrcelia~, maSin

gansazRvrul bazarze dakvirveba aRar iqneba sakmarisi. zogadi wonasworobis

analizi

im

gzebs

ganixilavs,

romelTa

saSualebiTac

sxvadasxva

bazrebi

urTierTqmedeben.
nawilobrivi

wonasworobis

meore

problema

ki

isaa,

rom

dabegrili

produqtis `mwarmoeblis~ srulyofili identificireba ar xdeba. ifiqreT kvlav

sigaretis

gadasaxadze

da

gaixseneT

zogierTi

politikosis

survili,

es

gadasaxadi Tambaqos mwarmoebelTa dasasjelad gamoiyenos. gaixseneT isic, rom

mxolod adamians ZaluZs, gadaixados gadasaxadi. Tambaqos mwarmoeblebs ki
Zalian xSirad miekuTvnebian aqcionerebi, romlebic afinanseben aRWurvilobas,
fermerebi, romlebic floben miwas da am miwaze mohyavT Tambaqo, qarxnis muSebi
da a.S. sagadasaxado tvirTis ganawileba am jgufebs Soris xSirad Zalian
mniSvnelovania.

zogadi

wonasworobis

analizi

ki

aRniSnuli

sakiTxis

Seswavlis karg saSualebas iZleva.

sanam zogadi wonasworobis analizs daviwyebdeT, kidev erTxel gaixseneT
nawilobrivi wonasworobis naklovanebani: fasebis Sesabamisi koreqciis gamo,
gadasaxadis samarTlebrivi ganawileba arafers gveubneba imis Sesaxeb, Tu
realurad vis awevs sagadasaxado tvirTi.

sagadasaxado wonasworoba

zogadi

wonasworobis

sakiTxis

ganxilva

aTasobiT

dasaxelebis

pirobebSi

Tavdapirvelad

aRvricxoT

maTi

sasargeblo

Sedegis

produqti

SesaZloa
da

urTierTqmedeba?
miReba

sagadasaxado
sawarmoo

tvirTis

ganawilebis

SemaSfoTeblad

mogveCvenos.

saSualeba

sabednierod,

SesaZlebelia

iyideba.

rogor

zogadi

wonasworobis

iseTi

modelebisagan,

mxolod

romlebic mxolod ori produqtisa da ori sawarmoo saSualebisagan Sedgeba.

modeli ar iTvaliswinebs danazogis arsebobas.
aviRoT ori produqti: sursaTi (F) da samrewvelo saqoneli (M), agreTve
ori faqtori:

kapitali (K)

da SromiTi

resursi

(L).

aseTi modelisaTvis

arsebobs SesaZlo Rirebulebis cxra gadasaxadi:

385

sursaTis sawarmoeblad gamoyenebuli kapitalis

tKF

tKM

tLF

tLM

tF

sursaTis momxmarebis gadasaxadi

tM

fabrikatebis momxmarebis gadasaxadi

tK

orive seqtorSi kapitalis gadasaxadi

tL

orive seqtorSi SromiTi resursis gadasaxadi

ZiriTadi saSemosavlo gadasaxadi

pirveli

oTxi

gadasaxadi
fabrikatebis sawarmoeblad gamoyenebuli
kapitalis gadasaxadi
sursaTis sawarmoeblad gamoyenebuli SromiTi
resursis gadasaxadi
fabrikatebis sawarmoeblad gamoyenebuli SromiTi
resursis gadasaxadi

gadasaxadi,

romlebic

faqtorebzea

dawesebuli,

misi

nawilobrivi gamoyenebis gamo faqtoris nawilobrivi gadasaxadis saxeliTaa

cnobili.
aRniSnuli gadasaxadebis gansazRvruli kombinaciebi sxvaTa analogiuria.
erT-erTi

wonasworoba

TqvenTvis

ukve

cnobilia

momxmareblis

Sesaxeb

Teoriidan15. sursaTsa (tF) da fabrikatze (tM) dawesebuli gadasaxadis ganakveTi

saSemosavlo gadasaxadis (t) ekvivalenturia16. yuradReba miaqcieT, rom yvela
produqtze

dawesebuli,

proporciuli

gadasaxadi

momxmareblis

sabiujeto

SezRudvaze iseve zemoqmedebs, rogorc proporciuli saSemosavlo gadasaxadi.

orive maTgani Sida paralelur ganawilebas warmoqmnis.
ganvixiloT

kapitalisa

(tK)

da

SromiTi

resursis

(tL)

proporciuli

gadasaxadi. mogexsenebaT, am modelis mixedviT, Semosavali mxolod kapitalidan

an SromiTi resursidan miiReba. amitom martivi ariTmetika saSualebas gvaZlevs
davaskvnaT, rom orive faqtoris dabegvra erTi da imave ganakveTiT saSemosavlo
gadasaxadis (t) ekvivalenturi iqneba.
SesaZloa, arcTu ise kargad Cans is, rom sasursaTo seqtorSi kapitalsa
da SromiT resursze mocemuli ganakveTiT (tKF = tLF) dawesebuli nawilobrivi
gadasaxadebi

sursaTze

analogiuri

ganakveTis

gadasaxadis

ekvivalenturia.

kapitali da SromiTi resursi aris sursaTis erTaderTi sawarmoo saSualeba;

15

momxmareblis Sesaxeb Teoria ix. wignis danarTSi.

yuradReba miaqcieT, rom roca Semosavali mTlianad moxmarebulia, saSemosavlo
gadasaxadi moxmarebis danaxarjebze dawesebuli gadasaxadis ekvivalenturia.
16

386

maTi gansazRvruli proporciiT gaZvireba imave proporciiT Tavad sursaTis

gaZvirebas gulisxmobs.

cxrili 12.2 sagadasaxado wonasworoba

tKf

tLF

da

da

tLM
da

ekvivalenturi

da

tK-si

da

da

tKM
aris

tF

aris ekvivalenturi

tM

aris ekvivalenturi

aris

aris

ekvivalenturi

ekvivalenturi

t-si

aris ekvivalenturi

tL-isa

wyaro: Charles E. McLure, Jr., "The Theory of Tax Incidence with Imperfect Factor Mobility",
Finanzarchiv 30 (1971), gv. 29.

amrigad, ori gadasaxadi, romelic fass Tanabrad cvlis, ekvivalenturi

efeqtiT

xasiaTdeba.

logikurad

wonasworobiTi

SesaZlebelia,

12.2

urTierTobebi,

cxrilSia

romelTa

ganzogadebuli.

aRmoCena

Rirebulebis

gadasaxadis mocemuli ganakveTis SemTxvevaSi wonasworoba svetebsa da rigebSia

naCvenebi. samive gadasaxadis ganawilebis struqturis dasadgenad svetebsa da
rigebSi

mxolod

SesaZloa

ori

mimatebis

maTganis
an

detaluri

gamoklebis

analizi

martivi

iqneba

proceduriT

saWiro.

mesame

ganisazRvros.

magaliTad, Tu mesame rigidan viciT, rogor nawildeba gadasaxadi kapitalsa da

SromiT

resursze, es niSnavs, rom viciT,

rogor nawildeba saSemosavalo

gadasaxadi.
qvemoT vnaxavT, Tu rogor nawildeba oTxi tipis gadasaxadi: sursaTze
gadasaxadi

(tF),

saSemosavlo

gadasaxadi

(t),

SromiTi

resursis

ZiriTadi

gadasaxadi (tL) da warmoebis dros kapitalis nawilobrivi gadasaxadi (t KM). Tu

gvecodineba am oTxi gadasaxadis ganawilebis struqtura, maSin danarCeni xuTis
analogiuri

maCveneblis

gansazRvrac

12.2

cxrilis

gamoyenebiT

iqneba

SesaZlebeli.

387

harbergeris modeli

harbergeri

iyo

pirveli,

vinc

sagadasaxado

efeqtis

mimarT

zogadi

wonasworobis modeli gamoiyena. misi modelis principuli daSvebebi aseTia:

1. teqnologia. firma, romelic nebismier seqtorSi muSaobs,

saqonlis

sawarmoeblad kapitalsa da SromiT resurss iyenebs. TiToeul seqtorSi orive

sawarmoo saSualebis
(mudmivi

ukugeba

seqtorebis

erTdrouli gaormageba warmoebis

warmoebis

mixedviT

masStabze).

gansxvavebulia.

gaormagebas iwvevs

Tumca

sawarmoo

teqnologiebi

zogadad,

sawarmoo

teqnologiebi

gansxvavdeba imiT, Tu ramdenad advilad SeiZleba SromiTi resursis kapitaliT

Canacvleba

(Senacvlebis

elastiuroba),

agreTve,

ramdenad

gansxvavebulia

kapitalisa da SromiTi resursis Tanafardoba. magaliTad, kapitali-SromiTi

resursis Sefardebis koeficienti sursaTis warmoebis dros orjer aRemateba
safeiqro mrewvelobis analogiur maCvenebels (Congressional Budget Office, 1997d, gv.
42).

seqtori,

sadac

kapitali-SromiTi

resursis

Sefardebis

koeficienti

SedarebiT maRalia, xasiaTdeba, rogorc kapitaltevadi, sxva danarCeni ki _

rogorc Sromatevadi.
2.

faqtorTa

mimwodebeli

mimwodeblis

zrdis

mobilurobiT

ukugebas. ufro

xasiaTdeba

survilisamebr,

qceva.

Tavisuflad

orive

kapitalisa

da

metic, kapitali
maTgans

gadanacvleba

SromiTi

resursis

da SromiTi

resursi

seqtorTa

SeuZlia.

Soris

Sedegad

mesakuTris

ki,

kapitalis

wminda zRvruli ukugeba, iseve, rogorc SromiTi resursis wminda zRvruli

ukugeba Tanabari unda iyos seqtorebis mixedviT. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, Zalian
martivia kapitalisa da SromiTi resursis ise ganawileba, rom wminda mTliani
amonagebi gaizardos17.
3.

sabazro

struqtura.

firmebi

konkurentulni

arian.

isini

mudmivad

mogebis maqsimizacias cdiloben. fasebi (xelfasebis CaTvliT) absoluturad

moqnilia.

amdenad,

faqtorebi

gamoyenebulia.

TiToeuli

sawarmoo

faqtorisaTvis gadaxdili ukugeba utoldeba zRvruli produqtis Rirebulebas

_ firmis saqonlis Rirebulebas, romelic sawarmoo saSualebis ukanaskneli
erTeuliTaa warmoebuli.

17

wignis danarTi ganmartavs, Tu ratom iwvevs moqmedebis maqsimizacia faqtorebis iseT

ganawilebas, rodesac zRvruli ukugebani Tanabrdeba.

388

4.

faqtorTa

mTliani

mowodeba.

ekonomikaSi

kapitalisa

da

SromiTi

resursis mTliani odenoba fiqsirebulia. Tumca, rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, orive

faqtors seqtorTa Soris gadaadgileba Tavisufalad SeuZlia.
5. momxmareblis preferenciebi. yvela momxmareblis preferencia identuria.
amdenad, gadasaxads ar SeuZlia ganawilebiTi efeqti moaxdinos Semosavlis
gamoyenebis

mimarTulebebze

zemoqmedebiT.

es

daSveba

saSualebas

gvaZlevs,

koncentracia movaxdinoT im zemoqmedebaze, romelsac gadasaxadi Semosavlis

wyaroze axdens.
6.

gadasaxadebis

diferencirebuli
gadasaxadis

ganawilebis

ganawilebaa.

meoriT

ukve

Canacvleba.

sqema.

analizis

ganvixileT,

amdenad,

safuZveli

Tu

rogor

gadasaxadis

gadasaxadis
xdeba

gadaxdamde

da

erTi
misi

gadaxdis Semdeg Semosavlis daaxloebiT Tanabari odenobebi arsebobs. amrigad,

ar aris aucilebeli, gavaanalizoT, Tu rogor cvlis agregirebul SemosavalSi
ganxorcielebuli cvlileba moTxovnas da faqtoris fass.
cxadia, es daSvebebi garkveulwilad gvzRudavs, Tumca analizs metad
amartivebs. odnav mogvianebiT am TavSi vnaxavT, Tu rogor SeiZleba zogierTi
daSvebis gauqmeba. axla ki harbergeris modeli sxvadasxva tipis gadasaxadebis
gasaanalizeblad gamoviyenoT.

sxvadasxva tipis gadasaxadebis analizi

gadasaxadi saqonelze (tF). sursaTis dabegvrisTanave misi fasi izrdeba

(Tumca ara aucileblad gadasaxadis odenobiT). swored amitom momxmarebeli
sursaTs samrewvelo saqonliT anacvlebs. Sedegad, naklebi sursaTi da meti
samrewvelo saqoneli iwarmoeba. sursaTis warmoebis

dacemasTan erTad, am

seqtorSi gamoyenebuli kapitalisa da SromiTi resursis garkveuli nawili

iZulebulia, samrewvelo saqonlis warmoebis seqtorSi gadainacvlos. am or
seqtorSi kapitali-SromiTi resursis Sefardebis koeficienti gansxvavebulia.
kapitalisa da SromiTi resursis SedarebiTi fasi, raki samrewvelo saqonlis
warmoebaSi

gadadis,

unda

Seicvalos,

raTa

sasursaTo

produqciidan

gamoTavisuflebuli faqtorebis samrewvelo saqonlis warmoebis mier aTviseba

moxdes. davuSvaT,

rom sasursaTo seqtori kapitaltevadia (aSS-is soflis

meurneoba marTlac ufro met manqana-danadgars _ traqtors, kombainsa da a.S. _

iyenebs, vidre warmoebis sxva tipebi). amdenad, warmoebaSi gamoTavisuflebuli

389

sawarmoo manqana-danadgarebis didi nawilis aTviseba iqneba saWiro. erTaderTi

SesaZlebloba imisaTvis, rom am kapitalma sawarmoo seqtorSi daimkvidros
adgili, kapitalis fasis Semcirebaa (warmoebis seqtorSi ukve eqspluatirebuli
kapitalis CaTvliT). miiRweva axali wonasworoba, sadac yvela tipis kapitalis
mdgomareoba uaresdeba (da ara mxolod sasursaTo warmoebis kapitalisa). ufro
zogadad, gadasaxadi saqonelze, romelic romelime seqtorSia warmoebuli, am
seqtorSi intensiurad gamoyenebuli warmoebis

saSualebis

SedarebiT

fass

amcirebs.
garda

aseTi

raodenobrivi

daskvnebisa,

damatebiTi

informaciac

gvesaWiroeba. rac ufro elastiuria moTxovna sursaTze, miT ufro dramatuli

iqneba sursaTis moxmarebidan samrewvelo saqonlis moxmarebaze gadasvla. es ki
sabolood kapitalis ukugebas mniSvnelovnad Seamcirebs. rac ufro didia
sasursaTo da samrewvelo seqtorebSi dasaqmebuli faqtorebis Sefardeba, miT
metad

Semcirdeba

Rirebuleba,

romelsac

(kapitali-SromiTi
mixedviT,
SedarebiT).

sasursaTo

arc

samrewvelo

resursis

erTi

warmoebidan

rac

seqtorSi

Tanasworobis

faqtoris

sabolood,

gamoTavisuflebuli
adgilis

SemTxvevaSi,

mdgomareoba

ufro

surs

rTulia

ar

kapitalis
damkvidreba

orive

seqtoris

gauaresdeboda

meoresTan

SromiTi

resursis

Canacvleba

kapitaliT samrewvelo seqtorSi, miT ufro Semcirdeba kapitalis ukugebis

ganakveTi.
amdenad, biujetis Semosavlis mxares Tu gadavxedavT, SevniSnavT, rom
sursaTis dabegvris Sedegad yvelaze metad individi zaraldeba, romelic
Semosavlis did nawils kapitalidan iRebs. radgan yvela individi identuria
(mexuTe daSveba), moxmarebis mimarTulebebis analizSi saintereso araferia.
Tumca Tu am daSvebas gavauqmebT, maSin davinaxavT, rom individi, romelic
sursaTis

mniSvnelovan

sagadasaxado

tvirTi

nawils
ataros.

moixmarda,
amdenad,

iZulebulia,

sursaTze

sakmaod

gadasaxadis

mZime
efeqti

damokidebulia imaze, Tu visTvis iyo igi Semosavlis wyaro da visTvis _

moxmarebis ZiriTadi saqoneli. magaliTad, kapitalisti, romelic bevr sursaTs
moixmars, ormagad zaraldeba. meore mxriv, muSis mdgomareoba, romelic didi
odenobis sursaTs moixmars, umjobesdeba Semosavlis wyaros TvalsazrisiT,
magram saqonlis moxmarebis TvalsazrisiT uaresdeba.

saSemosavlo

gadasaxadi

(t).

gadasaxadi analogiuri ganakveTis

rogorc

ukve

aRvniSneT,

saSemosavlo

mqone kapitalisa da SromiTi

resursis

390

gadasaxadis ekvivalenturia. vinaidan faqtorTa miwodeba fiqsirebulia (meoTxe

daSveba),

aRniSnuli

gadasaxadis

gadanawileba

SeuZlebelia.

igi

individis

Tavdapirvel Semosavalze wesdeba. Sedegi nawilobrivi wonasworobis modelis

analogiuri

SemTxvevis

Sedegs

waagavs:

faqtorebi

gadasaxadisagan

ver

`daiZvrenen Tavs~ (ar miiReben monawileobas warmoebaSi). amitom isini mTel

sagadasaxado tvirTs atareben.

SromiTi resursis ZiriTadi gadasaxadi (tL). SromiTi resursis ZiriTadi

gadasaxadi aris gadasaxadi SromiTi resursis nebismier gamoyenebaze, rogorc
sasursaTo, ise samrewvelo seqtorSi. Sedegad ki SromiTi resursis erTi
seqtoridan meore seqtorSi gadanacvlebis stimuli ar arsebobs. fiqsirebuli
faqtoris miwodebis Sesaxeb daSveba imaze miuTiTebs, rom SromiTma resurma
mTeli sagadasaxado tvirTi unda ataros.

faqtoris

nawilobrivi

gadasaxadi

(tKM).

rodesac

mxolod

samrewvelo

seqtorSi gamoyenebuli kapitali ibegreba, ori Tavdapirveli efeqti ikveTeba:

1. warmoebis efeqti. fasi samrewvelo saqonelze izrdeba, ris Sedegadac
moTxovna mcirdeba.
2. faqtoris Senacvlebis efeqti. kapitali sawarmoo sferoSi Zvirdeba,
amdenad, mwarmoebeli nakleb kapitals da met SromiT resurss iyenebs.

12.11 grafiki

391

12.11 grafikis blok-sqema aRniSnuli ori efeqtis Sedegebs gviCvenebs.

warmoebis efeqti marcxena mxaresaa mocemuli. saxelwodebidan gamomdinare,
warmoebis

efeqti

warmoebis

Semcirebis

Sedegad

warmoiqmneba.

warmoebis

Rirebulebis gazrdisa da moTxovnis Semcirebis SemTxvevaSi kapitalisa da

SromiTi resursis warmoebidan gaTavisufleba xdeba; isini iZulebulni arian,
adgili sasursaTo warmoebaSi daimkvidron. Tu warmoeba Sromatevadia, maSin
sasursaTo

warmoebis

mier

SromiTi

resursebis

(SedarebiT)

didi

nawilis

moxmareba gaxdeba saWiro, kapitalis fasi ki gaizrdeba. xolo im SemTxvevaSi,

Tu warmoeba kapitaltevadia, kapitalis fasi aucileblad daecema. amdenad,
sawarmoo

efeqti

kapitalisa

da

SromiTi

resursis

saboloo

efeqtis

TvalsazrisiT sakmaod orazrovania.

aseTi

orazrovneba

faqtoris

Senacvlebis

efeqtis

SemTxvevaSi

warmodgenili ar aris, rogorc amas 12.11 grafikis marjvena nawilSi naxavT.

vidre kapitalsa da SromiT resurss Soris Senacvleba iqneba SesaZlebeli,
kapitalis fasis zrdis Sedegad mwarmoebeli nakleb kapitals da met SromiT
resurss gamoiyenebs, rasac kapitalze moTxovnisa da fasis dacema moyveba.

392

Tu orive efeqts erTad gavaanalizebT, cxadi gaxdeba, rom kapitaltevadi

warmoebis SemTxvevaSi orive saxis efeqti erTi da imave mimarTulebiT Tanabari
warmatebiT xorcieldeba, xolo kapitalis fasi
Sromatevadia,

maSin

saboloo

Sedegi

ecema. magram Tu warmoeba

Teoriulad

orazrovania.

kapitalis

dabegvram SesaZloa SromiTi resursis mdgomareoba gaauaresos! ufro zogadad,

vidre

gamoyenebis

TvalsazrisiT

faqtorebi

Senacvlebadia,

erTi

seqtoris

mocemuli faqtoris gadasaxadi orive seqtoris orive faqtoris ukugebaze

sabolood

zemoqmedebs.

aseTi

daskvnis

miReba

nawilobrivi

wonasworobis

modelis analizis Sedegad SeuZlebeli iqneboda.

zogadi

wonasworobis

modelis

mixedviT

sagadasaxado

ganawilebis

struqturis gaanalizebis dros ZiriTadi yuradReba korporaciis saSemosavlo

gadasaxadisken

iyo

mimarTuli.

es

miuTiTebs,

rom

ori

seqtori arsebobs:

`korporaciuli~ da `arakorporaciuli~. korporaciuli saSemosavlo gadasaxadi

aris Rirebulebis gadasaxadi kapitalze, romelsac mxolod korporacia iyenebs.
Teoriuli

orazrovnebis

gaTvaliswinebiT,

romelic

nawilobrivi

faqtoris

gadasaxadis zemoqmedebis Sesaxeb kapitalis moTxovnaze arsebobs, cxadi xdeba,

rom empiriuli kvleva misi efeqtis dasadgenad saWiroa. miuxedavad imisa, rom
sxvadasxva kvlevis Sedegad sxvadasxva daskvnebia miRebuli, yvelaze tipuri
aRmoCena isaa, rom sagadasaxado tvirTis didi nawili kapitalis mflobels
akisria (US Department of the Treasury, 1992, gv. 146).

zogierTi kvalifikacia

zogadi wonasworobis modelis Sesaxeb sxva tipis daSvebis gamoyenebis

Sedegad gadasaxadis ganawilebis aseT mimarTulebebs viRebT:

individTa gemovneba. mexuTe daSvebis Tanaxmad, yvela momxmarebels ori

produqtis

mimarT

analogiuri

gadasaxadi

Semosavlis

preferencia

ganawilebis

aqvs.

struqturas

winaaRmdeg
cvlis.

SemTxvevaSi,

agreTve

icvleba

agregirebuli xarjvis Sesaxeb gadawyvetileba da, amdenad, Sesabamisi fasebi da

Semosavali.

ganvixiloT,

magaliTad,

korporaciul

seqtorSi

kapitalze

gadasaxadi. rogorc zemoTaa miTiTebuli, analizi cxadyofs, rom gadasaxadis

tvirTi kapitalis mflobels akisria. kapitali maRalSemosavliani individebis
Semosavlis

mniSvnelovani

wyaroa.

amdenad,

gadasaxadi

progresiuli

iqneba.

393

Tumca, rogorc amas fulertoni da rojersi [1997] SeniSnavdnen, gadasaxadis

Sedegad im produqciis

fasi gaizrdeba, romelic kapitaltevad seqtorSia

(soflis meurneoba, navTobis damuSaveba) warmoebuli. aRniSnul produqcias

(sursaTi da benzini) didi odenobiT yvelaze dabalSemosavliani ojaxebi iZenen.
amdenad, rodesac im gansxvavebas vaanalizebT, romelic maRalSemosavliani da
dabalSemosavliani ojaxebis moxmarebis TvalsazrisiT arsebobs, gadasaxadi
naklebad progresiuli Cans.

uZravi faqtorebi. meore daSvebis Tanaxmad, resursebs seqtorebs Soris

gadanacvleba

Tavisuflad

SeuZliaT,

radgan ukugebis

SesaZlo

maqsimalur

ganakveTs eZieben. Tumca, instituciuri Tu teqnologiuri mizezebiT, zogierTi

faqtori SesaZloa uZravi iyos. magaliTad, sacxovreblad gamoyenebuli miwis
warmoebisaTvis gamoyeneba SeuZlebelia, miuxedavad imisa, Tu ra iqneba ukugebis
ganakveTi.

srulyofili

mobilurobis

Sesaxeb

daSvebis

gauqmebis

Sedegad

gadasaxadebis efeqtis Taobaze sruliad sxva Sedegs miviRebT. magaliTad,

vaCveneT,

rom

faqtorebis

mobilurobis

SemTxvevaSi

nawilobrivi faqtoris

gadasaxadis ganawilebis struqtura orazrovania da ramdenime konfliqturi

efeqtis

Sedegzea

damokidebuli.

faqtoris

aramobilurobis

SemTxvevaSi

ganawilebis Sedegi mkafioa. dabegril faqtors mTeli sagadasaxado tvirTi

akisria, savaraudod, imis gamo, rom faqtors gadasaxadisagan `Tavis daZvrena~
sxva seqtorSi migrirebis SesaZleblobis arqonis gamo ar SeuZlia. yuradReba
miaqcieT, rom dabegrili uZravi faqtoris ukugeba gadasaxadis toli TanxiT
iklebs. daubegrav seqtorSi kapitalisa da SromiTi resursis fasi ucvlelia;
aseve ar icvleba saqonlis fasi dabegril seqtorSi.

cvalebadi faqtorebis miwodeba. meoTxe daSvebis Tanaxmad, orive faqtoris

mTliani

miwodeba

fiqsirebulia.

xangrZlivi

perspeqtiviT,

kapitalisa

da

SromiTi resursis miwodeba mainc cvalebadia. miwodebis zrdis SesaZleblobas

Tu

davuSvebT,

statikuri

modelis

Sesaxeb

miRebuli

daskvnebi

mTlianad

Seicvleba. ganvixiloT ZiriTadi faqtoris gadasaxadi, romliTac kapitali

ibegreba.

fiqsirebuli

ZiriTadi

kapitalis

SemTxvevaSi

gadasaxadi

mis

mflobels akisria. xangrZlivi momavlis WrilSi Tu SevxedavT, SesaZloa isic

davinaxoT,

Tu

rogor

mcirdeba

gadasaxadis

gamo

kapitalis

miwodeba18.

ekonomikaSi kapitalisa da Sromis Tanafardobis koeficienti daiklebs da

18

Tumca ar aris aucilebeli, Semcirdes kapitalis miwodeba. ix. me-16 Tavi.

394

SromiT resursze ukugeba Semcirdeba (xelfasi Semcirdeba, radgan SromiT

resurss

naklebi

kapitali

eqneba

da

misi

mwarmoebluroba

sxva

Tanabar

pirobebSi daecema). amdenad, kapitalze ZiriTadi gadasaxadis daweseba SromiTi

resursis mdgomareobas auaresebs.
xangrZlivi perspeqtiviT danaxul `Soreul momavlamde~ Zalian didi droa.
amdenad, axlo momavalSi mosalodneli sakiTxebi aqtualuria. Tumca, meore
mxriv,

keTilgonivruli

politika

dabegvris

Soreul

Sedegebsac

unda

iTvaliswinebdes.

kvleva gadasaxadis efeqtis Sesaxeb

sagadasaxado

efeqtis

Teoria

imis

Sefasebis

safuZvelia,

Tu

ra

zemoqmedebas axdens aSS-is sagadasaxado sistema Semosavlis ganawilebaze. 12.3

cxrili gviCvenebs geilisa da poteris [2002] kvlevis ukanasknel aRmoCenebs.
kvleva

fokusirebulia

korporaciul

federalur

gadasaxadze,

uZravi

Semosavalze,
qonebisa

da

saxelfaso

gadasaxadze,

produqciis

gadasaxadze.

saSualo sagadasaxado ganakveTi udablesi kvintilis

(15

aTas dolaramde

Semosavali) ojaxTa 8,4%-is mier da pirveli jgufis (zeda 1 procenti) ojaxebis

31,3%-is

mier

gadaxdili

gadasaxadebisagan

Sedgeba.

zeda

procenti

federaluri gadasaxadebis daaxloebiT 25%-s ixdis, rac imas niSnavs, rom

federaluri sagadasaxado sistema progresiulia.
axla ukve cxadia, rom Semosavlis ganawileba daSvebazea damokidebuli.
kvleva cxadyofs, rom piradi saSemosavlo da saxelfaso gadasaxadebis gayofa
ar

xdeba,

saqonlis

gadasaxads

romliTac

dabegril

saqonels

ki

ixdis

moixmars.

momxmarebeli
aRniSnuli

im

proporciiT,

daSveba

problemas

amartivebs. gadasaxadis ganawilebis Sesaxeb arsebuli Teoria miuTiTebs, rom

aRniSnuli sakiTxi sakmaod sadavoa, gansakuTrebiT _ grZelvadian perspeqtivaSi.
analizi izRudeba imiT, rom igi individis wliur Semosavals efuZneba.
mTeli sicocxlis ganmavlobaSi miRebuli Semosavali albaT ufro adekvaturi
iqneboda

da

mniSvnelovani

mniSvnelovnad
nawili

cxadyofs,

Secvlida
rom

Sedegebs.

individis

empiriuli

gadawyvetileba

kvlevis
moxmarebis

Sesaxeb mTeli sicocxlis ganmavlobaSi miRebul Semosavals ukavSirdeba da

ara romelime wlis Semosavlis odenobas. is faqti, rom piris Semosavali

395

romelime wels droebiT

maRali an dabalia, individis mier moxmarebuli

produqciis masStabze ar zemoqmedebs.

davuSvaT, X saqonlis moxmareba mTeli sicocxlis ganmavlobaSi miRebuli
Semosavlis

proporciulia.

warmovidginoT,

rom

X-is

miwodebis

mrudi

horizontaluria. amdenad, momxmarebels X-ze dawesebuli nebismieri gadasaxadi

akisria.

gamodis,

rom

X-ze

dawesebuli

gadasaxadi

mTeli

sicocxlis

ganmavlobaSi miRebuli Semosavlis proporciuli unda iyos. romelime wlis

ganmavlobaSi individis

Semosavali SeiZleba

mis

permanentul

Semosavalze

odnav maRali an dabali iyos. droebiTi maRali Semosavlis mqone adamiani X

saqonelze nakleb Tanxas daxarjavs _ Semosavlis droebiTobis gamo igi misi
moxmarebis koeficients ar zrdis. analogiurad, droebiTi dabali Semosavlis
mqone individi Semosavlis sakmaod did proporcias X saqonels moaxmars.
amrigad,

wliuri

Semosavlis

safuZvelze

saqonlis

sabiujeto

wili

Semosavlis mimarT ecema. amdenad, X-ze dawesebuli gadasaxadi regresiulia. am

Teoriis Tanaxmad, ramdenime mkvlevarma aRmoaCina, rom gadasaxadis ganawilebis
Sedegebi metad mgrZnobiarea imis mixedviT, mTeli sicocxlis ganmavlobaSi
miRebuli Semosavali gamoiyeneba Tu wliuri Semosavali. metkafma [1993] aSS-is
saxelmwifo da adgilobrivi gayidvebis gadasaxadi gamoikvlia da dadgina, rom
gayidvebis

gadasaxadi

yvelaze dabali

Semosavlis

mqone decilis

wliuri

Semosavlis 1,90 %-ia da yvelaze maRali Semosavlis mqone decilis wliuri

Semosavlis

1,07

ganmavlobaSi

%.

cxadia,

miRebuli

gadasaxadi

Semosavlis

regresiulia.
safuZvelze

mTeli

sicocxlis

gadasaxadis

buneba

absoluturad sawinaaRmdego iqneba. am SemTxvevaSi Sesabamisi maCveneblebi 1,03%

da 1,74% iqneba. amrigad, vaskvniT, rom is kvlevebi, romlebic wliur Semosavals
efuZneba,

sakmaod

damajerebelia,

Tumca

maT

Sedegad

miRebul

Sedegebs

sifrTxiliT unda movekidoT.

daskvnebi

es Tavi sakmaod ucodveli SekiTxviT daviwyeT: vin atarebs sagadasaxado

tvirTs? Cven vnaxeT, rom gadasaxadis efeqtis Sesafaseblad fasis cvlileba
mniSvnelovani
damokidebuli,

faqtoria.

Tumca

rogoricaa:

Tavad

sabazro

fasis

cvlileba

struqtura,

iseT

miwodebisa

faqtorebzea

da

moTxovnis

396

elastiuroba, sawarmoo saSualebaTa mobiluroba, da a.S. am etapze Cndeba

SekiTxva: ra viciT realurad?
Tu gadasaxads izolirebulad ganvixilavT, SegviZlia vupasuxoT: `sakmaod
bevri

ram~.

nawilobrivi

wonasworobis

analizi

bazris

struqturisa

da

moTxovna-miwodebis mrudebis Sesaxeb informacias moiTxovs. wminda monopoliis

SemTxvevis garda, konkurentuli bazris principi karg amosaval wertilad
iTvleba.

miwodebisa

da

moTxovnis

mrudi

SesaZloa

empiriuli

meTodebis

gamoyenebis Sedegad Sefasdes, rogorc es me-2 TavSia ganxiluli.

zogadi
analizi

wonasworobis

uZravi

modelis

SemTxvevaSi

faqtoris gadasaxadis

mimarT

gadasaxadis

sworxazovania.

ganawilebis
sagadasaxado

tvirTi mTlianad dabegril faqtors akisria. Tu bevri bazari monawileobs,

gadasaxadis

efeqti

moTxovnisa

da

miwodebis

mrudebis

reaqciaze

iqneba

damokidebuli. pasuxi, cxadia, ar aris naTeli.

samwuxarod, rogorc Cans, bevri mniSvnelovani gadasaxadi, maT Soris,
korporaciis gadasaxadi, bolo kategoriaSi Sedis. ratom? albaT imitom, rom
sagadasaxado tvirTis ganawilebis struqturis gansazRvra Zalian rTulia (ra
politikuri Sansi

aqvs

gadasaxads, ziani miayenos sazogadoebis

romelime

mniSvnelovani jgufis keTildReobas?). kompleqsuri gadasaxadi faqtobrivad

ufro martivia politikosisaTvis, radgan ar aris cnobili, Tu vin ixdis am
gadasaxads.
nebismier SemTxvevaSi, am TavSi ganxiluli modelebi gviCvenebs, Tu ra
saxis informaciaa saWiro imisaTvis, rom gaverkvioT Tundac yvelaze rTuli
sagadasaxado tvirTis ganawilebaSi. aseTi informacia ki jer xelmisawvdomi ar
aris. informaciuli vakuumi iqmneba. rogorc amas wminda ieronime ityoda:
`uaresia, rodesac sakuTari ucodinrobis Sesaxeb araferi ici~.

daskvna

gadasaxadis
valdebulebis
realur

samarTlebrivi
gansazRvraa.

simZimeze

ganawileba
ekonomikuri

miuTiTebs.

gadasaxadze
ganawileba

samarTlebrivi

ki

iuridiuli
gadasaxadis

ganawilebis

Sesaxeb

397

informacia sagadasaxado tvirTis ekonomikur ganawilebaze arasodes

arafers gveubneba.

gadasaxadis ekonomikuri ganawilebis struqtura gadasaxadis Sedegad

Secvlili fasis safuZvelze ganisazRvreba da individis Semosavlis
wyaroze da misi moxmarebis mimarTulebebzea damokidebuli.

ganxiluli

politikis

safuZvelze,

kargi

iqneboda,

dabalansebuli

biujeti, diferenciuli an srulyofili ganawileba gagveanalizebina.

nawilobrivi wonasworobis ekonomikur modelebSi sagadasaxado efeqti

moTxovnisa da miwodebis elastiurobazea damokidebuli. SesaZlebelia
amave

midgomis

ganawileba
arsebobs

gamoyeneba

imisaTvis,

monopolistur
erTi

bazarze.

safuZveli,

rom

SeviswavloT

oligopoliis

romlis

gadasaxadis

SemTxvevaSi

gamoyenebac

ar

gadasaxadis

gasaanalizeblad iqneba SesaZlebeli.

kapitalizaciis wyalobiT momavali gadasaxadebis tvirTi amJamindel

mesakuTres daawveba, im SemTxvevaSi, Tu araelastiuri miwodebisa da
xangrZlivi

gamoyenebis

saqonelzea

saubaria

(magaliTad,

miwis

SemTxvevaSi).

zogadi wonasworobis SemTxvevaSi, gadasaxadis ganawilebis kvlevisas

xSirad vawydebiT orseqtorian da orfaqtorian models. aq SesaZloa
cxra

saxis

gadasaxadi

arsebobdes.

aRniSnul

gadasaxadTa

gansazRvruli kombinaciebi sxvebis ekvivalenturia.

zogadi wonasworobis modelSi, erTi faqtoris gadasaxadi, miuxedavad

imisa, rom mxolod erT seqtorSi gamoiyeneba, yvela seqtorSi arsebuli
yvela faqtoris ukugebaze axdens zegavlenas.

gadasaxadis efeqtis gamosakvlevad Catarebuli analizi miuTiTebs, rom

federaluri

sagadasaxado sistema

progresiulia.

Tumca

aRniSnuli

kvlevebi bevr SesaZlo problemur daSvebas gvitovebs.

sadiskusio SekiTxvebi

1. federaluri mTavroba navTobisa da gazis mrewvelobis subsidirebas

axorcielebs. mrewvelobis warmomadgenelma aRniSna, rom `arsebobs bevri saeWvo
subsidia, romelic mrewvelobaSi arc ki Semodis. magaliTad, mTavroba fuls
uxdis

dabalSemosavlian

ojaxebs

imisaTvis,

rom

gaTbobis

gadasaxadi

398

gadaixadon~

(Cavaney,

Sesafaseblad,

Tu

1998).

gamoiyeneT

rogor

nawildeba

moTxovna-miwodebis
subsidia

modeli

navTobisa

da

imis
gazis

momxmareblebze. gamoiyeneT Tqveni analitikuri SesaZleblobani da SeafaseT

mosazreba

imis

Sesaxeb,

rom

dabalSemosavliani

ojaxebisaTvis

gadaxdili

subsidiis Sedegad ar sargeblobs mrewveloba [SeniSvna: modelis Sesaqmnelad

gaiTvaliswineT, rom subsidia uaryofiTi gadasaxadia].
2.

golsbis

[1998]

Sefasebis

Tanaxmad,

internetiT

ganxorcielebuli

Sesyidvebi sagadasaxado ganakveTebis mimarT metad mgrZnobiarea. gadasaxadis

dawesebis SemTxvevaSi qselSi myidvelTa odenoba da qselSi xarjvis moculoba
Zalian

Semcirdeba.

ra

Sedegs

moitans

internetis

gayidvebze

dawesebuli

gadasaxadi?
3. X saqonlisaTvis saSualo danaxarji warmoebis yvela doneze zRvrul
danaxarjs udris. davuSvaT, rom X saqonlis bazari konkurentulia, masze
moTxovnis

mrudi

wrfivia.

gaaanalizeT

Sedegebi

dolari

gadasaxadis

dawesebis SemTxvevaSi. rogor Seicvleba Sedegi, Tu X produqciis bazari

monopolisturi iqneba? ganixileT gansxvavebani.
4. gamoiyeneT zogadi wonasworobis modeli imis gansaxilvelad, Tu rogor
SeiZleba daibegros sigareti.
5.

davuSvaT,

rom

hipoTetur

QcD = 2000 - 200 Pc , sadac QcD

qveyanaSi

sigaretze

moTxovna

aris

moTxovnili kolofebis odenobaa, xolo

Pc _

kolofze arsebuli gadasaxadi. sigaretis mowodeba aris: QCS = PC 200 .

a)

gamoiTvaleT

sigaretis

odenoba

da

fasi,

Tu

sigaretis

bazari

konkurentuli iqneba;
b) mowevis donis Sesamcireblad mTavroba sigaretis erT yuTze 2 dolar
gadasaxads

awesebs.

gamoTvaleT

sigaretis

odenoba

dabegvris

Semdeg,

momxmareblis mier gadaxdili fasi da mwarmoeblis mier miRebuli fasi. ra

odenobis amonagebs miiRebs saxelmwifo gadasaxadidan?
6. davuSvaT, rom romelime saqonelze moTxovnis mrudi aris Q D = a - bP ,
sadac Q D moTxovnili odenobaa, P _ fasi, xolo a da b mudmivia. saqonlis
miwodebis mrudi aris: Q S = c + dP , sadac Q S miwodebuli saqonlis odenobaa, c
da d ki mudmivia. ipoveT wonasworobis fasi da warmoeba, rogorc mudmivi a, b, c
da d maCveneblebis funqcia.

399

davuSvaT, rom saqoneli u dolaris odenobis gadasaxadiT ibegreba. uCveneT,

rom axali wonasworoba igive iqneba, miuxedavad imisa, Tu vin ixdis gadasaxads
mwarmoebeli Tu myidveli.
7.

2003

wels

senatis

`demokratebma~

daayenes

sakiTxi

sagadasaxado

reformis Sesaxeb, romlis mixedviTac, yvela momuSavis gadasaxadi 300 dolariT

Semcirdeboda. simartivisaTvis warmovidginoT, rom ojaxis mxolod erTi wevri
Soulobs

Semosavals.

amdenad,

ojaxis

biujeti

300

dolariT

daizogeba.

gamoiyeneT 12.1 da 12.2 gantolebani da ganixileT, ramdenad imoqmedebs es

winadadeba sagadasaxado sistemis progresiulobaze.
8. davuSvaT, mocemul qveyanaSi sagadasaxado Semosavali, T, damokidebulia
Semosavalze, I-ze. formulis Tanaxmad,

T = -4000 + 0,2 I .

Tu ojaxs aqvs Semosavali 50 aTasi dolaris odenobiT, misi sagadasaxado

tvirTia -4000 + 0,2 X 50000, an 6 aTasi dolari. aris Tu ara es progresiuli
sagadasaxado struqtura? [miniSneba:

warmoebis

sxvadasxva doneze

saSualo

sagadasaxado ganakveTi gamoiTvaleT].

9. ukanaskneli problemidan ganazogadeT sagadasaxado struqtura:

T = a + tI

sadac a da t ricxvebia (wina problemis SemTxvevaSi a = -4000 da t = 0,2.).

dawereT formula saSualo sagadasaxado ganakveTze, rogorc Semosavlis donis
funqciaze.

uCveneT,

negatiuri,

da

rom

sagadasaxado

regresiulia,

Tu

sistema

progresiulia,

Tu

aris

pozitiuri

[miniSneba:

sigaretze

gadasaxadi

gaizarda

aris

saSualo

sagadasaxado ganakveTi aris T/I].

10.

2002

dawesebuli

wels
8

centi

niu-iorkSi
1,50

dolaramde

gaizarda).

erTi

Tvis

(kolofze

Semdeg

meriis

warmomadgenelma SeniSna, rom `naklebi sigareti iyideba, qalaqs ki ufro meti

400

fuli rCeba~ (Cooper, 2002, gv. B7). davuSvaT, rom niu-iorkSi sigaretis miwodeba
srulad elastiuria.
a)

Tu

warmomadgenlis

naTqvami

WeSmaritia,

ras

ityviT

niu-iorkSi

sigaretis moTxovnis elastiurobis Sesaxeb?

b) gaixseneT, rom komentari erTi Tvis Semdeg gakeTda. drois gasvlasTan
erTad ra mouva moTxovnis mrudis elastiurobas? ra zegavlenas moaxdens es
sagadasaxado Semosavlebze niu-iorkSi?
11. 2003 wels honkongSi Tviurad 51 dolariT daibegra is damqiravebeli,
romelic adgilobriv kompaniaSi sxva qveynis warmomadgenels daasaqmebda. bevri
daqiravebuli

muSaki

iyo

filipinebidan.

am

qveynis

prezidentma

aroiom

gadasaxads `usamarTlo~ uwoda. gadasaxadebiT daibegra damqiravebeli. amis

gaTvaliswinebiT, marTali iyo Tu ara prezidenti? daxazeT modeli, romelic
Seesabameba mis Sexedulebas samarTlianobis Sesaxeb.

gamoyenebuli literatura:

Fullerton, Don, and Dianc Lim Rogers. "Neglected Effects of the Uses Side: Even a Uniform Tax
Would Change Relative Goods Prices". American Economic Review 87 (1997 wlis maisi), gv. 120125.
Fullerton, Don, and Gilbert Mecalf. "Tax Incidence". Working Paper No. 8829, National Bureau
of Economic research, 2002 wlis marti.
Gale, Willian G, and Samara R Potter. "An Economic Evaluation of the Economic Growth and
Tax relief Reconciliation Act of 2001". National Tax Journal i55 (2002 wlis marti), gv. 113-186.

401

Tavi 13

gadasaxadebi da efeqtianoba

mflangveloba yovelTvis maRizianebs.

ret batleri, `qarwaRebulni~

gadasaxadebis gadaxda adamianis valdebulebaa. gadasaxadi fulis is

nawilia, romelsac individi gadasaxadebis Semgrovebels uxdis. Tumca es ar
aris mTeli istoria. warmovidginoT moqalaqe, saxelad breier dazi, romelic
kviris ganmavlobaSi, Cveulebriv, aT nayins miirTmevs. dazi erT nayins 1
dolarad yidulobs. uecrad saxelmwifo gadawyvets, dabegros dazis moxmareba
25%-iT da dazis mier TiToeul nayinSi gadasaxdeli fasi 1,25 dolari xdeba 10 .
dazi, cxadia, fasis uecar zrdaze reagirebs da nayinis moxmarebas nulamde
amcirebs, nayinisaTvis gankuTvnil 10 dolars dazi sxva saqonlisa da
momsaxurebis SesaZenad iyenebs. dazi, saerTod, aRar yidulobs nayins P_
amdenad, nayinis gadasaxadiT misaRebi Semosavali nulis tolia. nuTu dazs arc
ki Sexebia gadasaxadi? cxadia, Seexo: dazis mdgomareoba gauaresda, gadasaxadis
dawesebam igi aiZula, naklebad sasurveli saqoneli da momsaxureba SeeZina.
gadasaxadis dawesebis Semdeg dazis mier SeZenili produqti naklebad
sasurvelia misTvis. mas adrec SeeZlo, saerTod ar eyida nayini, magram dazs
uyvars nayini da amitomac yovelkvireulad 10 cals yidulobda da erCivna,
masze daexarja fuli. amdenad, miuxedavad imisa, rom nayinze dawesebuli
gadasaxadis Semosavali nulia, man mainc gaauaresa dazis mdgomareoba.

es magaliTi odnav gadaWarbebulia. saerTod, cnobilia, rom gadasaxadi

raodenobrivad produqtis moxmarebas amcirebs, Tumca misi moxmareba nulamde
ar dahyavs. miuxedavad amisa, igi kargad asaxavs gadasaxadis dawesebiT
gamowveul Sedegs: gadasaxadi amaxinjebs ekonomikur gadawyvetilebebs, igi
qmnis zedmet tvirTs _ mcirdeba individis keTildReoba. zedmeti tvirTi
xSirad keTildReobis danaklisis an `dedveiTis~ danakargis saxelwodebiTaa
cnobili. winamdebare TavSi Cven ganvixilavT zedmet tvirTTan dakavSirebul
10

rogorc ukve aRvniSneT me-12 TavSi, momxmareblis gazrdili fasi srulad ar asaxavs
gadasaxadis mTlian Tanxas. es daSveba, romelic marTebulia mxolod maSin, Tu
miwodebis mrudi horizontaluria, ubralod, simartivisTvisaa gakeTebuli.

402

Teorias, misi Sefasebis berkets da ganvmartavT, Tu ramdenad mniSvnelovania

faqtobrivi sagadasaxado sistemis Sefaseba.

grafiki 13.1

ra aris zedmeti tvirTi?

rutis fiqsirebuli Semosavali I dolaria. ruti mas mxolod ori saxis

produqtis _ simindisa da qeris _ SeZenaze xarjavs. funti qeri Rirs Pb fasi,
xolo funti simindi ki _ Pc. ar moqmedebs gadasaxadebi, ar arsebobs iseTi
faqtorebi, rogoricaa: garegani faqtorebi, monopolisturi garemo da a.S. _
amdenad, produqtis fasi mis
socialur zRvrul danaxarjs asaxavs.
simartivisaTvis davuSvaT, rom socialuri zRvruli danaxarji produqtze
mudmivia. 13.1 grafikze rutis mier qeris moxmareba gamosaxulia horizontalur
RerZze, xolo simindisa ki _ vertikalur RerZze. misi sabiujeto SezRudva
aris AD monakveTi, romlis daxrilobaa -Pb/Pc da horizontaluri monakveTi I/Pb11 .
ruts surs sargeblianobis gazrda, amdenad, igi i indiferentulobis mrudze E1
wertils arCevs, sadac igi Bi funt qers da Ci funt siminds moixmars.
11

sabiujeto SezRudva konstruqciis, misi daxrilobisa da monakveTis interpretacia

mocemulia danarTSi wignis bolos.

403

saxelmwifos gadawyvetilebiT qeris fasi tb ganakveTiT daibegra. rutis

mier gadasaxdeli fasi udris (1 + tb)Pb (dabegvramde arsebuli fasi ar icvleba,
radgan Cven davuSviT, rom zRvruli socialuri danaxarji ucvlelia).
gadasaxadis daweseba rutis sabiujeto SezRudvas cvlis: misi daxriloba axla
aris - [(1 + t b ) Pb / Pc] , xolo horizontaluri monakveTi - I /[(1 + t b ) Pb ] . es kargadaa
warmodgenili 13.1 grafikSi AF monakveTis saxiT (simindis fasi kvlav Pc-ia, xolo
monakveTebi AF da AD ki kvlavac vertikaluria).

grafiki 13.2

qeris moxmarebis nebismier doneze AD da AF monakveTebs Soris arsebuli

vertikaluri manZili simindSi gamoxatul rutis gadasaxads gviCvenebs.
warmoidgineT qeris raodenoba Ba
horizontalur RerZze. gadasaxadis
dawesebamde ruts SeeZlo Ba funti qerisa da Ca funti simindis SeZena.
gadasaxadis dawesebis Semdeg suraTi Seicvala: Tu ruti moixmars Ba funt qers,
mas SeeZleba maqsimum Cb funti simindis moxmareba. Ca-sa da Cb-s Soris arsebuli
sxvaoba (manZili) saxelmwifos mier Segrovili gadasaxadis moculobas
gviCvenebs, romelic kvlav simindis funtebSia gamosaxuli. gadasaxadis
dolarSi konvertacia simindis erTi funtis fasze CaCb-s gamravlebiTaa

404

SesaZlebeli. simartivisaTvis
Cven siminds avsaxavT iseT erTeulebSi,
rogoricaa Pc = 1. aseT SemTxvevaSi CaCb manZili asaxavs gadasaxads simindis an
dolaris saxiT.

Cven jer araferi gviTqvams rutis arCevanis Sesaxeb misi axali sabiujeto
SezRudvis (AF) pirobebSi. 13.2 grafiki gviCvenebs, rom ruti upiratesobas
aniWebda moxmarebas E2 wertilSi ii indiferentulobis mrudze. ruti moixmarda B2
qers, C2 siminds, xolo misi sagadasaxado valdebuleba ki iyo AD-sa da AF-s
Soris arsebuli vertikaluri manZili GE2. cxadia, rutis keTildReoba E2
wertilSi E1 wertilTan SedarebiT gauaresda. Tumca nebismieri gadasaxadi
aiZulebda rutis, indiferentulobis ufro dabal mrudze gadaenacvla 12 .
sainteresoa, iwvevs Tu ara qerze dawesebuli gadasaxadi sargeblianobis
Semcirebas ufro didi ganakveTiT, vidre es GE2-is Semosavlis gasazrdeladaa
saWiro. arsebobs ki sxva alternatiuli meTodi, romelic GE2-is Semosavals
gazrdis da, Tanac, rutis sargebels minimalurad Seamcirebs? Tu arsebobs
aseTi meTodi, maSin qerze dawesebuli gadasaxadi namdvilad zedmetad tvirTad
CaiTvleba.

grafiki 13.3

12

aq ugulebelyofilia is sargebeli, romlis uzrunvelyofac

gadasaxadebiT dafinansebuli danaxarjis gawevis gziT.

SesaZlebelia

405

sakiTxSi ukeT gasarkvevad, upriani iqneba, Tu daviTvliT rutis

danakargis ekvivalents dolarSi (rutim i indiferentulobis mrudidan ii
indiferentulobis
mrudze
Camoinacvla).
gamoTvlis
erT-erTi
meTodi
ekvivalenturi variaciaa, romelic Semosavlis im moculobas gviCvenebs, rac
unda dagveklo rutisaTvis (qerze gadasaxadis dawesebamde) imisaTvis, rom misi
Semosavali iseTive ganakveTiT Semcirebuliyo (anu rutis gadmoenacvla i
indiferentulobis mrudidan ii indiferentulobis mrudze), ra ganakveTiTac igi
qerze gadasaxadis dawesebis Semdeg Semcirda. gadasaxadiT gamowveul zarals
ekvivalenturi variacia gamoxatavs im TanxiT, ra TanxiTac unda Segvemcirebina
Semosavali,
romelic
sargeblianobis
iseTive
ganakveTiT
Semcirebas
gamoiwvevda, rogorc amas dawesebuli gadasaxadi iwvevs.

imisaTvis, rom ekvivalenturi variacia grafikulad avsaxoT, unda

gavixsenoT, rom individisaTvis Semosavlis dakleba misi sabiujeto mrudis
Sida mimarTulebiT paralelur moZraobas iwvevs. amdenad, ekvivalenturi
variaciis
gamosaTvlelad
saWiroa
Semdegi:
AD
mivmarToT
Sida
mimarTulebisaken, vidre igi ii indiferentulobis mruds exeba. sidide, romlis
mixedviTac Cven AD-s mivmarTavT Sida mimarTulebiT, warmoadgens ekvivalentur
variacias. 13.3 grafikSi sabiujeto mrudi HI aris AD-s paraleluri da ii
indiferentulobis mruds exeba. amdenad, AD-sa da HI-s Soris arsebuli
vertikaluri manZili ME3 ekvivalentur variacias warmoadgens. rutisTvis
sulerTia, dakargavs ME3 dolars Tu qerze dawesebul gadasaxads gadaixdis.

ME3 eqvivalenturi variacia GE2 qeris sagadasaxado Semosavlebs

aRemateba. ratom xdeba ase? daakvirdiT, rom ME3, ubralod, GN-s udris orive
AD-sa da HI paralelur xazebs Soris manZils asaxavs, ME3 ki GE2-s E2N manZiliT
aRemateba. es Zalian seriozuli da mniSvnelovani aRmoCenaa! gamodis, rom qerze
dawesebuli gadasaxadi rutis Semosavals iseTi TanxiT amcirebs, romelic,
faqtobrivad, am gadasaxadiT dagrovil amonagebs aRemateba. individis
saSemosavlo
danakargs
(romelic
ekvivalenturi
variaciis
mixedviT
gamoiTvleba) Tu dagrovili gadasaxadis Tanxas gamovaklebT, miviRebT zedmet
tvirTs, romelic 13.3 grafikSi E2N manZiliTaa gamoxatuli.

qmnis Tu ara nebismieri gadasaxadi zedmet tvirTs? erTjeradi

gadasaxadi gansazRvrul Tanxas warmoadgens, romelic gadaxdil unda iqnes,
miuxedavad gadasaxadis gadamxdelis saqmianobisa. Tu saxelmwifo rutis 100
dolaris odenobis erTjerad gadasaxads daakisrebs, ruti iZulebuli iqneba, an
gadaixados es Tanxa, an qveynidan wavides, an ki mokvdes. qerze dawesebuli
gadasaxadi ar aris erTjeradi gadasaxadi. igi damokidebulia rutis mier qeris
moxmarebis xarisxze.

406

ganvixiloT erTjeradi gadasaxadi, romelic rutis mdgomareobas iseve

auaresebs, rogorc qerze dawesebuli gadasaxadi. dasawyisisaTvis avagoT
sabiujeto grafiki. igi ori maxasiaTebliT gamoirCeva: 1) igi AD-s paraleluria
(erTjeradi gadasaxadi ubralod gamoiqviTeba rutis fulidan, igi ar cvlis
qerisa da simindis fass; ori sabiujeto mrudi, romelic gamoxatavs fasis
erTsa da imave ganakveTs, paraleluri unda iyos). 2) rogorc ukve aRvniSneT,
rutis sargeblianoba iseTive donezea, rogorc qerze gadasaxadis dawesebis
Semdeg. swored amitom sabiujeto mrudi ii indiferentulobis mruds unda
exebodes.

13.3 grafikSi HI sabiujeto mrudi ii indiferentulobis mruds E3 wertilSi

exeba. igi orive kriteriums akmayofilebs. aseTi sabiujeto mrudis arsebobis
SemTxvevaSi ruti B3 funt qers da C3 funt siminds moixmarda. erTjeradi
gadasaxadis Semosavali aris E3-sa da gadasaxadis dawesebamde sabiujeto
SezRudvas Soris arsebuli vertikaluri manZili ME3. rogorc ukve giCveneT,
ME3 i indiferentulobis mrudidan ii indiferentulobis mrudze gadaadgilebis
ekvivalentur variacias warmoadgens. amitom gasakviric araferia: erTjeradi
gadasaxadi sabiujeto mrudis paralelelur gadaadgilebas warmoadgens.
erTjeradi gadasaxadis Semosavali udris mis ekvivalentur variacias. amdenad,
erTjeradi gadasaxadi ar qmnis zedmet tvirTs.
amrigad,
miuxedavad
imisa,
rom
erTjerad
gadasaxads
ruti
indiferentulobis zustad imave mrudze gadahyavs, sadac qerze dawesebul
gadasaxads, mas saxelmwifosaTvis ufro maRali sagadasaxado Semosavali
moaqvs. Tu Cven SevadarebT erTjerad gadasaxadsa da qerze dawesebul
gadasaxads,
romelsac
Tanabari
sagadasaxado
Semosavali
moaqvs
saxelmwifosaTvis,
aRmovaCenT,
rom
erTjeradi
gadasaxadiT
dabegvris
SemTxvevaSi ruti indiferentulobis ufro maRal mrudze gadainacvlebs.

Cveni skeptikosi mkiTxveli daeWvdeba da SeniSnavs, rom es Sedegi 13.3

grafikze daxazuli indiferentuli mrudebis ubralo artefeqtia (cru
gamosaxuleba). magram es ase ar aris. viRacam SeiZleba scados imis damtkiceba,
rom gadasaxadi, romelic cvlis fasebs, qmnis zedmet tvirTs 13 , vidre
indiferentulobis mrudi inarCunebs Cveulebriv formas. gadasaxadi, romelic
cvlis fass, araefeqtiania, radgan igi individis Semosavals amcirebs, xolo
Semosavlis danakargi ki am gadasaxadiT miRebul amonagebs yovelTvis
aRemateba.

kiTxva-pasuxi

13

rogoric ukve aRvniSneT, aq igulisxmeba,

Tavisufalia. informaciisaTvis ix. Hines [1999].

rom

ekonomika

sxva

faqtorebisagan

407

wina TavSi mocemuli informacia zedmeti tvirTis Sesaxeb ramdenime

mniSvnelovan kiTxvas badebs.

Tu erTjeradi gadasaxadi aseTi efeqtiania, ratom ar aris igi farTod

gamoyenebuli? daviwyoT iqidan, rom erTjeradi dabegvra, ramdenime mizezis
gamo mimzidvel strategiul berkets ar warmoadgens. davuSvaT, rom mTavrobam
gamosca brZaneba, romlis Tanaxmad, TiToeuli individis sagadasaxado
valdebuleba aris 2000 aSS dolari. es iqneba erTjeradi gadasaxadi. adamianTa
umetesoba mas Seafasebs, rogorc arasamarTlian gadasaxads _ 2000 dolari
danakargi ufro did tvirTad daawveba Rarib ojaxs, vidre mdidars. 1990 wels
britaneTis premier-ministrma, margaret tetCerma, danerga gadasaxadi, romelic
garkveulwilad waagavda erTjerad gadasaxads. qonebaze gadasaxadi, romelic
adgilobrivi mmarTvelobis biujetSi Sedioda, Canacvlebul iqna sulobrivi
gadasaxadiT; TiToeul adgilobriv iurisdiqciaSi gadasaxadis Tanxa erT
sulze
Semosavlis
mixedviT
ganisazRvreboda.
gadasaxadi,
marTlac,
warmoadgenda erTjerads, imitom rom individis sagadasaxado valdebuleba ar
icvleboda Semosavlis an qonebis moculobis mixedviT; igi icvleboda mxolod
imis mixedviT, Tu sad airCevda individi cxovrebas. xalxma aseTi gadasaxadi
arasamarTlianad CaTvala. swored xalxis guliswyroma gaxda qalbatoni
tetCerisaTvis Tanamdebobis dakargvis mizezi 1990 wels. 1991 wels misma
memkvidrem, jon meijorma, arsebuli kursi Secvala.

ufro obieqturi da samarTliani Sedegis misaRebad iqneb upriani iyos

sxvadasxva Semosavlis adamianebis sxvadasxva ganakveTiT dabegvra? mdidari
SesaZloa, daibegros
wliuri
20000
aSS
dolariT,
misi
ekonomikuri
gadawyvetilebebis miuxedavad, xolo Raribi ki _ 500 aSS dolariT. problema
isaa, rom individi, romelic erTiandeba samuSao ZalaSi, male mixvdeba, rom
misi sagadasaxado valdebuleba damokidebuli iqneba mis Semosavalze da
swored amis gaTvaliswinebiT miiRos gadawyvetileba dasaqmebisa da danazogis
Sesaxeb. individis mier naSovni fuli garkveulwilad Tavad am individis
kontrols eqvemdebareba. amdenad, Semosavlis mixedviT dawesebuli gadasaxadi
erTjerad gadasaxads namdvilad ar warmoadgens.

dabolos: imisaTvis, rom erTjeradi gadasaxadebis samarTliani sistema

CamovayaliboT, aucilebelia, gadasaxadi davafuZnoT `SesaZleblobis~ raime
ZiriTad maxasiaTebelze, romelic individis Semosavlis miRebis potencials
afasebs. aseT SemTxvevaSi Semosavlis miRebis maRali da dabali potencialis
mqone
individi
sxvadasxvanairad
daibegreboda.
dabegvris
safuZveli
potencialia, amitom individis sagadasaxado tvirTi adamianis qmedebebze ar
iqneba damokidebuli. arsebobs ki SesaZleblobis Sefasebis aseTi berketi? asec
rom iyos, mas, albaT, verasodes gaakontrolebda sagadasaxado organo. amrigad,
individualuri erTjeradi gadasaxadi efeqtianobis standarts warmoadgens. igi
Tanamedrove ekonomikis ZiriTadi strategiuli alternativa ar aris.

408

arsebobs Tu ara raime magaliTi keTildReobis ekonomikidan, romelic

dagvexmareba, gavigoT, Tu ratom warmoiqmneba zedmeti tvirTi? gaixseneT mesame
Tavi da pareto-efeqtiani resursebis ganawilebis aucilebeli piroba: simindis
qeriT Canacvlebis zRvruli ganakveTi (MRSbc) warmoebaSi qeris simindad
transformaciis zRvrul ganakveTs (MRTbc) unda udrides. qerze dawesebuli
gadasaxadis pirobebSi momxmarebeli qeris (1 + tb ) Pb fass ixdis. amdenad:

MRS bc =

(1 + t b ) Pb
PC

(13.1)

(13.1) gantoleba 13.3 grafikSi arsebuli

algebrul gamoxatulebas warmoadgens.

wonasworobis

E2

wertilis

mwarmoebeli
iRebs
gadawyvetilebas
mxolod
mas
Semdeg,
transformaciis zRvrul ganakveTs daawesebs, romelic mwarmoeblis
miRebuli

fasebis

proporciulia.

ruti

ixdis

(1 + tb ) Pb fass

funt

rac
mier
qerSi,

mwarmoebeli iRebs mxolod Pb Tanxas, sxvaoba ki gadasaxadis SemgrovebelTan

miemarTeba. amdenad, mwarmoebeli, romelsac surs Semosavlis gazrda, fass
Semdegi gantolebis mixedviT daawesebs:

MRTbc =

Pb
Pc

(13.2)

cxadia, vidre tb ar gautoldeba nuls, MRSbc gadaaWarbebs MRTbc-s, rac

resursebis efeqtiani ganawilebisaTvis aucilebel pirobas arRvevs.

im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac MRSbc aRemateba MRTbc-s, simindis moxmarebis qeris

moxmarebiT Canacvlebis zRvruli sargeblianoba sawarmoo danaxarjebSi
ganxorcielebul aucilebel cvlilebas aRemateba. amdenad, aRniSnulis
gaTvaliswinebis
Sedegad
sargeblianoba
gaizrdeba.
qerze
gadasaxadis
arsebobis pirobebSi amis finansuri stimuli ar arsebobs. zedmeti tvirTi
sargeblianobis danakargis Sefasebis saSualebas warmoadgens. danakargis
warmoqmnis mizezi ki is aris, rom qerze dawesebuli gadasaxadi qmnis sxvaobas
momxmareblis mier gadaxdil da mwarmoeblis mier miRebul Tanxebs Soris. amis
sapirispirod,
erTjeradi
gadasaxadis
SemTxvevaSi,
momxmareblis
mier
gadaxdili da mwarmoeblis mier miRebuli Tanxa absoluturad Tanabaria. maT
Soris ar arsebobs sxvaoba. amdenad, pareto-efeqtianobis yvela aucilebeli
piroba dakmayofilebulia.

409

warmoqmnis Tu ara zedmet tvirTs saSemosavlo gadasaxadi? diax,

warmoqmnis. saWiroa cotaodeni fiqri. 13.3 grafiki erTjeradi gadasaxadis
dawesebas gamoxatavs, rogorc AD-dan HI-sken qvemoT mimarTul paralelur
gadaadgilebas. aseTive gadaadgileba moxdeboda im gadasaxadis dawesebis
Sedegadac, romelic rutis Semosavals garkveul Tanxas aklebs. rogorc
erTjeradi gadasaxadi, aseve Semosavlis Semcireba sabiujeto SezRudvis
monakveTebs Tavdapirvel wertils miuaxloebs, Tumca ucvlelad tovebs mis
daxrilobas. SesaZloa, am momentSi erTjeradi gadasaxadiT dabegvra da
saSemosavlo gadasaxadiT dabegvra ekvivalenturia. faqtobrivad, fiqsirebuli
Semosavlis pirobebSi saSemosavlo gadasaxadi erTjeradi gadasaxadi iqneboda.
magram individis Semosavali yovelTvis mis arCevanzea damokidebuli. amitom
saSemosavlo gadasaxadi erTjeradi gadasaxadis ekvivalenturi ar iqneba.

davuSvaT, rom ruti sami saxis saqonels moixmars: qers, simindsa da

Tavisufal dros (l). ruti Tmobs Tavisufal dros (anu muSaobs) imisaTvis, rom
miiRos Semosavali, romelsac gamoiyenebs simindisa da qeris SesaZenad.
sawarmoo seqtorSi rutis Tavisufali dro warmoadgens produqtis warmoebis
saSualebas. ganakveTi, romliTac misi Tavisufali dro qerad transformirdeba,
aris MRTlb, xolo simindad ki _ MRTlc. sargeblianobis maqsimizaciaze
orientirebuli individi fasebis proporciis safuZvelze ori produqtis
Canacvlebis zRvrul ganakveTs awesebs. zustad aseve MRS-i Tavisufal drosa da
mocemul saqonels Soris ganisazRvreba xelfasisa (Tavisufali drois fass) da
saqonlis fasis proporciis safuZvelze.

davubrundeT keTildReobis ekonomikas. sami saqonlis

resursebis pareto-efeqtiani ganawilebis aucilebeli pirobaa:

SemTxvevaSi

MRSlb = MRTlb
MRSlc = MRTlc
MRSbc = MRTbc

proporciuli saSemosavlo gadasaxadi, romelic qersa da simindze

dawesebuli gadasaxadis ekvivalenturia, mesame tolobas ucvlelad tovebs,
imitom rom mwarmoeblebi da momxmareblebi kvlavac qerisa da simindis
SedarebiTi fasis winaSe dganan. gadasaxadis dawesebis Sedegad orive fasi erTi
da imave proporciiT gaizarda, amitom maTi Sefardeba ar Secvlila. miuxedavad
amisa, pirvel or SemTxvevaSi sagadasaxado sxvaoba mainc warmoiqmneba:
davuSvaT, damqiravebeli rutis w daubegrav xelfass uxdis, saSemosavalo
gadasaxadis ganakveTi ki aris t. rutis gadawyvetilebani damokidebulia
dabegrili xelfasis moculobaze (1 - t)w. amrigad, rutis SemTxvevaSi MRSlb = (1

410

t)w/Pb. meore mxriv, mwarmoeblis gadawyvetilebani im saxelfaso ganakveTze,

romelsac igi ixdis, anu daubegrav w xelfaszea damokidebuli. amdenad,
mwarmoeblis SemTxvevaSi MRSlb = w/Pb. Sedegad,

MRSlb MRTlc . analogiurad,

MRSlc MRTlc . erTjeradi gadasaxadi ki sruliad ucvlels tovebs samive

tolobas.
amrigad, saSemosavlo
Cveulebriv ar aris ekvivalenturi.

da

erTjeradi

gadasaxadebiT

dabegvra

saSemosavlo gadasaxadi or tolobas arRvevs, xolo qersa da simindze

sxvadasxva ganakveTiT dawesebuli fasi ki _ samive tolobas, TavisTavad es
faqti ar aris sakmarisi imisaTvis, rom ganvsazRvroT, Tu romeli sistemaa
ufro efeqtiani. erT-erTi tolobis darRvevis Sedegad mcirdeba efeqtianoba. am
dros keTildReobis Semcirebis Sefaseba sxvaobaTa martivi daTvlis Sedegad
SeuZlebelia. aseT viTarebaSi ufro upriani iqneba TiToeul sagadasaxado
reJimTan asocirebuli zedmeti tvirTis Sefaseba da SemdgomSi maTi Sedareba.
Cven ar vuSvebT imas, rom saSemosavlo dabegvra ufro efeqtiania, vidre
sasaqonlo gadasaxadebis sxvadasxva ganakveTebiani sistema (diferencialuri
sasaqonlo dabegvra). SesaZloa, es daSveba gamarTlebulic ki iyos, magram es
empiriuli sakiTxia da misi gansazRvra mxolod Teoriis safuZvelze
SeuZlebelia.

davuSvaT, rom saqonlis dabegvris Semdgom masze moTxovna ar icvleba.

mianiSnebs Tu ara aseTi tendencia zedmeti tvirTis ararsebobaze? zedmeti
tvirTis warmoqmna araswor gadawyvetilebaTa Sedegia. davuSvaT, saqonlis
dabegvris Semdgom masze moTxovna ar Secvlila. Cndeba azri, rom dabegvras ar
gamouwvevia zedmeti tvirTis warmoqmna. aseTi daSveba gamosaxulia 13.4
grafikze. naomi, Cveni axali gmiri, xasiaTdeba rutis msgavsi SemosavliT; igi
ixdis iseTive fasebsa da gadasaxadebs, rogorsac ruti. amdenad, misi
Tavdapirveli sabiujeto SezRudva aris AD, xolo qeris dabegvris Semdeg ki _
AF. Tumca, rutisagan gansxvavebiT, naomi qeris moxmarebas qeris dabegvris
Semdegac ki ar cvlis: anu B1 = B2-s. qeris sagadasaxado Semosavlebia E1E2. aris
Tu ara es zedmeti tvirTi? qeris gadasaxadis ekvivalenturi variacia aris RE3,
rac E1E2 qeris sagadasaxado Semosavlebs E2S moculobiT aRemateba. amdenad, imis
miuxedavad, rom naomis mier qeris moxmareba ar Secvlila qeris dabegvris
Semdegac ki, dabegvris Sedegad E2S zedmeti tvirTi mainc warmoiqmna.

aseTi paradoqsis TavidaTavi ki is aris, rom, miuxedavad imisa, rom naomi

ar cvlis qeris moxmarebas, samagierod, igi simindis moxmarebas (C1-dan C2-mde)
cvlis. rodesac qerze dawesebuli gadasaxadi qeris Sesabamis fass cvlis, maSin
Senacvlebis zRvruli ganakveTic da produqtebis asortimentis Semadgenlobac
icvleba.

411

arsebobs kidev ufro mkacri da detaluri ganmarteba: saWiroa,

erTmaneTisagan gavmijnoT ori saxis reaqcia, romelic SesaZloa, qeris
dabegvras mohyves. E1-dan E2-mde gadaadgileba arakompensirebuli reaqciis
saxelwodebiTaa cnobili. igi gviCvenebs, Tu rogor icvleba moxmareba
dabegvris Sedegad da Semosavlis Semcirebisa da gadasaxadis gamo Secvlili
fasebis efeqts aerTianebs. warmovidginoT, rogor xdeba E1-dan E2-mde
gadaadgilebis dekompozicia, E1-dan E3-mde da E3-dan E2-mde gadaadgileba. E1-dan
E3-mde gadaadgileba erTjeradi gadasaxadis efeqtze miuTiTebs. aRniSnuli
cvlileba, romelic Semosavlis efeqtis saxelwodebiTaa cnobili, mxolod da
mxolod Semosavals amcirebs. fasebi ucvleli rCeba. E3-dan E2-mde gadaadgileba
fasebis cvlilebaze miuTiTebs. naomis eZleva sakmarisi Semosavali imisaTvis,
rom darCes ii indiferentulobis mrudze im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu dabegvris gamo
qeris fasi gaizarda. naomis eZleva damatebiTi Semosavali, anu xdeba qeris
gazrdili fasis kompensireba, amitom E3-dan E2-mde gadaadgileba kompensirebuli
reaqciis
saxelwodebas
atarebs,
zogjer
ki
Canacvlebis
efeqtis
saxelwodebiTac ki moixsenieba14.

grafiki 13.4

kompensirebuli reaqcia zedmeti tvirTis gamoTvlis dros mniSvnelovani

faqtoria. ratom aris ase? zedmeti tvirTis gamoTvlis dros aucilebelia ii
indiferentulobis mrudze E2 da E3 wertilebSi Segrovili gadasaxadebis
14

ixileT wignis danarTi, sadac ganxilulia Semosavali,

kompensirebuli moTxovnis mrudebi.

Canacvlebis

efeqti

da

412

Sedareba. E3-dan E2-mde gadaadgileba ii indiferentulobis mrudis gaswvriv

namdvilad kompensirebuli moTxovnaa. E3-dan E2-mde gadaadgilebis dros
Canacvlebis zRvrul ganakveTze zemoqmedeba xdeba. rogorc ukve giCveneT,
aRniSnuli cvlilebis Sedegad pareto-efeqtianobis aucilebeli pirobebi
irRveva.

Cveulebrivi moTxovnis mrudi moTxovnili saqonlis raodenobaSi fasebis

Secvlis dros arakompensirebul cvlilebas asaxavs. kompensirebuli moTxovnis
mrudi gviCvenebs, Tu rogor icvleba moTxovnili saqonlis moculoba fasis
cvlilebis SemTxvevaSi da, amavdroulad, xdeba Semosavlis kompensacia ise, rom
individis mier moxmarebuli saqonlis asortimenti indiferentulobis imave
mrudze rCeba. amrigad, zedmeti tvirTi damokidebulia gadaadgilebaze,
romelic xdeba kompensirebuli da ara Cveulebrivi moTxovnis mrudis gaswvriv.

aseTi
msjeloba
SesaZloa,
pedanturadac
ki
mogeCvenoT,
magram
garwmunebT, rom isini uaRresad mniSvnelovania. politikuri ganxilvebi,
Cveulebriv, Seexeba xolme iseT sakiTxebs, rogoricaa: axdens Tu ara
zemoqmedebas romelime gadasaxadi individis yofaqcevaze. Tu ganxilvebis
Sedegad dadasturdeba, rom gadasaxadi ar zemoqmedebs individis qmedebebze,
maSin CaiTvleba, rom efeqtianobis seriozuli problema ar arsebobs. ase
magaliTad, arsebobs mosazreba, rom Tu saSemosavlo gadasaxadi ar imoqmedebs
samuSao saaTebis raodenobaze, gamova, rom gadasaxads uaryofiTi Sedegi ara
aqvs. cxadia, yvelam kargad icis, rom aseTi mosazreba wminda wylis uazrobaa.
mniSvnelovani zedmeti tvirTis warmoqmnis albaToba maSinac ki arsebobs,
rodesac dabegrili saqonlis arakompensirebuli reaqcia nulis tolia.

zedmeti tvirTis Sefaseba moTxovnis mrudebis saSualebiT

zedmeti
tvirTis
koncefcia
SesaZloa,
interpretirebul
iqnes
(kompensirebuli)
moTxovnis
mrudebis
gamoyenebis
gziTac
ki.
aseTi
interpretacia TiTqmis mTlianadaa damokidebuli iseT cnebaze, rogoricaa
samomxmareblo danazogi _ sxvaoba im or Tanxas Soris, romlis gadaxdis
survilic aqvs individs da romlis gadaxdac faqtobrivad uwevs. wignis
danarTSi naCvenebia, rom samomxmareblo danazogi im arealiT fasdeba, romelic
sabazro fasis pirobebSi moTxovnis mrudsa da horizontalur xazs Soris
arsebobs. davuSvaT, rom 13.5 grafikze kompensirebuli moTxovnis mrudi qerze
aris swori xazi Db. simartivisaTvis amjeradac vigulisxmoT, rom qeris
socialuri zRvruli danaxarji mudmivia (Pb); miwodebis mrudi aris Sb

413

horizontaluri xazi 15. wonasworobis pirobebSi q1 funti qeris moxmareba xdeba.

samomxmareblo danazogi, anu fassa da moTxovnis mruds Soris arsebuli
sivrce, aris aih.

davuSvaT, rom qeri daibegra tb sagadasaxado ganakveTiT. axali fasi, (1 + tb ) Pb

, asocirebulia

Sb

miwodebis

mrudTan.

moTxovnisa

gadaikveTeba:
aRmoCndeba, rom xdeba q2 funti
wonasworoba Semdegi niSan-TvisebebiT xasiaTdeba:

da miwodebis
qeris

mrudebi

moxmareba.

axali

samomxmareblo danazogi emTxveva agf areals moTxovnisa da Sb -s Soris.

qerze dawesebuli gadasaxadis amonagebi gfdh marTkuTxedia, imitom rom

sagadasaxado Semosavali Sesyiduli erTeulis raodenobisa (hd) da
TiToeul erTeulze gadaxdili gadasaxadis namravls: (1 + tb ) Pb - Pb = gh
udris. hd da gh warmoadgens gfdh marTkuTxedis fuZesa da simaRles da,
amdenad, maTi namravlic swored es areali iqneba.
dabegvrisSemdgomi samomxmareblo siWarbisa da saSemosavlo gadasaxadis
(hafd areali) jami fid arealiT naklebia Tavdapirvel samomxmareblo
siWarbeze (ahi). faqtobrivad, im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu Cven sagadasaxado
Semosavals
qeris
momxmareblebs
erTjeradad
davubrunebT,
maTi
mdgomareoba mainc gauaresdeba fid samkuTxediT. swored es samkuTxedi
warmoadgens gadasaxadis zedmet tvirTs.

aseTi meTodis saSualebiT

tvirTis fuladi Rirebuleba. fid
raodenobis Secvla gadasaxadis
naxevars Seadgens. martivi algebris

sakmaod advilad ganisazRvreba zedmeti

samkuTxedis farTobi misi fuZisa (qeris
gamo) da simaRlis (gadasaxadi funtze)
Tanaxmad, namravli udris:

1 hPb q1t b2
2

sadac

(berZnuli

`eta~)

(13.3),

qerze

Rirebulebas7

elastiurobis absolutur
danarT `A~-Si am Tavis bolos).

moTxovnis
warmoadgens

kompensirebuli
(damtkiceba

fasis
ixileT

15

aseTi analizis ganzogadeba adviladaa SesaZlebeli, rodesac miwodebis mrudebi

zemoTaa aRmarTuli, ixileT sqolios (7) CanarTi.
7
formula gamoiyeneba mxolod usasrulod mcire gadasaxadebis SemTxvevaSi, Tanac ise,
rom ar arsebobdes sxva saxis zemoqmedeba da faqtori. rodesac miwodebis mrudis
daxriloba zemoTaa aRmarTuli da ara horizontalurad, zedmeti tvirTis samkuTxedi
moicavs rogorc mwarmoeblis, aseve samomxmareblo danazogs. zedmeti tvirTis
gamosaangariSebeli formula damokidebulia rogorc miwodebis, aseve moTxovnis
elastiurobaze. aseT SemTxvevaSi zedmeti tvirTi udris:

414

grafiki 13.5

h -s maRali (absoluturi) Rirebuleba mianiSnebs imaze, rom moTxovnis

kompensirebuli moculoba friad labiluria fasebis cvlilebis mimarT.
amdenad, h -s arseboba formulaSi TavisTavad miuTiTebs imaze, rom rac ufro
amaxinjebs

gadasaxadi

(kompensirebul)

samomxmareblo

gadawyvetilebas,

miT

ufro mZimea zedmeti tvirTi. Px q1 aris qeris Tavdapirveli danaxarji. misi

CarTva formulaSi miuTiTebs, rom rac ufro maRalia dabegrili saqonlis
Tavdapirveli danaxarji, miT ufro mZimea zedmeti tvirTi.

dabolos, tb2 -s arseboba formulaSi miuTiTebs imaze, rom sagadasaxado

ganakveTis zrdis SemTxvevaSi ganakveTis kvadratis zrdasTan erTad zedmeti
tvirTic izrdeba. gadasaxadis tetradis gaormagebiT viRebT zedmet tvirTs
(sxva Tanabar pirobebSi). zedmeti tvirTi sagadasaxado ganakveTis kvadratis
proporciulad izrdeba. amdenad, zRvruli zedmeti tvirTi Semosavlis erT
dolarze aRemateba saSualo zedmet tvirTs, anu Semosavlis kidev erT
dolarze zrdadi zemdeti tvirTi aRemateba mTliani zedmeti tvirTisa da
mTliani Semosavlis Sefardebas. es migneba erTob seriozuli faqtoria

Pb q 2
t , sadac e aris miwodebis elastiuroba, igi uaxlovdeba usasrulobas,
21 1 b
+
h e

romelic 13.5 grafikSi mocemul horizontalur RerZs Seesabameba.

415

danaxarjisa da sargeblis analizis dros. davuSvaT, rom sagadasaxado

Semosavlis TiToeul dolarze saSualo zedmeti tvirTi aris 12 centi, xolo
zRvruli zedmeti tvirTi sagadasaxado Semosavlis damatebiT dolarze aris 27
centi [Jorgenson and Yun, 2001, gv. 302]. TiToeuli dolaris socialuri danaxarji
saxelmwifo proeqtisaTvis aris dolari plus zrdadi zedmeti tvirTi (27
centi). amdenad, saxelmwifo proeqtma, Tu surs, rom keTildReoba aamaRlos,
maRal zRvrul sargebels (magaliTad, aracxadi danaxarjis TiToeul dolarze
1,27 dolarze met sargebels) unda uzrunvelyofdes.

TviTmfrinavis bileTis dabegvra. ganvixiloT (13.3) formula raime

realuri magaliTis safuZvelze. TviTmfrinavis bileTi federaluri mTavrobis
mier 10%-iani sagadasaxado ganakveTiT ibegreba. ras udris am gadasaxadis
zedmeti tvirTi? gantolebis Tanaxmad, Cven zustad unda vicodeT moTxovnis
fasi. oumis, uotersisa da iongis [1992] mier Catarebuli kvlevis Tanaxmad,
racionaluri Sefaseba aris daaxloebiT 1,0. amis
garda,
Cven unda
gamoviangariSoT bileTis fasisa da gayiduli bileTebis namravli (Semosavali
TviTmfrinavis bileTebidan), rac daaxloebiT 94 miliard dolars udris
wliurad [aSS aRweris biuro, 2002, gv. 661]. axla ki mTeli es informacia (13.3)
gantolebaSi CavsvaT. TviTmfrinavis bileTis gadasaxadi zedmet tvirTs
warmoqmnis, romelic wliurad 1 94 ( 0,10) 2 miliard, anu 470 milion dolars

udris.

arsebuli faqtorebi

analizis dasawyisSive aRvniSneT, rom ekonomikaSi, gadasaxadis garda,

sxva faqtorebi ar arsebobs. realurad axali gadasaxadis SemoRebis dros ukve
iseTi faqtorebi arsebobs, rogoricaa: monopolia, garegani efeqti da arsebuli
gadasaxadebi. am faqtorebis wyalobiT, zedmeti tvirTis analizi ufro
rTuldeba.

davuSvaT, rom momxmareblisaTvis jini da romi urTierTSenacvlebadi

produqciaa. saxelmwifoSi romis dabegvra daiwyo da warmoiqmna zedmeti
tvirTis `samkuTxedi~ (13.5 grafikis msgavsad). saxelmwifo jinis dabegvrasac
apirebs. ras gautoldeba is zedmeti tvirTi, romelsac jinze dawesebuli
gadasaxadi warmoqmnis? jinis bazarze jinze dawesebuli gadasaxadi warmoqmnis
sxvaobas im Tanxebs Soris, romelsac momxmarebeli ixdis da romelsac
mwarmoebeli iRebs. rogorc wesi, zedmeti tvirTic warmoiqmneba. Tumca es ar
aris mTeli istoria. saqme imaSi aris, rom jini da romi urTierTSenacvlebad
produqciad iTvleba. jinis samomxmareblo fasi gadasaxadis Sedegad gaizarda,
ramac gazarda moTxovna romze. gaizarda romis moTxovnis koeficienti. axla ki
romis dabegvrac daiwyo saxelmwifom. amdenad, ganxorcielda `Zalian mcire~
moculobis romis moxmareba. romis moxmareba jinze dawesebuli gadasaxadis

416

wyalobiT gaizarda, Tumca axla romze dawesebulma gadasaxadma misi moxmareba

isev ukan efeqtian doneze daabruna. amdenad, romis bazarze sakmaod efeqtiani
movlena ganviTarda, rac jinis bazarze warmoqmnili zemdeti tvirTis
kompensaciis saSualebas warmoadgens. Teoriulad jinze dawesebul gadasaxads,
faqtobrivad, mTliani zedmeti tvirTis Semcireba SeeZlo (am Tavis `b~
danarTSi ixileT am fenomenis grafikuli demonstrireba).

SeuZlebelia, izolirebulad ganvixiloT gadasaxadis an subsidiis

zemoqmedeba efeqtianobaze. arsebobs sxva bazaric Tavisi damaxasiaTebeli
faqtorebiT da saqoneli am bazrebze mWidrod urTierTdakavSirebulia (an
Seanacvlebs erTmaneTs, an Seavsebs). amdenad, efeqtianobaze zemoqmedebis
ganxilva yvela bazris WrilSi unda moxdes. imisaTvis, rom gamoviTvaloT
gadasaxadebis an subsidiebis mTliani zegavlena efeqtianobaze, araswori
iqneba, cal-calke SevafasoT zedmeti tvirTis moculoba TiToeul bazarze da
Semdeg ubralod SevkriboT es monacemebi. efeqtianobis agregirebuli danakargi
`misi nawilebis jams~ ar udris.

Sedegi gasaocaria. gamodis, rom aucilebelia TiToeuli bazris Sefaseba

imisaTvis, rom gansazRvrul iqnes romelime gadasaxadis an subsidiis zegavlena
efeqtianobaze. xSir SemTxvevebSi Sesaswavli bazrisa da sxva bazrebis
urTierTkavSiri imdenad mcirea, rom Tavisuflad SeiZleba jvaredini efeqtebis
ugulebelyofa8. miuxedavad imisa, rom aseTi midgoma Zalian mosaxerxebelia,
misi racionaluroba yvela konkretul SemTxvevaSi unda gadamowmdes.

garemos dacvis ekonomika gvTavazobs alternativas, romlis mixedviTac,

Zalian mniSvnelovania ukve arsebuli faqtorebis buRaltruli aRricxva.
gaixseneT mexuTe Tavi: garegani efeqtis arsebobis pirobebSi gadasaxadi zrdis
efeqtianobas. pigus gadasaxadi aiZulebs dambinZurebels, gaiTvaliswinos
sxvebisaTvis miyenebuli ziani da warmoebis masStabi Seamciros. gaixseneT isic,
rom aSS-is saSemosavlo gadasaxadis sistema uaRresad araefeqtiania. Sromis
miwodebisa da sxva gadawyvetilebebis damaxinjebis gziT saSemosavlo
gadasaxadi umZimes zedmet tvirTs warmoqmnis. am ori daSvebis erTmaneTTan
dakavSirebis Sedegad gaCnda aseTi SemoTavazeba: xom ar iqneba ufro upriani,
Tu ekologiuri gadasaxadidan miRebul Semosavals saSemosavlo sagadasaxado
ganakveTebis Sesamcireblad gamoviyenebT? aseTi winadadeba ormagi dividendis
hipotezis saxelwodebiTaa cnobili, radgan efeqtianoba izrdeba rogorc
dambinZureblis, aseve saSemosavlo gadasaxadiT datvirTul bazarze.

logika, cxadia, am winadadebaSic arsebobs. gaixseneT, rom gadasaxadi

dabinZurebaze im saqonlis fass zrdis, romelic warmoebulia damabinZurebeli
teqnologiis gamoyenebis Sedegad. saqonlis fasis zrda individis realuri

gamonaklisis Sesaxeb informaciis misaRebad ix. Fullerton and Rogers [1997].

417

saxelfaso ganakveTis Semcirebas gulisxmobs _ individs xelfasiT axla ukve

bevrad naklebi produqtisa da momsaxurebis SeZena SeuZlia. ase rom,
ekologiuri gadasaxadi, garkveulwilad, saSemosavlo gadasaxadia. Sromis
bazari ukve damaxinjebulia saSemosavalo gadasaxadiT. amdenad, ekologiuri
gadasaxadi
mxolod
gaarTulebs
mdgomareobas.
efeqtiani
ekologiuri
gadasaxadi SesaZloa, aseT viTarebaSi ufro dabali iyos, vidre saSemosavlo
gadasaxadis araarsebobis pirobebSi. Cven sulac ar vambobT imas, rom pigus
gadasaxadis arseboba negatiuri movlenaa. Cven mxolod imis Tqma gvinda, rom
misi Sedegi damokidebulia imaze, Tu ra masStabiT zemoqmedebs arsebuli
gadasaxadebi Sromis bazarze.

subsidiis zedmeti tvirTi

sasaqonlo subsidia bevri qveynis fiskaluri sistemis mniSvnelovani

nawilia. realurad subsidia negatiuri gadasaxadia da, gadasaxadis msgavsad,
igi
zedmet
tvirTTanaa
asocirebuli.
subsidiis
zedmeti
tvirTis
gamosaTvlelad warmovidginoT subsidia, romelic kerZo binaTmSeneblobaze
gaicema,
romelsac
federaluri
mTavroba
individualuri
saSemosavlo
gadasaxadidis
gansazRvruli
anaricxebidan
uzrunvelyofs
(detaluri
informaciisaTvis kanonmdeblobis Sesaxeb ix. me-16 Tavi).

grafiki 13.6

418

davuSvaT, rom kerZo binaTmSeneblobis moTxovna 13.6 grafikSi Dh swori

xaziTaa gamoxatuli. miwodeba horizontaluria Ph fasad, rac binaTmSeneblobis
momsaxurebis
gawevis
zRvrul
socialur
danaxarjs
gansazRvravs.
Tavdapirvelad wonasworobiT dafiqsirebuli raodenoba h1-ia. saxelmwifom
gadawyvita, binaTmSeneblebs gadasces subsidia s procentad. binaTmSeneblobis
momsaxurebis axali fasi iqneba (1 - s) Ph , xolo Sesabamisi miwodebis mrudi ki -

S h.

subsidia

zrdis

binaTmSeneblobiT

sargeblobas

h2

wertilamde.

Tu

binaTmSeneblobaze subsidiis gacemis mizani masze moxmarebis gazrda iyo, maSin

Tamamad SeiZleba iTqvas, rom subsidiam Seasrula dakisrebuli amocana. magram
ramdenad racionaluria aseTi midgoma im SemTxvevaSi, Tu subsidiis mizani
socialuri keTildReobis amaRleba iyo?

subsidiis gacemamde samomxmareblo danazogi emTxveoda mno areals.

subsidirebis Semdeg samomxmareblo siWarbis areali mqu gaxda, anu nouq
arealiT gaizarda. magram ra fasad gaizarda samomxmareblo danazogi?
subsidiis programis Rirebuleba udris momsaxurebiT uzrunvelyofili da
moxmarebuli erTeulebis raodenobas (qu) erTeulze gamoyofili subsidiis (nq)
mixedviT an marTkuTxed nvuq-s. amdenad, subsidiis Rirebuleba, faqtobrivad,
sargebels aRemateba _ warmoiqmneba zedmeti tvirTi, romelic nvuq arealsa da
nouq areals Soris arsebul sxvaobas, anu gamoyofil ovu areals udris.

419

poterbas [1992] mier Catarebuli kvleva miuTiTebs, rom piri, romelic SeiZens
200000 aSS dolaris Rirebulebis saxls, wliuri 1200 dolaris zedmeti
tvirTiT ibegreba.

rogor SeiZleba, binaTmSeneblobis subsidireba araefeqtianad Sefasdes?

gaixseneT, rom am momsaxurebaze moTxovnis mrudis nebismieri wertili
gansazRvravs,
Tu
ramdenad
Rirebulia
individisaTvis
moxmarebis
es
konkretuli done. hi-s marjvniv misi Rirebuleba ufro naklebia, vidre Ph
zRvruli sazogadoebrivi danaxarjis wertilSi (miuxedavad imisa, rom individi
namdvilad
iRebs
sargebels
binaTmSeneblobis
ufro
meti
produqtis
moxmarebiT). subsidia ubiZgebs individs, moixmaros binaTmSeneblobis iseTi
momsaxureba, romelic TviTRirebulebaze naklebi TanxiTaa Sefasebuli, anu
subsidias araefeqtianobamde mivyavarT9.

analizis Sedegad seriozul politikur Sedegamde mivdivarT. xSirad

ismis aseTi winadadeba: davexmaroT individTa jgufs, ganvaxorcieloT im
saqonlis subsidireba, romelsac es jgufi yvelaze intensiurad moixmars. Cven
ukve davamtkiceT am daSvebis iracionaluroba. SesaZlebelia, adamianis
keTildReoba avamaRloT, Tu subsidiaze ufro nakleb Tanxas maT pirdapiri
grantis saxiT gadavcemT. 13.6 grafikSi Cans, rom individisaTvis sulerTia,
ganxorcieldeba binaTmSeneblobis subsidirebis programa (romlis Rirebuleba
nvuq iqneba), Tu gamoyofil iqneba pirdapiri granti (nou). arada, subsidireba
saxelmwifos gacilebiT ufro Zviri ujdeba10. swored am mizezis gamo bevri
ekonomisti
sasaqonlo
subsidiebTan
SedarebiT
upiratesobas
pirdapir
saSemosavlo transfers aniWebs.

Semosavlis dabegvris Sedegad warmoqmnili zedmeti tvirTi

zedmeti tvirTis Teoria iseve aqtualuria warmoebis faqtorebisaTvis,

rogorc saqonlisaTvis. daakvirdiT 13.7 grafiks: iakobis samuSao saaTebi
mocemulia horizontalur RerZze, misi saaTobrivi anazRaureba ki _
vertikalurze. iakobis kompensirebuli Sromis miwodebis mrudi, romelic
iakobisaTvis misaReb umcires xelfass gviCvenebs, SL-iTaa gamoxatuli. iakobis
Tavdapirveli xelfasi aris w da igi L1 saaTis ganmavlobaSi muSaobs. iseve
rogorc samomxmareblo siWarbe fiqsirdeba arealSi, romelic ganTavsebulia
9

subsidirebis Semdeg moxmarebis dros Canacvlebis zRvruli ganakveTi damokidebulia

(1 - s) Ph -ze, xolo warmoebis dros transformaciis zRvruli ganakveTi ki Ph-ze. amdenad,

transformaciis zRvruli ganakveTi ar udris Canacvlebis zRvrul ganakveTs da,
Sesabamisad, resursebis ganawilebac ver iqneba efeqtiani.
10
es Sedegi Zalian waagavs Sedegs, romelic miviReT maSin, rodesac naturaluri
subsidiis Sesaxeb vsaubrobdiT (meSvide Tavi). aRniSnul TavSi SegiZliaT gadaxedoT im
motivebs, ris gamoc sasaqonlo subsidia politikurad yvelaze popularul berketad
rCeba.
420

moTxovnis mrudsa da sabazro fass Soris, SromiTi Zalis siWarbe mocemulia

arealSi, romelic miwodebis mrudsa da sabazro saxelfaso ganakveTs Soris
mdebareobs. Tu xelfasia w, maSin siWarbe mocemulia adf arealSi.

saxelmwifo awesebs saSemosavlo gadasaxads t ganakveTiT. xelfasi

dabegvris Semdeg udris (1 t)w; mocemuli miwodebis mrudi aris SL, xolo
gaweuli Sroma udris L2 saaTs. danazogi gadasaxadebis gadaxdis Semdgom agh
arealze modis, xolo saxelmwifos mierLSegrovili amonagebi ki fihg areals
emTxeva. warmoiqmneba zedmeti tvirTi _ dawesebuli gadasaxadi SromiT
gadawyvetilebas cvlis. zedmeti tvirTi udris sxvaobas iakobis saSemosavlo
danakargsa (fdhg) da gadasaxadis moculobas (hid) Soris: (= fdhg fihg). (13.3)
gantolebis analogiurad, hid areali daaxloebiT udris:

1 ewL1t 2
2

(13.4),

sadac e aris samuSao saaTebis kompensirebuli elastiuroba.

grafiki 13.7

421

amerikeli mamakacis e -s racionaluri koeficienti daaxloebiT 0.2-ia.

davuSvaT, rom xelfasis dabegvramde iakobi wliurad 2000 saaTis ganmavlobaSi
muSaobs, misi saaTobrivi anazRaureba ki 20 dolaria. mTavroba iRebs
gadawyvetilebas Semosavlis 40%-iT dabegvris Sesaxeb. Tu am monacemebs (13.4)
gantolebaSi CavsvamT, vnaxavT, rom am gadasaxadis mier warmoqmnili zedmeti
tvirTi wliurad daaxloebiT 640 dolars udris. imisaTvis, rom es cifri
perspeqtivaSi ganvixiloT, unda SevniSnoT, rom igi sagadasaxado Semosavlis
daaxloebiT 4%-s udris. amrigad, saSualod gadasaxadis saxiT Segrovili
TiToeuli dolari 4 centis odenobiT zedmet tvirTs qmnis.

cxadia, iseTi faqtorebi, rogoricaa saxelfaso da sagadasaxado

ganakveTebi da maTi elastiuroba, mosaxleobis TiToeuli wevris mixedviT
meryeobs. amdenad, sxvadasxva individs gansxvavebuli moculobis zemdeti
tvirTi ekisreba. ufro metic, SromiTi Zalis dabegvris Sedegad warmoqmnili
zedmeti tvirTi damokidebulia im sagadasaxado ganakveTebze, romliTac
warmoebis saSualebebi ibegreba. iorgensonisa da iunis gamoTvlebiT [2001],
SromiTi Zalis saSemosavlo gadasaxadiT dabegvris Sedegad aSS-Si warmoqmnili
zedmeti tvirTi Semosavlis daaxloebiT 27%-s udris. me-16 TavSi naxavT, rom
arsebobs
mniSvnelovani
ganusazRvreloba
fundamenturi
elastiurobebis
Rirebulebis Sesaxeb. amdenad, maT Sefasebas skrupulozuri sifrTxiliT unda
movekidoT.

422

grafiki 13.8

Sromis diferencialuri dabegvra

Cven axlaxan ganvixileT magaliTi saSemosavlo gadasaxadis Sesaxeb da

kargad davinaxeT, rom SromiTi Zalis Semosavali, individis samuSao adgilis
miuxedavad, Tanabari ganakveTiT ibegreba. Tumca zogjer Sroma adgilis
mixedviT ibegreba. ase magaliTad, korporaciuli saSemosavlo gadasaxadis gamo
SromiTi Zala, romelic dasaqmebulia korporaciul seqtorSi, gacilebiT ufro
maRali ganakveTiT ibegreba, vidre arakorporaciul seqtorSi dasaqmebuli
SormiTi Zala. garda amisa, xdeba SromiTi Zalis diferencialuri dabegvra imis
mixedviT, Tu sad muSaobs igi: saxlSi Tu sabazro seqtorSi. Tu individi Sida
saqmeebiTaa dakavebuli, maSin mas SeuZlia, Rirebuli momsaxureba awarmoos da,
Tanac, yovelgvari dabegvris gareSe11. meore mxriv, Tu igive individi SromiTi
bazris monawile xdeba da daqiravebul Sromas Seudgeba, misi momsaxureba
saSemosavlo da saxelfaso gadasaxadebiT daibegreba. is faqti, rom SromiTi
Zala ibegreba erT seqtorSi, xolo meoreSi ki sruliad Tavisufalia
yovelgvari gadasaxadisagan, individis arCevans amaxinjebs.

11

saojaxo seqtorSi samuSaos Rirebuleba kargadaa aRwerili bibliuri avtoris mier.

im dros saxlis Sida saqmeebiT mxolod qali iyo dakavebuli. 31-e TavSi igi qalis
uTvalav saqmes ganixilavs, romelic `kargad uvlis Tavis saxl-kars. misi ZiriTadi
daskvna aris is, rom `qalis saqme lalze ufro Rirebulia. samwuxarod, araferia
viciT lalis fasis Sesaxeb im bibliur epoqaSi.

423

efeqtianobis danaxarjis gamosaTvlelad daakvirdiT 13.8 grafiks. OO

horizontaluri manZili gviCvenebs sazogadoebaSi xelmisawvdomi SromiTi
Zalis mTlian moculobas. SromiTi Zala, romelic saSinao saqmiTaa dakavebuli,
O s marjvena manZiliT, xolo SromiTi Zala, romelic qmnis momsaxurebas
Sromis bazarze, O -s marcxena manZiliT izomeba. amdenad, O O -s gaswvriv
arsebuli nebismieri wertili miuTiTebs SromiTi Zalis ganawilebaze saSinao
da sabazro seqtorebis mixedviT.

axla ki ganvmartoT saojaxo seqtorSi namuSevari saaTebis zRvruli

produqtis Rirebuleba (value of marginal product - VMP), rogorc TiToeuli saaTis
ganmavlobaSi warmoebuli damatebiTi produqtis fuladi Rirebuleba. 13.8
grafikis VMPhome monakveTi saojaxo seqtorSi namuSevari saaTebis zRvruli
produqtis Rirebulebas gviCvenebs. misi daxriloba qveviTkenaa mimarTuli, rac
miuTiTebs imaze, rom rac ufro meti saaTia gatarebuli saxlSi, miT mcirdeba
am saaTebis zrdadi Rirebuleba. es aris imis manifestireba, Tu rogor
mcirdeba zRvruli ukugeba. VMPmkt monakveTi sabazro seqtorSi namuSevari
saaTebis zRvruli produqtis Rirebulebas gviCvenebs. gaxsovdeT, rom
horizontaluri RerZis marcxniv gadaadgileba sabazro seqtorSi dasaqmebuli
individebis ricxvis zrdaze miuTiTebs. Cven vfiqrobT, rom orive monakveTi
Sesabamis seqtorSi dasaqmebuli SromiTi Zalis moculobis mixedviT unda
Semcirdes. Tumca sruliad ar aris mosalodneli, rom orive monakveTi erTi da
imave daxrilobiT xasiaTdebodes, amdenad, isini arcaa daxazuli erTmaneTis
mimarT sarkiseburad.

rogor ganisazRvreba Sromis ganawileba or seqtors Soris? individi

anawilebs Tavis dros ise, rom imuSaos rogorc saxlSi, aseve bazarze da,
Tanac, maqsimalurad gazardos Tavisi Semosavlebi. Sromis zRvruli produqtis
Rirebuleba orive seqtorSi Tanabaria. ase rom ar yofiliyo, individs eqneboda
Sromis gadanawilebis saSualeba orive seqtorSi Semosavlis gazrdis mizniT12.
13.8 grafikSi wonasworoba warmoiSoba maSin, rodesac saojaxo seqtorSi OH*
saaTi, xolo sabazro seqtorSi muSaobaze ki OH* saaTi ixarjeba. Sromis
zRvruli produqtis Rirebuleba orive seqtorSi w1 dolaria. konkurentuli
faswarmoqmnis wyalobiT, sabazro seqtorSi miRebuli xelfasi zRvruli
produqtis Rirebulebas udris.

davuSvaT, rom sabazro seqtorSi gaweul Sromaze miRebul Semosavalze t

gadasaxadi wesdeba, magram saojaxo seqtorSi miRebuli Semosavali kvlavac
daubegravi rCeba. sabazro seqtorSi dasaqmebuli SromiTi Zalis moculobis
miuxedavad, gadasaxadi VMP-sa da asocirebul saxelfaso ganakveTs Soris
sxvaobas qmnis. ase magaliTad, Tu zRvruli produqtis Rirebuleba aris 10
dolari, xolo sagadasaxado ganakveTi ki 25%-ia, maSin xelfasi 7,50 dolars
gautoldeba. ufro zogadad rom iTqvas, sabazro seqtorSi xelfasze
12

imisaTvis, rom darwmundeT am daSvebis WeSmaritebaSi, ix. danarTi wignis bolos.

424

dawesebuli t ganakveTis gadasaxadi saxelfaso ganakveTs VMPmkt-dan (1 t) VMPmktmde amcirebs. geometriulad es gulisxmobs, rom TiToeuli wertili t
procentiT
Camodis
dabla
VMPmkt
wertilidan
(grafiki
13.9).
cxadia,
Tavdapirveli ganawileba ukve aRar qmnis wonasworobas _ H* wertilSi saojaxo
seqtorSi miRebuli Semosavali sabazro seqtorSi muSaobis Sedegad miRebul
Semosavals aRemateba. H* wertilSi VMPhome ufro maRalia, vidre (1 t) VMPmkt.
amis Sedegad individi naklebs muSaobs bazarze da met dros xarjavs saojaxo
saqmeebze, rac meurneobas H* wertilidan marjvena mimarTulebiT gadaanacvlebs.
wonasworoba miiRweva maSin, rodesac sabazro seqtorSi Sromis zRvruli
produqtis dabegvrisSemdgomi Rirebuleba saojaxo seqtorSi gaweuli Sromis
zRvruli produqtis Rirebulebas gautoldeba. 13.9 grafikze Cans, rom
wonasworoba miiRweva maSin, rodesac individi saojaxo seqtorSi OHt drois,
xolo sabazro seqtorSi ki OHt drois ganmavlobaSi muSaobs.

axali
wonasworobis
pirobebSi
dabegvrisSemdgomi VMP-ebi
orive
seqtorSi (1 t)w2-s utoldeba. Tumca sabazro seqtorSi daubegravi VMP, w2 ufro
metia, vidre VMP saojaxo seqtorSi, (1 t)w2. aRniSnuli ki imas gulisxmobs, rom
Tu sabazro seqtorSi daixarjeba ufro meti SromiTi resursi, maSin aq
miRweuli zrda (w2) saojaxo seqtoris danakargs (1 - t)w2 gadaaWarbebs. magram
realurad amgvari gadanawilebis stimuli ar arsebobs: individs ainteresebs is
xelfasi, romelic mas rCeba dabegvris Semdeg, xolo es maCvenebeli ki saojaxo
seqtorSi dagrovil Semosavals udris. gadasaxadis wyalobiT aseTi situacia
iqmneba: adgili aqvs `Zalian didi moculobis~ Sromas saojaxo seqtorSi da
`arasakmariss _ sabazro seqtorSi. gadasaxadis dawesebis Sedegad xdeba
resursebis araefeqtiani gadanawileba _ gadasaxadi aqrobs imis stimuls, rom
SromiTi resursebi mimarTul iqnes yvelaze maRalmwarmoeblur seqtorSi. amis
Sedegad mcirdeba realuri Semosavali, rac, faqtobrivad, gadasaxadis zedmet
tvirTs warmoadgens.
grafiki 13.9

425

zedmeti tvirTis Sesafaseblad aucilebelia 13.9 grafikis ufro

skrupulozuri analizi. gadasaxadis gamo SromiTi Zalis nawili sabazro
seqtors tovebs, ris gamoc produqciis Rirebulebas abcd arealiT amcirebs,
romelic VMP mkt-s qvemoT, H*-sa HHt-s Soris mdebareobs13. meore mxriv, SromiTi
Zala saojaxo seqtorSi Sedis, amdenad, produqciis Rirebuleba aecd arealiT
izrdeba, romelic VMPhome mrudis qvemoT, H* wertilsa da Ht wertils Sorisaa
ganTavsebuli. amdenad, sazogadoeba ukan daiwevs abcd areals aecd arealiT,
anu abe samkuTxediT, rac gadasaxadis zedmet tvirTs warmoadgens. samkuTxedis
fuZe sagadasaxado sxvaobas udris, w2 [(1 t)w2], anu tw2-s. misi simaRle
gviCvenebs saojaxo seqtorSi daxarjuli drois moculobas, anu H*Ht manZils,
romelsac Cven DH -ad aRvniSnavT. zedmeti tvirTis formula ki ase gamoiyureba:

1 (DH )tw
2
2

rac ufro didia cvlileba SromiT gadanawilebaSi

sagadasaxado sxvaoba (tw2) da miT metia zedmeti tvirTi.

DH , miT metia

sawarmoo saSualebaTa nebismier doneze VMP-sa da horizontalur RerZs Soris

arsebuli vertikaluri manZili sawarmoo saSualebaTa am doneze zRvruli produqtis
Rirebulebas gviCvenebs.
am
manZilebis
SekrebiT
viRebT
mTliani
produqtis
Rirebulebas. amdenad, VMP-s qvemoT arsebuli areali gviCvenebs mTliani produqtis
Rirebulebas.
13

426

saerTod, Tu xdeba saSualebis diferencirebuli dabegvra misi

sxvadasxva gamoyenebis SemTxvevaSi, Sedegad viTardeba faqtorebis araswori
ganawileba seqtorebs Soris, rac iwvevs zedmeti tvirTis warmoqmnas.

aris Tu ara mniSvnelovani efeqtiani dabegvra?

yovelwliurad ibeWdeba statiebi mTavrobis xarjebisa da gadasaxadebis

Sesaxeb. Tumca veravin miagnebs `zedmeti tvirTis biujets~, romelic
saxelmwifo fiskaluri politikis zegavlenas asaxavs. araferia saocari amaSi.
zedmeti tvirTi ar aris aRricxuli arc erTi kompaniis sabuRaltro
monacemebSi. es aris faqizi cneba, romlis banaluri gamoTvla SeuZlebelia.
miuxedavad imisa, rom Semosavlis Semcireba, romelic gadasaxadis dawesebis
Sedegad gamowveuli qmedebis cvlilebasTanaa asocirebuli, dafarulia, igi,
marTlac, arsebobs da misi moculoba, zogierTi Sefasebis Tanaxmad, erTob
didia.
Cven
ramdenjerme
ganvacxadeT,
rom
mxolod
efeqtianobasTan
dakavSirebuli mosazrebani ar aris sakmarisi imisaTvis, rom ganvsazRvroT
politika. mTavarma mosamarTlem, uoren burgerma, ase ganacxada: `sargebeli da
efeqtianoba demokratiuli mTavrobis upirvelesi mizani ar aris. mainc
samwuxaroa, rom politikosebi xSirad ugulebelyofen efeqtianobis sakiTxs.

is faqti, rom gadasaxadi zedmet tvirTs warmoqmnis, sulac ar niSnavs

imas, rom gadasaxadi Tavisi arsiT cudia. zogierT adamians swams, rom
gadasaxadi
gamoyenebuli
iqneba
sazogadoebis
sasargeblod
(gazrdili
efeqtianobis an samarTlianobis formiT). magram amarTlebs ki es mizani
saSualebas? am SekiTxvaze pasuxis gasacemad socialuri danaxarjis gamoTvlis
dros upriani iqneboda, zedmeti tvirTi gagveTvaliswinebina. ufro metic,
rogorc Cven amas Semdeg TavSi vnaxavT, zedmeti tvirTi erTob sasargebloa
alternatiul sagadasaxado sistemaTa Sesadareblad. zedmeti tvirTis Sefaseba
ekonomikis winaSe arsebuli mniSvnelovani amocanaa.

daskvna

gadasaxadi qmnis zedmet tvirTs _ sagadasaxado Semosavlis miRma

danaxarjs.
zedmeti tvirTi iqmneba qcevis cvlilebis Sedegad, rac TavisTavad
gadasaxadis dawesebiTaa gamowveuli. misi gamokvleva SesaZlebelia

427

indiferentulobis mrudebis an kompensirebuli moTxovnis mrudebis

gamoyenebiT.
erTjeradi gadasaxadi ar iwvevs qcevis cvlilebas, magram arcTu ise
momxibvlel politikur berkets warmoadgens. miuxedavad amisa, igi
mniSvnelovan
standarts
warmoadgens,
romlis
mixedviTac
sxva
gadasaxadebis Sedegad warmoqmnili zedmeti tvirTis Sefaseba xdeba.
zedmeti tvirTi maSinac ki SeiZleba warmoiSvas, rodesac individis
qcevaze zemoqmedeba ar xdeba, imitom rom igi warmoadgens kompensirebul
reaqcias gadasaxadze, romelic zedmet tvirTs qmnis.
erTi gadasaxadis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi zedmeti tvirTi moTxovnis
kompensirebuli elastiurobisa da gadasaxadis ganakveTis kvadratis
proporciulia.
zedmeti tvirTis gamoTvlis dros uSveben, rom ar arsebobs sxva
zemoqmedeba. sxva zemoqmedebis arsebobis dros axali gadasaxadis zrdadi
zedmeti tvirTi damokidebulia im zegavlenaze, romelsac gadasaxadi sxva
bazrebze axdens.
subsidiac warmoqmnis zedmet tvirTs. igi waaxalisebs individs, SeiZinos
saqoneli imaze ufro dabal fasad, vidre misi warmoebis zRvruli
socialuri Rirebulebaa.

sadiskusio SekiTxvebi

1. romeli gadasaxadi warmoqmnis ufro mZime zedmet tvirTs?

a) miwis gadasaxadi;
b) 24%-iani gadasaxadi mobiluri telefoniT sargeblobaze (es aris
kaliforniis, niu-iorkisa da floridas federaluri da saxelmwifo
sagadasaxado ganakveTis miaxloebiTi Tanxa);
g) `maRalteqnologiuri~ kompaniebis investiciebis subsidia;
d) ekonomikuri portfelis gadasaxadi;
e) kompiuterul programaze 10%-iani gadasaxadi;
v) `eqselis~ programaze 10%-iani gadasaxadi.

2. 2001 wels miRebuli kanonmdeblobis Tanaxmad, umaRlesi Semosavlis mqone

(wliurad milion dolarze meti Semosavali) individis xelfasis
zRvruli sagadasaxado ganakveTi 39,9%-dan 34,0%-mde Semcirdeba. (13.4)
gantolebis gamoyenebis gziT gamoTvaleT is moaxloebiTi proporcia, ra
proporciiTac aRniSnuli cvlilebis Sedegad am Semosavlis mqone
individTa zedmeti tvirTi Semcirdeba.
3. `(13.3) gantolebis mixedviT, gadasaxadi erTze naklebia. misi kvadratis
gamoTvlis SemTxvevaSi Sedegi mcirdeba. amdenad, Tu formulaSi iqneba t2i t-s nacvlad, maSin gadasaxadi naklebad mniSvnelovani iqneba, Tqven ras
fiqrobT?
4. zogierTi qveyana mniSvnelovnad damokidebulia gadasaxadebze, romlebic
cvlis ekonomikur qmedebebs, zogierTi qveyana _ ufro naklebad. uaxlesi
ekonometrikuli kvlevebiT dadasturda, rom es ukanasknelni ufro

428

swrafad viTardebian, vidre pirvelni [Kneller, Bleaney, and Gemmell, 1999]. 13.9
grafikis Sesaxeb diskusiis gamoyenebiT axseniT es fenomeni.
5. did britaneTSi TiToeuli ojaxi, romelsac aqvs televizori, ixdis
savaldebulo gadasaxads, romlis wliuri moculoba daaxloebiT 160
dolaris ekvivalenturia. rogor fiqrobT, warmoqmnis Tu ara aseTi
gadasaxadi mniSvnelovan zedmet tvirTs?
6. federaluri subsidiebis wyalobiT, `simindis fasi (erTi buSeli Rirs
2,25 dolari) 50 centiT naklebia mis TviTRirebulebaze [Pollan, 2002, gv.
50]. gamoiyeneT 13.6 grafiki am situaciis asaxsnelad da miuTiTeT, ras
udris subsidiis zedmeti tvirTi.
7. aSS-is sagadasaxado sistemis farglebSi korporaciul seqtorSi
dasaqmebuli kapitali ufro
maRali
ganakveTiT ibegreba, vidre
arakomerciul seqtorSi dasaqmebuli kapitali. aqtualuri xdeba sakiTxi
kapitalis diferencialuri dabegvris Sedegad warmoqnili zedmeti
tvirTis Sesaxeb.
davuSvaT, rom arsebobs ori seqtori: korporaciuli da arakorporaciuli.
korporaciuli seqtoris kapitalis zRvruli produqtis Rirebuleba, VMPc,
miviReT ase: VMPc = 100 Kc, sadac Kc aris korporaciul seqtorSi CarTuli
kapitalis moculoba. arakorporaciuli seqtoris kapitalis zRvruli
produqtis Rirebuleba, Kn, warmodgenilia: VMPn = 80 2Kn, sadac Kn aris
korporaciuli seqtoris kapitalis moculoba. sul aris kapitalis 50
erTeuli.

a. gadasaxadis ararsebobis SemTxvevaSi ra moculobis kapitali iqneba

korporaciul seqtorSi da ra moculobis _ arakorporaciul seqtorSi?
(miniSneba: 13.9 grafikis mixedviT daxazeT diagrama, rac dagexmarebaT
Tqveni mosazrebis organizebaSi).
b. davuSvaT, rom 6 sagadasaxado erTeuliT ibegreba korporaciul seqtorSi
dasaqmebuli kapitali. gadasaxadis dawesebis SemTxvevaSi, ra moculobis
kapitali darCeba TiToeul seqtorSi? ra aris gadasaxadis zedmeti
tvirTi?
8. warmoidgineT pirobiTi miwodebisa da moTxovnis modeli, sadac
miwodebis mrudi maRla miemarTeba, xolo moTxovnisa ki _ dabla.
grafikulad uCveneT zedmeti tvirTi gadasaxadis dawesebis Semdeg.
(miniSneba:
momxmareblisa
da
mwarmoeblis
danazogi
SeadareT
sagadasaxado Semosavlebs).

gamoyenebuli literatura

Auerbach, Alan, and James R Jines. Taxation and Economic Efficiency. Working Paper No. 8181,
National Bureau of Economic Research, March 2001

429

Feldstein, Martin. Tax Avoidance and the Deadweight Loss of the Income Tax. Working Paper No.
5055, National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA, March 1995

Jorgenson, Dale W, and Kun-Young Yun. Investment, Volume 3, Lifting the Burden. Cambridge, MA, MIT
Press: 2001.

danarTi

`A~

zedmeti tvirTis gamoTvlis formula

danarTSi naxavT, rogor SeiZleba interpretirebul iqnes 13.5 grafikis fdi

samkuTxedi kompensirebuli moTxovnis elastiurobis WrilSi. samkuTxedis
farTobi, A, formuliT ase ganisazrvreba:

A = 1 fuZeze simaRleze = 1 ( di) ( fd )

2
2

(13A.1)

fd aris sxvaoba mTlian da neto fass Soris ( DPb ).

fd = DPb = (1 + t b ) Pb - Pb = t b Pb

di warmoadgens D q-s
elastiurobis Sedegad:

cvlilebas

(13A.2)

ricxvovnobaSi,

di = Dq

rac

gamowveulia

fasis

(13A.3)

fasis elastiurobis gamosaTvleli formula:

430

h=

DqPb
DPb q

ise rom:

Dq = h (

q
) DPb
Pb

(13A.4)

(13A.2) gantolebaSi naCvenebia, rom DPb = t b Pb , amdenad, (13A.4) gantolebidan

gamodis, rom:

Dq = h

q
(t b Pb ) = h q t b
Pb

(13A.5)

gaixseneT, rom di = Dq . gaaerTianeT (13A.5) da (13 A.2) gantolebebi (13 A.2)

gantolebaSi. miviRebT:

A = 1 (di )( fd )
2
1
=
(hqt b ) (t b Pb )
2
= 1 h Pb q (t b ) 2
2
rogorc teqstSia mocemuli.

danarTi

`B~
mravaljeradi gadasaxadi da `meore saukeTesos~ Teoria
431

es danarTi dagexmarebaT zedmeti tvirTis gaangariSebaSi, rodesac

gadasaxadis dawesebis dros sxva faqtorebis zegavlena ukve arsebobs.

13.B grafikis Tanaxmad, ori saqoneli arsebobs: jini da romi. maTze moTxovna
Sesabamisad Dg-iT da Dr-iT aRiniSneba. dabegvramde maTi fasi iyo Pg da Pr. fasi
asaxavs zRvrul socialur danaxarjs da mudmivia. romi ibegreba tr sagadasaxado
ganakveTiT. misi fasia (1 + tr)Pr. iqmneba zedmeti tvirTi romis bazarze
(samkuTxedi abc). davuSvaT, rom saxelmwifom gadawyvita, dabegros jini tg
ganakveTiT. iqmneba sxvaoba jinis momxmareblis mier gadaxdil Tanxasa da mis
mwarmoeblis mier miRebul Tanxas Soris. paralelurad iqmneba zedmeti tvirTi
(efd). Tumca es ar aris mTeli istoria. Tu jini da romi urTierTSenacvlebadi
produqciaa, jinis samomxmareblo fasis zrda (rac gamowveulia jinis
gadasaxadis dawesebis Sedegad) romze moTxovnis mruds marjvniv, vTqvaT, D r
wertilSi gadaswevs. amis Sedegad izrdeba romis moxmareba r2-dan r3-mde (manZili
cg). r2-sa da r3-s Soris SeZenil romis TiToeul boTlze individi ixdis
garkveul Rirebulebas: [(1 +tr) Pr], rac cb manZiliT aRemateba socialur
danaxarjs (Pr). amdenad, fiqsirdeba sazogadoebrivi mogeba: cb romis boTlis
mixedviT gamravlebuli cg boTlze, anu areali cbhg.

grafiki 13.B

daskvna:
romze ukve moqmedebda gadasaxadi. amdenad, jinis dabegvram jinis
bazarze zedmeti tvirTi (efd) warmoqmna da, amavdroulad, Seamcira zedmeti
tvirTi cbhg arealiT romis bazarze. Tu cbhg sakmarisad didia, maSin gamodis,

432

rom gadasaxadma, faqtobrivad, Seamcira mTliani zedmeti tvirTi. es aris

`meore saukeTesos Teoriis magaliTi: arsebuli zegavlenisa da Carevebis
fonze qmedeba, romelic sxva SemTxvevaSi gazrdida efeqtianobas, amcirebs mas
da piriqiT.

gadasaxadTa nakrebis Sedegad warmoqmnili zedmeti tvirTi, Cveulebriv,

damokidebulia sagadasaxado ganakveTebis mTel asortimentze sxvadasxva
saqonlis Senacvlebadobisa da urTierTSevsebadobis doneze. davuSvaT, rom n
saqoneli ibegreba; Pi aris fasi gadasaxadis dawesebamde i saqonlisaTvis; ti aris
Rirebulebis gadasaxadi, xolo Sij ki _ kompensirebuli reaqcia saqonlis
moTxovnaze i saqonlis fasis cvlilebis Semdeg. mTliani zedmeti tvirTi,
romelic warmoiqmneba am momentSi, udris:

-1

2
i =1 j =1

t i Pi t i Pj S ij

magaliTad, ori saqonlis SemTxvevaSi, romelic es-esaa ganvixileT,

saqoneli g-Ti da j-Tia gamoxatuli, mTliani zedmeti tvirTi aris:

sadac

- 1 (t r2 Pr2 S rr + 2t r Pr t g Pg S rg + t g2 Pg2 S gg ) .
2

433

Tavi 14

efeqtiani da samarTliani dabegvra

eris daZabuneba ori saxis dabegvriTaa SesaZlebeli: Tu gadasaxadi aRemateba

eris SesaZleblobas da ZiriTadi sikeTis araproporciulia, an Tu
usamarTlodaa ganawilebuli.
pietro veri

amerikis saxelmwifo Semosavlebis sistemaze seriozuli Tavdasxma

xorcieldeba. kritikosebi amtkiceben, rom igi araefeqtiani, arasamarTliani da
gaumarTleblad rTulia. Tumca reformis Sesaxeb maTi winadadebebi kritikis
qarcecxlSi exveva xolme. ra arCevani gavakeToT? winamdebare TavSi Cven
CamovayalibebT msoflio sagadasaxado sistemebis Sefasebis kriteriums,
ganvixilavT efeqtianobisa da ganawilebis aspeqtebs, romlebic zustadaa
morgebuli keTildReobis ekonomikas. amis Semdeg Cven ganvixilavT iseT
kriteriums, romelic, marTalia, ase zustad ar Seesabameba keTildReobis
ekonomikas, magram, miuxedavad amisa, mainc Zalian mniSvnelovani da sainteresoa.

saqonlis optimaluri dabegvra

floridaSi mobiluri satelefono momsaxureba 17,8%-iT, sxva saqoneli ki

(sursaTis garda, romelic gaTavisuflebulia gadasaxadisagan) 6%-iT ibegreba.
unda daibegros Tu ara mobiluri satelefono momsaxureba sxva momsaxurebaze
ufro maRali tarifiT? es uaRresad zogadi da Zalian mniSvnelovani SekiTxvis
erTi banaluri magaliTia. ra ganakveTiT unda daibegros sxvadasxva saqoneli
da momsaxureba? saqonlis optimaluri dabegvris Teoriis mizani am SekiTxvaze
pasuxis gasacemad saWiro saTanado niadagis momzadebaa.

cxadia, SeuZlebelia davafiqsiroT yvelaze `racionaluri~ gadasaxadi,

Tu ar viciT, ra mizani amoZravebs saxelmwifos. Tavdapirvelad CavTvaloT,
rom misi erTaderTi mizani saxelmwifo danaxarjebis dafinansebaa ise, rom

434

minimumamde iqnes dayvanili zedmeti tvirTi da, Tanac, ar iqnes gamoyenebuli

erTjeradi gadasaxadebi. odnav mogvianebiT ukve SegveZleba, gaviTvaliswinoT
ganawilebiTi da efeqtianobis aspeqtebic.

dasawyisisaTvis warmovidginoT Cveni axali gmiri _ stela. igi

Cveulebrivi moqalaqea da, Tavisufali drois garda (l), ori saxis saqonels _ Xsa da Y-s _ moixmars. X saqonlis fasi aris Px, Y-isa - Py da saxelfaso ganakveTi
(Tavisufali drois fasi) ki _ w. drois maqsimaluri xangrZlivoba, romlis
ganmavlobaSi stelas SeuZlia muSaoba, aris mis mier muSaobaze daxarjuli
dro, romelic T -Tia aRniSnuli (warmoidgineT, rom T gamoxatavs im dros,
romelic stelas Zilis garda rCeba). gamodis, rom samuSao saaTebi udris

(T - l ) , rac gulisxmobs imas, rom Tavisufali drois garda darCenil dros

stela

mTlianad

muSaobas

uTmobs.

Semosavali

saxelfaso

ganakveTisa

da

samuSao saaTebis namravls warmoadgens: w(T - l ) . stela mTel Tavis Semosavals

X da Y produqtis SeZenaze xarjavs (igi ar akeTebs danazogs); amdenad, misi
sabiujeto SezRudvaa:

w(T - l ) = Px X + PyY

(14.1)

gantolebis marcxena mxares mocemulia mTliani Semosavlebi,

marjvena mxares ki _ Semosavlis daxarjvis mimarTulebebi.

xolo

(14.1) gantoleba SesaZloa, Sedgenil iqnes Semdegnairad:

wT = PX X + Py Y + wl

(14.2)

(14.2) gantolebis marcxena mxare gviCvenebs muSaobaze daxarjuli drois

Rirebulebas. igi Semosavlis im moculobas gviCvenebs, romlis miRebac stelas
SeeZlo, Zilis drosac rom emuSava.

davuSvaT, rom SesaZlebelia X-is, Y-isa da l-is dabegvra Tanabari

ganakveTis Rirebulebis gadasaxadiT (t). gadasaxadi gazrdis X-is, [(1+t)Px], Y-isa
[(1+t)Py} da l-is fasebs [(1+t)w]. amdenad, stelas sabiujeto SezRudva
gadasaxadebis gadaxdis Semdeg iqneba:

435

wT = (1 + t ) Px X + (1 + t ) PyY + (1 + t ) wl

(14.3)

Tu (14.3) gantolebas gavyofT (1+t)-ze, miviRebT:

1
wT = Px X + PyY + wl
1+ t

(14.4)

(14.3) da (14.4) gantolebaTa Sedarebis Sedegad dadginda, rom yvela

saqonelze arsebuli gadasaxadi, Tavisufali drois CaTvliT, Tanabari
ganakveTiT (t) dabegvris SemTxvevaSi, muSaobaze daxarjuli drois Rirebulebis

wT -dan [1 /(1 + t )] wT -mde Semcirebis ekvivalenturia. ase magaliTad, X-ze, Y-sa da

l-ze

dawesebuli

25%-iani

gadasaxadi

aris

muSaobaze

daxarjuli

drois

Rirebulebis 20%-iani Semcirebis ekvivalenturi. w da T fiqsirebulia. amdenad,

fiqsirebulia maTi ( wT ) namravlic. xelfasis ganakveTis miuxedavad, individs ar
SeuZlia muSaobaze daxarjuli drois Rirebulebis Secvla. amdenad, muSaobaze
daxarjuli drois proporciuli gadasaxadi SesaZloa, erTjerad gadasaxadad
CaiTvalos. me-13 Tavidan Cven gvaxsovs, rom erTjeradi gadasaxadi zedmet
tvirTs ar warmoqmnis. amrigad, Cven vaskvniT, rom yvela saqonelze arsebuli
gadasaxadi, Tavisufali drois CaTvliT, erTjeradi gadasaxadis ekvivalenturia
da, amdenad, zedmet tvriTs ar warmoqmnis.

yvelaferi SesaniSnavad gamoiyureba. Tumca arsebobs erTi problema _

Tavisufali drois dabegvra SeuZlebelia. SesaZlebelia mxolod X da Y
saqonlis dabegvra. amdenad, garkveuli moculobis zedmeti tvirTis warmoqmna
gardauvalia. saqonlis optimaluri dabegvris mizani X da Y produqciaze iseTi
sagadasaxado ganakveTebis SerCevaa, romelic minimalur zedmet tvirTs
warmoqmnis. iqneb problemis mogvarebis saukeTeso gza X da Y produqciis
Tanabari ganakveTiT dabegvra iyos? aseTi dabegvra e.w. neitraluri dabegvris
saxelwodebiTaa cnobili. Tumca Cven male vnaxavT, rom zogadad neitraluri
dabegvra araefeqtiania.

grafiki 14.1

436

ramsis kanoni

ra gadasaxadiT davbegroT X da Y produqcia ise, rom minimaluri zedmeti

tvirTi warmoiqmnas? mTliani zedmeti tvirTis Sesamcireblad Semdegi pirobis
dakmayofilebaa aucilebeli: TiToeuli produqciidan miRebuli Semosavlis
ukanaskneli dolaris zRvruli zedmeti tvirTi Tanabari unda iyos. sxva
SemTxvevaSi
mTliani
zedmeti
tvirTis
Semcireba
SesaZlebelia
iseT
produqciaze sagadasaxado ganakveTis zrdiT, romelic mcire zRvruli zedmeti
tvirTiT xasiaTdeba da, piriqiT.

zRvruli analizis tipuri magaliTis Sedegebis ganWvretis mizniT

davuSvaT, rom Cveni gmirisaTvis X da Y produqti sruliad `daukavSirebelia~ _
es produqtebi arc urTierTSenacvlebadia da arc Semavsebeli. amdenad,
nebismieri saqonlis fasis cvlileba zemoqmedebas axdens mxolod am produqtis
da ara meore produqtis moTxovnaze. 14.1 grafiki gviCvenebs stelas
kompensirebul moTxovnas X produqtze (Dx). davuSvaT, rom mas X produqtis
sasurveli moculobis SeZena maSin SeuZlia, rodesac igi P0 Rirs _ swored
amitom X produqtis miwodebis mrudi horizontaluria.

davuSvaT, rom X produqti ux gadasaxadiT ibegreba, rac produqtis

moTxovnas X0-dan X1-mde amcirebs ( DX grafikSi). rogorc ukve damtkicda wina
TavSi, gadasaxadis zedmeti tvirTi samkuTxedi abc-is farTobs moicavs.

437

davuSvaT, rom gadasaxadi 1-iT izrdeba. amdenad, gadasaxadi (u x + 1) -is toli

xdeba. mTliani fasia P0 + (u x + 1) ; moTxovnis moculoba DX -dan X2-mde mcirdeba,
xolo asocirebuli zedmeti tvirTi ki ikavebs fec samkuTxeds. zRvruli zedmeti
tvirTi aris sxvaoba ori samkuTxedis farTobs Soris, anu fbae trapeciis
farTobi. trapeciis farTobi udris simaRlis ( DX ) naxevris namravls fuZeebis
jamze [u x + (u x + 1)]. amdenad, zRvruli zedmeti tvirTi aris 1 Dx[u x + (u x + 1)] .

algebris

saSualebiT1

SegviZlia

gamosaxulebis

gamartiveba

Cven

davadgenT, rom zRvruli zedmeti tvirTi daaxloebiT DX -ia:

DX = zRvrul zedmet tvirTs

(14.5)

gaixseneT, rom zedmeti tvirTis minimumamde dasayvanad aucilebelia

informacia miRebuli Semosavlis (amonagebis) ukanaskneli dolaris zRvruli
zedmeti tvirTis Sesaxeb. Cven ukve viciT zRvruli zedmeti tvirTis zusti
moculoba, romelic gadasaxadebis zrdis Sedegad warmoiqmneba. Tavdapirvelad
saWiroa asocirebuli Semosavlis zrdis gamoTvla, Semdeg ki _ zRvruli
zedmeti tvirTis gayofa SemosavlebSi arsebul cvlilebaze. ganmartebis
Tanaxmad, ganayofi gamoxatavs zedmet tvirTs Segrovili Semosavlis yoveli
zrdadi dolaris mixedviT.

axla ki gamoviTvaloT cvlileba sagadasaxado SemosavlebSi, romelic

sagadasaxado ganakveTis ux-dan (ux + 1)-mde zrdis Sedegad ganxorcielda.
gaixseneT, rom, rodesac sagadasaxado ganakveTia ux, sagadasaxado Semosavali
aris uxX1 (erTeulze dawesebuli gadasaxadis namravli gayiduli erTeulis
raodenobaze). 14.1 grafikidan Cans, rom es aris marTkuTxedi gfei. ori
marTkuTxedis Sedarebis Sedegad cxadi xdeba, rom gadasaxadis zrdis
SemTxvevaSi saxelmwifos mogeba Seadgens gfih farTobs, xolo wageba ki _ ibae
farTobs. amdenad, cvlileba SemosavlebSi aris gfih-ibae. algebris gamoyenebiT
mivalT daskvnamde, rom aRniSnuli cvlileba aris X2 (X1 X2)ux.
cotaodeni

trapeciis farTobi aris

1 Dx( 2u x + 1) an Dxu x + ( 1 )Dx , rac daaxloebiT Dxu x -s

2
2

udris, radgan meore nawili, romelic Seesabameba fib samkuTxeds, SedarebiT mcirea da
SesaZloa, ugulebelyofil iqnes. yuradReba miaqcieT, rom

Dx

da

ux

DX

radgan orive zomavs Dx-is daxrilobas (absolutur RirebulebaSi). amdenad,

rac zRvrul zedmet tvirTs warmoadgens.

Tanabaria,

Dxu x = DX ,
438

maTematikuri gamoTvlebis2 Sedegad Cven davinaxavT,

SemosavalSi cvlilebis miaxloebiTi mniSnvnelobaa:

rom

sagadasaxado

X 1 - DX = zRvrul sagadasaxado Semosavals

(14.6)

zRvruli zedmeti tvirTi sagadasaxado Semosavlis TiToeul damatebiT

dolarze warmoadgens (14.6) gantolebis ganayofs (14.5) gantolebaze, anu:

DX
X 1 - DX

zustad imave midgomis gamoyenebis Sedegad mivdivarT aseT daskvnamde: Tu

Y produqti Uy gadasaxadiT daibegreba, maSin Semosavlis ukanasknel dolarze
zRvruli zemdeti tvirTi iqneba:

DY
Y1 - DY

rogorc viciT, mTliani zedmeti tvirTis SemcirebisaTvis aucilebeli

pirobaa: Semosavlis ukanasknel dolarze zRvruli zedmeti tvirTi yvela
saqonlis SemTxvevaSi Tanabari unda iyos. amdenad, viRebT aseT gantolebas:

DX
DY
=
X 1 - DX Y1 - DY

gantoleba miuTiTebs, rom:

yuradReba

gamosaxulebis

miaqcieT,

rom

zRvruli

ekvivalenturia:

sagadasaxado

Semosavlis

gamosaxuleba

X 2 (u x + 1) - X 1u s = X 2 + u x ( X 2 - X 1 ) .

14.1

am

grafikis

Tanaxmad, X 2 = X 1 - Dx . Senacvlebis Sedegad viRebT: X 1 - Dx - u x Dx. magram Dx = DX

(ix. sqolios pirveli CanarTi), rac gvaZlevs:
SesaZlebelia misi X 1 - DX
Semosavlis gamosaxulebaa.

X 1 - DX (1 + u x )

Ux

. im pirobiT, rom

ux

u x >1,

miaxloeba, rac teqstis mixedviT, zRvruli sagadasaxado

439

DX DY
=
X1
Y1

(14.7)

(14.7) gantolebis interpretaciis mizniT, yuradReba miaqcieT, rom

cvladis cvlileba, romelic gayofilia mis mTlian Rirebulebaze, cvladis
procentul cvlilebas warmoadgens. amdenad, (14.7) gantoleba miuTiTebs
Semdegs: mTliani zedmeti tvirTis Sesamcireblad sagadasaxado ganakveTebi ise
unda dawesdes, rom moTxovna yvela saqonelze erTnairad Semcirdes. aseTi
daskvna ramsis kanonis (frank ramsis [1927] sapativsacemod, misi aRmoCenis
aRsaniSnavad) saxelwodebiTaa cnobili. wesi gamoiyeneba X, Y da l-is mimarT
maSinac ki, rodesac isini urTierTSenacvlebadi an Semavsebeli saqonelia.

magram ratom unda iwvevdes efeqtiani dabegvra proporciul cvlilebebs

moTxovnis moculobaSi da ara fasebSi? imitom, rom zedmeti tvirTi moculobis
deformirebis Sedegia. amitom mTliani zedmeti tvirTis Sesamcireblad
aucilebelia, moTxovnil moculobaSi ganxorcielebuli cvlilebebi Tanabrad
proporciuli iyos.

ramsis kanonis xelaxali interpretacia. Zalian kargi iqneboda, ramsis

wessa da moTxovnis elastiurobas Soris arsebuli kavSiri gagveanalizebina.
davuSvaT, h x
davuSvaT,

tx

X saqonelze moTxovnis kompensirebuli

aris sagadasaxado ganakveTi

elastiurobaa. aseve

saqonelze, romelic amjerad

Rirebulebaze gadasaxadis saxiTaa gamoxatuli da ara erTeulze dawesebuli

gadasaxadis saxiT3. axla ki, Rirebulebis gadasaxadis definiciis Tanaxmad, tx
aris fasis
procentuli cvlileba, romelic gadasaxadis
dawesebiTaa
gamowveuli. amdenad, t xh x aris fasis 1%-iT zrdis SemTxvevaSi fasis procentuli
cvlilebis namravli moTxovnis moculobis cvlilebaze. es aris X produqtis
moTxovnis Semcirebis procentuli maCvenebeli, rodesac Semcireba gadasaxadis
dawesebis gamo moxda. analogiurad Tu ganvmartavT T y -sa da h Y -s, gamodis, rom

t yh y aris Y produqtis proporciuli Semcireba. ramsis kanonis Tanaxmad, zedmeti

tvirTis Semcirebis mizniT saWiroa, dacul iqnes Semdegi gantolebis piroba:

t xh x = t yh y

(14.8)

konkurentul garemoSi erTeulze dawesebuli nebismieri gadasaxadi SesaZloa,

saTanadod SerCeuli Rirebulebis gadasaxadiT iqnes gamoxatuli da, piriqiT. ase
magaliTad, davuSvaT, rom saqoneli erTeulis gadasaxadiT (5 centi) ibegreba da
momxmareblis mier gadaxdili fasi 50 centia. amis Sedegad warmoqnili zedmeti tvirTi
zustad iseTivea, rogoric is tvirTi, romelic Rirebulebis gadasaxadis dawesebis
Semdeg (gadasaxadis gadaxdis Semdeg fasis 10 %) warmoiqmneba.

440

axla ki gantolebis orive mxare gavyoT t xh x -ze, raTa miviRoT Semdegi

gamosaxuleba:

tx hy
=
ty hx

(14.9)

(14.9) gantoleba inversiuli elastiurobis kanonis saxelwodebiTaa

cnobili: sagadasaxado ganakveTebi elastiurobis ukuproporciuli iqneba,
vidre produqtebi urTierTdaukavSirebelia (arc Secvlis da arc Seavsebs
erTmaneTs). rac ufro maRalia h x -Tan SedarebiT h y , miT ufro dabali iqneba t x
-Tan

SedarebiT

ty

4.

efeqtianoba

ar

moiTxovs

imas,

rom

yvela ganakveTi

erTgvarovani iyos.

inversiuli elastiurobis kanonis qveteqsti aseTia: efeqtiani gadasaxadi

gadawyvetilebebze minimalur zegavlenas axdens. zegavlenis albaToba miT
ufro metia, rac ufro elastiuria moTxovna saqonelze. amdenad, efeqtiani
dabegvris
aucilebeli
winapirobaa
gadasaxadebis
SedarebiT
maRali
ganakveTebis daweseba iseT saqonelze, romelic araelastiuri moTxovniT
xasiaTdeba.

korlet-haagis kanoni. korletma da haagma [1953] ramsis kanonis Zalian

saintereso gagrZeleba SemogvTavazes: ori produqtis SemTxvevaSi efeqtiani
dabegvra iseTi produqtis maRali ganakveTiT dabegvras moiTxovs, romelic
4

ufro

detalurad

saCveneblad

aucilebelia

aseTi

kalkulacia.

gaixseneT

(13.3)

2
2
gantolebidan, rom X da Y saqonelze zedmeti tvirTi aris 1 h x Px Xt y da 1 h x Px Xt y .
2
2
2
2
aseT SemTxvevaSi mTliani zedmeti tvirTi aris 1 h x Px Xt y + 1 h y PyYt y . Cven am ori
2
2

gamosaxulebis Sekreba SegviZlia imis safuZvelze, rom X da Y daukavSirebeli

saqonelia. axla davuSvaT, rom sagadasaxado Semosavali aris R. aseT SemTxvevaSi tx da
ty unda unda akmayofilebdnen Semdeg gantolebas: Px Xt x + Py YTy = R. Cveni problema txisa da ty-is arCevanis gakeTebaa imisaTvis, rom Semcirdes

1 h x Px Xt y2 + 1 h y PyYt y2 ,
2
2

Semdegi gantolebis safuZvelze R - Px Xt x - PyYt y = 0. SeadgineT lagranJis gamosaxuleba

L = 1 hPx Xt x2 + 1 h y Py Yt y2 + l[ R - Px Xt s - Py Yt y ] ,
2
2

sadac

lagranJis

mamravlia.

langranJis mamravlis meTodi mocemulia maTematikis nebismier saxelmZRvaneloSi.

L / t x -is aRebiT miviRebT h x t x = l -s, xolo L / t y ki gvaZlevs h y t y = l -s. amdenad,

h x t x = h y t y -s, ris Sedegadac viRebT (14.9) gantolebas.

441

Tavisufal drosTanaa dakavSirebuli. Sedegis gansaWvretad gaixseneT Semdegi:

Tu SesaZlebeli iqneba Tavisufali drois dabegvra, maSin `upirvelesi da
saukeTeso~ Sedegi iqneba is, rom Semosavali yovelgvari zedmeti tvirTis
warmoqmnis gareSe dagrovdeba. miuxedavad imisa, rom sagadasaxado organo ver
begravs Tavisufal dros, mas SeuZlia, dabegros iseTi produqti, romelic
asocirebulia
Tavisufal
drosTan,
rac
arapirdapiri
zegavlenis
ganxorcielebis gziT amcirebs moTxovnas Tavisufal droze. Tu moxdeba
kompiuteruli TamaSebis dabegvra Zalian maRali ganakveTiT, xalxi mas mcire
raodenobiT SeiZens da, amdenad, mcire drosac gaatarebs uqmad. realurad,
Tavisufal drosTan asocirebuli (saqoneli, romelic `avsebs~ Tavisufal
dros) saqonlis dabegvra maRali ganakveTiT arapirdapir moqmedebs Tavisufali
drois Semcirebaze da, amdenad, srulyofil efeqtian Sedegs uaxlovdeba,
romlis miRwevac mxolod Tavisufali drois dabegvris gziT iqneboda
SesaZlebeli.

samarTlianobis principebi

mkiTxveli, albaT, daeWvdeba imaSi, rom efeqtiani gadasaxadebis Teoria

SesaZloa, arasasurveli
politikuri
garTulebebiT xasiaTdebodes. ase
magaliTad,
inversiuli
elastiurobis
kanonis
Tanaxmad,
araelastiuri
moTxovnis mqone saqoneli ufro maRali ganakveTiT unda daibegros.
samarTliani ki aris aseTi midgoma? gvWirdeba ki iseTi sagadasaxado sistema,
romelic Semosavals insulinis maRali ganakveTiT dabegvris gziT iRebs?

cxadia, ara. efeqtianoba sagadasaxado sistemis mxolod erT-erTi

kriteriumia. Zalian mniSvnelovania sagadasaxado sistemis samarTlianobis
kriteriumic. kerZod, farTod aRiarebulia is faqti, rom sagadasaxado sistema
vertikaluri samarTlianobiT unda xasiaTdebodes: sistema sagadasaxado
tvirTs gadaxdis sxvadasxva unaris mqone adamianTa Soris samarTlianad unda
anawildebdes. ramsis kanoni Seicvala ise, rom masSi gaTvaliswinebuli
yofiliyo gadasaxadTa ganawilebis Sedegebi. davuSvaT, rom Raribi Semosavlis
ufro did nawils xarjavs X produqtis SeZenaze, vidre mdidari (piriqiT xdeba
Y produqtis SemTxvevaSi). aseve davuSvaT, rom X puria, xolo Y ki _ xizilala.
davuSvaT,
socialuri
keTildReobis
funqcia
metad
afasebs
Raribis
sargeblianobas, vidre mdidrisas. X produqti ufro araelastiuri moTxovniT
xasiaTdeba, vidre Y produqti. amis miuxedavad, optimalurad dabegvris mizniT
ufro maRali ganakveTiT ibegreba Y saqoneli, vidre X saqoneli [Stern, 1987]. Y-is
maRali sagadasaxado ganakveTi SedarebiT mZime zedmet tvirTs qmnis. miuxedavad
amisa, am gziT SesaZlebelia RaribisaTvis Semosavlis ganawileba. sazogadoeba
mzad iqneba, Semosavlis samarTliani ganawilebis fasad gauZlos zedmet
tvirTs.

442

ramsis kanonidan optimaluri gadaxra or principzea damokidebuli.

pirveli:
ramdenad
faseulia
sazogadoebisaTvis
samarTlianoba?
Tu
sazogadoebisaTvis Rirebulia mxolod efeqtianoba da fiqrobs, rom mdidrisa
da Raribis fuli Tanabaria, maSin sazogadoebas SeuZlia, yovelgvari gadaxris
gareSe mkacrad aRasrulos ramsis wesi. meore: ramdenad gansxvavebulia
mdidrisa da Raribis mier moxmarebis struqtura? Tu mdidari da Raribi erTsa
da imave produqts (da, Tanac, Tanabari proporciiT) moixmaren, maSin saqonlis
dabegvra sxvadasxva ganakveTiT Semosavlis ganawilebaze zegavlenas ver
moaxdens. Tundac sazogadoebas gaaCndes mizani, gaanawilos Semosavali, misi
miRweva diferencialuri sasaqonlo dabegvris gziT SeuZlebeli iqneba.

daskvna

erTjeradi gadasaxadis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi aranairi zedmeti tvirTi

ar warmoiSoba. optimaluri dabegvra mxolod ganawilebiT aspeqtebze zrunavs.
Tumca erTjeradi gadasaxadebi ar arsebobs. amdenad, Cveni amocanaa, gavzardoT
sagadasaxado Semosavlebi ise, rom umciresi zedmeti tvirTi warmoiqmnas.
zogadad, zedmeti tvirTis SemcirebisaTvis aucilebeli piroba aseTia:
gadasaxadi unda dawesdes ise, rom yvela saqonlis (kompensirebuli) moTxovna
Tanabari proporciiT Semcirdes. daukavSirebeli produqtebis SemTxvevaSi
sagadasaxado ganakveTi moTxovnis elastiurobis ukuproporciulad unda iyos
dawesebuli. Tumca, Tu sazogadoebas ganawilebiTi miznebi amoZravebs, efeqtiani
dabegvris principebidan gadaxra racionalurad CaiTvleba.

ojaxis dabegvra

saSemosavlo
gadasaxadebis
Sesaxeb
moqmedi
kanonis
mixedviT,
saSemosavlo dabegvris ZiriTadi erTeuli ojaxia5. col-qmari Semosavlebis
jamis mixedviT ibegreba. miuxedavad imisa, Tu romelimes ufro meti Semosavali
aqvs, orive Tanabari ganakveTiT ibegreba. efeqtiania Tu ara aseTi dabegvra?
mcirdeba Tu ara ojaxis zedmeti tvirTi TiToeuli meuRlis Semosavlis
Tanabari ganakveTiT dabegvriT?

warmovidginoT
ojaxi,
romlis
sargeblianoba
sami
`saqonlis~
moculobazea damokidebuli: mTliani moxmareba, qmris samuSao saaTebi da
colis samuSao saaTebi. ojaxis sargeblianoba moxmarebis koeficientis zrdis
proporciulad izrdeba da TiToeuli meuRlis samuSao saaTebis momatebasTan
erTad mcirdeba. meuRleTa samuSao saaTebis raodenoba damokidebulia
saxelfaso ganakveTsa da sxva cvladebze. saSemosavlo gadasaxadi zegavlenas
axdens samuSo gadawyvetilebebze da qmnis zedmet tvirTs (ix. me-13 Tavi, 13.7
5

boskinisa da SeSinskis mixedviT [1983]

443

grafiki). rogor unda dawesdes

dayvanili ojaxis zedmeti tvirTi?

gadasaxadebi

ise,

rom

minimumade

iqnes

simartivisaTvis davuSvaT, rom qmrisa da colis samuSao saaTebi

`daukavSirebeli saqonelia~ _ qmris saxelfaso ganakveTis zrda mxolod
umniSvnelo zemoqmedebas axdens colis samuSao gadawyvetilebebze da, piriqiT.
inversiuli elastiurobis kanonis Tanaxmad, maRali ganakveTiT ibegreba is
saqoneli,
romelic
araelastiuri
miwodebiT
xasiaTdeba.
efeqtianobis
asamaRleblad maRali ganakveTiT ibegreba iseTi Sroma, romlis miwodebac
SedarebiT araelastiuria. ekonometrikuli SeswavliT dadginda, rom qmris
Sromis miwodeba ufro naklebad elastiuria, vidre colis. efeqtianoba moqmedi
sagadasaxado kanonis modificirebis SemTxvevaSi gaizrdeba: qmris xelfasi
ufro maRali gadasaxadiT daibegreba, vidre colis6.

kidev erTxel xazs vusvamT imas, rom efeqtianoba gadasaxadis mxolod

erT-erTi maxasiaTebelia. zogierTi mkvlevari imasac ki fiqrobs, rom
samarTliani iqneboda, Semcirebuliyo colis saSemosavlo gadasaxadis
ganakveTi. Semdegi Tavi mogviTxrobs imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor begravs wyvils
aSS-is kanonmdebloba.

momxmareblis optimaluri gadasaxadi

Cven mier aqamde ganxiluli yvela saqoneli uSualod kerZo seqtors

ukavSirdeba. saxelmwifos problema iseTi sagadasaxado ganakveTis dawesebaa,
romelic momxmareblis fass gansazRvravs. zogjer saxelmwifo Tavadaa
saqonlisa da momsaxurebis mwarmoebeli. aseT SemTxvevaSi saxelmwifo
momxmareblis gadasaxads irCevs _ fass, romelsac pirovneba saxelmwifos mier
warmoebuli saqonlis an gaweuli momsaxurebisaTvis ixdis. rogorc yovelTvis,
axlac SevecdebiT momxmareblis gadasaxadis `saukeTeso~ SesaZlo varianti
ganvsazRvroT. SegaxsenebT, rom optimaluri gadasaxadisa da momxmareblis
gadasaxadis problemebi mWidrod urTierTdakavSirebulia. orive SemTxvevaSi
saxelmwifo momxmareblis mier gadaxdil saboloo fass adgens. optimaluri
gadasaxadis
dawesebisas
es
arapirdapir
xorcieldeba
(sagadasaxado
ganakveTebis arCevis gziT), xolo momxmareblis gadasaxadis dawesebisas ki _
pirdapir.

gansxvaveba mdgomareobs ara qmarsa da cols, aramed pirvel Semomtansa da meore

Semomtans Soris. efeqtianobis asamaRleblad ufro maRali ganakveTiT ibegreba qalis
xelfasi, Tu misi Sroma miwodebis dabali elastiurobiT xasiaTdeba.

444

rodis unda awarmoos saxelmwifom saqoneli (mis kerZo seqtorSi SeZenis

nacvlad)? me-4 Tavidan Cven gvaxsovs, rom saxelwifo warmoeba maSinaa
racionaluri, rodesac saqonlis an momsaxurebis gamoyeneba uwyvetad
Semcirebad saSualo danaxarjTanaa dakavSirebuli _ rac ufro maRalia
warmoebis done, miT ufro dabalia produqtis erTeulis fasi. am viTarebaSi
momsaxurebis bazari arc iqneba konkurentuli. erT firmas SeuZlia masStabis
ekonomiis upiratesobis gamoyeneba da sul mcire erTi regionis produqtiT
sruli uzrunvelyofa. aseTi fenomeni bunebrivi monopoliis saxelwodebiTaa
cnobili (xidebi, eleqtroenergia, sakabelo televizia). zogierT SemTxvevaSi
aseT saqonels awarmoebs kerZo seqtori da aregulirebs saxelmwifo seqtori
(eleqtroenergia), an uSualod am ukanasknelis mier (xidebi) iwarmoeba.
miuxedavad imisa, rom Cveni uSualo Seswavlis sagani saxelwifo warmoebaa, Cven
kerZo seqtoris regulirebis aspeqtebsac SevexebiT.

grafiki 14.2

14.2 grafikis Tanaxmad, bunebrivi monopoliis warmoeba (Z) mocemulia

horizontalur RerZze, xolo Rirebuleba ki _ vertikalurze. saSualo
danaxarjis
mrudi
ACZ-iTaa
aRniSnuli.
igi
warmoebis
tempis
zrdis
paralelurad mudmivad mcirdeba. mcirdeba saSualo danaxarjic. zRvruli
danaxarji saSualo danaxarjze naklebi unda iyos. zRvruli danaxarjis mrudi
(MCz), romelic Z-is TiToeuli erTeulis warmoebis zrdad Rirebulebas
gviCvenebs, ACz-is qveviT mdebareobs. Z-is moTxovnis mrudi Dz-iTaa warmodgenili.
zRvruli Semosavalis mrudi aris MRz. igi Z-is warmoebis donesTan
dakavSirebul zrdad Semosavals gviCvenebs.

445

ratom warmoadgens klebadi saSualo danaxarji saxelmwifo warmoebis an

kerZo seqtoris regulirebadi warmoebis winapirobas? am kiTxvaze pasuxis
gacemis mizniT warmovidginoT, Tu ra moxdeba im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac Z
produqciis
warmoeba
araregulirebadi
monopolistis
mier
moxdeba.
Semosavlis gazrdaze orientirebuli monopolisti produqts im wertilamde
awarmoebs, sadac zRvruli Semosavali zRvrul danaxarjs gautoldeba
(warmoebis Zm done 14.3 grafikSi). Pm, asocirebuli fasi, Dz moTxovnis mrudze
zemoTaa mocemuli. monopolistis mogeba udris saqonlis gayiduli erTeulis
raodenobis namravls erTeulis mogebaze. geometriulad ki monopolistis
mogeba Riad Seferili marTkuTxediTaa warmodgenili.

aris ki Zm warmoeba efeqtiani? keTildReobis ekonomikis Teoriis

Tanaxmad, efeqtianobis asamaRleblad aseTi pirobaa dasakmayofilebeli: fasi
zRvrul danaxarjs unda udrides _ saqonlis Rirebuleba sazogadoebisaTvis
mis warmoebaze gaweuli socialuri zrdadi danaxarjis toli unda iyos. Zm
warmoebis pirobebSi fasi zRvrul danaxarjs aRemateba _ amdenad, Zm warmoeba
araefeqtiania. Tanac, sazogadoeba arasodes Seegueba monopolistis mogebas.
swored amitom saxelmwifos mier Z warmoebis dawyeba sruliad racionaluri da
gamarTlebulia.

grafiki 14.3

saxelmwifos ZiriTadi sawarmoo politika aseTia: saxelmwifo awarmoebs

produqts im wertilamde, sadac fasi utoldeba zRvrul danaxarjs. 14.3
grafikSi produqti, romlis P = MC-s, Z*-iTaa aRniSnuli, xolo produqtis fasi

446

ki _ P*-iT. problema is aris, rom Z*-iT warmoebis doneze fasi saSualo

danaxarjze dabalia. P* imdenad dabalia, rom warmoebis xarjis dafarvac ki ar
SeuZlia; amdenad, warmoeba danakargiT xasiaTdeba. mTliani danakargi udris
saqonlis gayiduli erTeulis raodenobis (Z*) namravls erTeulis danakargze,
romelic moTxovnis mrudsa da Z*-ze mdebare AC wertils Soris arsebuli
vertikaluri manZiliT izomeba. geometriulad danakargi muqad Seferili
samkuTxedia (14.3 grafiki).

rogor unda gadawyvitos saxelmwifom es dilema? arsebobs am problemis

gadawyvetis ramdenime meTodi.

faswarmoqmna saSualo danaxarjis mixedviT. fasisa da saSualo

danaxarjis tolobis SemTxvevaSi warmoeba arc momgebiania da arc wamgebiani _
sawarmo ubralod agrZelebs funqcionirebas da deficitis problemis winaSe
aRar dgeba. geometriulad aseTi mdgomareoba moTxovnisa da saSualo
danaxarjis mrudis gadakveTiT (grafiki 14.3) aisaxeba, sadac adgili aqvs Za
warmoebas, xolo fasi ki Pa aris. yuradReba miaqcieT, rom Za ufro naklebia,
vidre Z*. faswarmoqmnas saSualo danaxarjis mixedviT warmoebis gafarToebmade
mivyavarT, Tumca es yvelaferi jer kidev Sorsa aris efeqtianobisagan.

faswarmoqmna zRvruli danaxarjis mixedviT erTjeradi gadasaxadis

gamoyenebiT. aseTi meTodis Tanaxmad, ibegreba P=MC. deficiti erTjeradi
gadasaxadis
dawesebis
gziT
warmoiqmneba.
P=MC
dabegvris
gziT
uzrunvelyofilia Z produqtis bazris efeqtianoba. deficitis dafinanseba
erTjeradi gadasaxadis saSualebiT araefeqtianobis gamomwvev movlenebs
agvaridebs. meTods axlavs iseTi problemebi, rogoricaa:

I. rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, erTjeradi gadasaxadi, zogadad, miuRebelia.

deficitis dafinanseba gadasaxadebis (saSemosavlo an sasaqonlo) deformirebis
gziT moxdeba. CvenTvis ki ufro mniSvnelovania, aviciloT gadasaxadis
deformacia, vidre Z produqtisaTvis efeqtiani bazari SevqmnaT.

II. saxelmwifos mier gaweuli momsaxurebis

momxmarebeli ixdis
gadasaxads (e. w. sargeblis miRebis principi). zogadi dabegvris gziT
deficitis warmoqmna aSkara usamarTlobaa. Tu maSveli adidebuli wylidan me
gamomiyvans, ratom unda gadaixadoT amis safasuri Tqven?

gadawyvetilebis
miReba
ramsis
kanonis
Tanaxmad.
Cven
aqamde
ganvixilavdiT izolirebul saxelwifo sawarmos. axla davuSvaT, rom
saxelmwifo ramdenime sawarmos uZRveba. rogorc jgufi, sawarmoebi ver

447

dakargaven Semosavals, Tumca individualurad TiToeul maTgans SesaZloa,

danakargi hqondes. davuSvaT, rom saxelmwifo dafinansebulia sawarmoTa
klientebis mier. ramdenad unda aRematebodes momxmareblis gadasaxadi
momsaxurebis zRvrul danaxarjs?

gecnobaT Tu ara es SekiTxva? albaT, gecnobaT. igi arsebiTad igivea, rac

optimaluri gadasaxadis problema. faqtobrivad, zRvrul danaxarjsa da
momxmareblis gadasaxads Soris arsebuli sxvaoba aris is `gadasaxadi~,
romelsac saxelmwifo awesebs saqonelze. optimaluri gadasaxadis problemis
analogiurad, saxelmwifos Semosavlis gansazRvruli raodenoba esaWiroeba _
imdeni mainc, rom sawarmoTa jgufma funqcionireba SeZlos. ramsis kanoni aseT
pasuxs gvTavazobs: momxmareblis gadasaxadi ise unda dawesdes, rom TiToeul
saqonelze moTxovna proporciulad Semcirdes. aseTi gziT ekonomikuri
Teoriis
erT
mSvenier
niSan-Tvisebamde
mivdivarT:
erTi
problemis
mosagvareblad gamoyenebuli
meTodi
SesaZloa,
sruliad gansxvavebuli
problemis gadasawyvetadac gamoviyenoT.

daskvna

romel meTods irCevs aSS imisaTvis, rom Semcirebad danaxarjebTan

dakavSirebuli problema moagvaros? xSirad saxelmwifo sakuTrebaSi arsebuli
an saxelmwifos mier regulirebadi kerZo kompaniebi saSualo danaxarjis
mixedviT faswarmoqmnis principiT sargebloben. miuxedavad imisa, rom
faswarmoqmna saSualo danaxarjis mixedviT araefeqtiania, mainc gamarTlebul
kompromiss warmoadgens. principi martivia da sargeblis miRebas emyareba.
Tumca, zogierTi ekonomistis azriT, ufro misaRebi da saimedoa faswarmoqmna
ramsis kanonis gamoyenebiT.

Semosavlis optimaluri dabegvra

aqamde vgulisxmobdiT, rom saxelmwifo uflebamosilia, dabegros yvela

saqoneli da sawarmoo saSualeba. axla ki davubrundeT SekiTxvas: rogor
CamovayaliboT iseTi sistema, romelSic individis sagadasaxado valdebuleba
misi Semosavlis mixedviT ganisazRvreba? ramdenad progresiuli unda iyos
gadasadi? es yvelaze sakamaTo sakiTxia saxelmwifo finansebis sferoSi. XIX
saukunis ekonomisti, jon makaloxi, romelic progresiuli gadasaxadis
danergvis mowinaaRmdege iyo, amtkicebda, rom proporciuli dabegvris principis
gauqmebisTanave `Cven aRmovCndebiT gaSlil zRvaSi kompasisa da saWis gareSe.
Cven ar gveqneba Secdomis daSvebis ufleba~. Semosavlis optimaluri dabegvris
Teoriis mizani mimarTulebis
Zieba,
anu gadasaxadis
progresiulobis
`marTebuli~ masStabis dadgenis sistematuri meTodis uzrunvelyofaa.

448

ejvorTis modeli

XIX saukunis bolos ejvorTma [1957/1897] Semosavlis optimaluri

dabegvris sakiTxi Semdegi martivi magaliTis safuZvelze ganixila.

1.

Semosavlis
misaRebad individTa sargeblis
maqsimaluri gazrdaa
aucilebeli. algebrulad Tu Ui i individis sargeblianoba, xolo w _
ki socialuri keTildReobaa, maSin sagadasaxado sistemam maqsimumamde
unda gazardos Semdegi maCvenebeli:

W = U 1 + U 2 + ... + U n

(14.10),

sadac n sazogadoebis wevrTa raodenobaa.

2. individebi identuri sargeblianobis funqciiT xasiaTdebian, rac mxolod

maT Semosavalzea damokidebuli. sargeblianobis funqcia Semosavlis
zRvruli sargeblianobis klebas gviCvenebs. Semosavlis zrdasTan erTad
individis mdgomareoba umjobesdeba, magram Semcirebuli ganakveTiT.
3. xelmisawvdomi Semosavlis mTliani moculoba fiqsirebulia.
ejvorTis mier Catarebuli analizi (me-7 Tavi `Semosavlis gadanawileba
konceptualuri sakiTxebi~) Semosavlis optimaluri ganawilebis modelis
analogiuria. modeli miuTiTebs imaze, rom socialuri keTildReobis
maqsimizaciisaTvis aucilebelia TiToeuli individis Semosavlis zRvruli
sargeblianoba
Tanabari
iyos.
sargeblianobis
funqciebis
identurobis
SemTxevaSi zRvruli sargeblianoba Tanabaria, Tu Semosavlebi tolia.
sagadasaxado politikis Sedegebi naTelia _ unda dawesdes iseTi gadasaxadi,
romelic gadasaxadebis gadaxdis Semdeg Semosavlis maqsimalurad Tanabar
ganawilebas uzrunvelyofs. kerZod, Semosavali, pirvel rigSi, mdidars unda
gamoeqviTos. aseT SemTxvevaSi zRvruli sargeblianobis danakargi ufro
naklebia. Tu saxelmwifos dasWirdeba meti amonagebi sruli samarTlianobis
miRwevis Semdeg, maSin damatebiTi sagadasaxado tvirTis Tanabarad ganawileba
iqneba aucilebeli.

ejvorTis modeli radikalurad progresiul sagadasaxado struqturas

iTvaliswinebs _ Semosavali akldeba yvelaze mdidar fenas, sanam miRweuli ar
iqneba sruli samarTlianoba. am modelis Tanaxmad, maRali Semosavlis mqone
individze dawesebuli zRvruli sagadasaxado ganakveTi 100%-s udris. rogorc
me-7 TavSi aRvniSneT, nebismieri daSveba aseTi ganxilvis dros kiTxvis niSnis

449

qveS dgas. ukanaskneli aTwleulebis ganmavlobaSi mecnierebi ikvleven, Tu

daSvebaTa modificirebis Sedegad rogor icvleba ejvorTis Sedegi.

Tanamedrove mecnierebani

ejvorTis analizis yvelaze seriozuli problema missave daSvebaSi

mdgomareobs. igi ambobs, rom sazogadoebisaTvis xelmisawvdomi Semosavali
fiqsirebulia. konfiskatoruli sagadasaxado ganakveTebi warmoebuli saqonlis
moculobaze ver axdens zemoqmedebas, realurad individis sargeblianoba
aramxolod mis Semosavalze, aramed Tavisufali drois moculobazecaa
damokidebuli. saSemosavlo gadasaxadi samuSao gadawyvetilebaze axdens
zemoqmedebas da zedmet tvirTs warmoqmnis (me-13 Tavi). swored amitom
utilitaruli
socialuri
keTildReobis
funqciis
mqone
sazogadoeba
gardauvali dilemis winaSe dgeba: erTi mxriv, sazogadoebas surs, ise
gaanawilos sagadasaxado tvirTi, rom gadasaxadis gadaxdis Semdeg Semosavlebi
gaaTanabros. am procesSi sazogadoeba amcirebs xelmisawvdom realur
Semosavals. Semosavlis optimaluri dabegvris sistema unda iTvaliswinebdes im
danaxarjs
(zemdeti
tvirTis
SemTxvevaSi),
romelic
samarTlianobis
miRwevasTanaa dakavSirebuli. ejvorTis modelis mixedviT, samarTlianobis
miRwevis danaxarji nulis tolia, rac ukve ganmartavs srulyofilad
egalitarianuli warmoebis normebs.

rogor icleba ejvorTis analizis Sedegi, rodesac mxedvelobaSi

SromiTi stimulebi miiReba? Sternma [1987] Caatara kvleva, romelic ejvorTis
kvlevas waagavs. gansxvaveba imaSi aris, rom Sterni individis Semosavalsa da
Tavisufal dros Soris arCevanis arsebobis SesaZleblobas iTvaliswinebs.
analizis gasamartiveblad Sternma dauSva, rom individisagan amoRebuli:

sagadasaxado Semosavlebi = - a + t Semosavalze

(14.11),

sadac a da t dadebiTi ricxvebia. davuSvaT, a udris 1000, xolo t ki _ 0,25

dolars. im individis sagadasaxado valdebuleba, romlis Semosavalic 20000
dolaria, gautoldeba 2000 dolars (=-$3000 + 0,25 X $20000). im individis
sagadasaxado valdebuleba, romlis Semosavali 6000 dolaria, iqneba minus 1500
dolari (=-$3000 + 0,25 X $6000). aseTi piri 1500 dolaris odenobiT saxelmwifo
grants miiRebs.

450

grafiki 14.4

SexedeT 14.4 grafiks. aq (14.11) gantoleba grafikuladaa gamosaxuli:

Semosavali horizontalur RerZze, xolo sagadasaxado Semosavlebi ki
vertikalur RerZze izomeba. rodesac Semosavali nulis tolia, maSin
sagadasaxado tvirTi uaryofiTia _ piri a dolaris odenobis erTjerad
saxelmwifo grants iRebs, Semdeg ki Semosavlis TiToeul dolarze
saxelmwifos t dolar gadasaxads uxdis. amdenad, t zRvruli sagadasaxado
ganakveTia, damatebiTi dolaris proporcia, romelic gadasaxadis saxiT unda
iqnes gadaxdili. geometriulad (14.11) gantoleba swori xaziTaa gamoxatuli.
igi wrfivi saSemosavlo gadasaxadis saxelwodebiTaa cnobili. garda amisa, mas
xSirad Tanabar saSemosavlo gadasaxadsac uwodeben. wrfivi gadasaxadis
grafikisaTvis zRvruli sagadasaxado ganakveTi mudmivia. miuxedavad amisa,
grafiki progresiulia: rac ufro maRalia individis Semosavali, miT maRalia
gadasaxadis saxiT gadaxdili Semosavlis proporcia (ix. me-12 Tavi). axla
ganvixiloT, Tu ra zegavlenas axdens grafikis progresiulobaze a -sa da t -s
konkretuli sidideebi. t -s maRali sidide ufro progresirebad sagadasaxado
sistemasTan asocirdeba. t -s maRali sidide zrdis progresiulobas da,
amasTanave, ufro mZime zedmet tvirTs warmoqmnis. Semosavlis optimaluri
dabegvris problemis gadaWris erTaderTi gza a -sa da t -s `saukeTeso~
kombinaciis mignebaa. a da t is sidideebia, romlebic socialur keTildReobas
amaRlebs [gantoleba (14.10)], rodesac mTavari piroba Semosavlis (amonagebis)
gansazRvruli moculobis Segrovebaa.

Sternma [1987] daadgina, rom Semosavlisa da Tavisufali drois yvelaze

mokrZalebuli proporciisa da Semosavlis 20%-iani dabegvris SemTxvevaSi, t -s
sidide socialur keTildReobas daaxloebiT 19%-iT zrdis7. procentuli
7

Semosavlisa da Tavisufali drois proporciis elastiuroba 0,6-ia. Sternis modelis

Tanaxmad, igi Seesabameba SromiTi miwodebis mcire elastiurobas neto xelfasTan
mimarTebaSi (daaxloebiT 0,1).

451

maCvenebeli bevrad ufro mcirea, vidre ejvorTis magaliTSi gamoyenebuli 100%.

yvelaze mokrZalebuli stimulic ki optimalur zRvrul sagadasaxado
ganakveTze mniSvnelovan zegavlenas axdens. aRsaniSnavia, rom Sternis mier
gamoTvlili ganakveTi im realur zRvrul sagadasaxado ganakveTTan SedarebiT,
romelic dasavleTis qveynebSi moqmedebs, mcirea. ase magaliTad, aSS-is piradi
saSemosavlo gadasaxadis zRvruli ganakveTi 2003 wels 38,6% iyo; Tumca iyo
dro, rodesac es maCvenebeli 90%-s udrida.

Sternma gviCvena, rom sxva Tanabar pirobebSi, rac ufro elastiuria

Sromis miwodeba, t -s optimaluri sidide miT ufro dabalia. ganawilebis xarji
ki zedmet tvirTs warmoadgens. rac ufro elastiuria Sromis miwodeba, Sromis
dabegvris Sedegad miT meti zedmeti tvirTi warmoiqmneba (ix. 13.4 gantoleba).
Sromis miwodebis maRali elastiuroba gulisxmobs imas, rom ufro maRali
iqneba gadanawilebis danaxarji (anu ufro meti zedmeti tvirTi warmoiqmneba),
rac TavisTavad arasasurveli faqtoria.

Sternma gamoikvlia, Tu ra zemoqmedebas axdens Sedegebze alternatiuli

socialuri keTildReobis funqciebi. man Raribi da mdidari individis
sargeblianobas
gansxvavebuli
socialuri
mniSvneloba
mianiWa.
(14.10)
gantolebaSi warmodgenilia egalitarianuli preferenciebi: Raribi individis
sargebeli ufro maRali socialuri mniSvnelobisaa, vidre mdidari adamianis
sargebeli. Zalian sasargebloa maqsiminis kriteriumi, romlis Tanaxmadac,
socialuri keTildReobis funqciis mixedviT, mxolod minimaluri sargeblis
mqone adamians eniWeba mniSvneloba (ix. me-7 Tavi). Sternma gamoTvala, rom
maqsiminis kriteriumi daaxloebiT 80%-ian zRvrul ganakveTs iTvaliswinebs.
arc iqneba gasakviri, Tu gamoyenebuli iqneba maRali sagadasaxado ganakveTebi
im sazogadoebis mier, romelic gansakuTrebuli egalitarianistuli miznebiT
gamoirCeva. aseT SemTxvevaSic ki ganakveTi 100%-ze dabalia.

Sternis analizSi saSemosavlo sagadasaxado sistema mxolod erTi

zRvruli sagadasaxado ganakveTiT xasiaTdeba. gruberma da saezma [2000] ufro
zogadi modelis mixedviT Caatares kvleva, romelic oTx zRvrul sagadasaxado
ganakveTs iTvaliswinebda. maTi kvlevis yvelaze saintereso aRmoCena is aris,
rom maRali Semosavlis mqone individi ufro dabali zRvruli sagadasaxado
ganakveTiT ibegreba, vidre dabali Semosavlis mqone. maRali Semosavlis mqone
individis zRvruli sagadasaxado ganakveTis Semcireba am individs meti
Sromisaken ubiZgebs. gazrdili sagadasaxado Semosavali ki SeiZleba mcire
Semosavlis mqone individTa sagadasaxado tvirTis Sesamsubuqeblad iqnes
gamoyenebuli. aRsaniSnavia is faqti, rom zRvruli sagadasaxado ganakveTi
Seesabameba Semosavals, saSualo sagadasaxado ganakveTi SemosavalTan erTad
izrdeba, amdenad, optimaluri sagadasaxado sistema progresiulia.

452

aseTi Sedegi optimaluri sagadasaxado sistemis irgvliv gaurkvevlobas

qmnis. arsebobs bevri subieqturi Sexeduleba utilitaruli socialuri
keTildReobis Sesaxeb, romlis maqsimizaciazecaa orientirebuli optimaluri
sagadasaxado sistema. rogorc me-16 TavSi naxavT, arsebobs mniSvnelovani
ganusazRvreloba
qcevis
im
elastiurobaTa
mimarT,
romlebic
ase
mniSvnelovania efeqtianobisa da samarTlianobis urTierTdamokidebulebis
Seswavlis dros. miuxedavad amisa, sxvadasxva daSvebis mixedviT, optimaluri
sagadasaxado ganakveTebis cxadi kalkulacia gansakuTrebiT informaciulia.
literatura optimaluri dabegvris sferoSi sistematurad unda asaxavdes
alternatiuli eTikuri da qceviTi daSvebebis Sedegebs, rac sagadasaxado
politikis Sesaxeb msjelobas gaamartivebs.

politika da droiTi winaaRmdegobis problema

optimaluri dabegvra warmoadgens wminda wylis normatiul Teorias. igi

arafers ambobs imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogori iqneba msoflio sagadasaxado sistema,
ar ganmartavs imas, Tu rogor xdeba aseTi sagadasaxado sistemis formireba.
Teoria umniSvnelo yuradRebas uTmobs im institucionalur da politikur
reJims, romelSic sagadasaxado politikis formireba xdeba. hoklombi [2002]
amtkicebda, rom msoflio politikuri institutebis realurad arsebobis dros
optimalur sagadasaxado logikaze dafuZnebuli politikuri rekomendacia
realurad amcirebs keTildReobas.

davuSvaT, rom gansazRvrul sazogadoebaSi sami saxis saqoneli _ X, Y da

Tavisufali dro figurirebs. Sromis miwodeba mTlianad fiqsirebulia _
amdenad, Semosavali fiqsirebulia. X saqoneli ibegreba, xolo Y saqonlis
dabegvra ki kanonmdeblobiTaa akrZaluli. sazriani studenti, romelic
optimaluri
dabegvris
Teorias
swavlobs,
aseT
komentars
gaakeTebs:
`fiqsirdeba araefeqtiani sagadasaxado sistemis arseboba. SromiTi miwodeba
mTlianad fiqsirebulia. amdenad, zedmeti tvirTi ar warmoiqmneba, Tu Tqven X
da Y saqonels Tanabari sagadasaxado ganakveTiT dabegravT (saSemosavlo
gadasaxadi). Cemi rekomendacia aseTi iqneba: SeamcireT X saqonlis gadasaxadi da
Tanabari ganakveTiT dabegreT Y saqoneli. gadasaxadebi ise daaweseT, rom
winandeli sagadasaxado amonagebi miiRoT ~.

davuSvaT, Y saqoneli, marTlac, daibegra. ar dagaviwydeT, rom

politikosi X saqonlis gadasaxads arasodes Seamcirebs. piriqiT, igi ecdeba,
isargeblos
saqonlis
dabegvris
axali
SesaZleblobiT
da
amonagebi
maqsimalurad gazardos. rogorc me-6 TavSia miTiTebuli, saxelmwifo seqtoris
Sesaxeb arsebuli Teoriebi cxadyofs, rom qveynis saTaveSi myofi piri

453

uflebamosilia, Seagrovos da, moqalaqeTa nebis miuxedavad, gazardos

sagadasaxado amonagebi. amdenad, Y saqonlis dabegvris akrZalviT moqalaqeebi
araefeqtianad didi sajaro seqtorisagan Tavs icaven. Tu moqalaqes ara aqvs
ndoba saxelmwifos mimarT, is, rac araefeqtiani Cans optimaluri dabegvris
gadasaxedidan, SesaZloa, efeqtiani Candes ufro masStaburi warmonaqmnis
poziciidan8. saxelmwifo, romelSic zedmeti tvirTis generireba xdeba, ufro
nela izrdeba, vidre is qveynebi, romlebic efeqtiani sagadasaxado sistemiT
xasiaTdeba [Becker and Mulligan, 1998]. Tumca am sakiTxis kvleva jer kidev sawyis
etapzea.

ramdenime sityviT SevexebiT internetiT ganxorcielebul Sesyidvebs.

internetiT ganxorcielebuli transaqciis dabegvris ideis momxreni Tvlian,
rom saqonlis SeZena maRaziaSi da misi SeZena internetiT absoluturad
analogiuria. pirveli ibegreba, xolo meore
ki _ ara, rac TavisTavad
Sesyidvis am or formas Soris myidvelis arCevanze axdens zemoqmedebas da
zedmet
tvirTs
warmoqmnis.
oponentebi
amtkiceben,
rom
internetiT
ganxorcielebuli Sesyidvebis dabegvra isedac araefeqtianad did saxelmwifo
seqtors gazrdis.

aseTi logikiT optimaluri politikis droiTi winaaRmdegobis problemas

vuaxlovdebiT. ganvixiloT kolumbiis mTavrobis mier 2002 wels wamoyenebuli
winadadeba: individi da kompania, romlis aqtivi 60000 dolars aRemateboda,
kapitalis Rirebulebis 1,2%-iani gadasaxadiT daibegra. mniSvnelovania is faqti,
rom gadasaxadis gadaxda mxolod erTxel iyo savaldebulo. misi kidev erTxel
dakisreba momavalSi ar iyo mosalodneli. kapitalisti, cxadia, friad
ukmayofilo
iqneboda gadasaxadis
gadaxdiT,
magram Tavad gadasaxadi
kapitalistis momaval danazogze ar imoqmedebda. realurad aseTi gadasaxadi
erTjeradia da, amdenad, sruliad efeqtianic.

Tumca
aq
ikveTeba
problema.
kolumbiis
mTavrobas
gadasaxadis
`erTjeradobis~ Sesaxeb dadebuli pirobis darRvevis survili aucileblad
gauCndeba. kolumbiis mTavroba igive triuks momaval welsac gaimeorebs, ris
Sedegad met amonagebs Seagrovebs da, Tanac, yovelgvari zedmeti tvirTis
warmoqmnis gareSe. magram kapitalists SesaZloa, gauCndes eWvi, rom saxelmwifo
mas aseTi gadasaxadis gadaxdis valdebulebas kidev erTxel daakisrebs. eWvma
ki SeiZleba, Secvalos kapitalistis gadawyvetileba danazogis gakeTebis
Sesaxeb _ kapitalistma icis, rom rac met danazogs gaakeTebs mimdinare
weliwadSi, miT meti gadasaxadiT daibegreba momaval wels. mosalodneli
gadasaxadi zemoqmedebs kapitalistis qcevaze, anu araefeqtiania.

holkombi [1998] gvTavazobs Sedarebas optimalur sagadasaxado

midgomas Soris, romelic iTvaliswinebs politikis SemuSavebas.

Teoriasa da im

454

Tu saxelmwifo mosaxleobas saimedo garantias ar miscems, rom aseT

gadasaxads aRar
daawesebs,
maSin
igi
verasodes
gaatarebs
efeqtian
sagadasaxado politikas. droiTi winaaRmdegobis problemis Tavidan acilebis
mizniT saxelmwifom zustad unda gansazRvros samomavlo politika. am mizniT
SesaZloa,
garkveuli
konstituciuri
SezRudvebi
dawesdes,
romelTa
safuZvelze mTavroba iZulebuli iqneba, daicvas piroba. vidre mTavrobas
erTjeradi gadasaxadis kidev erTxel dakisrebis survili eqneba, kapitalists
ar moasvenebs eWvi mosalodneli dabegvris Sesaxeb da efeqtiani politikis
gatarebis
mcdeloba
sruliad
uSedego
iqneba.
amdenad,
aucilebelia,
politikuri sistemis saimedoobis xarisxi SevafasoT da mxolod amis Semdeg
movamzadoT rekomendaciebi optimaluri sagadasaxado Teoriis danergvis
Sesaxeb.

gadasaxadis sxva kriteriumebi

rogorc naxeT, optimaluri dabegvra damokidebulia `efeqtianobasa~ da

`samarTlianobas~ Soris miRweul kompromisze. Tumca am koncefciaTa
safuZvelzec ki optimaluri dabegvris sistemis formireba SeuZlebelia.
Teoriulad,
samarTliania
gadasaxadi,
romelic
sagadasaxado
tvirTis
socialurad sasurvel ganawilebas uzrunvelyofs, xolo efeqtiania is
gadasaxadi, romelic mcire sagadasaxado tvirTs warmoqmnis. sajaro diskusiaTa
mixedviT, samarTliania gadasaxadi, romelic identurad gadaxdisunarian
individebs Tanabrad begravs, xolo efeqtiania is gadasaxadi, romelic amcirebs
an dabal doneze inarCunebs administraciul danaxarjebs. axla ki ganvixiloT
samarTlianobisa da efeqtianobis alternatiuli cnebebi.

horizontaluri samarTlianoba

amerikelma iumoristma, uil rojersma, erTxel aRniSna: `xalxs ubralod

gadasaxadi sWirdeba da ara dabali gadasaxadi. maTTvis mTavaria, icodnen, rom
TiToeuli individi misi simdidris proporciulad ibegreba~. sagadasaxado
sistemis Sefasebis aseTi kriteriumi ekonomistebis mier horizontalur
wonasworobad iwodeba. Tanaswor mdgomareobaSi myofi individebi analogiurad
ibegrebian. imisaTvis, rom horizontaluri samarTlianobis idea qmediTi gaxdes,
aucilebelia, `Tanabari mdgomareobis~ cneba ganisazRvros. rojersis azriT,
simdidre
aris
gadaxdisunarianobis
indeqsi.
`Tanaswori
mdgomareobis~
gansazRvris dros gamoyenebul unda iqnes iseTi faqtorebi, rogoricaa
Semosavali da danaxarjebi.

455

samwuxarod, yvela miTiTebuli faqtori adamianTa gadawyvetilebis

Sedegs da ara Tanaswori mdgomareobis gansazRvrisaTvis sasargeblo
kriteriums warmoadgens. warmovidginoT ori adamiani, romelTa saaTobrivi
anazRaureba 10 dolaria. batoni A wliurad 1500 saaTis ganmavlobaSi muSaobs,
xolo qalbatoni B ki _ 2200 saaTis ganmavlobaSi. A-s wliuri Semosavali 15000
aSS dolaria, xolo B-si ki _ 22000 dolari. Semosavlis TvalsazrisiT, A da B
`Tanaswor mdgomareobaSi~ ar imyofebian. ufro globalur konteqstSi, A da B
absoluturad Tanasworni arian, radgan maTi Semosavlis Sovnis unari
identuria _ B-s ubralod meti muSaoba uwevs, individi gaweuli Sromis
moculobas garkveulwilad akontrolebs, amdenad, sxvadasxva Semosavlis mqone
ori individi SesaZloa, Tanaswor mdgomareobaSi iyos. igive SeiZleba iTqvas
danaxarjebis
an simdidris
mimarT,
romelic Tanaswori
mdgomareobis
Sesafaseblad gamoiyeneba.

am argumentebis gaTvaliswinebis Sedegad Semdeg daskvnamde mivdivarT:

xom ar iqneba upriani, Tanaswori mdgomareoba saxelfaso ganakveTis safuZvelze
SevafasoT? Tumca aseTi meTodi garkveuli naklovanebebiT xasiaTdeba: 1.
adamianuri resursebis kapitalSi Cadebuli investiciebi (ganaTleba, treningi,
jandacva) saxelfaso ganakveTze moqmedebs. Tu A kolejis damTavrebis Semdeg
iRebs igive xelfass, rasac B, oRond umaRlesi ganaTlebis diplomiT, maSin
gana samarTliani iqneba maTi dabegvra Tanabari ganakveTiT? 2. saxelfaso
ganakveTis gamosaTvlelad aucilebelia mTliani Semosavali samuSao saaTebis
raodenobaze gavyoT. am ukanasknelis daTvla ki arcTu ise martivia (rogor
davTvaloT Sesvenebaze daxarjuli dro?). marTlac, mocemuli Semosavlis
SemTxvevaSi daqiravebulma unda imuSaos meti, oficialurad hqondes dabali
saxelfaso ganakveTi da, Sesabamisad, dabali gadasaxadebi gadaixados.
damqiravebeli sagadasaxado danazogis formirebis procesSi daqiravebulTan
unda TanamSromlobdes.

garda Semosavlis an saxelfaso ganakveTis meTodebisa, arsebobs

Tanaswori mdgomareobis Sefasebis alternatiuli meTodebi. feldSteini [1976A]
Tvlis, rom sargeblianoba Tanaswori mdgomareobis Sefasebis safuZvels
warmoadgens. amrigad, horizontaluri samarTlianobis ganmarteba aseTia: (a) Tu
ori individi gadasaxadebis ararsebobis SemTxvevaSi Tanaswor mdgomareobaSi
imyofeba da Tanabari sargeblianobiT xasiTdeba, maSin isini dabegvris Semdegac
analogiurad Tanabar mdgomareobaSi unda darCnen. (b) gadasaxadi ar cvlis
sargeblianobis qronologias _ Tu dabegvramde A-s materialuri mdgomareoba
B-s materialur mdgomareobas sjobda, dabegvris Semdegac aseve unda darCes.
feldSteinis definiciis interpretaciisaTvis davuSvaT, rom yvela individi
erTi da imave preferenciiT, anu sargeblianobis identuri funqciiT xasiaTdeba.
aseT SemTxvevaSi individebi, romlebic erTsa da imave saqonels moixmaren
(Tavisufali drois CaTvliT), erTsa da imave gadasaxads ixdian, anu yvela
individi erTnairi sagadasaxado reJimiT ibegreba. sxva SemTxvevaSi, identuri
sargeblianobis mqone individTa dabegvris Semdgomi sargeblianoba Seicvleba.

456

axla ki davuSvaT, rom adamianebi gansxvavebuli gemovnebiT xasiaTdebian.

warmovidginoT, rom adamianTa ori jgufi - gurmanebi da moxetialeebi
arsebobs. sursaTs (romelsac yidulobs Semosavlis wyalobiT) da Tavisufal
dros orive jgufi moixmars. gurmanebisaTvis ufro mniSvnelovania sursaTi,
xolo moxetialeTaTvis ki _ Tavisufali dro. dabegvramde gurmanebi da
moxetialeebi sargeblianobis identuri doniT xasiaTdebian. proporciuli
saSemosavlo gadasaxadis dawesebis SemTxvevaSi gurmanTa mdgomareoba ufro
uaresdeba, vidre moxetialeTa,
radgan pirvel jgufs SedarebiT meti
Semosavali sWirdeba kvebiTi moTxovnilebis dasakmayofileblad. amdenad,
horizontaluri samarTlianobis
tradiciuli
principebidan gamomdinare,
SesaZloa, saSemosavlo gadasaxadi absoluturad samarTlianad ganawildes.
Tumca
misi
ganawileba
ar
CaiTvleba
samarTlianad,
sargeblianobis
principebidan
gamomdinare.
marTlac,
sanam
gansxvavebulia
individTa
damokidebuleba Tavisufali drois mimarT, nebismieri saSemosavlo gadasaxadi
horizontaluri samarTlianobis sargeblianobis definicias arRvevs.

cxadia, individTa sargeblianobis Sefasebis praqtikuli sirTule

sargeblianobis gadasaxadis arsebobis SesaZleblobas gamoricxavs, miuxedavad
amisa, horizontaluri samarTlianobis sargeblianobis definicia gansazRvruli
provokaciuli politikuri SedegebiT xasiaTdeba. kidev erTxel warmovidginoT,
rom yvela individi identuri preferenciiT xasiaTdeba. cxadi gaxdeba, rom
nebismieri arsebuli sagadasaxado struqtura ar arRvevs horizontaluri
samarTlianobis sargeblianobis definicias, Tu individs SeuZlia, Tavisuflad
imoqmedos da gaswios danaxarjebi.

warmoidgineT, rom erT samsaxurSi anazRaurebis didi nawili iseT

komfortze modis, romelic ar ibegreba _ sasiamovno ofisi, sacurao auzi da
a.S. sxva samsaxurSi anazRaureba eqskluziurad fuliT xdeba da saSemosavlo
gadasaxadiT mTlianad ibegreba. tradiciuli definiciis Tanaxmad, irRveva
horizontaluri
samarTlianoba,
radgan
piri,
romelic
dasaqmebulia
`komfortul~ samsaxurSi, nakleb sagadasaxado tvirTs atarebs. ra moxdeba, Tu
erTad iarsebebs orive alternativa da individs eqneba arCevanis gakeTebis
saSualeba? iqneba Tu ara neto xelfasi (komfortis CaTvliT) Tanabari orive
samsaxurSi? ratom? davuSvaT, rom neto xelfasi `komfortul~ samsaxurSi
ufro maRalia. aseT SemTxvevaSi aq dasaqmebas bevri adamiani Seecdeba, magram
daqiravebulTa gazrdili raodenoba maT saxelfaso ganakveTs Seamcirebs.
procesi gagrZeldeba, sanam neto ukugeba ar gaTanabrdeba. amrigad, sxvadasxva
samsaxurSi dasaqmebuli individebi gansxvavebul gadasaxads ixdian. miuxedavad
amisa, horizontaluri arasamarTlianoba ar fiqsirdeba imdenad, ramdenadac
daubegravi xelfasi icvleba.

arsebobs mosazreba imis Taobaze, rom gansazRvruli sagadasaxado

upiratesobani, romlebic mxolod mdidrebisTvisaa xelmisawvdomi, warmoadgens
horizontaluri
arasamarTlianobis
wyaros.
sargeblianobis
funqciis
ganmartebis
Tanaxmad,
aseTi
daSveba
aramarTebulia.
Tu
aRniSnuli

457

upiratesobebiT sargebloba yvelanairi Semosavlis mqone individs SeeZleba da

yvela maTgans erTnairi gemovneba eqneba, maSin upiratesoba gadasaxadis
progresiulobas, marTlac, Seamcirebs, magram horizontalur samarTlianobaze
zegavlenas ver moaxdens.

Cven gasaocar daskvnamde mivdivarT: saerTo gemovnebis farglebSi

arsebuli sagadasaxado stuqtura horizontalur arasamarTlianobas arasodes
gamoiwvevs.
horizontaluri
arasamarTlianobis
mizezi
sagadasaxado
kanonmdeblobaSi ganxorcielebuli cvlilebebia. individi gadawyvetilebas
moqmedi kanonis Sesabamisad iRebs. magaliTad, adamiani saxls yidulobs imis
gamo, rom kanoniT sakuTrebaSi arsebuli saxli preferenciuli sagadasaxado
reJimiT ibegreba. sagadasaxado kanonmdeblobis Secvlis SemTxvevaSi aseT
adamianTa keTildReoba mcirdeba da horizontaluri samarTlianoba irRveva.
erTi kongresmenis sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, `usamarTlobaa, kanoni Seucvalo im
adamianebs, vinc keTilsindisieri gadawyvetileba miiRo~9. aseT dakvirvebaTa
Sedegad sruliad axal mniSvnelobas iZens aforizmad qceuli fraza:
`erTaderTi kargi gadasaxadi Zveli gadasaxadia~.

is
faqti,
rom
gadasaxadis
cvlileba
iwvevs
horizontalur
arasamarTlianobas, sulac ar gulisxmobs imas, rom misi ganxorcieleba
dauSvebelia.
sagadasaxado
cvlileba
aumjobesebs
efeqtianobas
da/an
vertikalur samarTlianobas. SesaZloa, dRis wesrigSi axal sagadasaxado
sistemaze gardamavali periodis gamartivebis sakiTxi dadges. ase magaliTad,
SesaZloa, gamocxaddes, rom mocemuli sagadasaxado reforma ZalaSi ar Seva
misi miRebidan ramdenime wlis ganmavlobaSi. individi, romlis qmedeba Zvel
sagadasaxado struqturazea damyarebuli, miiRebs SesaZleblobas, am periodis
ganmavlobaSi axal sagadasaxado sistemas moergos. yvelaze rTuli ki
sagadasaxado reJimis Secvlis
racionaluri meTodis mignebaa (gardamavali
samarTlianoba)
da arcTu ise Sedegiania. horizontaluri samarTlianobis
sargeblianobis definiciis yvelaze konservatoruli Sedegic ki ar unda iyos
gasaocari, radgan ganmarteba calsaxad gansazRvravs, rom dabegvramdeli
mdgomareoba gansakuTrebuli xangrZlivobiT xasiaTdeba (sxva SemTxvevaSi,
ratom varT dainteresebuli sargeblianobis qronologiaSi ganxorcielebuli
cvlilebebiT?). Tumca aravin icis, ratom vicavT ase mtkiced arsebul
mdgomareobas. sargeblianobis ufro zogadi maxasiaTebeli dabegvris Sedegebis
mimarT misi damokidebulebaa. amis sapirispirod arsebobs azri imis Sesaxeb,
rom horizontaluri samarTlianobis arsi im wesebis SezRudvaa, romelTa
mixedviT SeirCeva gadasaxadebi (da ara maTi zegavlenis Sefasebis kriteriumis
uzrunvelyofa). amdenad, horizontaluri samarTlianoba gamoricxavs SemTxveviT
gadasaxadebs an iseT gadasaxadebs, romlebic dafuZnebulia araracionalur
maxasiaTeblebze. ase magaliTad, Zneli warmosadgenia, mTavrobam dabegros
erTjeradi gadasaxadiT wiTuri an Sokoladis namcxvris moyvaruli adamiani.
horizontaluri
samarTlianobis
kanoni
aseTi
gadasaxadebis
arsebobas
9

`mosalodneli cvlilebebi sagadasaxado kanonmdeblobaSi~, The New Your Times, 1986 wlis
26 maisi, gv. 31.

458

gamoricxavs, Tundac isini sasurveli efeqtianobiTa da ganawilebiTi SedegebiT

xasiaTdebodes. aseT SemTxvevaSi aSS-is konstituciis debulebebi, romlebic
akanonebs
gansazRvrul
gadasaxadebs,
horizontalur
samarTlianobas
uzrunvelyofs (ix. pirveli Tavi).

sakmaod problematuria im maxasiaTeblebis identificireba, romelTa

safuZvelze unda dawesdes gadasaxadebi. adamianTa didi nawilis azriT,
religia da rasa sagadasaxado valdebulebis gansasazRvrad ararelevanturi
maxasiaTeblebia. meore mxriv, ar arsebobs konsensusi imis Taobaze, unda
gansazRvravdes Tu ara individis socialuri statusi mis sagadasaxado tvirTs
(ix. me-15 Tavi). relevantur faqtorTa identificirebis SemTxvevaSic ki
gadauwyveteli darCeba sakiTxi dabegvris moculobis Sesaxeb. unda iqnes Tu
ara gaTvaliswinebuli fizikuri nakli sagadasaxado valdebulebis formirebis
procesSi? magram ramdenad susti unda iyos Tqveni mxedveloba, usinaTlos
preferenciuli sagadasaxado reJimiT rom daibegroT? ra TanxiT unda
Semcirdes sagadasaxado valdebuleba?

gamodis, rom horizontaluri samarTlianoba sakmaod abstraqtuli, Tumca

momxibvleli
koncefciaa.
samarTlianoba
da
mxolod
samarTlianoba
sagadasaxado politikis SemuSavebis
mimarTulebiT mniSvnelovan rols
TamaSobs da iTamaSebs.

sagadasaxado sistemis danaxarjebi

Cven mier ganxilul magaliTebSi ise Cans, TiTqos gadasaxadebis

Segroveba danaxarjebs ar moiTxovdes, rac sruli nonsensia. sagadasaxado
samsaxurs
esaWiroeba
resursi
Tavisi
saqmianobis
gansaxorcieleblad.
sagadasaxado samsaxuri xelfass uxdis buxhalters, iurists da sagadasaxado
ukugebisa da CanawerTa aRricxvianobas afinansebs.

saSemosavlo gadasaxadis administrirebis xarji aSS-Si sakmaod dabalia,

ase magaliTad, Sida Semosavlebis samsaxuri yovel 100 dolar Semosavalze
mxolod 39 cents xarjavs. miuxedavad amisa, piradi saSemosavlo gadasaxadis
administrirebisa da Sesabamisobis dadgenis xarji mainc maRalia. arsebuli
kvlevebis safuZvelze slemrodma [1996] aseTi Sefaseba gaakeTa: 1995 wels aSS-is
saojaxo meurneobebma 2.8 miliardi saaTi dauTmes federaluri gadasaxadis
SemuSavebas. Tu saaTis Rirebuleba 15 dolariT ganisazRvreba, maSin xarjis
SemuSavebaze daxarjuli drois Rirebuleba 42 miliardi dolari iqneba. amis
Semdeg slemrodma gadasaxadis Sesabamisobis dadgenis monetaruli xarji
gamoiTvala
(gadasaxadi
profesionalis
konsultaciisaTvis,
gadasaxadis
momzadebis instruqciebi da a.S.) da daadgina, rom xarji 8 miliardi aSS

459

dolari iyo, mTliani resursis Rirebuleba ki _ 50 miliardi aSS dolari, rac

federaluri saSemosavlo sagadasaxado amonagebis daaxloebiT 8%-ia. 2000 wels
gadasaxadebis SegrovebasTan dakavSirebuli xarji daaxloebiT 115 miliardi
iyo.

sagadasaxado da subsidirebis sistemis SerCevisas mxedvelobaSi miRebul

unda iqnes administraciuli da Sesabamisobis dadgenis xarjebi. is sistemac ki,
romelic
samarTlianad
da
efeqtianad
gamoiyureba
(zedmeti
tvirTis
TvalsazrisiT), arcTu ise idealuria, radgan igi metismetad garTulebuli da
Zviria (administrirebis TvalsazrisiT). warmoidgineT, rom SesaZlebelia,
daibegros saojaxo seqtorSi warmoebuli produqti _ saxlis dasufTaveba,
bavSvze zrunva da a.S. rogorc me-13 TavSi iyo miTiTebuli, Tavad is faqti, rom
sabazro seqtori ibegreba, saojaxo seqtori ki _ ara, or seqtors Soris
Sromis ganawilebis deformacias iwvevs. ufro metic, diferencialuri dabegvra
SerCeuli samuSao adgilis mixedviT horizontalur samarTlianobas arRvevs.
saojaxo seqtorSi warmoebuli produqtis dabegvra uzarmazar administraciul
xarjebTanaa dakavSirebuli, amdenad, misi danergvis idea ganuxorcielebelia.

samwuxarod, administraciul problemebs xSirad arajerovani yuradReba

eqceva. klasikuri magaliTi axal Zvirfaseulobaze dawesebuli federaluri
gadasaxadi iyo (1990). gadasaxadiT ibegreboda Zvirfaseulobis Rirebulebis is
nawili, romelic 10000 aSS dolars aRemateboda. gadasaxadiT mxolod samkauli
ibegreboda. rogorc erTma komentatorma aRniSna, es gadasaxadi Ramis koSmars
waagavda: `Zvirfaseulobis dakargva an SekeTeba ar ibegreba; dasabegr
Rirebulebas samkauli mniSvnelovani modificirebis Semdeg iRebs. amdenad,
Tqven mxolod im SemTxvevaSi daibegrebiT, Tu bebiis danatovari gulsabnevidan
qvas axal CarCoSi gadaitanT; Tumca Tqven aravin dagbegravT, Tu beWedSi 30000
dolaris Rirebulebis dakarguli briliantis nacvlad axals da identurs
CasvamT. es SekeTebad iTvleba [Schmedel, 1991, gv. A1]. Sida Semosavlebis sistemis
mier Zvirfaseulobaze gadasaxadebis Segrovebis xarji ufro meti iyo, vidre
Tavad Segrovili gadasaxadi! amdenad, Zvirfaseulobaze gadasaxadi 1993 wlidan
sabolood gaauqmes.

cxadia, ar arsebobs sagadasaxado sistema, romlis administrirebac

aranair xarjebTan ar iqneba dakavSirebuli; am SemTxvevaSi, mTavaria, zemdeti
tvirTisa da administraciuli danaxarjis saukeTeso kompromiss mivagnoT.
gayidvebis dabegvris sistemis administrireba, sadac TiToeul saqonels Tavisi
ganakveTi aqvs, SesaZloa, Zalian Zviri aRmoCndes, arada, es aris ramsis kanonis
ZiriTadi mimarTuleba. sagadasaxado ganakveTebis diferencirebis Sedegad
zedmeti tvirTis Semsubuqeba zrdad administraciul danaxarjebTan unda iqnes
Sedarebuli.

gadasaxadis gadaxdis acilebis ukanono mcdeloba

460

axla ki ganvixiloT gadasaxadebis administrirebis yvelaze seriozuli

problema _ gadasaxadebis dafarva. pirvel rigSi, aucilebelia erTmaneTisagan
ganvasxvavoT gadasaxadis raodenobis minimumamde dayvanis kanonieri da
gadasaxadis gadaxdis ukanono mcdeloba. gadasaxadis raodenobis minimumamde
dayvanis kanonier mcdelobas jon meinard keinsi axasiaTebda, rogorc
`inteleqtualuri gamoZiebis erTaderT formas, romelsac Tan axlavs
anazRaureba~. aseT pirobebSi individi cvlis Tavis qmedebebs ise, rom
Seamciros sagadasaxado valdebuleba. amaSi ukanono araferia:

`sasamarTloebi imeoreben, rom araferia cudi imaSi, rom individi maqsimalurad

ecados gadasaxadebis minimumamde dayvanas. yvela iqceva ase _ mdidaric da
Raribic; yvelas aqvs amisi ufleba, radgan aravis akisria saxelmwifo
valdebuleba, gadaixados kanoniT gansazRvrul gadasaxadze meti... moralis
saxeliT metis moTxovna ki farisevlobaa da meti araferi. [mosamarTleTa
saswavlo saxelmZRvanelo, Commissioner v. Newman, 1947].

amis sapirispirod, gadasaxadis gadaxdis acilebis ukanono mcdeloba

kanoniT dakisrebuli gadasaxadebis gadaxdis Tavidan acilebas gulixmobs. Tu
soko ibegreba da Tqven ki ganacxads gayiduli sokos mcire raodenobaze
gaakeTebT, maSin es iqneba gadasaxadis raodenobis minimumamde dayvanis
kanonieri mcdeloba; magram Tu Tqven saerTod arafers ganacxadebT sokos
gayidvis Sesaxeb, maSin es ukve iqneba gadasaxadis gadaxdis acilebis ukanono
mcdeloba. gadasaxadis gadaxdis acilebis ukanono mcdeloba axali problema
ar aris. saukuneebis win platoni ambobda: `yvela adamiani saSemosavlo
gadasaxadiT
ibegreba;
keTilsindisieri adamiani
gadaixdis
ufro
met
gadasaxads, vidre igive Semosavlis mqone arakeTilsindisieri adamiani~.
ukanasknel periodSi gadasaxadis gadaxdis acilebis ukanono mcdelobis
problema seriozuli yuradRebis centrSi moeqca. saerTaSoriso rezonansi pova
CogburTis varkvlavis, Stefi grafis, SemTxvevam. ramdenime wlis win germaniis
sagadasaxado samsaxurma Stefi grafi 50 milioni dolaris odenobis
gadasaxadis gadaxdis acilebis ukanano mcdelobaSi daadanaSaula (12 wlis
ganmavlobaSi); 1989 wlidan 1992 wlamde mas sagadasaxado deklaraciac ki ar
Seuvsia.

rTulia gadasaxadis dafarvis masStabis dadgena. Sida Semosavlebis

samsaxuris SefasebiT, gadasaxadis gadamxdeli nebayoflobiTi sagadasaxado
valdebulebis mxolod 80%-s ixdis, rac TavisTavad mianiSnebs imaze, rom
gadasaxadis gadaxdis acilebis ukanono mcdeloba seriozuli problemaa.

adamianebis mier sagadasaxado TaRliToba Semdegnairad xorcieldeba:

461

sabuxhaltro Canawerebis ori wigni, romelTagan erT-erTi asaxavs

realur bizness, xolo meore ki sagadasaxado samsaxurebs waredgineba.
zogierTi gadasaxadis urCi gadamxdeli or sakaso aparatsac ki xmarobs.
naRdi
fuliT
miRebuli
Semosavlis
dafarva.
cxadia,
sruliad
legalurad iTvleba damatebiT samsaxurSi muSaoba. Tumca aseT
samsaxurSi miRebuli Semosavali xSirad naRdi fuliT (da ara CekiT)
gaicema.
amdenad,
ar
arsebobs
legaluri
aRricxvis
dokumenti.
sagadasaxado samsaxurs Semosavlebis Sesaxeb angariSgeba ar waredgineba.
barteri. `me SevakeTeb Tqvens manqanas, Tu Tqven puris xuT naWers
SemiwvavT. davuSvaT, Tqven naturiT gixdian (da ara naRdi
fuliT) _
aRniSnuli tranzaqcia mainc ibegreba. Tumca aseTi Semosavlis Sesaxeb
angariSgebas aravin akeTebs.
naRdi fuliT ganxorcielebuli tranzaqcia. saqonlisa da momsaxurebis
sargeblobisaTvis gadaxda xorcieldeba naRdi fuliTa da Cekebis
saSualebiT, rac tranzaqciebis Sida Semosavlebis samsaxuris mier
mikvlevas Zalian arTulebs.

erT dros gadasaxadis gadaxdis acilebis ukanono mcdeloba im

milionerebis saxels ukavSirdeboda, romlebic kapitals Sveicariis bankebSi
malavdnen. gadasaxadis urCi gadamxdelis dRevandeli imiji, albaT, kargad
gamoixateba xelosnis saxiT, romlis Semosavali `araoficialuri~ samsaxuridan
modis da ar cxaddeba gadasaxadebis gadaxdis acilebis mizniT, an im mSoblis
saxiT, romelic cdilobs, damalos gadasaxadi, romelsac ar ixdis bavSvis
ZiZisaTvis gadaxdil xelfasze. individi, romelic wliurad 1300 dolarze met
xelfass uxdis ZiZas, momvlels da saojaxo meurneobaSi dasaqmebul sxva pirs,
valdebulia, maTTvis gadaixados saxelmwifo sapensio gadasaxadi. Tumca aseT
gadasaxads 0,25%-ze naklebi saojaxo meurneoba ixdis [Herman, 2001, gv. A1]. is
SegrZneba, `rom yvela ase iqceva~, dominirebs mTel sazogadoebaze.

pirvel rigSi, gadasaxadis gadaxdis acilebis ukanono

pozitiuri Teoria ganvixiloT, xolo Semdeg saxelmwifos
daregulirebis normatiul SekiTxvas vupasuxoT.

mcdelobis
mier misi

gadasaxadis gadaxdis acilebis ukanono mcdelobis pozitiuri analizi.

davuSvaT, rom alis erTaderTi zrunvis sagani mosalodneli Semosavlis
maqsimumamde gazrdaa. mas aqvs gansazRvruli Semosavali da R Tanxas
sagadasaxado samsaxurebs umalavs. davuSvaT, rom Aalis zRvruli saSemosavlo
sagadasaxado ganakveTi aris 0,3; dasabegri Semosavlis TiToeuli dolaris
dafarvis Sedegad misi sagadasaxado deklaracia 30 centiT klebulobs. es aris
misi zRvruli sargebeli, romelsac igi sagadasaxado organoebisagan erTi
dolaris dafarvis gziT iRebs. ali t zRvruli saSemosavlo sagadasaxado
ganakveTiT ibegreba, amdenad, mis mier TiToeuli dolaris dafarviT miRebuli
zRvruli sargebeli aris t.

462

sagadasaxado samsaxurma araferi icis alis namdvili Semosavlis Sesaxeb.

igi zogjer SemTxveviTobis principiT axorcielebs gadasaxadis gadamxdelTa
audits. amdenad, arsebobs albaToba, r , rom alis odesme Seamowmeben. aSS-Si
federaluri saSemosavlo sagadasaxado amonagebis mxolod 0,49%-s amowmeben.
Tu alis tyuilSi daiWeren, maSin igi gadaixdis jarimas, romelic R-is zrdadi
ganakveTiT izrdeba. alis yoveldRiuri an yovelwamieri Semowmeba xarjebTan
dakavSirebuli rom ar yofiliyo, maSin gadasaxadis gadaxdis acilebis ukanono
mcdelobis Sansi arc iarsebebda. is faqti, rom aseTi monitoringis praqtikuli
ganxorcieleba SeuZlebelia, problemis fundamentur wyaros warmoadgens.

davuSvaT,

rom

alisaTvis

r -is Rirebuleba da jarimis moculoba

kargadaa cnobili. igi gadawyvetilebas gadasaxadebis dafarvis zRvruli

danaxarjisa da sargeblis Sedarebis safuZvelze miiRebs. 14.5 grafikze Tqven
naxavT, rom dafaruli Semosavali horizontalur, xolo fuli ki
vertikalur RerZze izomeba. zRvruli sargebeli yovel dafarul dolarze
(MB) aris t, anu is Tanxa, romelic gadasaxadebis formiT unda gadaxdiliyo.
mosalodneli zRvruli danaxarji (MC) aris Tanxa, romelic TiToeuli
dolaris dafarvis gamo dakisrebuli jarimisa (zRvruli jarima) da dafarvis
faqtis gamovlenis albaTobis namravls warmoadgens. ase magaliTad, Tu meaTase
dolaris dafarvis gamo moxdeba 1,50 dolaris odenobis damatebiTi jarimis
dakisreba, xolo dafarvis faqtis gamovlenis albaToba ki samidan erTia, maSin
mosalodneli zRvruli jarima aris 50 centi. dafarvis `optimaluri~ momenti
swored im wertilze modis, sadac ori monakveTi gadakveTs erTmaneTs (anu R*
wertili). R* namdvilad optimaluria, radgan warmoadgens zogad politikas,
romelic alis Semosavals maqsimumamde zrdis. ganusazRvrelobiT aRsavse
msoflioSi ki `mosalodneli sididis~ TvalsazrisiT saukeTeso politikis
gansazRvra seriozuli saqmea. cxadia, SesaZloa, CaiTvalos, rom optimaluri
iqneba, Tu saerTod ar moxdeba gadasaxadebis dafarva. 14.6 grafikis mixedviT,
individis mier gadasaxadebis dafarviT gamowveuli zRvruli danaxarji
aRemateba R-is yvela dadebiTi sididis zRvrul sargebels, amdenad,
optimaluroba nulis tolia.

grafiki 14.5 da 14.6

463

modelis Tanaxmad, izrdeba Semosavlis dafarvis masStabi, rodesac

zRvruli sagadasaxado ganakveTebi izrdeba. es ki imiTaa gamowveuli, rom t-s
maRali sidide zrdis gadasaxadebis dafarvis ukanono mcdelobis zRvrul
sargebels da maRla gadaaadgilebs zRvruli sargeblis monakveTs ise, rom
zRvrul danaxarjTan gadakveTis wertili R-is ufro maRal sidides daemTxveva.
aseTi daSveba ramdenime zogadi magaliTiTaa damowmebuli. ganvixiloT,
magaliTad, rusi politikosis, aleqsandre lebedis, komentari arsebul
situaciaze: `ruseTis sagadasaxado politika TiToeul adamians, TiToeul
mwarmoebelsa da biznesmens kriminalad aqcevs. naSovni rublidan (anu 100

464

kapikidan) Tqven 92 kapiki gadasaxadis formiT unda gadaixadoT10. garda amisa,

feinSteinis ekonometrikuli kvlevac [1991] miuTiTebs imaze, rom Semosavlis
dafarvis masStabi izrdeba zRvruli sagadasaxado ganakveTebis zrdasTan
erTad. dafarvis masStabi mcirdeba, rodesac dafarvis faqtis gamovlenis
albaToba da zRvruli jarimis ganakveTi izrdeba. es orive meTodi dafarvis
zRvrul danaxarjs amcirebs.

miuxedavad am meTodebis gamoyenebis sasargeblo Sedegebisa, unda iTqvas,

rom igi ramdenime potenciurad mniSvnelovan aspeqts ugulebelyofs.

dafarvis
moraluri
dauSvebloba. gadasaxadis ukanono
dafarvis
mcdeloba zogierT individs danaSaulis grZnobas aRuZravs. aRniSnuli
fenomenis modelirebis SesaZlo gza moraluri dauSveblobisa da zRvruli
danaxarjebis erTad warmodgenaa.
zogierTi patiosani adamianisaTvis
warmoudgenelia gadasaxadis dafarva, Tundac dafarvis zRvruli jarima nulis
toli iyos.

riskis mimarT uaryofiTi ganwyoba. 14.5 da 14.6 grafiki miuTiTebs, rom

individTa erTaderTi sazrunavi mosalodneli Semosavalia da riski, rogorc
aseTi, maT sruliad ar anaRvlebT. Tumca ar dagaviwydeT, rom individebi,
rogorc wesi, uaryofiTad arian xolme ganwyobilni riskis mimarT, amdenad,
SesaZloa, maT ar isurvon safrTxeSi Tavis Cagdeba (me-11 Tavis danarTi
ganixilavs ganusazRvrelobis dros gakeTebuli arCevanis fenomens).

samuSao
gadawyvetilebebi.
am
modelis
Tanaxmad,
unda
miviRoT
gadawyvetileba imis Sesaxeb, Tu ra masStabis Semosavali unda iqnes
angariSgebadi. fiqsirebulia samuSaos tipi da daubegravi Semosavlis
moculoba. realurad sagadasaxado sistema samuSao saaTebsa da samuSao
arCevanze axdens zemoqmedebas. ase magaliTad, maRali zRvruli sagadasaxado
ganakveTebi ubiZgebs individs, SearCios samsaxuri, dafaros Semosavali da
arakanonieri gziT aicilos Tavidan maTi gadaxda. aseTi fenomeni e.w.
Crdilovani ekonomikis saxelwodebiTaa cnobili. igi gulisxmobs iseT
sameurneo saqmianobas, romelic legaluria, Tumca misi dafarva sagadasaxado
organoebisagan adviladaa SesaZlebeli (saxlis saremonto saqmianoba), agreTve
iseT
saqmianobas,
romelic
Tavisi
arsiT
kriminaluria
(prostitucia,
narkotikebiT vaWroba). Crdilovani ekonomikis masStabis gazomva sakmaod
rTulia. fridmanis, jonsonis, kaufmanisa da lobatonis SefasebaTa [2000]
Tanaxmad, aSS-is Crdilovani ekonomika mTliani Sida produqtis 14%-s udris.
britaneTSi aRniSnuli maCvenebeli 7%-ia, xolo ruseTSi ki _ 42%. Crdilovani
ekonomikis kvleva Catarda fortinis, limesa da freCetis mier [1994] im
randomuli Semowmebis safuZvelze, romelic kanadis qalaq kvebekSi moxda. maT

10

Wall Street Journal, 1996 wlis 20 noemberi.

465

aRmoaCines, rom zRvruli sagadasaxado ganakveTebis zrda amaRlebs Crdilovan

ekonomikaSi monawileobis SesaZleblobas. es aRmoCena Seesabameba Jurnalistur
angariSs im situaciis Sesaxeb, romelic niu-iorkSi sigaratis dabegvris Semdeg
warmoiSva. sigaretis erTi yuTis fasi dabegvris Semdeg daaxloebiT 7,50
dolars gautolda. gadasaxadis gazrdis Semdeg daiwyes dabali gadasaxadiT
dabegrili sigaretis Semotana sxva Statebidan, gamyidvelebi ki ara mxolod
Savi bazris veterani gamyidvelebi iyvnen, aramed `Semosavlis miRebis mosurne
moyvarulebi [Fairclough, 2002, gv. B1].

auditis albaTobis cvlileba. auditis albaToba dafaruli Tanxis

moculobisa da gancxadebuli Semosavlis odenobisagan damoukideblad
arsebobs. Tumca aSS-Si auditis albaToba damokidebulia gancxadebuli
Semosavlis miRebis adgilsa da moculobaze, rac arTulebs models, magram mis
arsebiT aspeqtebs ar cvlis.

cxadia, Semosavlebis dafarva ufro rTuli fenomenia, vidre amas 14.5 da

14.6 grafiki miuTiTebs. miuxedavad amisa, modeli gvTavazobs logikur CarCos
imisaTvis, rom vifiqroT im faqtorebze, romlebic
gadasaxadebis dafarvis
Sesaxeb gadawyvetilebebze axdens zemoqmedebas. rogorc ukve aRvniSneT,
gadasaxadebis dafarvis Sesaxeb empiriuli kvlevis Catareba rTulia. aravin
icis, ra ufro efeqtiania: maRali jarima Tu xSiri auditi? ekonometrikuli
kvlevebis Sedegad dadginda, rom rac ufro maRalia xSiri auditis Catarebis
SesaZlebloba, miT ufro izrdeba gancxadebuli Semosavlis moculoba, magram
mainc iTvleba, rom zemoqmedebis masStabi mcirea [Blumenthal, Christian, and Slemrod,
1998].

gadasaxadebisagan Tavis aridebis ukanono mcdelobis normatiuli

analizi. Crdilovani ekonomikis Sesaxeb arsebuli diskusiebis mixedviT, igi
cudi movlenaa da aucilebelia misi moculobis Semcireba. SesaZloa, es
daSveba marTebulia, Tumca aucilebelia misi detaluri gaazreba.

ramdenad
vzrunavT
Cven
gadasaxadebis
urCi
gadamxdelebis
keTildReobaze? keTildReobis ekonomikis Jargonis mixedviT, miekuTvneba Tu
ara
Crdilovani
ekonomikis
subieqtebis
sargeblianoba
socialuri
keTildReobis funqcias? davuSvaT, rom asea. maSin, garkveuli pirobebis
mixedviT, Crdilovani ekonomikis arseboba socialur keTildReobas amaRlebs.
ase magaliTad, Tu Crdilovani ekonomikaSi Sromis miwodeba ufro elastiuria,
vidre `Cveulebriv~ ekonomikaSi, maSin optimaluri gadasaxadis Teoriis
mixedviT, pirveli SedarebiT dabali ganakveTiT unda daibegros. axla Cven
ubralod gamoviyeneT inversiuli elastiurobis kanoni, anu (14.9) gantoleba.
alternatiulad davuSvaT, rom Crdilovani ekonomikis monawileebi ufro
Raribebi arian, vidre Cveulebrivi ekonomikis subieqtebi. realurad bevri
damkvirvebeli darwmunebulia, rom Crdilovani ekonomika amerikuli urbanuli

466

centrebis cxovrebis mniSvnelovani nawilia [Templin, 1995]. im masStabiT, ra

masStabiTac sazogadoebas amoZravebs egalitaruli Semosavlis gadanawilebis
mizani, Crdilovani ekonomikis xelSeuxebloba SesaZloa, sasurvelic ki iyos.

axla ki davuSvaT, rom gadasaxadis urCi gadamxdelis sargeblianoba

socialuri keTildReobis funqcias aranairad ar miekuTvneba. saxelmwifos
mizani ki dabali administraciuli danaxarjis pirobebSi Semosavlebis
dafarvis masStabis maqsimaluri Semcirebaa. 14.5 grafiki gviCvenebs wrfiv
mimarTulebas, romelic am miznis miRwevaSi dagvexmareba. Semosavlebis
dafarvis mosalodneli zRvruli danaxarji jarimis ganakveTisa da dafarvis
faqtis gamovlenis albaTobis namravls warmoadgens. gamovlenis albaToba
damokidebulia gadasaxadebis administrirebisaTvis gamoyofili resursebis
moculobaze. Tu Sida Semosavlebis samsaxurs ufro didi biujeti eqneba, maSin
mas SeeZleba bevri urCi gadamxdelis aRmoCena. Tumca sagadasaxado organos
mcire biujeti aqvs da dafarvis faqtis gamovlenis albaTobac Sesabamisad
mcirea. miuxedavad amisa, dafarvis zRvruli danaxarji SesaZloa, mainc
TavisTavad maRali iyos, Tu jarima sakmarisad maRalia. Tu mxolod erT urC
gadamxdels gamoaaSkaraveben wlis ganmavlobaSi da mas saqveynod sikvdiliT
dasjian, maSin gadasaxadis dafarvis mosalodneli Rirebuleba namdvilad
SeaSinebs bevr adamians. faqtobrivad, aseTi mkacri zoma arasodes yofila
gamoyenebuli aSS-Si. jarimebis arsebuli sistemis mizani samarTliani sasjelis
dawesebaa. utilitaruli seqtebisagan gansxvavebiT, sazogadoeba aramxolod
saboloo Sedegze (gadasaxadis gadaxdis ukanono acilebis SemTxvevebis
aRmofxvra), aramed im saSualebebzec zrunavs, romelTa gamoyenebiTac mizani
miiRweva.

mimoxilva

sagadasaxado sistemis tradiciuli analizi naTels hfens gadasaxadis

dawesebis
ramdenime
`princips:
gadasaxadebi
unda
xasiaTdebodes
horizontaluri
da
vertikaluri
samarTlianobiT,
iyos
`neitraluri~
ekonomikur stimulebTan mimarTebaSi, martivi administraciuli TvalsazrisiT
da a.S. sajaro finansebis ekonomistebma aRniSnuli principebi keTildReobis
ekonomikis specialur instruqciebSi gaaerTianes. literatura optimaluri
dabegvris Sesaxeb socialuri keTidlReobis funqciis gamoyenebis gziT
saqonelze gadasaxadis dawesebis kriteriums gviCvenebs.

zogierT SemTxvevaSi gadasaxadis optimalurma analizma Seaswora wina

periodSi daSvebuli Secdomebi. ase magaliTad, identuri sagadasaxado
ganakveTebis daweseba SesaZloa, ar iyos efeqtiani. ufro metic, optimaluri
sagadasaxado Teoria naTels hfens efeqtianobasa da samarTlianobas Soris

467

arsebul kompromiss. detalurad

definicia, rogorc qveproduqti.

ganxilulia

`samarTlianobis~

sxvadasxva

Cveni analizis Sedegi ar aris sagadasaxado sistemis dagegmva da

daproeqteba. otpimaluri gadasaxadis Teoria sxvadasxva problemiT (ix. mesame
Tavi) xasiaTdeba, romelTa irgvliv arsebobs ramdenime ueWveli komentari: (1)
optimaluri gadasaxadis Teoria politikur da socialur institutebs
ugulebelyofs. `optimaluri~
gadasaxadi
advilad
gauqmdeba,
Tu
amas
moindomebs politikosi, an Tu Zalian Zviri iqneba misi administrireba. (2)
optimaluri
gadasaxadis
Teoria
miuTiTebs,
rom
horizontaluri
samarTlianobis koncefciis praqtikuli ganxorcieleba rTulia. miuxedavad
amisa, `TanabarTa Tanabari dabegvris idea erTob momxibvlel eTikur sloganad
rCeba. horizontaluri samarTlianobis integrireba optimaluri gadasaxadis
TeoriaSi rTulia, imis gamo, rom es ukanakneli fokusirebulia ufro Sedegze,
vidre Tavad procesze.

amdenad,
optimaluri
gadasaxadis
Teoria
iyenebs
keTildReobis
ekonomikis berketebs imisaTvis, rom analitikurad moamZlavros tradiciuli
msjelobani gadasaxadis dizainis Sesaxeb. miuxedavad amisa, igi ekonomikis
utilitaruli keTildReobis midgomasTanaa integrirebuli. amasTanave, igi
warmoadgens kritikis sagans, romelic eTikuri sistemis adeqvaturobas
ganixilavs.

daskvna

efeqtiani sasaqonlo gadasaxadis Teoria gviCvenebs, rogor gavzardoT

amonagebis mocemuli moculoba da, Tanac, minimumamde daviyvanoT zedmeti
tvirTi.
ramsis kanonis Tanaxmad, zedmeti tvirTis minimumamde dayvanis mizniT
aucilebelia, dawesdes iseTi sagadasaxado ganakveTebi, rom Tanabrad
Semcirdes moTxovna TiToeul saqonelze.
`daukavSirebeli~
saqonlis
SemTxvevaSi,
ramsis kanonis
Tanaxmad,
Sesabamisi
sagadasaxado
ganakveTebi
kompensirebuli
moTxovnis
elastiurobasTan ukuproporciul damokidebulebaSi unda iyos.
saxelmwifos mier gaweuli momsaxurebis momxmareblis optimaluri
gadasaxadis SerCeva iseve xdeba, rogorc optimaluri gadasaxadis SerCeva.
Semosavlis
dabegvra
ganviTarebul
qveynebSi
Semosavlis
miRebis
umniSvnelovanes
wyaros warmoadgens. ejvorTis kvlevis Tanaxmad
optimaluri saSemosavlo gadasaxadebis Sesaxeb, dabegrili Semosavlebi
toli unda iyos. Tumca Tavisufali droisa da Semosavlis kompromisis
deformirebis gamo warmoiqmneba zedmeti tvirTi, am dros ki zRvruli
sagadasaxado ganakveTi 100%-ze bevrad ufro naklebi unda iyos.

468

sagadasaxado sistemis Sefaseba SesaZlebelia iseTi standartebiT,

romlebic ar aris ganxiluli optimaluri gadasaxadis TeoriaSi.
horizontaluri samarTlianoba, administrirebis xarji, gadasaxadis
gadaxdis ukanono acilebis mcdelobani da politikuri SezRudvebi
zemoqmedebas axdens sagadasaxado sistemis formaze.
horizontaluri samarTlianobis tradiciuli definiciebi efuZneba
Semosavals, rogorc `Tanaswori mdgomareobis~ ganmsazRvrel faqtors.
Tumca pirobiTad Sefasebuli Semosavali am TvalsazrisiT arc
gamodgeba. sargeblianobis definicia ufro zusti da akuratulia, magram
radikalurad gansxvavebuli politikuri SedegebiT xasiaTdeba da erTob
tendenciuria.
horizontaluri
samarTlianobis
sxva
definiciebi
gadasaxadebis SerCevis wesebzea fokusirebuli.
sagadasaxado sistemis marTvis xarjebi ZiriTad Teoriul analizSi
ugulebelyofilia. Tumca administrirebisa da Sesabamisobis dadgenis
xarji
zegavlenas
axdens
gadasaxadis
safuZvlis,
sagadasaxado
ganakveTisa da ukanonod aridebuli gadasaxadis moculobaze.

sadiskusio SekiTxvebi

1.

goldsbisa da petrinis SefasebaTa [2001] Tanaxmad, kabeluri televiziis

moTxovnis elastiuroba 0,51-ia, xolo satelevizio satelituri antenisa
ki _ 7,40. davuSvaT, rom saxelmwifos surs, gazardos amonagebis
moculoba sakabelo da satelituri momsaxurebis dabegvriT. Tu
sazogadoebis mizania, maqsimalurad efeqtianad gazardos Semosavali, ra
iqneba sakabelo gadasaxadisa da satelituri gadasaxadis proporcia?
CamoayalibeT Tqveni azri gamoTvlebis safuZvelze.
2. 2002 wels aSS-is federalurma mTavrobam 3%-iani gadasaxadi daawesa
avtomanqanis Rirebulebis im nawilze, romelic aRemateba 40000 dolars.
ase magaliTad, 50000 dolaris Rirebulebis manqanaze sagadasaxado
valdebuleba iqneboda: 0,03 X (50000 40000), anu 300 dolari. ganixileT,
ramdenad efeqtiani, Tanaswori da advilad administrirebadia `maRali
komfortulobis manqanaze dawesebuli gadasaxadi.
3. `petre didma dabegra wveri. igi amtkicebda, rom wveri sruliad
usargeblo atributia. gadasaxadi wveris sigrZis proporciuli iyo,
agreTve progresiuli _ wveris matareblis socialuri mdgomareobis
mimarT~ [Groves, 1946, gv. 51]. ganixileT petres mier wverze dakisrebuli
gadasaxadi
rogorc
optimaluri
gadasaxadis
Teoriis,
agreTve
horizontaluri samarTlianobis poziciidan.
4. ukanasknel periodSi Cineli fermerebi protests acxadeben mTavrobis
mier ganxorcielebuli sagadasaxado politikis gamo. `mTavroba begravs
gansakuTrebul saqonelsac ki, magaliTad, kakals da iqac ki, sadac misi
moyvana saerTod ar xdeba~ [Eckholm, 1999, gv. A10]. SeafaseT kakalze
dawesebuli gadasaxadi rogorc optimaluri gadasaxadis Teoriis,
agreTve horizontaluri samarTlianobis poziciidan.
5. fiSmanisa da veis [2001] Tanaxmad, Cineli importiorebi maRal tarifs
sxvasxva saxis araprognozirebadi saqcieliT pasuxoben. ase magaliTad,
maT mier maRaltarifiani saqonlis importirebis SemTxvevaSi isini
amboben, rom es sxva saqonelia, romelic ufro dabali tarifiT
xasiaTdeba. mkvlevarebis Sefasebis Tanaxmad, 1%-iani zrda sagadasaxado

469

ganakveTebSi iwvevs gadasaxadisagan Tavis aridebis faqtebis 3%-ian

zrdas. SecvaleT 14.5 grafiki da warmoadgineT es fenomeni.
6. davuSvaT, rom Sarlinis zRvruli saSemosavlo sagadasaxado ganakveTi
36%-ia. Tu igi dafaravs Semosavals, maSin arsebobs 2% imis albaToba,
rom mas daiWeren. gamoiyeneT 14.5 grafiki da gamoTvleT minimaluri
jarima, romelic aiZulebs Sarlins, aRar damalos Semosavlebi.
7. uZravi qonebis magnatma, donald trumfma, wamoayena winadadeba,
erTjeradi 14,25%-iani gadasaxadiT daebegraT TiToeuli amerikelis neto
qoneba, romlic 10 milion aSS dolars aRemateboda. iqneboda Tu ara es
Semosavlis gasazrdelad efeqtiani saSualeba? pasuxis dros gamoiyeneT
`optimaluri politikis droiTi winaaRmdegobis koncefcia.
8. aris Tu ara Semdegi sentenciebi WeSmariti, araswori Tu ganusazRvreli.
pasuxi ganmarteT.
a) yvela saqonlis proporciuli gadasaxadi, Tavisufali drois CaTvliT,
aris erTjeradi gadasaxadis ekvivalenturi.
b) efeqtianoba maqsimumamde izrdeba, rodesac yvela saqoneli Tanabari
ganakveTiT ibegreba.
g) bunebrivi monopoliis SemTxvevaSi saSualo xarjis mixedviT faswarmoqmna
sawarmos funqcionirebis gagrZelebis SesaZleblobas aZlevs, magram Sedegi
araefeqtiania.
d) tomis samsaxuri uzrunvelyofs fitnes-klubiT ufaso sargeblobis
saSualebas. jeris samsaxuri ki _ ara. horizontaluri samarTlianobis
Tanaxmad, tomis Semosavali unda daibegros aseT `komfortul~ komponentTan
erTad.

gamoyenebuli literatura

Holcombe, Randall G. The Ramsey Rule reconsidered. Public Finance Review 30 (November 2002), pp.
562-78
Slemrod, Joel, and Shlomo Yitzhaki. Tax Avoidance, Evaision, and Administration, In Handbook of
Public Economics, Volume 3, ed. Alan A. Auerbach and Martin Feldstein. New Yourk: Elsevier Science
B.V., 2002, pp. 1425-70.
Stern, Nicholas. The Theory of Optimal Commodity and Income Taxation: An Introduction. In The
Theory of Taxation for Developing Countries, ed. David Newbery and Nicholas Stern. New Yourk: Oxford
University Press, 1987, pp. 22-59.

470

nawili 4
amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis saxelmwifo
Semosavlebis sistema

Semdegi xuTi Tavi aSS-is fiskaluri sistemis Semosavlis ZiriTad

wyaroebs aRwers da aanalizebs. Tavad saswavlo masala cudicaa da kargic.
cudi imitom, rom aravin icis, ramdeni xani iqneba kidev aqtualuri. 1986, 1990,
1993, 1997 da 2001 wlebSi amerikis sagadasaxado sistema arsebiTad Seicvala;
miuxedavad amisa, dRis wesrigSia uaxloes momavalSi ufro meti mniSvnelovani
cvlilebis gatareba da `reformis~ ganxorcieleba. kargi ki is aris, rom
mkiTxveli, romelic saxelmwifo finansebis kuTxiT dainaxavs arsebul
gadasaxadebs, nebismier axal gadasaxads Tavisuflad gaaanalizebs. ufro metic,
Cven arsebuli gadasaxadebis mosalodnel arsebiT Sesworebebsac ganvixilavT.

TiToeuli gadasaxadis individualurad ganxilva maTi aRwerisa da

ganmartebis erTaderTi praqtikuli gzaa. Tumca aRsaniSnavia, rom bevri
sxvadasxva gadasaxadi figurirebs. ase magaliTad, dividendis sagadasaxado
ganakveTi rogorc individualur, aseve korporaciul saSemosavlo gadasaxadzea
damokidebuli. amdenad, mxolod erTi gadasaxadis gaanalizeba SecdomaSi
Segviyvans da dagvixatavs sagadasaxado tvirTis mTliani masStabis cru suraTs.

471

Tavi 15

piradi saSemosavlo gadasaxadi

amerikelebo, kvlav dadga saSemosavlo gadasaxadis gadaxdis dro: SeagroveT

qviTrebi, SeavseT saSemosavlo deklaracia, gaTaleT es fanqari da iCxvliteT
aortaSi.
deiv bari

ramdenime wlis win aSS-is kongresis mudmivmoqmedi sabiujeto komisiis

Tavmjdomarem, bil arCerma, aseTi ram ganacxada: `minda, gavanadguro da Sors
movisrolo moqmedi saSemosavlo sagadasaxado kodeqsi ise, rom CvenTan
aRarasodes dabrundes~. piradi saSemosavlo gadasaxadi, romelic arCersa da
milion sxva amerikels ase aRelvebda, amerikuli federaluri Semosavlis
sistemis e.w. `muSaTa saxls~ warmoadgens. sagadasaxado samsaxurs daaxloebiT
130 milioni sagadasaxado deklaracia gaegzavna, romelTa safuZvelze 858
miliardi aSS dolaris moculobis Semosavali dagrovda, rac federaluri
Semosavlebis daaxloebiT 46%-ia1. am TavSi ganvixilavT problemebs, romlebic
ukavSirdeba piradi saSemosavlo sagadasaxado sistemis formirebas, aSS-is
sistemis efeqtianobas, Tanasworobasa da piradi saSemosavlo gadasaxadis
mimarT arsebuli zogadi antipaTiis gamomwvev mizezebs.

1913 wels ZalaSi Sevida saSemosavlo sagadasaxado kodeqsi. am drois

Semdeg igi ramdenjerme gadaisinja. Cven SevafasebT da avxsniT im cvlilebebs,
romlebic ukanasknel periodSi kodeqsma ganicada.

ZiriTadi struqtura

yoveli wlis
Sefasebis
mizniT
1

15 aprilamde wina wlis sagadasaxado

amerikelebi
sagadasaxado
samsaxurs

valdebulebis
sagadasaxado

kongresis sabiujeto ofisi [2003]

472

deklaracias warudgenen. sagadasaxado valdebulebis gamoTvla 15.1 grafikSi

warmodgenili safexurebis mixedviT xdeba. pirveli safexuri koreqtirebuli
mTliani Semosavlis (adjusted gross income - AGI) gamoTvlaa. es aris dasabegri
wyaroebidan miRebuli mTliani Semosavali, romelsac am Semosavlis miRebisas
gaweuli xarji akldeba. dasabegri wyaroebi (Tumca ar aris SezRuduli)
xelfass, dividends, saprocento ganakveTs, biznesisa da fermerul Semosavlebs,
qiras, roialTis, prizebs, qonebis realizaciidanN miRebul amonagebsac ki
moicavs.

Tumca aRsaniSnavia is faqti, rom ar xdeba AGI-s yvela saxeobis dabegvra.

meore safexuri AGI-s dasabegr Semosavlad konvertirebaa es aris Semosavlis
is moculoba, romelic gadasaxadiT unda daibegros. igi gadasaxadisagan
gaTavisuflebuli nawilisa da gamoqviTvebis AGI-dan gamoklebis Semdeg
gamoiTvleba. gadasaxadisagan gaTavisufleba da gamoqviTvebi detaluradaa
ganxiluli odnav qvemoT.

grafiki 15.1

saboloo safexuri gadasaxdeli gadasaxadis moculobis gamoTvlaa.

satarifo bade dasabegri Semosavlis yvela doneze sagadasaxado valdebulebas
gviCvenebs. gadasaxadis gadamxdelTa sxvadasxva kategoria sxvadasxva satarifo

473

badiT xasiaTdeba. ase magaliTad, qmari da coli, romelic erTobliv

sagadasaxado deklaracias avsebs (`erToblivi deklaracia~), dauojaxebeli
adamianis tarifisagan gansxvavebuli tarifiT ibegreba.

wlis ganmavlobaSi gadasaxadis gadamxdelTa didi nawilis xelfasidan

gadasaxadebis gamoqviTva xdeba. is Tanxa, romelsac gadasaxadis gadamxdeli 15
aprils ixdis, sagadasaxado valdebulebasa da akumulirebul gamoqviTul
gadaxdebs Soris arsebul sxvaobas warmoadgens. Tu gamoqviTulia saWiroze
meti Tanxa, maSin zedmeti Tanxa gadamxdels aucileblad ubrundeba.

TiTqos yvelaferi naTelia. magram mTeli es procesi problemebiTaa

savse. axla yvelaze mniSvnelovani problemebi ganvixiloT. Tu Tqven
kanonmdeblobis
mtanjveli
detalebiT
dainteresebuli
brZandebiT,
sagadasaxado kanonis saukeTeso saZiebeli eleqtronuli versia Semdeg
misamarTze ixileT: www.fourmilab.ch/ustax/ustax.html.

ra aris Semosavali?

`Semosavlis~ cnebis ganmarteba saSemosavlo gadasaxadis asamoqmedeblad

aucilebelia. winamdebare Tavis dawyeba yvelaze upriani iqneboda Semosavlis
ganmartebiT, romelsac sagadasaxado kodeqsi gvaZlevs. Tumca, samwuxarod,
kodeqsi aranair definicias ar gvTavazobs. konstituciuri damateba, romelic
gadasaxadis arsebobas akanonebs, ambobs: `kongresi uflebamosilia, daawesos da
Seagrovos gadasaxadebi Semosavalze, romelic miRebulia nebismieri wyarodan~.
sagadasaxado kanonmdebloba uzrunvelyofs Semosavlis CamonaTvals _ xelfasi,
qira, dividendi da a.S. iseTi fraza, rogoricaa: `romelic miRebulia nebismieri
wyarodan~, sulac ar uzrunvelyofs sasargeblo standarts imis gadasawyvetad,
gansazRvruli faqtorebis gadasaxadisagan gaTavisufleba SesaZlebelia Tu ara.

sajaro finansebis ekonomistebs Tavisi tradiciuli standarti aqvT _ es

e.w. heig-saimonsis (H-S) definicia aris: `Semosavali periodis ganmavlobaSi
individis
samomxmareblo
SesaZleblobis
zrdis
fulad
Rirebulebas
warmoadgens~2, rac udris periodis ganmavlobaSi faqtobrivi moxmarebis
moculobisa da simdidris wminda nazardis jams. simdidris wminda nazardi _
danazogi _ aucileblad aRricxul unda iqnes SemosavalSi, radgan igi
gviCvenebs, Tu potenciuri moxmareba ramdenad izrdeba.

saxeli mieniWa robert m. heigisa da henri s. saimonsis pativsacemad. isini XIX saukunis
pirveli naxevris gamoCenili ekonomistebi iyvnen.

474

H-S kriteriumis gamoyenebis dros aucileblad unda gaviTvaliswinoT

moxmarebis potenciuri zrdis yvela wyaro, imis miuxedavad, xorcieldeba Tu
ara faqtobrivi moxmareba da ra formiT xorcieldeba igi. H-S kriteriumis
Tanaxmad, individis potenciuri moxmarebis Semcireba mTlian Semosavals unda
gamoakldes. garda amisa, mTlian Semosavals unda gamoakldes iseTi danaxarji,
romelic Semosavlis Sovnis procesSi gaiweva. Tu julietis mTliani
Semosavali sigaris maRaziidan 100000 aSS dolaria, magram SemosavalTan
dakavSirebuli danaxarji (qira da sigaraze gaweuli xarji) ki _ 95000 aSS
dolari, maSin julietis potenciuri moxmareba mxolod 5000 aSS dolariT
izrdeba.

H-S Semosavlis Semadgeneli nawilebi

H-S definicia moicavs Semosavlis iseT formebs, rogoricaa: xelfasi,

biznesidan Semosavlebi, qira, roialti, dividendi da saprocento ganakveTi.
garda amisa, H-S SemosavalSi Sedis iseTi faqtorebi, rogoricaa:

damqiraveblis sapensio Senatani da dazRveva. sapensio Senatani, Tundac

igi arapirdapir iyos gadaxdili recipientisaTvis, potenciuri moxmarebis
gazrdaze miuTiTebs. daqiravebulisaTvis naturiT (da ara naRdi fuliT)
gadaxdili kompensaciac (magaliTad, misTvis sadazRvevo paketis uzrunvelyofa)
SemosavalSi iricxeba.

satransfero gadaxdebi, saxelmwifo sapensio daxmareba, umuSevarTa

daxmareba da saxelmwifo daxmareba. saxelmwifodan an damqiraveblidan
miRebuli nebismieri Semosuloba Semosavals warmoadgens.

kapitalis Semosavali (mogeba). aqtivis Rirebulebis zrda kapitalis

Semosavlis (mogebis) saxelwodebiT, xolo misi Rirebulebis Semcireba ki
kapitalis danakargis saxelwodebiTaa cnobili. warmovidginoT Cveni axali
gmiri, brutusi, romelic `maikrosoftis~ aqciaTa wils flobs, romlis
Rirebulebac wlis ganmavlobaSi 10000 dolaridan 12500 dolaramde gaizarda.
gamodis, rom brutusis kapitalis Semosavali 2500 dolaria. aRniSnuli Tanxa
miuTiTebs brutusis potenciuri moxmarebis zrdaze da, amdenad, Semosavals
miekuTvneba3. Tu brutusi wlis bolos maikrosoftis aqcias gayidis,
maSin
brutusis
kapitalis
Semosavali
realizdeba;
sxva
SemTxvevaSi
es

SemosavalSi aRiricxeba kapitalis Semosavlis realuri Rirebuleba. SemosavalSi ar

miiReba inflaciis Sedegad warmoqnili mogeba. aRniSnuli sakiTxi odnav mogvianebiT
iqneba ganxiluli.

475

ararealizebuli Semosavali iqneba. H-S-is poziciidan, sruliad umniSvneloa,

moxdeba Tu ara kapitalis Semosavlis realizacia. TavisTavad igi miuTiTebs
potenciuri moxmarebis zrdaze da, amdenad, warmoadgens Semosavals. SesaZloa,
brutusma ar gayidos maikrosoftis aqcia. am gziT igi kapitalis Semosavlis
reinvestirebas ganaxorcielebs kompaniaSi. H-S kriteriumis mixedviT, arsebiTi
Semosavali moxmarebis forma ar aris. amdenad, is faqti, rom brutusi
kapitalis Semosavlis reinvestirebas axorcielebs, sruliad umniSvneloa.
kapitalis Semosavali mTlian Semosavals emateba, xolo kapitalis danakargi ki
akldeba. Tu kaska flobs disneis aqcias, romlis Rirebulebac wlis
ganmavlobaSi 4200 dolariT iklebs, maSin es 4200 dolari Semosavlis sxva
wyaros unda gamoakldes.

naturiT miRebuli Semosavali. zogierTi adamiani Semosavlis nawils

naturiT, anu saqonlis an momsaxurebis formiT (da ara naRdi fuliT) iRebs.
ase magaliTad, garda xelfasisa, `jeneral eleqtrikis~ yofili aRmasrulebeli
direqtori, jak uelSi, uzrunvelyofilia adgiliT New York Knicks-Si, US OpenSi, agreTve apartamentiT manhetenze, satelituri televiziiT oTxive saxlSi da
sxva servisiT. ganvixiloT naklebad egzotikuri Semosavalic: fermeri
Semosavals iRebs sursaTis formiT, kompania TanamSromels subsidirebul
sadils an kompaniis fitnes-klubiT sargeblobas sTavazobs. naturiT miRebuli
Semosavlis mniSvnelovani formaa saxlis mepatroneebis qiris wliuri
Rirebuleba. saxlis mepatrone sargeblobs saxlis flobiT miRebuli
momsaxurebiT, romlis wminda fuladi Rirebuleba, anu droebiTi (pirobiTad
daricxuli) saijaro qira, aris is Tanxa, romelsac mepatrone gadaixdida
saxlis uqonlobisa da daqiravebis SemTxvevaSi (saremonto xarjebisa da
gadasaxadebis gamoqviTvis Semdeg).

yvela am SemTxvevaSi, H-S kriteriumis poziciidan, ara aqvs gadamwyveti

mniSvneloba miRebuli sargeblis formas (fuladi an sasaqonlo (momsaxurebis)
forma). orive maTgani Semosavalia.

zogierTi praqtikuli da konceptualuri problema

haig-saimonsis kriteriumiT sargebloba sagadasaxado sistemis formirebis

procesSi garkveul sirTuleebTanaa dakavSirebuli.

cxadia, potenciuri moxmarebis zrdas uzrunvelyofs Semosavali,

saidanac
ukve
gamoqviTulia
biznesis
xarjebi.
Tumca
rTulia,
ganvasxvavoT erTmaneTisagan moxmarebis danaxarji da Semosavlis miRebis
procesSi gaweuli xarji. davuSvaT, rom kalpurniam iyida samuSao magida,
romelic, amave dros, mSvenieri avejia. iTvleba Tu ara magidis SeZenis
xarji biznesis xarjad? aviRoT Tundac samTaviani sadili. danaxarjis ra

476

nawili iTvleba moxmarebad da ra nawili _ biznesis xarjad? (moqmedi

kanonmdeblobis Tanaxmad, 50% miekuTvneba moxmarebas, biznes-sadilis 50%
iqviTeba).

Zalian rTuli iqneba kapitalis Semosavlisa da danaxarjis Sefaseba,

gansakuTrebiT Tu igi ararealizebulia. aqtiur bazrebze gayiduli
aqtivebis SemTxvevaSi SesaZlebelia am problemis gadawyveta. Tundac
brutusma maikrosoftis aqcia ar gayidos, misi Rirebulebis dadgena
Zalian advilia gazeTis finansuri seqciidan. Tumca im xelovnebis
nimuSis kapitalis Semosavlis gamoTvla, romlis Rirebulebamac moimata
rTulia.
xangrZlivi moxmarebis saqonlis pirobiTad gamoTvlili Semosavlis
dadgenac rTuli procesia. ase magaliTad, sakmaod rTuli iqneba
sakuTrebaSi arsebuli saxlis sabazro qiris ganakveTis dadgena.
analogiurad, rTulia manqanebis, kompaqt-disk pleerebisa da katerebis
pirobiTad gamoTvlili saijaro qiris dadgena.
sakmaod rTulia naturiT momsaxurebis gamoTvla. erT-erTi mniSvnelovani
magaliTi saojaxo seqtorSi miRebuli Semosavlis dadgenaa. iseTi
saojaxo momsaxureba, rogoricaa: saxlis dasufTaveba, saWmlis momzadeba,
bavSvze zrunva da a.S., calsaxad Rirebulia. Tundac arsebobdes bazari,
sadac moxdeboda amgvari momsaxurebiT vaWroba, Zneli iqneboda misi
Rirebulebisa da sabazro Rirebulebis Sesabamisobis dadgena.

H-S kriteriumis Sefaseba

H-S kriteriumiT sargebloba uamrav siZnelesTanaa dakavSirebuli. Tumca

calsaxa da gamokveTilia mTavari idea: Semosavlis ganmartebis ararseboba
saSemosavlo gadasaxadis administrirebas amartivebs. cxadia, aseT viTarebaSi
gardauvali iqneba TavisTavadi gadawyvetilebis miReba imis Sesaxeb, Tu ra
saxis Semosulobani unda iqnes CarTuli SemosavalSi. miuxedavad amisa, heigsaimonsis kriteriumi im idealur berketadaa miCneuli, romelsac bevri
politikosi iyenebs: `Semosavlis~ definicia maqsimalurad farTo unda iyos da
individis mier yvela wyarodan miRebuli Semosavali Tanabari ganakveTiT unda
daibegros.

ratomaa H-S kriteriumi aseTi mimzidveli? albaT, ori mizezis gamo:

samarTlianoba. gaixseneT horizontaluri Tanasworobis tradiciuli

definicia (ix, me-14 Tavi) _ Tanabari Semosavlis mqone individebi Tanabar
gadasaxadebs unda ixdidnen, risTvisac Semosavlis yvela wyaro unda
daibegros. sxva SemTxvevaSi Semosavlis Sovnis identuri unaris mqone or
adamians sxvadasxva sagadasaxado valdebuleba daekisreba.

477

arsebobs aseTi mosazrebac: sanam gansxvavebulia individTa Semosavlis

Sovnis unari, manamde H-S kriteriumis gamoyeneba arasamarTlian Sedegebs
mogvitans. davuSvaT, rom popai Zalian Wkviania, bluto ki _ ara. Wkviani xalxis
Sroma ufro sasiamovnoa. SesaZloa, blutos da popais identuri Semosavali
aqvT, magram popais sargeblianoba gacilebiT maRalia. samarTliani iqneba Tu
ara maTi Tanabrad dabegvra?

efeqtianoba. H-S kriteriumis momxreebi Tvlian, rom kriteriumi

neitralurobas uzrunvelyofs _ igi erTnairad udgeba Semosavlis yvela
formas da ekonomikuri saqmianobis mimarTulebas ar arRvevs. ase magaliTad,
imis gamo, rom sakuTrebaSi arsebuli saxlis pirobiTad daricxuli qiris
gamoTvla rTulia, izrdeba investiciis moculoba binaTmSeneblobis sferoSi
(sxva Tanabar pirobebSi).

haig-saimonsis kriteriumidan gadaxra araefeqtianobas namdvilad qmnis.

Tumca es ar niSnavs imas, rom maqsimalurad efeqtiania yvela saxis Semosavlis
(wyaros miuxedavad) Tanabari ganakveTiT dabegvra. ganvixiloT yamiri miwis
ijaridan
miRebuli
Semosavali.
aseTi
miwis
miwodeba
srulyofilad
araelastiuria da, amdenad, misi maRali ganakveTiT dabegvris Sedegad zedmeti
tvirTi ar warmoiqmneba4. efeqtiani sagadasaxado sistema ufro maRali
ganakveTiT dabegravda aseTi miwidan miRebul Semosavals, vidre sxva
wyaroebidan miRebuls, anu ar gamoiyenebda Tanabar sagadasaxado ganakveTebs,
rogorc amas H-S kriteriumi moiTxovs. ufro zogadad, optimaluri gadasaxadis
Teoriis mixedviT (ix. me-14 Tavi), sanam erTjeradi gadasaxadebi ar moqmedebs,
manam efeqtianobis amaRleba SesaZlebelia SedarebiT araelastiuri miwodebis
mqone saqonlis maRali ganakveTebiT dabegvris gziT. `neitraluroba~,
Semosavlis yvela saxeobaze dakisrebuli Tanabari sagadasaxado ganakveTebis
TvalsazrisiT, rogorc wesi, sagadasaxado tvirTs ar amcirebs.

ra daskvnamde mivdivarT? makluri [2002] miuTiTebs, rom optimaluri

gadasaxadis Teoria gadasaxadebis formirebis procesSi panacea ar aris, radgan
`igi zogadad Sesrulebis administraciul sirTulesa da im faqts, rom
gadasaxadis
praqtikaSi
dasanergad
auracxeli
informaciis
arsebobaa
aucilebeli, ugulebelyofs~. araracionaluri iqneboda, uari gveTqva heigsaimonsis kriteriumis gamoyenebaze. Tumca arc es kriteriumi iTvleba panacead
yvela SemTxvevisaTvis. cxadia, misaRebi iqneba nebismieri gamarTlebuli gadaxra
am kriteriumidan. mTavaria, rom Tavidanve ar CavTvaloT es meTodi
arasamarTlianad an araefeqtianad.

es faqti didi xnis ganmavlobaSia aRiarebuli. ix. George [1914]

478

daubegravi fuladi Semosavali

Cven ukve vnaxeT, rom Semosavlis zogierTi wyaro, romelic heig-saimonsis

kriteriumis Tanaxmad ibegreba, praqtikuli mosazrebiT, ar unda daibegros.
garda amisa, arsebobs Semosavlis ramdenime forma, romlis dabegvra SedarebiT
martivia administraciuli TvalsazrisiT; miuxedavad amisa, aseTi Semosavali
koreqtirebul mTlian Semosavals akldeba.

saprocento ganakveTi Statisa da municipalitetis obligaciaze

Statis an municipalitetis obligaciaze individis mier miRebuli

saprocento Semosavali federaluri gadasaxadiT ar ibegreba. H-S kriteriumis
poziciidan, aseTi gamonaklisi gamarTlebuli ar aris _ procentis saxiT
miRebuli Semosavali iseve zrdis potenciur moxmarebas, rogorc Semosavlis
nebismieri sxva forma. Tumca saprocento Semosavlis gadasaxadisagan
gaTavisufleba imis gamo moxda, rom arakonstituciurad CaiTvala mTavrobis
erTi rgolis mier meore rgolis fasiani qaRaldebis dabegvra. Tumca bevri
eqsperti Tvlis, rom amgvari dabegvra dasaSvebi iqneboda.

samarTlebrivi
SezRudvebis
ararsebobis
pirobebSi,
obligaciebis
Semosavlis
gadasaxadisagan
gaTavisufleba
Stats
da
municipalitets
Semosavlebis gazrdaSi exmareba. Tu investori ar iqneba iZulebuli,
gadaixados
federaluri
gadasaxadi
Statebisa
da
municipalitetis
obligaciebis Semosavalze, maSin igi Tanaxma iqneba, miiRos ufro dabali
Semosavali (romelic aRar daibegreba). davuSvaT, cezari ibegreba 30%-iani
sagadasaxado ganakveTiT damatebiT Semosavalze, xolo dasabegri fasiani
qaRaldebis ukugebis ganakveTi ki 15%-ia. sanam Statebisa da municipalitetis
fasiani qaRaldebis ukugebis ganakveTi 10,5%-s aRemateba, cezari dasabegr
fasian qaRaldebTan SedarebiT (sxva Tanabar pirobebSi) maT mianiWebs
upiratesobas5. ufro zogadad, Tu t aris individis zRvruli sagadasaxado
ganakveTi, xolo r ki dasabegri fasiani qaRaldebis ukugebis ganakveTi, maSin
cezaris survili iqneba, gadasaxadisagan gaTavisuflebuli fasiani qaRaldi
Seisyidos, sanam maTi ukugeba (1 t)r-s aRemateba. amdenad, Statsa da
municipalitets SeuZlia, Tanxa bazarze arsebul ganakveTze ufro dabali
ganakveTiT isesxos. faqtobrivad, xazina uars ambobs garkveul Tanxaze,
romliTac SemdgomSi Statebisa da municipalitetebis dafinanseba xdeba.

ori saxis fasiani qaRaldi xasiaTdeba Tanabari riskiT. moTxovna im aqtivebze,

romlebic gansxvavebuli risk-faqtoriT xasiaTdeba, Semdeg TavSia ganxiluli.

479

samwuxarod, gadasaxadisagan gaTavisuflebuli obligacia Statebisa da

municipalitetebisaTvis
gaweul
ZviradRirebul
daxmarebas
warmoadgens.
imisaTvis, rom kargad gaverkveT am naTqvamSi, unda warmovidginoT, rom
arsebobs ori gadamxdeli: cezari, romlis damatebiTi Semosavali 30%-iani
sagadasaxado ganakveTiT ibegreba da brutusi, romelic 15%-iani sagadasaxado
ganakveTiT ibegreba. Tu dasabegri obligaciebis ukugebis sabazro ganakveTi
aris 15%, maSin cezaris wminda ukugeba (anu ukugeba gadasaxadebis gadaxdis
Semdeg) iqneba 10,5%, xolo brutusisa ki _ 12,75%. imisaTvis, rom wavaxalisoT
rogorc cezari, aseve brutusi, raTa maT Seisyidon raime sxva, garda dasabegri
obligaciisa, ukugebis wminda ganakveTi sul mcire 12,75% mainc unda iyos.
davuSvaT,
rom
romelime
qalaqis
municipaliteti
gadasaxadisagan
gaTavisuflebuli obligaciis gamoSvebas iwyebs, romlis ukugeba 12,75%-s odnav
aRemateba. cezaric da brutusic SeiZenen am obligacias. Tumca sagadasaxado
valdebuleba cezaris mimarT irRveva _ mas surda, SeeZina 10,5%-ian ganakveTze
odnav maRali ganakveTis mqone obligacia; am dros mas gauCnda Sansi, SeiZinos
12,75%-iani obligacia.

rogor ganisazRvreba saxelmwifo Semosavlebis Sedegobrivi efeqti?

davuSvaT, rom qalaqis municipaliteti brutusisgan iRebs sesxs (100 dolars),
romlis saprocento ganakveTi 12,75%-ia (sabazro ganakveTi ki 15%-ia). amis
Sedegad qalaqis municipaliteti 2,25 dolars dazogavs. meore mxriv, aSS-is
xazina kargavs 2,25 dolaris (=0,15 X $15) moculobis saSemosavlo gadasaxads.
faqtobrivad, xazina 2,25 dolariT qalaqis municipalitetis subsidirebas
axorcielebs. dRes Tu municipaliteti cezarisagan 100 dolars isesxebs,
zustad igive danazogs gaakeTebs, magram xazina dakargavs met sagadasaxado
Semosavals _ 4,50 dolars (=0,30 X $15). amdenad, sagadasaxado valdebulebis
darRveva (daaxloebiT 2,25 dolariT) qalaqis municipalitetisaTvis mogeba ar
aris.

amrigad,
im
investorebisaTvis,
romlebic
gadasaxadisagan
gaTavisuflebul da dasabegr fasian qaRaldebs Soris arCevans akeTeben,
gadasaxadebisagan gaTavisuflebuli obligaciebis Sedegobrivi efeqti nulis
tolia. yvela sxva individisaTvis Statebisa da adgilobrivi msesxeblisaTvis
gacemuli subsidia yovelTvis ufro naklebia, vidre saSemosavlo danakargi
federaluri mTavrobisaTvis.

ratom vsargeblobT gadasaxadisagan gaTavisuflebuli obligaciebiT?

ufro upriani xom ar iqneba, federaluri mTavroba Statebsa da adgilobriv
municipalitetebs pirdapiri grantiT daexmaros? ZiriTadi mizezi politikuria.
Statebisa da adgilobrivi municipalitetebisaTvis gacemuli pirdapiri
subsidia federaluri biujetis ubralo kategoriad gadaiqceva da aucileblad
politikur klimats daeqvemdebareba. marTlac asea: Tu subsidia gaxdeba cxadi
(da ara gadasaxadSi dafaruli), amomrCevelTa umetesoba CaTvlis, rom ar Rirs
aseTi subsidiis ganxorcieleba. amdenad, Statebisa da municipalitetebis

480

oficiozi dRemde intensiurad da warmatebiT am gamonaklisis SenarCunebis

sakiTxs lobirebs.

zogierTi dividendi

2003 wels miRebuli kanonmdeblobis Tanaxmad, dividendidan miRebuli

Semosavali Cveulebrivi saSemosavlo sagadasaxado ganakveTisagan gansxvavebuli
ganakveTiT ibegreba. igi minimaluri ganakveTiT (15%) ibegreba. aseTi Semosavlis
nawilobrivi gaTavisuflebis argumentacia ki aseTia: dividends ixdis
korporacia, romelic calke sagadasaxado SemosavliT ibegreba. amdenad,
amgvari gamonaklisis ararsebobis SemTxvevaSi dividendi orjer: erTxel
individualur doneze da erTxel korporaciul doneze daibegreba. dividendis
dabali ganakveTiT dabegvra ormagi dabegvris sistemis gaumjobesebis
mcdelobaa. dividendis dabegvrasTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebi me-17 TavSia
ganxiluli.

kapitalis Semosavlebi

Cven male vnaxavT, rom kanoniT gansazRvruli zRvruli sagadasaxado

ganakveTi Cveulebriv Semosavalze (magaliTad, xelfasze da saprocento
Semosavalze) 38,6%-s udris. moqmedi kanonmdeblobis Tanaxmad, 2004 wels
kapitalis Semosavlis ganakveTi iyo 15% im pirobiT, rom aqtivi ramdenime wliT
unda yofiliyo SenarCunebuli6. kapitalis Semosavali im aqtivebze, romlebic
erT welze naklebi vadiTaa SenarCunebuli, ibegreba iseve, rogorc Cveulebrivi
Semosavali. kapitalis danakargi _ aqtivis Rirebulebis Semcireba _ SesaZloa,
kompensirebul iqnes kapitalis mogebiT. davuSvaT, antonis Semosavali A aqtivze
6000 aSS dolaria, magram, garda amisa, antons aqvs danakargi B aqtivze 2000
dolaris odenobiT. gamodis, rom antonis kapitalis Semosavali 4000 dolaria.
ufro metic, Tu kapitalis danakargi kapitalis Semosavals aRemateba (3000
dolaramde), maSin sxvaoba Cveulebrivi Semosavlidan gamoiqviTeba. davuSvaT, B
aqtivis danakargi 8200 dolaria. maSin antoni Tavis sagadasaxado valdebulebas
nulamde Seamcirebs da misi danakargi 2200 dolars gautoldeba. mas SeuZlia,
Tavisi Cveulebrivi dasabegri Semosavali am TanxiT Seamciros.

mxolod realizebuli Semosavlis dabegvra. sanam kapitalis Semosavlis

faqtobrivi realizacia ar moxdeba (anu ar gaiyideba aqtivi), manamde igi ar
daibegreba. faqtobrivad, kapitalis Semosavalze dawesebuli gadasaxadi
Semosavlis realizaciis momentamde gadavadebulia. gadasaxadis gadavadeba
SesaZloa, arcTu ise mniSvnelovani Candes, magram misi Sedegebi sakmaod
6

yvelaze mcire gadasaxadebiT dabegrili individis sagadasaxado ganakveTi kapitalis

mogebaze 5%-ia.

481

mravalmxrivia7. davuSvaT, rom kasiusma SeiZina 100000 dolaris Rirebulebis

aqtivi, romlis Rirebulebac yovelwliurad 12%-iT izrdeba. pirveli wlis
bolos misi Rirebuleba iqneba $100000 X (1 + 0,12) = $112000, meore wlis bolos _
$112000 X (1 + 0,12) = $100,000 X (1 +0,12)2 = $125440, oci wlis Semdeg _ $100000 X (1 +0,12)20
= $964629. Tu aqtivi gaiyideba 20 wlis Semdeg, kasiusis mier realizebuli
kapitalis mogeba iqneba $864629 (=$964629 - $100000). davuSvaT, rom realizebuli
kapitalis mogeba 15%-iani ganakveTiT ibegreba. aseT SemTxvevaSi kasiusis
sagadasaxado valdebuleba aris $129694 (=$864629 X 0,15). misi wminda mogeba
(romelic gamoxatulia dolarSi) iqneba $ 734935 (= $864629 - $129694).

axla davuSvaT, rom 15%-iani gadasaxadi kapitalis mogebaze kapitalis

mogebaze anaricxis formiTaa dawesebuli, anu mogeba daibegreba imis
miuxedavad, realizdeba Tu ara. aseT SemTxvevaSi pirveli wlis bolos kasiusis
kapitalis mogeba iqneba $110200 [ =$100000 X (1 + 0,102)]. (gaxsovdeT, rom $12000
mogebidan $1800 gadasaxadis SemgrovebelTan midis, mas ki mxolod 10,2% mogeba
rCeba). davuSvaT, xdeba $10200-is (Tanxa gadasaxadebis gadaxdis Semdeg) aqtivSi
reinvestireba. ori wlis bolos kasiusis mogeba iqneba $110200 X (1 +0,102) =
$100000 X (1,102)2 = $121440. analogiurad, 20 wlis bolos mas eqneba $100000 X
(1,102)20 = $697641. kasiusis wminda mogeba iqneba $597641 (=$697641 - $100000). vadarebT
ra am Tanxas wina magaliTis mixedviT miRebul TanxasTan ($734935), vxedavT, rom
warmoqmnili
sxvaoba
sakmaod
mniSvnelovania.
gadavadebis
saSualebiT
daubegravi investicia geometriulad izrdeboda. faqtobrivad, saxelmwifo
investors uprocento sesxs sTavazobs da saTanado gadasaxadebs axdevinebs.

axla naTelia, Tu ratom aris popularuli sagadasaxado samsaxurebis

buxhaltrebs Soris aseTi slogani: `gadavadebuli gadasaxadi dazogili
gadasaxadia~. `gadasaxadisagan Tavis daRwevis~ bevri rTuli meqanizmi sxva
araferia, Tu ara gadasaxadis gadaxdis gadavadebisaTvis aucilebeli berketi.

amrigad, ibegreba mxolod realizebuli kapitalis mogeba. amdenad,

gadasaxadis gadamxdelma, romelic aqtivis gayidvas apirebs, unda icodes, rom
aseTi qmedebiT misi sagadasaxado valdebuleba warmoiqmneba. albaT, arc erT
maTgans ar endomeba Tavisi portfelis Secvla. aRniSnuli fenomeni Caketvis
efeqtis saxelwodebiTaa cnobili, imitom rom sagadasaxado sistema cdilobs,
investoris mimdinare portfeli SeinarCunos8. amis Sedegad kapitalis araswor
ganawilebamde mivdivarT kapitali aRar miedineba iqiT, saiTac meti ukugeba
aqvs. arsebobs ramdenime ekonometrikuli kvleva kapitalis realizebuli
mogebis sagadasaxado reJimis Sesaxeb, romelTa umetesoba imaze miuTiTebs, rom

gadasaxadis daricxvis meTodis gansasazRvrad ix. me-11 Tavi - `mimdinare Rirebuleba~.

gadasaxadis gadavadeba kapitalis mogebaze arsebul faqtobriv sagadasaxado ganakveTs
amcirebs. Tumca es garkveul kompensacias warmoadgens im TvalsazrisiT, rom Caketvis
efeqti investors aiZulebs, portfelis realokaciisagan ekonomikuri viTarebis
Secvlis drosac ki Tavi Seikavos. ix. Kovenock and Rothschild [1983].
8

482

kapitalis mogebaze arsebuli sagadasaxado ganakveTis Semcireba grZelvadiani

kapitalis mogebis realizacias mniSvnelovnad gazrdida [ix. Burman, 1999].

sicocxlis bolomde ararealizirebuli mogeba. kapitalze mogeba

sikvdilis Semdeg ar ibegreba. davuSvaT, rom oqtaviusi 1000 dolaris
Rirebulebis aqtivs yidulobs. igi sicocxlis ganmavlobaSi am aqtivs ar yidis.
misi sikvdilis Semdeg ki aqtivis Rirebuleba 1200 dolaria. aSS-is
kanonmdeblobis Tanaxmad, 200 dolaris toli kapitalis mogeba saSemosavlo
gadasaxadiT oqtaviusis sikvdilis Semdeg ar ibegreba. ufro metic, rodesac
oqtavius umcrosi (oqtaviusis memkvidre) aqtivis gayidvas iwyebs, igi kapitalis
mogebas iTvlis ise, TiTqos aqtivis SeZenis fasi iyos 1200 (da ara 1000 dolari).
faqtobrivad, aqtivis kapitalis mogeba mflobelis gardacvalebis Semdeg
saSemosavlo gadasaxadiT arasodes ibegreba. aRniSnuli fenomeni sikvdilis
angelozis saxelwodebiTaa cnobili.

kapitalis mogebis Sefasebis wesi. haig-saimonsis kriteriumis Tanaxmad,

kapitalis mogebis dabegvra sworad ar mimdinareobs. am kriteriumis mixedviT,
unda daibegros rogorc realizebuli, aseve ararealizebuli mogeba. amis
sapirispirod, moqmedi sagadasaxado sistema realizebul mogebas begravs,
ararealizebuli kapitalis mogeba ki dabegvris gareSe iricxeba. im SemTxvevaSi,
Tu aqtivs mflobeli ar yidis sicocxlis ganmavlobaSi, mogeba saSemosavlo
gadasaxadisagan Tavisufldeba. aSS-is sagadasaxado sistema ufro martivia,
vidre dabegvra H-S kriteriumiT; Tumca aSS-is sagadasaxado sistema bevrad
ufro mkacria, vidre sxva qveynebisa. niderlandebsa da germaniaSi fasian
qaRaldebze
kapitalis
mogeba,
zogadad,
mTlianad
gaTavisuflebulia
gadasaxadisagan.

literatura optimaluri gadasaxadis Sesaxeb preferenciuli dabegvris

sxva argumentacias, garda haig-saimonis kriteriumisa, ar uzrunvelyofs9. Tumca
arsebobs ramdenime logikuri axsna. ase magaliTad, arsebobs mosazreba, rom
kapitalis mogeba Cveulebrivi Semosavali ki ar aris, aramed moulodneli
warmatebaa, romelic, samarTlianobis principebidan gamomdinare, aranairad ar
unda
qmnides
sagadasaxado
valdebulebas.
investireba
TavisTavad
moxmarebisagan Tavis Sekavebas gulisxmobs. amdenad, samarTliani iqneba, aseTi
mcdeloba wavaxalisoT. analogiuri warmatebiT SesaZlebelia imis mtkiceba,
rom preferenciuli reJimiT unda daibegros SromiTi Semosavali, imitom rom
igi usiamovno rutinas ukavSirdeba. kapitalis mogebis misaRebad ki sakmarisia,
odnav movdundeT da davelodoT, rodis gagviRimebs fortuna. cxadia,
SeuZlebelia, davamtkicoT, rom romelime Semosavlis miReba met Tavganwirvasa
da kontribuciasTan aris dakavSirebuli da, amdenad, preferenciuli reJimiT
unda daibegros.
9

Tumca gansazRvrul pirobebSi optimaluri gadasaxadis Teoria miuTiTebs imaze, rom

kapitaluri Semosavlis arc erTi forma ar unda daibegros. ixileT me-19 Tavi, `piradi
moxmarebis gadasaxadi.

483

kapitalis mogebis preferenciuli reJimiT dabegvris kidev erTi

argumentacia is aris, rom aseTi reJimi kapitalis akumulirebasa da riskis
sakuTar Tavze aRebas waaxalisebs: `kapitalis investiciis mogebis dabegvra
sxva saSemosavlo sagadasaxado ganakveTis msgavsi ganakveTiT kapitalis riskis
qveS dayenebis survils amcirebs da, Sesabamisad, ekonomikur ganviTarebas
abrkolebs [Prizer, 1997, gv. A 26]. Semdeg TavSi Cven ganvixilavT gadasaxadebis
zemoqmedebas danazogisa da riskis stimulebze. axla ki ubralod xazs
gavusvamT im faqts, rom kapitalis mogebis sagadasaxado ganakveTis Semcireba
bevr individs imisaken ubiZgebs, rom mewarme gaxdes [Gompers and Lerner, 1999].
Tumca aravin icis, ramdenad zemoqmedebs kapitalis mogebis specialuri reJimiT
dabegvra danazogisa da riskis nebayoflobiT gazrdaze.

kapitalis mogebis preferenciuli reJimiT dabegvra, zogierTi mkvlevaris

azriT, inflaciis tendencias abalansebs. rogorc mogvianebiTYvnaxavT, moqmedi
sagadasaxado
wesebis
pirobebSi,
inflacia
kapitalis
Semosavalze
gansakuTrebiT mZime tvirTs qmnis. Tumca kapitalis mogebis dabegvra sxvadasxva
ganakveTiT problemis gadaWris saukeTeso gzas ar warmoadgens.

amrigad, imisaTvis, rom kapitalis mogebis dabegvris mTliani suraTi

warmovidginoT, aucilebelia, kidev erTxel gaviazroT, rom aseTi Semosavali,
rogorc
wesi,
akumulirebulia
korporaciebis
mier,
romlebic
calke
korporaciuli
gadasaxadiT
ibegreba.
kapitalis
Semosavlis
mTliani
sagadasaxado ganakveTi damokidebulia pirad da korporaciul sagadasaxado
ganakveTebze. aRniSnul sakiTxs detalurad me-17 TavSi ganvixilavT.

damqiraveblis anaricxi sapensio fondSi

damqiraveblis anaricxi sapensio fondSi ar ibegreba. ar ibegreba arc

sapensio Senatanebze daricxuli procenti. ibegreba mxolod pensionerisaTvis
gacemuli pensia. analogiurad, damqiraveblis anaricxi samedicino sadazRvevo
fondSi Semosavlad ar iTvleba.

rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, heig-saimonsis kriteriumis Tanaxmad, pensia da

dazRveva Semosavlad unda CaiTvalos. analogiurad, sapensio fondis procenti
daricxvisTanave unda daibegros. Tumca Semosavlis am formis gaTvaliswineba
sagadasaxado valdebulebis formirebis dros, politikuri TvalsazrisiT,
ganuxorcielebelia. 1993 wels klintonis sazogadoebasTan urTierTobis
samsaxurma ganacxada, rom klintonis administracia apirebda janmrTelobis
dazRvevis dabegvras. gancxadebas politikuri furori mohyva da ideis
ganxorcielebaze uari maleve ganacxades.

484

danazogis zogierTi tipi

individs SeuZlia, gaakeTos sxvadasxva formis danazogi, romelsac an

sapensio asakSi gamoiyenebs, an raime sxva miznis Sesasruleblad. am nawilSi
Cven SevecdebiT, danazogis ZiriTadi saxeobebi CamovTavaloT.

individualuri sapensio angariSi (Individual Retirement Account IRA). individs

(romlis pensiasac samsaxuri ar uzrunvelyofs) SeuZlia, yovelwliurad
kvalificirebul angariSze ganaTavsos 3000 dolari (Tanxa 2005 wels 4000
dolaramde unda gaizardos). kvalificirebuli angariSi danazogis Cveulebriv
angariSebs gulisxmobs: danazogis angariSs, fuladi bazris fondebs da sxva.
aseTi saxiT deponirebuli Tanxa koreqtirebuli mTliani Semosavlidan
gamoiqviTeba. garda amisa, martoxela individs (romlis pensia samsaxuris mier
uzrunvelyofilia) SeuZlia, mTlianad gamoqviTos IRA-ze Setanili Tanxa, Tu
misi AGI 40000 aSS dolarze naklebia (wyvilis AGI 60000 aSS dolarze naklebi
unda iyos)10. daricxuli saprocento ganakveTi damqiraveblis sapensio fondis
analogiurad ar ibegreba. gadasaxadis gadaxda mxolod pensiis gacemis dros
xdeba. jarima wesdeba im SemTxvevaSi, Tu fuli adrea gamotanili (garda im
SemTxvevisa, rodesac fulis gamoyeneba xdeba gansazRvruli mizniT, magaliTad,
ganaTlebis xarjebis dasafarad). 2000 wels IRA-s anaricxi 7,5 miliard aSS
dolars Seadgenda.

pirobiTi IRA-s msgavsad, rotis IRA (yofili senatoris uiliam rotis

sapativsacemod) wliurad 3000 aSS dolaris anaricxis ganxorcielebas
iTvaliswinebs. anaricxi gamoqviTvas ar eqvemdebareba. pirobiTi IRA-sagan
gansxvavebiT, Tanxa arc angariSze yofnis da arc gamotanis dros ar ibegreba.
anaricxis zeda zRvari individisaTvis aris 95000 dolari, xolo wyvilisaTvis
ki _ 150000 dolari.

moqmedebs e.w. 401 (k) gegma (aseTi saxeli gegmas daerqva Sida Semosavlebis
kodeqsis im nawilis mixedviT, romelic mis moqmedebas akanonebs), romlis
farglebSic yovelwliurad daqiravebuli inaxavs xelfasis garkveul nawils,
romelsac ar ericxeba saSemosavlo gadasaxadi. aseTi anaricxis limiti 2004
wels 13000 aSS dolari iyo11.

10

mocemulia 2003 wlis monacemebi. zeda zRvari TandaTan gaizrdeba 50 aTas aSS
dolaramde individisaTvis da 80 aTas aSS dolaramde - wyvilisaTvis.
11
2006 wlisaTvis mosalodnelia am monacemis 15000 dolaramde gazrda.

485

TviTdasaqmebulTa
sapensio
uzrunvelyofis
gegma
xelmisawvdomia
mxolod TviTdasaqmebulTaTvis. maT SeuZliaT, gadasaxadisagan gaaTavisuflon
biznesis wminda Semosavlis 20% (maqsimaluri anaricxi 40000 aSS dolari).
monawileebs aqvT sargeblis daubegravi daricxvis SesaZlebloba. 2000 wels am
gegmebze modioda 11,8 miliardi dolari.

ojaxs aqvs ufleba, ganaTlebis danazogis angariSze ganaTavsos 2000

dolari (TiToeul bavSvze wliurad). es Tanxa ar daibegreba, misi maqsimaluri
zeda zRvari IRA-s zeda zRvris analogiuria. fulis gamotana SesaZlebelia
mxolod da mxolod bavSvisaTvis kvalificiuri ganaTlebis uzrunvelyofis
mizniT.

ratomaa zogierTi saxis danazogi gaTavisuflebuli gadasaxadisagan?

imitom, rom zogadad moxdes danazogis waxaliseba. Tumca ar aris cnobili, ra
zemoqmedebas axdens gadasaxadebisagan gaTavisufleba agregirebul danaxarjze.
individi ubralod Tavisi portfelis garSemo trialebs, amcirebs aqtivs da mas
sapensio angariSisaken mimarTavs. aRniSnuli sakiTxi sakmaod bevris momcvelia,
Tumca aRsaniSnavia, rom kvlevaTa umetesoba miuTiTebs imaze, rom IRA namdvilad
waaxalisebs axal danazogs [Hubbard and Skinner, 1996]. nebismier SemTxvevaSi,
sapensio
danazogis dabegvra
prefereciuli
sagadasaxado reJimiT
H-S
kriteriumidan kidev erT gadaxras warmoadgens. Tanac, es sakmaod mniSvnelovani
gadaxraa:
saojaxo
meurneobaTa
finansuri
aqtivebis
daaxloebiT
36%
deponirebulia
iseT
angariSebze,
romlebic
gadasaxadisagan
gaTavisuflebulia12.

danazogis preferenciuli sagadasaxado reJimiT dabegvris bevri momxre

SeSinebulia gegmebis, uflebamosilebaTa kriteriumis, anaricxis limitisa da
sxva faqtorebis sirTuliT. 2003 wels buSis administraciam wamoayena
winadadeba, yvela arsebuli gegma ori axali gegmiT Seecvala. pirveli
danazogis angariSis saxelwodebiTaa cnobili, romelic aerTianebs rotis IRA-s,
romlis anaricxis limiti wliurad 7500 aSS dolariT unda gansazRvruliyo.
danazogis angariSze Setanili Tanxis gamotana nebismier momentSi iqneboda
SesaZlebeli yovelgvari jarimis gareSe, Tanac, ar iarsebebda Semosavlis
aranairi limiti. meore programis saxelwodeba iyo daqiravebulis sapensio
danazogis angariSi. programa pirobiTi IRA-s msgavsi iyo, wliurad 7500
dolaris limitiT, misi gamoyeneba SesaZlebeli iqneboda mxolod sapensio
danazogis gasakeTeblad. buSis gegmis momxreebi amtkicebdnen, rom gegma Tavisi
simartivis gamo danazogis moculobas gazrdida; kritikosebi ki asabuTebdnen,
rom igi mniSvnelovnad ar gazrdida danazogs da mxolod SedarebiT mdidar
adamians waadgeboda. am winadadebis bedi jer kidev ucnobia.

12

piradi komunikaciebi erik m. engensa da uiliam geilTan.

486

saCuqari da memkvidreoba

miuxedavad imisa, rom saCuqari da memkvidreoba zrdis potenciuri

moxmarebis moculobas, isini gaTavisuflebulia federaluri saSemosavlo
gadasaxadisagan. maTi dabegvra sxva gadasaxadebiT xdeba (ix. me-19 Tavi).

Semosavlis nawilis gadasaxadisagan gaTavisufleba da

gamoqviTva

SexedeT 15.1 grafiks. Cven ukve davasruleT saSemosavlo gadasaxadebis

gamoTvlis pirveli safexuris Seswavla, romelic koreqtirebul mTlian
Semosavals gansazRvravda. mas Semdeg, rac AGI-s gansazRvra moxdeba, mas unda
gamoakldes garkveuli Tanxa. swored am gamoklebaTa Sedegad Cven gamoviTvliT
dasabegr
Semosavals.
koreqtirebul
mTlian
Semosavals
akldeba
gadasaxadisagan gaTavisuflebuli Tanxa da gamoqviTvebi. axla ki SevecdebiT,
ganvixiloT TiToeuli maTgani.

gadasaxadisagan gaTavisuflebuli Tanxa

saojaxo Semosavlis nawili gadasaxadisagan wevrebis raodenobis

mixedviT Tavisufldeba. 2005 wels daubegravi Tanxa 3050 dolars udrida
(koreqtirebuli iyo inflaciis mixedviT). 2003 wels col-qmari sami
arasrulwovani SviliT moiTxovda xuTmag daubegrav Tanxas da AGI-s 15250
dolari akldeboda. Tu individis AGI garkveul doneze maRla imyofeba, maSin
Tanxis gasazRvruli nawilis gadasaxadisagan gaTavisuflebis privilegia
SeCerdeba. erToblivi ukugebis SemTxvevaSi, gaTavisuflebuli Tanxis moculoba
2%-iT mcirdeba TiToeul 2500 dolarze AGI-s 209250 dolarze zemoT13. davuSvaT,
xuTi wevrisagan Semdgari ojaxis koreqtirebuli mTliani Semosavali 250000
dolaria. $250000-s vaklebT $209250-s, Sedegs vyofT $2500-ze da viRebT 17-s
(uaxloesi naturaluri cifri). amdenad, ojaxis danakargi am privilegiis
xelyofis gamo 34%-ia (=17 X 2%). $15250-is 34% aris $5184, ojaxi dasabegri
Semosavlis
gansazRvris
dros
mxolod
$10065-s
gamoaklebs.
Tanxis
gaTavisuflebis privilegiis SeCereba 2006 wlidan nel-nela unda gauqmdes.
diax, moxdeba privilegiis SeCerebis gauqmeba.

13

martoxelaTaTvis Tanxis gadasaxadisagan gaTavisufleba aRar xdeba mas Semdeg, rac

maTi AGI miaRwevs 139500 dolars, risi dadgenac xdeba yovelwliurad da inflaciis
mixedviT koreqtirdeba.

487

ratom aTavisufleben gadasaxadisagan Tanxis garkveul nawils? zogierTi

amtkicebs, rom am gziT bavSvebis aRzrdis dros gadaxdisunarianobis gazrda
xdeba. bavSvebis aRzrda dakavSirebulia aradiskreciul xarjebTan da, amdenad,
dasabegri Semosavlis koreqtireba aucilebeli iqneba. Tumca mSobelTa
umetesobis azriT, Tu Tanxis gaTavisufleba bavSvebis aRzrdis gamartivebis
mizniT xdeba, maSin 3050 dolari Zalian cotaa. ufro metic, gaugebaria,
bavSvebis
aRzrdasTan
dakavSirebuli
danaxarji
ratom
iTvleba
aradiskreciulad.
kontraceptivebis
farTo
asortimentis
pirobebSi,
gadawyvetileba Svilis yolis Sesaxeb racionaluri da kargad gaazrebuli
arCevanis Sedegia. Tu erT ojaxs surs, fuli evropis garSemo turneze
daxarjos, xolo meores ki fuli ojaxis Sesanaxad sWirdeba, ratom unda
daibegros es ukanaskneli preferenciuli sagadasaxado reJimiT14? meore mxriv
zogierTi adamianisaTvis religia Sobadobis efeqtiani sakontrolo meTodebis
gamoyenebas krZalavs da, amdenad, maTTvis bavSvi ukve aRar aris mxolod
arCevani.

Tanxis garkveuli nawilis gadasaxadisagan gaTavisufleba dabali

Semosavlis mqone ojaxebisaTvis sagadasaxado SeRavaTs qmnis. rac ufro
maRalia gaTavisuflebuli Tanxis moculoba, miT metia koreqtirebuli mTliani
Semosavali nebismieri gadasaxadis daricxvamde. davuSvaT, rom oTxwevriani
ojaxis mTliani koreqtirebuli Semosavali aris $12200 an naklebi. Tu ojaxis
Semosavlidan 12200 dolari gaTavisufldeba gadasaxadisagan da igi mTlian
koreqtirebul Semosavals gamoakldeba, maSin ojaxis dasabegri Semosavali
nuls gautoldeba da, amdenad, ojaxs sagadasaxado valdebuleba ar
warmoeqmneba. ufro metic, rac ufro maRalia gaTavisuflebis masStabi, miT
ufro maRalia progresiuloba saSualo sagadasaxado ganakveTis TvalsazrisiT.
efeqti xSirad meordeba xolme, rodesac gaTavisuflebis privilegia maRali
Semosavlis mqone ojaxebisaTvis ar moqmedebs.

gamoqviTva

garda daubegravi Tanxisa, AGI-s daqviTuli Tanxa akldeba. gamoqviTva ori

saxisaa: detalizebuli gamoqviTva kanoniT gansazRvrul SemTxvevebSi xdeba.
gadasaxadis
gadamxdelma sagadasaxado deklaraciaSi unda
CamoTvalos
TiToeuli detali da daasabuTos, rom namdvilad iqna gaweuli danaxarji.
detalizebuli gamoqviTvis nacvlad SesaZloa, gamoyenebul iqnes standartuli
gamoqviTva, romelic warmoadgens fiqsirebul Tanxas da dasabuTebas ar
moiTxovs. gadasaxadis gadamxdels SeuZlia, SearCios gamoqviTvis is forma,
romelic mis sagadasaxado valdebulebas maqsimalurad amcirebs.

14

Tu adgili aqvs dadebiT gare zemoqmedebas bavSvebis aRzrdis procesSi, maSin ufro
adeqvaturi iqneba subsidia (ix. me-5 Tavi).

488

gamoqviTva da fasebi. sanam kategoriebad davyofT detalizebul

danaxarjebs, ganvixiloT proporcia danaxarjebis gamoqviTvasa da mis fass
Soris. davuSvaT, Z produqciis warmoebaze gaweuli xarji eqvemdebareba
gamoqviTvas da Z-is erTeulis fasi 10 dolaria. aseve davuSvaT, rom kleopatras
zRvruli sagadasaxado ganakveTi 30%-ia, maSin mis mier Z produqciis erTeulis
SeZenis SemTxvevaSi erTeulis fasi 7 dolari iqneba. ratom? imitom, rom Z-is
warmoebaze gaweuli danaxarji eqvemdebareba gamoqviTvas. amdenad, kleopatras
mier erTeulis SeZena mis dasabegr Semosavals 10 dolariT amcirebs. 30%-iani
zRvruli sagadasaxado ganakveTis SemTxvevaSi kleopatra Z produqciis
erTeulSi gadaixdis 7 dolars (10 dolars minus 3 dolari).

ufro zogadad rom vimsjeloT, Tu Z-is fasi Pz-ia, xolo individis zRvruli
sagadasaxado ganakveTi ki t, maSin Z-is warmoebaze gaweuli danaxarjis
gamoqviTva Z-is realur fass Pz-idan (1 t)Pz-mde amcirebs. analizis Sedegad or
mniSvnelovan daskvnamde mivdivarT:

radgan gamoqviTvis Sedegad saqonlis fasi icvleba, saqonelze moTxovnis

moculobac Seicvleba;
rac ufro maRalia t-s individualuri Rirebuleba, miT ufro maRalia
misTvis gamoqviTuli dolaris Rirebuleba da saqonlis realuri fasi
dabalia15.

detalizebuli
gamoqviTva.
axla
ki
ganvixiloT
detalizebuli
gamoqviTvis ZiriTadi saxeebi. cxadia, nusxa ar aris srulyofili. detaluri
informaciisaTvis ixileT saxelmZRvanelo gadasaxadebis Sesaxeb.

aunazRaurebeli samedicino danaxarjebi, romlebic AGI-s 7,5%-s aRemateba.

maRali samedicino danaxarjebi aradiskretulia da, amdenad, individis
gadaxdisunarianobas ver amaRlebs. rTulia, ganvsazRvroT masStabi, ra
masStabiTac individi jandacvaze gaweul danaxarjs akontrolebs. piri,
romelsac gulis Seteva daemarTeba, didi arCevanis winaSe ar dgas. meore mxriv,
individs SeuZlia, miiRos gadawyvetileba eqimTan vizitis raodenobisa da
gegmiuri operaciis gakeTebis Sesaxeb. ufro metic, individs Tavisuflad
SeuZlia,
formaluri
samedicino
momsaxureba
prevenciuli
jandacviTi
RonisZiebebiT (jansaRi dieta, varjiSi da a.S.) Caanacvlos.

15

SeniSneT, rom dakvirveba exeba iseT danaxarjs, romlis gaTvaliswineba sagadasaxado

valdebulebis formirebis procesSi ar xdeba (da ara mxolod gamoqviTvebs). ase
magaliTad, municipaluri obligaciebidan procentis gamoqviTvis masStabi zRvrul
sagadasaxado ganakveTTan erTad izrdeba sxva Tanabar pirobebSi. damqiraveblis mier
uzrunvelyofili janmrTelobis dazRvevis SemTxvevaSic asevea.

489

nebismier pirs SeuZlia, daezRvios da am gziT aicilos didi danaxarjebi

(ix. me-10 Tavi). zogierTi sadazRvevo gegmis Tanaxmad, samedicino danaxarjis
pirveli nawili mTlianad dazRveulis mier gadaixdeba. Tavad sadazRvevo
kompania danaxarjis garkveul nawils ixdis. danaxarjis danarCeni nawilis
gadaxdaze pasuxismgebelia sadazRvevo kompania. faqtobrivad, samedicino
danaxarjebis
gamoqviTviT
sagadasaxado
sistema
socialuri
jandacvis
dazRvevis garkveul formas uzrunvelyofs. am `politikis~ pirobebi Semdegia:
individis mier gadasaxdeli Tanxa aris AGI-s 7,5%, amis Semdeg xazina ixdis
wils, romelic zRvruli sagadasaxado ganakveTis tolia. socialuri jandacvis
dazRvevis sakiTxebi ganxilulia me-10 TavSi.

Statisa da municipalitetis saSemosavlo da qonebis gadasaxadi. moqmedi

kanonmdeblobis Tanaxmad, Statebisa da adgilobrivi gadasaxadebi gamoqviTvas
eqvemdebareba. 2000 wels aseTma danaricxebma 290 miliardi aSS dolari
Seadgina. gayidvebidan Statebisa da adgilobrivi gadasaxadebi gamoqviTvas ar
eqvemdebareba.

gamoqviTvis momxreebi amtkiceben, rom Statisa da municipalitetis

gadasaxadebi gadaxdisunarianobis aradiskretul Semcirebas iwvevs. arsebobs
alternatiuli Sexeduleba imis Sesaxeb, rom aRniSnuli ubralod momxmareblis
gadasaxads warmoadgens. individi ixdis Statebisa da adgilobriv gadasaxads
iseTi momsaxurebisaTvis, rogoricaa: saxelmwifo saskolo sistema, policia da
a.S. zogierTi individi cdilobs, iseT iurisdiqciaSi icxovros, romelic
uzrunvelyofs mTel rig momsaxurebas da gadaixados SedarebiT maRali
gadasaxadi; sxvani irCeven dabali donis momsaxurebas da cxovroben iseT
iurisdiqciaSi, sadac dabali sagadasaxado ganakveTebi moqmedebs. aRweriloba
sakmaod akuratulia, amdenad, Statebisa da adgilobrivi gadasaxadebis
gamoqviTvis gansakuTrebuli mizezi ar arsebobs.

meore mxriv, Tu Statisa da adgilobrivi gadasaxadi ar aris

momxmareblis gadasaxadi, maSin SesaZloa, CaiTvalos, rom aseTi gadasaxadi
gadaxdisunarianobas amcirebs16. samwuxarod, Zalian rTulia imis gansazRvra,
Statisa da adgilobrivi gadasaxadis ra nawili SeiZleba CaiTvalos
saxelmwifo momsaxurebis momxmareblis gadasaxadad.

gamoqviTva Statebisa da adgilobrivi mmarTvelobis TviTdafinansebis

saSualebas warmoadgens. im individisaTvis, romelic axorcielebs federaluri
gadasaxadis ukugebis detalizacias, gamoqviTva Statisa da adgilobrivi
gadasaxadebis faqtobriv Rirebulebas amcirebs, ramac SesaZloa, gadasaxadebis
gazrdis mimarTulebiT Statebisa da municipalitetis doneze politikuri
mxardaWera gazardos. ratom ar gamoiyeneba subsidirebis pirdapiri gza? iseve,
16

Tumca ara aucileblad! Tu gadasaxadi kapitalizirebulia sakuTrebis RirebulebaSi,

maSin amJamindel mflobels SesaZloa, saerTod ar daekisros tvirTi. ix. me-12 Tavi.

490

rogorc Statebisa da adgilobrivi obligaciebis saprocento Semosavlis

gadasaxadisagan gaTavisuflebis SemTxvevaSi, aqac moqmedebs politikuri neba.
sagadasaxado kodeqsSi dafaruli subsidiis SenarCuneba ufro martivia, vidre
cxadi subsidiis uzrunvelyofa.

gansazRvruli saprocento danaxarji. zogierTi

eqvemdebareba gamoqviTvas, xolo zogierTi _ ara:

saprocento

danaxarji

saprocento ganakveTi, romelic gadaixdeba samomxmareblo sesxze

(sakredito baraTis momsaxurebis gadasaxadi da sesxi avtomobilis
garantiiT), gamoqviTvas ar eqvemdebareba;
individi, romelic ixdis procents kvalificirebuli ganaTlebis sesxze,
uflebamosilia, aseTi saprocento danaxarjebidan gamoqviTos 2500
dolari17. aRniSnuli gamoqviTva xelmisawvdomia im adamianebisTvisac ki,
romlebic ar axorcieleben detalizacias.
im saprocento danaxarjis gamoqviTva, romelic ukavSirdeba finansuri
aqtivis SesaZenad aRebul sesxs, aqtivebidan miRebul Semosavals ar unda
aRematebodes. davuSvaT, rom Tqveni sainvesticio Semosavali udrida
$100000-s, xolo masTan dakavSirebuli saprocento danaxarji ki _ $25000.
sagadasaxado
ukugebis
Tanxidan
SesaZlebelia
mxolod
$10000-is
gamoqviTva. SeuZlebelia darCenili $15000-is gamoyeneba imisaTvis, rom
gadasaxadisagan gaTavisufldes Semosavlis sxva wyaroebi.
ipoTekuri sesxis procenti sruliad gansxvavebuli reJimiT ibegreba.
sacxovrebeli saxlis SesaZenad gamotanili ipoTekuri sesxis saprocento
danaxarji
(nebadarTulia
kreditis
gamotana
ori
saxlisaTvis)
eqvemdebareba gamoqviTvas (rodesac saxlis SesaZenad da gasaremonteblad
gamotanili sesxi ar aRemateba 1 milion dolars). sakuTari kapitalis
ipoTekiT aRebuli sesxis procenti agreTve eqvemdebareba gamoqviTvas _
es aris sesxi, romlis uzrunvelyofis saSualeba saxlia da romliTac
SesaZloa nebismieri SenaZenis gakeTeba (garda fasiani qaRaldebisa,
romlebic uzrunvelyofs daubegrav Semosavals). ase magaliTad, individi
uflebamosilia, aiRos ipoTekuri sesxi da am TanxiT SeiZinos manqana.
faqtobrivad,
kanonis
Tanaxmad,
saxlis
mflobels
SeuZlia,
samomxmareblo sesxis procentis gadaxda Tavidan aicilos (amis
saSualeba ar aqvT im individebs, romlebic qiriT cxovroben). xSirad
samomxmareblo sesxis nacvlad ipoTekur sesxs iReben, raTa isargeblon
gamoqviTvis upiratesobiT [Maki, 2001]. imisaTvis, rom SesaZlebeli gaxdes
procentis gamoqviTva, sakuTari kapitalis ipoTekiT aRebuli sesxi ar
unda aRematebodes 100000 dolars.

ramdenad
racionaluria
aseTi
wesebi
heig-saimonsis
kriteriumis
poziciidan? biznesis investiciis SemTxvevaSi, cxadia, saprocento ganakveTi
unda eqvemdebarebodes gamoqviTvas. sesxi aseT SemTxvevaSi biznesis warmoebis
saSualebaa, amdenad, ar unda daibegros saSemosavlo gadasaxadiT. ufro
winaaRmdegobrivi
damokidebuleba
arsebobs
samomxmareblo
procentTan
dakavSirebiT. garkveuli mosazrebiT, sruliad adeqvaturia samomxmareblo
procentis gamoqviTva, radgan procenti individis potenciur moxmarebas
17

gamoqviTva aRar xdeba, rogorc ki AGI gautoldeba $100000 wyvilisaTvis.

491

amcirebs. Tumca arsebobs mosazreba, romlis Tanaxmad, samomxmareblo sesxis

momsaxureba Zviri unda iyos, imitom rom nebismieri SenaZenis mokle vadaSi
gakeTebis saSualebas iZleva. saerTod, rTulia mouZebno gamarTleba im
sistemas, romelic SesaZlebels xdis sesxis procentis gamoqviTvas saxlis
mflobelis statusis safuZvelze.

sagadasaxado arbitraJi. saprocento ganakveTis gamoqviTva, agreTve

kapitalis mogebis zogierTi saxis gadasaxadisagan gaTavisufleba sazriani
investorebisaTvis xelsayrel klimats qmnis. davuSvaT, rom cezari, romelic
30%-iani sagadasaxado ganakveTiT ibegreba, iRebs 15%-ian sesxs bankidan. cezaris
saprocento danaxarji eqvemdebareba gamoqviTvas, amdenad, procentis saxiT
gadaxdil TiToeul dolarze sagadasaxado valdebuleba 30 centiT iklebs.
cezaris faqtobrivi sesxis procenti mxolod 10,5-ia. davuSvaT, rom Statebisa
da municipalitetebis daubegravi obligaciebis ukugebis mimdinare ganakveTi
aris 11%. cezars SeuZlia, bankidan sesxi aiRos 10,5%-iani ganakveTiT da es
fuli asesxos Statebsa da municipalitetebs 11%-iani ganakveTiT. rogorc Cans,
sagadasaxado sistema `fulis gasakeTebeli manqanaa, romelsac SeuZlia
ganusazRvreli moculobis Semosavlis akumulireba. aseTi upiratesobis
gamoyenebis procesi sagadasaxado arbitraJis saxelwodebiTaa cnobili.

Cven mier moyvanil magaliTSi sagadasaxado arbitraJis mosalodneli

ukugebis moculoba gadaWarbebulia, radgan realur samyaroSi SeuZlebelia
didi Tanxis sesxeba. ufro metic, aucileblad iarsebebs konkurencia
sagadasaxado arbitraJis monawileTa Soris da aseTi saqmianobis ukugeba
Semcirdeba. ase magaliTad, rac ufro meti arbitraJis monawile SeiZens
municipalur obligacias, miT ufro daiklebs obligaciis ukugebis ganakveTi.
Tu yvela daibegreba 30%-iani zRvruli sagadasaxado ganakveTiT, municipaluri
obligaciebis ukugeba daecema, vidre dasabegri obligaciebis ganakveTis 70%-s
ar gautoldeba. am TvalsazrisiT, municipalitetis obligaciebis flobis
Sedegad wminda upiratesoba ar warmoiqmneba. miuxedavad amisa, mainc SeiZleba
moinaxos mogebis miRebis gza. sagadasaxado samsaxurebma es ukve didi xnis win
gaiazres da akrZales sesxis Tanxidan procentis gamoqviTva, Tu sesxi
gadasaxadisagan
gaTavisuflebuli
obligaciebis
SesaZenad
iqneboda
gamoyenebuli. Tumca rTulia am kanonis darRvevis faqtebis aRmoCena. fulis
gamoyeneba uamravi mizniTaa SesaZlebeli. rogor unda damtkicdes, rom
mocemuli sesxi gamoyenebul iqna municipaluri obligaciis `SesaZenad~ da ara
sxva mizniT? SevecdebiT martivad agixsnaT zogierTi mniSvnelovani zogadi
`gakveTili~:

saprocento danaxarjis gamoqviTva da kapitalis mogebis preferenciuli

dabegvra fulis keTebis SesaZleblobas qmnis. swored amitom ramdenime
qveyanaSi (magaliTad kanadaSi) sesxis saprocento ganakveTis gamoqviTva
akrZalulia.

492

maRali Semosavlis mqone individi gansakuTrebiT sargeblobs amgvari

SesaZleblobiT. isini SedarebiT maRali ganakveTiT ibegrebian da sesxi
maTTvis ufro xelmisawvdomia.
sagadasaxado samsaxurebs SeuZliaT, akrZalon sxvadasxva sagadasaxado
saarbitraJo sqemebi, Tumca rTulia Tavad am wesebis ganxorcieleba.
ufro metic, Wkviani iuristi da buxhalteri axal saarbitraJo
SesaZleblobas yovelTvis elis. Sida Semosavlebis samsaxuri yovelTvis
dgas aseTi faqtebis gamovlenis sadarajoze. am procesis ganmavlobaSi
bevri araefeqtiani investiciis ganTavseba xdeba da gadasaxadis
raodenobis Semcirebasa da gadasaxadis administrirebaze Zalian didi
raodenobis resursi ixarjeba.

saqvelmoqmedo Senatanebi. individis Senatani religiur, saqvelmoqmedo,

saganmanaTleblo, samecniero da literaturul organizaciebSi eqvemdebareba
gamoqviTvas. saCuqari eqvemdebareba gamoqviTvas, magram piradi momsaxureba _
ara.
xSir
SemTxvevaSi
mTliani
gamoqviTvadi
saqvelmoqmedo
Tanxa
koreqtirebuli mTliani Semosavlis 50%-s ar unda aRematebodes. 2000 wels
individebis saqvelmoqmedo Senatani 134 miliard dolars udrida.

saqvelmoqmedo Senatani amcirebs dasabegri Tanxis moculobas da,

amdenad, gamoqviTul unda iqnes dasabegri Semosavlidan. Tumca Senatani
nebayoflobiTia, amdenad, argumenti aradamajerebelia. Tu adamiani ar aris
qvelmoqmedebis Sedegad iseve kmayofili, rogorc Tavisi moxmarebiT, maS ratom
ganaxorcielebs qvelmoqmedebas? saerTod, mTavroba, gamoqviTavs ra Sesabamis
Tanxas, individebs qvelmoqmedebisaken waaxalisebs.
gamoqviTvis Sedegad individis qvelmoqmedebaSi Cadebuli dolaris
Rirebulebis `fasi~ 1 dolaridan $(1-t)-mde icvleba, sadac t gadasaxadis
gadamxdelis zRvruli sagadasaxado ganakveTia. gamoqviTvis efeqtianoba,
individs ubiZgos saqvelmoqmedo saqmianobisaken, damokidebulia saqvelmoqmedo
Senatanis moTxovnis fasis elastiurobaze. Tu fasis elastiuroba nulis
tolia,
maSin
saqvelmoqmedo
Senatanze
zemoqmedebis
ganxorcieleba
SeuZlebelia.
gamoqviTva
im
individis
bonusia,
vinc
TavisTavad
ganaxorcielebda saqvelmoqmedo Senatans. Tu fasis elastiuroba nulze
dabalia, maSin gamoqviTva aucileblad waaxalisebs qvelmoqmedebas.

bevr ekonometrikul kvlevaSi Sefasebulia saqvelmoqmedo kontribuciis

elastiuroba gadasaxadis gadaxdis Semdeg. rogorc wesi, regresiis dros
damokidebuli
cvladi
aris
saqvelmoqmedo
Senatanebis
Tanxa,
xolo
ganmartebiTi cvladebi ki Semdegia: (1) saqvelmoqmedo Senatanis `fasi~ (erTs
gamoklebuli zRvruli sagadasaxado ganakveTi); (2) Semosavali da (3) individTa
piradi maxasiaTeblebi, romlebic maT mier saqvelmoqmedo Senatanebis Sesaxeb
(asaki da socialuri mdgomareoba) miRebul gadawyvetilebebze axdens
zemoqmedebas. ukanaskneli kvlevebi cxadyofs, rom saqvelmoqmedo Senatanebis
fasis elastiuroba erTze naklebia; igi daaxloebiT 0,5-s udris [Greene and

493

McClelland, 2001]. aseT SemTxvevaSi es cifri miuTiTebs imaze, rom gamoqviTva

saqvelmoqmedo kontribuciaze mniSvnelovan zemoqmedebas axdens. davuSvaT, rom
individis zRvruli sagadasaxado ganakveTi 30%-ia. saqvelmoqmedo donaciis
gamoqviTvis Sedegad fasi 1 dolaridan 70 centamde mcirdeba (anu fiqsirdeba
30%-iani
Semcireba).
elastiurobis
koeficienti
0,5-ia.
am
viTarebaSi
saqvelmoqmedo SenatanTa moculoba 15%-iT izrdeba. SeniSneT, rom im
SemTxvevaSi, rodesac elastiurobis koeficienti erTze naklebia, kontribuciis
zrdis masStabi ufro naklebia, vidre xazinis danakargi.

gamoqviTvis roli saqvelmoqmedo qmedebaTa waxalisebis konteqstSi

gaurkvevelia. garda amisa, bevri ganusazRvreli aspeqti arsebobs. unda
ganaxorcielos Tu ara saxelmwifom kerZo saqvelmoqmedo kontribucia?
oponentebi
amtkiceben,
rom
eklesiebisa
da
sinagogebisaTvis
gaweuli
qvelmoqmedebis
gamoqviTvis
gziT
irRveva
saxelmwifosa
da
eklesiis
damoukideblobis principi. meore mxriv, am azris momxreni Tvlian, rom,
gamoqviTvis ararsebobis pirobebSi, kerZo organizaciebi iZulebulni iqnebian,
Sewyviton funqcionireba. arsebuli decentralizirebuli sistema stimuls
aZlevs mravalferovan qmedebebs da pluralisturi sazogadoebis mizans
emsaxureba.

gamoqviTva da sirTule. gamoqviTvis dros aucilebelia relevanturi

danaxarji ganisazRvros. aseTi wesebis SemuSaveba sakmaod rTulia gamoqviTvis
iseTi adeqvaturi obieqtisaTvis, rogoricaa samedicino xarji. davuSvaT, rom
Zalian msuqani qali iklebs 100 funts, ris Sedegadac, mas `Camoekideba kani
muclis garSemo da xelebze. igi ikeTebs operacias da gamoqviTavs danaxarjs.
Sida Semosavlebis samsaxuri ar gascems nebarTvas gamoqviTvaze, radgan Tvlis,
rom operacia iyo kosmetikuri. sagadasaxado sasamarTlos dadgenilebiT,
Camokidebuli kani daavadebis Sedegi iyo [Herman, 2002, gv. A1]. ra saxis
qvelmoqmedebis gamoqviTvaa SesaZlebeli? studenturi organizaciebisaTvis
gaweuli qvelmoqmedeba ar gamoiqviTeba. universitetis saqvelmoqmedo daxmareba
ki gamoqviTvas eqvemdebareba. davuSvaT, universitets mieca kontribucia qalTa
studenturi organizaciis Sexvedrebis oTaxis asaSeneblad. ra sagadasaxado
reJimiT daibegreba es kontribucia? (moqmedi kanonis Tanaxmad, igi eqvemdebareba
gamoqviTvas).

is faqti, rom detalizebuli gamoqviTva ufro arTulebs saqmes, ar

gulisxmobs imas, rom igi TavisTavad uaryofiTi movlenaa. kompleqsuroba is
faqtoria, romelsac gamoqviTvis xarjisa da sargeblis Sefasebis procesSi
jerovani yuradReba unda mieqces.

494

gamoqviTva Tu krediti? rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, rac ufro maRalia

individis zRvruli sagadasaxado ganakveTi, miT metia gamoqviTuli Tanxis
fuladi Rirebuleba. amis sapirispirod, sagadasaxado krediti sagadasaxado
valdebulebis (da ara dasabegri Semosavlis) Semcirebas warmoadgens. amdenad,
misi
Rirebuleba
individis
zRvruli
sagadasaxado
ganakveTisagan
damoukidebelia. 100 dolaris odenobis sagadasaxado krediti individis
sagadasaxado valdebulebas 100 dolariT amcirebs, miuxedavad imisa, Tu
ramdenia individis sagadasaxado ganakveTi: 15 Tu 30%. sagadasaxado kreditis
gamokleba individis sagadasaxado valdebulebis gamoangariSebis ukanaskneli
safexuria (ix. grafiki 15.1).

moqmedi kanonmdeblobis Tanaxmad, dakanonebulia bevri sagadasaxado

krediti. ojaxi TiToeul Svilze iRebs 600 dolaris odenobis sagadasaxado
kredits, romelsac xSirad sabavSvo sagadasaxado kreditsac uwodeben18.
kreditis aReba SesaZlebelia kolejis safasuris gadasaxdeladac. ase
magaliTad, kolejSi pirveli ori wlis ganmavlobaSi swavlis safasuris
pirveli 1000 dolari ifareba mTlianad, xolo meore 1000 dolari ki - naxevrad.
zogierT pirobebSi ar gaicema sabavSvo sagadasaxado krediti an kolejis
krediti, iseve rogorc bavSvis janmrTelobis dacvis krediti. fuladi
Rirebulebis TvalsazrisiT, yvelaze mniSvnelovania miRebuli Semosavlis
krediti, romelic me-8 TavSia ganxiluli.

arsebobs mosazreba, rom gamoqviTvac da gadasaxadisagan gaTavisuflebac

konvertirebul unda iqnes kreditSi. ase magaliTad, ipoTekur sesxze procentis
saxiT gadasaxdeli Tanxis gamoqviTvis kreditad konvertacia SesaZlebelia, Tu
kreditis moculoba gautoldeba gadaxdili procentis Rirebulebis garkveul
nawils.
20%-iani
saprocento
kreditis
pirobebSi
individs
SeeZleba,
sagadasaxado valdebulebas gamoaklos Tanxa, romelic saprocento gadaxdebis
erTi mexuTedis toli iqneba. kreditis momxreebi Tvlian, rom igi ufro
samarTliania, vidre gamoqviTva. sagadasaxado gamoqviTvis pirobebSi Raribi
individi (dabali zRvruli sagadasaxado ganakveTiT) nakleb sargebels iRebs,
vidre mdidari (maRali zRvruli sagadasaxado ganakveTiT), Tundac orive
identuri saprocento danaxarjiT xasiaTdebodes. kreditis SemTxvevaSi fuladi
sargebeli Tanabaria.

gamoqviTvasa da kredits Soris arCevani damokidebulia gamonaklisis

mizanze. Tu Semcirebis motivacia is aris, rom mocemuli danaxarji amcirebs
gadaxdisunarianobas, maSin racionaluri iqneba gamoqviTva. Tu gadasaxdeli
Tanxis
Semcirebis
mizani
gansazRvruli
qmedebis
waxalisebaa,
maSin
gaurkvevelia, Tu romeli jobia: krediti Tu gamoqviTva. krediti upiratesi
saqonlis
faqtobriv
fass
yvelasaTvis
Tanabari
procentiT
amcirebs;
gamoqviTvis dros fasi sxvadasxva adamianTaTvis sxvadasxva ganakveTiT
18

cifri 2003 wels 1000 dolaramde unda gaizardos. krediti nawilobriv brundeba da
igi maRali Semosavlis mqone gadasaxadis gadamxdelebze ar gaicema.

495

mcirdeba. Tu individebi moTxovnis sxvadasxva elastiurobiT xasiaTdebian,

maSin iqneb kargic iyos maTTvis sxvadasxva fasis daweseba. magaliTad, sruliad
araefeqtiani iqneba, gavceT raime subsidia im individze, romlis moTxovnis
elastiuroba upirates saqonelze nulis tolia.

detalizebuli
gamoqviTvis
gauqmeba.
nebadarTuli
detalizebuli
gamoqviTva im Tanxis 3%-iT mcirdeba, ra TanxiTac AGI aRemateba 139500 aSS
dolars. Semcireba mTliani detalizebuli gamoqviTvis 80%-s ar unda
aRematebodes19. ganvixiloT, magaliTad, ojaxi, romlis mTliani koreqtirebuli
Semosavali udris 150000 dolars, saprocento danaxarji - 15000 dolars, xolo
adgilobrivi gadasaxadi sakuTrebaze ki _ 5000 dolars. likvidaciis
ararsebobis pirobebSi ojaxs SeeZleboda 20000 aSS dolaris gamoqviTva.
imdenad, ramdenadac AGI 139500 dolars 10500 dolariT aRemateba, misi
detalizebuli gamoqviTva unda Semcirdes 315 dolariT (=$10500 X 0,03). amdenad,
nebadarTulia mxolod 19685 dolaris gamoqviTva.

standartuli
gamoqviTva.
detalizebuli
gamoqviTvis
CamonaTvali
individis sagadasaxado deklaraciaSi calkea mocemuli. TiToeuli maTgani
moiTxovs dokumentebs (qviTrebis formiT) imis dasasabuTeblad, rom danaxarji
namdvilad iqna gaweuli. dokumentaciis Senaxva da aRricxva ki sistemis
gazrdil
administraciul
danaxarjebTanaa
dakavSirebuli.
sagadasaxado
deklaraciis gamartivebis mizniT 1944 wels dainerga standartuli gamoqviTva.
es aris fiqsirebuli Tanxa, romelic gamoiqviTeba yvela gadasaxadis
gadamxdelisaTvis. TiToeul ojaxs SeuZlia, gaakeTos arCevani detalizebulsa
da standartul gamoqviTvas Soris imis mixedviT, Tu romeli ufro momgebiania
misTvis. 2003 wels, standartuli gamoqviTvis mixedviT, SesaZlebeli iyo
wyvilisaTvis 7950 dolaris da martoxela gadamxdelisaTvis20 4750 dolaris
gamoqviTva. standartuli gamoqviTva yovelwliurad koreqtirebulia inflaciis
mixedviT.
sagadasaxado deklaraciis
daaxloebiT
67%-Si
gamoyenebulia
standartuli gamoqviTva.

zegavlena dasabegr bazaze

rogor
zemoqmedebas
axdens
gadasaxadisagan
gaTavisuflebisa
da
gamoqviTvis faqtebi da moculoba dasabegr bazaze? 2000 wels AGI daaxloebiT
6,3 trilion aSS dolars Seadgenda. AGI-dan saTanado Tanxis gamoklebis Semdeg
dasabegri Semosavali mxolod 4,5 trilioni aSS dolari iyo, anu AGI-s Tanxa

19

80%-iani maqsimumis gamoTvlis dros mxedvelobaSi ar miiReba samedicino danaxarji

da procentebi investiciaze. zRvari koreqtirebulia wliurad inflaciis mixedviT.
20
martoxela gadamxdeli, romelic 65 welze metisaa an usinaTloa, uflebamosilia,
standartuli gamoqviTvis normis garda, gamoqviTos 900 aSS dolari.

496

29%-iT Semcirda. amdenad, gamoqviTva da gadasaxadisagan gaTavisufleba sakmaod

mWidrodaa dakavSirebuli potenciur dasabegr bazasTan.

sagadasaxado danaxarjebi

Tu Tanxis romelime nawili ar iqna CarTuli dasabegr bazaSi,

warmoiqmneba xazinis danakargi. davuSvaT, rom Z produqciis daubegraobis
Sedegad xazina kargavs 1 miliard aSS dolars. aRniSnuli mdgomareoba
SeadareT im mdgomareobas, rodesac saxelmwifo mTliani Semosavlidan 1
miliards ubralod gadascems yvelas, vinc SeiZens Z produqcias. orive qmedeba
ki Zalian waagavs Z produqciis Sesyidvis subsidirebas. ubralod pirveli
maTgani danaxarjebis mxares ganTavsdeba, xolo meore ki _ Semosavlis mxares.
pirveli sagadasaxado danaxarjia Semosavali, romelic daikarga imis gamo, rom
gansazRvruli produqcia ar iqna CarTuli sagadasaxado bazaSi. sagadasaxado
danaxarjis nusxaSi 100-ze meti produqciaa gaerTianebuli. Semosavlis mTliani
danakargi, romelic sagadasaxado danaxarjebis gamo warmoiqmna 2004 wlisaTvis,
600 miliard aSS dolars aRemateba [dabegvris gaerTianebuli komiteti, 2002,
cxrili 1].

kanonmdeblobis Tanaxmad, wliuri sagadasaxado danaxarjis biujeti

kongresis sabiujeto ofisis mier unda SemuSavdes. kanonmdeblobis umTavresi
mizania, gazardos sazogadoebis Segnebis done da kargad daanaxvos mas is
simetria, romelic danaxarjis saxiT garkveuli RonisZiebisaTvis gamoyofil
pirdapir subsidiasa da sagadasaxado sistemaSi konspirirebul aracxad
subsidias Soris arsebobs. Tumca unda aRiniSnos, rom sagadasaxado
danaxarjebis biujeti yovelTvis seriozuli kritikis sagans warmoadgenda.

pirveli: warmoiqmneba seriozuli teqnikuri problema gamoTvlebis

meTodTan mimarTebaSi. igulisxmeba, rom gamoqviTvis ararsebobis SemTxvevaSi
nebismieri danaxarji CarTuli iqneboda dasabegr TanxaSi. ar dagaviwydeT, rom
adamiani Zalian xSirad moqmedebs sagadasaxado kanonmdeblobis cvlilebaTa
Sesabamisad; amdenad, es ar aris racionaluri daSveba da sagadasaxado
danaxarjis Sefasebac SesaZloa, Zalian Sors idges WeSmariti Sefasebisagan.

meore: sagadasaxado danaxarjis biujeti warmoadgens im produqciis

CamonaTvals, romelic gadasaxadisagan ganTavisuflebulia. Tumca imisaTvis
rom produqti kvalificirdes rogorc gadasaxadisagan gaTavisuflebuli,
gansazRvruli kriteriumi unda arsebobdes, romlis mixedviTac moxdeba imis
gansazRvra, Tu ra unda gaTavisufldes gadasaxadis gadaxdisagan da ra _ ara.
rogorc ukve vnaxeT, ar arsebobs mkacri principebis CamonaTvali, romelic
zustad gansazRvravs Semosavlis kuTvnilebas. is, rac erTi adamianisaTvis

497

gaTavisuflebulia gadasaxadisagan, Sedis meore adamianis dasabegr bazaSi.

amdenad, am mimarTulebiT SemTxeviTi gadawyvetilebis miReba gardauvalia.

garda amisa, sagadasaxado danaxarjebis koncefcias filosofiuri

dartymebi miadga. sagadasaxado danaxarjebis koncefciis momxreebi amtkiceben,
rom koncefcia ideologiur datvirTvas ar atarebs. es aris ubralo mcdeloba
im faqtis aRiarebisaTvis, rom sagadasaxado sistema sxvadasxva qmedebaTa
subsidirebis ZiriTad meTods warmoadgens. ufro metic, is faqti, rom Sefaseba
ar aris zusti, sulac ar
gulisxmobs imas, rom sagadasaxado politikis
Sedegebis gansaWvretad Sefaseba ar aris sasargeblo.

ratomaa
sagadasaxado
danaxarjebi
aseTi
popularuli?
mizezi
nawilobriv politikuria: `fiskaluri asketurobis xanaSi kongresi didi
skepticizmiTa da kritikiT udgeba axal xarjviT programebs, magram igive
iniciativebi bevrad ufro madisaRmZvrelia, Tu sagadasaxado SeRavaTebis
samoselSia mimaluli [Stevenson, 1997, gv. E1].

simartive

saSemosavlo sagadasaxado kanonmdebloba didi xnis ganmavlobaSi

rTuldeboda. franklin ruzvelts sakuTari administraciis sagadasaxado
kanonmdeblobis mTavari nawilis _ Semosavlis Sesaxeb kanonis (1942) _
wakiTxviT arasodes Seuwuxebia Tavi. ruzveltma daadgina, rom `igi SesaZloa
sxva enebzec iyos dawerili~ (Samuelson, 1986]. 1986 wlisaTvis 48 gverdze ewera
ZiriTadi piradi sagadasaxado deklaraciis Sevsebis wesebi (forma 1040).
arsebobda Sevsebis 28 SesaZlo gegma. sistemis gaumarTlebeli sirTule
adamianTa risxvas iwvevda.

kanonmdeblobis gamartivebis mizniT 1986 wels damtkicda

gadasaxadis
reformis aqti (Tax reform Act TRA 86). swored am aqtis safuZvelze iqna
SemoRebuli standartuli gamoqviTva, risi wyalobiTac ojaxs aRar uwevda
sagadasaxado
deklaraciis
detalizireba
da
sxvadasxva
tranzaqciebis
dokumenturi mtkicebulebebis Senaxva. garda amisa, TRA 86-ma mniSvnelovnad
gazarda gadasaxadisagan gaTavisuflebis faqtebis raodenoba. ase gamartivda
dabalSemosavliani ojaxebis cxovreba, romelTac sul aRar esaWiroebaT
sagadasaxado deklaraciis Sevseba, imitom rom sruliad aRar warmoeqmnebaT
sagadasaxado valdebuleba (aseT ojaxs mxolod maSin mouwevs SedarebiT
martivi deklaraciis Sevseba, rodesac isini gamoqviTuli gadasaxadebis
anazRaurebas moiTxoven). meore mxriv, TRA 86 SeimuSavebs procentis gamoqviTvis
ufro garTulebul wesebs.

498

nebismier SemTxvevaSi, mas Semdeg, rac gamartivda kanonmdebloba (1986),

Semcirda mogeba. adreul 1990-ian wlebSi miRebul iqna kanonmdebloba,
romelmac gadasaxadisagan gaTavisuflebisa da gamoqviTvis gauqmebis wesebi
SemoiRo. kanonmdeblobam gansazRvra, rom kapitalis mogeba zogierT kompaniaSi
sagadasaxado valdebulebas arRvevs, xolo zogierTSi ki _ ara. 1997 wels
`yvelaze mosawyeni~ da `koSmaruli~ debulebebi daakanones. 1997 wlis
kanonmdeblobiT dakanonda IRA-s axali formebi, romelTac Tan axlda
urTulesi wesebi imis Sesaxeb, Tu vis hqonda maTi gamoyenebis ufleba.
aRniSnuli kanonmdeblobis damtkicebis Semdeg kapitalis mogebis angariSgebis
procesi ufro garTulda, radgan sxvadasxva saprocento ganakveTiT sxvadasxva
periodis deponirebuli aqtivi daibegra. kanonmdeblobam SemoiRo ganaTlebis
kreditis
bevri
forma,
TiToeul
maTgans
kompleqsuri
wesebi
da
uflebamosilebis kriteriumi axlda. axali debulebebis moqmedebis SeCerebis
pirobebi sakmaod gaugebari iyo, amdenad, nebismier gadasaxadis gadamxdels
uWirda imis gageba, SeeZlo Tu ara raime SeRavaTiT sargebloba da ra
masStabiT.

ekonomikuri ganviTarebisa da sagadasaxado fasdaklebis SeTanxmebis

aqtma (2001) (Economic Growth and Tax Relief Reconciliation Act EGTRRA) gadasaxadis
gadamxdelisaTvis axali sirTuleebi SemoiRo: 2001 wlidan 2010 wlamde
gadasaxadebis TandaTanobiTi Semcireba, sabavSvo
kreditis gazrda21, IRA-s
kontribuciis zrda. EGTRRA iTvaliswinebda `mzis Casvlis~ debulebas, misi
moqmedeba unda SeCerebuliyo 2010 wlis 31 dekembers, rac gulisxmobda imas,
rom kanonmdeblobis ararsebobis gamo 2011 wlis 1 ianvars sagadasaxado sistema
2000 wlis inkarnacias daubrundeboda! aravis sjera, rom es ase moxdeba, Tumca
aravin icis, ras moimoqmedebs kongresi situaciis samarTavad. individi,
romelsac surs, ganaxorcielos sagadasaxado dagegmva, ubralod, Tavis
intuicias unda daeyrdnos.

nebismier SemTxvevaSi, 2002 wels forma 1040-is instruqciebi 127 gverdze

iyo gadaWimuli da Sida Semosavlebis kodeqsi 1300000 sityvaze mets moicavda.
daibeWda statia, romlis saxelwodebac iyo `sagadasaxado labirinTi aq iwyeba~,
sadac vkiTxulobT: `doqtoris xarisxis mqone adamianebi, sagadasaxado
kanonmdeblobis mcodne iuristebi da buxhaltrebi amboben, rom maT ver
gaugiaT, Tu rogor Seavson moqmedi sagadasaxado deklaracia [Johnston 2000, gv.
BU1.] eTanxmebiT Tu ara am mosazrebas? pasuxis gasacemad ixileT formebi da
instruqciebi Sida Semosavlebis samsaxuris veb-gverdze: www.irs.ustreas.gov.

ganakveTebis struqtura
21

zogierTi gadasaxadis gadamxdeli uflebamosilia, aiRos rogorc sabavSvo krediti,

aseve miRebuli saSemosavlo sagadasaxado krediti, Tumca ori debuleba `bavSvis~
sxvadasxva definicias gvTavazobs.

499

axla ki ganvixiloT 15.1 grafikSi warmodgenili mesame safexuri da

gamoviTvaloT gadasaxadi, romliTac unda daibegros mocemuli Semosavali.
sagadasaxado ganakveTis gamosaTvlelad dajgufebis sistema gamoiyeneba.
dasabegri Semosavali gayofilia segmentebad, kanonmdebloba ki gansazRvravs
zRvrul sagadasaxado ganakveTs, romliTac ibegreba am segmentSi moxvedrili
Semosavali. saerTod, arsebobs oTxi ganakveTi: pirveli daqorwinebuli
wyvilisaTvis, romelic avsebs erTobliv sagadasaxado deklaracias, meore _
daqorwinebuli wyvilisaTvis, romelic cal-calke avsebs
sagadasaxado
deklaracias, mesame _ dauojaxebeli pirisaTvis da meoTxe _ pirisaTvis,
romelic uZRveba saojaxo meurneobas (mas aqvs saxli da hyavs kmayofaze myofi
piri).

1913 wels pirvelad amoqmedda federaluri saSemosavlo gadasaxadi.

jgufebis mixedviT ganakveTi 1%-dan 7%-mde meryeobda. 1939 wels gadasaxadis
gadamxdelTa naxevari 4%-ze naklebi zRvruli ganakveTiT ibegreboda. II
msoflio omis dawyebasTan erTad mniSvnelovnad gaizarda ganakveTebi. 1945
wels umciresi sagadasaxado ganakveTi 23%-s udrida, xolo umaRlesi ki _ 94%s. omis Semdeg gadasaxadebi Semcirda. 80-iani wlebis Sua periodidan arsebobda
14 jgufi, romelTa zRvruli sagadasaxado ganakveTebi 11%-dan 50%-mde
meryeobda. 1986 wels miRebulma aqtma sagadasaxado reformis Sesaxeb ganakveTis
struqturaSi radikaluri cvlilebebi gaatara. jgufebis ricxvi oramde
Semcirda da maqsimaluri oficialuri ganakveTi 28%-ze dafiqsirda. ganakveTi
kvlav gaizarda 1990-ian wlebSi, rasac 2001 wlis sagadasaxado aqti (EGTRRA)
SeewinaaRmdega, romelic 2001-2010 wlebSi ganakveTebis TandaTanobiT Semcirebas
iTvaliswinebda. ase magaliTad, EGTRRA-s dakanonebamde maqsimaluri zRvruli
sagadasaxado ganakveTi iyo 39,6%. dRevandeli prognoziT, igi 35%-s unda
gautoldes.
damoukidebel
da
erTobliv
deklaraciaSi
gamosayenebeli
sagadasaxado ganakveTebi 15.1 cxrilSia mocemuli (2003 w.).

cxrili 15.1 oficialuri sagadasaxado ganakveTebi, 2003

damoukidebeli deklaracia

erToblivi deklaracia

dasabegri
Semosavali

zRvruli
sagadasaxado
ganakveTi

dasabegri
Semosavali

zRvruli
sagadasaxado
ganakveTi

$0 - $6000

10%

$0 - $12000

10%

$6000 - $28400

15

$12000 - $47450

15

$28400 - $68800

27

$47450 - $114650

27

500

$68800 - $143500

30

$114650 - $174700

30

$143500 - $311950

35

$174700 - $311950

35

$311950 da meti

38,6

$311950 da meti

38,6

samwuxarod, oficialuri sagadasaxado ganakveTebi faqtobriv sagadasaxado

ganakveTebs xSirad ar Seesabameboda. gamoqviTvebisa da kreditebis SeCereba
(rac ukve ganvixileT) cxrilSi mocemul zRvrul sagadasaxado ganakveTebs
gazrdis. ganvixiloT individi, romelsac SesaZloa, gauuqmdes detalizebuli
gamoqviTvis privilegia. mis mier damatebiTi dolaris Sovnis SemTxvevaSi misi
sagadasaxado valdebuleba pirdapir gaizrdeba gadasaxadis im ganakveTiT,
romliTac ibegreba misi jgufi. garda amisa, arsebobs arapirdapir efeqti,
romelic gamowveulia gamoqviTvis masStabis SemcirebiT, rasac Sedegad
dasabegri Semosavlis moculobis zrda mohyveba. amis Sedegad ki viRebT
faqtobriv zRvrul sagadasaxado ganakveTs, romelic oficialur ganakveTs
aRemateba. analogiuri mdgomareoba iqmneba gadasaxadisagan gaTavisuflebis
privilegiis, IRA-s gamoqviTvis, sabavSvo kreditis, saswavlo sagadasaxado
kreditisa
da
sxva
preferenciebis
gauqmebis
SemTxvevaSi
(Semdgomi
detalebisaTvis ix. me-9 SekiTxva am Tavis bolos). saSemosavlo zRvruli
sagadasaxado ganakveTi SesaZloa, negatiuri iyos, radgan miRebuli Semosavlis
sagadasaxado krediti (Earned Income Tax Credit - EITC) uzrunvelyofs xelfasis
subsidirebas (ix. me-8 Tavi). miRebuli Semosavlis sagadasaxado kreditis
SeCerebis procesSi faqtobrivi ganakveTi oficialur ganakveTs mniSvnelovnad
aRemateba.

15.2 grafiki gviCvenebs faqtobriv zRvrul sagadasaxado ganakveTs

oTxwevriani
ojaxisaTvis,
romelic
sxvadasxva
saswavlo
kreditebiT
sargeblobs. SeadareT igi 15.1 cxrilSi mocemul ganakveTebs da daakvirdiT, Tu
ra seriozul gasxvavebas qmnis privilegiebis SeCereba faqtobriv da
oficialur zRvrul sagadasaxado ganakveTebs Soris.

grafiki 15.2

501

faqtobrivi da oficialuri ganakveTebis Sedareba

axla ki mSvenieri droa imisaTvis, rom gavixsenoT, Tu ra gansxvaveba

arsebobs oficialur da faqtobriv sagadasaxado ganakveTebs Soris. am nawilSi
Cven ukve ganvixileT kanonmdeblobiT dadgenili oficialuri ganakveTebi.
zogadad, oficialuri ganakveTi faqtobrivi ganakveTisagan sami mizezis gamo
gansxvavdeba:

sagadasaxado sistema preferenciuli reJimiT begravs Semosavlis

gansazRvrul
formebs.
amdenad,
mTliani
Semosavali
SesaZloa,
mniSvnelovnad aRematebodes dasabegr Semosavals. is faqti, rom
sagadasaxado ganakveTi izrdeba swrafad dasabegr SemosavalTan erTad,
arafers gveubneba imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor varirebs gadasaxadebi
mTliani Semosavlis mixedviT.
oficialur da faqtobriv sagadasaxado ganakveTebs Soris arsebuli
kavSiri sustia. rogorc me-12 TavSia miTiTebuli, SesaZlebelia
gadasaxadebis ganawileba, amdenad, saSemosavlo gadasaxads aRar
gadaixdis is piri, vinc mTavrobas uxdis fuls. saSemosavlo
gadasaxadis ekonomikuri masStabi ganisazRvreba bazris reaqciiT
gadasaxadis
dawesebis
momentSi,
rodesac
tvirTis
WeSmariti
mimarTuleba ucnobia.
sagadasaxado sistema amcirebs sargeblianobas. Semcirebis koeficienti
Segrovil Semosavlebs aRemateba. zedmeti tvirTi warmoiqmneba imis gamo,
rom gadasaxadi amaxinjebs da cvlis qcevas (ix. me-13 Tavi). garda amisa,
mxedvelobaSi
unda
iqnes
miRebuli
sagadasaxado
kodeqsTan
Sesabamisobis dadgenaze daxarjuli gadasaxadis gadamxdelTa dro da
buxhaltrebisa da iuristebis xelfasi.

502

am TvalsazrisiT, SeniSneT, rom gadasaxadisagan gaTavisuflebuli

obligaciis msgavsi fasiani qaRaldi ar aZlevs saSualebas mdidar individs,
srulad aicilos dabegvris tvirTi. davubrundeT cezars, romlis zRvruli
sagadasaxado ganakveTi 30% iyo da romelsac SeeZlo iseTi dasabegri aqtivis
SeZena, romelic 15%-ian ukugebas uzrunvelyofda. davuSvaT, rom municipaluri
obligaciis mimdinare ganakveTi 11%-ia. sxva Tanabar pirobebSi cezari SeiZens
municipalur obligacias, radgan maTi 11%-iani ukugeba dasabegri fasiani
qaRaldebis wminda ukugebas (10,5%) aRemateba. cezari ar gamowers Ceks
saxelmwifosaTvis. miuxedavad amisa, sagadasaxado sistema mis mdgomareobas
auaresebs. sistemas rom ar earseba, cezari 15%-ian ukugebas miiRebda. zogadad,
preferenciul fasian qaRaldebze ukugebis ganakveTi klebis tendenciiT
xasiaTdeba (kleba xdeba im TanxiT, romelic gadasaxadis upiratesobas asaxavs).
am tendenciis gamo maRali Semosavlis mqone individis kapitalis Semosavali
ufro maRali sagadasaxado ganakveTiT ibegreba, vidre misi sagadasaxado
deklaracia uCvenebs. aseTi individi aracxadad ukugebis SedarebiT dabali
ganakveTebiT ibegreba.

amdenad, oficialuri ganakveTi cotas Tu gveubneba moqmedi sistemis

progresiulobis Sesaxeb. rogorc Cans, sistema, romelsac eqneba dabali
zRvruli sagadasaxado ganakveTi, magram ufro farTo dasabegri baza, migviyvans
iseT sistemamde, romlis masStabic moqmedi sistemis masStabis toli an meti
iqneba. amave dros, dabali zRvruli sagadasaxado ganakveTebis sistema zedmet
tvirTs da gadasaxadis ukanono acilebis faqtebs Seamcirebs. aseTi
mosazrebebis safuZvelze Camoyalibda ramdenime winadadeba saSemosavlo
gadasaxadis mniSvnelovani restruqturizaciis mimarTulebiT. gegma, romelmac
didi yuradReba miipyro, erTiani saSemosavlo gadasaxadis saxelwodebiTaa
cnobili22. erTiani saSemosavlo gadasaxadi ori atributiT xasiaTdeba:

sagadasaxado
ganakveTi
erTiania
yvelasaTvis
Semosavlis
yvela
komponentis mimarT;
dasabegri baza iTvleba mTliani Semosavlidan raime Tanxis gamoqviTvis
gareSe. mTliani Semosavlidan xdeba mxolod piradi Semosavlidan
gamoqviTva da mkacrad definicirebuli biznesis danaxarjebis gamokleba.
davuSvaT, rom unda Segrovdes sagadasaxado Semosavlebis gansazRvruli
raodenoba. erTiani saSemosavlo gadasaxadis pirobebSi ZiriTadi kompromisi
miiRweva piradi Semosavlidan gamoqviTvasa da zRvrul sagadasaxado ganakveTs
Soris.
sasurvelia
ufro
maRali
moculobis
Tanxis
gaTavisufleba
gadasaxadisagan, raTa yvelaze mcire Semosavlis mqone jgufi uzrunvelyofil
22

meore da sruliad gansxvavebuli reforma erTiani samomxmareblo gadasaxadis

saxelwodebiT iyo cnobili. igi inicirebul iqna iseTi politikosebis mier, rogoricaa
prezidentobis yofili kandidati stiv forbesi. detaluri axsna me-19 TavSia mocemuli.

503

iqnes sagadasaxado SeRavaTebiT da gaizardos progresiuloba (saSualo

sagadasaxado ganakveTebis TvalsazrisiT). magram didi raodenobis Tanxis
gadasaxadisagan gaTavisufleba gulisxmobs imas, rom Semosavlis donis
SesanarCuneblad gamoyenebuli iqneba ufro maRali sagadasaxado ganakveTebi.
daaxloebiT 27%-iani sagadasaxado ganakveTi daubegrav minimumTan erTad
akumulirebuli Semosavlis moculobis moTxovnebs daakmayofilebs23.

erTiani saSemosavlo gadasaxadis momxreebi amtkiceben, rom zRvruli

ganakveTis Semcirebis Sedegad Semcirdeba rogorc zedmeti tvirTi, aseve
gadasaxadis dafarvis mcdeloba. ufro metic, simartivis wyalobiT, Semcirdeba
administraciuli
danaxarji
da
amaRldeba
gadasaxadis
gadamxdelis
sagadasaxado kultura. yovelive es ki miiRweva seriozuli danaxarjis gareSe,
radgan, rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, erTiani saSemosavlo gadasaxadi SesaZloa,
progresiuli gaxdes, Tu gadasaxadisagan gaTavisuflebis masStabs sworad
SearCevs.

erTiani saSemosavlo gadasaxadis oponentebi Tvlian, rom aseTi

gadasaxadis SemoRebiT mdidridan saSualo klasze ufro meti tvirTis
gadanawileba moxdeba. Znelia aseT mosazrebaze kamaTi, radgan, rogorc wesi,
sakmaod rTulia gadasaxadis masStabis analizi (me-12 Tavi). kritikosebi
Tvlian, rom konceptualuri da administraciuli problemebi, romlebic
ukavSirdeba Semosavlis ganmartebas, advilad ar gaqreba imis gamocxadebiT,
rom biznesis danaxarjebi `mkacrad gansazRvrulia~. rogorc ukve aRvniSneT,
martivi saSemosavlo sagadasaxado kodeqsi, albaT, arasodes iarsebebs.

altigi da sxvebi [2001] swavlobdnen erTian saSemosavlo gadasaxads. maT

Seiswavles yvelaze eqstremaluri varianti (ar arsebobs gamoqviTvebi an xdeba
gadasaxadisagan gaTavisufleba, ubralod, moqmedebs erTiani ganakveTi mTlian
Semosavalze) da aRmoaCines, rom erTiani gadasaxadi mniSvnelovnad aumjobesebs
efeqtianobas, zrdis warmoebis masStabs grZelvadian perspeqtivaSi (daaxloebiT
5%-iT).
reforma
mtkivneuli
gadasatani
iqneba
dabalSemosavliani
individebisaTvis, romlebic dRes dabalganakveTiani gadasaxadiT ibegrebian.

1980-ian wlebSi erTiani saSemosavlo gadasaxadis idea, marTlac,

sargeblobda popularobiT. 1986 wels ganxorcielebuli sagadasaxado reforma
swored am mimarTulebiT swrafva iyo _ oficialuri maqsimaluri ganakveTi 50%idan 28%-mde Semcirda, gafarTovda gamoqviTvaze uaris Tqmis baza (Statebisa
da adgilobrivi gayidvebis gadasaxadebis
WrilSi), da AGI-Si Sevida
realizebuli kapitalis mogeba. rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, maRali ganakveTebi
ukanasknel periodSi gaizarda, kapitalis mogeba dResac preferenciuli

23

avtoris gamoTvla. igi ar iTvaliswinebs cvlilebis Sedegad gamowveul reaqcias

qmedebebSi.

504

reJimiT warmoebs, SemoRebul iqna axali IRA da sagadasaxado kreditebi. Tumca

yvelaferi jer kidev erTian saSemosavlo gadasaxadisagan Zalian Sorsaa.

gadasaxadebi da inflacia

gamoqviTva piradi Semosavlidan, standartuli gamoqviTva, TiToeuli

jgufis minimaluri da maqsimaluri sagadasaxado ganakveTi, miRebuli
Semosavlis krediti, is zRvari, rodesac xdeba gamoqviTvisa da gaTavisuflebis
SeCereba yovelwliurad koreqtirdeba imisaTvis, rom gaaneitralos inflaciis
efeqti. am procesis mizani, romelic gadasaxadebis indeqsaciis saxelwodebiTaa
cnobili, aris faqtobriv sagadasaxado valdebulebaze inflaciis zemoqmedebis
avtomaturi ganeitraleba.
am nawilSi Cven ganvixilavT
gadasaxadebis
indeqsirebis motivacias, agreTve imas, Tu ramdenad adeqvaturad pasuxobs
inflaciis mier warmoqmnil problemebs aSS-is indeqsaciis sistema.

rogor zemoqmedebas axdens inflacia gadasaxadebze?

rogorc wesi, ekonomistebi ganasxvaveben `mosalodnel~ da `moulodnel~

inflacias. cxadia, es ukanaskneli amcirebs efeqtianobas, imitom rom igi ar
aZlevs adamianebs imis uflebas, Tavisi saqmianoba fasebis donis cvlis
mixedviT warmarTon. Tumca, araindeqsirebuli saSemosavlo sagadasaxado
sistemis pirobebSi, calsaxad mosalodnel inflaciasac SeuZlia seriozuli
zemoqmedebis moxdena.

zemoqmedebis yvelaze xSiri forma e.w. `jgufebis aRrevis~ fenomeni aris.

davuSvaT, rom individis Semosavali da fasis done izrdeba Tanabari
ganakveTiT.
gamodis,
rom
adamianis
realuri
Semosavali
(faqtobrivi
msyidvelTunarianoba) ar icvleba. araindeqsirebuli sagadasaxado sistema
individis nominalur Semosavals (miRebuli fulis moculoba) efuZneba.
nominaluri Semosavlis zrdasTan erTad individi daibegreba im jgufis
sagadasaxado ganakveTiT, romlis wevrebis ufro maRali zRvruli ganakveTiT
ibegrebian. amdenad, dabegrili Semosavlis wili izrdeba imis miuxedavad, rom
realuri Semosavali zustad iseTivea, rogoric warsulSi iyo. is individic ki,
romelic ar gadaadgildeba ufro maRalSemosavlian jgufSi da ar daibegreba
ufro maRali ganakveTiT, xedavs, rom Semosavlis didi nawili ibegreba.
inflaciis Sedegad, samarTlebrivi safuZvelis gareSe, avtomaturad izrdeba
realuri sagadasaxado tvirTi.

505

inflaciis zemoqmedebis meore forma maSin warmoiqmneba, rodesac

gadasaxadisagan gaTavisufleba da standartuli gamoqviTva nominaluri
erTeulebis safuZvelze xdeba. araindeqsirebuli sistemis dros fasebis donis
zrda amcirebs realur Rirebulebas. inflacia kvlav zrdis faqtobriv
saSemosavlo sagadasaxado ganakveTs.

aRmoCnda, rom martivi proporciuli saSemosavlo sagadasaxado sistemis

farglebSic ki, gadasaxadisagan yovelgvari gaTavisuflebisa da gamoqviTvis
gareSe, inflacia zemoqmedebas axdens sagadasaxado tvirTze. aseTi sistemis
farglebSi, zogadad, inflacia ar axdens zemoqmedebas saxelfaso Semosavlis
realur sagadasaxado tvirTze. Tu daqiravebulis saxelfaso Semosavali wlis
ganmavlobaSi ormagdeba, aseve ormagdeba gadasaxadic da realuri zemoqmedeba
arc fiqsirdeba. Tumca inflacia cvlis realur sagadasaxado tvirTs
kapitalis Semosavalze.

davuSvaT, kalpurniam SeiZina 5000 aSS dolaris Rirebulebis aqtivi. sami

wlis Semdeg igi aqtivs 10000 dolarad gayidis. davuSvaT, rom am sami wlis
ganmavlobaSi fasebis saerTo done gaormagda. gamodis, rom kalpurnias mogeba
aqtivis gayidvis Sedegad nulia. kapitalis mogebasTan dakavSirebuli
valdebuleba damokidebulia sxvaobaze nominalur gasayid da SesaZen fass
Soris. amdenad, warmoiqmneba kalpurnias sagadasaxado valdebuleba kapitalis
cru mogebis wyalobiT (5000 dolari). amrigad, kapitalis mogebis inflaciuri
komponenti ibegreba, rac gulisxmobs imas, rom faqtobrivi sagadasaxado
tvirTi damokidebulia inflaciis ganakveTze.

individi, romelic iRebs dasabegr saprocento Semosavals, analogiuri

zemoqmedebis qveS aris. davuSvaT, rom nominaluri saprocento ganakveTi
(bazarze moqmedi ganakveTi) 16%-ia. aseve davuSvaT, rom mosalodnelia 12%-iani
inflacia. fulis 16%-iani nominaluri ganakveTiT gamsesxeblis realuri
saprocento ganakveTi mxolod da mxolod 4% iqneba, radgan swored am
procentuli maCvenebliT umjobesdeba gamsesxeblis msyidvelTunarianoba.
gadasaxadiT ibegreba ara realuri, aramed nominaluri saprocento gadaxdebi.
amdenad, gadasaxadis gadaxda moxdeba, Tumca ar gaizrdeba realuri Semosavali.

axla
saprocento

ki es algebrulad ganvixiloT. davuSvaT, rom nominaluri

ganakveTia i. gamsesxeblis nominaluri ukugeba gadasaxadebis

gadaxdis Semdeg (Tu zRvruli sagadasaxado ganakveTi t-s udris) aris (1 - t)i .
imisaTvis, rom gamoviangariSoT realuri ukugeba gadasaxadebis gadaxdis
Semdeg, Cven nominalur ukugebas unda gamovakloT inflaciis mosalodneli
ganakveTi p . amrigad, realuri ukugeba, r, gadasaxadis gadaxdis Semdeg iqneba:

506

r = (1 - t )i - p

(15.1)

davuSvaT, rom t =0,25-s, i =16%-s da p =10%-s. miuxedavad imisa, rom

nominaluri saprocento ganakveTi aris 16%, realuri ukugeba gadasaxadis
gadaxdis Semdeg mxolod 2% iqneba.

simartivisaTvis davuSvaT, rom inflaciis mosalodneli ganakveTis

nebismieri zrda nominalur saprocento ganakveTs imave odenobiT zrdis; Tu
inflacia izrdeba oTxi erTeuliT, nominaluri saprocento ganakveTic oTxi
erTeuliT gaizrdeba. zogadad, orive faqtoris Tanabari zrdis Sedegad
realuri ukugeba igive darCeba. Tumca sruliad sawinaaRmdegos gveubneba (15.1)
gantoleba. Tu p 10%-idan 14%-mde gaizrdeba, xolo i ki _ 16%-dan 20%-mde da t
0,25-s udris, maSin r Semcirdeba 1%-mde. erTmniSvnelovnad mosalodneli
inflaciac ki verasodes iqneba `neitraluri~, rac im faqtis pirdapiri Sedegia,
rom ibegreba ara realuri, aramed nominaluri saprocento gadasaxadi.

Cven sakiTxs gamsesxeblis poziciidan vudgebodiT. arada, yvelaferi

sawinaaRmdegod xdeba msesxeblisaTvis. sagadasaxado sistemis ararsebobis
pirobebSi, msesxeblis mier gadaxdili realuri ganakveTi udris sxvaobas
nominalur ganakveTsa da inflaciis mosalodnel ganakveTs Soris. Tu
gadasaxadis
gadamxdeli
akmayofilebs
garkveul
kriteriums,
maSin,
sagadasaxado
kanonmdeblobis
Tanaxmad,
dasabegri
Semosavlidan
xdeba
nominaluri saprocento gadasaxadis gamoqviTva. amdenad, debitors SeuZlia,
dasabegri Semosavlidan gamoqviTos is gadasaxadebi, rac ar amcirebs maT
realur Semosavals. gamodis, rom inflacia amcirebs msesxeblis sagadasaxado
tvirTs.

gadasaxadebisa da inflaciis problemis gadawyvetis gzebi

1960-iani wlebidan daiwyo inflaciis ganakveTebis zrda. xalxma SeigrZno,

rom inflacia realuri saSemosavlo sagadasaxado tvirTis aralegitimur
zrdas iwvevs. pirveli reaqcia saxelmwifos mxridan oficialuri ganakveTebis
SemcirebaSi gamoixata. 1969 wlidan 1981 wlamde Zalian bevri sagadasaxado
ganakveTi Semcirda, rac inflaciis zemoqmedebis ganeitralebis TvalsazrisiT
nawilobriv warmatebuli gamodga.

miuxedavad amisa, bevrs ar moswonda es procesi. TiToeuli sagadasaxado

Semcireba mxolod cota xniT aneitralebda inflaciis zemoqmedebas. garkveuli
periodis
gasvlis
Semdeg
aucilebeli gaxda
ufro
meti
cvlilebis
ganxorcieleba. izrdeboda xalxis cinizmi gadasaxadebis Secvlis garSemo.

507

bevrma moqalaqem SeigrZno is, rom gadasaxadis `Semcireba~, romliTac ase

amayobdnen kanonmdebelni, araviTar sargebels ar warmoqmnida realuri
Rirebulebis
TvalsazrisiT.
lenini ambobda:
`burJuaziis
ganadgurebis
erTaderTi gza maTi gasresaa gadasaxadebisa da inflaciis tvirTis qveS~.
miuxedavad imisa, rom gadasaxadebisa da inflaciis gadakveTas aSS-Si ar
warmouqmnia radikaluri da seriozuli efeqti, man mainc mniSvnelovnad
Secvala arsebuli mdgomareoba.

1981 wels specialuri midgomis araadeqvaturobis gamo aucilebeli gaxda

iseTi kanonmdeblobis damtkiceba, romelic sagadasaxado kodeqsis zogierTi
nawilis indeqsacias daakanonebda. dRes indeqsirebulia piradi Semosavlidan
gamoqviTva, standartuli
gamoqviTva,
jgufebis
masStabi
da miRebuli
saSemosavlo krediti. am gziT dasrulda e.w. `jgufebis aRrevis~ procesi. ar
aris miRebuli zomebi kapitalis Semosavlis indeqsaciis mimarTulebiT, albaT,
administraciuli sirTuleebis gamo. ase magaliTad, rogorc ukve aRvniSneT,
inflaciis zrda momgebian mdgomareobaSi ayenebs debitors, radgan mis mier
gadasaxdeli Tanxis realuri Rirebuleba mcirdeba. mTlianad indeqsirebul
sistemaSi aseTi mogeba Sefasebuli da dabegrili iqneboda (amis Sesruleba ki
rTulia).

unda SenarCundes Tu ara indeqsaciis praqtika? indeqsaciis oponentebi

amtkiceben, rom perioduli specialuri koreqtivebis sistema saukeTesoa, radgan
is saSualebas aZlevs kanonmdebels, Seiswavlos da gadasinjos sagadasaxado
kodeqsis is aspeqtebi, romlebSic unda Sevides cvlilebebi24. indeqsaciis
momxreebi Tvlian, rom sagadasaxado kodeqsis gadasinjvis SesaZleblobis
Semcireba SesaZloa, TavisTavad Zalian kargi iyos, radgan yovelTvis
sasurvelia stabiluri da prognozirebadi sagadasaxado kanonmdeblobis
arseboba. ufro metic, kanonmdeblobis
Secvlis
mcire Sansi nakleb
sakanonmdeblo
areulobas
gamoiwvevs.
indeqsaciis
momxreebis
yvelaze
mniSvnelovani argumenti aris is, rom indeqsacia realuri sagadasaxado
ganakveTebis
aralegitimur
zrdas
ewinaaRmdegeba.
maTi
Rrma
rwmeniT,
aralegitimuri
procesis
Sedegad
realuri
sagadasaxado
ganakveTebis
sistematuri zrda demokratiul RirebulebaTa TvalsazrisiT antieTikuria.

24

Cven am problemas makroekonomikuri poziciidan ganvixilavT. arsebobs sxvadasxva

azri indeqsaciis makroekonomikur Sedegebze. oponentebi amtkiceben, rom indeqsacia
anadgurebs makroekonomikis politikis ganxorcielebis mniSvnelovan berkets. ase
magaliTad, Tu saWiroa ufro meti fiskaluri SezRudvebi inflaciis periodis
ganmavlobaSi, es avtomaturad xorcieldeba sagadasaxado Semosavlebis zrdiT. amis
sapirispirod, gadasaxadis zrda da/an danaxarjis Semcireba dros moiTxovs. meore
mxriv, indeqsaciis momxreebi amtkiceben, rom federaluri Semosavlebis avtomaturi
zrda kanonmdebels ubiZgebs imisaken, rom meti daxarjos da, amdenad, SesaZloa, arc
hqodes stabilizaciis efeqti. marTlac, isini amtkiceben, rom araindeqsirebuli sistema
qmnis stimuls kanonmdebelTaTvis, gaataron inflaciuri politika, imitom rom es
politika zrdis saxelmwifo seqtoris resursebis realur moculobas.

508

indeqsaciis momxreebi SeniSnaven, rom indeqsaciis anulirebis SemTxvevaSi

yvelaze seriozuli dartyma dabalSemosavlian ojaxs miadgeba: inflacia maT
sagadasaxado valdebulebaze araproporciulad Zlier zemoqmedebas moaxdens.
ase magaliTad, maRalSemosavliani ojaxi, cxadia, xasiaTdeba garkveuli
danakargiT, rodesac maTTvis aRar moqmedebs gamoqviTvis sistema. Tu gamoqviTva
aRar iqneba indeqsirebuli, maSin maTi gadasaxadi ar moeqceva zegavlenis qveS,
magram dabalSemosavliani individebis realuri sagadasaxado valdebuleba
gaizrdeba. analogiurad, maRalSemosavliani ojaxi upiratesobas detalizebul
gamoqviTvas ufro aniWebs, vidre standartuls, amdenad, indeqsaciis gauqmebis
Sedegad ufro metad dabalSemosavliani ojaxi dazaraldeba.

alternatiuli minimaluri gadasaxadi

rogorc
ukve aRvniSneT,
Semosavlis
iseTi
formebi,
rogoricaa
saprocento
Semosavali
Statebisa
da
adgilobriv
obligaciebze,
preferenciuli sagadasaxado reJimiT ibegreba. 1969 wels xazinis mdivanma
gaakeTa gancxadeba imis Sesaxeb, rom 155 adamians, romelTa Semosavali 200000
aSS dolars aRemateboda, ramdenime wlis ganmavlobaSi ar hqondaT gadaxdili
federaluri saSemosavlo gadasaxadi. gancxadebam politikuri `Weqa-quxili~
gamoiwvia. alternatiuli minimaluri gadasaxadi (Alternative Minimum Tax - AMT)
SemoRebul iqna 1969 wels da ramdenjerme cvlileba ganicada. gadasaxadis
daweseba iyo imis mcdeloba, rom mdidar adamians, romelic ar ixdida
gadasaxads, minimaluri gadasaxadi mainc gadaexada.

AMT arsebiTad Crdilovan sagadasaxado sistemas warmoadgens da

sagadasaxado baza da ganakveTebic sakuTari wesis safuZvelze dgindeba.
gamoTvlis pirveli etapi aris regularuli dasabegri SemosavlisaTvis AMT
preferenciis damateba, romelic moicavs (Tumca ar aris SezRuduli) piradi
Semosavlis gadasaxadisagan gaTavisuflebas da standartul da detalizebul
gamoqviTvebs. Semdegi safexuri AMT-s gadasaxadisagan gaTavisuflebuli
nawilis
gamoklebaa
(dRes
igi
49000
dolars
udris
daqorwinebuli
wyvilisaTvis, xolo 35750 dolars ki _ dauojaxebeli adamianisaTvis). swored
amis Semdeg viRebT alternatiul minimalur sagadasaxado Semosavals (Alternative
Minimum Tax Income - AMTI). gadasaxadisagan gaTavisuflebuli Tanxa Tanabaria
kmayofaze
myof
adamianTa
raodenobis
miuxedavad.
gadasaxadisagan
gaTavisuflebis privilegia uqmdeba maRalSemosavliani individebisaTvis. AMTI
ibegreba 26%-iani (pirvel 175000 dolarze) da 28%-iani (Semosavlis darCenili
nawili) ganakveTebiT. mniSvnelovania is faqti, rom, Cveulebrivi saSemosavlo
gadasaxadisagan gansxvavebiT, ar koreqtirdeba inflaciis mixedviT arc
gadasaxadisagan gaTavisuflebuli Semosavlis moculoba da arc Semosavlis
jgufebi.

509

sagadasaxado valdebuleba, romelic gamoiTvleba SedarebiT erTiani

ganakveTiT,
sacdeli
AMT-is
saxelwodebas
atarebs.
sruli
suraTis
warmosadgenad kargi iqneba, Tu SevadarebT sacdel AMT-sa da Cveulebriv
saSemosavlo gadasaxadis safuZvelze gamoTvlil sagadasaxado valdebulebas.
Tu sacdeli AMT ufro maRalia, vidre Cveulebrivi saSemosavlo sagadasaxado
valdebuleba, maSin sxvaoba warmoadgens gadasaxadis gadamxdelis AMT-s da igi
valdebulia, gadaixados AMT Cveulebriv saSemosavlo gadasaxadTan erTad.

rogorc
aRvniSneT,
AMT-s
SemoRebis
Tavdapirveli
mizani
im
maRalSemosavliani individebis gamoaSkaraveba iyo, romlebic Tavs aridebdnen
gadasaxadis gadaxdas. AMT arasodes moiazreboda, rogorc saerTo gadasaxadi.
moqmedi kanonmdeblobis Tanaxmad, 2010 wlisaTvis daaxloebiT 35 milioni
gadasaxadis gadamxdeli gadaixdis AMT gadasaxads, xolo 2008 wlisaTvis ki
AMT-s anulirebis danaxarji ufro maRali iqneba, vidre Cveulebrivi
saSemosavlo gadasaxadis gauqmebis danaxarji [Tempalski, 2002, gv. 342]. ratom
xdeba ase? gaixseneT, rom AMT-s gadaxda maSinaa savaldebulo, rodesac AMT-s
mixedviT gamoTvlili sagadasaxado valdebuleba Cveulebrivi saSemosavlo
gadasaxadis mixedviT gamoTvlil saSemosavlo valdebulebas aRemateba.
amdenad, yvelaferi, rac amcirebs Cveulebrivi saSemosavlo gadasaxadis
mixedviT
gamoTvlil
sagadasaxado
valdebulebas
AMT-s
sagadasaxado
valdebulebasTan SedarebiT, zrdis AMT gadasaxadis gadamxdelis raodenobas.
am konteqstSi calsaxaa ori faqti. pirveli: AMT ar aris koreqtirebuli
inflaciis mixedviT, xolo Cveulebrivi saSemosavlo gadasaxadi ki _ aris.
amdenad, AMT-s dros mosalodnelia jgufebis aRreva da inflaciis yvelaze
mokrZalebuli
ganakveTic
ki
gazrdis
mas
Cveulebriv
sagadasaxado
valdebulebasTan SedarebiT. meore: 2001 wels EGTRRA-m Seamcira Cveulebrivi
saSemosavlo
gadasaxadi.
Tumca
aranairi
mniSvnelovani
cvlileba
ar
gatarebula AMT-s ganakveTSi. saerTodac, EGTTRA-s kiserze awevs AMT-s
gadasaxadis gadamxdelTa gaormagebis codva, romelic 2010 wlisTvisaa
mosalodneli.

unda vidardoT Tu ara imis gamo, rom AMT TandaTan xdeba saerTo
gadasaxadi? pasuxi aseTia: diax, es unda iyos Cveni zrunvis sagani, radgan es
aris
cudi
sagadasaxado
politika
yvela
SesaZlo
TvalsazrisiT.
samarTlianobis principidan gamomdinare, AMT gadasaxadisagan gaTavisuflebis
privilegiebi
_
piradi
Semosavlis
gaTavisufleba,
standartuli
da
detalizebuli gamoqviTvebi _ Zalian mniSvnelovania saSualo Semosavlis mqone
gadasaxadis gadamxdelTaTvis. AMT-s mniSvnelobis zrda yvelaze negatiurad am
jgufis interesebze moqmedebs da ara Zalian mdidarTa interesebze. rac Seexeba
efeqtianobas, gaixseneT me-13 Tavidan, rom saSemosavlo gadasaxadis zedmeti
tvirTi zRvruli sagadasaxado ganakveTis kvadratTan erTad varirebs. AMT-s
farglebSi minimaluri ganakveTi 26%-ia, igi mniSvnelovnad maRalia, vidre bevri
ojaxis Cveulebrivi saSemosavlo sagadasaxado ganakveTi, romelic SemdgomSi

510

AMT-s msxverpli unda gaxdes. dabolos, AMT rTulia. imisaTvis, rom gavarkvioT,
gvekuTvnis Tu ara AMT-s gadaxda, mTeli gamoTvlebi unda CavataroT. is ojaxic
ki, romelic sruliad ar aris valdebuli, gadaixados AMT gadasaxadi, avsebs
AMT sagadasaxado deklaracias, rac mniSvnelovnad zrdis sagadasaxado
Sesabamisobis tvirTs.

aSS-is saSemosavlo sistema iseT matarebels miuZRveba, romelic

aTwleulis bolos aucileblad moyveba katastrofaSi. bevri damkvirvebeli
Rrmada aris darwmunebuli imaSi, rom kongresi miiRebs gansazRvrul zomebs
katastrofis Tavidan asacileblad, Tumca aravin icis, ra zomebi iqneba
miRebuli. arsebobs bevri SesaZlebloba: gaTavisuflebuli Semosavlisa da
jgufebis indeqsacia inflaciis mixedviT, gaTavisuflebuli Semosavlis
moculobis gazrda, AMT-s anulireba. CamoTvlilTagan kategoriuli moTxovna
gauqmebis Sesaxeb yvelaze momxiblavi ideaa. Tu kongress ar surs, rom
individma sargebeli miiRos sxvadasxva preferenciidan, albaT, ufro upriani
iqneba, Tu gauqmdeba es preferenciebi Cveulebriv saSemosavlo sistemaSi;
albaT, sul ar aris saWiro axali sagadasaxado sistemis gamogoneba imisaTvis,
rom Tavi davaRwioT am preferenciebs. mokled, AMT warmoadgens kidev erT imis
magaliTs, rom saSemosavlo sagadasaxado sistema namdvilad ar aris
srulyofili. yofili senatori, bil bredli, ambobda: `minimaluri gadasaxadi
sagadasaxado sistemis naklovanebaze miuTiTebs. igi gviCvenebs ara marto imas,
rom sistema sruliad moSlilia, aramed imasac, rom kongress aRar aqvs
situaciis gamosworebis Tavi~.

erTeulis SerCeva da qorwinebis gadasaxadi

Cven ukve ganvixileT is problemebi, romlebic ukavSirdeba Semosavlis

klasificirebas sagadasaxado miznebisaTvis. Semosavlis yvelaze detalizebuli
definiciac ki sakmaod mwir informacias gvaZlevs imis Sesaxeb, Tu vin unda
daibegros. unda daibegros Tu ara TiToeuli individi calke saSemosavlo
gadasaxadiT? individebi, romlebic erT ojaxSi cxovroben, erToblivi
Semosavlis mixedviT unda daibegron Tu ara? am sakiTxebis irgvliv sajaro
debatebi erTob intensiurad mimdinareobs. axla ganvixiloT zogierTi
sakiTxi25.

winasityvaoba

25

Semdgomi detalebisaTvis ix. Carasso and Steuerle [2002].

511

gaxsovdeT Semdegi sami ZiriTadi principi:

1.

saSemosavlo gadasaxadSi ganivTebulia zrdadi zRvruli sagadasaxado

ganakveTi.
2. Tanabari Semosavlis ojaxi ixdis Tanabar gadasaxads (sxva Tanabar
pirobebSi).
3. ori individis sagadasaxado tvirTi ar icvleba maTi qorwinebis
SemTxvevaSi; sagadasaxado sistema neitraluria qorwinebis mimarT.
meore da mesame principi odnav winaaRmdegobrivia, Tumca savsebiT
misaRebia farTo sazogadoebisaTvis da sagadasaxado sistemis sasurvel niSanTvisebas warmoadgens. konsensusi pirvel principze gacilebiT sustia;
miuxedavad amisa, rogorc Cans, farTo politikuri mxardaWeriT sargeblobs
zrdadi zRvruli sagadasaxado ganakveTi.

am
principTa
esoden
didi
momxibvlelobis
miuxedavad,
maTi
ganxorcieleba sakmaod seriozul problemebTanaa dakavSirebuli. zogadad, arc
erT sagadasaxado sistemas ar ZaluZs, samive principi erTdroulad Seasrulos.
yvelaferi martivad aixsneba ariTmetikuli magaliTiT. warmovidginoT aseTi
martivi progresiuli gadasaxadi: dabegrili piri ixdis 10%-ian gadasaxads
nebismieri raodenobis Semosavalze, romelic ar aRemateba 6000 dolars da 50%ian gadasaxads im Semosavalze, romelic aRemateba 6000 dolars. 15.2 cxrilis
pirveli ori sveti gviCvenebs oTxi individis (lusi, riki, fredi da eTeli)
Semosavalsa da sagadasaxado valdebulebas. rikis sagadasaxado valdebuleba
aris $12000 = [=0,10 X $6000 + 0,50 X $23000]. warmovidginoT aseTi romantikuli
suraTi: lusi misTxovda rikis, xolo eTeli ki fredis. erToblivi
angariSgebis ararsebobis pirobebSi, TiToeuli individis sagadasaxado
valdebuleba ucvlelia. Tanabari Semosavlis mqone ori ojaxi (30000 dolari)
ixdis gadasaxadis gansxvavebul raodenobas (lusi da riki 12200 dolars
ixdian, xolo eTeli da fredi ki 10200 dolars, rogorc amas mesame svetSi
vxedavT). davuSvaT, rom kanonmdebloba ojaxs moiazrebs, rogorc dasabegr
erTeuls, amdenad, gadasaxadi daekisreba erTobliv
Semosavals. aseT
SemTxvevaSi orive ojaxi Tanabar gadasaxads ixdis, Tumca qorwinebis Semdeg
Seicvala sagadasaxado tvirTi. cxadia, sagadasaxado tvirTis faqtobrivi
cvlileba damokidebulia sxvaobaze individze dakisrebul gadasaxadsa da
erTobliv gadasaxads Soris. axla davuSvaT, rom gadasaxadi ucvlelia. Tumca
Cven mivdivarT mTavar wertilamde: zrdadi zRvruli sagadasaxado ganakveTebis
SemTxvevaSi Cven veRar SevasrulebT me-2 da me-3 princips.

cxrili 15.2 sagadasaxado valdebulebebi hipoTetiuri sagadasaxado sistemis

mixedviT

512

ojaxis
gadasaxadi
individualuri
angariSgebis
SemTxvevaSi

erToblivi
Semosavali

erToblivi
gadasaxadi

individualuri
Semosavali

individualuri
gadasaxadi

lusi

$1000

$100

12100

$12200

$30000

$12600

riki

29000

eTeli

15000

10200

30000

12600

fredi

15000

5100

5100

ra arCevans akeTebs amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi? droTa ganmavlobaSi

icvleba arCevani. 1948 wlamde dasabegri erTeuli iyo individi _ cxadia,
irRveoda meore principi. 1948 wels dasabegr erTeulad ojaxi aRiares da
danerges Semosavlis gayofis fenomeni. Semosavlis gayofis principis Tanaxmad,
50000 dolari Semosavlis mqone ojaxi ibegreba ise, rogorc ori individi,
romelTagan TiToeulis Semosavali 25000 dolaria. cxadia, zrdadi zRvruli
sagadasaxado ganakveTebis SemTxvevaSi es SesaZloa, ZiriTadi upiratesoba iyos.
garkveuli Semosavlis mqone dauojaxebeli piris sagadasaxado valdebuleba
Semcirdeba, Tu is daqorwindeba Semosavlis armqone an dabali Semosavlis
mqone pirze. marTlac, 1948 wlis kanonis mixedviT, SesaZlebeli gaxda individis
sagadasaxado valdebulebis radikaluri Semcireba misi qorwinebis SemTxvevaSi
_ es ki mesame principis darRvevaa.

Tanabari Semosavlis dauojaxebeli pirisa da daqorwinebuli wyvilis

sagadasaxado valdebulebani imdenad gansxvavdebodnen erTmaneTisagan, rom
kongresma 1969 wels Camoayaliba ganakveTTa axali grafiki dauojaxebelTaTvis.
am grafikis Tanaxmad, dauojaxebeli piris sagadasaxado valdebuleba SesaZloa,
yofiliyo maqsimum 20%-iT meti Tanabari dasabegri Semosavlis mqone
daqorwinebuli wyvilis sagadasaxado valdebulebaze (Zveli reJimis Tanaxmad,
dasaSvebi iyo 40%-is odenobis sxvaoba).

dauojaxebel pirsa da daqorwinebul wyvils Soris arsebuli sxvaobis

Semcireba CaTvales mesame principis darRvevad da, samwuxarod, sruliad
sapirispirod
Seatriales:
SesaZlebeli
gaxda
piris
sagadasaxado
valdebulebebis zrda misi daqorwinebis SemTxvevaSi. 1981 wels kongresi
Seecada, Seemcirebina `qorwinebis gadasaxadi~ da danerga axali saxis
gamoqviTva im wyvilebisaTvis, romelTaganac orive iRebs Semosavals. aseTi
ojaxi uflebamosili iyo, esargebla gamoqviTviT (ufro dabali Semosavlis
mqone meuRlis saxelfaso Semosavlis 10%, magram ara umetes 3000 dolarisa),
aseTi gamoqviTva male gauqmda TRA 86-is mier. igi aRar CaiTvala aucileblad,

513

radgan dabalma zRvrulma ganakveTebma `qorwinebis gadasaxadis~ mniSvneloba

Seamcira.

miuxedavad aseTi argumentisa, naTelia, rom zRvruli sagadasaxado

ganakveTebi mniSvnelovnad gaizarda 1986 wlis Semdeg. maTTan erTad gaizarda
qorwinebis gadasaxadi. 2000 wels orive partiam moiTxova qorwinebis
gadasaxadis Semcireba. 2001 wels jorj buSma xeli moawera sagadasaxado
kanons, romlis ramdenime debuleba swored am mizniT iyo SemuSavebuli:
standartuli gamoqviTvis gafarToeba da 15%-iani jgufis gazrda mxolod
daqorwinebuli wyvilisaTvis. karasosa da Sterles [2002] gamoTvlebis Tanaxmad,
2001 wlis kanonma mniSvnelovnad Seamcira qorwinebis jarima saojaxo
meurneobaTa umetesobisaTvis. miuxedavad amisa, jer kidev arsebobs qorwinebis
jarima da, Tanac, maqsimaluri, rodesac orive meuRle Tanabari SemosavliT
xasiaTdeba. gansazRvrul pirobebSi, ori individis qorwinebis SemTxvevaSi,
romelTa mTliani koreqtirebuli Semosavali 25000 aSS dolaria, maTi
erToblivi sagadasaxado valdebuleba daaxloebiT 1900 dolariT izrdeba.
meore mxriv, rodesac fiqsirdeba mniSvnelovani sxvaoba individTa Semosavlebs
Soris, sagadasaxado kodeqsi garkveul jildos sTavazobs wyvils daqorwinebis
SemTxvevaSi. Tu qorwindeba ori adamiani, romelTagan erTis mTliani
koreqtirebuli Semosavali 50000 aSS dolaria, xolo meorisa ki _ nuli, maSin
maTi erToblivi sagadasaxado valdebuleba 4269 dolariT iklebs26. aseT
SemTxvevaSi kanonmdebloba `sagadasaxado ZRvens~ gvTavazobs.

qorwinebis gadasaxadis analizi

ekonomisti, romelic ganixilavs am sakiTxs, rogorc wesi, or SekiTxvas

dasvams: efeqtiania es gadasaxadi? samarTliania es gadasaxadi? sajaro
debatebis umetesoba fokusirebulia samarTlianobis aspeqtebze _ visi
dabegvraa ufro samarTliani: individis Tu ojaxis? erTni Tvlian, rom ojaxis
dabegvra ufro samarTliania, radgan es iZleva araSromiTi Semosavlis
(dividendi, saprocento ganakveTi, mogeba) ufro samarTlian dabegvras.
individualuri angariSgebis pirobebSi, maRali Semosavlis mqone meuRle Tavis
sakuTrebas gadascems meore meuRles da am gziT ojaxis sagadasaxado
deklaracias Seamcirebs (e.w. sakuTrebis gadacema saZinebelSi). rTulia,
winaswar davadginoT misi masStabi. ojaxSi sakuTrebis ufleba ararelevantur
faqtors warmoadgens. Tanac, ganqorwinebis arsebuli ganakveTebis pirobebSi,
sakuTrebis gadacema meuRleze mxolod sagadasaxado miznebiT sarisko
strategia iqneba. amave dros, ar arsebobs mtkicebuleba imisa, rom aseTi
transferi masiur xasiaTs miiRebs.

26

es gamoTvlebi (karaso da Sterli [2002]) dafuZnebulia

daqorwinebul wyvilsa da ojaxis Tavs ori Svili hyavT.

im

daSvebaze,

rom

514

ojaxi racionalur dasabegr erTeulad iTvleba aseTi filosofiuri

mosazrebis gamo:

ojaxi sazogadoebis ZiriTadi ekonomikuri erTeulia.

individis dabegvra araswori iqneba, imitom rom individi
xasiaTdeba mWidro finansuri da ekonomikuri kavSirebiT
im ZiriTadi socialuri erTeulis wevrebTan, romelsac es
individi miekuTvneba, rac ar Seesabameba srulyofil da
racionalur sagadasaxado sistemas. [samefo komisiis
angariSi, 1966, gv. 122-23].

roforc jon kardinal okonori ambobda: `qorwineba uzenaesia adamianisa

da institutisaTvis [Allen, 1998, gv. A4].

saojaxo
erTeulis
arsi
arcTu
aseTi
zebunebrivia
adamianisaTvis mainc. bitkeri [1975, gv. 1393] ambobda, rom:

ramdenime

Tu daqorwinebuli wyvili ibegreba erToblivi Semosavlis mixediT, aseve

unda daibegros Tu ara is Svili, romelic exmareba moxucebul mSobels, ori
da, romelic erT saxlSi cxovrobs, an ganqorwinebuli mSobeli, romelic
SvilTan erTad cxovrobs? aucilebeli iqneba Tu ara urTierTobis arseboba,
romelic damyarebulia qorwinebis an naTesaobis safuZvelze? gamonaklisis
saxiT, ras ityviT dauqorwinebel wyvilze, romelic erTad cxovrobs,
homoseqsual partniorebze an komunebze?

samarTlianad miiCneva Tu ara ojaxi dasabegr erTeulad? pasuxi

damokidebulia subieqtur gadawyvetilebasa da Tqvens Sexedulebaze ojaxis
rolis Sesaxeb. debatebi dResac grZeldeba. ojaxis Semosavalze dafuZnebuli
dabegvra seriozuli amocanebis winaSe dgas. ramdenime xnis win federalur
sagadasaxado sasamarTloSi iCivla mamakacma, romelmac ganacxada, rom mas
mosTxoves erToblivi deklaraciis Sevseba sxva mamakacTan erTad, romelTan
erTadac imyofeboda `ekonomikur partniorobaSi~. mosamarTlem ganacxada, rom
qorwinebis gamoyeneba kriteriumad sagadasaxado valdebulebis gansazRvris
dros `kostituciurad SesaZlebelia~ [Herman, 2000, gv. A1].

rodesac Cven vuaxlovdebiT problemis efeqtianobis aspeqtebs, maSinve

Cndeba aseTi kiTxva: zemoqmedebas axdens Tu ara qorwinebis gadasaxadi
individis qcevaze? sagadasaxado sistema cvlis `qorwinebis fass~, amdenad,
Zalian xSiria anegdotebi gadasaxadebis gamo gadavadebul qorwinebaze,
ganqorwinebaze
da
gacilebaze.
statistikuri
TvalsazrisiT,
rTulia

515

kategoriuli daskvnis gakeTeba imis Sesaxeb, rom qorwinebis gadasaxadi

mniSvnelovnad zemoqmedebs qorwinebasTan dakavSirebul gadawyvetilebebze.
dikert-konlinis [1999] ganqorwinebis Sesaxeb miRebuli gadawyvetilebis
ekonometrikuli analizi cxadyofs, rom arsebobs pozitiuri urTierTkavSiri
wvyilis qorwinebis jarimasa da maTi ganqorwinebis albaTobas Soris, Tumca
zemoqmedebis masStabi Zalian mcirea.

efeqtianobis
erT-erTi
aspeqti
exeba
erToblivi
angariSgebis
zemoqmedebas gadawyvetilebebze SromiTi miwodebis Sesaxeb. me-14 TavSi naTqvami
iyo imis Sesaxeb, rom gaTxovil qals ufro elastiuri SromiTi miwodebis
mrudi aqvs, vidre mis meuRles. amdenad, efeqtiani iqneba colis dabegvra ufro
dabali ganakveTiT. erToblivi angariSgebis SemTxvevaSi orive meuRle
Semosavlis ukanasknel dolarze Tanabari zRvruli sagadasaxado ganakveTiT
ibegreba. amdenad, iTvleba, rom erToblivi angariSgeba araefeqtiania.

albaT, SeuZlebelia, warmovidginoT, Tu rogor muSaobs kongresi

colebisa da qmrebis gansxvavebul sagadasaxado tarifebze. Tumca es sruliad
ar niSnavs imas, rom SeuZlebelia ufro efeqtianad daibegros ojaxi. SesaZlo
reforma
iqneba
erToblivi
angariSgebis
gauqmeba
da
individualuri
angariSgebis danergva yvela adamianisaTvis. am gziT ara mxolod efeqtianoba
gaizrdeba, aramed warmoiqmneba ufro neitraluri damokidebuleba qorwinebis
mimarT, vidre moqmedi sistemis farglebSi arsebobs. bevrma qveyanam, kanadis
CaTvliT, ukve danerga es midgoma27.

samwuxarod, individualuri angariSgebis danergviT irRveva meore

principi, romelic Tanabari Semosavlis mqone ojaxebis Tanabari sagadasaxado
ganakveTebiT dabegvras iTvaliswinebs. amas ki swored iq mivyavarT, saidanac
daviwyeT: ar arsebobs arc erTi sagadasaxado sistema, romelic samive
kriteriums daakmayofilebs; amitom sazogadoebam unda gadawyvitos, Tu
romelia misTvis ufro Rirebuli da prioritetuli.

saerTaSoriso Semosavlis dabegvra

axla ki ganvixiloT, Tu rogor ibegreba individis Semosavali, romelic

sazRvargareTaa naSovni. aseTi Semosavlis dabegvriT dainteresebulia rogorc
moqalaqis samSoblo, aseve maspinZeli qveyana. aSS-is kanonmdebloba aRiarebs
27

kanadur sistemaSi ojaxSi Semosavlis pirveli Semomtani uflebamosilia, isargeblos

daubrunebadi sagadasaxado kreditiT im meuRlis sasargeblod, romelsac dabali
Semosavali aqvs, an saerTod ar aqvs Semosavali.

516

princips, romlis Tanaxmad, maspinZeli qveyana mis sazRvrebSi miRebuli

Semosavlis dabegvris upiratesi uflebiT sargeblobs. amave dros, amerikis
SeerTebuli Statebi aRiarebs debulebas, romlis Tanaxmad, amerikels,
miuxedavad Semosavlis miRebis adgilisa, sagadasaxado valdebuleba samSoblos
winaSe ekisreba. aSS begravs ucxoeTSi naSovn Semosavls, Tumca ormagi
dabegvris Tavidan asacileblad igi uzrunvelyofs kredits ucxouri qveynis
winaSe sagadasaxado davalianebis dasafarad28. davuSvaT, rom ofelias aSS-is
sagadasaxado valdebuleba germaniaSi naSovn Semosavalze udris 7000 dolars,
man germaniis mTavrobas gadauxada 5500 aSS dolari saSemosavlo gadasaxdi.
amis Semdeg ofelias SeuZlia, aiRos krediti 5500 dolaris odenobiT aSS-is
sagadasaxado deklaraciaze da Sida Semosavlebis samsaxurs gadauxados
mxolod 1500 aSS dolari. amdenad, aSS-is moqalaqis mTliani sagadasaxado
valdebuleba damokidebulia globalur Semosavalze.

globaluri
sistema
Tu
teritoriuli
sistema? aSS-is
sistemis
filosofiuri daSveba is aris, rom dabegvris Tanasworoba ganisazRvreba
moqalaqeobis safuZvelze. Tu Tqven xarT aSS-is moqalaqe, Tqveni mTliani
sagadasaxado valdebuleba ar aris damokidebuli imaze, sad miiReT Semosavali
- samSobloSi Tu sazRvargareT. aseTi sistema globaluri sistemis
saxelwodebiTaa cnobili. amerikisagan gansxvavebiT, TiTqmis yvela sxva qveyana
iyenebs teritoriul sistemas _ moqalaqe sxva qveyanaSi miRebuli Semosavlis
gadasaxads uxdis maspinZel qveyanas. romeli sistemaa ukeTesi? rTulia,
amovarCioT ukeTesi am sistemebs Soris rogorc Tanasworobis, aseve
efeqtianobis TvalsazrisiT.

Tanasworoba. joni, didi britaneTis moqalaqe, da semi, aSS-is moqalaqe,

muSaoben honkongSi. maT aqvT identuri Semosavali. didi britaneTi sargeblobs
teritoriuli sistemiT, amdenad, joni gadasaxads mxolod honkongs uxdis,
semma ki gadasaxadi amerikasac unda gadauxados (Tu misi aSS-is sagadasaxado
deklaracia ufro maRalia, vidre honkongSi sagadasaxado valdebuleba).
gamodis, rom semi ufro met gadasaxads ixdis, vidre joni, miuxedavad imisa,
rom maT identuri Semosavali aqvT. globaluri sistema uzrunvelyofs erTi
qveynis moqalaqeTa identur dabegvras, Tumca mas sxvadasxva qveynis moqalaqeTa
dabegvris arsebiTad gansxvavebul reJimamde mivyavarT. SesaZlebelia ki
horizontaluri Tanasworobis gansazRvra erovnul an msoflio safuZvlebze?
TiToeuli principi Tavisi RirsebiT gamoirCeva, magram, mTlianobaSi, ar
arsebobs saerTaSoriso sagadasaxado koordinaciis sistema, romelic orive
maTgans daakmayofilebda.

efeqtianoba. globaluri sistema zemoqmedebas axdens saerTaSoriso

sawarmoo gadawyvetilebebze. davuSvaT, rom amerikuli firma, romelic
sazRvargareT muSaobs, valdebulia, gadaixados aSS-is saSemosavlo gadasaxadi
28

krediti ar unda aRematebodes aSS-is gadasaxads ucxour Semosavalze. detaluri

informaciisaTvis ixileT `dabegvris erToblivi komiteti [1999].

517

amerikeli TanamSromlebisaTvis. holandiur firmas, romelic teritoriuli

sistemiT muSaobs, ar akisria analogiuri valdebuleba. sxva Tanabar pirobebSi
aSS-is kompaniam SesaZloa, aRar gadaixados zedmeti SromisaTvis da, amdenad,
aRmoCndes araxelsayrel mdgomareobaSi danaxarjis mxriv29. holandiuri firma
mniSvnelovnad met kontraqts dadebs, vidre amerikuli firma, Tundac es
ukanaskneli teqnologiurad efeqtiani iyos.

meore
mxriv,
teritoriuli
sistema
zemoqmedebas
axdens
meore
gadawyvetilebaze _ sad unda imyofebodes adamiani? mocemuli qveynis moqalaqem
SesaZloa, ucxoeTSi muSaobis gadawyvetileba miiRos im sagadasaxado
valdebulebis mixedviT, romelic mas samSoblos kanonmdeblobiT warmoeqmneba.
globaluri reJimis farglebSi, Tqven versad daemalebiT Tqveni qveynis
gadasaxadis Semgrovebels, Tu ar gamoicvliT moqalaqeobas. amdenad, TiTqmis
ar arsebobs imis stimuli, rom SeicvaloT sacxovrebeli adgili sagadasaxado
valdebulebis Semcirebis mizniT.

amdenad,
teritoriuli
ganisazRvros,
danaxarjs.

globaluri
sistema
ki
Tu romeli

sistema zemoqmedebas axdens sawarmoo, xolo

_
sacxovrebel gadawyvetilebebze. rTulia,
zemoqmedeba qmnis ufro maRali efeqtianobis

Statis saSemosavlo gadasaxad ebi

piradi saSemosavlo gadasaxadis roli Statebis saSemosavlo sistemaSi

swrafad da ganuxrelad izrdeba30. 1960 wels Statis sagadasaxado Semosavlis
12,2%-s piradi saSemosavlo gadasaxadebi Seadgenda; 2000 wlisaTvis es
maCvenebeli 36%-s gautolda [aSS-is aRweris samsaxuri, 2002, gv. 272]. dRes 41
Statsa da kolumbiis olqSi moqmedebs farTo gamoyenebis saSemosavlo
gadasaxadebi, romlebic xelfassac moicavs. garda amisa, ori Stati begravs
saprocento Semosavalsa da dividends, magram ara - xelfass.

29

es gulisxmobs: (a) aSS-is gadasaxadis tvirTi ekisreba ufro damqiravebels, vidre

daqiravebuls; (b) amerikul firmas ar SeuZlia sxva qveynis moqalaqeTa daqiraveba. (a)
daSveba damokidebulia aSS momuSaveebis miwodebis elastiurobaze ucxoeTSi arsebuli
aSS-is firmebisaTvis. miwodebis mrudi Tu ar aris horizontaluri, maSin daqiravebuli
gaiziarebs tvirTis nawils. ix. me-12 Tavi.
30
saSemosavlo
gadasaxadi
ufro
naklebad
mniSvnelovania
adgilobrivi
mmarTvelobisaTvis, Tumca zogierT did qalaqSi saSemosavlo gadasaxadi udides rols
TamaSobs.

518

Statis saSemosavlo gadasaxadebis struqtura federaluri gadasaxadis

struqturis msgavsia. dasabegri baza gamoiTvleba mTliani Semosavlidan
gaTavisuflebuli nawilisa da daqviTuli nawilis gamoklebis Sedegad,
sagadasaxado
valdebuleba
ki
jgufisaTvis
damaxasiaTebeli
zRvruli
ganakveTebis Tanaxmad ganisazRvreba. zRvruli ganakveTi mniSvnelovnad dabalia,
vidre federalur sistemaSi. 2003 wlisaTvis Statebis mier dawesebuli
saSemosavlo gadasaxadi 6%-dan 8%-mde meryeobda (montanaSi maqsimaluri
ganakveTi 11% iyo). Statebi gansxvavdebian Semosavlis gaTavisuflebisa da
gamoqviTvis wesebis mixedviT. zogierTi Statis wesi, faqtobrivad, yvela saxis
gamoqviTvas gamoricxavs, xolo zogierTi Statis wesi ki federaluri sistemis
analogiur wesebs gvTavazobs.

mniSvnelovania is, rom ar gamogvrCes Statis saSemosavlo gadasaxadis

efeqtiani ganakveTi mTliani zRvruli sagadasaxado ganakveTebis Sefasebis
dros. kalifornielis zRvruli sagadasaxado ganakveTi yvelaze maRalia _
38,6% federaluri gadasaxadi da 9,3% kaliforniis saSemosavlo gadasaxadi, anu
mTlianad 47,9%. Tu individi awarmoebs gamoqviTvis detalizacias da mas
Statisa da adgilobriv gadasaxadebs gamoaklebs, efeqti arcTu ise SesamCnevia,
magram faqti saxezea: maRali gadasaxadebis mqone StatebSi kumulaciuri
zRvruli sagadasaxado ganakveTi 50%-s uaxlovdeba.

politika da sagadasaxado reforma

Cven ukve ganvixileT saSemosavlo gadasaxadis maxasiaTeblebi. aRmoCnda,

rom mTeli rigi niSan-Tviseba, efeqtianobisa da samarTlianobis TvalsazrisiT,
gaumarTlebelia. bunebrivad Cndeba kiTxva: ratom aris ase rTuli sistemis
gaumjobeseba? imitom, rom Zalian xSirad yvelaze damoukidebeli eqspertebic
ki ver Tanxmdebian reformis SesaZlo mimarTulebaze. ase magaliTad, Cven ukve
aRvniSneT, rom miuxedavad arsebuli konsensusisa ekonomistebs Soris imis
Sesaxeb, rom kapitalis Semosavlis sxvadasxva formis diferencialuri
dabegvra arasasurvelia, dResac ki mimdinareobs dava am mdgomareobis
gamosworebis SesaZlo gzebis Sesaxeb. is, rac erTisaTvis reforma da dadebiTi
movlenaa, meorisaTvis SesaZloa, negatiur faqtorad CaiTvalos.

sistemis gaumjobesebis mimarTulebiT kidev erT sirTules vawydebiT:

romelime debulebis Secvlis mcdeloba politikuri Setevis msxverpli xdeba
xolme im mxaris mxridan, romelsac ar awyobs amgvari cvlilebis gatareba. ase
magaliTad, Statis oficiozi mudmivad lobirebs Statis saSemosavlo
gadasaxadebidan gamoqviTvis SezRudvas. me-6 TavSi ganxilulia zogierTi
Teoria, romelic miuTiTebs imaze, rom gansakuTrebuli interesis jgufebis
arsebobis
pirobebSi,
politikur
process
danaxarjebis
struqturamde

519

mivyavarT, rac sazogadoebis poziciidan suboptimaluria. igive Teoria xsnis im

sirTuleebs, romlebic sagadasaxado sistemis gaumjobesebis mcdelobebs
ukavSirdeba. kongresis mudmivmoqmedi sabiujeto komisiis wevri, endriu
jakobsi, ambobda: `Tu Tqven gadasaxadebs ukanonod aicilebT, cixeSi waxvalT,
xolo Tu gsurT, rom gadasaxadi kanonierad SeamciroT minimumamde, maSin
Tqveni pirdapiri gza kongresSi midis da iq naxavT, risi gakeTebac SeuZlia
kongress TqvenTvis~ (sagadasaxado politikis saxelmZRvanelo, 1982, gv. 50).

organizebuli lobi ar aris erTaderTi barieri reformis gzaze. bevr

SemTxvevaSi gadasaxadis SemoRebisTanave individi Tavis qmedebas warmarTavs mis
Sesabamisad da, albaT, Zalian bevrs dakargavs misi Secvlis SemTxvevaSi. ase
magaliTad, bevri ojaxi yidulobs did saxls, romelsac sxva SemTxvevaSi ar
iyidda, radgan man icis, rom gamoqviTvas eqvemdebareba ipoTekuri saprocento
ganakveTi da sakuTrebis gadasaxadi. savaraudod, Tu aseTi privilegia
gauqmdeba, aucileblad daecema uZravi qonebis Rirebuleba. horizontaluri
Tanasworobis zogierTi aspeqti miuTiTebs imaze, rom usamarTlobaa, SecvaloT
iseTi wesi, romlis mixedviTac indivdma adre miiRo gadawyvetileba da axla
Setrialeba sapirispiro mimarTulebiT Zalian Zviri daujdeba (ix. me-14 Tavi).

arsebobs mosazreba imis Sesaxeb, rom sagadasaxado sistemaSi didi

cvlilebis gatareba ufro warmatebulia, vidre garkveuli wesebis nawil-nawil
modificireba. gavixsenoT TRA 86-is gamocdileba. misi SemoRebis ZiriTadi mizezi
is iyo, rom igi moiTxovda an yvelafers, an arafers _ misaRebi iqneboda
sistemis mTliani Secvla, an, saerTod, aranairi cvlileba. aRsaniSnavia, rom
Zalian popularuli prezidentisa da erTob Zlieri kongresis liderebis
lobirebis miuxedavad, man ukve ramdenjerme ganicada seriozuli kraxi.

istoria cxadyofs, rom nebismier SemTxvevaSi, 1986 wlis Semdeg

SedarebiT dabali ganakveTebisa da farTo bazis mqone sagadasaxado sistema ar
aris politikurad stabiluri: `visac sjeroda, rom ufro gamZle da stabiluri
iqneboda mdgrad principze dafuZnebuli sagadasaxado sistema, TRA 86-dan ver
miiRo is Sedegi, rasac eloda~. [Auerbach and Slemrod, 1997, gv. 628].

davubrundebiT Tu ara TRA 86-is principebs? bevri damkvirvebeli

darwmunebulia, rom mosalodnelia cvlilebebi sagadasaxado kanonmdeblobaSi:
sagadasaxado kodeqss SesaZloa, daematos axali preferenciebi, rac Seamcirebs
dasabegr bazas da ufro gaarTulebs sistemas. kongresmenma Carlz reinjelma
sarkastulad daaxasiaTa is kritikosebi, `romlebic mxolod da mxolod
sagadasaxado kodeqsis fesvebis amoZirkvaze laparakoben, magram yovelwliurad
fesvebs ufro met sasuqs umateben~. iciT ratom? imitom, rom stabiluri da
martivi sagadasaxado kodeqsi politikosebis interess ar warmoadgens.
sagadasaxado sistemis mTavari funqcia aris is, `rom SesaZlebeli gaxdes
kanonmdeblebis (an prezidentis) saarCevno kampaniis fondis dafinanseba isedac

520

samarcxvinod garTulebuli kodeqsidan naklovanebaTa amoRebis an axali

naklovanebis Casmis gziT [Friedman, 1998]. amrigad, Cven ver gveqneba imis imedi,
rom mdgomareoba gamoswordeba.

daskvna

federaluri piradi saSemosavlo sagadasaxado valdebulebis gamoTvla

sam ZiriTad etaps moicavs: mTliani Semosavlis Sefaseba (koreqtirebuli
mTliani
Semosavali),
mTliani
Semosavlis
konvertacia
dasabegr
Semosavlad da gadasaxdeli gadasaxadebis gamoTvla.
Semosavlis Sefasebis tradiciuli meTodi heig-saimonsis modeli aris:
mocemuli periodis Semosavali individis moxmarebis unaris wminda
cvlilebas warmoadgens.
heig-saimonsis kriteriumis Sesruleba ramdenime sirTuliT xasiaTdeba: (1)
Semosavali unda Sefasdes Semosavlis miRebaze gaweuli danaxarjebisagan
damoukideblad; (2) ararealizebuli kapitalis mogeba da pirobiTi
Semosavali xangrZlivi moxmarebis saqonlisagan arcTu ise advilad
gamoiangariSeba. (3) sakmaod rTulia naturiT miRebuli Semosavlis
daTvla.
heig-saimonsis kriteriumis kritikosebi amtkiceben, rom igi arc
samarTliani da arc efeqtiani Sedegis garantias ar iZleva.
aSS-is saSemosavlo sagadasaxado sistema gamoricxavs: (1) procents
Statebisa da adgilobriv obligaciebze; (2) damqiraveblis anaricxebs
sapensio da samedicino fondSi; (3) saCuqars da memkvidreobas.
gaTavisuflebuli nawili fiqsirebulia ojaxis TiToeuli wevris
mixedviT. gaTavisuflebuli nawili akldeba koreqtirebul mTlian
Semosavals. gaTavisuflebis privilegiis moqmedeba maRali Semosavlis
pirobebSi SeCerdeba.
gamoqviTva an standartulia, an detalizebuli. standartuli gamoqviTvis
Sedegad dasabegri Tanxa fiqsirebuli TanxiT mcirdeba.
detalizebuli gamoqviTva nebadarTulia gansazRvrul saqonelTan an
momsaxurebasTan dakavSirebuli danaxarjisaTvis. gamoqviTva SeCerdeba
maRali Semosavlis miRebis pirobebSi, detalizebuli gamoqviTva cvlis
fass gadasaxadebis gadaxdis Semdgom, rac xSirad individis ekonomikur
qcevaze axdens zemoqmedebas.
detalizebuli gamoqviTva, aSS-is sagadasaxado kodeqsis Tanaxmad,
warmoebs:L (1) aunazRaurebeli samedicino danaxarjis mimarT (AGI-s 7%), (2)
Statisa da municipalitetis saSemosavlo da qonebis gadasaxadebis
mimarT, (3) gansazRvruli saprocento danaxarjebis mimarT da (4)
saqvelmoqmedo Senatanebis mimarT.
sagadasaxado danaxarji warmoadgens im Semosavals, romelzec uars
amboben preferenciuli sagadasaxado reJimiT dabegvris gamo.
sagadasaxado valdebulebis gansazRvris saboloo safexuri dasabegri
Semosavlis sagadasaxado ganakveTebis grafikis gamoyenebaa. faqtobrivi
zRvruli sagadasaxado ganakveTi oficialur ganakveTs aRemateba.
alternatiuli minimaluri gadasaxadi (AMT) Seiqmna imisaTvis, rom
maRalSemosavliani gadasaxadis gadamxdeli, romelic Tavidan icilebs
gadasaxadebs,
namdvilad
ixdides
raime
federalur
saSemosavlo

521

gadasaxads mainc. Tumca garkveuli struqturuli naklovanebebis gamo

AMT gaxdeba gadasaxadi, romelic daemuqreba saSualo klasis milion
amerikels.
Semosavlis jgufebi, piradi Semosavlis gaTavisufleba, standartuli
gamoqviTva da miRebuli Semosavlis krediti dRes ukve indeqsirebulia
inflaciis mixedviT. Tumca kapitalis Semosavlis gadasaxadi jer kidev
ar aris indeqsirebuli am mimarTulebiT.
ojaxis dabegvris verc erTi sistema ver akmayofilebs erTdroulad iseT
principebs, rogoricaa: zrdadi zRvruli sagadasaxado ganakveTi,
neitraluroba qorwinebis mimarT da Tanabari Semosavlis mqone ojaxebis
dabegvra
Tanabari
ganakveTiT.
moqmedi
kanonmdeblobis
Tanaxmad,
erToblivi sagadasaxado valdebuleba izrdeba an mcirdeba qorwinebis
SemTxvevaSi wyvilis sxvadasxva maxasiaTeblebis mixedviT.
aSS sargeblobs globaluri sistemiT amerikis moqalaqeTa mier
sazRvargareT
miRebuli Semosavlis
mimarT.
gadasaxadis
mTliani
moculoba ar icvleba imis mixedviT, Tu sad aris miRebuli Semosavali:
samSobloSi Tu sazRvargareT.
saSemosavlo sagadasaxado sistema mniSvnelovan rols TamaSobs Statebis
Semosavlebis amaRlebis mimarTulebiT. Statis saSemosavlo gadasaxadebi
ufro dabali ganakveTiT xasiaTdeba, vidre federaluri sistemis
ganakveTebi da farTod varirebs konkretuli maxasiaTeblebis mixedviT.

sadiskusio SekiTxvebi

1.

moqmedi kanonmdeblobis Tanaxmad, Tu Tqveni kapitalis zarali aRemateba

kapitalis mogebas, maSin Tqven SegiZliaT, dasabegri Semosavlidan
daqviToT danakargis 3000 dolari. safondo bazris Sesustebis dros, 2002
wels, kongresis ramdenime wevrma wamoayena winadadeba es maCvenebeli (anu
3000 dolari) 5000 dolaramde gazrdiliyo. SeafaseT es winadadeba heigsaimonsis kriteriumis poziciidan. ufro axlosaa Tu Sors igi heigsaimonsis idealisgan, vidre arsebuli mdgomareoba?
2. moqmedi kanonmdeblobis Tanaxmad, Tu Tqven SeiZenT 5000 dolaris
Rirebulebis aqcias da mas qvelmoqmedebaSi CadebT, rodesac misi
Rirebuleba 20000 dolaramde aiwevs, maSin Tqveni dasabegri Semosavlidan
daiqviTeba 20000 dolari. 2000 wels senatorma jon makeinma Tavisi
saprezidento saarCevno kampaniis dros wamoayena winadadeba, romlis
Tanaxmad, zemoT miTiTebul situaciaSi Tqven mxolod 5000 aSS dolaris
gamoqviTvis ufleba mogecemodaT. SeafaseT makeinis winadadeba heigsaimonsis kriteriumis poziciidan. winadadebis damtkicebis SemTxvevaSi
rogor Seicvleboda saqvelmoqmedo kontribuciis masStabi (pasuxi
daukavSireT
kontribuciis
sagadasaxado
faswarmoqmnis
mimarT
elastiurobas)?
3. jounsis federaluri piradi saSemosavlo gadasaxadis ganakveTi 28%-ia.
igi flobs navTobis aqcias, romlis Rirebulebac yovelwliurad 10%-iT
izrdeba. man aqcia erTi wlis win SeiZina. jounsis saaqcio brokeri
cdilobs, navTobis aqcia mas oqros aqciaze gaacvlevinos, romelic
zustad imave riskiT xasiaTdeba. jounsi fiqrobs, rom, Tu daitovebs
navTobis aqcias, daitovebs mxolod erTi wliT da Semdeg gayidis. Tu
jounsi axlave gayidis navTobis aqcias, maSin gayidvis mTel amonagebs
(gadasaxadis gadaxdis Semdeg) oqros aqciis SesaZenad gamoiyenebs. ra

522

unda iyos oqros aqciis minimaluri ukugebis ganakveTi imisaTvis, rom

jounsma navTobis aqcia oqros aqciaze gadacvalos? pasuxi daukavSireT
Caketvis efeqtis fenomens.
4. 1997 wels respublikelebis palatam wamoayena winadadeba kapitalis
mogebis inflaciis mixedviT indeqsaciis Sesaxeb. Newsweek-is `uolstritis~
redaqtorma aRniSna,
rom
es
arasamarTliani iqneboda
Semosavlis mimRebis mimarT: `inflacia zrdis xelfass. magram nuTu iseve
daibegreba saxelfaso Ceki, rogorc adre? ara. aranairi indeqsacia
inflaciis mixedviT [Sloan, 1997, gv. 59]. dawereT werili, romelsac
gaagzavniT Newsweek-Si da sadac gadmocemuli iqneba Tqveni komentari am
winadadebaze.
5. ostinis zRvruli sagadasaxado ganakveTi 30%-ia. igi axorcielebs
gamoqviTvis detalizirebas. ra uRirs mas 500 dolaris gamoqviTva? ra
uRirs mas 500 dolaris odenobis sagadasaxado krediti?
6. davuSvaT, rom Cveulebrivi gadasaxadis gadamxdeli 30%-iani zRvruli
piradi saSemosavlo gadasaxadiT xasiaTdeba. nominaluri saprocento
ganakveTi 13%-ia, xolo inflaciis mosalodenli ganakveTi ki _ 8%.
(a) ra aris procentis realuri ganakveTi gadasaxadebis gadaxdis Semdeg?
(b) davuSvaT, inflaciis mosalodneli ganakveTi 3 procentuli muxliT
gaizarda da 11%-s gautolda. aseve analogiuri TanxiT gaizarda
nominaluri saprocento ganakveTi. rogori iqneba ukugebis realuri
ganakveTi gadasaxadebis gadaxdis Semdeg?
(g) *Tu inflaciis ganakveTi izrdeba, rogorc (b) punqtSia miTiTebuli,
ramdenjer unda gaizardos nominaluri saprocento ganakveTi ise, rom
gadasaxadis gadaxdis
Semdeg SenarCunebul iqnes
(a) punqtSi
dafiqsirebuli
realuri
saprocento
ganakveTi?
SegiZliaT,
ganazogadoT Tqveni pasuxi algebruli formulis gamoyenebiT?
7. qorwinebis
gadasaxadis
dasaregulireblad
arsebobs
ramdenime
alternatiuli winadadeba: 1) dabali Semosavlis mqone meuRlis
Semosavlis sagadasaxado ganakveTis Semcireba da misi Semosavlis 10%-is
gamoqviTva
dasabegri
Semosavlidan;
2)
standartuli
gamoqviTvis
masStabis gazrda daqorwinebuli wyvilisaTvis. ekonomikuri efeqtianobis
amaRlebis TvalsazrisiT, romeli winadadebaa ufro ukeTesi? ganmarteT
pasuxi.
8. 2001 wels buSis administraciam gaakeTa ganacxadi imis Taobaze, rom
nebismier pirs (Tundac mas standartuli gamoqviTviT esargebla) SeeZlo,
daeqviTa saqvelmoqmedo Senatani. am ideis momxreebi amtkicebdnen, rom am
gziT gaZlierdeboda saqvelmoqmedo saqmianoba. kritikosebi amtkicebdnen,
rom
gamoqviTva
ar
iyo
aucilebeli
saqvelmoqmedo
Senatanebis
gasazrdelad, radgan Tavad standartuli gamoqviTvis
gamoyeneba
SesaZlebeli iyo saqvelmoqmedo Senatanebis mimarTac. Tqveni azriT,
romelia ufro mtkice argumenti? rogor Seicvleboda saqvelmoqmedo
Senatanis
fuladi
erTeulis
Rirebuleba
buSis
administraciis
winadadebis damtkicebis Semdeg?
9. am problemis mizania, ganisazRvros, rogor zemoqmedebas axdens
detalizebuli gamoqviTvisa da piradi Semosavlis gadasaxadisagan
gaTavisuflebis privilegiis xelyofa faqtobriv zRvrul sagadasaxado
ganakveTebze.

rTulia.

523

a. warmoidgineT oTxwevriani ojaxi, romlis koreqtirebuli mTliani

Semosavali aRar eqvemdebareba aranair gaTavisuflebas da romlis
dasabegri Semosavali, jgufuri ganakveTis mixedviT, 30%-iT ibegreba.
I. rom ar Sewyvetiliyo gadasaxadisagan gaTavisuflebis privilegia,
ramdeni
iqneboda
ojaxis
gadasaxadisagan
gaTavisuflebuli
Semosavali?
II. davuSvaT, ojaxis Semosavali 2500 dolariT izrdeba. 30%-iani
dabegvris SemTxvevaSi ramdenjer gaizrdeba misi sagadasaxado
valdebuleba?
III. ramdenjer amcirebs ojaxis daubegravi Semosavlis moculobas
ojaxis Semosavlis zrda? ramdenjer zrdis igi ojaxis dasabegri
Semosavlis moculobas?
IV. ramdenjer zrdis gazrdili dasabegri Semosavali sagadasaxado
valdebulebas, Tu ojaxis Semosavali 30%-iani ganakveTiT ibegreba?
V. gaaerTianeT II da IV kiTxvebis pasuxebi imisaTvis, rom ipovoT
faqtobrivi zRvruli sagadasaxado ganakveTi (gayaviT cvlileba
sagadasaxado valdebulebaSi Semosavlis 2500 dolariT gamowveul
cvlilebaze).
b. axla ki warmoidgineT meore ojaxi, romlis mTliani koreqtirebuli
Semosavali aRar eqvemdebareba gamoqviTvas. ojaxi sargeblobs
detalizebuli gamoqviTviT. davuSvaT, rom ojaxis Semosavali
gadasaxadis gadaxdamde 100 dolariT gaizarda.
I. Tu ojaxi ibegreba 30%-iani zRvruli sagadasaxado ganakveTiT,
rogor Seicvleba sagadasaxado valdebuleba?
II. ra moculobis iqneba ojaxis detalizebuli gamoqviTva da dasabegri
Semosavlis moculoba?
III. ra zemoqmedebas moaxdens ojaxis dasabegri Semosavlis cvlileba
ojaxis sagadasaxado valdebulebaze?
IV. ra aris ojaxis faqtobrivi zRvruli sagadasaxado ganakveTi?
10. am amocanis amosaxsnelad Tqven kalkulatori dagWirdebaT. semi
Soulobs 4000 aSS dolars, romlis dazogvac mas unda sapensio
asakisaTvis (pensiaze semi 10 weliwadSi gava). mas SeuZlia fulis dazogva
dasabegr angariSze. sems danazogis deponireba rotis IRA-zec SeuZlia.
davuSvaT, rom semi iRebs ukugebis 8%-s wliurad, xolo misi zRvruli
sagadasaxado ganakveTi ki 25%-ia. sapensio asakis miRwevis dros ra
moculobis Tanxa eqneba mas dazogili TiToeuli alternativiT
sargeblobis SemTxvevaSi [SeniSneT, rom semi ixdis gadasaxads 4000
dolarze, ase rom, mas ar SeuZlia mTliani Tanxis deponireba dasabegr
angariSze an rotis IRA-ze]?

gamoyenebuli literatura:

Burman, Leonard. The Labyrinth of Capital gains Tax Policy. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution,
1999.

524

Carasso, Adam, and C Eugene Steurle. How Marriage Penalties Change under the 2001 Tax Bill.
Discussion Paper No. 2, Urban-Brooklings Tax Policy Center, May 2002.
Tempalski, Jerry. The Impact of the 2001 Tax Bill on the Individual AMT. Proceedings, Ninety-Fourth
Annual Conference. National Tax Association, 2002.
Urban-Brookings Tax Policy Center. URL: http://www. taxpolicycenter.org/.

525

Tavi 16

piradi Semosavlis dabegvra da individis qceva

Tu sinamdvilesa da modas CamorCiT, andeT Tqveni bedi gemovnebian mkeravs.

albert ainStaini

1980-ian wlebSi amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi maqsimaluri oficialuri

zRvruli saSemosavlo sagadasaxado ganakveTi 70%-dan 28%-mde Semcirda. 1990-ian
wlebSi ganakveTi 39,6%-mde gaizarda. 2001 wlis axalma sagadasaxado kanonma ki
2010 wlamde misi TandaTanobiTi Semcireba (35%-mde) daakanona. dRes seriozuli
msjeloba da kamaTi mimdinareobs. erTi mxare amtkicebs, rom ganakveTebis
Semcirebis procesi unda SeCerdes; meore mxaris azriT, ganakveTebi jer kidev ar
aris sakmarisad Semcirebuli. arsebiTi kiTxva ase JRers: rogor zemoqmedebas
axdens gadasaxadi individis ekonomikur qcevaze? dabali gadasaxadebis
momxreebi asabuTeben, rom maRali gadasaxadi ekonomikur aqtivobas amcirebs:

ekonomikuri mecnierebis fundamenturi principis Tanaxmad, individis Semosavali,

romelic maRali tarifiT ibegreba, Znelad xdeba misi sakuTreba. moqmedi
konfiskaciuli sistema aseT kiTxvas badebs: ratom viSromoT, Tu Cven mier naSovni
TiToeuli damatebiTi dolari gvekargeba? ratom SevinaxoT xvalisaTvis, Tu dRes
daxarjva ufro iafia? bevri amerikeli undod ikiTxavs: ratom SevwuxdeT?
[ekonomikuri ganviTarebisa da sagadasaxado reformis erovnuli komisia, 1996, gv.1011].

maRali
gadasaxadebis
momxreebis
azriT,
aseTi
argumentacia
gazviadebulia. gadasaxadi amindiviTaa: adamianebi bevrs laparakoben masze,
magram zemoqmedebas ver axdenen.

sajaro finansebis ekonomistebi, politikosebis msgavsad, dainteresebulni

arian am sakiTxiT. dabegvris Teoria gveubneba, rom sagadasaxado sistemis
moqmedebis sfero da misi efeqtianoba damokidebulia imaze, Tu ra zegavlenas
axdens gadasaxadi individis qcevaze. rogorc me-15 TavSi aRvniSneT, saSemosavlo
gadasaxadi mTel rig qcevebze moqmedebs _ samedicino momsaxurebis SeZenidan
saqvelmoqmedo Senatanebis moculobamde. Cven gansakuTrebuli yuradRebiT

526

ganvixilavT oTx mniSvnelovan sakiTxs: dabegvris zemoqmedebas Sromis

miwodebaze, danazogze, sacxovrebliT sargeblobasa da gadawyvetilebebze
portfelis Sesaxeb.

Sromis miwodeba

2002 wels daaxloebiT 134 milioni amerikeli muSaobda kviraSi 34 dRis

ganmavlobaSi da saSualod 6 trilioni aSS dolaris odenobis xelfass iRebda,
rac erovnuli Semosavlis daaxloebiT 72%-s udrida [prezidentis ekonomikuri
angariSi, 2003, gv. 308, 319, 332]. axla ki ganvixiloT, rogor ganisazRvreba Sromis
miwodeba da ra zegavlenas axdens masze gadasaxadi.

Teoriuli aspeqtebi

herkulesi iRebs gadawyvetilebas yovelkvireuli samuSao da Tavisufali

saaTebis zusti raodenobis Sesaxeb. merve Tavi am arCevanis grafikul analizs
gvTavazobs. gavixsenoT ZiriTadi sakiTxebi:

grafiki 16.1

527

sabazro da arasabazro seqtorSi (`Tavisufali dro~) muSaobis dro

mTlian drod aris wodebuli. 16.1 grafikSi igi ganisazRvreba OT manZiliT
horizontalur RerZze. Tavisufali drois garda, mTeli dro sabazro
seqtorSi muSaobaze ixarjeba, amdenad, nebismieri wertili horizontalur
RerZze rogorc Tavisufali saaTebis raodenobas, aseve samuSao saaTebis
raodenobas uCvenebs.
sabiujeto SezRudva uCvenebs Tavisufali droisa da xelmisawvdomi
Semosavlis kombinacias individis saxelfaso ganakveTis mixedviT. Tu
herkulesis saxelfaso saaTobrivi ganakveTi aris $w, maSin misi sabiujeto
SezRudva
iqneba
wrfivi
xazi,
romlis
daxriloba
absolutur
RirebulebaSi iqneba w. 16.1 grafikSi es warmodgenilia TD xaziT.
sabiujeto SezRudvis konkretuli SerCeuli wertili damokidebulia
individis gemovnebaze. davuSvaT, rom preferencia Tavisufali drois an
Semosavlis mimarT warmodgenilia normaluri, amoburculi ganurCevlobis
mrudiT. 16.1 grafikSi
warmodgenilia sami aseTi i, ii da iii mrudi.
herkulesi maqsimumamde zrdis sargebels E1 wertilSi, sadac igi
Tavisufal dros uTmobs OF saaTs, muSaobas _ FT saaTs, misi Semosavali ki
OG-s tolia.

grafiki 16.2

528

axla ki ganvixiloT gadasaxadis zemoqmedeba. davuSvaT, mTavroba

daakanonebs Semosavlis dabegvras t ganakveTiT. gadasaxadi Sromis saaTobriv
anazRaurebas $w-dan $(1 t)w-mde amcirebs. herkulesi erTi Tavisufali
saaTisaTvis uars ambobs $(1 t)w xelfasze da ara - $w xelfasze. faqtobrivad,
gadasaxadi Tavisufali drois erTi saaTis alternatiul Rirebulebas amcirebs.
16.2 grafikSi herkulesis sabiujeto SezRudva aRar aris TD, aramed - gluvi TH
xazi, romlis daxriloba absolutur RirebulebaSi aris (1 t)w. Tavdapirveli
arCevani Semosavalsa da Tavisufal dros Soris, E1, axla ukve aRar moqmedebs.
herkulesma unda airCios wertili TH wminda sabiujeto SezRudvis gaswvriv. 16.2
grafikSi es aris E2, sadac herkulesi Tavisufali drois OI saaTs moixmars, IT
saaTebis ganmavlobaSi muSaobs da misi Semosavali OG-s udris. gadasaxadi
herkulesis Sromis miwodebas FT saaTidan IT saaTamde amcirebs.

nuTu `keTilgonieri~ individi, proporciuli gadasaxadis dawesebis

pasuxad, yovelTvis Seamcirebs SromiT miwodebas? am kiTxvaze pasuxis gasacemad
ganvixiloT poseidonis muSaobisa da Tavisufali drois grafiki. igi herkulesis
analogiuri mTliani (dabegvramde) da wminda (dabegvris Semdeg) sabiujeto
SezRudviT xasiaTdeba. gadasaxadis dawesebamde igi identuri raodenobis (FT)
saaTis ganmavlobaSi muSaobs. rogorc 16.3 grafikSia mocemuli, dabegvris Semdeg
poseidoni samuSao saaTebis raodenobas FT-dan JT-mde zrdis. es ar aris
`arakeTilgonieri~ adamiani. adamiani, Tavisi gemovnebis mixedviT, gadasaxadis
dawesebis Semdeg muSaobs mets, naklebs an imdenives.

529

grafiki 16.3

zemoqmedebis Sedegi, marTlac, ganusazRvrelia, risi mizezic ori saxis

zemoqmedebas Soris arsebuli konfliqtia. gaixseneT zegavlenis es ori saxe:
Canacvlebis da Semosavlis efeqti. gadasaxadi wminda xelfasis moculobas
amcirebs, amis Sedegad Tavisufali drois alternatiuli Rirebuleba mcirdeba
da samuSao saaTebis Tavisufali droiT Canacvlebis cduneba Cndeba. es aris
Canacvlebis efeqti, romelic Sromis miwodebas amcirebs. amave dros, gaixseneT,
rom samuSao saaTebis nebismieri raodenobis SemTxvevaSi gadasaxadi individis
Semosavals amcirebs. Tavisufali dro ki Cveulebrivi saqonelia. amdenad,
Semosavlis Semcireba Tavisufali drois moxmarebis masStabis Semcirebasac
iwvevs (sxva Tanabar pirobebSi). magram Tavisufali drois Semcireba muSaobis
zrdas gulisxmobs. amdenad, Semosavlis efeqti individs meti Sromisken ubiZgebs.
amrigad, aRniSnuli ori efeqti sxvadasxva mimarTulebiT muSaobs. SeuZlebelia,
mxolod Teoriis safuZvelze vimsjeloT, Tu romeli maTgani dominirebs.
herkulesisaTvis (16.2 grafiki) mniSvnelovania Canacvlebis efeqti, xolo
poseidonisaTvis (16.3 grafiki) ki _ Semosavlis efeqti. Semosavlisa da
Canacvlebis efeqtis Sesaxeb ufro ganzogadebuli msjelobisaTvis ixileT
wignis danarTi.

grafiki 16.4

530

progresiuli gadasaxadis analizi Zalian hgavs proporciuli gadasaxadis

analizs. davuSvaT, rom herkulesi Semdegi zrdadi zRvruli sagadasaxado
ganakveTebiT ibegreba: t1-iT Semosavlis pirvel 5000 dolarze, t2-iT _ Semosavlis
meore 5000 dolarze da t3-iT _ Semosavalze 10000 dolaris zemoT (SeniSneT
msgavseba aSS-is gadasaxadTan, romelic Semosavlis TiToeul jgufs sxvadasxva
zRvruli ganakveTebiT begravs). dabegvriswina sabiujeto xazi aris TD, romelic
gamoxatulia 16.4 grafikSi. gadasaxadis dawesebis Semdeg sabiujeto SezRudva
aris texili xazi TLMN. sanam moxdeboda 5000 dolari Semosavlis dabegvra,
Tavisufali drois erTi saaTis alternatiuli Rirebuleba iyo (1 t1)w, rac TL
segmentis daxrilobis absolutur Rirebulebas warmoadgens. L wertilSi
herkulesis Semosavali aris (1 t1) X $5000. ML segmentze
daxrilobis
absoluturi Rirebulebaa (1 t2)w. ML ufro gluvia, vidre TL, radgan t2 ufro
metia, vidre t1. M wertilSi dabegvrisSemdgomi Semosavali aris (1 t1) X $5000 + (1
t2) X $5000; es aris Semosavali gadasaxadis gadaxdis Semdeg, romelic L wertilSi
mdebareobs, plus Semosavlis nazardi damatebiTi 5000 dolaris miRebis Semdeg,
romelic ibegreba t2 ganakveTiT. dabolos, MN segmentis daxriloba aris (1 t3)w,
romelic ufro gluvia. upiratesobaTa mixedviT, herkuless SeuZlia, SeCerdes
nebismier adgilas TLMN-ze. 16.4 grafikSi igi maqsimumamde zrdis sargebels E4
wertilSi, romlis mixedviTac igi PT saaTis ganmavlobaSi muSaobs.

empiriuli Sedegebi

531

Cveni Teoriis Tanaxmad, individis gadawyvetileba Sromis miwodebis

Sesaxeb damokidebulia iseT faqtorebze, rogoricaa: (a) cvladebi, romlebic
zemoqmedebas axdenen sabiujeto SezRudvaze, gansakuTrebiT wminda xelfasis1
SemTxvevaSi da (b) cvladebi, romlebic zemoqmedebas axdenen individis
Tavisufali droisa da Semosavlis ganurCevlobis mrudze (asaki, sqesi,
socialuri mdgomareoba). ekomonometrikosebi adgenen regresiis gantolebebs,
romelSic wliuri samuSao saaTebi aseTi cvladebis funqcias warmoadgens.
SefasebaTa umetesoba swored imitomaa gansxvavebuli, rom gansxvavebulia
magaliTebi, periodebi, statistikuri teqnika. miuxedavad aseTi sxvadasxvaobisa,
aRmoCenil iqna ori mniSvnelovani zogadi tendencia:

20-dan 60 wlamde mamakacebis wminda saxelfaso cvlilebis zemoqmedeba

samuSao saaTebis raodenobaze absolutur RirebulebaSi Zalian mcirea da
statistikuradac umniSvneloa. elastiurobis racionaluri koeficienti
daaxloebiT 0,05 iqneba.
qalTa Sromis miwodebis elastiuroba farTod varirebs. miuxedavad amisa,
daqorwinebuli qalebis gadawyvetileba samuSao saaTebis raodenobisa da
SromiTi monawileobis Sesaxeb wminda saxelfaso cvlilebis mimarT
erTob sensitiuria.
elastiurobis koeficienti daaxloebiT 0,4 iqneba
[Hyslop, 2001].

ramdenime varaudi

cxadia, ganxiluli Teoriuli da empiriuli Sedegebi ufro sasargebloa,

vidre mecnierulad dausabuTebeli varaudi, romelic politikuri debatebis
dros xSirad gvesmis. miuxedavad amisa, Cven unda verkveodeT zogierTi maTganis
arsSi.

zemoqmedeba moTxovnaze. wina analizebSi ugulebelyofili iyo is zemoqmedeba,

romelsac Sromis miwodebaSi ganxorcielebuli cvlileba axdens bazarze
arsebul moTxovnaze. davuSvaT, rom daojaxebuli qalebis gadasaxadebi ise
Semcirda, rom maTi wminda xelfasi 4%-iT gaizarda. Sromis miwodebis
elastiurobis koeficienti 0,4-ia, amitom samuSao saaTebi 4%-iT izrdeba.
kompanias samuSao saaTebi arsebuli wminda xelfasiT rom aenazRaurebina, maSin,
albaT, yvelaferi kargad damTavrdeboda. magram, rogorc wesi, Sromis miwodebis
aseTi zrda iwvevs mTliani (daubegravi) xelfasis Semcirebas, rac wminda
(dabegrili) xelfasis zrdas aneitralebs, amdenad, samuSao saaTebis saboloo
zrda imaze naklebi iqneba, vidre Tavidan vvaraudobdiT.

sabiujeto SezRudvis kidev erTi mniSvnelovani determinanti aris araSromiTi

Semosavali: dividendi, saprocento ganakveTi, satransfero gadaxdebi da a.S. araSromiTi
Semosavali iwvevs sabiujeto SezRudvis paralelur gadaadgilebas; es aris mudmivi
damateba Semosavalze samuSao saaTebis nebismieri raodenobis SemTxvevaSi.

532

situacia ufro rTuldeba, rodesac gaviazrebT, rom aseTi cvlileba

zemoqmedebas axdens sxva bazrebis moxmarebis struqturaze. ase magaliTad, Tu
daojaxebuli qalis samuSao saaTebis raodenoba gaizrdeba, maSin gaizrdeba
moTxovna bavSvis gazrdaze. ZiZis momsaxureba gaxdeba Zviri, rac TavisTavad
zogierT mSobels mokle periodiT mainc uars aTqmevinebs samsaxurze. cxadia,
vikvlevT ra bazrebis Sedegebs, Cven vxvdebiT, rom `zogadi wonasworobis~
miRweva Zalian rTulia. mkvlevarTa umetesoba ki fiqrobs, rom pirveli Sedegi
yovelTvis saboloo Sedegis racionalur miaxloebas warmoadgens.

individualuri Tu jgufuri efeqti? am momentamde Cven alternatiuli

sagadasaxado reJimebiT dabegvris SemTxvevaSi individis Sromis moculobaze
vsaubrobdiT. rTulia am Sedegis gamoyeneba imis winaswar gansasazRvrad, Tu
rogor Seicvleba momuSaveTa jgufis samuSao saaTebi mTlianad. sagadasaxado
tarifebis
cvlilebis
SemTxvevaSi
stimuli
sxvadasxva
adamianisaTvis
sxvadasxvanairad
icvleba.
ase
magaliTad,
proporciuli
gadasaxadidan
progresiul gadasaxadze gadasvlis dros dabalSemosavliani momuSave fiqrobs,
rom ibegreba dabali zRvruli ganakveTiT, rac sinamdvileSi ase ar aris
(SedarebiT dabali ganakveTiT ibegreba maRalSemosavliani individi). ori
jgufis Sromis miwodeba SesaZloa, absoluturad sawinaaRmdego mimarTulebiT
gadaadgildes. swored amitom ZiriTadi Sedegis winaswarmetyveleba Zalian
rTulia.

Sromis miwodebis sxva ganzomilebani. wliuri samuSao saaTebis raodenoba

Sromis miwodebis mniSvnelovani da saintereso indikatoria. magram individis
mier faqtobrivad namuSevari dro ar ganisazRvreba mxolod saaTebis im
raodenobiT, romelic samsaxurSia gatarebuli. ganaTlebuli, janmrTeli da
kargad motivirebuli momuSave ufro produqtiuli iqneba, vidre misi kolega,
romelsac arc erTi Tviseba ar gaaCnia da imdenive saaTis ganmavlobaSi muSaobs.
arsebobs mosazreba imis Sesaxeb, rom gadasaxadi aiZulebs individs, ganaTlebasa
da unar-Cvevebis daxvewaSi naklebi kapitali Cados. ekonomikurma Teoriam
gamoikvlia gadasaxadebis
zemoqmedeba adamianuri kapitalis
(investicia,
romelsac adamiani ganaTavsebs sakuTari mwarmoeblurobis gasazrdelad)
akumulirebaze da gasaocar daskvnamde mivida.

heras surs samsaxurebrivi treningis programis gavla. davuSvaT, rom

programa momavalSi heras Semosavlebs iseTi TanxiT gazrdis, romlis mimdinare
Rirebuleba aris B. programaSi monawileobis Sedegad, hera kargavs drois
garkveul nawils, romelsac igi dRes Semosavlis misaRebad iyenebs (drois
Rirebuleba aris C. es aris xelfasis Rirebuleba, romelzec heram uari
ganacxada). Tu hera keTilgonieria, maSin misi gadawyvetileba daefuZneba me-11
TavSi miTiTebuli investiciis kriteriums da programaSi monawileobas mxolod
im SemTxvevaSi daiwyebs, Tu sargebeli aRemateba danaxarjs:

533

BC>0

(16.1)

axla ki davuSvaT, rom heras Semosavlebi t proporciuli ganakveTiT

ibegreba. daibegreba heras maRali xelfasic, romelsac igi treningis
damTavrebis Semdeg miiRebs. ra gamodis? amcirebs Tu ara gadasaxadi
kvalifikaciis asamaRlebel programaSi monawileobis
albaTobas? ara, ar
amcirebs, gadasaxadebis dawesebis Semdeg hera ganagrZobs muSaobas. gadasaxadi,
marTlac, amcirebs treningis programidan miRebul sargebels B-dan (1 t)B-mde,
magram, amave dros, is programis danaxarjsac amcirebs. gaixseneT, rom treningis
programis danaxarji is xelfasia, romelzec heram uari ganacxada, treningSi
monawileoba rom mieRo. es xelfasi daibegra, amdenad, hera axla uars ambobs
ara C-ze, aramed (1 t)C-ze. programaSi monawileobis Sesaxeb gadawyvetilebas
hera miiRebs imis mixedviT, aRemateba Tu ara wminda sargebeli wminda danaxarjs:

(1 - t ) B - (1 - t )C = (1 - t )( B - C ) > 0

(16.2)

erTi SexedviT Cans, rom (16.2) gantoleba (16.1) gantolebis ekvivalenturia.

sargeblisa da danaxarjis nebismieri kombinacia, romelic misaRebi iyo
saSemosavlo gadasaxadis dawesebamde, analogiurad misaRebi iqneba sargeblis
dawesebis Semdeg. am modelSi proporciuli saSemosavlo gadasaxadi Tanabrad
amcirebs sargebelsa da danaxarjs da, amdenad, adamianuri kapitalis
investiciaze zegavlenas ar axdens.

Cveni magaliTis ZiriTadi daSveba iyo is, rom Sromis miwodeba

gadasaxadis dawesebis Semdegac ucvleli rCeba. davuSvaT, hera zrdis Sromis
miwodebas (dominirebs Semosavlis efeqti). aseT SemTxvevaSi gadasaxadi
adamianuri kapitalis akumulaciis zrdas iwvevs. faqtobrivad, Sromis miwodeba
adamianuri kapitalis investiciis gamoyenebis koeficients warmoadgens. Tu
dominirebs Semosavlis efeqti da dabegvris Sedegad izrdeba Sromis miwodeba,
ufro saintereso da momxiblavi xdeba adamianuri kapitalis investiciebi (sxva
Tanabar pirobebSi) da piriqiT: Tu dominirebs Canacvlebis efeqti ise, rom
mcirdeba gaweuli Sroma, maSin mcirdeba adamianuri resursebis akumulaciac.

es martivi magaliTi ugulebelyofs iseT aspeqtebs, rogoricaa:

adamianuri kapitalis investiciis zusti ukugeba aravisTvisaa cnobili.

rogorc am TavSi odnav mogvianebiT naxavT, sarisko ukugeba arTulebs
dabegvris analizs.
zogierTi adamianuri kapitalis investicia moiTxovs xelfasze (romelzec
uari Tqva individma kvalifikaciis amaRlebis gamo) maRal danaxarjs, risi

534

cxadi magaliTic aris kolejis gadasaxadi, romelic gamoqviTvas ar

eqvemdebareba.
adamianur investiciaze sagadasaxado sistemis sxva aspeqtebic axdens
zemoqmedebas. ase magaliTad, fizikur investiciaze ukugebis gazrdili
sagadasaxado ganakveTi (saprocento Semosavali da dividendi) adamianuri
kapitalis investicias zrdis. faqtobrivad, fizikuri da adamianuri
kapitali investirebis or alternatiul berketad moiazreba: erT maTganze
gadasaxadis gazrda ufro mimzidvels xdis meores.
(16.2)
gantolebaSi
mocemuli SemTxvevisagan gansxvavebiT,
rodesac
sagadasaxado sistema aris progresiuli, adamianuri kapitalis investiciis
sargebeli da danaxarji sxvadasxva ganakveTebiT ibegreba.

aseTi aspeqtebis gaTvaliswineba ufro arTulebs models. mivdivarT im

daskvnamde, romelic Tavdapirveladac aRvniSneT: Teoriuli TvalsazrisiT,
Semosavlis
dabegvris
zemoqmedeba
adamianuri
kapitalis
akumulaciaze
araerTmniSvnelovania. samwuxarod, am mimarTulebiT Zalian mcire empiriuli
muSaobis Catarebaa SesaZlebeli.

sakompensacio paketi. Sromis miwodebis fundamenturi Teoriis mixedviT,

Sromis anazRaurebis erTaderTi forma xelfasia. faqtobrivad, damqiravebeli
xSirad sTavazobs daqiravebuls sakompensacio pakets, romelic moicavs
aramxolod xelfass, aramed janmrTlobis dacvis momsaxurebas, pensias,
sxvadasxva privilegiebs (kompaniis manqanis gamoyenebis ufleba, sportuli
inventaris gamoyenebis ufleba da a.S.). rogorc ukve aRvniSneT wina TavSi,
kompensaciis arasaxelfaso komponentTa umetesoba ar ibegreba. zRvruli
sagadasaxado ganakveTebis Semcirebis SemTxvevaSi Semosavlis daubegravi
formebis momxibvlelobis xarisxi klebulobs da piriqiT. amdenad, sagadasaxado
cvlileba SesaZloa, sakompensacio paketis Semadgenlobaze zemoqmedebdes.
arsebobs garkveuli mtkicebuleba am mimarTulebiT. ase magaliTad, gruberisa
da letaus [2000] mixedviT, janmrTelobis dazRvevis sagadasaxado subsidiis 10%iani zrdis SemTxvevaSi sadazRvevo kompaniaTa raodenoba 3%-iT izrdeba.

danaxarjebi. Sromis miwodebisa da dabegvris standartuli analizi

sagadasaxado Semosavlebis gankargvis sakiTxs xSirad ignorirebas ukeTebs.
Semosavlebis nawili gamoiyeneba sazogadoebrivi produqtis SesaZenad, romlis
xelmisawvdomobac
samuSao
gadawyvetilebebze
axdens
zemoqmedebs.
Tu
sagadasaxado Semosavlebi rekreaciuli saSualebebis (erovnuli parkebi)
mosawyobad gamoiyeneba, maSin, Cveni azriT, moTxovna Tavisufal droze
gaizrdeba (sxva Tanabar pirobebSi). meore mxriv, bavSvis movlis saSualebebze
gaweuli danaxarji momuSave mSoblebis Sromis miwodebas zrdis. idealur
SemTxvevaSi Cven unda ganvixiloT Sromis miwodebis Sedegebi mTliani
biujetisaTvis da ara mxolod sagadasaxado seqtorisaTvis. praqtikulad,
empiriulma mkvlevarebma bevri araferi ician imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor
zemoqmedebas axdens saxelmwifo danaxarjebi samuSao gadawyvetilebebze. amis
mizezi ki is aris, rom rTulia imis gansazRvra, Tu rogor afasebs individi

535

sazogadoebrivi saqonlis moxmarebas.

ganvixileT sxvadasxva konteqstSi.

es

problema

Cven

ukve

ramdenjerme

Sromis miwodeba da sagadasaxado Semosavlebi

am momentamde Cven vcdilobdiT, dagvedgina Sromis miwodebis moculoba

mocemuli sagadasaxado reJimis pirobebSi. axla ki ganvixiloT, Tu rogor
varirebs gadasaxadebis amoReba sagadasaxado ganakveTTan erTad.

SexedeT SL Sromis miwodebis mruds 16.5 grafikze. igi nebismieri wminda

xelfasis SemTxvevaSi, sxva Tanabar pirobebSi, samuSaos optimalur raodenobas
gviCvenebs. muSaobis saaTebis raodenoba wminda xelfasis zrdasTan erTad
izrdeba _ dominirebs wonasworobis efeqti. daubegravi (mTliani) xelfasi w
asocirebulia L0 samuSao saaTTan. cxadia, rodesac sagadasaxado ganakveTi
nulia, maSin ver moxdeba sagadasaxado Semosavlebis Segroveba. axla davuSvaT,
rom Semosavalze wesdeba proporciuli t1 gadasaxadi. wminda xelfasi aris (1
t1)w, xolo miwodebuli Sromis saaTebis raodenoba ki _ L1. amoRebuli
gadasaxadi muSaobis erT saaTze dawesebuli gadasaxadisa (ab) da namuSevari
saaTebis raodenobis namravls (ac), anu marTkuTxed abdc-s udris. gamodis, rom
sagadasaxado ganakveTis t2-mde gazrdis SemTxvevaSi sagadasaxado Semosavali eakf
farTobs daikavebs. eakf aRemateba abdc-s _ maRali sagadasaxado ganakveTi met
sagadasaxado Semosavals uzrunvelyofs. yovelTvis izrdeba Tu ara saxelmwifo
Semosavlebi sagadasaxado ganakveTis zrdasTan erTad? ara. ase magaliTad,
sagadasaxado ganakveT t3-is pirobebSi haji Semosavali ufro naklebia, vidre
Semosavlebi, romelic miiReba ufro dabali t2 ganakveTis pirobebSi. t3
sagadasaxado ganakveTiT dabegvrisas saaTobrivi gadasaxadi Zalian maRalia,
magram erTob mcirdeba samuSao saaTebis raodenoba; amdenad, sagadasaxado
ganakveTisa da namuSevari saaTebis namravli Zalian mcirea. marTlac, rogorc ki
sagadasaxado ganakveTi miaRwevs 100%-s, yvela adamiani wyvets muSaobas da
sagadasaxado Semosavali 0%-mde klebulobs.

grafiki 16.5

536

yovelive
es
kargada
aris
gamoxatuli
16.6
grafikze, romelic
sagadasaxado ganakveTebs gviCvenebs horizontalur RerZze,
sagadasaxado
Semosavlebs ki _ vertikalurze. Zalian dabali sagadasaxado ganakveTebis
pirobebSi sagadasaxado Semosavlebi Zalian dabalia. sagadasaxado ganakveTebis
zrdasTan erTad izrdeba sagadasaxado Semosavlebi da maqsimums tA ganakveTis
pirobebSi aRwevs. tA ganakveTze maRali ganakveTis dawesebis Semdeg sagadasaxado
Semosavlebi klebas iwyebs da sabolood nulamde midis. amdenad, nebismieri
mTavrobisaTvis absurduli iqneba tA ganakveTze maRali ganakveTis danergva,
radgan SesaZlebelia sagadasaxado ganakveTebis Semcireba ise, rom saxelmwifom
ar dakargos Semosavali.

grafiki 16.6

537

SexedeT 16.6 grafiks, romelic arsebuli politikuri uTanxmoebis centrSi

imyofeba. ekonomist artur b. laferis [1979] kargad cnobili mosazrebis
Tanaxmad, amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi tA wertilis marjvniv muSaobs.
popularul presaSi sagadasaxado ganakveTisa da sagadasaxado Semosavlis
damokidebuleba laferis mrudis saxeliTaa cnobili. sagadasaxado ganakveTebis
Semcireba sagadasaxado Semosavlebs ar amcirebs _ ai, miwodebis ekonomikis
axali idea da
mniSvnelovani
doqtrina,
romelic
pirvelad reiganis
administraciam danerga da romelic dResac vaSingtonis politikuri debatebis
yvelaze mniSvnelovan faqtorad iTvleba.

laferis mrudis irgvliv sxvadasxva erTob dabneuli da

mosazreba arsebobs, romelTa Soris Cven ramdenimes gamovarCevdiT:

damabneveli

Cveni martivi modelis Tanaxmad, sagadasaxado ganakveTis cvlilebis

SemTxvevaSi
sagadasaxado
Semosavlebis
Semcireba
an
gazrda
ganisazRvreba imis mixedviT, Tu rogor akompensirebs samuSao saaTebis
cvlileba sagadasaxado ganakveTis cvlilebas. es ki Sromis miwodebis
elastiurobis Seswavlis sagani, anu sajaro finansebis ekonomistTa
kompetenciis areali aris. amrigad, laferis mrudis forma wminda
xelfasis mimarT Sromis elastiurobiT ganisazRvreba.

538

miwodebis ekonomikis zogierTi kritikosi amtkicebs, rom absurdulia

Tavad idea imis Sesaxeb, rom sagadasaxado ganakveTis Semcireba
SesaZloa, iwvevdes sagadasaxado Semosavlebis zrdas. Tumca 16.6 grafiki
gviCvenebs, rom, saerTod, dabal sagadasaxado ganakveTebs marTla
SeuZlia sagadasaxado Semosavlebis gazrda.
marTlac muSaobs Tu ara amerikis ekonomika tA wertilis marjvniv? es
aris ufro empiriuli xasiaTis SekiTxva. rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, is
ekonomistebi, romlebic swavloben gadasaxadebsa da Sromis miwodebas,
SeTanxmdnen imaze, rom TiToeuli elastiurobis koeficienti sakmaod
dabalia. amdenad, Tamamad SegviZlia, ganvacxadoT, rom ekonomika ar
funqcionirebs
tA wertilis
marjvniv.
sagadasaxado
ganakveTebis
Semcireba, rogorc wesi, Sromis miwodebis gaTavisuflebis gziT
TviTdafinansebas ise ver axorcielebs, rom sagadasaxado Semosavlebi
ar daeces.
Sromis miwodebaSi ganxorcielebuli cvlileba ar aris erTaderTi
maCvenebeli
imisa,
Tu
rogor
zemoqmedebas
axdens
gazrdili
sagadasaxado ganakveTi sagadasaxado Semosavalze. rogorc viciT,
ganakveTebis zrdis SemTxvevaSi individs SeuZlia, xelfasi Semosavlis
daubegravi formebiT Caanacvlos. gamodis, rom Sromis fiqsirebuli
miwodebis pirobebSic ki sagadasaxado Semosavlebi mcirdeba. garda
amisa,
individs
(gansakuTrebiT
ki
maRalSemosavlian
individs)
Tavisuflad SeuZlia, dasabegri Semosavali kapitalis Semosavlis
daubegravi
formebiT
(Semosavali
municipaluri
obligaciidan)
Caanacvlos. garda amisa, gadasaxadebis zrdis Semdeg individi meti
Semosavlis dafarvas daiwyebs. sagadasaxado ukugebis Sesaxeb arsebuli
monacemebis damuSavebis Semdeg gruberi da saezi [2002] askvnian, rom
sagadasaxado ganakveTi dasabegr Semosavalze mniSvnelovan zemoqmedebas
axdens, gansakuTrebiT maRalSemosavliani individebis SemTxvevaSi. maTi
SefasebiT,
40%-iani
zRvruli
sagadasaxado
ganakveTis
30%-mde
SemcirebiT
maRalSemosavliani
individis
dasabegri
Semosavali
daaxloebiT 9%-iT izrdeba. meore mxriv, gadasaxadebis Semcireba
TviTdafinansebas ver uzrunvelyofs. zogierTi mkvlevari fiqrobs, rom
reaqcia sagadasaxado cvlilebaze ufro metia, vidre gruberi da saezi
angariSoben, xolo, zogierTi mkvlevaris azriT, reaqcia naklebia.
Tumca, zogadad, Teoria friad mniSvnelovan politikur postulats
uzrunvelyofs:
Semosavlebis
maqsimizaciaze
orientirebuli
sagadasaxado ganakveTi yvela jgufisa da Semosavlis yvela formis
mimarT Tanabari ar aris.
sagadasaxado ganakveTebis Semcirebis Semdeg sagadasaxado Semosavlebi
Tundac ar gaizardos, es sruliadac ar niSnavs imas, rom Tavad
sagadasaxado ganakveTebis Semcirebis faqti arasasurvelia. rogorc wina
TavebSi iyo aRniSnuli, optimaluri sagadasaxado sistema socialuri da
ekonomikuri faqtorebis farTo asortimentis safuZvelze ganisazRvreba.
vinc fiqrobs, rom saxelmwifo seqtori Zalian gaberilia, albaT,
moxaruli iqneba sagadasaxado ganakveTebis SemcirebiT.

mimoxilva

gadasaxadebisa da Sromis miwodebis ekonomikuri Teoria gvTavazobs

saWiro cvladebs, Tumca ar gveubneba zust pasuxs. ekonometrikuli kvleva
miuTiTebs imaze, rom gadasaxadebi arsebiTad ver axdens zemoqmedebas
axalgazrda mamakacebis samuSao saaTebis raodenobaze. Tumca, meore mxriv,

539

gadasaxadebi amcirebs daojaxebuli qalis SromiTi monawileobis masStabs da

samuSao saaTebis raodenobas. ar aris kargad gansazRvruli gadasaxadebis
zemoqmedebis masStabi Sromis miwodebis sxva ganzomilebebze (saganmanaTleblo
da samsaxurebrivi treningi). arc is viciT, Tu ra zegavlenas axdens
sagadasaxado sistema daqiravebulis damokidebulebis, samsaxurebrivi Cvevisa da
socialuri normis ganviTarebaze.

politikosTa erTi jgufis azriT, sagadasaxado ganakveTebis Semcirebis

SemTxvevaSi individi imdens imuSavebs, rom xazinis sagadasaxado Semosavali ar
Semcirdeba. Sromis miwodebis Sesaxeb arsebuli codnis safuZvelze Cven
SegviZlia, ganvacxadoT, rom aseTi efeqtis albaToba naklebia. Tumca Tavad is
mosazreba, rom gadasaxadebis Semcireba TviTdafinansebis efeqtiT xasiaTdeba,
misasalmebelia mas Semdeg, rac gaviazrebT, rom individs dasabegri Semosavlis
formebis daubegravi Semosavlis formebiT Canacvleba Tavisuflad SeuZlia.

danazogi

dabegvra zemoqmedebas axdens danazogze. danazogis Sesaxeb arsebul

Tanamedrove kvlevaTa umetesoba sasicocxlo ciklis models emyareba, romlis
Tanaxmad, mocemuli wlis ganmavlobaSi individis gadawyvetileba moxmarebisa da
danazogis
Sesaxeb
dagegmvis
Sedegs
warmoadgens,
romelic
individis
sasicocxlo ciklis ganmavlobaSi ekonomikur pirobebs moicavs [Browning and
Crossley, 2001]. individis mier yovelwliurad dazogili Tanxis moculoba
damokidebulia aramxolod im wlis Semosavalze, aramed momaval wels
mosalodnel
da
wina
wels
miRebul
Semosavalzec.
axla
danazogze
gadasaxadebis
zemoqmedebis
Sesafaseblad
sasicocxlo
ciklis
modeli
ganvixiloT.

grafiki 16.7

540

skruji ori periodis ganmavlobaSi cxovrobs: `axla~ (0 periodi) da

`momavalSi~ (1 periodi). skrujis axlandeli Semosavali I0 dolaria da man icis,
rom misi Semosavali momavalSi iqneba I1 dolari (`axla~ gulisxmobs muSaobis
periods, rodesac SromiTi Semosavali I0 dolaria; `momavali~ ki sapensio
periodia, rodesac I1 dolari aris fiqsirebuli sapensio Semosavali). skrujma
unda gadawyvitos, ramdeni daxarjos TiToeuli periodis ganmavlobaSi. mas
Semdeg, rac skruji miiRebs gadawyvetilebas xarjvis moculobis Sesaxeb, igi,
amavdroulad, miiRebs gadawyvetilebas danazogisa da sesxis moculobis
Sesaxebac. Tu periodis ganmavlobaSi skrujis moxmareba mis Semosavals
aRemateba, skrujma unda isesxos, xolo Tu misi moxmareba ufro naklebia, vidre
Semosavali, maSin skrujs SeuZlia danazogis gakeTeba.

gadawyvetilebis Sesaxeb analizis pirveli safexuri skrujis mimdinare da

momavali moxmarebis SesaZlo kombinaciis grafikuli gamosaxvaa _ es aris
skrujis sabiujeto SezRudva. 16.7 grafikze amJamindeli moxmarebis moculoba,
c0, horizontalur zRvarze izomeba, xolo momavali moxmareba, c1 ki _
vertikalur zRvarze. erT-erTi alternativa aseTia: skruji mTel Semosavals
xarjavs _ I0 Semosavals axla da I1 Semosavals _ momavalSi. aseTi kavSiri
Sualedur wertilad iwodeba da 16.7 grafikSi A wertiliTaa gamoxatuli. am
wertilSi skruji arc danazogs akeTebs da arc fuls sesxulobs.

541

skrujis meore alternativa aseTia: dazogos dRevandeli Semosavlidan,

imitom rom gazardos moxmareba momavalSi. davuSvaT, skruji am periodSi
dazogavs
S
dolars.
Tu
igi
danazogis
investirebas
iseT
aqtivSi
ganaxorcielebs, romelic mas r ukugebis ganakveTs moutans, maSin skrujis
momavali moxmareba (1 + r)S-iT gaizrdeba _ ZiriTad S Tanxas plus saprocento
Semosavali rS. S-iT amJamindeli moxmarebis moculobis Semcirebis Sedegad
skruji momavalSi moxmarebas (1 + r)S-iT zrdis. aseTi SesaZlebloba grafikulad
warmoadgenilia S dolaris A Sualeduri wertilidan marcxniv gadaadgilebiT da
(1 + r)S dolariT ganTavsebiT mis maRla, rac 16.7 grafikSi D wertils emTxveva.

garda amisa, skrujs SeuZlia, moixmaros I0-ze meti Tanxis moculoba axla,
Tu mas momavalSi SeuZlia Tanxis sesxeba. davuSvaT, rom skruji fuls
sesxulobs imave r saprocento ganakveTiT, ra ganakveTiTac gaasesxebs. davuSvaT,
skruji sesxulobs B dolars, romelsac daamatebs axlandel saxarjo Tanxas.
ramdenad unda Seamciros skrujma moxmareba momavalSi? momavalSi xom mas B
Tanxis gadaxda uwevs, rasac rB saprocento ganakveTi daemateba. amdenad, skrujs
mxolod im SemTxvevaSi SeuZlia amJamindeli moxmarebis B TanxiT gazrda, Tu igi
mzadaa, momavali moxmareba B+rB=(1+R)B TanxiT Seaciros. grafikulad am procesis
Sedegad B gadaadgildeba Sualeduri wertilidan marjvniv, Semdeg ki (1+ r)B
dolari ganTavsdeba mis qvemoT, rac 16.7 grafikSi F wertils emTxveva.

S-isa da B-is sxvadasxva sidideTa analogiuri gamoTvlis SemTxvevaSi Cven

momavalSi praqtikulad SesaZlebeli moxmarebis moculobas ganvsazRvravT. am
procesSi Cven SevxvdebiT MN sabiujeto mruds, romelic A Sualedur wertilze
gadis da misi daxriloba absolutur RirebulebaSi aris 1+ r. rogorc
yovelTvis, sabiujeto
mrudis daxriloba warmoadgens
erTi
saqonlis
alternatiul Rirebulebas meore saqonlis mimarT. 1+r daxriloba miuTiTebs
imaze, rom 1 dolaris amJamindeli moxmarebis Rirebuleba aris momavalSi im
moxmarebis 1+r dolari, romelzec uaris Tqma gviwevs2. MN uCvenebs kompromiss
moxmarebaSi droTa ganmavlobaSi, amdenad, igi intertemporaluri sabiujeto
SezRudvis saxeliT sargeblobs.

MN-is
gaswvriv
arCevanis
gansasazRvrad
warmovidginoT
skrujis
preferencia momaval da mimdinare moxmarebas Soris, romlebic warmodgenilia
2

axla ki sabiujeto mrudi warmovadginoT algebrulad. SeniSneT, rom skrujis

fundamenturi SezRudva aris is, rom misi moxmarebis mimdinare Rirebuleba udris misi
Semosavlis
mimdinare
Rirebulebas
(ix.
me-11
Tavi
mimdinare
Rirebulebis
ganmartebisaTvis). misi moxmarebis mimdinare Rirebuleba aris c0 + c1 (1 + r ) , xolo misi
Semosavlis mimdinare Rirebuleba ki _ I 0 + I1 (1 + r ) . amdenad, c0-sa da c1-s Soris
skrujis mier gakeTebuli arCevani unda akmayofilebdes Semdeg gantolebas:

c0 + c1 (1 + r ) = I 0 + I 1 (1 + r ) . mkiTxvels SeuZlia, darwmundes, rom c0-sa da c1-s funqcia

aris swori xazi, romlis daxriloba aris (1 + r ) da romelic gadis I0,I1 wertilze.
542

pirobiTad formirebuli ganurCevlobis mrudebiT. 16.8 grafikSi skrujis

sabiujeto SezRudva aris MN, xolo i, ii da iii ki indiferentulobis mrudebia.
individi, zogadad, upiratesobas moxmarebis met masStabebs aniWebs, vidre mcire
masStabebs.
amdenad,
CrdiloaRmosavleTisaken
mimarTuli
mrudebi
sargeblianobis maRal doneze miuTiTebs.

skruji maqsimumamde zrdis sargebels E1 wertilSi, sadac misi moxmareba

aris

c 0*

axla da

c1* ki _ momavalSi. am informaciis safuZvelze advilia

davadginoT, Tu ra Tanxas dazogavs skruji. mimdinare Semosavali, I0, aRemateba

mimdinare moxmarebas, c0* -s, amdenad, danazogi gautoldeba I0 - c0* -s.

Cven imas ki ar vamtkicebT, rom dazogva yovelTvis racionaluria. Tu

umaRlesi SesaZlebeli ganurCevlobis mrudi sabiujeto mruds A wertilis
qvemoT exeba, maSin gamodis, rom mimdinare moxmareba aRemateba I0-s da skruji
iZulebuli gaxdeba, isesxos fuli. ubralod, Cveni analizis pirobaa, rom
skruji zogavs fuls; ise ki zustad analogiuri meTodebis gamoyeneba iqneba
saWiro, Tu skruji msesxeblad iqneba warmodgenili.

grafiki 16.8

543

axla ki ganvixiloT, Tu rogor icvleba danazogis moculoba, rodesac

procentebidan miRebuli Semosavali proporciuli gadasaxadiT ibegreba3. am
konteqstSi mniSvnelovania, vicodeT, dasabegri Semosavlidan gamoiqviTeba Tu
ara msesxeblis saprocento gadaxdebi. 1986 wlis sagadasaxado reformamde
saprocento gadaxdebi eqvemdebareboda gamoqviTvas. SeuZlia Tu ara gadasaxadis
gadamxdels, gamoqviTos
saprocento
gadaxdebi? moqmedi kanonmdeblobis
Tanaxmad,
ar
arsebobs
erTmniSvnelovani
pasuxi
am
sakiTxze.
pasuxi
damokidebulia bevr sxva pirobaze, maT Soris imaze, flobs Tu ara saxls
gadasaxadis gadamxdeli (detaluri informaciisaTvis ix. wina Tavi). amdenad,
upriani
iqneba,
gavaanalizoT
danazogze
zemoqmedebis
masStabi
orive
SemTxvevaSi.

SemTxveva I: gamoqviTvadi saprocento gadaxdebi da procentebidan

miRebuli dasabegri Semosavali. SexedeT 16.8 grafiks. rogor icvleba grafikze
sabiujeto mrudi, rodesac procenti r ganakveTis proporciuli gadasaxadiT
ibegreba da msesxeblis mier saprocento gadaxda ki gamoqviTvas eqvemdebareba?
16.9 grafikSi mocemulia 16.7 figuridan nasesxebi mTliani sabiujeto SezRudva
MN. aRsaniSnavia, rom wminda sabiujeto SezRudvac aucileblad unda gadiodes
Sualedur wertilze (I0, I1). procenti SesaZloa, ibegrebodes, an ar ibegrebodes,
analogiurad, skrujis yovelTvis SeuZlia, arc isesxos fuli da arc gaasesxos.

grafiki 16.9

Cven SegveZlo, ubralod, saSemosavlo gadasaxadis ganxilva, romelic, procentebidan

miRebuli Semosavlis garda, moicavs xelfass, magram es gaarTulebda analizs.

544

dan

gadasaxadi amcirebs damzogvelis mier miRebul saprocento ganakveTs r(1 t)r-mde. amdenad, dRes moxmarebuli erTi dolaris alternatiuli

Rirebuleba momavalSi mxolod [1 + (1 - t )r ] dolaria. amave dros, procentis

TiToeuli gadaxdili dolarisaTvis dasabegri Semosavlidan skrujis 1
dolaris gamoqviTva SeuZlia. dabali gadasaxadebis SemTxvevaSi skrujisaTvis
gamoqviTvis Rirebuleba aris $t. amdenad, sesxis efeqtiani ganakveTi aris (1 - t)r .
mimdinare moxmarebis Rirebulebis zrda erTi dolariT, momavali moxmarebis
konteqstSi, mxolod [1 + (1 - t )r ] dolars udris, rac gulisxmobs imas, rom
sabiujeto mrudi gadasaxadebis gadaxdis Semdeg garkveuli daxrilobiT
xasiaTdeba, romlis absoluturi Rirebuleba aris [1 + (1 - t )r ].

sabiujeto mrudi (I0, I1) wertilebze gaivlis da misi daxriloba aris

[1 + (1 - t )r ] , rac 16.9 grafikSi PAQ-Tia gamosaxuli. pozitiuri sagadasaxado

ganakveTebis SemTxvevaSi igi ufro gluvi iqneba manam, vidre gadasaxadebis
mTliani sabiujeto mrudi udris MAN-s.

analizis

dasasruleblad

davxazoT

ganurCevlobis

mrudebi.

optimumi miiRweva Et wertilSi, sadac mimdinare moxmareba aris

axali

t
0

c , xolo

t
1

momavali moxmareba ki _ c . rogorc wina SemTxvevaSi, danazogi axlac udris

545

mimdinare moxmarebasa da mimdinare Semosavals Soris arsebul sxvaobas, anu

c 0t I 0 manZils. SeniSneT, rom c 0t I 0 manZili ufro naklebia, vidre c0* I 0 manZili (anu
dazogili Tanxa gadasaxadebis gadaxdamde). procentze dawesebuli gadasaxadi
danazogis moculobas c 0* c0t manZiliT amcirebs.

grafiki 16.10

aRsaniSnavia, rom danazogis moculoba yovelTvis ar klebulobs. rogorc

sapirispiro magaliTi, axla ganvixiliT 16.10 grafiki, sadac mTliani da wminda
sabiujeto mrudebi 16.9 grafikSi mocemuli sabiujeto mrudebis identuria.
identuria E1 wertilSi miRweuli dabegvramdeli wonasworobac. Tumca adgili

aqvs axal Sexebas E wertilTan, romelic E1 wertilidan marcxniv mdebareobs.

c0 , xolo momavali moxmareba ki ~

c1. aseT SemTxvevaSi
mimdinare moxmareba aris ~
procentze

dawesebuli

gadasaxadi,

faqtobrivad,

c 0* I 0 -dan

danazogs. amdenad, procentis dabegvris Sedegad danazogi

mcirdeba da es individis preferenciebzea damokidebuli.

~
c0* I 0 -mde zrdis
an

izrdeba,

an

zemoqmedebis or gansxvavebul formas Soris arsebuli konfliqtis gamo

or gansxvavebul Sedegs viRebT. erTi mxriv, procentis
dabegvra mimdinare

546

moxmarebis alternatiul Rirebulebas amcirebs, romelic zrdis c0-s da

amcirebs danazogis moculobas. es aris Canacvlebis efeqti, romelic aqtualuri
xdeba, radgan gadasaxadi c1-s mimarT c0-is fass cvlis. meore mxriv, is faqti, rom
procenti daibegra, arTulebs gamsesxeblis mier moxmarebis miznis miRwevas
momavalSi. es aris Semosavlis efeqti, romelic aqtualuri xdeba imis gamo, rom
gadasaxadi realur Semosavals amcirebs. Tu mimdinare moxmareba aris
Cveulebrivi saqoneli, maSin Semosavlis Semcirebis Sedegad Semcirdeba c0-c da,
amdenad, gaizrdeba danazogi. rogorc Sromis miwodebis SemTxvevaSi, am
SemTxvevaSic mxolod Teoriis safuZvelze SeuZlebelia, davadginoT, Tu romeli
efeqti _ Canacvlebis efeqti Tu Semosavlis efeqti dominirebs.

Tu Tqven araadekvaturad geCvenebaT azri imis Sesaxeb, rom procentis

gazrdili dabegvris SemTxvevaSi individi, faqtobrivad, aamaRlebs danazogis
moculobas,
maSin
gavaanalizoT
`miznobrivi
Semgroveblis~
SemTxveva.
`miznobrivi Semgroveblis~ mizani momavalSi zustad gansazRvruli masStabis,
arc metis da arc naklebis, moxmarebis uzrunvelyofaa. davuSvaT, deda agrovebs
fuls imisaTvis, rom momavalSi Svilebs kolejis gadasaxadi gadauxados. Tu
sagadasaxado ganakveTi gaizrdeba, maSin dedas isRa darCenia, Tanxis meti
moculoba dazogos da piriqiT. amdenad, miznobrivi damzogvelisaTvis danazogi
da
dabegvrisSemdgomi
saprocento
ganakveTi
mopirdapire
mimarTulebiT
moZraoben.

SemTxveva II: dauqviTavi saprocento gadaxdebi da procentebidan miRebuli

dasabegri Semosavali. axla ki ganvixiloT, Tu rogor icvleba sabiujeto
SezRudva, rodesac procenti t ganakveTiT ibegreba, magram msesxebels ar
SeuZlia, gamoqviTos saprocento gadaxdebi dasabegri Semosavlidan. grafiki 16.11
dabegvramdel sabiujeto SezRudvas (MN) 16.7 grafikidan iRebs. rogorc es I
SemTxvevaSi xdeboda, dabegvrisSemdgomi sabiujeto SezRudva unda moicavdes
Sualedur wertils (I0, I1). axla ki daviwyoT Sualeduri wertilidan da
davuSvaT, rom skruji gadawyvets 1 dolaris dazogvas. amgvarad, igi A
wertilidan marcxniv 1 dolariT gadaadgildeba. procenti ibegreba, amdenad, mas
SeuZlia, rom momaval periodSi moxmareba gazardos [1 + (1 - t )r ] dolariT. A
wertilidan marcxniv mimdinare moxmarebis 1 dolariT zrdis alternatiuli
Rirebuleba aris momavali moxmarebis [1 + (1 - t )r ] dolari. amrigad, sabiujeto
SezRudvis daxrilobis absoluturi Rirebuleba A wertilidan marcxniv aris

[1 + (1 - t )r ] , rac 16.9 grafikSi zustad emTxveva dabegvrisSemdgomi sabiujeto

SezRudvis PA segments.

grafiki 16.11

547

axla ki davuSvaT, rom Sualedur wertilTan skrujim gadawyvita, isesxos

1 dolari, anu A wertilidan 1 dolariT marjvniv gadaadgildes. procenti
gamoqviTvas ar eqvemdebareba. amdenad, sagadasaxado sistema zemoqmedebas ar
axdens sesxis Rirebulebaze. skrujis mier 1 dolari sesxis aRebis Rirebuleba
momavali moxmarebis (1 + r ) dolars udris, anu imdenives, ramdensac procentis
dabegvramde udrida. amrigad, A wertilis marjvniv mimdinare Rirebulebis 1
dolariT zrdis alternatiuli Rirebuleba

(1 + r ) dolars udris, rac NM

dabegvramdeli sabiujeto SezRudvis AM segments zustad emTxveva.

amrigad, vajamebT ra miRebul Sedegebs, vaskvniT, rom im SemTxvevaSi, Tu

procentiT miRebuli Semosavali ibegreba, magram gamoqviTvas eqvemdebareba
saprocento gadaxdebi, intertemporaluri sabiujeto SezRudva qmnis gardatexis
wertils. Sualeduri wertilis marcxniv daxrilobis absoluturi Rirebuleba
udris [1 + (1 - t )r ] -s, marjvniv ki _ (1 + r ) -s. ra zemoqmedeba xorcieldeba
danazogze? Tu skruji iqneboda msesxeblis ampluaSi gadasaxadis dawesebamde,
maSin sistema ar moaxdenda aranair zegavlenas masze; anu Tu skruji
gadasaxadis dawesebamde sargeblianobis maqsimizacias AM segmentis gaswvriv
ecdeboda, gadasaxadis dawesebis Semdegac zustad aseve moiqceoda. meore mxriv,
Tu skruji damzogvelis ampluaSi iyo gadasaxadis dawesebamde, maSin unda
Seicvalos misi arCevani mimdinare da samomavlo moxmarebas Soris, radgan NA

548

segmentze arsebuli wertilebi aRar iqneba misTvis xelmisawvdomi. rogorc ukve

aRvniSneT, 16.9 da 16.10 grafikebis analizis dros SeuZlebelia, apriori
viwinaswarmetyveloT, ras izams skruji: dazogavs ufro met Tanxas, Tu - ufro
mcire Tanxas. misi arCevani damokidebulia imaze, Tu romeli efeqti dominirebs
skrujis SemTxvevaSi: Semosavlis Tu Canacvlebis efeqti.

zogierTi damatebiTi aspeqti. martivi orperiodiani modeli

samyarosaTvis damaxasiaTebel seriozul aspeqtebs ugulebelyofs:

realuri

Cveulebriv, analizi formulirebuli unda iyos realuri mdgomareobidan

gamomdinare _ swored ukugebis realuri wminda ganakveTi marTavs
individis qmedebebs. rogorc me-15 TavSi aRvniSneT, didi yuradRebiT unda
Seswordes ukugebis nominaluri ganakveTi, romelic inflaciis dros
bazarze fiqsirdeba.
modelis Tanaxmad, SesaZlebelia mxolod erTi aqtivis dazogva da
danazogis ukugeba dabegrilia erTi da imave ganakveTiT. realur
samyaroSi Zalian bevri aqtivi arsebobs da TiToeuli maTgani xasiaTdeba
Tavisi dabegvriswina ganakveTiT. ufro metic, rogorc aRvniSneT wina
TavSi, sxvadasxva aqtivis ganakveTebi sxvadasxva ganakveTiT ibegreba.
amdenad, erTob martivi midgomaa imaze msjeloba, Tu rogor zemoqmedebas
axdens ukugebis ukve dabegrili ganakveTis cvlileba danazogze.
modeli fokusirebulia mxolod kerZo seqtorSi dazogvaze. arada, Zalian
mniSvnelovani cvladia socialuri danazogi, romelic saxelmwifo da
kerZo danazogis jams warmoadgens. Tu saxelmwifo iRebs maRal
Semosavals saprocento gadasaxadidan, maSin sazogadoebrivi danazogi
gaizrdeba, Tundac Semcirdes kerZo danazogi.
sasicocxlo ciklis modelis adekvaturobaSi zogierT mkvlevars eWvi
Seaqvs. sasicocxlo ciklis hipoTezis Tanaxmad, adamiani SorsmWvretelia;
kritikosebi amtkiceben, rom realistur samyaroSi adamiani ufro
axlomxedvelia, vidre SorsmWvreteli. sasicocxlo ciklis modelis
Tanaxmad, individi Tavisuflad iRebs sesxs da Tavisuflad asesxebs
arsebuli saprocento ganakveTis pirobebSi; kritikosebi amtkiceben, rom
Zalian bevrs ar SeuZlia, isesxos fuli. cxadia, arc sasicocxlo ciklis
Teoriis momxreni da arc misi mowinaaRmdegeni marTalni ar arian srulad.
mocemul periodSi zogierTi ojaxis qmedeba aixsneba am modelis mier,
xolo zogierTi ojaxis qmedeba ki `axlomxedveluri~, anu SezRuduli
iqneba. ukanasknel periodSi, aSS-is monacemebis kvlevis dros, kingma [1993]
daaskvna, rom momxmarebelTa umetesoba (daaxloebiT 90%) sasicocxlo
ciklis hipoTezis Tanaxmad moqmedebs.

sasicocxlo
ciklis
Teoriis
garSemo
arsebuli
seriozuli
winaaRmdegobis miuxedavad, zogierTi ekonomisti fiqrobs, rom es hipoTeza
yvelaze kargad asaxavs realobas. nebismier SemTxvevaSi Cveni Teoriuli
analizis ZiriTadi Sedegi aseTia: dabegvris zemoqmedebis winaswar ganWvreta
danazogze empiriuli muSaobis Catarebis gareSe SeuZlebelia.

ekonometrikuli kvleva danazogis Sesaxeb

549

dabegvris
danazogze
zemoqmedebis
Sesafaseblad
ramdenime
ekonometrikuli kvleva Catarda. tipur kvlevaSi danazogis moculoba aris
marcxena cvladi, xolo ganmartebiTi cvladebi ki _ danazogis ukugebis
ganakveTi, wminda Semosavali da sxva cvladebi, romlebic zemoqmedebas axdens
danazogze. Tu ukugebis ganakveTis koeficienti pozitiuria, maSin SesaZloa,
davaskvnaT, rom gadasaxadebis cvlileba (romelic amcirebs ukugebis ganakveTs)
amcirebs danazogs da piriqiT.

rTulia
sistemis
Camoyalibeba.
faqtobrivi
sabazro
ukugebis
gamosaTvlelad aucilebelia dakvirvebis qveS myofi sabazro ganakveTidan
mosalodneli inflaciis ganakveTis gamokleba. savaraudod, individis molodini
damyarebulia warsul gamocdilebasa da momavlis prognozze, Tumca aravin
icis, Tu rogora aris igi formirebuli. mosalodneli inflaciis ganakveTis
gamosaTvlelad Catarebuli alternatiul meTodebze dafuZnebuli kvlevebi
sxvadasxva daskvnebs gvTavazobdnen.

aseTi problemebis gamo ekonomistebma stabilurad ver Seafases

gadasaxadebis zemoqmedeba danazogze. bernheimis kvleva [1999] miuTiTebs, rom
dabegvrisSemdomi ukugebis ganakveTis cvlilebis zemoqmedeba an Zalian mcirea,
an TiTqmis ar arsebobs. amrigad, realur samyaroSi Semosavlisa da Canacvlebis
efeqti met-naklebad awonasworebs erTmaneTs.

preferenciuli danazogis angariSi

rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, arsebobs specialuri angariSebi, romlebic

sagadasaxado
reJimis
TvalsazrisiT
preferenciulia
da
gadasaxadis
gadamxdelis mier danazogis deponirebisaTvis gamoiyeneba. miuxedavad imisa, rom
kius angariSebi, 401 (k) gegmebi da sxvadasxva individualuri sapensio angariSebi
(IRA) erTmaneTisagan detalebiT gansxvavdeba, maT axasiaTebT saerTo atributi:
aseT angariSze xdeba dabegvramdeli saprocento ganakveTis akumulireba, xolo
angariSze gansaTavsebeli maqsimaluri wliuri Tanxa ki kanoniTaa dadgenili.
unda gaizardos Tu ara Senatanis moduloba? unda mieces Tu ara individs imis
saSualeba, rom meti Tanxa ganaTavsos preferenciul angariSze? am sakiTxebs
gansakuTrebuli yuradRebiT 2003 wels moekidnen, rodesac prezidentma buSma
IRA-s gafarToebis Taobaze winadadeba wamoayena, rac gulisxmobda rogorc
Tanxis wliuri limitis gazrdas (3000-dan 7000 aSS dolaramde), aseve TiToeuli
ojaxisaTvis IRA angariSis gaxsnis uflebamosilebis miniWebas (moqmedi
kanonmdeblobis Tanaxmad, maRalSemosavlian ojaxs ara aqvs am angariSiT
sargeblobis ufleba).

550

warmoadgens Tu ara preferenciul angariSze deponirebuli Tanxebi axal

Semosavals? Tu individi fuls ubralod inaxavs am anagariSze, romelsac sxva
SemTxvevaSi sxva formiT Seinaxavda? sxvadasxva mkvlevari radikalurad
gansxvavebul daskvnamde midis. ZiriTadi problema is aris, rom rTulia imis
dadgena, Tu ra iwvevs danazogis mravalferovnebas: adamianTa gemovneba Tu
preferenciuli danazogis angariSis arseboba? davuSvaT, rom zogierTi adamiani
zrdis rogorc preferenciul angariSze deponirebuli danazogis moculobas,
aseve sxva aqtivis moculobas, erTi mkvlevari daaskvnis: `es miuTiTebs imaze,
rom preferenciuli angariSi warmoadgens axal danazogs, imitom rom
preferenciuli aqtivi gaizarda ise, rom ar Semcirebula sxva danazogi. meore
mkvlevari ki upasuxebs: `sulac ara! ubralod am xalxs Zalian unda dazogos
Tanxa da gazardos sakuTrebaSi arsebuli aqtivebis raodenoba~. hubardma da
skinerma [1996] mimoixiles IRA-s Sesaxeb arsebuli literatura da mividnen im
daskvnamde, rom axal danazogze IRA-ze deponirebuli TiToeuli dolaridan 26
centi modis.

mTeli am diskusiis manZilze moiazreboda, rom preferenciuli danazogis

angariSebis administraciuli detalebi ararelevanturia. ganvixiloT ori
SesaZlo scenari. 1. Tqveni ufrosi Semodis da geubnebaT, rom igi gagixsniT 401
(k) angariSs (gaixseneT me-15 Tavidan, rom 401 (k) gegma warmoadgens
preferenciuli danazogis angariSs, romelic waagavs tradiciul IRA-s).
imisaTvis, rom TqvenTvis ufrosma gaxsnas 401 (k) angariSi, Tqven unda SeavsoT
ganacxadis forma, romliTac sTxovT ufross, gagixsnaT angariSi. 2. Tqveni
ufrosi Semodis TqvenTan da geubnebaT, rom gagixsniT 401 (k) angariSs. Tu Tqven
ar gsurT am angariSis gaxsna, maSin Tqven unda SeavsoT ganacxadis forma,
romliTac sTxovT ufross, ar gaxsnas 401 (k) angariSi TqvenTvis. pirobiTi
ekonomikuri Teoriis mixedviT, orive SemTxvevaSi Sedegi absoluturad identuri
unda iyos _ Tqven ubalod daafiqsirebT, gindaT Tu ara am angariSiT
sargebloba da miiRebT Sesabamis gadawyvetilebas. alternativa `dumilis
mixedviT ki sruliad sxva Sedegs gviCvenebs. Coim da sxvebma [2001] Caatares
kvleva, romlis Tanaxmadac, arCevanis gakeTebis procesSi udidesi mniSvneloba
aqvs alternativaTa wardgenis formas. kompaniaSi, romelSic daqiravebulebs
sTxoves, gamxdariyvnen 401 (k) programis monawileebi, 12 Tvis Semdeg monawileTa
procentuli raodenoba 42 iyo. meore kompaniaSi ki, romelic daqiravebuls
avtomaturad uxsnida 401 (k) angariSs (garda im SemTxvevisa, Tu daqiravebuli
uars ar ganacxadebda am SeTavazebaze), 401 (k) programaSi monawileobis
procentuli maCvenebeli 12 Tvis Semdeg 85,3 iyo. amdenad, `dumilis mixedviT~
SeTavazebul alternativas seriozuli zemoqmedeba SeuZlia gadawyvetilebebze
danazogis
akumulirebis
Sesaxeb.
amdenad,
aucilebelia
am
faqtoris
gaTvaliswineba dazogvis stimulis formirebis procesSi. ufro metic, imisaTvis,
rom kargad SevigrZnoT, Tu rogor miiReba gadawyvetileba danazogis Sesaxeb,
aucilebelia,
gavcdeT
pirobiTi
ekonomikuri
modelebis
CarCos
da
gaviTvaliswinoT is fsiqologiuri aspeqtebi, romlebic xSirad ignorirebulia
ekonomistTa mier. dRes am sakiTxze seriozuli kvlevebi mimdinareobs (ix. Choi et
al.).

551

gadasaxadebi da kapitalis nakleboba

kapitalis Semosavlis dabegvra mniSvnelovani politikuri sakiTxia.

danazogis Semcirebis gziT sagadasaxado sistemas kapitalis naklebobamde
mivyavarT _ kapitalis nakleboba aris arasakmarisi kapitali saxelmwifo
`saWiroebaTa~ dasakmayofileblad.

ZiriTadi problema is aris, rom aravin icis, amcirebs Tu ara dabegvra

danazogis
moculobas.
davuSvaT,
rom
danazogi,
marTlac,
mcirdeba
gadasaxadebis gamo. miuxedavad amisa, sanam kapitalis bazari konkurentulia,
danazogis kleba sainvesticio fondebis moTxovnasa da maT miwodebas Soris
deficits
ar
warmoSobs.
piriqiT,
saprocento
ganakveTi
ise
iqneba
koreqtirebuli, rom wonasworobaSi movides miwodeba da moTxovna. cxadia, sxva
Tanabar pirobebSi axali wonasworobis Semadgeneli nawili investiciis ufro
dabali ganakveTi iqneba, rac, savaraudod, mwarmoeblurobis zrdis Semcirebamde
migviyvans.

Tumca arasamarTliani iqneba mxolod am sakiTxebis safuZvelze msjeloba.

nebismieri faqtoris dabegvra wonasworobas Seamcirebs. ufro mniSvnelovania,
vicodeT, qmnis Tu ara kapitalis Semosavlis dabegvra ufro mZime zedmet
tvirTs, vidre sagadasaxado Semosavlebis gazrdis sxva gza. me-19 TavSi
gaecnobiT saubrebs imis Sesaxeb, gaizrdeba Tu ara ekonomikuri efeqtianoba
kapitalis gadasaxadis gauqmebis SemTxvevaSi. sanam am saubrebs gavecnobiT, kidev
erTxel xazs vusvamT imas, rom investiciis maRali ganakveTi ar aris nanatri
mizani. utilitaruli gadmosaxedidan, kapitalis akumulireba individis
keTildReobis gazrdis saSualebas warmoadgens da ara saboloo mizans.

dabolos, argumenti imis Sesaxeb, rom danazogis stimuli zrdis ZiriTad

kapitals, efuZneba im daSvebas, rom investicia damokidebulia danazogis
sakuTar
ganakveTze:
mTliani
erovnuli
danazogi
nawildeba
erovnul
investiciaSi. aseTi ram im ekonomikaSi ufro xdeba, romelic saerTaSoriso
vaWrobasTan axlosaa. Ria ekonomikaSi SesaZlebelia Sida danazogis ucxoeTSi
investireba. danazogis stimulirebis mizniT formirebulma sagadasaxado
politikam SesaZloa, Sida investiciis zrda ver uzrunvelyos. investicia
Tavisuflad gadaadgildeba saxelmwifo sazRvrebze da ufro da ufro
mimzidvel sainvesticio SesaZleblobas eZiebs. swored amitom sagadasaxado
politikis unari, waaxalisos investicia danazogis gazrdis gziT, erTob
SezRudulia.

ekonometrikul kvlevaTa umetesoba asabuTebs, rom maRali Sida danazogis

mqone qveynebSi arsebobs maRali Sida investicia da piriqiT. cxadia, SesaZloa am
monacemis sxvanairi interpretacia, Tumca am momentSi igi miuTiTebs imaze, rom

552

danazogi ver gadaadgildeba qveynidan qveyanaSi ise Tavisuflad, rogorc

Seefereba srulyofilad integrirebul msoflio kapitalis bazars (Obstfeld and
Rogoff
[1996,
me-3
Tavi]).
vidre
danazogi
da
Sida
investicia
urTierTdakavSirebulia, sagadasaxado politika, romelic danaxarjze axdens
zemoqmedebas, imoqmedebs investiciazec. zemoqmedebis masStabi ki ufro mcirea,
vidre mTlianad Caketil ekonomikas Seefereba.

gadawyvetilebani sacxovreblis Sesaxeb

rodesac vsaubrobT kapitalis naklebobaze, Cven, rogorc wesi, vzrunavT

kapitalis im moculobaze, romelic saWiroa produqciis sawarmoeblad.
kapitalis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani forma sakuTrebaSi arsebuli sacxovrebeli
saxlebia. sagadasaxado kodeqss mTliani danazogis investiciis sxvadasxva tipis
mixedviT ganawilebis mimarTulebebze mcire zemoqmedebis moxdena SeuZlia. axla
ki
ganvixiloT,
Tu
ra
preferenciiT
aRWuravs
sagadasaxado
kodeqsi
binaTmSeneblobaSi Cadebul investicias.

saSemosavlo
gadasaxadis
zemoqmedebis
ilustrireba
sacxovreblis
investirebaze upriani iqneba magaliTis saSualebiT. makbeti flobs saxls da
surs misi gaqiraveba. ra iqneba misi wminda Semosavali? makbeti iRebs qiras,
Tumca, amave dros, iZulebulia, gaswios operaciuli xarji remontis
Casatareblad. davuSvaT, R aris sxvaoba saijaro Semosavalsa da gaweul
operaciul xarjebs Soris. makbets gamoaqvs ipoTekuri krediti saxlis
SesaZenad, xolo sesxis wliuri saprocento ganakveTi aris MI. aRniSnuli
saprocento gadasaxadi warmoadgens sawarmoo danaxarjs da, amdenad, unda
gamoiqviTos R-idan, ris Sedegadac gamoviangariSebT wminda Semosavals. saxlis
Rirebuleba wlis ganmavlobaSi DV odenobiT izrdeba. Rirebulebis zrda
kapitalis mogebaa, romelic Semosavlis nawilad iTvleba (Tu saxlis
Rirebuleba mcirdeba, maSin DV uaryofiTi iqneba, anu warmoiqmneba kapitalis
danakargi, romelic Semosavals amcirebs). aRniSnuli faqtorebis Sejamebis
Semdeg mivdivarT daskvnamde, rom makbetis, rogorc saxlis mepatronis, wminda
mogeba (Rnet) aris:

R net = R - MI - D V .
im sagadasaxado sistemaSi, romelic pirobiT heig-saimonsis principzea
agebuli, Rnet makbetis dasabegr Semosavals daemateba.

553

axla warmovidginoT sxvanairi suraTi: gaqiravebis nacvlad makbeti da

misi coli Tavad gadavlen am saxlSi sacxovreblad. saxlSi cxovrebis Sedegad
isini iReben sargebels, romelic tolia saxlis sabazro saijaro Rirebulebisa;
xarjebs ki Zveleburad gasweven: ixdian operaciul xarjs, procents ipoTekur
sesxze. makbetebi iReben kapitalis mogebas. Tumca isini iReben pirobiTad
daricxul wminda saijaro Semosavals, romelic Rnet-s udris. imis miuxedavad,
cxovroben Tu ara makbetebi saxlSi, isini iReben Rnet-is tol wminda sargebels;
erTaderTi gansxvaveba is aris, rom saxlis gaqiravebis SemTxvevaSi isini cxadad
da naRdi fuliT iReben qiras, xolo saxlSi cxovrebis SemTxvevaSi ki isini
qiras aracxadad sakuTar Tavs uxdian. Tumca, cxadia, saijaro Semosavali Tu
ara, is mainc Semosavalia da, heig-saimonsis saSemosavlo gadasaxadis mixedviT,
unda ibegrebodes kidec. Tumca aSS-is kanonmdeblobis Tanaxmad, is aracxadi
saijaro Semosavali, romelsac individi iRebs sakuTar saxlSi cxovrebis
Sedegad, dasabegr bazaSi ar unda iqnes CarTuli; Tanac, ojaxTa umetesoba
gaTavisuflebulia
kapitalis
mogebis
gadasaxadisagan4.
gamoricxavs
ra
pirobiTad daricxul saijaro Semosavals dasabegri bazidan, sagadasaxado
sistema, faqtobrivad, axorcielebs sakuTrebaSi arsebuli sacxovreblis
subsidirebas.

gaixseneT me-15 Tavidan, rom saxlis mflobeli, romelic axorcielebs

gamoqviTvebis detalizebas, uflebamosilia, dasabegri Semosavlidan ipoTekur
sesxze gadasaxdeli procentebi da sakuTrebaze gadasaxadi gamoqviTos.
gamoqviTvebis gamo 2004 wlis fiskaluri wlis
Semosavlebi daaxloebiT 93
miliardi aSS dolariT Semcirda [gadasaxadebis gaerTianebuli komiteti, 2002
weli, gv. 22]. Tumca unda aRiniSnos, rom saprocento da sakuTrebis gadasaxadis
gamoqviTva saxlis sakuTrebis subsidirebis arsebiT wyaros ar warmoadgens. Tu
dasabegr
bazaSi
moxdeba
pirobiTad
daricxuli
saijaro
Semosavlis
gaTvaliswineba, maSin ipoTekuri sesxis procentebi da sakuTrebis gadasaxadi
miiRebs legitimuri gamoqviTvis saxes, radgan CaiTvleba saijaro Semosavlis
misaRebad gaweul xarjad.

gamoricxavs ra pirobiTad daricxul wminda

saijaro Semosavals
dasabegri bazidan, sagadasaxado kodeqsi, faqtobrivad, amcirebs saxlis
sargeblobis danaxarjs da zrdis moTxovnas uZravi qonebis SeZenaze. moTxovnis
zrdis
zusti
masStabi
damokidebulia
sacxovreblis
moTxovnis
fasis
elastiurobaze. poterba [1992] asabuTebs, rom fasis elastiuroba udris
daaxloebiT 1,0-s da adgens, rom preferenciuli sagadasaxado reJimis gauqmebis
Sedegad 23%-iT Semcirdeba sacxovreblis moxmarebis koeficienti (50 aTasi
dolari Semosavlis mqone ojaxis SemTxvevaSi).

kanonmdebloba uzrunvelyofs 250 aTasi dolaris gamonakliss kapitalis mogebaze

ZiriTadi sacxovreblis yidvis SemTxvevaSi (500 aTasi aSS dolars erToblivi ukugebis
SemTxvevaSi).

554

aracxadi subsidiis zemoqmedeba adamianTa mier Sesyiduli sacxovreblis

masStabiT ar Semoifargleba. igi zegavlenas imazec axdens, Tu ramdeni adamiani
flobs binas da ramdeni qiraobs mas. II msoflio omis Semdeg aSS-is saojaxo
meurneobaTa 48% cxovrobda sakuTar saxlSi; es maCvenebeli daaxloebiT 65%-ia.
am periodis ganmavlobaSi bevri gadasaxadis
gadamxdeli gadaadgilda
maRalSemosavlian jgufSi, ramac sacxovreblis flobis aracxadi subsidiis
momxibvleloba gazarda. cxadia, icvleboda sxva faqtorebic, romlebic
sacxovreblis sakuTrebis struqturaze garkeul zemoqmedebas axdendnen;
mniSvnelovnad gaizarda Semosavlebi. Tumca ekonometrikul kvlevaTa umetesoba
miuTiTebs imaze, rom sagadasaxado aspeqtebma sakuTrebis masStabis gazrdaSi
mniSvnelovani roli iTamaSes [Green and Vandell, 1999].

winadadebani cvlilebaTa gansaxorcieleblad

mexuTe TavSi (`dadebiTi garegani efeqti) Cven visaubreT im subsidiis

dadebiT da uaryofiT mxareebze, romelic gaicema sakuTrebaSi arsebul
sacxovrebelze. garegani efeqtis poziciidan, subsidia ar aris racionaluri.
marTalia, saxlis mepatrone metad zrunavs qonebaze, baRze da a.S., magram es ar
kmara imisaTvis, rom dasabuTdes subsidiis adekvaturoba [Glaeser and Shapiro, 2002].
SemdgomSi subsidiis Rirebuleba SemosavalTan erTad izrdeba. sagadasaxado
danaxarjebis 62%, romelic asocirebulia ipoTekuri sesxis procentebis
gamoqviTvasTan, midis im saojaxo meurneobebSi, romelTa Semosavali 100 aTas
dolars aRemateba [gadasaxadebis gaerTianebuli komiteti, 2002, gv. 34]. amdenad,
SeuZlebelia, vifiqroT, rom subsidia Semosavals samarTlianad anawilebs. am
faqtebis fonze warmodgenil iqna Zalian bevri winadadeba sakuTrebaSi
arsebuli sacxovreblis sagadasaxado reJimis reformirebis mizniT. albaT,
yvelaze radikaluri cvlileba dasabegr SemosavalSi pirobiTad daricxuli
wminda saijaro Semosavlis CarTva iqneba. aseTi zoma administraciul
problemebs Seqmnis: sagadasaxado samsaxurs mouwevs TiToeuli saxlis
potenciuri sabazro saijaro Rirebulebis gansazRvra. miuxedavad amisa,
pirobiTad daricxuli saijaro Semosavali evropis ramdenime qveyanaSi ibegreba
(Sveciasa da holandiaSi) [Ault, 1997].

ufro metic, pirobiTad daricxuli saijaro Semosavlis dabegvra

politikurad ganuxorcielebelia. saxlis mflobelisaTvis saxli finansuri
resursebis uwyveti wyaroa da ara rentabeluri meqanizmi. Zalian Zneli iqneba,
davarwmunoT saxlis mflobeli, romelic eleqtoratis naxevarze mets
warmoadgens, imaSi, rom pirobiTad daricxuli saijaro Semosavlis dabegvra
pozitiuri movlenaa.

zogierTi winadadeba reformis Sesaxeb maRali Semosavlis mqone pirebis

ipoTekuri sesxis procentisa da sakuTrebis gadasaxadis gamoqviTvis Semcirebas
gvTavazobs. SesaZlebelia, ubralod gauqmdes aseTi gamoqviTvebi. 1984 wels aSS-

555

is xazinam wamoayena winadadeba sakuTrebis gadasaxadis gamoqviTvis gauqmebaze.

winadadeba mkacrad gaakritikes, male miiviwyes da arc erT seriozul
politikoss CurCuliTac ki ar dascdenia sityva ipoTekuri sesxis procentis
gamoqviTvis gauqmebis Taobaze. rogorc wina TavSi aRvniSneT, saxlis sayidlad
gamotanili sesxis momsaxurebis saprocento danaxarji im nusxaSi Sedis,
romelic saojaxo meurneobis SemTxvevaSi gamoqviTvas eqvemdebareba.

sakuTrebis gadasaxadisa da ipoTekuri sesxis procentis gamoqviTvis

gauqmeba SesaZlebelia gamosaqviTi Tanxis maqsimaluri zeda zRvaris dawesebis
gziT. gauqmebis meore meTodi iqneba gamoqviTvaTa konvertacia kreditad:
sacxovreblis
mesakuTres
eqneba
ufleba,
sagadasaxado
valdebulebidan
saprocento da sakuTrebaze gadasaxadis Tanabari proporcia gamoqviTos. amis
sapirispirod, saojaxo meurneobisaTvis miT ufro Rirebulia gamoqviTva, rac
ufro maRalia misi zRvruli sagadasaxado ganakveTi. ojaxi, romelsac aqvs
krediti _ davuSvaT, 25% ipoTekuri sesxidan sakuTrebaze gadasaxadidan _ da
Tan maRali zRvruli ganakveTebiT ibegreba, ver isargeblebs privilegiiT sxva
Tanabar pirobebSi.

am winadadebaTa Sefaseba sakmaod rTulia _ Cven araferi viciT maTi

miznebisa da sxva xelmisawvdomi politikuri berketebis Sesaxeb. ase magaliTad,
Tu mizani Semosavlis ufro samarTliani ganawilebaa, ratom SeviwuxoT Tavi
gamoqviTvis konvertaciiT kreditad? ufro racionaluri iqneba, davnergoT
adekvaturi ganakveTebi.

amrigad, sacxovrebeli binis sagadasaxado reJimis Sesaxeb arsebuli

debatebi migvaniSnebs imaze, rom pirobiTad daricxuli saijaro Semosavlis
sruli dabegvra iqneba yvelaze optimaluri gadawyvetileba. gaixseneT
optimaluri dabegvris Teoriidan (me-14 Tavi), rom erTjeradi gadasaxadis
ararsebobis SemTxvevaSi, is sagadasaxado ganakveTebi, romlebic maqsimalurad
zrdis efeqtianobas, yvela saqonelze arsebuli moTxovnisa da miwodebis
elastiurobaTa funqcias warmoadgens. efeqtianoba yvela saxis Semosavlis
Tanabari ganakveTiT dabegvras mxolod yvelaze gansakuTrebul SemTxvevebSi
moiTxovs. meore mxriv, warmoudgenelia, rom pirobiTad daricxul saijaro
Semosavalze efeqtiani sagadasaxado ganakveTi iyos nuli. adekvaturi da
racionaluri ganakveTis dadgena erTob mniSvnelovani da Rirebuli Sedegi
iqneba momavali kvlevebisaTvis.

portfelis Semadgenloba

556

gadasaxadi
zemoqmedebas
axdens
aramxolod
individTa
mier
akumulirebuli keTildReobis mTlian moculobaze, agreTve im aqtivebzec,
romlebSic Cadebulia es keTildReoba. dabali gadasaxadebi (gansakuTrebiT
kapitalis mogebaze) waaxalisebs investicias sarisko aqtivebSi. rogorc Wall
Street Journal-i iuwyeboda: `maRali zRvruli sagadasaxado ganakveTebi amcirebs
riskis sakuTar Tavze aRebis stimuls~ (2001 wlis 19 aprili, gv. A18). winadadeba
racionaluria. ratom CavdoT fuli sarisko investiciaSi, Tu mogebas mainc
gadasaxadis Semgrovebeli Caijibavs? magram gverwmuneT, problema bevrad ufro
rTulia, vidre erTi SexedviT moCans.

gadasaxadebsa da portfelis Semadgenlobis damokidebulebis Sesaxeb

arsebul Tanamedrove Teoriul kvlevaTa umetesoba tobinis [1958] analizebs
efuZneba. tobinis modelis Tanaxmad, individi aqtivSi investiciis Sesaxeb
gadawyvetilebas ori faqtoris mixedviT iRebs: 1. aqtivis mosalodneli ukugeba;
2. ramdenad sariskoa ukugebis miReba. sxva Tanabar pirobebSi investori
upiratesobas im aqtivebs aniWebs, romlebic maRal ukugebas moitanen. amave dros,
investorebi
Tavs
arideben
risks;
sxva
Tanabar
pirobebSi
investori
upiratesobas usafrTxo aqtivs aniWebs.

davuSvaT, saqme gvaqvs or aqtivTan, romelTagan erT-erTi sruliad

usafrTxoa, Tumca misi ukugeba nulis tolia (warmoidgineT, rom vcxovrobT
iseT samyaroSi, sadac ar arsebobs inflacia). meore ki obligaciaa, romelic
saSualod moitans ukugebis dadebiT ganakveTs, oRond igi sariskoa _ SeiZleba
obligaciis fasi Semcirdes da investorma dakargos fuli.

investori mTliani portfelis ukugebasa da risks ori aqtivis sxvadasxva

kombinaciebis Seqmnis gziT abalansebs. gansakuTrebul SemTxvevaSi investori
itovebs mxolod usafrTxo aqtivs _ ar aris ukugeba, magram arc riskia. meore
SemTxvevaSi investori mxolod sarisko aqtivs itovebs _ mosalodnelia ukugeba
da masTan erTad riskis xarisxic izrdeba. Tumca tipuri investori gaakeTebs
sarisko da usafrTxo aqtivebis kombinacias ise, rom maqsimalurad moargos
riskisa da ukugebis adekvatur normebs.

axla ki warmovidginoT, rom kapitaluri aqtivis ukugeba proporciuli

gadasaxadiT daibegra. davuSvaT, gadasaxadi iZleva danakargis sruli CaTvlis
saSualebas _ individs SeuZlia, dasabegri Semosavlidan srulad gamoqviTos
danakargi (raRac masStabiT es aRwers aSS-Si arsebul faqtobriv praqtikas. ix.
me-15 Tavi). usafrTxo aqtivis ukugebis ganakveTi nulia, amdenad, gadasaxadebi
ver axdens zemoqmedebas misi ukugebis ganakveTze _ ukugeba kvlavac nulia.
sarisko aqtivs ki mosalodneli pozitiuri ukugeba axasiaTebs, romelic
gadasaxadis dawesebis Sedegad mcirdeba, gadasaxadi amcirebs sarisko aqtivis
momxibvlelobas usafrTxo aqtivTan SedarebiT.

557

gadasaxadi amcirebs sarisko aqtivis ukugebas, magram, amavdroulad, igi

amcirebs Tavad riskis xarisxsac. ratom? gadasaxadis dawesebis Semdeg
saxelmwifo investoris pasiuri partniori xdeba. Tu investori gaimarjvebs
(pozitiuri ukugebis miRebis TvalsazrisiT), saxelmwifo gainawilebs mis
mogebas. SegaxsenebT, rom moqmedebs danakargis sruli CaTvlis sistema; amdenad,
Tu investori danakargs ganicdis, saxelmwifo iziarebs mis danakargs. davuSvaT,
individis danakargi investiciaze 100 dolaria. Tu sagadasaxado ganakveTi 30%ia, maSin dasabegri Semosavlidan 100 dolaris gamoklebis gziT Semcirdeba
investoris sagadasaxado valdebuleba 30 dolariT. Tu sainvesticio danakargi
100 dolari iyo, investori kargavs daaxloebiT 70 dolars. mokled, gadasaxadis
dawesebis Sedegad mcirdeba ukugeba da mcirdeba riski. amdenad, miuxedavad
imisa, rom gadasaxadi riskian aqtivs nakleb mimzidvels xdis
ukugebis
Semcirebis gziT, igi, amavdroulad, mas metad mimzidvels xdis riskis
Semcirebis gziT. Tu meore efeqti dominirebs, maSin dabegvris Semdeg sarisko
aqtivi ufro momzidveli xdeba.

zogierTi adamiani srulyofilad usafrTxo aqtivis arsebobasac ki

uSvebs. es ar aris realisturi daSveba. samyaroSi, sadac aravin aris
darwmunebuli imaSi, Tu rogori iqneba inflaciis ganakveTi, sarisko iqneba
ukugebis saxiT miRebuli fulic ki. gadasaxadi amcirebs rogorc risks, aseve
ukugebas.
amitom
gadasaxadis
zegavlena
portfelis
arCevanze
mravalmniSvnelovania.

mravali mniSvnelobidan erTi mniSvnelobis SerCeva ekonometrikis winaSe

arsebuli rTuli problemaa. yvelaze rTuli saimedo informaciis mopovebaa imis
Sesaxeb, Tu romel aqtivs floben adamianebi. individma SesaZloa, zustad verc
ganacxados Tavis sakuTrebaSi arsebuli aqtivis Rirebulebis Sesaxeb, ubralod
imitom, rom ar flobs informacias. garda amisa, individma SesaZloa,
Segnebulad damalos informacia aqtivis Rirebulebis Sesaxeb, raTa es
informacia sagadasaxado organomde ar mivides. saimedo monacemebis gamoyenebis
gziT poterbam da samvikma Caatares kvleva [1999], sadac miTiTebulia, rom sxva
Tanabar pirobebSi (sayovelTao sikeTis CaTvliT) adamianebi, romlebic maRali
Semosavlis jgufSi imyofebian, ufro xSirad floben Cveulebriv aqciebs, rac
sakmaod sariskoa. am aRmoCenas mivyavarT im ideamde, rom dabegvra zrdis risks.
magram es sakiTxi jer Zalian Sorsaa dazustebisagan.

SeniSvna politikisa da elastiurobis Sesaxeb

558

miuxedavad
didZali
Catarebuli
kvlevisa,
Semosavlis
dabegvris
zemoqmedeba individis mniSvnelovan qmedebebze jer kidev ar aris zustad
dadgenili. sxvadasxva `eqsperti~ gansxvavebul rCevas da rekomendacias
sTavazobs politikoss. aseT situaciaSi politikosi aucileblad gamoiyenebs im
rekomendacias, romelic yvelaze kargad Seesabameba mis miznebs. albaT, Znelia
am Temaze xmamaRla laparaki, magram mainc aRvniSnavT, rom liberals swams, rom
individis qmedeba sagadasaxado sistemis mimarT sensitiuri ar aris,
konservatorebi ki swored sawinaaRmdegoSi arian darwmunebulni. liberalebi
upiratesobas dabal elastiurobas aniWeben, radgan dabali elastiuroba
warmoSobs did fuls saxelmwifo seqtorisaTvis da sulac ar dardoben imaze,
rom `swored im qaTams klaven, romelic oqros kvercxs debs~. amis sapirispirod,
konservatorebi maRal elastiurobas aniWeben upiratesobas, radgan am gziT
xdeba Segrovili gadasaxadis moculobis limitireba, vidre ekonomikas
efeqtianobis seriozuli danaxarji daawveba. amdenad, rodesac Jurnalistebi,
politikosebi da ekonomistebi akeTeben seriozul gancxadebebs imis Taobaze, Tu
rogor zemoqmedebas axdens gadasaxadi stimulze, Zalian kargi iqneba, Tu vinme
maT dafarul gegmasac ganWvrets.

daskvna

aSS-is piradi saSemosavlo gadasaxadi zemoqmedebas axdens mTel rig

ekonomikur
gadawyvetilebebze,
Sromis
miwodebis,
dazogvis,
sacxovreblisa da portfelis SerCevis CaTvliT. gadasaxadis zegavlenis
analizi individis qmedebebze yvelaze sakamaTo sakiTxia sajaro
finansebSi.
Sromis miwodebis ekonometrikuli kvlevebi miuTiTebs imaze, rom
axalgazrda
mamakacebis
Sroma
odnav
reagirebs
sagadasaxado
cvlilebebze, xolo daojaxebuli qalebis Sroma ki wminda saxelfaso
ganakveTis cvlilebis mimarT erTob sensitiuria.
saSemosavlo gadasaxadma SesaZloa, gazardos, Seamciros an ucvleli
datovos adamianuri kapitalis investiciis moculoba. Sedegi nawilobriv
damokidebulia imaze, Tu rogor zemoqmedebas axdens gadasaxadi samuSao
saaTebis raodenobaze.
sagadasaxado
ganakveTebis
zemoqmedeba
sagadasaxado
Semosavlebze
damokidebulia
Sromis
miwodebis
sensitiurobaze
sagadasaxado
ganakveTebis
cvlilebebis
mimarT,
agreTve
imaze,
Tu
ramdenad
Canacvlebadia dasabegri da daubegravi Semosavali.
gadasaxadis zemoqmedeba danazogze fasdeba sasicocxlo ciklis modelis
gamoyenebis gziT, romelic miuTiTebs, rom adamianTa wliuri moxmarebisa
da danazogis moculoba damokidebulia maT Semosavalze ramdenime wlis
ganmavlobaSi. procentidan miRebuli Semosavlis dabegvra amcirebs
mimdinare moxmarebis alternatiul Rirebulebas da masTan erTad
dazogvis stimulsac. aseTi gadasaxadi amcirebs Semosavals mTeli
sicocxlis ganmavlobaSi, ris Sedegadac mcirdeba moxmareba, anu zrdis
danazogis moculobas. wminda zemoqmedeba danazogze empiriuli sakiTxi
aris.

559

dazogvis Sesaxeb arsebuli ekonomikuri kvlevebi awydeba seriozul

konceptualur da praqtikul siZneleebs, amitom ar arsebobs mtkice
konsensusi imis Sesaxeb, Tu ra zegavlenas axdens gadasaxadebi
danazogze.
pirad saSemosavlo gadasaxadSi, sakuTrebaSi arsebuli sacxovreblis
SemTxvevaSi, pirobiTad daricxuli saijaro Semosavlis gaTvaliswineba
ar xdeba, rac im individTa raodenobas, romelic upiratesobas sakuTar
saxls aniWebs, agreTve sakuTrebaSi arsebuli saxlebis procentul
maCvenebels zrdis.
dabegvris
zemoqmedebis
Teoriuli
Sefaseba
mravalmniSvnelovania.
gadasaxadi amcirebs sarisko aqtivis mosalodnel ukugebas, magram, amave
dros, amcirebs misi riskis xarisxs. konfliqturi tendenciebis wminda
efeqti jer kidev ar aris Sefasebuli.

sadiskusio SekiTxvebi

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

`gpirdebiT, rom Sevamcireb saSemosavlo gadasaxadebs. me ar Sevamcireb

xarjviT nawils, radgan dabali ganakveTebi imdenad waaxalisebs
ekonomikur aqtivobas, rom gaizrdeba sagadasaxado Semosavlebi. visgan
ufro saimedoa aseTi piroba? momavali prezidentobis Tu Statis
mmarTvelis kandidatisagan?
davuSvaT, rom individi saSemosavlo gadasaxadis Sedegad miRebul
danakliss moiazrebs rogorc kompensacias im sargeblidan, romelsac
individi
miiRebs
Semosavlis
wyalobiT
SeZenili
saxelmwifo
momsaxurebiT. ra zemoqmedeba xorcieldeba individis Sromis miwodebaze?
(miniSneba: namuSevari saaTebis raodenoba ganixileT Canacvlebisa da
Semosavlis efeqtis SemTxvevaSi).
moqmedi kanonmdeblobis Tanaxmad, damqiraveblis mier uzrunvelyofili
janmrTelobis dacva ar miiReba mxedvelobaSi dabegvris dros. gamoiyeneT
ganurCevlobis mrudis analizi da gamosaxeT, ra moxdeba, Tu sargebeli
dasabegr SemosavalSi CaerTveba? rogor Secvlis es janmrTelobis dacvis
sargeblis moculobas? (miniSneba: individi moixmars or saqonels:
`janmrTelobis sargebels~ da `sxva saqonels~).
2001 wels miRebul iqna kanonmdebloba, romelic maqsimalur zRvrul
saSemosavlo sagadasaxado ganakveTs 39,5%-dan 35%-mde amcirebs. ra
zegavlenas moaxdens es kanoni Sromis miwodebaze, danazogsa da
sagadasaxado Semosavlebze?
2003 wels demokratebma wamoayenes Semdegi winadadeba: TiToeul momuSaves
erTjeradad aunazRaurdeba gadasaxadi (300 dolari TiToeul zrdasrul
adamianze da 200 dolari pirvel or Svilze). programis mizani
samomxmareblo xarjvis stimulireba iyo. samomxmareblo qmedebebis
sasicocxlo ciklis modelis mixedviT, rogor fiqrobT, iqneba Tu ara es
winadadeba warmatebuli? Tu am modelis Tanaxmad, Tqven CaTvliT, rom
programa racionaluria da aSS-is mTavrobas surs, waaxalisos moxmareba,
ras urCevT mas?
Wall Street Journal_Si (2001 wlis 19 aprili) dabeWdili statia asabuTebda,
rom `maRali zRvruli sagadasaxado ganakveTi amcirebs individis
stimuls, ganaxorcielos adamianuri kapitalis investicia da gaiaros
damatebiTi treningebi, miiRos damatebiTi ganaTleba~. ra pirobebSia es

560

sentencia
marTali?
pasuxis
gacemisas
gaiTvaliswineT
adamianuri
kapitalis investiciis danaxarjis buneba.
7. 2001 wels miRebul iqna sagadasaxado kanoni, romelmac gazarda IRA-ze
Senatanis moculoba 2000-dan 5000 dolaramde (2008 wlisaTvis) ra
zegavlenas moaxdens aseTi kanoni pirad danazogze?
8. bartletis [2002] Tanaxmad, `ekonomikuri Teoria calsaxad miuTiTebs imis
Sesaxeb,
rom
(kapitalis)
danakargis
sruli
gamoqviTva
erTob
mniSvnelovania riskis aRebis TvalsazrisiT. axseniT, Tu ris safuZvelze
gakeTda amgvari gancxadeba. aSS-is kanonmdeblobis Tanaxmad, kapitalis
danakargi nawilobriv eqvemdebareba gamoqviTvas. rogor moqmedebs es
riskis aRebis stimulze?
9. ekonomikaSi Sromis miwodebis S mrudi ase ganisazRvreba:

S = -100 + 200wn ,

sadac wn aris wminda saxelfaso ganakveTi. davuSvaT,

(gadasaxadebis gadaxdamde) saSemosavlo ganakveTi aris 10.

rom

mTliani

a) dawereT formula, sadac sagadasaxado Semosavlebi iqneba sagadasaxado

ganakveTebis funqcia; gamosaxeT funqcia diagramiT, sadac sagadasaxado
ganakveTi iqneba mocemuli horizontalur, xolo sagadasaxado Semosavali
ki _ vertikalur RerZze (miniSneba: gaixseneT, rom wn = (1 - t )10 , sadac t
aris sagadasaxado ganakveTi, xolo sagadasaxado Semosavlebi ki
warmoadgens namuSevari saaTebis, mTliani xelfasisa da sagadasaxado
ganakveTis namravls). davuSvaT, mTavroba awesebs 70%-ian sagadasaxado
ganakveTs. ra iqneba Tqveni rCeva?
b) ganixileT es problema garkveuli kalkulaciebis fonze: ra sagadasaxado
ganakveTis pirobebSi aRwevs sagadasaxado Semosavlebi maqsimums?

gamoyenebuli literatura
Choi, James J; David Laibson; Brigitte C Madrian, and Andrew Metrick. Defined Contribution Pensions:
Plan Rules, Participant Decisions, and the Path of Least Resistance. Working Paper No. 8655. Cambridge,
MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, December 2001.
Engen, Eric, and Jonathan Skinner. Taxation and Economic Growth. National Tax Journal 49
(December, 1996), pp. 617 42.
Gruber, Jonathan, and Emmanuel Saez. The Elasticity of Taxable Income: Evidence and Implications.
Journal of Public Economics 84 (April 2002), pp.1-33.
Hendershott, Patric M, and Michael White. The Rise and Fall of Housings Favoured Investment Status.
Journal of Housing Research 11, no.2, 2000, pp. 257-75.

561

Tavi 17

korporaciuli gadasaxadi

SesaZloa, sakuTari Tavic ki gavkicxo amisaTvis, magram mainc unda vikiTxo:

rodis gveyofa imdeni gambedaoba, vaRiaroT, rom korporaciuli gadasaxadi
yvelaze dausabuTebelia mTels Cvens sagadasaxado sistemaSi?
ronald u. reigani

2002 wels arasafinanso korporaciebis Semosavali daaxloebiT 5,5

trilion aSS dolars udrida (mTliani Sida produqtis 55%)1. korporacia
biznesis
organizaciuli
formaa,
romelSic
sakuTreba,
Cveulebriv,
transferabeluri saaqcio sertifikatiT
aris warmodgenili.
aqcioneri
xasiaTdeba
SezRuduli
pasuxismgeblobiT
_
aqcioneris
valdebuleba
korporaciis kreditorebis winaSe mis mier investirebuli Tanxis odenobiTaa
SezRuduli.

korporacia damoukidebeli iuridiuli piria; igi xSirad xelovnur

damoukidebel
pirad
iwodeba.
korporacia
uflebamosilia,
dados
xelSekruleba, flobdes qonebas, aiRos sesxi, Seitanos sasamarTloSi sarCeli
da gasamarTldes. sxva piris msgavsad, korporacia valdebulia, gadaixados
gadasaxadi miRebul Semosavalze. korporaciis saSemosavlo gadasaxadidan
miRebuli Semosavali federaluri sagadasaxado Semosavlebis 8%-s Seadgenda
[kongresis sabiujeto ofisi, 2003, gv. 150]. winamdebare TavSi Cven ganvixilavT
korporaciis
saSemosavlo
federaluri
gadasaxadis
struqturas
da
gavaanalizebT mis zemoqmedebas resursebis ganawilebaze.

prezidentis ekonomikuri angariSi, 2003, gv.292, 294.

562

ratom ibegreba korporacia?

daviwyoT epigrafSi mocemuli citatiT, romelic ronald reigans

ekuTvnis. nuTu racionaluria korporaciis dabegvra specialuri sagadasaxado
reJimiT?
samarTlebrivi
TvalsazrisiT,
korporacia
adamiania.
magram
ekonomikuri TvalsazrisiT, es azri ar aris marTebuli. rogorc me-12 TavSi
ukve aRvniSneT, mxolod realur adamians SeuZlia gadasaxadis gadaxda. Tu
marTlac asea, maSin ratom unda daibegros korporaciis saqmianoba specialuri
gadasaxadiT? ratom ar ibegreba korporaciis mflobelTa Semosavali
individualuri saSemosavlo gadasaxadiT?

korporaciuli gadasaxadis arseboba ki asea dasabuTebuli:

1. Cven mier axlaxans gamoTqmuli mosazrebis sapirispirod, korporacia _

gansakuTrebiT, gamorCeulad didi zomis korporacia _ calke erTeuls
warmoadgens. did korporacias hyavs aTasobiT aqcioneri; msxvili korporaciis
menejerebs an saerTod ar akontroleben aqcionerebi/mflobelebi, an Zalian
iolad
akontroleben.
bevri
ekonomisti
iziarebs
azrs,
rom
msxvil
korporaciebSi sakuTreba da kontroli sruliad damoukidebeli cnebebia
(maSin, saerTod, rogor funqcionirebs korporacia)? Tumca es sruliad ar
niSnavs imas, rom korporacia unda daibegros, rogorc calke erTeuli.

2.
korporaciis dabegvra nawilobriv ganpirobebulia im gansakuTrebuli
privilegiebiT, romelsac korporacia sazogadoebisagan iRebs (maTgan yvelaze
mniSvnelovania aqcionerTa SezRuduli pasuxismgebloba).
korporaciis
gadasaxadi SesaZloa ganvixiloT, rogorc momxmareblis gadasaxadi am
privilegiiT sargeblobisaTvis. Tumca aravin icis, udris Tu ara gadaxdili
Tanxa miRebuli privilegiis Rirebulebas. nebismier SemTxvevaSi ratom
CavTvaloT, rom kanoni, romelic individebs kapitalis agregirebis efeqtiani
meTodis
gamoyenebis
uflebiT
aRWuravs,
aris
privilegia,
romlis
gamoyenebisTvisac unda gadavixadoT fuli? analogiuri kanonebi arasodes
ganixileba am WrilSi.

3. korporaciuli gadasaxadi piradi saSemosavlo gadasaxadis mTlianobas icavs.

davuSvaT, mocemuli wlis ganmavlobaSi karlis Semosavlis wili korporaciaSi
aris 10000 dolari. Semosavlis ganmartebis Tanaxmad, es 10000 dolari mainc
Semosavalia, miuxedavad imisa, inarCunebs am fuls korporacia Tu uxdis karls.
Tu korporacia karls gadauxdis 10000 dolars, fuli individualuri
saSemosavlo sagadasaxado ganakveTiT daibegreba. korporaciuli gadasaxadis
ararsebobis pirobebSi es 10000 dolari ar warmoqmnis aranair sagadasaxado
valdebulebas, Tu igi korporaciaSi
rCeba.
amdenad, karls SeuZlia

563

sagadasaxado valdebulebis Semcireba Semosavlis korporaciaSi akumulirebis

gziT. cxadia, es Tanxa daibegreba, rodesac igi korporaciis mier karls
gadaexdeba, magram manamde karls SeuZlia, 10000 dolars daaricxos daubegravi
saprocento Semosavali. gaixseneT me-15 Tavidan, rom gadavadebuli gadasaxadi
dazogili gadasaxadia.

cxadia, Tu ar daibegreba korporaciis Semosavali, individualuri

gadasaxadis Tavidan aridebis realuri SesaZlebloba Seiqmneba. korporaciis
Semosavlis dabegvra sxvadasxva meTodis gamoyenebiT SeiZleba. am Tavis bolos
dabegvris im meTodebs ganvixilavT, romlebsac ekonomistebi yvelaze qmediTad
da warmatebulad miiCneven.

struqtura

korporaciuli sagadasaxado ganakveTis struqtura graduirebulia.

umciresi ganakveTi 15%-ia, xolo umaRlesi ki - 35% (gamoiyeneba im SemTxvevaSi,
Tu dasabegri Semosavali udris an aRemateba 10 milion dolars)2.
korporaciuli Semosavlis didi nawili 35%-iani sagadasaxado ganakveTiT
ibegreba, amitom ufro martivi da, Tanac, sruliad gamarTlebuli iqneba,
sistema erTiani 35%-iani ganakveTiT warmovadginoT. ganakveTi istoriul
monacemebTan SedarebiT dabalia. igi udrida 46%-s, sanam miiRebdnen kanons
sagadasaxado reformis Sesaxeb (1986), romelmac ganakveTi 34%-mde Seamcira.
gadasaxadma 1993 wels erTi procentuli punqtiT moimata.

iseve, rogorc individualuri saSemosavlo gadasaxadis SemTxvevaSi,

Tavad oficialuri sagadasaxado ganakveTi realuri tvirTis Sesaxeb bevrs
arafers gveubneba. Cven zustad unda vicodeT, Tu ra gamoiqviTeba
korporaciuli dasabegri Semosavlidan. axla ki droa, ganvixiloT is wesebi,
romelTa mixedviTac ganimarteba dasabegri korporaciuli Semosavali3.

daqiravebulTa anazRaurebis gamoqviTva

rogorc vnaxeT me-15 TavSi, individualuri Semosavlis ganmartebis

fundamenturi principi aris is, rom Semosavali fasdeba mxolod mas Semdeg,
2

zogierT SemTxvevaSi faqtobrivi zRvruli sagadasaxado ganakveTi 35%-s aRemateba.

gaiTvaliswineT, rom am wesebis umetesoba axasiaTebs arakorporaciul biznessac.
garda amisa, zogierT SemTxvevaSi am sferoSi moqmedebs korporaciuli alternatiuli
minimaluri gadasaxadebi.
3

564

rac mis misaRebad gaweuli xarjebi gamoakldeba. analogiurad fasdeba

korporaciuli Semosavali. sawarmoo danaxarjis erTi saxe Sromaa da, amdenad,
daqiravebulis
anazRaureba
(xelfasi
da
sxva
sargebeli)
dasabegri
Semosavlidan unda gamoiqviTos.

procentis (magram ara dividendis) gamoqviTva

korporaciis mier valis aRebis SemTxvevaSi kreditorisaTvis gadaxdili

procenti gamoiqviTeba dasabegri Semosavlidan, rac sawarmoo xarjebis
gamoqviTvis principiT sabuTdeba. rodesac firma afinansebs Tavis saqmianobas
aqciaTa gamoSvebis gziT, aqcionerisaTvis gadaxdili dividendi gamoqviTvas
korporaciuli Semosavlidan ar eqvemdebareba. am asimetriis Sedegebs odnav
mogvianebiT ganvixilavT.

cveTis gamoqviTva

davuSvaT, rom mocemuli wlis ganmavlobaSi XYZ korporacia yidulobs

or saqonels: (1) sakancelario saqonels, romelic korporaciam mocemuli wlis
ganmavlobaSi unda gamoiyenos; (2) saburR danadgars, romelmac 10 weli mainc
unda gaZlos. rogor unda aRiricxos es ori saqoneli, rom XYZ dasabegri
Semosavali ganisazRvros? sakancelario saqoneli pirdapir aRiricxeba. misi
moxmareba unda moxdes SeZenidan erTi wlis ganmavlobaSi, amdenad, misi
mTliani Rirebuleba mocemuli wlis korporaciuli Semosavlidan unda
gamoiqviTos (sagadasaxado kanoni namdvilad gvaZlevs aseTi gamoqviTvis
uflebas). saburRi xelsawyos aRricxva ufro rTulia, radgan xelsawyo
xangrZlivi moxmarebis saqonelia. misi SeZenis tranzaqcia aqtivTa gacvlis
saxes iRebs _ firma ixdis naRd fuls da, samagierod, iRebs saburR danadgars.
aqtivis SeZena, rogorc aseTi, ar warmoadgens ekonomikur danaxarjs. Tumca
saburRi xelsawyo moxmarebis procesSi eqvemdebareba amortizacias, ris
Sedegadac mcirdeba misi Rirebuleba; Rirebulebis Semcireba, romelsac
ekonomikuri cveTis saxelwodebiT moixsenieben, firmis mier gaweul ekonomikur
danaxarjs warmoadgens.

gamodis, rom saburRi danadgaris gamoyenebis pirveli wlis ganmavlobaSi

mTlian Semosavals akldeba danadgaris ekonomikuri cveTa pirveli wlis
ganmavlobaSi; analogiurad, danadgariT sargeblobis meore wlis ganmavlobaSi
am wlis mTlian Semosavals akldeba danadgaris ekonomikuri cveTa meore wlis
ganmavlobaSi da ase Semdeg, sanam firma sargeblobs danadgariT.

565

am principis Camoyalibeba martivia; samagierod, rTulia misi praqtikuli

ganxorcieleba. faqtobrivad, sagadasaxado samsaxurma ar icis mocemuli
aqtivis ekonomikuri cveTis zusti masStabi mocemuli wlis ganmavlobaSi; mas
arc danadgaris sasargeblo saeqspluatacio vadis zust xagrZlivobaze aqvs
warmodgena. sagadasaxado kanoni TviTon gansazRvravs im proporcias, romliTac
aqtivis SeZenis Rirebulebis yovelwliuri cveTa xdeba. kanoni adgens imas, Tu
ramdeni wlis ganmavlobaSi unda moxdes cveTis gaTvaliswineba (aqtivis
dabegvris vada). aseTi procedura verasodes asaxavs aqtivis realur ekonomikur
cveTas. Cven am sakiTxebs odnav mogvianebiT ganvixilavT.

cveTis gamoqviTvis normis gaangariSeba. 1000 dolaris Rirebulebis

saburRi danadgaris dabegvris vada 10 weliwadia, firma ki uflebamosilia,
yovelwliurad cveTis saxiT daqviTos danadgaris Rirebulebis 1/10. ramdenad
samarTliani iqneba aseTi midgoma XYZ korporaciis SemTxvevaSi?

pirveli wlis bolos XYZ korporacias SeuZlia, dasabegri Semosavlidan

gamoqviTos danadgaris SeZenis Rirebulebis 1/10, anu 100 dolari. Tu
korporaciuli saSemosavlo sagadasaxado ganakveTi 35%-ia, maSin 100 dolaris
Tanxis gamoqviTvis Sedegad korporacias darCeba 35 dolari. gaiTvaliswineT,
rom XYZ korporacia am privilegiiT danadgaris SeZenidan erTi wlis Semdeg
sargeblobs. 35 dolaris mimdinare Rirebuleba gamoiTvleba misi gayofiT (1 +
r)-ze, sadac r aris Tanxis alternatiuli Rirebuleba firmisaTvis (gadaxedeT
me-11 Tavs, sadac ganxilulia mimdinare Rirebuleba).

meore wlis bolos XYZ korporacias

dolari dasabegri Semosavlidan da kvlav
ramdenadac es danazogi ori wlis Semdeg
Rirebulebaa $35/(1 + r)2. analogiurad, cveTis
daiqviTeba mesame wels, aris $35/(1 + r)3, meoTxe
mTliani gamoqviTvis mimdinare Rirebulebaa:

kvlav SeuZlia, gamoqviTos 100

dazogos 35 dolari. imdenad,
unda gakeTdes, misi mimdinare
mimdinare Rirebuleba, romelic
wels _ $35/(1 + r)4 da a.S. cveTis

$35
$35
$35
$35
+
+
+ ... +
2
3
1 + r (1 + r )
(1 + r )
(1 + r )10

ase magaliTad, Tu r = 10%-s, maSin am gamosaxulebis pasuxi iqneba 215,10

dolari. faqtobrivad, cveTis gamoqviTva amcirebs saburRi danadgaris fass
gadasaxadebis gadaxdis Semdeg 1000 dolaridan 784,90 dolaramde (= $1000 $215,10). faqtobrivi fasi ufro mcirea, vidre SeZenis fasi, radgan SenaZens
momavalSi sagadasaxado danazogisaken mivyavarT.

566

davuSvaT, rom sagadasaxado kanonmdeblobis Tanaxmad, firmas SeuZlia,

aRiaros mocemuli aqtivis cveTa T wlis ganmavlobaSi, xolo aqtivis
yovelwliurad (weli n-adaa gamoxatuli) Camosaweri proporcia ki is aris D(n).
vajamebT ra D(n)-s, viRebT aqtivis fass. gamodis, rom sagadasaxado kanoni
gvaZlevs uflebas, CamovweroT aqtivis mTliani Rirebuleba (Cvens wina
magaliTSi T iyo 10, xolo D(n) ki _ 1/10 yovelwliurad. cveTis zogierTi sxva
sqemis Tanaxmad, D(n) varirebs wlebis mixedviT). ganvixiloT 1 dolaris
Rirebulebis sainvesticio aqtivis SeZenis faqti. pirveli wlis bolos cveTis
Tanxa iqneba D(1) dolari, romlis Rirebuleba firmisaTvis aris q D(1) , sadac

q korporaciuli sagadasaxado ganakveTia (aqtivis Rirebuleba aris 1 dolari,

amdenad, D(1) dolari iqneba wiladi). analogiurad, meore wlis bolos
daricxuli cveTis Tanxis Rirebuleba firmisaTvis iqneba q D(2) . mTliani
sagadasaxado danazogis mimdinare Rirebuleba, romelic dagrovilia 1
dolaris Rirebulebis SeZenili nivTis cveTis gamoqviTvis (cveTis gamoqviTvis
norma aRvniSnoT y -Ti) gziT, udris:

y =

q D (1) q D ( 2)
q D (T )
+
+ ... +
2
1+ r
(1 + r )
(1 + r ) T

(17.1)

imdenad, ramdenadac 1 dolaris danaxarjis SemTxvevaSi sagadasaxado

danazogis mimdinare Rirebuleba aris ( y ), gamodis, rom, Tu aqtivis SeZenis
fasi aris $q, cveTis gamoqviTvis arseboba amcirebs faqtobriv fass (1 -y )q -mde.
ase magaliTad, Tu y = 0,25-s, maSin aqtivze daxarjul TiToeul dolarze
izogeba 25 centi. amdenad, Tu danadgari Rirs 1000 dolari (q = 1000), maSin misi
faqtobrivi fasi SeZenis fasis 75%-ia, anu 750 dolari.

(17.1) gantoleba miuTiTebs, rom cveTis Sedegad dazogili gadasaxadebi

mniSvnelovnadaa damokidebuli T-sa da D(n) funqciis sidideze. zogadad,
sagadasaxado sargebeli ufro maRalia: (1) rac ufro moklea danadgaris
Camoweris vada, miT naklebia T; (2) rac ufro didia danadgaris Rirebulebis
Camosaweri proporcia misi saeqspluatacio vadis dasawyisidan, miT maRalia D(n)
funqciis sidide da mcirea N ricxvi. sqema, romelic firmas aZlevs aqtivis
ufro Cqara Camoweris uflebas, vidre es realuri ekonomikuri cveTis dros
xdeba, daCqarebuli cveTis saxelwodebiTaa cnobili. yvelaze seriozuli
privilegia iqneba is, rom firmas mieces aqtivis mTliani Rirebulebis Camoweris
ufleba dasabegri Rirebulebidan aqtivis SeZenis momentSive. aRniSnuli
danaxarjis sruli Camoweris saxelwodebiTaa cnobili.

moqmedi kanonmdeblobis Tanaxmad, TiToeuli cveTadi aqtivis mimarT

moqmedebs rvidan erT-erTi SesaZlo dasabegri vada (anu T-s sidide). dasabegri
vada 3-dan 39 wlamde varirebs. ase magaliTad, doRis cxenis dasabegri vada

567

aris sami weli, kompiuterebis da sxva saofise aRWurvilobis dasabegri vada - 5

weli, xolo ararezidentuli struqturebis ki _31 1 2 weli. rogorc wesi,
dasabegri vada yovelTvis ufro moklea xolme, vidre faqtobrivi sasargeblo
eqspluataciis periodi, risi potenciuri Sedegic korporaciul sainvesticio
qmedebaze mogvianebiT iqneba ganxiluli.

aramaterialuri aqtivebi. Cven mier ganxiluli magaliTi moicavda

materialur
aqtivs
(danadgars).
analogiuri
sakiTxebia
aqtualuri
aramaterialuri aqtivebis SemTxvevaSic. davuSvaT, firma xarjavs fuls
sareklamo kampaniaze, romelmac gayidvebis moculoba ramdenime weliwadSi unda
gazardos. reklama SesaZloa, im aqtivad iqnes miCneuli, romelic raRac
periodSi gazrdis Semosavlebs (iseve, rogorc danadgari). aseT SemTxvevaSi
firmas reklamis, rogorc `aqtivis~, cveTis yovelwliurad gamoqviTva unda
SeeZlos. Zalian rTulia aseTi aqtivebis cveTis swori tarifis dadgena.

axla ki ganvixiloT beisbolis franCaizingis Sesyidvis magaliTi.

davuSvaT, kompania yidulobs beisbolis gunds, romlis nawili moTamaSeebis
kontraqtebia. sagadasaxado wesebis mixedviT, SeZenis is Rirebuleba, romelic
uSualod asocirebulia moTamaSeTa kontraqtebTan, cveTad aqtivs warmoadgens
da SesaZloa misi cveTis daricxva (wrfivi meTodiT) xuTwliani periodis
ganmavlobaSi. meore mxriv, franCaizingis Rirebulebis sxva komponentebi,
magaliTad, satelevizio kontraqti, ar eqvemdebareba cveTas. albaT, klubis
mflobelebsa da Sida Semosavlebis samsaxurs (sagadasaxado samsaxurs) Soris
didi dava mimdinareobs moTamaSeTa komponentis wilze _ mflobels surs, rom
moTamaSeTa kontraqtze modiodes SeZenis Rirebulebis didi nawili, xolo Sida
Semosavlebis samsaxurisTvis ki, piriqiT, misi mcire proporcia ufro
xelsayrelia. garda amisa, Sida Semosavlebis samsaxuris azriT, sxva
aramaterialuri aqtivis cveTa 15 wlis (da ara 5 wlis) ganmavlobaSi iricxeba;
amdenad, samsaxurs surs, beisbolis gundic identuri reJimiT daibegros.
amrigad, cveTis administrireba seriozul sirTuleebs ukavSirdeba. miuxedavad
amisa, cveTis daricxva gardauvali proceduraa.

gauqmebuli sainvesticio sagadasaxado krediti

1986
wlamde
sagadasaxado
kanoni
iTvaliswinebda
sainvesticio
sagadasaxado kredits (Investment Tax Credit - ITC), romelic saSualebas aZlevda
firmas, sagadasaxado valdebulebidan aqtivis SeZenis fasis nawili aqtivis
SeZenis momentSive gamoeqviTa. Tu saburRi danadgaris Rirebulebaa 1000
dolari, xolo XYZ firmas eqneboda 10%-iani sainvesticio sagadasaxado
kreditiT sargeblobis ufleba, maSin saburRi danadgaris SeZenis SemTxvevaSi
XYZ firmis sagadasaxado valdebuleba 100 dolariT Semcirdeboda. saburRi
danadgaris faqtobrivi fasi (cveTis normis daricxvamde) 900 dolari iqneboda.
ufro zogadad, Tu sainvesticio sagadasaxado krediti iyo k, xolo SeZenis

568

fasi ki - q, maSin aqtivis faqtobrivi fasi iqneboda (1 k)q. cveTis

daricxvisagan gansxvavebiT, sainvesticio sagadasaxado kreditis Rirebuleba
firmisaTvis ar iyo damokidebuli korporaciul saSemosavlo sagadasaxado
ganakveTze. es imitom xdeboda, rom krediti akldeboda sagadasaxado
valdebulebas da ara dasabegr Semosavals. 1980-iani wlebis dasawyisSi manqanadanadgarebis krediti 6%-dan 10%-mde meryeobda (damokidebuli iyo dabegvris
vadaze).

1986 wlis sagadasaxado reformis Sesaxeb kanonma gaauqma sainvesticio

sagadasaxado krediti. amdenad, k dRes nuls udris. miuxedavad amisa, krediti
kvlavac popularuli Temaa politikosebs Soris. klintonis administraciam
wamoayena winadadeba ITC-is xelaxali danergvis Sesaxeb, magram kongresma uari
ganacxada am winadadebaze. mosalodnelia, rom am winadadebis Sesaxeb kidev
isaubreben sagadasaxado politikis Sesaxeb gamarTuli debatebis dros.

dividendisa da Senaxuli mogebis dabegvra

aqamde Cven ganvixilavdiT uSualod korporaciis mier gadasaxdel

gadasaxadebs. Tumca mTavari sakiTxi korporaciis gadasaxadi ki ar aris, aramed
mTliani sagadasaxado ganakveTia, romliTac korporaciul seqtorSi dagrovili
Semosavali ibegreba. mniSvnelovania imis gaazreba, Tu rogor urTierTqmedeben
korporaciuli da individualuri gadasaxadebi.

korporaciis mogeba an inaxeba firmis mier, an gadaexdeba aqcioners

dividendis formiT. gadaxdili dividendi ar eqvemdebareba gamoqviTvas
korporaciuli
Semosavlidan
da,
amdenad,
korporaciuli
saSemosavlo
gadasaxadiT ibegreba. aqcioneris mier miRebuli dividendi ganixileboda iseve,
rogorc Cveulebrivi Semosavali da ibegreboda zRvruli saSemosavlo
gadasaxadiT. gamodioda, rom aseTi Semosavali orjer ibegreboda _ pirvelad
korporaciis doneze da meored maSin, rodesac nawildeboda aqcionerebze.
ormagi dabegvris gauqmebis mizniT 2003 wels miiRes kanoni, romlis Tanaxmadac,
individis mier miRebuli aseTi Semosavali maqsimum 15%-iT daibegreba.

ra gadasaxadebiT ibegreba firmis mier Senaxuli mogeba? davuSvaT, XYZ

firma mogebis erT dolars zogavs. saaqcio bazari zustad da akuratulad
afasebs firmebs. firmas axla erTi dolariT meti aqvs, amdenad, misi aqciebis
Rirebuleba 1 dolariT izrdeba. magram, rogorc vnaxeT me-15 TavSi, aqciebis
Rirebulebis zrdis Sedegad miRebuli Semosavali _ kapitalis mogeba _
preferenciuli sagadasaxado reJimiT ibegreba. tipuri XYZ aqcioneris mier
miRebuli mogeba ar ibegreba mogebis realizaciamde da realizaciis Semdegac
ganakveTi erTob dabalia. amdenad, sagadasaxado sistema ufro xelsayrel

569

pirobebs
qmnis
mogebis
realizaciisaTvis.

Sesanaxad,

vidre

misi

dividendis

formiT

korporaciuli kapitalis faqtobrivi sagadasaxado ganakveTi

Cven ukve aRvniSneT, rom kapitalis Semosavlis oficialuri sagadasaxado

ganakveTi korporaciul seqtorSi aris 35%. cxadia, gasaocari iqneboda, Tu
oficialuri
ganakveTi
faqtobriv
ganakveTs
daemTxveoda.
korporaciis
faqtobrivi
sagadasaxado
ganakveTis
gamoTvlisas
viTvaliswinebT
iseT
faqtorTa zemoqmedebas, rogoricaa: saprocento gadasaxadis gamoqviTva, cveTis
normebi da inflacia. ufro metic, rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, dividendis saxiT
gacemuli korporaciuli Semosavali da realizebuli kapitalis mogeba
ibegreba individualuri gadasaxadiT. aRniSnuli faqtorebis gaTvaliswinebis
Semdeg iurgensonma da iunma [2001, gv. 275] Seafases faqtobrivi zRvruli
sagadasaxado ganakveTi korporaciis kapitalis Semosavalze da daadgines, rom
igi 46%-s udrida. sagadasaxado ganakveTi arakorporaciul seqtorSi mxolod
37%-ia4.

cxadia, es gamoTvlebi dakavSirebulia bevr daSvebasTan, romlebic

asocirdeba diskontirebis ganakveTTan [r (17.1) gantolebaSi], inflaciis
mosalodnel ganakveTTan, realur ekonomikur cveTasTan da a.S. ufro metic,
Cven male vnaxavT Semdeg TavSi, rom korporaciuli gadasaxadis faqtobrivi
tvirTi nawilobriv damokidebulia imaze, Tu rogoraa dafinansebuli
investiciebi _ sesxiT, aqciebis gamoSvebiT Tu Sida fondebis gamoyenebis gziT.
is mkvlevari, romelic sxva daSvebebiT sargeblobs, faqtobrivi sagadasaxado
ganakveTis sruliad sxva Sefasebamde miva. Tumca ar aris mosalodneli, rom
alternatiuli
meTodebis
daangariSebuli
faqtobrivi
ganakveTi
ufro
srulyofili iqneba.

gadasaxadis ganawileba da zemdeti tvirTi

sagadasaxado wesebis ganxilva da faqtobrivi sagadasaxado ganakveTebis

gamoTvla mxolod pirveli nabijia korporaciuli gadasaxadis analizis gzaze.
CvenTvis jer kidev ucnobia, Tu vin atarebs sabolood gadasaxadis tvirTs; Cven
unda ganvsazRvroT, ramdenad arasworad nawildeba sagadasaxado tvirTi.
korporaciuli gadasaxadis ekonomikuri Sedegebi saxelmwifo finansebis erTerTi winaaRmdegobrivi sakiTxia, risi mTavari mizezic aris is, rom ar arsebobs

es cifrebi exeba iseT Semosavals, romelic miRebulia grZelvadiani aqtivebidan.

570

SeTanxmeba imis Sesaxeb, Tu ra saxisaa es gadasaxadi. Cven SegviZlia ganvixiloT

ramdenime mosazreba.

gadasaxadi korporaciul kapitalze

Cven ukve visaubreT korporaciuli gadasaxadis struqturis Sesaxeb,

sadac aRvniSneT, rom firmas ekrZaleba aqcioneris mier miwodebuli kapitalis
alternatiuli Rirebulebis dasabegri Semosavlidan gamoqviTva. amrigad,
kapitalis alternatiuli Rirebuleba CarTulia dasabegr bazaSi, amdenad,
racionaluri iqneba, Tu korporaciul gadasaxads ganvixilavdiT, rogorc
gadasaxads kapitalze, romelic gamoyenebulia korporaciul seqtorSi. me-12
TavSi mocemuli klasifikaciis sqemis Tanaxmad, korporaciuli gadasaxadi
nawilobriv faqtoruli gadasaxadia.
es azri
dResac dominirebs
am
mecnierebaSi.

im modelis Tanaxmad, romelic iTvaliswinebs yvela bazars (`zogadi

wonasworoba~), korporaciul kapitalze dawesebul gadasaxads mivyavarT
kapitalis migraciamde korporaciuli seqtoridan manam, sanam mTeli ekonomikis
masStabiT ar gaTanabrdeba ukugebis wminda ganakveTebi. gulsbis [2002] Tanaxmad,
korporaciis gadasaxadi korporaciis ekonomikur aqtivobas amcirebs: im
StatebSi, sadac SedarebiT maRali korporaciuli gadasaxadi moqmedebs, sxva
Tanabar pirobebSi SedarebiT mcirea korporaciaTa raodenoba. kapitali
gadaadgildeba arakorporaciul seqtorSi, sadac kapitalis ukugebis ganakveTi
ise izRudeba, rom sabolood kapitalis yvela mflobelisaTvis (da aramxolod
korporaciuli
seqtoris
warmomadgenlisaTvis)
ziani
moaqvs.
kapitalis
gadanawileba or seqtors Soris uaryofiTad moqmedebs Sromis ukugebaze.
kapitalsa da Sromaze dakisrebuli gadasaxadis saboloo tvirTis simZime
damokidebulia TiToeul seqtorSi gamoyenebul sawarmoo teqnologiaze,
agreTve imaze, Tu ra struqturiT xasiaTdeba momxmareblis moTxovna
korporaciul da arakorporaciul saqonelze. fuci, krugeri da poterba,
sajaro finansebis ekonomistebi, TavianT kvlevaSi [1997, gv. 12] miuTiTebdnen
imaze, rom korporaciuli gadasaxadis tvirTi nawildeba kapitalsa da Sromaze,
`Tumca arsebobs mniSnvelovani uTanxmoeba ganawilebis zust masStabebze~.

me-13 TavSi ukve ganvixileT, Tu rogor xdeba nawilobriv faqtoruli

zedmeti tvirTis gaangariSeba. ganapirobebs ra Cveulebrivze ufro mcire
moculobis kapitalis dagrovebas korporaciul seqtorSi, korporaciis
gadasaxadi gadaitans kapitals yvelaze produqtiuli seqtoridan da qmnis
zemdet tvirTs. iorgensonisa da iunis Sefasebis mixedviT [2001, gv. 302],
korporaciis gadasaxadis mier warmoqmnili zedmeti tvirTi Zalian maRalia.
masze Segrovili Semosavlebis daaxloebiT 24% modis.

571

gadasaxadi ekonomikur mogebaze

alternatiuli mosazrebis Tanaxmad, korporaciis gadasaxadi ekonomikur

mogebaze gadasaxads warmoadgens. mosazrebis safuZveli aris is, rom dasabegri
baza mTliani korporaciuli Semosavlebidan sawarmoo xarjebis gamoklebis
gziT ganisazRvreba. sxvaoba qmnis `mogebas~. rogorc ukve avxseniT me-12 TavSi,
gadasaxadis ganawileba ekonomikur mogebaze sworxazovnad mimdinareobs. vidre
firma maqsimumamde zrdis mogebas, mogebis gadasaxadi firmis saqmianobis
koreqtirebas ar moiTxovs _ fassa da warmoebasTan dakavSirebuli nebismieri
gadawyvetileba ucvlelia. amdenad, SeuZlebelia gadasaxadis gaziareba;
gadasaxadi akisria im pirs, romelic gadasaxadis dawesebis momentSi
mflobelad iTvleba. ufro metic, swored imis gamo, rom gadasaxadi ar axdens
zemoqmedebas qcevebze, gadasaxadi ar iwvevs resursebis araswor ganawilebas.
amdenad, warmoqnili zemdeti tvirTi nuls udris.

cxadia, arasworia korporaciis gadasaxadis ise warmodgena, TiTqos igi

ekonomikur mogebaze dawesebuli martivi gadasaxadi iyos. wminda mogebis
dasabegri baza aris mTliani Semosavlebisa da yvela sawarmoo saSualebis
Rirebulebis
(mesakuTreTa
mier
miwodebuli
sawarmoo
saSualebebis
alternatiuli Rirebulebis CaTvliT) sxvaoba. rogorc ukve aRvniSneT,
akrZalulia aqcionerTa mier uzrunvelyofili kapitalis gamoqviTva. amitom
dasabegri baza, ekonomikuri mogebis garda, bevr sxva elementsac moicavs.

miuxedavad amisa, arsebobs SemTxvevebi, rodesac korporaciis gadasaxadi

ekonomikuri mogebis gadasaxadis ekvivalenturia. stiglicma [1973] gviCvena, rom
gansazRvrul
pirobebSi
korporaciis
gadasaxadi
ekonomikuri
mogebis
gadasaxads udris; es xdeba maSin, rodesac korporacias kreditorebisaTvis
gadaxdili procentebis gamoqviTva SeuZlia.

axla ki kargad gaverkveT stiglicis koncefciaSi. warmovidginoT firma,

romelic apirebs 1 dolaris Rirebulebis manqanis SeZenas. manqanis mier
warmoebuli
produqciis
daubegravi
(mTliani)
Rirebuleba
zustadaa
gansazRvruli da G dolars udris. am manqanis sayidlad firma sesxulobs
fuls _ igi sesxulobs 1 dolars da valdebulia, gadaixados sesxis procenti
r dolaris odenobiT. gadasaxadebis ararsebobis SemTxvevaSi firma yidulobs
manqanas, Tu wminda ukugeba (mTlian Semosavals minus cveTa, minus gadaxdili
procenti) aris dadebiTi. algebrulad, firma manqanas yidulobs im SemTxvevaSi,
Tu:

G-r >0

(17.2)

572

axla ki davuSvaT, rom dawesda korporaciuli gadasaxadi Semdegi

pirobebiT: (1) wminda Semosavali ibegreba q ganakveTiT; (2) wminda Semosavali
gamoiTvleba mTliani Semosavlidan saprocento danaxarjebis gamoklebis
Semdeg. ra zemoqmedebas axdens aseTi gadasaxadi firmis gadawyvetilebaze
proeqtis ganxorcielebis Sesaxeb? cxadia, firmam unda miiRos gadawyvetileba
imis mixedviT, Tu ramdenad momgebiani iqneba proeqti gadasaxadis gadaxdis
Semdeg. meore pirobidan gamomdinare, firmis dasabegri Semosavali aris G - r ,
pirveli pirobidan gamomdinare, proeqti warmoqmnis sagadasaxado valdebulebas

q (G - r ) ; amdenad, proeqtis momgebianoba gadasaxadebis gadaxdis Semdeg iqneba

(1 -q )(G - r ) . firma miiRebs gadawyvetilebas proeqtis ganxorcielebis Sesaxeb
mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu wminda (gadasaxadebis gadaxdis Semdeg) mogeba
dadebiTi sididea, anu, Tu:

(1 - q )(G - r ) > 0

(17.3)

gaiTvaliswineT, rom nebismieri proeqti, romelic akmayofilebs (17.3)

formulas, aucileblad daakmayofilebs (17.2) formulasac [(17.3) formulis

(1 - q ) -ze gayofiT viRebT (17.2) formulas]. amdenad, gadasaxadis dakisrebis

Semdeg firmis gadawyvetileba investirebis Sesaxeb
ucvlelia _ rasac
gaakeTebda gadasaxadis dawesebamde, imas gaakeTebs misi dawesebis Semdegac.
firmis mflobelebi zustad iseve iqcevian, rogorc iqceodnen gadasaxadis
dawesebamde; isini, ubralod, Tavisi mogebis nawils kargaven (investicias
saxelmwifos
sasargeblod
ganaTavseben).
am
TvalsazrisiT,
gadasaxadi
ekonomikuri mogebis gadasaxadis ekvivalenturia. iseve, rogorc ekonomikuri
mogebis gadasaxadi, korporaciuli gadasaxadi firmis mflobels akisria da igi
zedmet tvirTs ar warmoqmnis.

Tumca aq kidev bevri saeWvo sakiTxi arsebobs. gaixseneT, rom firma

damatebiT proeqtebs sesxis saSualebiT afinansebda. sesxebis Tavidan
asacileblad firmas fulis mogroveba aqciebis gayidvis an Senaxuli
Semosavlebis gamoyenebis gziT SeuZlia. es ZiriTadad maSin xdeba xolme,
rodesac firma SezRudulia kapitalis bazarze da saWiro raodenobis fuls
ver sesxulobs. Tu firma ar aris darwmunebuli proeqtis warmatebaSi, maSin
igi SesaZloa, iZulebuli gaxdes, isesxos fuli da am gziT daafinansos
proeqti. proeqtis warumateblobis SemTxvevaSi, rac ufro maRali iqneba firmis
vali, gakotrebis miT meti albaToba Seiqmneba (sxva Tanabar pirobebSi).

amrigad, stiglicis ZiriTadi daskvna is ki ar iyo, rom korporaciuli

gadasaxadi saerTod ar warmoqmnis zedmet tvirTs, aramed is, rom
korporaciuli gadasaxadis zegavlena korporaciuli finansebis struqturazea
damokidebuli.

573

korporaciuli gadasaxadis zegavlena qmedebebze

korporaciuli gadasaxadi korporaciul

gadawyvetilebebze axdens
zemoqmedebas. am nawilSi Cven ganvixilavT sam mniSvnelovan formas: (1)
gansaxorcielebeli fizikuri investiciis (manqana-danadgarebi da sxva aqtivebi)
mTliani moculoba; (2) SesaZeni fizikuri aqtivebis saxeebi; da (3) am
investiciaTa dafinansebis gzebi. am sami gadawyvetilebis cal-calke ganxilva
SesaZloa, Zalian xelovnurad gamoiyurebodes (firma maT erTdroulad iRebs),
magaram ase Cven saCvenebeli miznebisaTvis viqceviT.

mTliani fizikuri investicia

firmis wminda investicia mocemul periodSi amave periodis ganmavlobaSi

fizikuri aqtivebis zrda aris. stimuls aZlevs Tu ara investiciaze arsebul
moTxovnas iseTi faqtorebi, rogoricaa daCqarebuli cveTa da sainvesticio
sagadasaxado krediti? es mniSvnelovani SekiTxvaa. magaliTad, rodesac
kongresSi respublikelebi win swevdnen sakiTxs cveTis daricxvis normebis
gafarToebis Sesaxeb (2002), isini asabuTebdnen, rom am gziT investiciis
stabilurobis xarisxi gaizrdeboda. maTi oponentebi ki amtkicebdnen, rom
cveTis daricxvis normebis gafarToeba ar moitanda mniSvnelovan Sedegs.
romeli mxare iyo marTali?

nawilobriv Tqvens mosazrebazea damokidebuli pasuxi imis Sesaxeb, Tu

rogor
iRebs
korporacia
gadawyvetilebas
investirebis
Taobaze.
am
mimarTulebiT wardgenilia bevri modeli. Tumca aravin icis, romelia ukeTesi5.
Cven ganvixilavT sam sainvesticio models, romlebic jerovani yuradRebiT
sargeblobdnen.

`swrafi~ (`damaCqarebeli~) modeli. davuSvaT, rom kapitalisa da

produqtis proporcia fiqsirebulia. ase magaliTad: produqciis TiToeuli
erTeulis sawarmoeblad saWiroa kapitalis sami erTeuli. gamodis, rom
produqciis TiToeuli erTeuliT gazrdisaTvis firmam ZiriTadi kapitali sami
erTeuliT
unda
gazardos
(anu
ganaxorcielos
investireba).
amrigad,
investiciis
moculobis
mTavari
determinanti
warmoebuli
produqtis
moculobis cvlilebaa.

sxvadasxva modeli ganxiluli aqvs Cirinkos [2002].

574

es Teoria, romelsac xSirad `swrafi~ (`damaCqarebeli~) modeli ewodeba,

miuTiTebs imaze, rom cveTis norma da ITC-i ararelevanturia, rodesac igi
iwyebs zemoqmedebas fizikur investiciaze. mxolod produqtis raodenobas
SeuZlia zemoqmedebis moxdena investiciaze, radgan teqnologia kapitalisa da
produqtis gamoyenebis proporcias gvkarnaxobs. sagadasaxado sargebeli
kapitalze aiafebs kapitals, Tumca `swrafi~ (`damaCqarebeli~) modelisaTvis
amas ara aqvs mniSvneloba, radgan kapitalze arsebuli moTxovna ar aris
damokidebuli mis fasze.

neoklasikuri modeli. davuSvaT, rom kapitalisa da produqtis

proporcia teqnologiurad fiqsirebuli ar aris. firmas aqvs ufleba,
sxvadasxva alternatiul teqnologias Soris arCevani gaakeTos. Tumca rogor
unda SearCios? iurgensonis [1963] neoklasikuri modelis Tanaxmad, ZiriTadi
cvladi aris kapitalis moxmarebis xarji _ es aris firmis danaxarji, romelic
gamowveulia aqtivis flobis Sedegad. Cven odnav mogvianebiT vnaxavT, rom
kapitalis moxmarebis xarji moicavs im aqtivebis alternatiul Rirebulebas,
romelTa sargeblobaze firmam uari ganacxada da iseT pirdapir xarjebs,
rogoricaa cveTa da gadasaxadebi. kapitalis moxmarebis xarji miuTiTebs
proeqtis ukugebis im ganakveTze, romelic unda moitanos proeqtma imisaTvis,
rom rentabelurad CaiTvalos. ase magaliTad, Tu proeqtis kapitalis
moxmarebis xarji 15%-ia, am proeqts firma ganaxorcielebs mxolod im
SemTxvevaSi, Tu misi ukugebis ganakveTi aRemateba 15%-s. rac ufro maRalia
kapitalis moxmarebis xarji, miT ufro dabalia rentabelur proeqtTa ricxvi
da kapitalis aqciaTa sasurveli raodenoba. neoklasikuri modelis Tanaxmad,
kapitalis xarjis zrdis SemTxvevaSi firma gamoiyenebs naklebad kapitaltevad
teqnologias da piriqiT. sagadasaxado politika kapitalis xarjs amcirebs;
amdenad, igi zrdis kapitalis moculobas firmis survilisamebr da, sabolood,
zrdis investicias.

kvlav upasuxod rCeba ori ZiriTadi SekiTxva: (1) rogor zemoqmedebas

axdens sagadasaxado sistemaSi ganxorcielebuli cvlilebebi kapitalis
moxmarebis xarjze? (2) ramdenad sensitiuria investicia kapitalis moxmarebis
xarjis cvlilebis mimarT? ganvixiloT es sakiTxebi.

kapitalis moxmarebis xarji. gavicnoT Cveni axali gmiri, leona, romelic

mewarmea da SeuZlia, gaasesxos fuli; mis mier miRebuli ukugebis wminda
ganakveTi 10%-ia. leona erTaderTi aqcioneria korporaciaSi, romelic flobs
sastumroebis qsels. mas Zalian advilad SeuZlia kapitalis bazrebze fulis
gasesxebis gziT10%-iani Semosavlis miReba; amdenad, sastumroebis saqmeSi is
mxolod im SemTxvevaSi CaerTveba, Tu am biznesis ukugeba 10%-ze meti iqneba.
leonam gadawyvita mtversasrutis SeZena. mtversasruts yovelwliurad 2%-iani
cveTa daericxeba. sul erTi wamiT rom daviviwyoT gadasaxadebis arseboba,
gamova, rom kapitalis moxmarebis xarji mtversasrutis SemTxvevaSi iqneba 12%,

575

radgan igi leonas moutans 12%-ian ukugebas. gaiTvaliswineT, rom leona isedac
iRebs 10%-ian Semosavals da sakmaod martivadac: fulis gasesxebis gziT.
algebrulad, Tu r aris ukugebis wminda ganakveTi, xolo d ki - cveTis
ganakveTi, maSin kapitalis moxmarebis xarji aris ( r + d ). Tu mtversasruti
leonas ver moutans wminda Semosavals, romelic udris ( r + d )-s, anu 12%-s,
maSin leona ar SeiZens am mtevrsasruts.

axla ki davuSvaT, rom korporaciuli sagadasaxado ganakveTi 15%-s

udris. korporaciis Semosavali leonas dividendis formiT gadaexdeba. Tu
korporaciis Semosavali 1 dolaria, xolo korporaciuli gadasaxadi ki - 0,35
dolari (= 0,35 X $1), maSin leonas rCeba 0,65 dolari. leona dividendis saxiT
iRebs 0,65 dolars, Semdeg ixdis 15%-ian individualur gadasaxads, rac qmnis
0,098 dolaris sagadasaxado valdebulebas (= 0,15 X $0,65), ris Semdegac leonas
mxolod 0,552 dolari rCeba. algebrulad, Tu q warmoadgens korporaciul
sagadasaxado ganakveTs da t ki aris individualuri saprocento ganakveTi
dividendiT miRebul Semosavalze, maSin korporaciis Semosavlis, anu 1
dolaris, wminda ukugeba iqneba (1 -q ) (1 - t ) .

ra zemoqmedebas axdens es gadasaxadebi kapitalis xarjze? Cven unda

gamoviTvaloT daubegravi ukugeba, romlis SemTxvevaSic korporaciuli da
individualuri gadasaxadebis dafarvis Semdgom leona miiRebs Tavis Zvel 12%s.
warmovidginoT,
rom
moxmarebis
xarji aris
C.
aseT
SemTxvevaSi

(1 - 0,35) (1 - 0,15) C = 12% -s , anu C = 21,7%-s. amdenad, leona ar iyidis

mtversasruts, Tu misi daubegravi ukugeba ar iqneba 21,7% an meti. Cveni
algebruli gamosaxulebis gamoyenebiT kapitalis moxmarebis xarji aris C,
romelic akmayofilebs
formulas:

C=

(1 - q ) (1 - t ) C = (r + d )

(r + d )
(1 - q ) (1 - t )

formulas

an

Semdegi saxis

(17.4)

aqamde
Cven
vuCvenebdiT,
Tu
rogor
zrdis
korporaciuli
da
individualuri gadasaxadi kapitalis moxmarebis xarjs. Tumca sagadasaxado
kodeqsi gvTavazobs iseT fenomens, rogoricaa daCqarebuli cveTa, romelic
amcirebs kapitalis danaxarjs. (17.1) formulaSi Cven y ganvmarteT, rogorc
cveTis normebis mimdinare Rirebuleba, romelic 1 dolaris investiciidan
Semodis. davuSvaT, rom mtversasrutis y aris 0,25. faqtobrivad, cveTis
daricxva erTi meoTxediT amcirebs mtversasrutis SeZenis Rirebulebas;
amdenad, igi erT meoTxediT amcirebs daubegrav ukugebas, romelic firmam unda
miiRos imisaTvis, rom darCes gansazRvruli wminda ukugeba. Cveni magaliTis
mixedviT, 21,7%-is Semosavlis nacvlad mtversasrutis SeZenis Sedegad firmis

576

Semosavali 16,3% unda iyos [ = 21,7 (1 - 0,25)]. algebrulad, cveTis daricxva

kapitalis xarjs (1 - y )-iT amcirebs. analogiurad, sainvesticio sagadasaxado
krediti, romelic k ganakveTiT xasiaTdeba, SeZenis Rirebulebas (1 dolari)
amcirebs (1 k) dolaramde. cveTis daricxvisa da sainvesticio sagadasaxado
kreditis arsebobis pirobebSi kapitalis xarji (1 -y - k ) faqtoriT mcirdeba6.
amdenad, C (17.4) formulidan unda gavamravloT (1 -y - k ) -ze, raTa igi movargoT
daCqarebul cveTas da sainvesticio sagadasaxado kredits:

C=

(r + d ) (1 - y - k )
(1 - q ) (1 - t )

(17.5)

(17.5) formula gviCvenebs, Tu rogor zemoqmedebas axdens korporaciuli

sagadasaxado sistema firmis mier kapitalis moxmarebis xarjze. korporaciuli
Semosavlis dabegvris gziT gadasaxadi aZvirebs kapitalur investicias (sxva
Tanabar pirobebSi). cveTis daricxva da sainvesticio sagadasaxado krediti
amcirebs moxmarebis xarjs. nebismieri cvlileba, romelic korporaciul
sagadasaxado sistemaSi xdeba, q ,y da k-s kombinaciaze axdens zemoqmedebas da
kapitalis moxmarebis xarjs cvlis.

moxmarebis xarjis zemoqmedeba investiciaze. Cven ukve gvaqvs informacia

imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor zemoqmedebas axdens sagadasaxado sistema kapitalis
moxmarebis xarjze. Semdegi nabiji ukve imis dazustebaa, Tu rogor
zemoqmedebas
axdens
moxmarebis
xarjis
cvlileba
investiciaze.
Tu
racionaluria daCqarebis modeli, maSin investiciaze yvelaze radikaluri
cvlilebac ki ver imoqmedebs. meore mxriv, Tu investicia kapitalis moxmarebis
xarjze reagirebs, maSin cveTis norma da sainvesticio sagadasaxado krediti
investiciaze zemoqmedebis mZlavr berketad gamodgeba.

ekonometrikis poziciidan gamomdinare, sakmaod rTulia am sakiTxis

gadawyveta, risi mTavari mizezic is aris, rom sainvesticio procesSi wamyvani
roli molodins akisria. davuSvaT, firma fiqrobs, rom sainvesticio
sagadasaxado krediti momaval wels gaizrdeba. am molodinis safuZvelze
firma miiRebs wlevandel gadawyvetilebebs. kerZod, igi momaval wlamde
gadadebs ramdenime sainvesticio proeqts, radgan mas momaval wels gazrdili
kreditiT sargeblobis survili eqneba. ufro zogadad, dRevandeli investicia
damokidebulia imaze, kapitalis moxmarebis xarjis samomavlo moculobis
Sesaxeb Tu ra molodini arsebobs. Tumca, rogorc ukve aRvniSneT me-16 TavSi
(danazogze saubris dros), ar arsebobs molodinis formirebis realurad
adekvaturi modeli. Catarda sxvadasxva kvleva, romlebic gansxvavebul daSvebas
6

aq igulisxmeba, rom cveTis normebis gamosaTvleli baza ar mcirdeba, maSin rodesac

firma iRebs sainvesticio sagadasaxado kredits.

577

efuZneboda. maTi Sejamebis Sedegad aRmoCnda, rom investiciis elastiuroba

moxmarebis xarjis mimarT daaxloebiT 0,4-ia [Chirinko, 2002], rac, faqtobrivad,
amarTlebs neoklasikur models _ investicia marTlac reagirebs sagadasaxado
sistemis cvlilebebze.

aqac imaleba erTi mniSvnelovani daSveba: warmoebis saSualebebis fasze

ar axdens zemoqmedebas kapitalis moxmarebis xarjis cvlileba, romelic
gadasaxadebis dawesebiT aris gamowveuli. Tu, magaliTad, firma Seudgeba
warmoebis meti saSualebis SeZenas sainvesticio sagadasaxado kreditis
SemoRebis pasuxad, amiT ar gaizrdeba warmoebis saSualebaTa fasi. ufro
teqnikuri terminebiT rom gamovxatoT, warmoebis saSualebaTa miwodebis mrudi
srulyofilad horizontaluria. Tumca gulsbim [1986B] aRmoaCina, rom
sainvesticio sagadasaxado kreditis SemoRebis Sedegad izrdeba im momuSaveTa
xelfasi, romlebic warmoebis saSualebebs qmnian. amdenad, investiciis zrda,
romelic ganpirobebulia kreditiT, warmoebis saSualebaTa dabegvramdeli
fasis zrdis Sedegad SezRudulia.

dabolos, ar unda dagvaviwydes, rom SeerTebuli Statebi Ria ekonomikiT

xasiaTdeba. Tu sagadasaxado kodeqsi daainteresebs ucxoels, ganaxorcielos
aSS-Si investicia, maSin investiciis dafinanseba am gziTac SeiZleba.
sagadasaxado politikis Sedegi investiciaze sagadasaxado politikasa da
danazogs Soris arsebuli urTierTobis meore mxarea, romelic Cven me-16 TavSi
ganvixileT. qveynidan ucxoeTSi gadis Sida danazogi, rac danazogis
manipulirebis gziT ufro arTulebs Sida investiciis stimulirebas. ucxouri
kapitalis mozidva kapitalis moxmarebis xarjis pirdapiri manipulirebis gziT
ufro martivia.

naRdi fulis modeli. Tu Tqven saqmian adamians hkiTxavT, Tu ris

safuZvelze iRebs igi gadawyvetilebas investirebis Sesaxeb, is aucileblad
gipasuxebT: naRdi fulis safuZvelze. naRdi fuli warmoadgens sxvaobas
Semosavalsa da sawarmoo danaxarjebs Soris. rac ufro meti fuli arsebobs
xelze, miT maRalia investirebis SesaZlebloba. amis sapirispirod, naRdi fuli
ararelevanturi faqtoria neoklasikuri modelis mixedviT, romlis Tanaxmadac,
Sida fondebi da nasesxebi fuli Tanabari alternatiuli RirebulebiT
xasiaTdeba (ukugebis mimdinare ganakveTi). firmas SeuZlia, survilisamebr
isesxos fuli moqmedi saprocento ganakveTiT. am pirobebSi, Tu kompiuteris
Cipis warmoebis ukugeba mis alternatiul Rirebulebas aRemateba, firma mainc
awarmoebs am Cips, miuxedavad imisa, amisaTvis gamoiyenebs nasesxeb fuls Tu
Sida resurss.

neoklasikuri magaliTis kritikuli daSveba mdgomareobs imaSi, rom Sida

fondebisa da nasesxebi Tanxis Rirebuleba firmisaTvis Tanabria. bevri
ekonomisti darwmunebulia, rom es negatiuri daSvebaa. davuSvaT, firmis

578

menejers aqvs ukeTesi informacia kompiuteris Cipis perspeqtivis Sesaxeb, vidre

mis potenciur kreditors. nebismierma kreditorma SesaZloa CaTvalos, rom
proeqtis Sedegi ganusazRvreli da saeWvoa da sesxi maRali saprocento
ganakveTiT datvirTos, anda SesaZloa, sulac uari ganacxados fulis
gasesxebaze. gamodis, rom Sida fondebis Rirebuleba ufro dabalia, vidre gare
fondebisa. amdenad, investiciis moculoba damokidebulia Sida fondebis, anu
naRdi fulis nakadze.

marTlac arsebobs statistikuri kavSiri naRdi fulis nakadsa da

investicias Soris [Hubbard, 1998]. Tumca am aRmoCenis interpretacia arc-Tu ise
naTelia _ ratom axorcielebs firma investirebas: imitom, rom misi fuladi
nakadi maRalia, Tu imitom, rom warmatebuli firma xasiaTdeba rogorc maRali
fuladi nakadiT, aseve maRali moculobis investiciebiT? nebismier SemTxvevaSi,
Tu naRdi fulis Teoria marTebulia, maSin igi gadasaxadebisa da investiciebis
damokidebulebaze
garkveul
zemoqmedebas
moaxdens.
ase
magaliTad,
neoklasikuri modelis mixedviT, korporaciaze dakisrebuli erTjeradi
gadasaxadi investiciaze ar moqmedebs. amis sapirispirod, naRdi fulis modelis
mixedviT, aseT viTarebaSi investicia mcirdeba. dRes naRdi fulis modeli
kvlevis aqtualur sagnad aris qceuli.

aqtivTa tipebi

cxrili 17.1 faqtobrivi zRvruli sagadasaxado ganakveTebi aqtivTa tipis

mixedviT

sagadasaxado sistemis
reformis (1986) aqtamde

moqmedi kanonmdeblobiT

manqana-danadgarebi

17,4%

37,1%

Senoba-nagebobani

32,3%

40,5%

wyaro: Jorgenson and Yun [2001. gv. 140]

sagadasaxado sistema zemoqmedebas axdens rogorc firmis mier SeZenil

aqtivebze, aseve investiciis mTlian moculobaze. ase magaliTad, sistema
waaxalisebs im aqtivTa SeZenas, romlebic cveTis maRali normebiT xasiaTdeba.

iurgensonma
da
iunma
[2001]
gamoiTvales
faqtobrivi
zRvruli
sagadasaxado ganakveTebi sxvadasxva aqtivze sagadasaxado sistemis reformis

579

(1986) aqtamde da moqmedi kanonmdeblobiT. maT mier miRweuli zogierTi Sedegi

Cans 17.1 cxrilSi. cxrili gviCvenebs, rom rogorc
sagadasaxado sistemis
reformis (1986) aqtamde, aseve mis Semdeg Senoba-nageboba ufro maRali
ganakveTiT ibegreboda, vidre manqana-danadgarebi. Tumca am aqtis Sedegad
mniSvnelovnad Semcirda gansxvaveba aqtivis am ori saxis sagadasaxado
ganakveTebs Soris. dRes sistema ufro neitraluria, amitom zedmeti tvirTi,
romelic
warmoiqmneba
gadasaxadebis
zegavlenis
Sedegad
sainvesticio
struqturaze, axla ufro mcirea, vidre adreul periodSi.

korporaciuli finansebi

fizikur investiciebTan dakavSirebuli `realuri~ gadawyvetilebebis

garda, firmis mflobelma unda gadawyvitos, Tu rogor daafinansos firmis
operaciebi, agreTve gaanawilos, Tu Seinaxos mogeba. axla ki ganvixiloT
gadasaxadebis zemoqmedeba am finansur gadawyvetilebebze.

ratom ixdis firma dividends? korporaciis mier miRebuli qoneba an

nawildeba aqcionerebs Soris dividendis saxiT, an inaxeba kompaniis mier. Tu
Cven davuSvebT, rom (1) yvela investiciis Sedegi zustad da winaswaraa cnobili
da (2) ar arsebobs gadasaxadebi, maSin firmis mflobelisaTvis dividendis
formiT gacemuli Semosavlis 1 dolarisa da Senaxuli Semosavlis 1 dolaris
Rirebuleba Tanabari iqneba. im pirobiT, rom saaqcio bazari akuratulad
asaxavs firmis Rirebulebas, Senaxuli mogebis erTi dolari firmis aqciaTa
Rirebulebas 1 dolariT zrdis. 1 dolari kapitalis mogeba zustad igive
Semosavalia, rac 1 dolaris Rirebulebis dividendi. am daSvebis Tanaxmad,
aqcionerisaTvis sulerTia, ganawildeba Tu ara mogeba.

realur
samyaroSi
ekonomikur
gadawyvetilebebs
seriozuli
ganusazRvrelobani
axlavs, korporaciuli Semosavali ki
eqvemdebareba
dabegvras. rogorc
ukve
aRvniSneT,
dividendebis
gacemisas
aqcioners
warmoeqmneba
sagadasaxado
valdebuleba;
Senaxuli
mogeba
ki
aranair
sagadasaxado valdebulebas ar warmoqmnis. Senaxvis gziT aqcioneri iRebs
kapitalis mogebas, Tumca ar ixdis aranair gadasaxads mogebis realizaciamde.

aRniSnuli dakvirvebebis safuZvelze, rogorc Cans, dividendebis gacemis

gziT fuls gadasaxadis Semgrovebels vaZlevT. amdenad, albaT, yvela firmas
eqneba mogebis Senaxvis survili. magram ase ar xdeba: Cveulebriv, wlis
ganmavlobaSi
dabegrili
korporaciuli
Semosavlis
daaxloebiT
79%
dividendis saxiT gadaixdeba [prezidentis ekonomikuri angariSi, 2003, gv. 381]. es
fenomeni seriozuli Tavsatexia korporaciuli finansebis studentebisaTvis.

580

aRniSnuli fenomenis erT-erTi SesaZlo axsna-ganmarteba aris is, rom

dividendebis gacema firmis finansuri siZlieris mauwyebelia. Tu investori
Tvlis, rom firma, romelic mas regularulad uxdis dividends, `soliduria~,
maSin dividendis gadaxda firmis aqciebis Rirebulebas zrdis. analogiurad,
firma, romelic dividendebs amcirebs, moazrebuli iqneba, rogorc finansuri
problemebis mqone firma. amdenad, firmas SesaZloa, hqondes didi survili
imisa, rom gasces dividendi farTo masStabiT potenciuri aqcionerebis
misazidad. miuxedavad amisa, SeuZlebelia imis warmodgena, rom am gziT
miRebuli Semosavali Sewiruli Tanxis Rirebulebas aRemateba.

arsebobs am fenomenis kidev erTi ganmarteba: yvela investors ara aqvs

erTi da igive zRvruli sagadasaxado ganakveTi. kerZod, daubegravi
dawesebulebebi (sapensio fondebi da universitetebi) ibegrebian nulovani
saprocento ganakveTiT. piri, romelic naklebi sagadasaxado ganakveTiT
ibegreba, ufro metad Seafasebs dividends, swored amitom bevri firma
dividendebis gacemaze `specializdeba~, raTa aseTi investorebi miizidos. aseTi
tendencia klienturis efeqtis saxelwodebiTaa cnobili: firma Tavis finansur
politikas sxvadasxva klienturas argebs. klienturis efeqtis Semswavleli
ekonometrikuli kvleva zusti informaciis ararsebobis gamo ferxdeba (vin
flobs aqciebs da romel firmaSi?). Tumca arsebobs mtkicebuleba, rom
ormxrivi fondebi, romlis aqcionerebi ibegrebian, xasiaTdeba dabali
dividendis mqone aqciebiT; rac Seexeba daubegrav dawesebulebas, igi dabal da
maRaldividendian aqcias Soris aranair upiratesobas ar gamoxatavs [Graham,
2001].

gadasaxadebis
zemoqmedeba
sadividendo
politikaze.
sagadasaxado
sistemis
arsebobis
gamo
firma
dividendebis
gadaxdis
TvalsazrisiT
tendenciuri xdeba (Tumca sagadasaxado sistemis arseboba firmas dividendis
gadaxdis survils ar ukargavs). ibadeba aseTi kiTxva: rogor Seicvleba
korporaciuli finansuri politika, Tu Seicvleba gacemuli dividendisa da
Senaxuli mogebis dabegvris politika? davuSvaT, rom firmas surs rogorc
dividendis gacema, aseve mogebis Senaxva. Senaxuli mogebis sasurveli
raodenoba
misi
alternatiuli
RirebulebiT
ganisazRvreba,
romelic
aqcionerebisaTvis gadaxdili da ukve dabegrili dividendis RirebulebiT
gamoixateba. ase magaliTad, gadasaxadebis ararsebobis pirobebSi Senaxuli
mogebis 1 dolaris alternatiuli Rirebuleba gacemuli dividendis 1 dolaris
alternatiuli Rirebuleba iqneba. meore mxriv, Tu aqcioneri ibegreba 15%-iani
zRvruli saSemosavlo gadasaxadiT dividendze, firmis mier erTi dolaris
Senaxvis alternatiuli Rirebuleba gacemuli dividendis 85 cents udris7.
faqtobrivad, mimdinare sagadasaxado sistema Senaxuli mogebis alternatiul
Rirebulebas amcirebs.

ufro detaluri gamoTvlis dros mxedvelobaSi miiReba sagadasaxado valdebuleba

faqtobriv kapitalur mogebaze, romelic akumulirebulia mogebis Senaxvis Sedegad,
rac aq ugulebelyofilia, sailustracio miznebidan gamomdinare.

581

zogierTi ekonomikuri kvleva cxadyofs,

rom Senaxuli mogebis
alternatiuli Rirebulebis Semcirebis paralelurad mcirdeba dividendebic
[ix. aSS xazinis departamenti, 1992, gv. 117]. rogor Cans, sagadasaxado sistema
korporaciaTa mier Senaxuli mogebis moculobas zrdis. zogierTi mkvlevaris
azriT, es sasurveli tendenciaa, radgan Senaxuli mogebis gazrdili moculoba
investiciisaTvis ufro met fuls uzrunvelyofs. saerTodac, Senaxuli mogeba
warmoadgens
danazogs.
SesaZloa,
aqcioneri
iTvaliswinebdes
kidec
korporaciul danazogs piradi finansuri gadawyvetilebis miRebis procesSi.
Tu firmis mflobelma icis, rom korporacia mis saxelze erT dolars zogavs,
maSin Tavad mflobeli sakuTar danazogs zustad am TanxiT Seamcirebs. amdenad,
miuxedavad imisa, rom mTliani danazogis Semadgenloba icvleba, ucvlelia misi
mTliani moculoba. rogorc Cans, marTlac arsebobs imis ekonometrikuli
mtkicebuleba, rom piradi da korporaciuli danazogi erTmaneTs akompensirebs
[Poterba, 1991]. analizi kidev erTxel gviCvenebs, rom saxifaToa, korporacia
ganvixiloT calke erTeulis saxiT, aqcionerebisagan damoukideblad.

sesxi Tu aqcioneruli dafinanseba? korporaciam unda miiRos kidev erTi

mniSvnelovani gadawyvetileba imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor gazardos fuladi
resursi. firmas ZiriTadad ori alternativa aqvs: mas SeuZlia, isesxos fuli
(aiRos vali). amis Semdeg firma valdebuli iqneba, gadaixados sesxis procenti;
procentis an ZiriTadi Tanxis gadauxdelobas SesaZloa, seriozuli uaryofiTi
Sedegi mohyves. garda valis aRebisa, firmas aqvs kidev erTi gza: gamouSvas
aqciebi da dividendi gadauxados aqcioners.

gaixseneT, rom aSS-Si moqmedi sagadasaxado sistemis farglebSi

korporacia uflebamosilia, dasabegri Semosavlidan gamoqviTos saprocento
gadasaxadi, magram ar aris uflebamosili, gamoqviTos dividendi. swored amitom
sagadasaxado kanoni mikerZoebuls xdis sesxis finansirebas. marTlac, Zalian
sainteresoa, Tu ratom ar sargeblobs firma sesxis dafinansebiT. pasuxi
nawilobriv ukavSirdeba ganusazRvrelobas. yovelTvis arsebobs cudi Sedegis
an gakotrebis albaToba. rac ufro mets isesxebs firma, miT maRali iqneba misi
sesxis gadasaxadi, amdenad, miT meti iqneba gakotrebis albaToba (sxva Tanabar
pirobebSi).
sesxis
dafinansebam
gakotrebamde
miiyvana
iseTi
msxvili
korporaciebi, rogoricaa: K-Mart, Enron da WorldCom. zogierTi mosazrebis
Tanaxmad, sagadasaxado sistema, waaxalisebs ra sesxis gamoyenebas, arasasurvel
zegavlenas axdens _ zogierT SemTxvevaSi mas firma gakotrebamde mihyavs (rac
sxva SemTxvevaSi ar moxdeboda).

amdenad, sakmaod rTulia sagadasaxado sistemis zemoqmedebis xarisxis

Sefaseba im arCevanze, romelsac firma sasesxo da aqcionerul dafinansebas
Soris akeTebs. erT-erT ekonometrikul kvlevaSi gordoni da li [2001]
ambobdnen, rom, Tu gadasaxadi zemoqmedebas moaxdens sasesxo da aqcionerul
urTierTdamokidebulebaze, maSin korporacia, romelic dabali sagadasaxado
ganakveTiT ibegreba, naklebad isargeblebs sesxiT (sxva Tanabar pirobebSi) imis

582

gamo, rom korporaciis dasabegri Semosavlidan procentis gadasaxadis

gamoqviTvis upiratesoba aRar aris imdenad mimzidveli, rodesac Tavad
sagadasaxado ganakveTi dabalia. gordonisa da lis analizi Seesabameba aSS-Si
firmebis realur mdgomareobas. maT aRmoaCines, rom korporaciuli ganakveTis
10%-iT Semcireba iwvevs firmis im aqtivebis procentul Semcirebas (4%),
romelic dafinansebulia sesxiT.

axdens Tu ara sagadasaxado sistema korporaciuli saaRricxvo

skandalebis
provocirebas?
aSS-s
ukanasknel
periodSi
korporaciuli
skandalebis talRa daatyda Tavs. firmaTa umetesoba (da, albaT, ufro Enron-i)
sargeblobda SecdomaSi Semyvani da TaRliTuri praqtikiT, raTa gaebera
angariSgebuli Semosavali da am gziT gaezarda aqciaTa Rirebuleba. skandalma
dRis wesrigSi korporaciuli mmarTvelobisa da saaRricxvo procedurebis
reformirebis aucilebloba daayena da piradad agebina pasuxi aRmasrulebel
direqtorebs SecdomaSi Semyvani finansuri angariSgebis wardgenis gamo.
zogierTi damkvirvebeli amtkicebda, rom problemis TavidaTavi aSS-is
sagadasaxado sistema iyo da korporaciis qmedebaTa seriozuli gaumjobeseba
adekvaturi reformis gatarebis gareSe SeuZlebeli iyo.

ratom vadanaSaulebT sagadasaxado sistemas? sigeli [2002] aRniSnavda,

rom XIX saukuneSi, anu manam, sanam mTavroba fasiani qaRaldebis industriaSi
maregulireblis funqcias aiRebda, korporaciul menejments SeeZlo sakuTari
firmis Sesaxeb nebismieri saxis informaciis gacema _ menejments aravin
gansjida imis gamo, rom informacias SeeZlo, vinme SecdomaSi Seeyvana. magram,
korporaciuli finansuri angariSgebis standartis ararsebobis pirobebSi,
rogor
unda
erwmuna
sazogadoebas
korporaciis
mier
gancxadebuli
Semosavlebis saimedooba? sigeli am SekiTxvas ase upasuxebda: `adrindel
periodSi firmis rentabelurobisa da misi Semosavlebis WeSmaritebis
damamtkicebeli sabuTi firmis mier gadaxdili dividendi iyo. swored es iyo
dividendis, rogorc `warmatebis maniSneblis~ Teoria, romelzec Cven ukve
visaubreT. SedarebiT advilia
gancxadebuli SemosavliT
manipulireba,
dividendi ki xelSesaxebi naRdi fulia da, amdenad, SeuZlebelia mis Sesaxeb
tyuili informaciis gavrceleba. dividendebis gadaxdis faruli SezRudvis
gziT sagadasaxado sistemam ufro aqtualuri gaxada firmis rentabelobis
maniSnebeli iseTi meTodebi, romlebiTac manipulireba bevrad martivia. aravin
icis, ramdenad sarwmunoa es argumenti, Tumca igi aris imis damamtkicebeli
sabuTi, rom gadasaxads SesaZloa, gauTvaliswinebeli Sedegi mohyves.

saxelmwifo korporaciuli gadasaxadebi

583

TiTqmis yvela Stati awesebs sakuTar korporaciul saSemosavlo

gadasaxads, xolo korporaciul sagadasaxado Semosavlebze ki modis Statebisa
da adgilobrivi mTliani Semosavlebis daaxloebiT 2,3% [prezidentis
ekonomikuri angariSi, 2003, gv. 377]. Statebis individualuri saSemosavlo
gadasaxadebis analogiurad, Statebis korporaciuli sagadasaxado sistemebi
mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeba ganakveTebis struqturisa da dasabegri Semosavlis
dadgenis wesebis mixedviT.

yvela is sirTule, romelic warmoiqmneba federaluri korporaciuli

saSemosavlo
gadasaxadis
ganawilebisa
da
zemoqmedebis
Sesafaseblad,
saxelmwifo sistemis aRqmis nebismier mcdelobas Trgunavs. ganakveTTa variacia
Statebis mixedviT erT metad mtkivneul SekiTxvas badebs: Tu mocemuli Stati
awesebs korporaciul gadasaxads, tvirTis ra nawili gadadis sxva Statis
moqalaqeebze?
rogor
nawildeba
darCenili
tvirTi
Statis
rezident
moqalaqeebze?

gaixseneT Teoria gadasaxadis tvirTis ganawilebis Sesaxeb (Tavi me-12).

gaixseneT ZiriTadi daSveba: aramobilur faqtorze modis sagadasaxado tvirTis
ufro didi wili, vidre mobilur faqtorebze sxva Tanabar pirobebSi.
magaliTad, Tu kapitalis gadaadgileba ufro martivi iqneba sxva StatSi, vidre
SromiTi Zalisa, maSin saxemlwfo korporaciis gadasaxadis ZiriTadi tvirTi
SromiT Zalaze gadava. amdenad, varirebadi korporaciuli sagadasaxado
ganakveTebis sistemis analizi moiTxovs imas, rom ukve arsebul faqtorTa im
nusxas,
romelTa
Seswavla
aucilebelia
federaluri
korporaciuli
gadasaxadis ganxilvis procesSi, davamatoT StatTaSorisi mobilurobis
faqtori. aRniSnuli sakiTxis kvleva jer kidev dawyebiT stadiazea.

multinacionaluri kompaniebis dabegvra

amerikuli firmebi deben did investiciebs sazRvargareT. 2001 wels

aqtivTa Rirebuleba, romelic investirebuli iyo sazRvargareTis qveynebSi, 6
trilion dolars udrida. ucxouri Semosavlis sagadasaxado damuSaveba ki
erTob mniSnvelovan sakiTxad iqca.

aSS-is multinacionaluri kompaniebi globalur dasabegr Semosavalze,

sazRvargareTis qveynebSi naSovni Semosavlis CaTvliT, standartuli ganakveTiT
ibegreba. ucxouri gadasaxadebisaTvis xelmisawvdomia krediti. krediti ar unda
aRematebodes im Tanxas, romlis sesxeba SesaZlebelia aSS-is sagadasaxado
kanonmdeblobis Tanaxmad. ase magaliTad, davuSvaT, rom aSS-is korporacia
Soulobs 100 dolars sxva qveyanaSi 15%-iani sagadasaxado ganakveTiT.

584

korporacia am qveyanas 15 dolars uxdis. ucxouri sagadasaxado kreditis

ararsebobis pirobebSi korporaciis valdebuleba aSS-is xazinis mimarT 35
dolari iqneboda (radgan aSS-is korporaciuli gadasaxadi 35%-s udris).
miuxedavad amisa, firmas SeuZlia, aiRos 15 dolari krediti 35 dolari
valdebulebis pirobebSi da amerikis SeerTebul Statebs mxolod 20 dolari
gadauxados.

1999 wels, sanam SemoRebul iqneboda sagadasaxado krediti, korporaciaTa

sagadasaxado valdebuleba 242 miliardi dolari iyo. sxva qveyanaSi miRebul
Semosavalze sagadasaxado kreditis dawesebis gziT es cifri 49 miliard
dolaramde Semcirda [Sida Semosavlebis samsaxuri, 2002 weli, gv. 233].

arsebobs mTeli rigi garemoebani, romlebic

korporaciuli Semosavlis dabegvras arTulebs.

ucxoeTSi

miRebuli

Svilobili kompania. Semosavlis dabegvra gadavaddeba, Tu igi miRebulia

Svilobili kompaniis saqmianobis Sedegad (Svilobili kompania aris aSS-is
korporaciis kuTvnili kompania, romelic sazRvargareT muSaobs da, amdenad,
iuridiuli TvalsazrisiT, damoukidebel korporacias warmoadgens). Svilobili
kompaniis mier miRebuli mogeba ibegreba im SemTxvevaSi, Tu mogeba dividendis
saxiT ubrundeba saTao kompanias (repatriacia). amdenad, Svilobili kompaniis
arsebobisas, sargebeli SesaZloa, dazogil iqnes aSS-is sagadasaxado
sistemisagan Sors. rTulia imis Tqma, Tu ra moculobis sagadasaxado
Semosavali ikargeba gadavadebis gamo. mocemuli sakredito sistemis pirobebSi
pasuxi damokidebulia sxva qveyanaSi moqmed sagadasaxado ganakveTebze.
sazRvargareTis yvela sxva qveyanas ufro maRali sagadasaxado ganakveTi rom
hqonoda, vidre amerikas, maSin es qveyana ver miiRebda raime damatebiT
sagadasaxado Semosavals. ucxo qveyana awesebs ufro mcire korporaciul
saSemosavlo gadasaxads, vidre amerika, rac ufro mimzidvels xdis mas aSS-is
firmebisaTvis (e.w. `sagadasaxado samoTxe, sagadasaxado navsayudeli8).

Semosavlis ganTavseba. Zalian xSirad rTulia xolme imis garkveva, Tu

mTliani Semosavlis ra nawils ganaTavsebs multinacionaluri kompania
mocemul qveyanaSi. saSinao da sagareo operaciebs Soris Semosavlis
ganTavsebis
moqmedi
procedura
gaSlili
xelis
manZilis
sistemis
saxelwodebiTaa cnobili. saSinao da sagareo tranzaqcia or damoukidebel
mxares Soris xorcieldeba (`gaSlili xelis manZilze~). TiToeuli mxaris
dasabegri mogeba ase gamoiTvleba: TiToeuli mxaris sakuTar gayidvebs minus
sakuTari xarji.
8

ramdenime qveyanas, magaliTad, bahamis kunZulebs, aqvs iseTi kanonmdebloba, romelic

saSualebas aZlevs aSS-is firmebs, borotad gamoiyenon sagadasaxado sistema. arsebobs
ramdenime debuleba, romelic aferxebs `sagadasaxado samoTxeSi~ gadasaxadis
danazogis moculobas, magram am debulebebs mniSvnelovani Zala ar aqvs.

585

problema is aris, rom xSirad gaugebaria, Tu rogor moxdes xarjis

ganTavseba sxvadasxva mimarTulebiT, rac gadasaxadebis minimumamde dayvanis
SesaZleblobas
qmnis.
magaliTisaTvis,
warmovidginoT
romelime
multinacionaluri firma, romelic genebis SeerTebis procesis patents flobs.
erT-erT Svilobil kompanias eniWeba patenti, danarCeni Svilobili kompaniebi
ki mas uxdian gadasaxads patentiT sargeblobisaTvis (roialtis). kompanias
aucileblad eqneba imisi survili, rom patenti mianiWos Svilobil kompanias,
romelic mdebareobs dabali gadasaxadebis mqone qveyanaSi. am meTodis
wyalobiT, sxva Svilobili kompaniebisagan miRebuli roialti SedarebiT
dabali ganakveTiT daibegreba. paralelurad, saTao ofiss surs, patentiT
isargeblos iseTma kompaniam, romelic maRali sagadasaxado ganakveTebis mqone
qveyanaSia ganTavsebuli _ am SemTxvevaSi maRali gadasaxadi gulisxmobs imas,
rom
roialtis
gadasaxadTan
dakavSirebuli
gamoqviTvis
Rirebuleba
maqsimumamdea gazrdili. marTlac, Tu garigeba warmoadgens kompaniisaTvis
damaxasiaTebel process, maSin am procesiT sargeblobisaTvis sapatento
gadasaxadi maqsimalurad maRali iqneba, anu moxdeba tranzaqciis sagadasaxado
sargeblis maqsimizacia. Tu qveynis gareT sapatento uflebaTa aqtiuri bazari
ar arsebobs, maSin sagadasaxado samsaxuris warmomadgenlebs eqnebaT mcire
monacemebi imis dasadgenad, aris Tu ara roialtis gadasaxadi Warbi.

aRniSnuli faqtori fasis transferis problemis saxelwodebiTaa

cnobili. igi miuTiTebs im fasze, romliTac erTi kompania meorisaTvis
resursebis gadacemis dros sargeblobs. xarjebis ganawileba sxvadasxva
Svilobil
kompanias
Soris
SemTxveviTobis
principze
xdeba,
amitom
multinacionaluri korporaciebi da sagadasaxado samsaxurebi xSirad ver
Tanxmdebian imaze, kompaniis mier fasis transferi saTanado donezea Tu ara
Sesrulebuli. es sakiTxi TandaTan imkvidrebs seriozuli problemis saxels
sagadasaxado kanonmdeblobaSi.
marTlac, bevri multinacionaluri kompania
wuxs imis gamo, rom Zalian rTuli da Zviria, moergo fasis transferis
standarts. erTob saintereso faqti moxda ramdenime wlis win, finansuri firma
`siti-grupis~ mier sagadasaxado deklaraciis wardgenis dros. deklaraciaSi
Sedioda Svilobili kompaniebi, romlebic 100-ze met qveyanaSi iyo ganTavsebuli;
es gamoTvlebi aRemateboda 30000 gverds da masSi 200-ze meti amerikeli da
ucxoeli sagadasaxado saqmis specialistis Sroma iyo Cadebuli [Herman, 1999].

Sefaseba

imisaTvis, rom SevafasoT, Tu rogor begravs multinacionalur

kompaniebs aSS-is sagadasaxado sistema, aucilebelia, gaviTvaliwinoT, Tu
rogor aris formulirebuli politikis mizani. politikis erT-erTi SesaZlo
mizani msoflios masStabiT Semosavlis gazrdaa, meore mizani ki - saxelmwifo
Semosavlis gazrda. erTi sistema, romelic optimaluria erTi miznis
Sesasruleblad, SesaZloa, optimaluri iyos meore sistemisaTvisac.

586

Semosavlis
maqsimizacia
mTeli
msoflios
masStabiT.
msoflio
Semosavlis maqsimizaciisaTvis aucilebelia Semdegi pirobis dakmayofileba:
TiToeul qveyanaSi investirebuli ukanaskneli dolaris ukugebis daubegravi
ganakveTi (ukugebis zRvruli ganakveTi) Tanabari unda iyos9. aRniSnul pirobaSi
kargad gasarkvevad warmovidginoT situacia, rodesac zRvruli ganakveTebi ar
aris Tanabari. aseT pirobebSi msoflio Semosavlis gazrda erTob martivia:
aviRebT kapitals im qveynidan, sadac misi zRvruli ukugeba dabalia da
gadavitanT im qveyanaSi, sadac misi zRvruli Rirebuleba maRalia10.
algebrulad, Tu rUS aris amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis zRvruli ukugebis
ganakveTi, xolo r f ki - ukugebis zRvruli ganakveTi mocemul ucxour qveyanaSi,
maSin msoflio efeqtianoba Semdegi gantolebis dakmayofilebas moiTxovs:

r f = rUS

(17.6)

romeli
sagadasaxado
sistema
ubiZgebs
sargeblis
maqsimizaciaze
orientirebul firmas, ganaTavsos Tavisi kapitali ise, rom Sedegi (17.6)
gantolebas Seesabamebodes? ar dagaviwydeT is faqti, rom investori
gadawyvetilebas dabegrili ukugebis moculobis safuZvelze iRebs. investorebi
ganaTavseben kapitals sxvadasxva qveyanaSi ise, rom TiToeul qveyanaSi
dabegrili zRvruli ukugebis ganakveTi gaTanabrdes. Tu tUS aris aSS-Si moqmedi
sagadasaxado ganakveTi, xolo

t f ki _ sxva qveyanaSi moqmedi sagadasaxado

ganakveTi, maSin firma Tavis kapitals ganaTavsebs ise, rom dakmayofildes

Semdegi gantoleba:

(1 - t f )r f = (1 - tUS ) rUS

(17.7)

amdenad, (17.7) formula gveubneba, rom efeqtianoba miiRweva mxolod da

mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu t f tolia t US -is. Tu Cven gvsurs, rom kapitali
efeqtianad ganTavsdes (globaluri poziciidan gamomdinare), maSin igi unda
daibegros Tanabari ganakveTebiT imis miuxedavad, sad moxdeba misi ganTavseba.

Tu amerikis SeerTebul Statebs surs, gazardos msoflio Semosavali,

maSin man unda SeimuSaos iseTi sistema, romelic aSS-is firmebis sagadasaxado
valdebulebebis maTi adgilmdebareobisagan damoukideblobas uzrunvelyofs.
9

rogorc yovelTvis, axlac ukugebis ganakveTebze saubrisas mxedvelobaSi miiReba

riski.
10
am principis detaluri analizisaTvis ixileT danarTi am wignis bolos.

587

mTliani krediti ucxo qveyanaSi moqmedi gadasaxadebis winaaRmdeg erTgvari

xerxi iqneba. Tumca, rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, aSS-is sistema uzrunvelyofs iseT
sagadasaxado kredits, romlis moculoba ar aRemateba im Tanxas, ra TanxiTac
amerikuli sagadasaxado sistemis mier ucxoeTSi miRebuli Semosavali
daibegreboda.

ratom aris krediti SezRuduli? modelis Tanaxmad, Cven vigulisxmeT,

rom ucxo qveynebis mTavrobaTa qmedebani absoluturad damoukidebelia aSS-is
mTavrobis qmedebebisagan. warmovidginoT, amerika acxadebs, rom igi gaatarebs
politikas, romelic amerikul multinacionalur kompaniebs ucxo qveynebSi
moqmed gadasaxadTa asanazRaureblad sruli kreditiT uzrunvelyofs. amis
Semdeg ucxo qveynis mTavroba gazrdis sakuTar sagadasaxado ganakveTs aSS-is
korporaciebisaTvis yovelgvari zRvris gareSe. am gzis gamoyenebiT amerikuli
firma ar gamova ucxo qveynidan, radgan sagadasaxado valdebuleba Sida
tranzaqciaze mcirdeba erTi dolariT ucxo qveyanaSi moqmedi gadasaxadis erT
dolariT gazrdis Sedegad11. rogorc Cans, Semosavali amerikidan ucxo
qveyanaSi gava. es rom ar moxdes, aucilebelia kreditis moculobis SezRudva.

saxelmwifo
(erovnuli)
Semosavlis
maqsimizacia.
Cven
dasawyisSi
aRvniSneT, rom mniSvnelovania, ucxoeTidan miRebuli Semosavlis mimarT
gansazRvrul iqnes sagadasaxado politikis mizani. arsebobs mosazreba, rom
sagadasaxado politikis upirvelesi mizani unda iyos ara msoflio Semosavlis,
aramed erovnuli Semosavlis maqsimizacia. axla ki yuradRebiT ganvixiloT
erovnuli Semosavlis arsi. erovnuli Semosavali aris daubegravi Sida
Semosavlisa da dabegrili sagareo (ucxo qveynebSi miRebuli) Semosavlis jami
(dabegrili sagareo Semosavali gulisxmobs imas, rom gadaxdilia ucxo
qveyanaSi
moqmedi
gadasaxadebi,
radgan
aSS-is
firmebis
mier
aSS-is
mTavrobisaTvis gadaxdili gadasaxadi, romelic ar aris xelmisawvdomi Tavad
firmebisaTvis, aSS-is Semosavlis nawils warmoadgens). amdenad, saSinao
Semosavali aRiricxeba daubegravad. ucxo qveynis mTavrobisaTvis gadaxdili
gadasaxadi aSS-is moqalaqeebisaTvis xelmisawvdomi ar aris; swored amitom
ucxo qveynebSi miRebuli Semosavali gadasaxadebis gadaxdis Semdeg aRiricxeba.

erovnuli Semosavlis maqsimizacia (17.6) formulisagan gansxvavebuli

pirobebis dakmayofilebas moiTxovs. gansxvaveba ki is aris, rom ukugebis
zRvruli ganakveTi aSS-is poziciidan unda iqnes Sefasebuli. ucxo qveyanaSi

11

Tanxa, romlis amoRebis saSualeba aqvs ucxo qveynis mTavrobas am meTodis

gamoyenebis Sedegad, dayvanilia firmis sagadasaxado valdebulebis moculobamde,
romelic warmoiqmneba aSS-Si Sida operaciebis warmoebis dros. davuSvaT, firmis
sagadasaxado valdebuleba aSS-Si warmoebuli operaciebisaTvis udros 1000 dolars.
Tu ucxo qveynis mTavroba 1000 dolaris moculobis gadasaxads daawesebs, sruli
kreditis pirobebSi aSS-s winaSe arsebuli firmis sagadasaxado valdebuleba nuli
iqneba. Tu ucxo qveynis mTavroba gadasaxads 1001 dolaramde gazrdis, maSin firmis
Sida sagadasaxado valdebuleba metad aRar Semcirdeba (imitom rom ar arsebobs
uaryofiTi saSemosavlo gadasaxadi korporaciebisaTvis).

588

miRebuli ukugebis zRvruli ganakveTi aris (1 - t f ) r f - ucxo qveyanaSi moqmedi

gadasaxadi amerikisaTvis xarjia, amdenad, ukugebis ganakveTis gamoTvlis dros
gamoiricxeba. zRvruli ukugeba aSS-Si investiciaze daubegravi ganakveTis
safuZvelze

ganisazRvreba

rUS

).

amdenad,

erovnuli

Semosavlis

maqsimizaciisaTvis aucilebeli piroba ase gamoiyureba:

(1 - t f ) r f = rUS

(17.8)

(17.6) formulasTan Sedarebis dros Cans, rom msoflio Semosavlis

maqsimizaciis reJimis pirobebSi investiciis ganTavseba sazRvargareT xdeba
manam, sanam r f = rUS ; im SemTxvevaSi, Tu sagadasaxado sistemis mizani erovnuli
Semosavlis maqsimizaciaa, sazRvargareT qveynebSi investiciis ganTavseba xdeba
manam, sanam r f = rUS /(1 - t f ) . gantolebis sityvieri formulireba ki aseTia: Tu
mizani erovnuli Semosavlis maqsimizaciaa, maSin ucxoeTis investiciebze
ukugebis daubegravi zRvruli ganakveTi ufro maRalia, vidre im SemTxvevaSi,
rodesac mizani msoflio Semosavlis maqsimizaciaa [sanam t f naklebia erTze,
manam rUS < rUS /(1 - t f ) ]. Tumca ar dagaviwydeT sakmaod keTilgonivruli daSveba
imis Sesaxeb, rom investiciis zRvruli ukugeba investiciis moculobis
paralelurad mcirdeba, ukugebis maRali daubegravi ganakveTi naklebi
moculobis investiciis arsebobaze miuTiTebs. mokled rom vTqvaT, erovnuli
poziciidan, msoflio Semosavlis maqsimizaciis Sedegi ucxo qveynebSi
ganTavsebuli `Warbi~ investicia iqneba.

romeli sagadasaxado sistema ubiZgebs amerikul firmas, ganaTavsos

Tavisi kapitali ise, rom Sedegi Seesabamebodes (17.8) gantolebas? davuSvaT, rom
aSS-is sistemis sapirispirod, multinacionaluri firma uflebamosilia, ucxo
qveyanaSi moqmedi sagadasaxado gadasaxadi aSS-is dasabegri Semosavlidan
gamoqviTos (ase magaliTad, firma, romlis Sida Semosavali 1000 dolaria da
valdebulia, gadaixados ucxo qveyanaSi moqmedi gadasaxadi 200 dolaris
odenobiT, aSS-Si dasabegr Semosavals gansazRvravs 800 dolariT). Tu ucxo
qveyanaSi moqmedi gadasaxadi eqvemdebareba gamoqviTvas, maSin firmis mogeba
sazRvargareT ( r f ) mis aSS-Si dasabegr Semosavals r f (1 - t f ) -iT zrdis. amdenad,
aSS-is

gadasaxadebis

gadaxdis

Semdeg

ucxouri

investiciis

ukugeba

aris

r f (1 - t f )(1 - tUS ) . amave dros, aSS-Si investiciis ukugeba gadasaxadis gadaxdis

Semdgom rus (1 - tUS ) iqneba. investori aTanabrebs ra samSobloSi da sazRvargareT
miRebul dabegril zRvrul ukugebas, yalibdeba aseTi gantoleba:

r f (1 - t f )(1 - tUS ) = rUS (1 - tUS )

(17.9)

589

cxadia, (17.8) da (17.9) formulebi ekvivalenturia [ubralod, gayaviT (17.9)

gantolebis orive mxare (1 - tUS ) -ze].

(17.8) gantoleba erovnuli Semosavlis

maqsimizaciisaTvis aucilebel pirobas warmoadgens; igi mianiSnebs imaze, rom

ucxouri gadasaxadis gamoqviTva migviyvans investiciaTa iseT struqturamde,
romelic maqsimumamde zrdis aSS-is Semosavals.

am logikis mixedviT, xom ar iqneboda upriani, ucxoeTis sagadasaxado

krediti Cagvenacvlebina gamoqviTviT? aq erTi seriozuli problema iCens Tavs:
kapitalis eqsportiori qveyana daawesebs iseT sagadasaxado ganakveTs, romelic
maqsimumamde zrdis mis Semosavals, xolo kapitalis importiori ucxo qveyana
ki ucvlelad inarCunebs sagadasaxado ganakveTebs. davuSvaT, rom kapitalis
eqsportiori qveyana iTvaliswinebs im SesaZleblobas, rom cvlileba mis
sagadasaxado
ganakveTSi
maspinZeli
qveynis
sagadasaxado
ganakveTebSi
cvlilebas gamoiwvevs. ase magaliTad, amerikam SesaZloa, irwmunos, rom, Tu igi
Seamcirebs sazRvargareT investirebuli kapitalis sagadasaxado ganakveTs,
maspinZeli qveyanac analogiurad imoqmedebs. aseT SemTxvevaSi aSS-saTvis
yvelaze upriani iqneba, preferenciuli reJimiT dabegros sazRvargareT
miRebuli
Semosavali.
cxadia,
maspinZel
qveyanas
SeuZlia,
gazardos
sagadasaxado ganakveTi maSin, rodesac aSS amcirebs maT. saqme is aris, rom,
rodesac urTierTdamokidebuli qmedeba daSvebulia, erovnuli Semosavlis
maqsimizaciaze orientirebuli sagadasaxado sistema ar Sedgeba mxolod
martivi gamoqviTvebisagan (aq igulisxmeba sazRvargareT moqmedi gadasaxadebis
gamoqviTva). sazRvargareT miRebuli Semosavlis faqtobrivi sagadasaxado
ganakveTi SesaZloa, iyos ufro maRali an dabali im ganakveTTan SedarebiT,
romelic gamoqviTvasTanaa asocirebuli. iseve, rogorc mkacr saSinao
konteqstSi, optimaluri sagadasaxado Teoria gviCvenebs, rom martivi wesebi
sagadasaxado sistemis mier yovelTvis ver uzrunvelyofs dasaxuli miznis
miRwevas.

dabolos, unda aRiniSnos erTi dadebiTi daSveba, romlis Tanaxmadac,

firma ukugebis dabegrili ganakveTis moculobas iTvaliswinebs, rodesac surs
gadawyvetilebis miReba imis Sesaxeb, Tu romel qveyanaSi ganaTavsos investicia.
desaim, folim da hainsma [2002] gansazRvres ucxouri pirdapiri investiciis
moculoba evropis qveynebSi da aRmoaCines, rom 10%-iT maRali sagadasaxado
ganakveTi asocirdeba 7,7%-iT dabal investiciasTan sazRvargareT (sxva Tanabar
pirobebSi). aRniSnuli mtkicebuleba miuTiTebs imaze, rom, TavisTavad,
keTilgonivrulia is faqti, rom firma amosaval wertilad ukugebis ukve
dabegril ganakveTs miiCnevs.

korporaciuli gadasaxadis reforma

590

Cven ukve aRvniSneT, rom korporaciuli Semosavlis daubegraobis

SemTxvevaSi individi Semosavlis korporaciaSi akumulirebis gziT aucileblad
airidebda pirad saSemosavlo gadasaxads. amas ki, rogorc Cans, seriozul
problemebamde mivyavarT. aSS-s surda, daemkvidrebina iseTi sistema, romelic
korporaciul Semosavals orjer begravs: pirvelad korporaciul doneze,
sadac oficialuri sagadasaxado ganakveTi 35%-ia, xolo meored ki _
individualur doneze, sadac dividendis ganawileba ibegreba iseve, rogorc
Cveulebrivi Semosavali (minimaluri oficialuri sagadasaxado ganakveTi 2003
wels 38,6% iyo).

wardgenil iqna uamravi winadadeba individualuri da korporaciuli

saSemosavlo gadasaxadebis
erT sistemaSi integrirebis
mizniT.
axla
ganvixiloT ori maTgani: sruli integracia da sadividendo SeRavaTebi.

sruli integracia

yvelaze radikaluri midgoma aris sapartnioro meTodi, anu sruli

integracia. am midgomis Tanaxmad, mocemuli wlis ganmavlobaSi korporaciis
mier miRebuli mTeli Semosavali, miuxedavad imisa, ganawilebulia Tu ara,
miekuTvneba aqcioners ise, TiTqos korporacia warmoadgendes partniorobas.
amis Semdeg TiToeuli aqcioneri valdebulia, gadaixados piradi saSemosavlo
gadasaxadi mTliani Semosavlis mis kuTvnil wilze. ase magaliTad, Tu karli
flobs `taim uornersis~ aqciaTa 2%-s, maSin misi wliuri sagadasaxado
valdebuleba
moicavs
`taim
uornersis~
dasabegri Semosavlebis
2%-s.
korporaciis gadasaxadi, rogorc calke erTeuli, gauqmebulia.

aSS-Si mimdinareobs debatebi imis Sesaxeb, Tu ramdenad

sapartnioro meTodis danergva, rac ramdenime aspeqts ukavSirdeba:

misaRebia

korporaciis buneba. sruli integraciis ideis momxreni Tvlian, rom

korporacia warmoadgens im arxs, romlis saSualebiTac aqcionerebze
nawildeba Semosavali. amdenad, ufro keTilgonivruli iqneba, daibegros ara is
dawesebuleba, romlis saSualebiTac xdeba Semosavlis ganawileba, aramed is
individi, romelic iRebs am Semosavals. ideis mowinaaRmdegeni amtkiceben, rom
msxvil Tanamedrove korporaciebSi sasaciloa, aqcioneri warmovidginoT,
rogorc
partniori;
maTi
azriT,
korporacia
namdvilad
warmoadgens
damoukidebel erTeuls.

591

administraciuli ganxorcielebadoba. sruli integraciis oponentebi

aqcents im administraciul sirTuleebze akeTeben, romlebic meTodis danergvis
Sedegad warmoiqmneba. rogor daericxeba korporaciuli Semosavali im individs,
romelic aqcias erT welze naklebi periodis ganmavlobaSi flobs? eqneba Tu
ara aqcioners imis ufleba, rom gamoqviTos firmis operaciuli danakargi
sakuTari piradi dasabegri Semosavlidan? sruli integraciis momxreebi Tvlian,
rom aucilebelia miRebul iqnes ramdenime kategoriuli gadawyvetileba
imisaTvis, rom rTuli sagadasaxado sistemis administrireba moxdes. maTi
azriT, es administraciuli problemebi ar aris sagadasaxado kodeqsis sxva
debulebebiT warmoqmnil problemebze ufro rTuli; arada, am ukanasknelTa
ganeitraleba sakmaod warmatebulad mimdinareobs.

zemoqmedeba efeqtianobaze. integraciis ideis momxreebi amtkiceben, rom

moqmedi korporaciuli sagadasaxado sistema mZime zedmet tvirTs warmoqmnis,
romelic sruli integraciis pirobebSi aRmoifxvreba an Semcirdeba. ekonomika
miiRebs sargebels efeqtianobis amaRlebis wyalobiT (efeqtianoba ki oTxnairad
SeiZleba gaizardos):

resursebis araswori ganawileba korporaciul da arakorporaciul

seqtorebs Soris aRmoifxvreba;
integracia amcirebs kapitalis ukugebis sagadasaxado ganakveTs;
amdenad,
danazogis
Sesaxeb
gadawyvetilebebze
gadasaxadebis
zemoqmedeba Semcirdeba;
integracia Semosavlis `zedmetad~ Senaxvis survils aRmofxvris,
riTic moqmedi sistema xasiaTdeba. firma, romelic Semosavlis
mniSvnelovan wils Seinaxavs, ar iqneba mimzidveli investorisaTvis da
igi ar daafinansebs axal proeqtebs. unda arsebobdes disciplina,
romelic gareSe pirs daarwmunebs, rom Rirs investiciis ganTavseba
proeqtSi; aseTi disciplinis gareSe firmis muSaoba araefeqtiani
iqneba. magaliTad, zogierTi damkvirvebeli Rrmad aris darwmunebuli
imaSi, rom ar iarsebebda maikrosoftis arakeTilgonivruli Sesvla
sakabelo televiziaSi, mas rom auracxeli naRdi fuli ar hqonoda
(daaxloebiT 40 miliardi dolari) xelze! [`ekonomisti~, 2003];
integraciis wyalobiT, moispoba is tendenciuroba, rac sesxis
dafinansebis kuTxiT arsebobs, radgan ar iarsebebs damoukidebeli
korporaciuli sagadasaxado baza, saidanac moxdeba procentis
gadasaxadis gamoqviTva. gazrdili riski da faqtobrivi gakotreba
sazogadoebis
keTildReobas
amcirebs
yovelgvari
sargeblis
uzrunvelyofis gareSe.

sakmaod rTulia, vimsjeloT efeqtianobis zrdis masStabebze; Tumca,

zogierTi Sefasebis Tanaxmad, masStabi Zalian didi iqneba. iurgensonma da iunma
[2001] aRmoaCines, rom efeqtianobis zrdis masStabi, sruli integraciis
wyalobiT, 250 miliard dolarze meti iqneba.

592

sruli integraciis oponentebi xazs usvamen im faqts, rom korporaciuli

gadasaxadis moqmedebasTan dakavSirebuli mTeli rigi ganusazRvrelobis gamo
efeqtianoba SesaZloa, saerTod ar gaizardos. ase magaliTad, stiglicis
azriT, gadasaxadi unda dawesdes wminda sargebelze; Tu aseTi midgoma
marTebulia, maSin gadasaxadi korporaciul da arakorporaciul seqtorebze
zegavlenas ar axdens. analogiurad, ar arsebobs myari mtkicebuleba imisa, rom
korporacia
saSinao
fondebis
investirebas
ufro
nakleb
efeqtianad
axorcielebs, vidre sagareo fondebisas.

zemoqmedeba danazogze. zogierTi mosazrebis Tanaxmad, sruli integracia

Seamcirebs faqtobriv sagadasaxado ganakveTs kapitalze da gazrdis danazogis
moculobas. rogorc Cven vnaxeT me-16 TavSi, es ar aris logikuri daskvna.
Teoriuli TvalsazrisiT, danazogis masStabi izrdeba, mcirdeba an ucvleli
rCeba, rodesac mcirdeba sagadasaxado ganakveTi kapitalis Semosavalze.
ekonometrikuli kvlevebi jer kidev ver uzrunvelyofs gansazRvrul pasuxs am
sakiTxze.

zemoqmedeba Semosavlis ganawilebaze. Tu sruli integraciis SemTxvevaSi

namdvilad gaizrdeba efeqtianoba, maSin misi danergviT gadasaxadis yvela
gadamxdeli isargeblebs. sxvadasxva jgufSi myofi adamiani sxvadasxvanairi
zemoqmedebis qveS aRmoCndeba. ase magaliTad, SedarebiT maRali individualuri
saSemosavlo sagadasaxado ganakveTiT dabegrili aqcioneri nakleb sargebels
miiRebda, vidre dabali individualuri saSemosavlo sagadasaxado ganakveTiT
dabegrili aqcioneri. amave dros, integraciis wyalobiT, met mogebas miiRebda
is individi, romelic Semosavlis did nawils kapitalidan iRebs. yvela am
efeqtis gaerTianebis gziT fulertonma da rojersma [1993] aRmoaCines
integraciis sargeblis ganawilebis
U-seburi struqtura _ Semosavlis
ganawilebis zeda da qveda rgolSi myofi adamianebi ufro met sargebels
iReben, vidre Sua rgolSi myofi adamianebi. Sedegis interpretacia garkveuli
sifrTxiliT unda moxdes. aRniSnuli faqtori damokidebulia iseT parametrze,
rogoricaa danazogis elastiuroba sagadasaxado ganakveTis mimarT. aseTi
faqtorebis masStabis Sesaxeb seriozuli ganusazRvreloba arsebobs.

mimoxilva. cxadia, erTob didi ganusazRvreloba axlavs sruli

integraciis modelis danergvas. es ki ubralod asaxavs Cvens arasrulyofil
codnas
korporaciuli
dabegvris
moqmedi
sistemis
Sesaxeb.
arsebobs
erTmniSvnelovani SeTanxmeba imis Sesaxeb, rom partniorobis meTodis danergva
namdvilad
pozitiuri
nabiji
iqneba.
Tumca
arsebuli
da
calsaxad
arasrulyofili mtkicebulebis Tanaxmad, bevri ekonomisti amtkicebs, rom, Tu
moxdeba
individualuri
da
korporaciuli
gadasaxadebis
integracia,
ganmtkicdeba rogorc efeqtianoba, aseve, samarTlianoba.

sadividendo SeRavaTebi

593

arsebobs
naklebad
eqstremaluri
midgoma,
romlis
TavidaTavi
mdgomareobs im daSvebaSi, rom arsebul problemaTa didi nawili imis gamoa,
rom dividendi ibegreba orjer: erTxel - korporaciis doneze da meored individis doneze. sadividendo SeRavaTis idea ormagi dabegvris gauqmeba da
korporaciuli dabegvris sistemis SenarCunebaa damoukidebeli sistemis
formiT. arsebobs ori ZiriTadi midgoma: 1. korporacia uflebamosili iqneba,
daqviTos aqcionerebisaTvis gadaxdili dividendi iseve, rogorc qviTavs
obligaciis mflobelebisaTvis gadaxdil procents. am midgomis upiratesoba is
aris, rom igi aRmofxvris sesxis asimetriul dabegvras da gazrdis aqciaTa
odenobas. garda amisa, dividendi aRar daibegreba individualuri zRvruli
sagadasaxado
ganakveTiT,
rac
gamarTlebuli
iqneba
Semosavlis
heigsaimonsiseuli ganmartebis poziciidan. rogorc Cans, korporaciuli dividendis
gamoqviTva administrirebis TvalsazrisiT ufro mouxerxebelia [aSS xazinis
departamenti, 1992].

alternatiuli midgoma ki aseTia: ubralod, aRar daibegros dividendi

individualur doneze. am midgomis Tanaxmad, dividendi mxolod erTxel
daibegreba, magram ara individualuri ganakveTiT, aramed _ korporaciuli
ganakveTiT. efeqtianobis TvalsazrisiT, es winadadeba naklebad srulyofilia,
vidre korporaciuli dividendis gamoqviTvis winadadeba _ TiTqos ar iqneba
uzrunvelyofili sesxisa da samarTlianobis sakiTxi. Tumca am winadadebis
danergvis Sedegad namdvilad gaizrdeba efeqtianoba da misi administrireba
SedarebiT martivi iqneba. 2003 wels miRebuli kanonmdebloba ixreba dividendis
gamoqviTvisaken, romlis Tanaxmadac, 15%-mde Semcirdeba individualuri
sagadasaxado maqsimaluri ganakveTi dividendze.

daskvna

korporacia ibegreba calke federaluri saSemosavlo gadasaxadiT. am

gadasaxadze modis mTeli federaluri Semosavlis 8%.
35%
sagadasaxado
ganakveTis
daricxvamde
firma
uflebamosilia,
TanamSomelTaTvis gadaxdili xelfasi, saprocento gadaxdebi da cveTis
normebi gamoqviTos. am faqtorebiT ganisazRvreba is xarji, romelic
gaweulia Semosavlis miRebis mizniT. dividendi da wilobrivi fondis
formirebis xarji ar eqvemdebareba gamoqviTvas. dividendi ibegreba
preferenciuli reJimiT individualur doneze.
sainvesticio sagadasaxado krediti gamoiqviTeba firmis sagadasaxado
deklaraciidan, rodesac xdeba konkretuli fizikuri kapitaluri
aqtivebis SeZena. 1986 wels miRebulma kanonma (aqtma) sagadasaxado
reformis Sesaxeb, gaauqma sainvesticio sagadasaxado krediti, Tumca es
sakiTxi politikuri debatebis dros zogjer aqtualuri xdeba xolme.
korporaciuli gadasaxadi ganixileba, rogorc ekonomikuri mogebis
gadasaxadi an nawilobrivi faqtoruli gadasaxadi. pirvel SemTxvevaSi

594

gadasaxadiT
ibegrebian
firmis
mflobelebi;
meore
SemTxvevaSi
sagadasaxado
tvirTis
ganawileba
damokidebulia
kapitalis
mobilurobaze seqtorebs Soris, warmoebis saSualebaTa mdgradobaze,
momxmareblis moTxovnis struqturaze da kapitalis akumulirebis
ukugebis ganakveTis mimarT sensitiurobis xarisxze.
korporaciuli sagadasaxado sistemis fizikur investiciaze zegavlenis
masStabi damokidebulia imaze, (1) Tu ra zegavlenas axdens sagadasaxado
sistema kapitalis moxmarebis danaxarjze da (2) ramdenad sensitiuria
investicia moxmarebis xarjis mimarT.
damaCqareblis modelis Tanaxmad, investicia damokidebulia mxolod
produqtze, amdenad, momxmareblis xarji ararelevanturi faqtoria.
neoklasikuri modelis Tanaxmad, kapitalze moTxovna damokidebulia
moxmarebis xarjze, naRdi fulis modelis Tanaxmad ki Sida fondebi
TamaSobs gadamwyvet rols investiciis gansazRvris dros.
neoklasikuri investiciis modelis mixedviT, kapitalis moxmarebis xarji
(C) aris:

C=

(r + d ) (1 - y - k )
,
(1 - q ) (1 - t )

sadac r aris wminda saprocento ganakveTi, d - ekonomikuri cveTis

ganakveTi, q - korporaciuli sagadasaxado ganakveTi, k sainvesticio
sagadasaxado krediti, y - cveTis normis mimdinare Rirebuleba dolarSi.

momxmareblis xarjis investiciaze zegavlenis Sefasebis Sedegi erTob

gansxvavebulia. Tumca ukanaskneli kvlevebi cxadyofs, rom arsebobs
reagirebis garkveuli unari.
dividendebis ormagi dabegvris gamo sakmaod rTulia misi gadaxda
firmebis mier. dividendi warmoadgens miniSnebas firmis finansuri
potencialis Sesaxeb; igi SesaZloa, moergos garkveul klienturas.
procentis gamoqviTva sesxis aRebisaTvis seriozul stimuls warmoadgens.
sesxis gazrda ki mniSvnelovnad zrdis gakotrebis xarjebs.
Statebis umetesobaSi moqmedebs korporaciuli saSemosavlo gadasaxadebi.
gadasaxadis eqsportirebisa da warmoebis saSualebebis StatTaSorisi
mobiluroba am gadasaxadebis analizis process arTulebs.
aSS-is multinacionaluri kompania uflebamosilia, aiRos sagadasaxado
krediti ucxo qveynis mTavrobisaTvis gadaxdili gadasaxadebis gamo.
situacia rTuldeba gadasaxadis gadavadebis gamo, rac Svilobil
kompaniebs, agreTve, faswarmoqmnis gziT gadasaxadebis minimumamde
Semcirebis SesaZleblobas ukavSirdeba.
korporaciuli sagadasaxado sistemis reformirebis erT-erTi SesaZlo
gza aris korporaciuli da individualuri gadasaxadebis sruli
integracia. aqciaTa mflobelebi daibegrebian korporaciuli Semosavlis
sakuTar wilze ise, TiTqos isini partniorebi iyvnen. korporaciuli
gadasaxadi, rogorc calke erTeuli aRar iarsebebs.
integraciis meore midgoma iTvaliswinebs sadividendo SeRavaTebs:
dividendi daibegreba mxolod erTxel, igi daeqvemdebareba gamoqviTvas an
korporaciul, an individualur doneze.

595

sadiskusio SekiTxvebi

1.

2.
a.
b.
g.

`mcire korporacia ufro dabali sagadasaxado ganakveTebiT unda

ibegrebodes,
vidre
msxvili
korporacia
iseve,
rogorc
dabali
Semosavlis
mqone individi
ibegreba ufro dabali
saSemosavlo
sagadasaxado ganakveTiT, vidre maRali Semosavlis mqone piri. ra aris
aq moazrebuli? daupirispireT es mosazreba pirobiTi ekonomikis
postulatebs.
aSS-is kanonmdeblobis Tanaxmad, cveTis normebi aqtivis SeZenis
Tavdapirvel xarjs efuZneba. droTa ganmavlobaSi inflaciis zegavlena
aqtivis fasze mxedvelobaSi ar miiReba.
rogor
zemoqmedebas
axdens
inflacia
cveTis
normis
realur
Rirebulebaze? pasuxi gaeciT (17.1) gantolebis mixedviT.
inflaciis zrdis SemTxvevaSi rogor zemoqmedebas axdens igi kapitalis
momxmareblis danaxarjze? pasuxi gaeciT (17.5) gantolebis mixedviT.
moifiqreT iseTi politika, romelic gaaneitralebs `b punqtSi
miTiTebul inflaciis efeqts.

ramdenime wlis win RJR Nabisco-m gaswia 2 milioni dolaris danaxarji

safuTis dizainis - safuTis fizikuri konstruqciisa da misi grafikuli
dizainis Sesaqmnelad. Nabisco-s surda, gamoeqviTa mTeli 2 milioni aSS
dolari im wels, rodesac gaswia man aRniSnuli xarji; Sida
Semosavlebis samsaxurma moiTxova, es 2 milioni dabegriliyo, rogorc
kapitaluri danaxarji da misi cveTa daricxuliyo gansazRvruli drois
ganmavlobaSi. sagadasaxado sasamarTlom Nabisco-s mxari dauWira.
a. ganmarteT, ratom surda Nabisco-s 2 milioni dabegriliyo, rogorc
mimdinare danaxarji da ara rogorc kapitaluri danaxarji.
b. eTanxmebiT Tu ara sagadasaxado sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebas?
3.

4. 2000 wels germaniaSi sagadasaxado sistemis seriozuli reforma gatarda.

axali kanonmdeblobis Tanaxmad, korporacia gadasaxadis saxiT ixdis
Senaxuli mogebis 25%-s da aqcionerebisaTvis ganawilebuli dividendis
30%-s. piradi saSemosavlo gadasaxadis pirobebSi dividendi ibegreba
Cveulebrivi Semosavlis 50%-is odenobis sagadasaxado ganakveTiT.
marTebuli iqneba Tu ara aseTi kanonmdebloba Semosavlis heigsaimonsiseuli ganmartebis poziciidan?
5. Wall Street Journal-is saredaqcio gverdze aseTi statia daiwera
korporaciuli sagadasaxado sistemis reformirebis Sesaxeb: `pirvel
rigSi, gamoqviTeT dividendi dasabegri Semosavlidan korporaciebisaTvis,
Semdeg ki dividendi gaaTavisufleT gadasaxadisagan investorebisaTvis. am
gziT aramxolod amovZirkvavT ormag dabegvras, aramed SevqmniT stimuls
aqciebisa da dividendebis sasargeblod. (2002 wlis 6 agvisto; gv. A20).
rogor fiqrobT, marTla daaregulirebs Tu ara aseTi reforma
korporaciul sesxsa da aqciebis Tanafardobas.
6. korporacia, individis msgavsad, alternatiuli minimaluri gadasaxadiT
ibegreba (ix. me-15 Tavi). 2001 wels warmomadgenelTa palatam miiRo
ukuqceviTi Zalis mqone kanoni, romelic auqmebda korporaciul
alternatiul minimalur gadasaxads, rac gulisxmobda imas, rom
korporacias adre gadaxdili alternatiuli minimaluri gadasaxadi
daubrundeboda. kanonproeqtis mizani investiciis stimulireba iyo.
gamoiyeneT investiciis neoklasikuri Teoria da SeafaseT, waaxalisebda
Tu ara ukuqceviTi Zalis mqone kanoni investicias (miniSneba: ra

596

zemoqmedeba eqneboda gadasaxadebis gauqmebas kapitalis moxmarebis

xarjze?)
7. sanam aSS-is xazinis mdivani, pol onili, mTavrobis wevri gaxdeboda, igi
iyo alkoas mTavari aRmasrulebeli direqtori (alkoa iyo aluminis
wamyvani mwarmoebeli). igi ambobda: `rogorc biznesmens, me arasodes
mimiRia sainvesticio gadawyvetileba sagadasaxado kodeqsis safuZvelze~.
Tqven ra reaqcia geqnebodaT am naTqvamze, alkoas aqcioneri rom
yofiliyaviT?
8. 2001 wels, korporaciuli saaRricxvo skandalebis bumis periodSi,
aRmoCnda, rom Enron-ma fuladi resursis gasazrdelad gamoiyena
specialuri
finansuri
instrumenti,
romelic
SemuSavebul
iqna
sainvesticio sabanko firmis (Goldman Sachs&Company) mier. finansuri
instrumentis saxelwodeba iyo privilegirebuli aqcia yovelTviuri
SemosavliT (Monthly Income Preferred Shares - MIPS). igi `ise iyo SemuSavebuli,
rom mas, survilisamebr, uwodebdiT an sesxs, an aqcias. sagadasaxado
samsaxurisaTvis
igi
sesxi
iyo...
aqcionerisa
da
sareitingo
samsaxurisaTvis ki _ aqcia [makkinoni da hiti, 2002]. ratom aris aseTi
instrumentiT sargebloba esoden mimzidveli korporaciisaTvis (an
korporaciis iseTi menejmentisaTvis, romelic arcTu ise ganswavlulia
eTikur sakiTxebSi)?
9. ABC korporacias surs axali kompiuteruli sistemis SeZena, romelic
moitans 30% daubegrav mogebas. sistemas daericxeba cveTa, wliurad 1%.
wminda saprocento ganakveTi aris 8%, korporaciuli sagadasaxado
ganakveTi - 35%, xolo ABC-is tipuri aqcioneri ibegreba 30%-iani
korporaciuli sagadasaxado ganakveTiT. davuSvaT, rom ar moqmedebs
cveTis normebi an sainvesticio sagadasaxado krediti. iyidis kompania
axal kompiuterul sistemas? axseniT pasuxi (miniSneba: gamoiyeneT 17.4
gantoleba).

gamoyenebuli literatura

Chirinko, Robert S. Corporate Taxation, Capital Formation, and the Substitution Elasticity between
Labor and Capital. National Tax Journal 55 (June 2002), pp. 339-55.
Goolsbee, Austan. The Impact and Efficiency of the Corporate Income Tax: Evidence from State
Organizational Form Data. Working Paper No. 9141. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic
Research, September 2002.
US Department of the Treasury. Integration of the Individual and Corporate Tax Systems. Washington,
DC: US Government Printing Office, 1992.

597

Tavi 18

deficitis dafinanseba

gaufrTxildiT da pativi eciT sazogadoebis ndobas _ igi Zlierebisa da

usafrTxoebis umniSvnelovanesi wyaroa.
jorj vaSingtoni

Cven ukve gavecaniT federaluri mTavrobis mier dawesebul ZiriTad

gadasaxadebs. axla ki ganvixiloT misi Semosavlis meore mniSvnelovani wyaro vali. ukve didi xania, rac aqtiurad msjeloben sesxiT dafinansebis sakiTxze.
masze saubroben politikuri kampaniebis dros; mis Sesaxeb bevri iwereba.
rogorc Cans, rTulia am sakiTxis ugulebelyofa. axla ki ganvixiloT sesxis
moculobis SefasebasTan dakavSirebuli problemebi, vis awevs sesxi mZime
tvirTad da ra pirobebSia mosaxerxebeli sesxi saxelmwifo danaxarjebis
dasafinanseblad.

ramdenad didia vali?

Tavdapirvelad upriani iqneba, kargad CavukvirdeT ramdenime definicias.

deficiti aris periodis ganmavlobaSi danaxarjebis siWarbe Semosavlebze; Tu
Semosavali aRemateba danaxarjs, warmoiqmneba proficiti. TiTqos yvelaferi
martivadaa, sanam gavixsenebT pirvel Tavs, romelSic naTqvamia, rom biujeti ar
moicavs federaluri mTavrobis yovel qmedebas. moqmedi wesebis Tanaxmad,
saxelmwifo sapensio uzrunvelyofis Semosavlebi da xarjebi arasabiujetoa.
samarTlebrivi gansxvavebis miuxedavad, saxelmwifo valis Sesafaseblad
aucilebelia yvela Semosavlisa da xarjis gaTvaliswineba. amdenad, mTliani
deficitis an proficitis gamosaTvlelad aucilebelia, sabiujeto deficits
(an proficits) (romelic dakavSirebulia mxolod biujetiT gaTvaliswinebul
saqmianobasTan) mivumatoT arasabiujeto deficiti (an proficiti) (romelic
dakavSirebulia biujetiT gauTvaliswinebel, anu arasabiujeto saqmianobasTan).

598

cxrili 18.1 gviCvenebs mTlian federalur deficits (anu deficits,

romelic moicavs arasabiujeto Semosavlebsa da danaxarjebs) 1970-2005 wlebSi.
cifrebis perspeqtivaSi Sesafaseblad mocemulia maTi proporcia mTlian Sida
produqtTan mimarTebaSi. biujeti proficituri iyo 1998 wlidan 2001 wlamde,
magram umetesi drois ganmavlobaSi igi mainc deficitiT xasiaTdeboda.

axla ki kargi iqneba, Tu gaviazrebT, Tu ra gansxvavebaa deficitsa da

vals Soris. mimdinare periodis vali warmoadgens
warsulSi arsebuli
TiToeuli sabiujeto deficitis jams, anu vali aris warsulSi gaweuli xarjis
kumulaciuri siWarbe Semosavlebze. gamodis, rom deficitur weliwads vali
izrdeba, xolo proficitul weliwads ki
klebulobs. ekonomistebis enaze,
vali `cvladi kapitalia~ (romelic droSi izomeba), xolo proficiti da
deficiti ki `cvladi nakadebia~ (romelic periodis mixedviT izomeba).
oficialuri saxelmwifo statistikis Tanaxmad, 2002 wlis bolos federaluri
vali daaxloebiT 3,5 trilion aSS dolars Seadgenda. es cifri daujereblad
maRalia. rogorc iumoristi rasel beikeri [1985] aRniSnavda: `sinaTlis
weliwadis msgavsad, trilioni imdenad rTuli cifria aRsaqmelad, rom igi
daainteresebs mxolod maTematikisadmi avadmyofuri interesis mqone pirebs.
swored amitom adamianTa umetesi nawili aSkarad uinteresod ekideba im
naTqvams, rom male erovnuli vali gaxdeba 2 trilioni, 20 trilioni an 200
trilioni aSS dolari. ra mniSvneloba aqvs cifrs? gaugebroba gaugebrobaa~.

cxrili 18.1 federaluri saxelmwifo deficiti, 1970 2005 w.w.

fiskaluri weliwadi

mTliani deficiti (-) an

proficiti (miliard aSS
dolarSi)

mTliani deficitis (-) an

proficitis procentuli
Sefardeba mSp-sTan

1970

-2,8

0,3

1980

-73,8

-2,9

1985

-212,3

-5,4

1990

-221,4

-4,0

2000

236,4

2,4

2002

-157,8

-1,5

2005*

-7,0

-0,6

*prognozi
wyaro: kongresis sabiujeto ofisi, ekonomikuri da sabiujeto perspeqtivebi: 2004 2013
fiskaluri wlebi, 2003 wlis ianvari, gv. xvi. 148

599

cxrili 18.2 federaluri saxelmwifo vali sazogadoebis winaSe, 1970 2005 w.w.

fiskaluri weliwadi

saxelmwifo vali
(miliard aSS dolarSi)

saxelmwifo valis
procentuli Sefardeba
mSp-sTan

1970

283

29,4

1980

709

27,8

1985

1499

38,4

1990

2410

44,6

2000

3410

35,1

2002

3540

34,3

2005*

4013

33,6

*prognozi
wyaro: kongresis sabiujeto ofisi, ekonomikuri da sabiujeto perspeqtivebi: 2004 2013
fiskaluri wlebi, 2003 wlis ianvari, gv. xvi. 149.

beikeris gafrTxilebis miuxedavad, kargi iqneba, Tu vals perspeqtivaSi

mainc SevafasebT kvlav misi mSp-sTan Sedarebis gziT. 2002 wlis federaluri
vali (3,5 trilioni aSS dolari) imave wlis mSp-s 34%-s Seadgenda _ yoveli
dolaridan 34 centi am valis dafarvas unda moxmareboda. cxrili 18.2
gviCvenebs analogiur proporcias sxva wlebis ganmavlobaSi.

kerZo msesxeblis analogiurad, saxelmwifo kreditors uxdis sesxiT

sargeblobis procents. 2002 wels procentma 171 miliardi aSS dolari, anu
mTliani federaluri danaxarjis 8,5% Seadgina [kongresis sabiujeto ofisi,
2003, gv. 152].

deficitis, proficitisa da valis moculobis interpretacia

600

sakmaod
rTulia,
gadaWarbebiT
SevafasoT
cifrebis
politikuri
mniSvneloba, rodesac 18.1 da 18.2 cxrilebs vukvirdebiT. Tanamdebobis pirebi da
Jurnalistebi saxelmwifo finansebis mdgomareobis Sefasebis procesSi maT
didi yuradRebiT ekidebian. ase magaliTad, 2003 wels sakmaod mkacri debatebi
gaimarTa
mosalodneli
deficitis
SesaZlo
Sedegebis
Sesaxeb.
Tumca
ekonomikuri TvalsazrisiT arcTu mTlad Sinaarsiania cifrebi, romelmac
gamoiwvia debatebi deficitisa da proficitis Sesaxeb. axla ki ganvixiloT, Tu
ratom iTvleba es cifrebi ekonomikuri TvalsazrisiT uazrod.

saxelmwifos vali federaluri sarezervo sistemis mimarT. axorcielebs

ra monetarul operaciebs, federaluri sarezervo sistema SeiZens aSS-is
saxelmwifos fasian qaRaldebs1. 2002 wels misi wili 604 miliard aSS dolars
Seadgenda [prezidentis ekonomikuri angariSi, 2003, gv. 372]. samarTlebrivad
federaluri sarezervo sistema damoukidebeli samsaxuria, amdenad, misgan
aRebuli vali aRiricxeba, rogorc sazogadoebis winaSe arsebuli davalianeba;
arasamTavrobo
organizaciebidan
aRebuli
sesxi
ufro
relevanturad
gamoiyureba zogierTi miznebisaTvis.

Statebisa da municipalitetebis vali. miuxedavad imisa, rom vali

federaluri mTavrobis WrilSi ganixileba, mas xSirad iRebs Stati da
adgilobrivi mmarTveloba. 1999 wels Statebisa da municipalitetebis
gadauxdeli vali 1,37 trilion aSS dolars utoldeboda [aSS-is aRweris
samsaxuri, 2002 weli, gv. 269]. am wlis federaluri cifri 3,6 trilioni aSS
dolari iyo; ori cifris jami relevanturia, Tu Cven gvsurs SevafasoT
mTavrobis zemoqmedebis masStabi sakredito bazrebze.

inflaciis efeqti. deficitis standartuli gamoTvlisas gadasaxadi

moiazreba, rogorc saxelmwifo Semosavlebis erTaderTi wyaro. miuxedavad
amisa, rodesac saxelmwifo debitoria, fasTa done ki icvleba, valis realur
RirebulebaSi ganxorcielebuli cvlileba SesaZloa, Semosavlis mniSvnelovan
wyarod iqces. davuSvaT, rom wlis dasawyisSi Tqven sesxulobT 1000 dolars
kreditorisagan. Tanxa ar eqvemdebareba dabrunebas wlis bolomde. davuSvaT,
rom wlis ganmavlobaSi fasebi 10%-iT gaizarda. fuli, romelsac Tqven
kreditors daubrunebT, 10%-iT naklebi Rirebulebisaa, vidre is fuli,
romelic Tqven kreditorisagan isesxeT. faqtobrivad, inflaciis Sedegad Tqveni
valis realuri Rirebuleba 100 dolariT (1000 dolaris 10%) Semcirda. gamodis,

federaluri saxelmwifos zogierTi samsaxuri gascems sesxs xazinaze, magram,

federaluri sarezervo sistemisagan gansxvavebiT, mis mier gasesxebuli fuli ar aris
aRricxuli sazogadoebis winaSe arsebul davalianebaSi.

601

rom Tqveni Semosavali 100 dolariT gaizarda inflaciis Sedegad, xolo Tqveni
kreditoris realuri Semosavali ki 100 dolariT Semcirda2.

axla ki iseTive logikiT mivudgeT 2002 wlis federaluri deficitis

analizs. 2002 fiskaluri wlis dasawisSi federaluri mTavrobis daufaravi
vali daaxloebiT 3,5 trilion aSS dolars gautolda. 2002 wlis ganmavlobaSi
inflaciis done daaxloebiT 1,4% iyo. amdenad, inflaciis Sedegad 49
miliardiT Semcirda federaluri valis realuri Rirebuleba (=3,5 trilioni
dolari X 0,014). faqtobrivad, es Tanxa iseTive Semosavalia saxelmwifosaTvis,
rogorc nebismieri pirobiTi gadasaxadi. Tu Cven gaviTvaliswinebT `inflaciis
gadasaxads~, 158 miliardi moculobis pirobiTad gamoTvlili deficiti 109
miliard dolaramde Semcirdeba. saxelmwifo saaRricxvo wesebis Tanaxmad,
amgvari mogebis dokumenturi aRricxva valis inflaciuri eroziis gamo
ikrZaleba, rac realuri deficitis gadaWarbebiT Sefasebis tendencias aZlevs
stimuls.

kapitaluri danaxarjis Tu mimdinare danaxarjis aRricxva? federaluri

mTavroba Tavs mouyris yvela im danaxarjs, romelTa CarTva aucilebelia
biujetSi. ar aris saWiro, erTmaneTisagan mkafiod gansxvavdebodes mimdinare
danaxarji da kapitaluri danaxarji. mimdinare danaxarji moicavs wlis
ganmavlobaSi momsaxurebis SesaZenad gaweul yvela danaxarjs, vaSingtonis
monumentis saremonto xarjebidan dawyebuli, sazRvao flotis xelfasiT
damTavrebuli. kapitaluri danaxarji ki xangrZlivi gamoyenebis saqonlis
SeZenaze gaweul xarjebs gulisxmobs (damba, radaris sadguri, aviamzidi).
federalur doneze dafinansebuli fizikuri kapitalis rezervi 2,1 trilioni
aSS dolaria, saidanac 643 miliardi aSS dolari saxelmwifo Tavdacvasa da
danarCen sferoebzea gamoyofili [administraciul-sabiujeto marTva, 2003 weli,
gv. 153].

federaluri sabiujeto praqtikisagan gansxvavebiT, aSS-is biznesis,

Statebisa da municipalitetebis sabiujeto praqtika aseTia: warmoebul iqnes
cal-calke biujetebi mimdinare da kapitaluri danaxarjebisaTvis. calke
kapitaluri biujetis warmoebis Sedegad viRebT ufro zust suraTs
organizaciis finansuri mdgomareobis Sesaxeb. ratom? grZelvadiani saqonlis
SeZena arasodes iTvleba `danakargad~. es aris erTi aqtivis (fulis) gacvla
meore aqtivze (xangrZlivi gamoyenebis saqonelze). amdenad, aqtivis SeZena ar
iwvevs organizaciis deficitis warmoqmnas. gamoyenebis Sedegad aqtivi ganicdis
cveTas da swored misi cveTa warmoadgens danakargs. amdenad, standartuli
buxhaltruli aRricxvis procedurebis Tanaxmad, mimdinare biujetSi aisaxeba
grZelvadiani aqtivis wliuri cveTa da ara aqtivis SeZenis mTliani fasi.

Tu msesxebeli da kreditori moelian inflacias, mosalodnelia sesxis procentis

gazrda. aRniSnuli sakiTxi kargadaa ganxiluli me-15 TavSi.

602

federaluri mTavrobis mier biujetSi kapitaluri danaxarjebis dagegmvis

sakiTxis Sesaxeb arsebobs didi winaaRmdegoba. ideis momxreebi Tvlian, rom mis
gareSe saxelmwifo erTob ucnaur gadawyvetilebebs iRebs. politikosebma
SesaZloa, moawyon `Ria fasdakleba~ _ saxelmwifo aqtivebi miyidon kerZo
seqtors da, Tanac, ganacxadon, rom am gziT Semcirdeba deficiti. 2002 wlis
buSis
administraciis
mier
SemuSavebuli
deficitis
Semcirebis
gegma
nawilobriv
araTavdacviTi
federaluri
Senoba-nagebobebis
gayidvas
iTvaliswinebda. axla ki, rogorc ukve aRvniSneT me-4 TavSi, Cven gvaqvs Zalian
kargi mizezi imisaTvis, rom aseTi aqtivi gadavceT kerZo pirebs, Tumca am
garigebas araferi aqvs saerTo realuri sabiujeto deficitis SemcirebasTan.
igi ubralod gviCvenebs, rom arsebobs mTavroba, romelic erT aqtivs cvlis
meoreze. moqmedi saaRricxvo sistemis Tanaxmad, aseT gayidvaTa amonagebi
ganixileba, rogorc sagadasaxado Semosavlebis ekvivalenti da, amdenad,
moiazreba, rogorc deficitis Sevsebis saSualeba.

kapitaluri danaxarjis dagegmvis momxreTa saboloo argumenti ki is

aris, rom igi xalxs Seaxsenebs, rom sesxis aReba ar aris yovelTvis cudi.
keTilgonieri ojaxi aiRebs sesxs iseTi grZelvadiani aqtivis SesaZenad,
rogorciaa saxli an manqana; analogiurad, keTilgonieri mTavroba iRebs sesxs
grZelvadiani aqtivebis SesaZenad.

kapitaluri danaxarjebis dagegmvis ideis mowinaaRmdegeni aRniSnaven, rom

mTavroba ver asxvavebs erTmaneTisagan mimdinare da kapitalur danaxarjs. aris
Tu ara saganmanaTleblo da samsaxurebrivi treningi mimdinare xarji? Tu igi
adamianur kapitalSi ganTavsebuli investiciaa, romelmac nayofi momavalSi
unda moimkas? aris Tu ara raketa kapitaluri danaxarji (radgan igi didi xnis
ganmavlobaSi Zlebs)? Tu mimdinare danaxarji (radgan misi xelaxla gamoyeneba
SeuZlebelia)?
aseTi
mravalmniSvnelovani
faqtorebi
iwvevs
negatiur
politikur Sedegebs: axali xarjviTi programis TiToeuli oponenti imis
mtkicebas daiwyebs, rom es aris investicia da, amdenad, miekuTvneba
kapitaldabandebaTa biujets. faqtobrivad, iseTi satransfero programebis
momxreebi, rogoricaa samrewvelo taloni, amtkiceben, rom es aris `investicia~,
radgan dRes Raribi individis racionis gazrda mas produqtiuls gaxdis
momavalSi. kritikosebi miuTiTeben, rom satransfero programebis invesiticiad
klasificireba kapitalur da mimdinare danaxarjs Soris arsebul gansxvavebas
azrs ukargavs.

davuSvaT, ojaxi flobs 15 milioni dolaris Rirebulebis materialur

aqtivs (iaxtebs, saxlebs, rembrantis Sedevrs). misi davalianeba adgilobrivi
bankis winaSe (sakredito baraTiT sargeblobis sakomisioebi) 25000 aSS dolars
udris. ojaxs ar gaaCnia raime sxva aqtivi an valdebuleba. sisulele iqneba,
davaskvnaT, rom ojaxis materialuri mdgomareoba 25000 dolari valiTaa
gamoxatuli. zogadi finansuri mdgomareobis Sesafaseblad aucilebelia
TiToeuli aqtivisa da valdebulebis gaazreba da gaTvaliswineba.

603

federalur mTavrobas, masiur finansur valdebulebasTan erTad (rogorc

es miTiTebulia 18.2 cxrilSi), auracxeli materialuri aqtivic aqvs
(sacxovrebeli da arasacxovrebeli Senobebi, manqana-danadgarebi, oqro da
sasargeblo wiaRiseulis mopovebis ufleba). miuxedavad amisa, sazogadoebrivi
debatebi mTlianad mTavrobis finansur valdebulebebzea fokusirebuli da ara
mis materialur aqtivebze. aramaterialuri aqtivebis ugulebelyofam ki
SesaZloa, saxelmwifos finansuri mdgomareobis Sesaxeb mcdari warmodgena
Segviqmnas.

aracxadi valdebulebani. obligacia aris momavalSi gansazRvruli

Tanxis gadaxdis piroba. am Tanxis mimdinare Rirebuleba aris obligaciis wili
valis mTlian moculobaSi. magram obligacia ar aris erTaderTi meTodi,
romelsac federaluri mTavroba mimarTavs imisaTvis, rom sazogadoebis winaSe
momavalSi gansazRvruli Tanxis gadaxdis piroba dados. aRniSnuli SesaZloa,
kanonmdeblobis saSualebiTac moxdes. yvelaze mniSvnelovani magaliTi
saxelmwifo sapensio uzrunvelyofaa, romelic momaval pensionerebs sapensio
daxmarebas hpirdeba, romelsac mTavroba momavalSi misaRebi sagadasaxado
Semosavlebidan gadaixdis. rTulia zusti Rirebulebis gansazRvra, magram
saxelmwifo sapensio uzrunvelyofis
daufaravi momavali valdebuleba
daaxloebiT 9 trilions udris. `mediqeari~ analogiurad akisrebs saxelmwifos
samomavlo valdebulebebs; maTi mimdinare Rirebuleba daaxloebiT 6 trilion
aSS
dolars
uaxlovdeba.
garda
amisa,
federaluri
kanonmdebloba
uzrunvelyofs sapensio daxmarebas sajaro da samxedro moxeleebisaTvis.
federaluri sapensio valdebuleba 1,75 trilions utoldeba [administraciulsabiujeto samsaxuri, 2003, gv. 24].

cxadia, sakanonmdeblo piroba da oficialuri vali ar aris erTi da

igive: gansxvavebulia maTi samarTlebrivi statusi; valis cxadi formebi
warmoadgens kanonier valdebulebas, saxelmwifo sapensio uzrunvelyofisa da
`mediqearis~ daxmareba ki sakanonmdeblo cvlilebaTa gatarebis safuZvelze
SesaZloa, Semcirdes. miuxedavad amisa, am programaTa politikuri mxardaWera
imdenad Zlieria, rom mTavroba arc ki Seecdeba maT arsebiT Secvlas. amis
safuZvelze bevri ekonomisti Rrmad aris darwmunebuli imaSi, rom saxelmwifo
valma dapirebuli saxelmwifo sapensio uzrunvelyofis, `mediqearisa~ da sxva
kuTvnili daxmarebebis programaTa mimdinare Rirebulebac unda moicvas.

reziume

ramdenad didia saxelmwifo vali? pasuxi damokidebulia imaze, Tu

romeli aqtivi da valdebulebaa gaTvaliswinebuli gamoTvlebis dros da
rogor aris isini Sefasebuli. iseve, rogorc sxva analogiur situaciebSi,
`marTebuli~ pasuxi swored im miznebzea damokidebuli, romlebic Cven

604

gvamoZravebs. ase magaliTad, Tu Cveni mizani im valdebulebaTa gansazRvraa,

romlebic unda dafaron momavalma gadasaxadis gadamxdelebma, maSin gamoTvlis
dros racionaluri iqneba iseTi aracxadi valdebulebis gaTvaliswineba,
rogoricaa saxelmwifo sapensio uzrunvelyofa. Tu Cveni mizani fiskaluri
politikis
zegavlenis Sefasebaa sakredito bazrebze (romlebic odnav
mogvianebiT iqneba ganxiluli), maSin ufro sasargeblo iqneba pirobiTi
deficitis, an proficitis gaTvaliswineba (oficialuri valdebulebebis
CaTvliT). saerTod, didi sifrTxiliT unda movekidoT valis, deficitisa da
gadametebuli cifrebis interpretacias.

valis tvirTi

sayovelTaod aRiarebulia is faqti, rom saxelmwifo valis Semcireba

WeSmaritad dadebiTi saqme iqneba. Tumca Cven ratom vidardoT erovnuli valis
Sesaxeb? ratom unda viyoT dainteresebulni misi gazrdiT an SemcirebiT?
pasuxis gacema am kiTxvaze erTob rTulia da sesxis dafinansebis xarjebis
Sesaxeb sruli informaciis flobas moiTxovs. garda amisa, aucilebelia im
pirebis identificireba, visac akisria valis tvirTi.

dasawyisSive unda aRvniSnoT, rom momaval Taobas mouwevs valis gadaxda

an misi refinansireba (refinansireba gulisxmobs axali sesxis aRebas arsebuli
davalianebis dafarvis mizniT). nebismier SemTxvevaSi xorcieldeba transferi
momavali gadasaxadis gadamxdelisgan obligaciis mflobelze _ valis
refinansirebis SemTxvevaSic ki, aucilebeli iqneba procentis gadaxda
obligaciis axali mflobelebisaTvis. rogorc Cans, valis mTeli tvirTi
momaval Taobas ekisreba. Tumca gadasaxadebis efeqtis Teoria (ix. me-12 Tavi)
garkveul eWvqveS ayenebs aseT logikas. mxolod is faqti, rom samarTlebrivi
tvirTi ekisreba momaval Taobas, ar gulisxmobs imas, rom maTve ekisrebaT
realuri tvirTi. rogorc gadasaxadebis ganawilebis SemTxvevaSi, movlenaTa
dinamiurobis Sedegad, tvirTis ekonomikuri ganawileba sruliadac aRar hgavs
xolme tvirTis samarTlebriv ganawilebas. iseve, rogorc ganawilebis sxva
SemTxvevebSi,
pasuxi
ekonomikur
qmedebebTan
asocirebul
daSvebebzea
damokidebuli.

lerneris mosazreba

warmovidginoT, rom mTavroba fuls sakuTari qveynis moqalaqeebisagan

sesxulobs _ valdebuleba Sida valis saxelwodebiTaa cnobili. lerneris
[1948] Tanaxmad, Sida vali ar warmoqmnis tvirTs momavali TaobebisaTvis.
momavali Taobis warmomadgenlebs ubralod erTmaneTis mimarT eqnebaT

605

davalianeba. valis gadaxdis dros ganxorcieldeba Semosavlis transferi

mosaxleobis erTi jgufidan (romelic ar flobs obligaciebs) meore jgufSi
(romelic obligaciebis mflobelia). miuxedavad amisa, ar uaresdeba momavali
Taobis, rogorc mTliani sazogadoebrivi fenis, materialuri mdgomareoba _
misi moxmarebis done zustad igive iqneba, rac unda yofiliyo. rogorc me-18
saukunis mwerali, meloni, ityoda: `marjvena xels aqvs marcxena xelis vali~
[1985].

mdgomareoba
radikalurad
icvleba,
rodesac
qveyana
mimdinare
danaxarjebis dasafinanseblad meore qveynisagan iRebs sesxs. aseTi vali
sagareo valis saxelwodebiTaa cnobili (aSS-Si federaluri valis 39%
ucxoeli investorebisganaa nasesxebi [prezidentis ekonomikuri angariSi, 2003,
gv. 380). davuSvaT, rom sxva qveynidan nasesxebi vali mimdinare moxmarebis
dasafinanseblad
gamoiyeneba.
aseT
SemTxvevaSi
momaval
Taobas
erTmniSvnelovnad ekisreba tvirTi _ misi moxmarebis done valisa da
daricxuli procentis (romelic gadaexdeba ucxoel kreditors) TanxiT
klebulobs3. meore mxriv, Tu sesxi kapitalis dasabandeblad gamoiyeneba, maSin
Sedegi proeqtis rentabelobaze sruladaa damokidebuli. Tu investiciis
zRvruli ukugeba ucxoeTSi nasesxebi fuladi saxsrebis zRvrul Rirebulebas
aRemateba, sesxisa da kapitaluri danaxarjebis kombinacia, faqtobrivad,
aumjobesebs momavali Taobis materialur mdgomareobas. Tu proeqtis ukugeba
zRvrul Rirebulebaze naklebia, maSin momavali Taobis finansuri mdgomareoba
uaresdeba.

mosazreba imis Sesaxeb, rom Sida vali ar warmoqmnida tvirTs momavali

TaobebisaTvis, popularuli iyo ekonomistebs Soris 1940-1950 wlebSi. dRes
ekonomistebs ukve sjeraT, rom saqme bevrad ufro rTuladaa.

Tanmxvedr TaobaTa modeli

cxrili 18.3 Tanmxvedr TaobaTa modeli

2004-2004 wlebi

(1) Semosavali

axalgazrda

saSualo
asakis

xandazmuli

$ 12000

$ 12000

$12000

sesxis refinansirebis dros gadasaxdelia mxolod procenti.

606

(2) saxelmwifo vali

-6000

-6000

4000

4000

4000

(3) saxelmwifos mier

uzrunvelyofili moxmareba

2024 weli

(4) saxelmwifo
zrdis
gadasaxads
valis
dafarvis
mizniT
(5) saxelmwifo
faravs vals

axalgazrda

saSualo
asakis

xandazmuli

$ -4000

$-4000

$-4000

+6000

+6000

lerneris modelis Tanaxmad, `TaobaSi Sedis yvela cocxali adamiani

mocemuli periodisaTvis. Taobis ufro racionaluri ganmarteba ki aseTia:
Taoba warmoadgens im adamianTa nakrebs, romelic daaxloebiT erT periodSia
dabadebuli. am ganmartebis Tanaxmad, mocemul periodSi cxovrobs ramdenime
Taoba _ aseTi fenomeni Tanmxvedr TaobaTa modelis saxeliTaa cnobili.
Tanmxvedr TaobaTa martivi modelis analizis Sedegad kargad Cans, Tu rogor
mimdinareobs valis tvirTis TaobaTa Soris ganawileba.

warmovidginoT, rom mosaxleoba Tanabari raodenobis axalgazrda,

saSualo asakisa da xandazmuli Taobisagan Sedgeba. TiToeuli Taoba wina
Taobaze 20 wliT ufrosia; yvela Taobis TiToeuli wevris fiqsirebuli
Semosavali 12000 aSS dolaria 20 wlis ganmavlobaSi. ar arsebobs piradi
danazogi _ TiToeuli adamiani moixmars mTel Tavis Semosavals. TiTqos aseTi
situacia
samudamod
gagrZeldeba.
2004-dan
2024
wlamde sami
Taobis
warmomadgenelTa Semosavlebi 18.3 cxrilis pirvel rigSia mocemuli.

axla ki warmovidginoT, rom mTavroba gadawyvets, isesxos 12000 aSS

dolari sazogadoebrivi moxmarebis dafinansebis mizniT. sesxi dabrunebul
unda
iqnas
2024
wels.
mxolod
axalgazrda
da
saSualo
Taobis

607

warmomadgenlebs surT, asesxon fuli saxelmwifos _ xandazmul Taobas ara

aqvs amis survili, radgan misi warmomadgenlebi Tvlian, rom 20 wlis Semdeg
aRar iqnebian cocxlebi da sesxad gacemul fuls ver daibruneben. davuSvaT,
rom sesxis naxevars axalgazrda Taoba, xolo meore naxevars ki saSualo asakis
Taoba gascems. amdenad, TiToeuli individis moxmareba 2004-dan 2024 wlamde 6000
aSS dolariT mcirdeba. aRniSnuli tendencia kargad aris mocemuli 18.3
cxrilis meore rigSi. sesxis wyalobiT, saxelmwifo yvelasaTvis Tanabar
moxmarebas uzrunvelyofs _ TiToeuli individi iRebs 4000 aSS dolars (imave
cxrilis mesame rigi).

dro gadis. mova 2024 welic. 2004 wlis xandazmulTa Taoba scenas tovebs.
yofili saSualo asakis Taoba axla ukve xandazmulia, axalgazrdebi saSualo
asakamde mividnen da gaCnda sruliad axali Taobac. saxelmwifos sWirdeba 12000
aSS dolari valis gadasaxdelad, amitom igi TiToeul Taobas 4000 dolaris
gadasaxadiT begravs (me-4 rigi). miRebuli sagadasaxado Semosavlebis wyalobiT,
saxelmwifo ubrunebs vals kreditorebs _ axla ukve xandazmuli da saSualo
asakis Taobis warmomadgenlebs (me-5 rigi) (simartivisaTvis Cven CavTvaleT, rom
saprocento ganakveTi nulis tolia, amdenad, saxelmwifom mxolod ZiriTadi
Tanxa unda daabrunos. dadebiTi saprocento ganakveTis dawesebis SemTxvevaSi
ar Seicvleboda arsebiTi Sedegi, rac gulisxmobs imas, rom ar aris saWiro
momavali moxmarebis diskontireba imisaTvis, rom mimdinare Rirebuleba
davadginoT).

18.3 cxrilis safuZvelze viRebT aseT Sedegebs:

1.

sesxisa da misi Tanmxlebi sagadasaxado politikis wyalobiT, im Taobis

moxmarebis done, romelic xandazmulad iTvleboda 2004 wlidan 2024
wlamde, izrdeba 4000 aSS dolariT.
2. im TaobaTa moxmarebis done, romlebic 2004-2024 wlebSi axalgazrda da
saSualo asakis Taobad iTvleboda, arc izrdeba da arc mcirdeba.
3. 2024 wels dafiqsirebuli axalgazrda Taobis moxmarebis done 4000
dolariT klebulobs (rac ase ar iqneboda valisa da misi Tanxlebi
fiskaluri politikis ararsebobis SemTxvevaSi).
faqtobrivad, 4000 dolari 2024 wlis axalgazrda Taobidan 2004 wlis
xandazmulTa Taobas gadaeca. 2024 wels valis dafarva gulisxmobs transfers
im TaobisaTvis, romelic am momentSi cocxali iqneba. axalgazrda Taoba
yvelaze metad zaraldeba, radgan mas uwevs iseTi valis dafarva, romliTac
arasodes usargeblia. aRsaniSnavia, rom Sida da sagareo vals Soris arsebuli
distinqcia, rac ase mniSvnelovani iyo lerneris modelis mixedviT, sruliad
ararelevanturia am SemTxvevaSi: miuxedavad imisa, rom mTeli vali Sidaa, igi
mainc qmnis tvirTs axalgazrda TaobisaTvis.

608

18.3 cxrili gvaZlevs saxelmwifo fiskaluri politikis tvirTis (da

sargeblis) Sedarebis saSualebas TaobaTa Soris. es aris erTgvari bunebrivi
meTodi, romlis saxelwodebaa TaobaTaSorisi aRricxva, romelic ramdenime
safexurisagan Sedgeba: 1. viRebT TiToeuli Taobidan erT warmomadgenels da
viTvliT saxelmwifos winaSe arsebuli misi sagadasaxado valdebulebis
mimdinare
Rirebulebas.
2.
viTvliT
saxelmwifos
mier
individisaTvis
uzrunvelyofili nebismieri daxmarebis mimdinare Rirebulebas (saxelmwifo
sapensio uzrunvelyofa, `mediqeari~ da a.S.). gadasaxadebisa da saxelmwifo
daxmarebis mimdinare Rirebulebebs Soris arsebuli sxvaoba Taobis am
warmomadgenlis mier gadaxdili `wminda gadasaxadia~. sxvadasxva TaobaTa
wminda gadasaxadebis Sedarebis gziT viqmniT warmodgenas imis Sesaxeb, Tu
rogor anawilebs saxelmwifo Semosavals TaobaTa Soris.

am meTodiT Catarebuli gamoTvlebi cxadyofs, rom dRevandeli Taoba

momaval TaobaTa xarjze iRebs sargebels. gokheili, peiji da steroki [1999, gv.
497] amtkicebdnen, rom mimdinare politikuri kursis SenarCunebis SemTxvevaSi
1980 wels dabadebuli individis mier gadasaxdeli wminda gadasaxadi misi
sicocxlis ganmavlobaSi miRebuli Semosavlis 31% iqneba, 1995 wels
dabadebulTaTvis _ 29%, xolo momavali TaobebisaTvis ki _ 49.2%. cxadia, aseTi
gamoTvlebi efuZneba iseT faqtorebs, rogoricaa samomavlo sagadasaxado
ganakveTi, saprocento ganakveTi da a.S. garda amisa, gamoTvlebis dros
ugulebelyofilia is faqti, rom SesaZlebelia, dRevandelma Taobam izrunos
rogorc memkvidreebze, aseve sakuTar Tavze (ix. qvemoT). gamodis, rom
TaobaTaSorisi aRricxvis modeli Cvens yuradRebas mimarTavs saxelmwifo
fiskaluri politikis ara wliur Sedegebze, aramed Sedegebze, romlebic
aqtualuri iqneba mTeli sicocxlis ganmavlobaSi. pirobiTi deificitis
cifrebis msgavsad, wminda gadasaxadis gamoTvlis dros kidev bevri sxva
faqtoria gasaTvaliswinebeli.

neoklasikuri modeli

Cven mier aqamde ganxiluli TaobaTaSorisi modelebi ar iTvaliswinebs

imas, rom saxelmwifo sasesxo politikam SesaZloa, zemoqmedeba moaxdinos
ekonomikur gadawyvetilebebze; Secvlili gadawyvetileba ki moqmedebs imaze, Tu
vis daekisreba valis tvirTi. piriqiT, miCneuli iyo, rom valis dafarvis mizniT
dawesebuli gadasaxadi zemoqmedebas ar axdenda arc samuSao gadawyvetilebebze
da arc danazogze. Tu gadasaxadi cvlis aseT gadawyvetilebebs, maSin
ekonomikas realuri xarji ekisreba.

ufro metic, Cven ugulebelvyaviT sesxis dafinansebis potenciurad

mniSvnelovani zemoqmedeba kapitalis formirebaze. sesxis neoklasikuri
modelis Tanaxmad, saxelmwifos mier proeqtis inicirebis SemTxvevaSi (imis
miuxedavad, Tu riTia dafinansebuli igi _ gadasaxadebiT Tu sesxiT) kerZo

609

seqtoridan fuladi saxsrebi sazogadoebrivi seqtorisaken gadainacvlebs.

rodesac gamoyenebulia sagadasaxado dafinanseba, saxelmwifo seqtorSi
gadatanili Tanxa akldeba moxmarebas. meore mxriv, rodesac saxelmwifo iRebs
vals, igi ebmeba konkurenciaSi individebTan da firmebTan, romelTac agreTve
esaWiroebaT fuli sakuTari sainvesticio proeqtebis gansaxorcieleblad. aseT
SemTxvevaSi vali yvelaze did zegavlenas kerZo investiciaze axorcielebs.
sesxis dafinansebis Sedegad momavali Taoba, sxva Tanabar pirobebSi, mcire
moculobis ZiriTadi kapitalis amara rCeba. amdenad, momavali Taoba naklebad
produqtiuli iqneba da ufro mcire realuri Semosavali eqneba, vidre sxva
SemTxvevaSi eqneboda. amdenad, vali, axdens ra zemoqmedebas kapitalis
formirebaze,
warmoqmnis
tvirTs,
romelic
momaval
Taobas
ekisreba
(aRsaniSnavia, rom erTaderTi ucvleli faqtori saxelmwifo seqtoris ZiriTadi
kapitali aris. Tu saxelmwifo seqtori rentabelur investicias kerZo
seqtoridan amoRebuli fuladi resursis wyalobiT axorcielebs, mTliani
ZiriTadi kapitali izrdeba).

is mosazreba, rom saxelmwifo vali amcirebs kerZo investicias,

neoklasikuri analizis dros uaRresad mniSvnelovan rols TamaSobs.
aRniSnuli fenomeni xSirad gamodevnis (Seviwroebis) hipoTezis saxelwodebiTaa
cnobili _ rodesac saxelmwifo seqtori iwyebs investiciisaTvis xelmisawvdomi
resursis
gamoyenebas,
xdeba
kerZo
investiciis
gamodevna.
gamodevna
ganpirobebulia saprocento ganakveTis cvlilebiT. rodesac saxelmwifo zrdis
moTxovnas kreditze, saprocento ganakveTi (anu kreditis fasi) maSinve izrdeba;
saprocento ganakveTis zrdis dros ki kerZo investicia ufro ZviradRirebuli
da, Sesabamisad, ufro naklebad xelmisawvdomi da gamosayenebelia4.

rogorc Cans, am gziT SesaZlebeli iqneba gamodevnis hipoTezis

sworxazovani
gaSifvra.
ubralod,
gavaanalizoT
istoriuli
kavSiri
saprocento ganakveTsa da saxelmwifo deficits Soris (rogorc proporcia
mTliani Sida produqtis mimarT). or cvlads Soris arsebuli dadebiTi
Tanafardoba xazs usvams gamodevnis hipoTezis marTebulobas da piriqiT.
deficitis zemoqmedebis sakiTxi saprocento ganakveTebis Sesaxeb mwvave
politikuri debatebis obieqtivSi 2003 wels moeqca. buSis administraciis
biujetis proeqtis (romelic iTvaliswinebda mniSvnelovan deficits) momxreebi
amtkicebdnen, rom mosalodneli iyo umciresi zemoqmedeba saprocento
ganakveTebze, xolo oponentebi amtkicebdnen, rom saprocento ganakveTebi
gaizrdeboda.

saerTaSoriso doneze mobiluri kapitalis pirobebSi, saprocento ganakveTis zrda,

romelic
sesxiTaa
ganpirobebuli,
iwvevs
fuladi
saxsrebis
Semotanas
sazRvargareTidan. amis Sedegad izrdeba dolarze moTxovna, misi Rirebuleba da
amerikuli eqsportis fasi. amdenad, gamoidevneba ara Sida investicia, aramed wminda
eqsporti. aSS-is ekonomikaSi gamoidevneba xolme rogorc Sida investicia, aseve
eqsporti.

610

samwuxarod,
am
winaaRmdegobis
daZleva
erTob
rTulia,
radgan
saprocento ganakveTze bevri sxva cvladic axdens zemoqmedebas. ase magaliTad,
ekonomikuri vardnis periodSi mcirdeba investicia da masTan erTad _
saprocento
ganakveTic.
paralelurad,
biznesisaTvis
araadekvaturi
da
araxelsayreli pirobebi Semcirebul sagadasaxado Semosavlebs ganapirobebs,
rac, sxva Tanabar pirobebSi, zrdis deficits. amrigad, monacemebma SesaZloa,
saprocento ganakveTsa da deficits Soris ukuproporciuli damokidebuleba
gviCvenon, Tumca es arafers gveubneba raime formis gamodevnis Sesaxeb. rogorc
yovelTvis,
axlac
Cveni
problema
deficitis
damoukidebeli
efeqtis
gansazRvraa saprocento ganakveTebze. rogorc Cven me-2 TavSi vuCveneT, aseTi
saxis problemaTa daregulireba rTulia. ekonometrikis specialistebi am
sakiTxs
intensiurad
swavlobdnen
ramdenime
aTwleulis
ganmavlobaSi;
samwuxarod, aRniSnulma kvlevam ver uzrunvelyo konkretuli Sedegebi5.

erTob bundovani ekonometrikuli mtkicebulebis miuxedavad, gamodevnis

zogierTi forma imdenad aSkaraa, rom ekonomistTa didi nawili fiqrobs, rom
mwvave deficiti ZiriTadi kapitalis moculobas amcirebs6. Tumca aravin icis
ZiriTadi kapitalisa da momaval TaobaTa keTildReobis Semcirebis zusti
ganakveTis Sesaxeb. erTaderTi, rac viciT, aris is, rom warsulSi arsebuli
deficitebis Sedegad dRes
aSS-is saxelmwifo Semosavali 6%-iT naklebia im
Semosavalze, romelic aSS-s unda mieRo sxva SemTxvevaSi [Ball and Mankiw, 1995, gv.
106]. Tu es Sefaseba sworia, maSin gamodis, rom deficits aqvs negatiuri, magram
ara damRupveli zegavlena ekonomikaze.

rikardianuli modeli

Cven
mier
aqamde
ganxiluli
SemTxvevebis
dros
absoluturad
ugulebelyofili iyo individTa saerTaSoriso transferis potenciuri
mniSvneloba TaobaTa WrilSi. baro [1974] amtkicebda, rom, saxelmwifos mier
sesxis aRebis SemTxvevaSi, `Zveli~ Taobis warmomadgenlebi gaiazreben imas, rom
amiT uaresdeba maTi memkvidreebis finansuri mdgomareoba. Zveli Taoba zrunavs
STamomavalTa keTildReobaze; mamas sulac ar surs, rom Svilis moxmarebis
done daeces. risi gakeTeba SeuZlia Zvel Taobas? mas SeuZlia, gazardos
anderZiT datovebuli qoneba misi Svilis mier momavalSi gadasaxdeli TanxiT.
amis Sedegad ki araferi Seicvleba. TiToeuli Taoba zustad imdenives
moixmars, ramdensac moixmarda saxelmwifos mier valis aRebamde. 18.3 modelis
Tanaxmad, 2004 wlis xandazmuli Taoba dazogavs 4000 dolars da mas 2024 wels
axalgazrda Taobas gadascems. am gziT ucvleli iqneba orive Taobis
moxmarebis done.

ori sxvadasxva Sedegi ixileT geilisa da poteris [2002] da kalomirisisa da hasetis

[2002] kvlevebSi.
6
maRali saprocento ganakveTi moizidavs ucxour investicias. amdenad, gamodevnis
koeficienti naklebi iqneba. momaval Taobaze dakisrebuli tvirTis moculoba ki
TiTqmis ucvlelia, imitom rom mas ucxoelebisaTvis procentis gadaxda mouwevs.

611

faqtobrivad,
kerZo
individi
aneitralebs
saxelmwifos
sasesxo
politikis efeqts Taobebze da sagadasaxado da sesxiT dafinanseba,
faqtobrivad, ekvivalenturi xdeba. saxelmwifo fiskaluri politika sruliad
umniSvneloa. aseT midgomas ki rikardianuli modeli ewodeba, radgan misi
winamorbedi modeli ganxilulia me-19 saukunis britaneli ekonomistis devid
rikardos naSromebSi (Tavad rikardo yovelTvis skeptikurad udgeboda im
models, romelic axla mis saxels atarebs).

baros provokaciuli hipoTeza imis Sesaxeb, rom sruliad umniSvneloa

saxelmwifo fiskaluri politika, seriozuli msjelobis sagans warmoadgens.
zogierTisaTvis es idea absoluturad miuRebelia, radgan igi efuZneba
daujerebel da ararsebul daSvebebs. daviwyoT imiT, rom sakmaod rTulia
informaciis mopoveba imis Sesaxeb, Tu ra moculobis sagadasaxado tvirTs
warmoqmnis dRevandeli deficiti; rogorc ukve aRvniSneT am TavSi, bundovania
Tavad sesxis moculobac ki! meore kritikuli Sexeduleba ki is aris, rom
mosaxleoba arcTu ise SorsmWvretelia, rogorc am modelSia warmodgenili.

meore mxriv, Teoriis marTebuloba mowmdeba ara imiT, Tu ramdenad

axlos dgas WeSmaritebasTan Teoriuli daSvebani, aramed imiT, Tu ramdenad
marTldeba
misi
prognozi.
1980-ian
wlebSi,
skeptikosTa
mtkicebiT,
mniSvnelovnad gaizarda federaluri deficiti. Tu rikardianuli modeli
marTebulia, maSin Sesabamisad unda gazrdiliyo piradi danazogi. piradi
danazogi ki Semcirda (wminda erovnul produqtTan SedarebiT). cxadia, es
monacemi erTgvarad damafiqrebelia, Tumca ar iZleva raime daskvnis gakeTebis
saSualebas, radgan danazogis ganakveTze, deficitis garda, Zalian bevri
faqtori axdens zemoqmedebas. bevri ekonometrikuli kvleva swavlobda
sabiujeto deficitsa da danazogs Soris arsebul damokidebulebas (ix. Smetters
[1999]). argumentebi kvlavac bundovania. rikardianul models ki profesional
ekonomistTa Soris mimdevrebic hyavs da mowinaaRmdegenic.

mimoxilva

valis
tvirTis
problema
gadasaxadis
ganawilebis
problemis
analogiuria, oRond TaobaTaSoris WrilSi. rogorc sxva msgavs SemTxvevebSi,
axlac erTob rTulia valis tvirTis zusti gansazRvra. pirvel rigSi, ar aris
naTeli, Tu rogor unda moxdes tvirTis identificireba. valis tvirTi fasdeba:
(1) erTi Taobis (daaxloebiT Tanabari asakis adamianTa) moxmarebis potencialis
mixedviT an (2) im adamianTa moxmarebis mixedviT, romlebic cocxlebi arian
mocemul momentSi. adekvaturi ganmartebis arsebobis pirobebSic ki tvirTis
arseboba damokidebulia Semdeg sakiTxebze: Sidaa vali Tu sagareo? ra
zemoqmedebas axdens sesxis politika sxvadasxva ekonomikur gadawyvetilebaze?

612

ra saxis proeqtebia dafinansebuli sesxiT? am faqtorTa Seswavlis mizniT

ramdenime empiriuli kvleva Catarda kidec. Tumca jerjerobiT raime konsensusi
ar arsebobs.

gadasaxadi Tu vali?

2003 wels, erayTan omis dawyebis dros, prezidentma buSma ganacxada, rom
omis dafinansebas 75 miliardi aSS dolari dasWirdeboda. maSinve gaimarTa
cxare kamaTi imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor unda dafinansebuliyo omi _
gadasaxadebis gazrdis Tu valis damatebis gziT? arCevanis gakeTeba valsa da
gadasaxads Soris aris sajaro finansebis winaSe arsebuli erT-erTi yvelaze
mniSvnelovani SekiTxva. Cven ukve vimsjeleT valis tvirTis Sesaxeb; amdenad,
axla yvelaze kargi droa imisaTvis, rom ganvixiloT ramdenime midgoma,
romelic garkveulwilad naTels mohfens am SekiTxvas.

sargeblis miRebis principi

es aris damoukidebeli normatiuli principi, romlis Tanaxmadac,

konkretuli
saxelmwifo
xarjviTi
programis
beneficiari
valdebulia,
gadaixados safasuri miRebuli sargeblisaTvis. programa qmnis sargebels
momavali TaobisaTvis. amdenad, upriani iqneboda sesxis dafinansebis gziT
momaval Taobaze gagvenawilebina valis tvirTi. adekvaturi magaliTi aris
sesxis aReba swavlis safasuris gadasaxdelad, rac zrdis studentis momaval
Semosavlebs.

TaobaTaSorisi Tanasworoba

davuSvaT, rom teqnologiuri progresis wyalobiT, Cveni SviliSvilebi

Cvenze mdidrebi iqnebian. Tuki Taobis SigniT Semosavali nawildeba mdidridan
Raribze, ratom ar nawildeba Semosavali mdidari Taobidan Rarib Taobaze?
cxadia, im SemTxvevaSi, Tu mosalodnelia Cveni STamomavlebis CvenTan
SedarebiT
gaRaribeba
(davuSvaT,
araganaxlebadi
resursebis
amowurvis
Sedegad), maSin Semosavali zustad sawinaaRmdego mimarTulebiT unda
ganawildes.

613

efeqtianoba

efeqtianobis poziciidan, aucilebelia imis dadgena, Tu romeli

warmoqmnis ufro mZime zedmet tvirTs _ vali Tu gadasaxadi. am kiTxvaze
pasuxis gasacemad aucilebelia, gaviazroT is faqti, rom saxelmwifos
danaxarjis nebismieri zrda sabolood gazrdili gadasaxadebis xarjze unda
dafinansdes. gadasaxadebiT dafinansebasa da sesxiT dafinansebas Soris
arCevanis gakeTeba, ubralod, droiTi upiratesobis dadgenis sakiTxia.
gadasaxadebiT dafinansebis SemTxvevaSi danaxarjis gawevis momentSi msxvili
Tanxis erTjeradi gadaxda warmoebs. sesxiT dafinansebis SemTxvevaSi warmoebs
mcire Tanxebis mravaljeradi gadaxda (sesxis procentebis gadaxda). ase rom,
sagadasaxado Semosavlebis mimdinare Rirebuleba orive SemTxvevaSi Tanabari
unda iyos.

Tu orive meTodis SemTxvevaSi sagadasaxado Semosavlebis mimdinare

Rirebuleba Tanabaria, aqvs ki raime azri romelime maTganisaTvis upiratesobis
miniWebas, Tundac efeqtianobis poziciidan gamomdinare? simartivisaTvis
davuSvaT, rom valiT dafinansebis SemTxvevaSi moxdeba SromiTi Semosavlebis
dabegvra. rogorc me-13 TavSia [(13.4) formula] miTiTebuli, aseTi gadasaxadi
cvlis gadawyvetilebebs Sromis miwodebis Sesaxeb, rac iwvevs Semdegi zedmeti
tvirTis warmoqmnas:

1 ewLt 2 ,
2

sadac

samuSao

saaTebis

kompensirebuli

elastiurobaa

xelfasTan

mimarTebaSi, w aris daubegravi xelfasi, L _ namuSevari saaTebis raodenoba, t ki

_ Rirebulebis sagadasaxado ganakveTi. aRsaniSnavia, rom zedmeti tvirTi
sagadasaxado ganakveTis kvadratiT izrdeba _ rodesac sagadasaxado ganakveTi
ormagdeba, zedmeti tvirTis moculoba oTxmagdeba. dabal sagadasaxado
ganakveTTan, anu t1-Tan asocirebuli zedmeti tvirTi aris c 1 , xolo maRal
sagadasaxado ganakveTTan, anu

t2-Tan asocirebuli zedmeti tvirTi ki iqneba

c 2 . efeqtianobis poziciidan gamomdinare, upriani iqneba t1 ganakveTiT orjer

dabegvra, vidre erTxel - t2 ganakveTiT. sesxiT dafinanseba dakavSirebulia
SedarebiT mcire moculobis Tanxebis mravaljerad gadaxdasTan. amdenad,
efeqtianobis poziciidan gamomdinare, sesxiT dafinanseba ufro gamarTlebulia,
vidre gadasaxadebiT dafinanseba.

614

argumenti
garkveulwilad
gamarTlebulia.
samwuxarod,
igi
ugulebelyofs erT mniSvnelovan faqtors _ valis zrda, amcirebs ra ZiriTadi
kapitalis moculobas, kidev ufro met zedmet tvirTs warmoqmnis7. amdenad,
SromiTi miwodebis poziciidan, SesaZloa, ufro efeqtiani sesxiT dafinanseba
iyos, magram igi naklebad efeqtiani iqneba kapitalis ganTavsebis poziciidan.
apriori bundovania, Tu romeli efeqtia ufro mniSvnelovani; amdenad, Cven ar
Segvwevs imis unari, CavwvdeT, Tu romelia ufro efeqtiani _ sesxiT dafinanseba
Tu gadasaxadebiT dafinanseba.

amdenad,
`gamodevnis~
hipoTeza,
romelic
mniSvnelovan
sagans
warmoadgenda valis TaobaTaSorisi tvirTis Sesaxeb gamarTul msjelobaTa
dros, mniSvnelovania efeqtianobis TvalsazrisiTac. rikardianuli modelis
Tanaxmad, gamodevnas adgili ara aqvs. amdenad, gadasaxadi axdens zemoqmedebas
mxolod Sromis miwodebis arCevanze, swored amitom sesxiT dafinanseba,
efeqtianobis poziciidan, erTmniSvnelovnad ukeTesia. Tumca, rodesac adgili
aqvs kerZo investiciis gamodevnas, maSin gadasaxadiT dafinanseba ufro
mimzidveli xdeba. sanam ar miviRebT raime konkretul daskvnas gamodevnis
Sesaxeb, Cven ver vimsjelebT sesxiT dafinansebisa da gadasaxadiT dafinansebis
Rirsebaze, efeqtianobis poziciidan gamomdinare.

makroekonomikuri mosazrebani

ufro zustad, kidev ufro meti zedmeti tvirTi warmoiqmneba, rodesac ZiriTadi
kapitali optimalur doneze dabla imyofeba (davuSvaT, kapitalur Semosavalze
gadasaxadis arsebobis gamo) [ix. Feldstein, 1985, gv. 234].

615

aqamde Cven vuSvebdiT, rom yvela resursi mTlianad gamoyenebulia. aseTi

daSveba adekvaturia ekonomikis grZelvadiani tendenciebis dasaxasiaTeblad. ra
arCevani gavakeToT gadasaxadisa da deficitis dafinansebas Soris moklevadian
perspeqtivaSi, rodesac arsebobs umuSevrobis SesaZlebloba? keinziseuli
standartuli makroekonomikuri modelis mixedviT, arCevani damokidebulia
umuSevrobis doneze. rodesac umuSevrobis done Zalian dabalia, damatebiT
saxelmwifo danaxarjebs inflaciamde mivyavarT, amdenad, aucilebeli iqneba
kerZo seqtoridan xarjvis Zalauflebis amoqaCva, anu gadasaxadebis gazrda.
xolo, rodesac umuSevroba maRalia, moTxovnis stimulirebis mizniT deficitis
warmoqmna aucilebelia. am midgomas zogjer funqcionaluri finansebi ewodeba,
rac erToblivi moTxovnis adekvatur doneze SesanarCuneblad gadasaxadebisa
da deficitis gamoyenebas gulixsmobs. am dros aRar dagvWirdeba calke zrunva
biujetis dabalansebaze.

1970-ian wlebSi keinziseuli konsensusi kargavs aqtualobas. masTan erTad

ingreva universaluri warmodgenebi
funqcionaluri finansebis
Sesaxeb.
makroekonomikuri Teoriis zogierTi faqtori ipyrobs Cvens yuradRebas, Tumca
am faqtorebis ganxilvamde xazi unda gaesvas Semdeg sakiTxebs:

Tu marTebulia baros TaobaTaSorisi altruistuli modeli, maSin

adamianebs SeuZliaT saxelmwifo sasesxo politikis Sedegebis
ganeitraleba. mTavrobas ekonomikis dastabilureba ar SeuZlia8.
keinziseuli modelis mixedviTac ki arsebobs didi ganusazRvreloba
imis irgvliv, Tu ra periodi sWirdeba fiskalur politikur
cvlilebas imisaTvis, rom moaxdinos cvlileba dasaqmebis doneze.
Tumca umuSevrobis warmatebuli politika adekvatur droiT grafiks
moiTxovs. grafikis gareSe SesaZloa, ekonomikis stimulireba maSinac
ki gagrZeldes, rodesac es ukve aRar aris saWiro, rac Sedegad
inflacias mogvitans.

moraluri da politikuri aspeqtebi

zogierTi mkvlevaris azriT, arCevanis gakeTeba gadasaxadiT dafinansebasa

da sesxiT dafinansebas Soris moraluri sakiTxia. mwvave deficiti `ar aris
ubralod an upirvelesad ekonomikuri sakiTxi, igi moralur naklovanebasa da
sazogadoebrivi xasiaTis simaxinjeebze miuTiTebs [Will, 1985A]. moralurobis
winapiroba TavdaWerilobaa; deficiti ki TavdaWerilobis Zalian dabal doneze
mianiSnebs; amdenad, deficiti amoraluria. aracxadi daSveba imis Sesaxeb, rom
sesxi amoraluria, am sakiTxis irgvliv mimdinare politikuri debatebis dros
xSirad ganixileba.

ufro zustad, mosalodneli politikuri cvlileba ver moaxdens zemoqmedebas. Tumca

moulodnel cvlilebas SesaZloa, hqondes zemoqmedeba _ ganmartebis Tanaxmad, individs
ar SeuZlia, qcevis stili Secvalos.

616

rogorc ukve ramdenjerme aRvniSneT, eTikuri sakiTxebi saxelmwifo

politikis formirebis procesSi friad aqtualuria; amdenad, is argumenti, rom
deficiti amoraluria, seriozul mopyrobas imsaxurebs. es normatiuli
mosazreba mTlianad eqvemdebareba daumtkicebel pozitiur hipoTezas imis
Sesaxeb, rom valis tvirTi gadaecema momaval Taobebs. ufro metic, gaugebaria,
Tu ratom aris es konkretuli normatiuli mosazreba ufro dominanturi, vidre
sargeblis miRebis principi, romelic sesxis aRebas moralur uflebad miiCnevs.

albaT, deficitis sawinaaRmego ufro mZlavr araekonomikur argumentad

politikuri argumenti gamodgeba. rogorc me-6 TavSi aRvniSneT, politikuri
procesi naklebi RirebulebiT afasebs saxelmwifo danaxarjs da zedmeti
RirebulebiT saxelmwifo sargebels. dabalansebuli biujetis disciplinis
wyalobiT, SesaZlebeli gaxdeba sargeblisa da danaxarjis ufro zusti
Rirebulebis dadgena; am gziT SesaZlebeli iqneba saxelmwifo seqtoris Warbi
zrdis SeCereba.

bevri mkvlevari darwmunebulia imaSi, rom saxelmwifo Zalian bevrs

xarjavs. Tumca, zogierTi mkvlevaris azriT, deficitma SesaZloa, Seasrulos
saxelmwifo danaxarjebis
efeqtiani
muxruWis
roli. nobelis premiis
laureatis milton fridmanis [2003, gv. A10] pirobiTi mosazrebis Tanaxmad,
saxelmwifo xarjebis done fiqsirebulia imis miuxedavad, arsebobs Tu ara
deficiti. aseT SemTxvevaSi gadasaxadebis zrdis Sedegad SesaZlebeli gaxdeba
deficitis Sevseba. Tumca fridmani ambobs, rom ufro racionaluri iqneba,
warmovidginoT iseTi modeli, sadac saxelmwifo danaxarji ar iqneba
fiqsirebuli _ iRebs ra saxelmwifo met sagadasaxado Semosavals, xarjavs
kidec mas. `winaswar gansazRvrulia ara xarjva, aramed politikurad dasaSvebi
deficiti. gadasaxadebi unda gaizardos imisaTvis, rom davamarcxoT arsebuli
deficiti da politikurad dasaSveb deficits mivaRwioT ~. saxelmwifos
xarjviTi nawilis damuxruWebis ukeTesi strategia gadasaxadebis Semcirebaa.
`am dros warmoiqmneba iseTi deficiti, romelic aiZulebs aRmasrulebel
xelisuflebasa da sakanonmdeblo organoebs, Tavi Seikavon didi xarjis
gawevisagan~. rogorc me-6 TavSi xazgasmiT aRiniSna, Zalian rTulia saxelmwifo
xarjvis Sesaxeb arsebuli Teoriebis marTlzomierebis Sefaseba. fridmanis
mosazrebac erTgvari hipoTezaa, romelic mudmivad gvaxsenebs, Tu politikuri
rekomendaciebis SemuSavebis dros raoden mniSvnelovania politikuri garemos
gaTvaliswineba.

mimoxilva

saxelmwifo vali friad amaRelvebeli da rTuli sakiTxia.

ZiriTadi Sedegi, rac miviReT am TavSi mocemuli analizis Sedegad:

ai,

is

617

mocemuli periodis deficiti damokidebulia sabuxhaltro aRricxvis

meTodze. es faqti xazs usvams deficitTan, proficitTan da sesxTan
dakavSirebuli nebismieri cifris TviTmyofadobas.
proficitis da deficitis Sedegebis Sefaseba erTob rTuli, Tumca
potenciurad friad mniSvnelovania. Tundac Cven zustad vicodeT,
Tu ra zemoqmedebas hqonda adgili, sesxis politikis Sedegi mainc
damokidebuli iqneba iseT eTikur mosazrebebze, romlebic exeba
Semosavlis TaobaTaSoris ganawilebas.

amrigad, arcTu ise mniSvnelovani iqneba, SevafasoT saxelmwifo seqtoris

ekonomikuri saqmianoba calke, oficialuri deficitis an proficitis
moculobis safuZvelze. deficiti ar aris aucileblad cudi, xolo proficiti
ki _ aucileblad kargi. ufro mniSvnelovania imis dadgena, aris Tu ara
optimalur doneze saxelmwifo momsaxureba, gansakuTrebiT, Tu viTvaliswinebT
im resursebis Rirebulebas, romlebic saWiroa am momsaxurebis gasawevad.
saxelmwifo xarjvisa da dafinansebis Sesaxeb cxare kamaTi mimdinareobs, rac
demokratiuli saxelmwifosaTvis ase mniSvnelovania. deficitis Sedegebisa da
dafinansebis sxva formebis gaTvaliswineba mniSvnelovani da Rirebulia
sazogadoebisaTvis. miuxedavad amisa, liberalebisa da konservatorebis
tendencia, Seafason saxelmwifo finansebis mdgomareoba mxolod deficitis
safuZvelze, sruliad uSedegoa da diskusiaTa procesSi gaurkvevlobas qmnis.

daskvna

vali saxelmwifos dafinansebis mniSvnelovani saSualebaa. Tu

periodis
ganmavlobaSi
danaxarji
aRemateba
Semosavlebs,
warmoiqmneba deficiti; xolo Tu Semosavlebi aRemateba danaxarjebs,
warmoiqmneba proficiti; vali mocemul periodSi warmoadgens
warsulSi arsebuli deficitisa da proficitis algebrul jams.
federaluri saxelmwifo deficitis, proficitisa da valis Sesaxeb
arsebul oficialur monacemebs sifrTxiliT unda movekidoT
Semdegi mizezebis gamo:
Statebi
da
municipalitetebic
valdebulebebiT xasiaTdebian.

soliduri

daufaravi

inflacia amcirebs sesxis realur Rirebulebas;

deficiti an proficiti arasodes afiqsirebs am faqts.

oficialuri

federaluri mTavroba ar ganasxvavebs erTmaneTisagan kapitalur da

mimdinare
danaxarjebs.
Tumca
federaluri
mTavrobisaTvis
kapitaluri biujetis formirebis mcdeloba SesaZloa, sruli kraxiT

618

dasruldes rogorc konceptualuri, aseve politikuri problemebis

gamo.
aucilebelia, mxedvelobaSi miRebul iqnes rogorc saxelmwifos
materialuri aqtivi, aseve mTavrobis aracxadi valdebulebani
(magaliTad, gadaxdis piroba saxelmwifo sapensio uzrunvelyofis an
`mediqearis~ sistemis mxridan).

gaurkvevelia, ekisreba Tu ara momaval Taobas sesxis mTeli tvirTi.

arsebobs mosazreba, romlis Tanaxmadac, Sida vali ar warmoqmnis
tvirTs
momavali
TaobisaTvis,
radgan
es
aris
ubralo
TaobaTaSorisi transferi. Tumca Tanmxvedr TaobaTa modelis
mixedviT, sesxiT dafinansebis gziT SesaZloa, momaval Taobas
realuri tvirTi davakisroT.
valis tvirTi damokidebulia imaze, Tu ramdenad gamodevnis vali
kerZo investicias. Tu marTla gamodevnis, maSin momaval Taobebs
eqneba ufro mcire ZiriTadi kapitali da, amdenad, sxva Tanabar
pirobebSi, dabali realuri Semosavali. rikaridianuli modelis
Tanaxmad,
TaobaTa
Soris
ganxorcielebuli
nebayoflobiTi
transferi sesxis politikis zegavlenas aneitralebs ise, rom kerZo
investiciis gamodevna saerTod aRar xdeba.
saxelmwifo danaxarjis gadasaxadiT dafinansebasa da sesxiT
dafinansebas Soris arCevanis gakeTebis dros aucilebelia ramdenime
faqtoris gaTvaliswineba. sargeblis miRebis principis Tanaxmad, Tu
proeqti
sargebels
moutans
momaval
Taobebs,
maSin
misi
ganxorcieleba sesxiT dafinansebis gziT sruliad racionaluria.
garda amisa, Tu mosalodnelia, rom momavali Taoba ufro mdidari
iqneba, vidre dRevandeli, maSin, Tanasworobis principebidan
gamomdinare, adekvaturi iqneba, Tu maTze moxdeba tvirTis garkveuli
doziT ganawileba.
efeqtianobis poziciidan, aucilebelia SevadaroT zedmeti tvirTi,
romelic warmoiqmneba gadasaxadebiT dafinansebis SemTxvevaSic da
sesxiT dafinansebis SemTxvevaSic. Tu ar xdeba kerZo investiciis
gamodevna, maSin sesxi nakleb zedmet tvirTs warmoqmnis, radgan
mcire Tanxebis mravaljerad gadaxdas moiTxovs. amis Sedegad
warmoiqmneba mcire tvirTi, vidre erTjeradi da didi gadasaxadis
gadaxdis SemTxvevaSi. Tumca Tu adgili eqneba kerZo investiciis
gamodevnas, maSin SesaZloa, yvelaferi piriqiT moxdes.

sadiskusio SekiTxvebi

1.

ra zegavlenas moaxdens qvemoT CamoTvlili movlenebi saxelmwifo valze

misi amJamindeli Sefasebis safuZvelze?
a. mTavroba iRebs sesxs xsovnis dRis aRlumis dasafinanseblad.
b. Tavisuflebis qandakeba gayidulia kerZo mewarmeebis jgufze.
g. mtkicdeba kanoni, romlis Tanaxmad, ufaso samedicino momsaxurebiT
isargeblebs 5 wlamde asakis yvela bavSvi.

619

d. mTavroba 100 dolariT begravs lins am wels da aZlevs momaval wels 105
dolaris gadaxdis pirobas.
e. mTavroba linisagan sesxulobs 100 dolars, xolo momaval wels ki
ubrunebs 100 dolars 5%-ian ganakveTTan erTad.

warmoidgineT, rom Tqven awarmoebT mTavrobis

aRricxvas. rogor aRricxavdiT TiToeul movlenas?

buRaltrul

2. 1970-iani wlebis frangi sajaro moxele, montioni, ambobda: `didi

britaneTi oms gadasaxadebiT ki ara, sesxis saSualebiT afinansebs. Cven
ki omis dros gvCvevia xolme gadasaxadebis gazrda [Saegent and Velde, 1995].
montioni fiqrobda, rom britanuli politika saukeTeso iyo. eTanxmebiT
Tu ara mis mosazrebas? ramdenad Seesabameba Tqveni pasuxi rikardianul
models?
3. Sikis Tanaxmad [2002, gv. 46], `1990-iani wlebis bolos warmoqmnilma
proficitma
saTave
daudo
aranormalur
xarjvas.
man
daarRvia
diskreciuli xarjvis zeda zRvari, romelic dadgenili iyo 1990 wlis
kanoniT biujetis Sesaxeb da sasacilo gaxada aRniSnuli kanonis
moTxovna, romelic gazrdili xarjvis kompensirebas danaxarjebis sxva
muxlebis Semcirebis an Semosavlebis zrdis gziT iTvaliswinebda.
ganixileT am movlenis damokidebuleba milton fridmanis mosazrebasTan
da gaaanalizeT deficitsa da saxelmwifo xarjvas Soris arsebuli
urTierToba.
4. davuSvaT, rom Sromis miwodebis kompensirebuli elastiuroba xelfasTan
mimarTebaSi aris nulis toli. efeqtianobis poziciidan, ra iqneba sesxiT
dafinansebasa
da
gadasaxadiT
dafinansebas
Soris
gakeTebuli
optimaluri arCevanis Sedegi?
5. 2000 wels ohaios senatorma jorj voinoviCma aRniSna: `jansaRi azri
gveubneba, rom Cveni upirvelesi movaleoba unda iyos biujetis
proficitis gamoyeneba saxelmwifo valis dasafarad. Tqveni komentari
am sityvebze.
6. 2002 wlis Statebis mdgomareobis amsaxvel angariSSi jorj buSma
ganacxada: `imisaTvis, rom mivaRwioT iseT naTel saxelmwifo miznebs,
rogoricaa: omSi gamarjveba, samSoblos dacva, ekonomikis aRorZineba,
Cveni biujeti unda xasiaTdebodes mcire da moklevadiani deficitiT. ra
pirobebSia racionaluri deficitis gamoyeneba omis dasafinanseblad?

gamoyenebuli literatura

Elmendorf, Douglas W, and N Gregory Mankiw. Government Debt. In Handbook of macroeconomics,

volume 1C, eds. John B.Taylor and Michael Woodford. Amsterdam: North-Hollard, 1999.
Kotlikoff, Laurence J. Generational Policy. Working Paper No. 8163. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau
of Economic Research, March 2001.

620

Tavi 19

samomxmareblo da qonebis gadasaxadebi

rodesac gadasaxadiT moxmareba ibegreba, TiToeuli individi ixdis imisaTvis,

rasac moixmars; sazogadoebriv sikeTes ar Seuracxyofs adamianis fufunebaTa
narCeni.
Tomas hobesi

federaluri individualuri da korporaciuli saSemosavlo sagadasaxado

sistemis irgvliv seriozuli ukmayofileba arsebobs.
zogierT reformators
surs, Semosavlis nacvlad sistema sxva safuZvelze gadaiyvanos. reformatorebi
msjeloben bevr SesaZlo ideaze. maTgan erT-erTi samomxmareblo gadasaxadis
dawesebaa, romlis safuZveli iqneba im saqonlis Rirebuleba (raodenoba),
romelsac individi iZens faqtobrivi moxmarebisaTvis (im saSemosavlo
gadasaxadisagan gansxvavebiT, romlis safuZveli potenciuri moxmarebaa). garda
amisa, reformatorebi ganixilaven mosazrebas qonebis gadasaxadis Sesaxeb,
romlis safuZveli akumulirebuli danazogi iqneba, anu akumulaciuri sxvaoba
potenciur da faqtobriv moxmarebas Soris.

sacalo vaWrobis gadasaxadi

dRes amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi samomxmareblo gadasaxadis yvelaze

mniSvnelovani magaliTia gadasaxadi sacalo vaWrobaze, romliTac saqonlis
farTo asortimenti ibegreba (ix. cxrili 19.1).
vaWrobis zogadi gadasaxadi
yvelanairi saqonlis SeZenaze Tanabar sagadasaxado ganakveTs awesebs. amerikis
SeerTebul StatebSi Statebis gadasaxadebi gayidvebze, romliTac ibegreba
saqonlis sakmaod farTo asortimenti, xSirad `zogadis~ iarliys atarebs. es ki
terminis araswori gamoyenebaa, radgan is Statebic ki, romlebic begraven
saqonlis did raodenobas, vaWrobis gadasaxadisagan, faqtobrivad, yvela
momsaxurebas aTavisufleben.

621

cxrili 19.1 Statebisa da municipalitetebis sagadasaxado Semosavlebi wyaros

mixedviT (miliard dolarSi)

Statebis sagadasaxado
Semosavlebi

municipalitetebis
sagadasaxado
Semosavlebi

vaWrobis zogadi
gadasaxadi

$164

$29,7

sawvavi

29,2

0,8

alkoholuri sasmeli

3,9

0,3

Tambaqo

8,2

0,2

komunaluri momsaxureba

8,9

7,3

36,7%

10,0%

wyaro

sakuTari wyarodan
miRebuli Semosavlis
procenti vaWrobis
gadasaxadidan

wyaro: aSS-is aRweris samsaxuri [2002, gv. 270]. monacemebi 1999 wlisaa.

vaWrobis
seleqciuri
gadasaxadi,
romelsac
xSirad
aqcizs
an
diferencialur sasaqonlo gadasaxads uwodeben, wesdeba sxvadasxva saqonlis
gayidvaze sxvadasxva ganakveTiT (zogierTi ganakveTi SesaZloa, nulis toli
iyos)1.

gayidvebze gadasaxadi ZiriTadad ori saxisaa: erTeulze gadasaxadi aris

gadasaxadi yovel SeZenil erTeulze. ase magaliTad, Statebis umetesoba
begravs benzins (TiToeuli galoni ibegreba ramdenime centiT. tipuri ganakveTi
16 centia). amis sapirispirod, RirebulebiTi gadasaxadi gamoiTvleba SenaZenis
Rirebulebidan procentis saxiT.

vaWrobis gadasaxadis erT-erTi forma aris gadasaxadi sxva StatSi ganxorcielebul

SenaZenze _ es aris vaWrobis gadasaxadi, romelsac ixdis Statis rezidenti sxva
StatSi ganxorcielebul SenaZenze. am gadasaxadis mizania, ar dauSvas individis mier
gadasaxadis Tavidan acileba Statis gareT SenaZenis gakeTebis gziT. istoriulad, am
gadasaxads arasodes moutania didi moculobis sagadasaxado Semosavlebi. Tumca
zogierTi Stati gadasaxadebis amoRebis ufro agresiul politikas axorcielebs;
amdenad, sxva StatSi ganxorcielebul SenaZenze dawesebuli gadasaxadi SesaZloa,
Zalian mniSvnelovani gaxdes momavalSi.

622

federaluri mTavroba saerTod ar awesebs zogad gadasaxads gayidvebze.

igi begravs sawvavs, alkoholur sasmels, Tambaqos da saqonlis ramdenime sxva
saxeobas. magram am gadasaxadebze modis federaluri Semosavlebis 10%-ze
naklebi. rogorc 19.1 cxrili miuTiTebs, vaWrobis gadasaxadi gansakuTrebiT
mniSvnelovania Statebis mmarTvelobis saSemosavlo sistemaSi. ormocdaxuT
Statsa da kolumbiis olqSi moqmedebs vaWrobis ZiriTadi gadasaxadebi,
romelTa ganakveTebi meryeobs 2,9%-dan 7,25%-mde. Statebis umravlesobaSi
sursaTi da gamowerili wamlebi gaTavisuflebulia gadasaxadisagan. Statebis
naxevarSi municipalitetebi da olqebi aweseben sakuTari vaWrobis zogad
gadasaxadebs.

racionalizacia

administraciuli
aspeqtebi.
vaWrobis
gadasaxadis
ZiriTadi
momxibvleloba mis martiv administrirebaSi mdgomareobs. misi amoReba
gamyidvelisagan sacalo vaWrobis doneze warmoebs. saSemosavlo gadasaxadis
msgavsad, sagadasaxado organoebs mxolod ramdenime individis qmedebaTa
monitoringi evaleba. cxadia, SeuZlebelia imis mtkiceba, rom vaWrobis
gadasaxadis administrireba garTulebebis gareSe mimdinareobs. administrirebis
sirTuleebi dakavSirebulia imasTan, rom xSirad gaugebaria, warmoqnis Tu ara
sagadasaxado valdebulebas konkretuli garigeba. ase magaliTad, kaliforniaSi
`nugbari~
ibegreba
specialuri
gadasaxadiT,
xolo
`sursaTi
ki
gaTavisuflebulia gadasaxadisagan. da mainc, romelia `nugbari~ da romeli
`sursaTi? kanonmdeblobis Tanaxmad, ricis krekeri da namcxvris SefuTuli
Txeli naWrebi ibegreba nugbaris gadasaxadiT, xolo sodis krekeri da TefSze
dadebuli namcxvris naWeri ki _ ara. zogierT StatSi xilis wveni ar ibegreba
mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu mis formulaSi Sedis bunebrivi xilis
gansazRvruli koncentracia. gamodis, rom vaWrobis gadasaxadis dakisrebis
dros aucilebelia damoukidebeli gadawyvetilebebis miReba, iseve rogorc
individualuri da korporaciuli saSemosavlo gadasaxadis SemTxvevaSi. ufro
metic, am SemTxvevaSic realur safrTxes qmnis gadasaxadebis Tavidan acilebis
problema. ukanasknel periodSi Zalian gaxmaurda gadasaxadebis Tavidan
acilebis erTi ambavi, romelic Tyco International-is yofil Tavmjdomares, denis
kozlovskis,
ukavSirdeba. igi daadanaSaules qalaq niu-iorkis vaWrobis
gadasaxadis (8,25%) Tavis aridebaSi: man am qalaqSi milionobiT dolari
Rirebulebis xelovnebis nimuSi SeiZina (kozlovski Tavs ikatunebda, TiTqos
Sedevri mis ofisSi Camovida, romelic niu-hempSirSia ganTavsebuli, iq ki ar
moqmedebs
gayidvebze
gadasaxadi).
naklebad
egzotikur,
Tumca
ufro
mniSvnelovan SemTxvevas kanadaSi vawydebiT: qveyanaSi ramdenime wlis win
Semcirda sigaretze arsebuli maRali gadasaxadebi mas Semdeg, rac dadasturda,
rom
kontrabandis Sedegad Zalian didi moTxovna iqmneboda Zalovan
samsaxurebze.

623

aseTi saSineli istoriebis miuxedavad, damkvirvebelTa didi nawili

Tvlis, rom dReisaTvis warmatebiT xdeba Statis sacalo gayidvebze arsebuli
gadasaxadis administrireba da marTva. administraciul problemebs ki odnav
mogvianebiT davubrundebiT da ganvixilavT maT urTierTkavSirs saxelmwifos
sacalo vaWrobis gadasaxadTan.

optimaluri dabegvra. vaanalizebT ra sacalo vaWrobaze arsebul

gadasaxadebs optimaluri dabegvris WrilSi, Cndeba friad mniSvnelovani kiTxva:
ra rols TamaSobs diferencialuri sasaqonlo gadasaxadi, rodesac warmatebiT
moqmedebs optimaluri saSemosavlo gadasaxadi? Tu saSemosavlo gadasaxadis
struqtura efeqtiani da adekvaturia, maSin socialuri keTildReobis
gaumjobeseba diferencialuri sasaqonlo gadasaxadebis dawesebis gziT
SeuZlebelia2. Tumca, Tu raime mizeziT saSemosavlo gadasaxadi ar aris
optimaluri, maSin diferencialuri sasaqonlo gadasaxadi keTildReobis dones
amaRlebs. ase magaliTad, Tu sazogadoebas amoZravebs egalitarianuli miznebi,
socialuri
keTildReobis
amaRleba
SesaZlebelia
fufunebis
sagnebis
SedarebiT maRali ganakveTiT dabegvris gziT.

ris safuZvelze dgindeba diferencialuri sasaqonlo sagadasaxado

ganakveTi? pasuxi mniSvnelovnadaa damokidebuli saxelmwifos miznebze. Tu misi
mizani
Semosavlis
gansazRvruli
moculobis
maqsimalurad
efeqtianad
Segrovebaa, maSin unda dawesdes iseTi sagadasaxado ganakveTebi, rom TiToeul
saqonelze arsebuli kompensirebuli moTxovna Tanabari proporciiT Semcirdes
(ix. me-14 Tavi). im SemTxvevaSi, Tu TiToeul saqonelze arsebuli moTxovna
damokidebulia
mis
fasze,
maSin
sagadasaxado
ganakveTi
moTxovnis
kompensirebuli fasis elastiurobis mimarT ukuproporciuli unda iyos.
araelastiuri moTxovnis mqone saqoneli maRali sagadasaxado ganakveTebiT
unda daibegros da piriqiT. efeqtianoba ar moiTxovs gayidvebze arsebuli
zogadi gadasaxadis arsebobas, romelic Tanabari ganakveTiT dawesdeba
TiToeuli saxis saqonelze.

Tu saxelmwifo Tanabrad zrunavs samarTlianobasa da efeqtianobaze,

maSin optimaluri Teoria inversiuli elastiurobis kanonidan gansazRvruli
gadaxrebis
arsebobas
moiTxovs.
rogorc
me-14
TavSi
aRvniSneT,
Tu
araelastiuri fasis mqone produqcia Raribi individis biujetis maRal wils
Seadgens, maSin egalitarianuli miznebis mqone mTavroba an Zalian mcire
ganakveTiT begravs maT, an saerTod ar begravs. swored amitom bevr StatSi
sursaTi vaWrobis gadasaxadisgan gaTavisuflebulia.

ixileT Atkinson and Stiglitz [1980]. davuSvaT, rom TiToeuli individis sargeblianobis
funqcia aris mis mier Tavisufali drois moxmarebisa da sxva saqonlis funqcia. manam,
sanam Senacvlebis zRvruli ganakveTi or saqonels Soris damoukidebelia Tavisufali
drois moculobisagan, diferencialuri sasaqonlo dabegvra, optimaluri saSemosavlo
gadasaxadis arsebobis pirobebSi, socialur keTildReobas ver aumjobesebs.

624

pirobiTi keTildReobis ekonomikis pirobebSi, vaWrobis gadasaxadis

arsebobis kidev erTi argumenti aris garegani efeqtebis arseboba. Tu saqonlis
moxmareba iwvevs iseT xarjs, romelic ar aris gaTvaliswinebuli mis fasSi,
maSin, efeqtianobis poziciidan gamomdinare, aucilebelia am saqonlis
moxmarebaze gadasaxadis daweseba (ix. me-6 Tavi). swored am argumentiTaa
gamarTlebuli Tambaqoze arsebuli maRali ganakveTebi (Statebis gadasaxads
plus federaluri gadasaxadi), romelic sigaretis erT kolofze daaxloebiT 1
dolars udris. mwevelebi abinZureben garemos da amitom sxva individebs
xarjebs akisreben; amdenad, Tambaqos gadasaxadma SesaZloa, ekonomikuri
efeqtianoba gazardos.

vaWrobis gadasaxadi zogjer Caenacvleba momxmareblis gadasaxads.

Tanamedrove teqnologiebi ar gvaZlevs mZRolis dabegvris saSualebas
TiToeul gavlil milze, arada, Tavad moZraobis procesi qmnis garkveul
xarjs: azianebs gzebs, iwvevs gadatvirTvas da a.S. gzebis gamoyenebis masStabi
dakavSirebulia sawvavis moxmarebasTan. amdenad, gzis gamoyeneba SesaZloa,
arapirdapir daibegros sawvavis gadasaxadiT. cxadia,
yvelaferi es Zalian
Sorsaa srulyofilebisagan: zogierTi manqana ekonomiuria sawvavis gamoyenebis
mxriv, zogierTi ki - ufro metad azianebs gzas. da mainc, miaxloebiTi
samomxmareblo gadasaxadi ufro efeqtiania, vidre gadasaxadebis ararseboba.

sxva aspeqtebi. diferencialuri sasaqonlo gadasaxadis ramdenime

argumenti pirobiTi ekonomikuri mecnierebis CarCoebs scildeba. ase magaliTad,
aqciziT ibegreba `mavne Cveva~. iseTi konkretuli saqoneli, rogoricaa Tambaqo
da alkoholi, TavisTavad, cudia; swored amitom mis moxmarebas ewinaaRmdegeba
saxelmwifo. aseTi saqoneli `damsaxurebuli produqtis~ sruli antipodia (ix.
me-3 Tavi). albaT, gaxsovT, rom damsaxurebuli produqti Tavisi arsiT kargia.
orive SemTxvevaSi saxelmwifo sazogadoebis preferenciebze maRla sakuTar
preferenciebs ayenebs.

amboben, rom politikosebs uyvarT vaWrobis gadasaxadi _ igi saqonlis

saboloo fasSia CarTuli da misi dafarva SedarebiT martivia. Tumca sakmaod
rTulia imis dadgena, ufro naklebad reagirebs Tu ara individi vaWrobis
gadasaxadis, vidre sxva romelime gadasaxadis mimarT.

efeqtianobisa da ganawilebis aspeqtebi

efeqtianobis poziciidan, kvlav aseT mniSvnelovan SekiTxvas vawydebiT:

amcirebs Tu ara vaWrobis gadasaxadi zedmet tvirTs? rogorc me-13 TavSi
aRvniSneT, saqonlis jgufis dabegvris SemTxvevaSi mTliani zedmeti tvirTi
damokidebulia ara TiToeuli saqonlis elastiurobaze, aramed imaze, Tu
ramdenad avsebs, an Caanacvlebs erTmaneTs saqoneli. am momentSi ar aris

625

zustad cnobili relevantur elastiurobaTa sidideebi. amdenad, SeuZlebelia

raime kompetenturi daskvnis gakeTeba imis Taobaze, Tu ramdenad amaRlebs
efeqtianobas vaWrobis gadasaxadi.

rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, Tanabari ganakveTebis daweseba yvela saqonelze

ar aris efeqtiani. Tumca informacia, romelic dagvexmareba, davadginoT
efeqtiani gadasaxadi, dRes ar arsebobs (da, albaT, arc arasodes iarsebebs).
amdenad, erTgvarovani sagadasaxado ganakveTi, albaT, ar iqneba cudi midgoma,
gansakuTrebiT
maSin,
rodesac
erTgvarovnebidan
gadaxra
politikur
safuZvelze (da ara samarTlianobis an efeqtianobis proncipebze) sagadasaxado
ganakveTebis diferenciacias gamoiwvevs.

sacalo vaWrobis gadasaxadis ganawilebiTi aspeqtebis Sesaxeb arsebobs

pirobiTi mosazreba, romlis Tanaxmad, gadasaxadebi regresiulia. vaSingtonis
organizacia - `moqalaqeebi samarTliani gadasaxadebisaTvis~ - amtkicebs, rom
`mdidari adamiani gacilebiT ufro dabali ganakveTiT ibegreba, vidre saSualo
Semosavlis mqone adamiani. ratom? imitom rom maRalSemosavliani individi
Tavisi Semosavlis mcire nawils xarjavs~3.

aseTi
pirobiTi
mosazreba
ori
problemiT
xasiaTdeba.
pirveli
mosazrebis Tanaxmad, gadasaxadi ganixileba, rogorc wliuri Semosavlis
proporcia. mkacri sakredito bazris SezRudvebis ararsebobis dros ufro
mniSvnelovani sicocxlis ganmavlobaSi miRebuli Semosavalia. arsebobs
mtkicebulebani, romlebic cxadyofs, rom sicocxlis ganmavlobaSi miRebuli
Semosavlis proporcia, romelic moxmarebaze ixarjeba, daaxloebiT Tanabaria.
marTlac, metkalfis [1993] gamoTvlebi cxadyofs, rom vaWrobis ZiriTadi
gadasaxadebi progresiulia, rodesac sicocxlis ganmavlobaSi miRebuli (da
ara wliuri) Semosavlis WrilSi fasdeba. meore da ufro mniSvnelovani
problema aris is, rom pirobiTi mosazreba mTlianad ugulebelyofs
gadasaxadis efeqtis ganawilebis Teorias. saerTod, miiCneven, rom saqonelze
dawesebuli gadasaxadebi mis momxmarebels ekisreba. rogorc me-12 TavSi
aRvniSneT, sasaqonlo gadasaxadi sakmaod rTuli meTodiT gadanawildeba.
gadanawileba damokidebulia miwodebisa da moTxovnis cvlilebaze gadasaxadis
dawesebis procesSi. amdenad, vaWrobis gadasaxadis zemoqmedebis sakiTxi
Semosavlis ganawilebaze jer kidev daudgenelia4.

moqalaqeebi samarTliani gadasaxadebisaTvis, The Loophole Lobbyists vs. The People,

vaSingtoni, dauTariRebeli.
4
aSS-Si vaWrobis gadasaxadis ganawilebis analizi ufro garTulebulia imis gamo, rom
mocemuli
saqonlis ganakveTi varirebs iurisdiqciis mixedviT. amitom erTi
iurisdiqciis
moqalaqem
SesaZloa,
SenaZeni
meore
iurisdiqciis
farglebSi
ganaxorcielos; swored amitom rTulia gadasaxadis gadamxdelis identificireba. niuiorkSi ibegreba tansacmeli, niu-jersiSi ki _ ara. arc iqneba gasakviri, Tu niuiorkeli, romelic niu-jersisTan axlos cxovrobs, tansacmels swored iq SeiZens.
analogiurad, nebismieri masaCuseteli alkoholur sasmels niu-hempSirSi SeiZens,
radgan alkoholi iq dabali tarifiT ibegreba.

626

diferenciuli
vaWrobis
gadasaxadebis
ganawileba
mniSvnelovnadaa
damokidebuli imaze, Tu romeli saqoneli ibegreba naklebi ganakveTiT, an
gaTavisuflebulia gadasaxadisagan. Raribis mier intensiurad moxmarebadi
produqtis gadasaxadisagan gaTavisuflebis gziT dabegrili Semosavlis
ganawileba ufro samarTliani gaxdeba (sxva Tanabar pirobebSi). Tumca
Tanasworobis miRweva am gziT rTulia. cxadia, sursaTze gaweuli danaxarji
Raribi individis biujetis umniSvnelovanesi nawilia. Tumca Zalian bevr
maRalSemosavlian ojaxSic sasursaTo danaxarji erTob maRalia. ufro metic,
gansazRvruli
saqonlis
gaTavisufleba
gadasaxadisagan administraciul
sirTuleebs qmnis, imitom rom rTulia xolme imis dadgena, miekuTvneba Tu ara
esa Tu is produqti upirates kategorias. amisaTvis kaliforniuli nugbaris
magaliTis gaxsenebac kmara.

amrigad, diferenciuli vaWrobis gadasaxadis gamoyeneba egalitarianuli

miznebis miRwevis gzaze namdvilad araakuratuli da uxeSi meTodia,
gansakuTrebiT maSin, Tu ukve warmatebiT moqmedebs progresiuli saSemosavlo
sagadasaxado sistema.

saxelmwifo sacalo vaWrobis gadasaxadi?

ukanasknel periodSi kanonmdebelTa erTma jgufma wamoayena winadadeba

arsebuli federaluri sagadasaxado sistemis saxelmwifo sacalo vaWrobis
gadasaxadiT Canacvlebis Sesaxeb. am ideis momxreebi Tvlian, rom saxelmwifo
sacalo vaWrobis gadasaxadis umTavresi upiratesoba mis simartivesa da advil
administrirebaSi mdgomareobs. gadasaxads agrovebs biznesi saqonlis vaWrobis
dros, amdenad, sagadasaxado samsaxurs aRar eqneba Sexeba mosaxleobis ZiriTad
jgufTan.

rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, mimdinare saxelmwifo vaWrobis gadasaxadebis

pirobebSi gadasaxadis administrireba problemas warmoadgens. Tumca am
sistemebTan dakavSirebuli ganakveTebi SedarebiT dabalia da 3%-dan 7%-mde
meryeobs. imisaTvis, rom miviRoT imdenive Semosavali, ramdensac federaluri
individualuri saSemosavlo gadasaxadebis, saxelfaso da uZravi qonebis
gadasaxadis amoRebis Sedegad viRebT, federaluri sacalo sagadasaxado
ganakveTi daaxloebiT 35%-s unda gautoldes [Gale and Holtzblant, 2002, gv. 198].
rTuli iqneba aseTi maRali sacalo vaWrobis gadasaxadis administrireba,
radgan `igi amoiRebs mTel fuls warmoebisa da ganawilebis jaWvis
Semadgeneli da administrirebis TvalsazrisiT yvelaze rTuli rgolidan _
sacalo vaWrobidan. momxmarebels sulac ar ainteresebs, ixdis Tu ara sacalo
movaWre vaWrobis gadasaxads, xolo sacalo movaWres ki sulac ara aqvs imis
survili, rom ufro meti gadaixados auditis SiSiT~ [Slemrod and Bakija, 2000, gv.

627

213]. gadasaxadis gadaxdis Tavidan aridebis ukanono mcdelobis Teoriidan

CvenTvis cnobilia (me-14 Tavi), rom gadasaxadebis damalvis sargebeli mTlianad
damokidebulia
sagadasaxado
ganakveTis
masStabze.
arsebuli
dabali
sagadasaxado ganakveTebis farglebSi arc ki Rirs gadasaxadebis sistematuri
dafarva. Tumca kompetenturi Tanamdebobis pirebi Tvlian, rom Zalian rTuli
iqneba gadasaxadis administrireba, Tu misi ganakveTi 10%-s gadaaWarbebs.
gamodis, rom saxelmwifo sacalo vaWrobis gadasaxadi, rogorc sagadasaxado
reformis erT-erTi alternativa, kargavs mTavar mimzidvelobas.

gardamavali periodi

saxelmwifo vaWrobis gadasaxadis danergva seriozul gardamaval

problemebamde migviyvans. is individi, romelmac qoneba arsebuli saSemosavlo
sagadasaxado sistemis farglebSi Seagrova, gardamavali periodis ganmavlobaSi
mZime dReSi Cavardeba. muSaobis dros man daagrova qoneba da gadado momavali
moxmarebisaTvis. individualuri saSemosavlo gadasaxadiT ibegreboda misi
saprocento Semosavali, dividendi da realizebuli kapitaluri mogeba. aseTi
individi samarTlianad elis, rom mis mier qonebis moxmareba aRar daibegreba
axali gadasaxadebiT (rodesac individi gadawyvets, rom moixmaros es qoneba,
magaliTad, pensiaze gasvlis Semdeg). saxelmwifo vaWrobis gadasaxadis uecari
dawesebis SemTxvevaSi am adamians molodini gaucruvdeboda.

aseTi
dakvirvebiT
saxelmwifo
sacalo
vaWrobis
gadasaxadis
ganawilebiTi aspeqtebi sruliad sxva fonze ganTavsda. aseTi gadasaxadis
danergva warmoqnis erTjerad gadasaxads qonebaze. qoneba ki araTanabradaa
ganawilebuli. amdenad, erTjerad gadasaxads progresiuli zegavlena eqneba
Semosavlis ganawilebaze [Gentry and Hubbard, 1997]. Tumca aseTi Sedegi
mosalodneli iqneba aramxolod sacalo savaWro gadasaxadis dawesebis, aramed
nebismieri farTo gamoyenebis samomxmareblo gadasaxadis dawesebis SemTxvevaSi.

damatebuli Rirebulebis gadasaxadi

SeuZlia ki vinmes, moifiqros vaWrobis iseTi gadasaxadi, romlis

administrireba ufro martivia, vidre sacalo vaWrobis gadasaxadisa? am
SekiTxvaze
kompetenturi
pasuxis
gasacemad
aucilebelia,
dasawyisSive
aRvniSnoT, rom saqonlis warmoebis procesi ramdenime safexurisgan Sedgeba.
ganvixiloT puris warmoebis martivi magaliTi5. fermers mohyavs xorbali, yidis
5

damatebuli Rirebulebis gadasaxadis moqmedebis Sesaxeb detaluri informaciisaTvis

ix. Cnossen [2001].

628

mas mewisqvileze, romelic fqvavs xorbals da iRebs fqvils. Semdeg mewisqvile

fqvils yidis mcxobelze, romelic fqvilisagan acxobs purs. purs yidulobs
sursaTis gamyidveli, romelic Semdeg mas sabolood momxmarebelze yidis.
hipoTetiuri ricxviTi magaliTi mocemulia 19.2 cxrilSi.

cxrili 19.2 damatebuli Rirebulebis gadasaxadis (dRg) daricxva

mwarmoebeli

SenaZeni

gayidva

damatebuli
Rirebuleba

dRg 20%-iani
ganakveTiT

fermeri

$0

$400

$400

$80

mewisqvile

400

700

300

60

mcxobeli

700

950

250

50

sursaTis
gamyidveli

950

1000

50

10

sul

$2050

$3050

$1000

$200

1-li sveti uCvenebs mwarmoeblis SenaZens warmoebis TiToeul safexurze;

me-2 sveti ki uCvenebs vaWrobis Rirebulebas TiToeul safexurze. ase
magaliTad, mewisqvile fermers xorblisaTvis 400 dolars uxdis, xolo
gadamuSavebul fqvils ki mcxobelze 700 dolarad yidis. warmoebis TiToeul
safexurze daricxuli damatebuli Rirebuleba aris sxvaoba firmis gayidvebsa
da warmoebis procesSi gamoyenebul SeZenil materialur saSualebas Soris.
mcxobeli fqvilisaTvis 700 dolars ixdis da purs ki 950 dolarad yidis,
amdenad, misi damatebuli Rirebuleba 250 dolaria. warmoebis TiToeul doneze
daricxuli damatebuli Rirebuleba gamoiTvleba gayidvis Rirebulebidan
SeZenis Rirebulebis gamoklebis gziT, rogorc es me-3 svetSia naCvenebi.

damatebuli Rirebulebis gadasaxadi (dRg) aris warmoebis TiToeul

etapze daricxuli damatebuli Rirebulebis procentuli gadasaxadi. ase
magaliTad, Tu dRg-is ganakveTi 20%-ia, maSin sursaTis gamyidveli gadaixdis 10
dolars, rac aris 50 dolaris 20%. me-4 sveti gviCvenebs dRg-s valdebulebis
moculobas warmoebis yvela safexurze. dRg-s wyalobiT miRebuli mTliani
Semosavali TiToeul safexurze gadaxdili Tanxebis Sekrebis Sedegad miiReba
(am SemTxvevaSi 200 dolars udris).

629

msgavsi Sedegis miReba SesaZlebeli iqneba 20%-iani sacalo vaWrobis

gadasaxadis dawesebis gziT _ 20%-iT daibegreboda is momxmarebeli, romelic
sursaTis gamyidvelisagan iyidda purs. arsebiTad, dRg sacalo vaWrobis
gadasaxadis Segrovebis alternatiul meTods warmoadgens.

administrireba

amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi arasodes umoqmedia saxelmwifo dRg-s. es

gadasaxadi popularulia evropaSi. evropuli gamocdileba ki cxadyofs, rom
gansazRvruli administraciuli gadawyvetilebani mniSvnelovan zemoqmedebas
axdens dRg-s saboloo ekonomikur Sedegebze.

1.

rogor aRiricxeba investiciis aqtivis SeZena firmis mier damatebuli

Rirebulebis gamoTvlis procesSi? evropuli gamocdileba miuTiTebs,
rom investicia aRiricxeba iseve, rogorc nebismieri sxva materialuri
saSualeba. gamoTvlebis dros misi mTliani Rirebuleba gayidvis Tanxas
akldeba, miuxedavad im faqtisa, rom igi grZelvadiania. igi moxmarebis
tipis dRg-s saxelwodebiTaa cnobili _ dasabegr TanxaSi ar Sedis
investicia da igi mxolod moxmarebas moicavs.
2. aucilebelia gadasaxadebis proceduris Camoyalibeba. evropis qveynebi
invoisis meTods iyeneben, romelic kargad aris ilustrirebuli 19.2
cxrilis
hipoTetiur
magaliTSi.
TiToeuli
firma
valdebulia,
gadaixados
gadasaxadi
mis
mier
warmoebuli
mTliani
vaWrobis
safuZvelze. Tumca firmas SeuZlia, mimwodeblebis mier ukve gadaxdili
gadasaxadebis sagadasaxado valdebulebidan gamoqviTva moiTxovos. ase
magaliTad, Tu mcxobeli daibegreba misi Semosavlis, anu 950 aSS
dolaris safuZvelze, misi sagadasaxado valdebuleba 190 dolari iqneba
(= 0,20 X $950). mas SeuZlia, 140 dolaris gamoqviTva moiTxovos (fermerisa
da mewisqvilis mier gadaxdili gadasaxadebis jami). amdenad, misi
sagadasaxado valdebuleba mxolod 50 dolars gautoldeba. gamoqviTva
mxolod mcxobelisa da mewisqvilis mier wardgenili invoisebis
safuZvelzea nebadarTuli. sistema waaxalisebs mwarmoebels, sakuTari
Tavis kontrolis gziT gadasaxadebis ukanono dafarvis mcdeloba
aRmofxvras. Tu fermeri da mewisqvile ukanonod aicileben nebismier
gadasaxads, maSin am gadasaxadis gadaxda mcxobels mouwevs, amitom
mcxobeli
Seecdeba,
saqme
daiWiros
iseT
firmebTan,
romlebic
keTilsindisierad waradgens invoiss. cxadia, invoisis meTodi ar aris
panacea gadasaxadebis gadaxdis ukanono mcdelobis Tavidan acilebis
SemTxvevaTa minimumamde dasayvanad. ase magaliTad, mwarmoeblebma
SesaZloa, SeTanxmebis safuZvelze invoisis falsificireba moaxdinon.
miuxedavad amisa, administrireba da gadasaxadebis amoRebis xarisxi
invoisis meTodis gamoyenebis gziT ufro ukeTesia, vidre saxelmwifo
sacalo vaWrobis gadasaxadis pirobebSi.
3. aucilebelia
ganakveTebis
struqturis
SemuSaveba.
Cveni
martivi
magaliTis mixedviT, yvela saqoneli Tanabari ganakveTiT ibegreba.
evropaSi
saqoneli
diferencialuradaa
dabegrili.
sursaTi
da
janmrTelobis dacvis produqti, samarTlianobis principis safuZvelze,
dabali ganakveTiT ibegreba. administrirebis gamartivebis mizniT
zogierTi
qveyana
gadasaxadisagan
Zalian
mcire
zomis
firmebs

630

aTavisuflebs.
gadasaxadiT
ar
ibegreba
sabanko
da
safinanso
dawesebulebebi
maT
mier
analogiuri
meTodiT
uzrunvelyofili
momsaxurebis wyalobiT (rTulia damatebuli Rirebulebis gamoTvla).
sakuTrebaSi arsebuli sacxovrebliT sargebloba gaTavisuflebulia
gadasaxadisagan (ix. me-16 Tavi, sadac miTiTebulia, rom aseTi tipis
moxmareba, zogadad, gaTavisuflebulia gadasaxadisagan).
cxadia, araerTgvarovani dabegvra zrdis administraciul sirTuleebs,
gansakuTrebiT maSin, rodesac firma sxvadasxvagvar produqcias awarmoebs
(romlis nawili ibegreba da nawili ki _ ara). Tumca, rogorc evropuli
gamocdileba cxadyofs, sistema muSaobs. aSS-sTvis is ki ar aris mniSvnelovani,
administrirebadia Tu ara dRg, aramed is, Tu ramdenad gamoasworebs aRniSnuli
gadasaxadis danergva arsebul mdgomareobas.

dRg amerikis SeerTebuli StatebisaTvis?

amerikis SeerTebuli StatebisaTvis moazrebuli dRg moxmarebis tipis

evropuli dRg-s msgavsia da, amdenad, zogadi vaWrobis gadasaxads warmoadgens.
amerikuli dRg-saTvis sruliad marTebulia gadasaxadis efeqtianobisa da
samarTlianobis aspeqtebi, romlebic Cven ukve ganvixileT am TavSi, amdenad,
aRar iqneba saWiro ganmeorebiT am sakiTxebze saubari. arsebiTi problema aqac
igivea: kidev ufro meti samarTlianobis uzrunvelyofis mizniT sxvadasxva
saqonlis gaTavisufleba gadasaxadisagan zrdis sagadasaxado sistemis, rogorc
mTlianis, zedmet tvirTs da, Sesabamisad, administraciul sirTuleebs.

ramdenad sasurvelia saxelmwifo dRg-s daweseba? amaze pasuxis gacema

mxolod im SemTxvevaSi SegveZleba, Tu gvecodineba, romel gadasaxad(eb)s
Caanacvlebs igi, rogor daixarjeba Semosavlebi da a.S. ase magaliTad, sajaro
finansebis ekonomistTa umetesoba darwmunebulia imaSi, rom korporaciuli
saSemosavlo gadasaxadi negatiuria praqtikulad yvela TvalsazrisiT, amdenad,
moxaruli iqneba, Tu mas dRg Caanacvlebs sxva Tanabar pirobebSi. Tumca aseTi
didi aRtacebiT aravin Sexvdeba individualuri saSemosavlo gadasaxadis dRgTi Canacvlebis winadadebas. altigma da sxvebma [2001] gaaanalizes aSS-is
arsebuli sagadasaxado sistemis Canacvlebis SesaZlebloba iseTi srulyofili
proporciuli samomxmareblo gadasaxadiT, rogoricaa dRg da daadgines, rom
grZelvadian perspeqtivaSi igi Semosavlebs daaxloebiT 9%-iT gazrdis. aseTi
perspeqtiva, cxadia, arsebiTad damokidebulia imaze, Tu ra zemoqmedeba eqneba
saSemosavlo gadasaxadSi ganxorcielebul cvlilebas danazogze. rogorc me-16
TavSi aRvniSneT, es sakmaod winaaRmdegobrivi sakiTxia, amdenad, sifrTxiliT
unda movepyraT am cifrs.

garda amisa, aucilebelia, gaviTvaliswinoT dRg-is dawesebis politikuri

Sedegebi. misi danergvis Semdeg srulyofili dRg-s yoveli procentuli

631

maCvenebliT zrda sagadasaxado Semosavlebs saSualod 40 miliardi aSS

dolariT gazrdis7. iseT samyaroSi, sadac politikuri institutebi zustad
asaxavs moqalaqeTa survilebs, aseTi Sedegi arcTu mniSvnelovani iqneba. Tumca
is adamiani, romelic darwmunebulia, rom saxelmwifos interesi sazogadoebis
interesisagan gansxvavdeba (ix. me-6 Tavi), albaT, SeSindeba am prognozis gamo.
zogierTi imaSia darwmunebuli, rom dRg warmatebiT iqneba gamoyenebuli
saxelmwifo seqtoris gasazrdelad:

dRg Segrovdeba biznes sawarmoebis mier, amdenad, igi

SeniRbuli iqneba momxmareblis mier gadaxdil
mTlian fasSi. igi ar iqneba aRqmuli, rogorc
pirdapiri sagadasaxado tvirTi. es ki seriozuli
upiratesobaa
kanonmdebelTaTvis,
xolo
gadamxdelTaTvis ki _ mniSvnelovani naklovaneba
[Friedman, 1980, gv. 90].

marTlac, TiTqmis yvela qveyanaSi, sadac moqmedebs dRg, droTa

ganmavlobaSi izrdeba misi ganakveTi. ase magaliTad, evrokavSiris wevr-qveynebSi
dRg-is ganakveTi Tavdapirvel etapze 13,9%-s udrida; dRes igi 19,4%-s udris,
anu zrda daaxloebiT 40%-ia [Cnossen, 2001, gv. 485]. amave dros, am qveynebSi
mTliani Sida produqtis is wili, romelic gadasaxads eTmoba, gaizarda. bekeri
da miligani [1998] amtkiceben, rom rac ufro didi xnis ganmavlobaSi iyenebs
qveyana dRg-s, miT ufro didia misi mTavroba. cxadia, es ar niSnavs imas, rom
dRg ganapirobebs did samTavrobo seqtors. meore mxriv, SeuZlebelia,
gavaneitraloT is SiSi, romelic Seqmnilia sxva
qveynebis
dRg-sTan
dakavSirebuli gamocdilebis safuZvelze.

dabolos, mniSvnelovania gaviazroT dRg-is Sedegi saerTaSoriso doneze.

dRg-is momxreebi amtkiceben, rom gadasaxadi aamaRlebs amerikis savaWro
pozicias mis konkurentebTan SedarebiT. es mosazreba emyareba imas, rom
vaWrobis msoflio organizaciis Tanaxmad, romelic aregulirebs saerTaSoriso
vaWrobis wesebs, dRg SesaZloa, gamoqviTul iqnes qveynis eqsportidan da
daekisros imports. amis sapirispirod, SeuZlebelia individualuri da
korporaciuli gadasaxadebis gamoqviTva. gamodis, rom dRg eqvemdebareba
gamoqviTvas, xolo saSemosavlo gadasaxadi ki _ ara. amdenad, zogierTi
kompetenturi piri acxadebs, rom aSS-is saerTaSoriso konkurentunarianoba
gaizrdeba, Tu aSS danergavs dRg-s da paralelurad Seamcirebs Semosavlis
dabegvris masStabs. yofili kongresmeni, bil arCeri [1996], amtkicebda, rom
aseTi sqema mogvcems `samarTliani savaWro upiratesobis gamoyenebis saSualebas
globalur sabazro sivrceSi.

prognozi efuZneba kongresis sabiujeto ofisis gamoTvlebs [1997A, gv. 390].

632

aRniSnuli
gegmis
gasaanalizeblad
damoukideblad
ganvixiloT
TiToeuli mxare:dRg-s daweseba da Semdeg individualuri da korporaciuli
saSemosavlo gadasaxadis Semcireba. dRg-s daweseba moTxovnisa da miwodebis
elastiurobaTa safuZvelze gansazRvruli TanxiT dabegrili saqonlis fasebis
zrdas gamoiwvevs. saqonlis gaTavisufleba dRg-sagan sazRvarze aneitralebs
fasis zrdas gadasaxadis dawesebis gamo.

axla ki mivubrundeT meore mxares: Semcirdeba Tu ara amerikuli

eqsportis fasi korporaciuli da individualuri saSemosavlo gadasaxadebis
Semcirebis Sedegad? pasuxi kvlavac damokidebulia gadasaxadebis efeqtze, rac,
unda iTqvas,
rom
gaurkvevelia.
ase
magaliTad,
Tu
Sromis
bazari
konkurenciulia da misi miwodeba ki _ srulyofilad araelastiuri, maSin
mwarmoeblis saxelfaso danaxarji iqneba ucvleli individualuri saSemosavlo
gadasaxadis
Semcirebis
SemTxvevaSi.
gadasaxadis
Semcirebis
Sedegad
isargeblebs mxolod daqiravebuli (ix. me-12 Tavi). aseT SemTxvevaSi SesaZloa,
saerTod ar Seicvalos fasebi, anda SesaZloa, fasebi Semcirdes, Tumca ar
arsebobs mtkicebuleba, romelic daadasturebda, rom fasebi mniSvnelovnad
Semcirdeba.

amrigad, ar arsebobs imis mizezi, vifiqroT, rom dRg-s SemoReba

mniSvnelovnad gaaumjobesebs aSS-s mdgomareobas. cxadia, es, TavisTavad, ar
niSnavs imas, rom dRg cudia. rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, dRg-s aqvs Tavisi
dadebiTi da uaryofiTi mxareebi. Tumca igi ver iqneba panacea aSS-is savaWro
problemebis mosagvareblad.

holisa da rabuSkas erTiani gadasaxadi

sacalo vaWrobis gadasaxadisa da dRg-s ganmasxvavebeli

niSanTviseba aris is, rom am gadasaxadis samarTlebrivi efeqti mxolod biznesze
vrceldeba.
momxmarebeli
ar
ixdis
cxad
gadasaxadebs
saxelmwifos
sasargeblod (Tumca masze vrceldeba gadasaxadis ekonomikuri efeqtis wili).
samomxmareblo
gadasaxadebTan
dakavSirebuli
ZiriTadi
interesi
dRes
individualur
samomxmareblo
gadasaxadzea
koncentrirebuli,
romelic
avaldebulebs individs, Seavsos sagadasaxado deklaracia da gamoweros Ceki
mTavrobisaTvis. sacalo vaWrobis gadasaxadis an dRg-sagan gansxvavebiT, zemoT
aRniSnuli gadasaxadis farglebSi, individis sagadasaxado valdebuleba
individis pirad maxasiaTeblebzea damokidebuli.

633

saukeTeso winadadeba holma da rabuSkam (H&R) waradgines 1995 wels. maT

aRniSnul winadadebas erTiani gadasaxadi (Hall-Rabushka Flat Tax) uwodes. H&R
winadadeba, romlis versia stiv forbes saprezidento saarCevno kampaniis (2000)
safuZvels warmoadgenda, mdgomareobda SemdegSi: sistema Sedgeba gadasaxadebis
ori koleqtorisagan _ biznesis gadasaxadisa da individualuri samomxmareblo
gadasaxadisagan. am ori instrumentis koordinirebuli gamoyeneba miscemda
mTavrobas progresiuli gadasaxadis dawesebis saSualebas.

biznesis gadasaxadis gamoTvla samomxmareblo tipis dRg-s gamoTvlis

analogiurad unda ganxorcieldes _ gayidvebs akldeba SenaZeni sxva
firmebidan. ZiriTadi gansxvaveba is aris, rom firma gamoqviTavs daqiravebulis
anazRaurebasac. Semdeg ki firma ixdis erTian gadasaxads saboloo Tanxaze.

individualuri gadasaxadis safuZveli aris individis mier gaweuli

SromisaTvis miRebuli anazRaureba. kapitalis Semosavali individualur
doneze ar ibegreba. saerTod, amisaTvis SesaZlebeli iqneboda gadasaxadis
nebismieri grafikis gamoyeneba _ sagadasaxado ganakveTi an erTnairi iqneboda,
an zrdadi, xolo gadasaxadisagan gaTavisufleba ki an nebadarTuli iqneboda
da an _ ara. holi da rabuSka gvTavazoben erTaderT 19%-ian sagadasaxado
ganakveTs (es aris igive ganakveTi, romelic gamoiyeneba biznesis doneze naRdi
fulis nakadis dasabegrad).
H&R winadadeba uzrunvelyofs sistemis
progresiulobas, uSvebs ra gadasaxadisagan gaTavisuflebis SesaZleblobis
arsebobas (25000 aSS dolari oTxi wevrisagan Semdgari ojaxisaTvis). sxva
araviTari gamoqviTva ar iqneba nebadarTuli. es aris erTaderTi SeRavaTi,
romlis gakeTebis saSualebasac iZleva dabali ganakveTi.

Tqven, albaT, ukve dagebadaT kiTxva imis Sesaxeb, Tu ratomaa, saerTod,

H&R gadasaxadi samomxmareblo. imisaTvis, rom am SekiTxvas pasuxi gavceT,
ramdenime aspeqts unda davukvirdeT: davuSvaT, rom dRg begravs yvela
saqonelsa da momsaxurebas Tanabari, vTqvaT, 19%-iani ganakveTiT. rogorc zemoT
iqna naCvenebi, aseTi gadasaxadi 19%-iani sacalo vaWrobis gadasaxadis
ekvivalenturia ekonomikuri TvalsazrisiT. axla ki warmovidginoT H&R erTiani
gadasaxadi, romelic 19%-iani ganakveTiT begravs rogorc individs, aseve firmas
da ar uSvebs gamoqviTvis an gadasaxadisagan gaTavisuflebis SesaZleblobis
arsebobas individualur doneze. gaixseneT, rom dRg-s SemTxvevaSi dasabegri
bazaa gayidvebis Rirebulebas minus sxva firmebidan SenaZenis Rirebuleba.
daricxuli xelfasi ar eqvemdebareba gamoqviTvas. gamodis, rom xelfasi 19%iani ganakveTiT ibegreba. H&R gadasaxadis farglebSi saxelfaso anazRaureba
eqvemdebareba gamoqviTvas firmis doneze, magram ibegreba individualur doneze.
gamodis, rom gadasaxadis moculoba zustad iseTivea, rogoric dRg-s
SemTxvevaSi;
icvleba
mxolod
gadasaxadis
nawilis
amoRebis
meTodi.
individualur doneze ganxorcielebuli daqviTva garkveul progresiulobas

634

sZens sistemas. amrigad, H&R gadasaxadi dRg-sa da sacalo vaWrobis gadasaxadis

ekvivalenturia. amdenad, maTTvis damaxasiaTebeli ekonomikuri efeqti srulad
Seesabameba H&R gadasaxads.

naRdi fulis gadasaxadi

individualuri samomxmareblo gadasaxadis erT-erTi saxe naRdi fulis

gadasaxadia. TiToeuli ojaxi avsebs sagadasaxado deklaracias wliuri
samomxmareblo danaxarjis safuZvelze. iseve, rogorc piradi saSemosavlo
gadasaxadis
SemTxvevaSi,
arsebobs
gamoqviTvisa
da
gadasaxadisagan
gaTavisuflebis SesaZleblobani (magaliTad, sagangebo samedicino xarjebis
SemTxvevaSi). TiToeuli individis sagadasaxado valdebuleba damokidebulia im
sagadasaxado ganakveTze, romliTac moxmarebis koreqtirebuli moculoba
ibegreba.

administrirebis TvalsazrisiT, Cndeba friad mniSvnelovani SekiTxva: ris

safuZvelze iTvlis gadasaxadis gadamxdeli wliur moxmarebas? albaT, yvelaze
racionaluri safuZveli naRdi fulis nakadi iqneba (Semosul naRd fuls minus
danazogi). danazogis aRricxvis mizniT Semnaxvel bankebSi, sabrokero firmebsa
da sxva saxis finansur dawesebulebebSi ixsneba kvalificirebuli angariSebi,
romelzec danazogis deponireba moxdeba. is Tanxa, romelsac kvalificirebul
angariSze deponirebulad aRiarebs aseTi dawesebuleba, gaTavisufldeba
gadasaxadisagan. danazogis aRricxvis pasuxismgebloba swored am finansur
dawesebulebebs daekisreba; amdenad, ar iqneba saWiro arsebulze meti
sakancelario
samuSaoebis
Catareba.
kapitalis
mogeba
da
saprocento
Semosavali inaxeba am angariSebze; amdenad, maTi dabegvra ar xdeba. zogierT
gadasaxadis gadamxdels ukve gaxsnili aqvs aseTi angariSi 401 (k) programisa da
individualuri sapensio angariSebis formiT (ix. me-15 Tavi). erTaderTi Sedegi,
rasac naRdi fulis gadasaxadi mogvitans, kvalificirebul angariSebze
danazogis
moculobis
zrda
iqneba.
Tumca
zogierTi
analitikosi
darwmunebulia, rom naRdi fulis gadasaxadTan dakavSirebuli saaRricxvo
moTxovnebi namdvilad gaarTulebs gadasaxadis administrirebas.

piradi samomxmareblo gadasaxadis efeqtianoba da

samarTlianoba

635

farTod gavrcelebuli erT-erTi mosazrebis Tanaxmad, Tu saSemosavlo

gadasaxads Caenacvleba piradi samomxmareblo gadasaxadi (magaliTad, H&R
erTiani gadasaxadi an naRdi fulis gadasaxadi), maSin gaizrdeba efeqtianoba,
Tanasworoba da administraciuli simartive. saSemosavlo gadasaxadis momxreni
amtkiceben, rom piradi samomxmareblo dabegvra erTob arakoreqtulad
mimdinareobs. ganvixiloT es winaaRmdegoba.

efeqtianoba

piradi samomxmareblo dabegvrisa da saSemosavlo dabegvris Sedegi

efeqtianobaze mTeli sicocxlis ganmavlobaSi moxmarebisa da danazogis
modelis saSualebiT fasdeba (me-16 Tavi). modelis Tanaxmad, individis Sromis
miwodeba fiqsirebulia TiToeuli periodis ganmavlobaSi. individi SeiZens ori
saxis saqonels: mimdinare moxmarebas (c0) da momaval moxmarebas (c1). r aris
saprocento ganakveTi; aseT SemTxvevaSi mimdinare moxmarebis erTi dolariT
gazrda momavali moxmarebis (1 + r)-iT Semcirebas gulisxmobs. amdenad, (c0) fasi,
anu misi alternatiuli Rirebuleba, aris (1 + r).

axla ki davuSvaT, rom julieti 30%-iani saSemosavlo gadasaxadiT

ibegreba. procenti gamoiqviTeba dasabegri Semosavlidan. rogor zemoqmedebas
axdens es c0-s fasze8? Tu julieti dazogavs dolars da r ukugebas miiRebs,
saxelmwifo dabegravs misi ukugebis 30%-s da juliets darCeba mxolod 0,70 X rze. Tu igi isesxebs dolars, xolo saprocento gadaxda ki eqvemdebareba
daqviTvas, sesxis Rirebuleba Semcirdeba 0,70 X r-iT. amrigad, saSemosavlo
gadasaxadi iwvevs mimdinare moxmarebis fasis Semcirebas (1 + r)-dan (1 + 0,70r)-mde.
arsebobs sxvaoba msesxeblis mier gadaxdil da kreditoris mier miRebul
Tanxebs Soris. rogorc me-13 TavSi aRvniSneT, sagadasaxado sxvaoba qmnis
zedmet tvirTs. amdenad, gamodis, rom saSemosavlo gadasaxadi zedmet tvirTs
warmoqmnis.

axla ki ganvixiloT iseTi samomxmareblo gadasaxadi, romelsac moaqvs

igive raodenobis Semosavali, rac saSemosavlo gadasaxads. aRsaniSnavia, rom
samomxmareblo gadasaxadi julietisaTvis xelmisawvdomi ukugebis sabazro
ganakveTs ar cvlis. saprocento Semosavlis miReba, TavisTavad, ar warmoqmnis
sagadasaxado valdebulebas. amdenad, samomxmareblo gadasaxadis gadaxdis
Semdeg c0-s fasi kvlav (1 + r)-ia. saSemosavlo gadasaxadisagan gansxvavebiT, ar
fiqsirdeba sagadasaxado sxvaoba da, Sesabamisad, arc zedmeti tvirTi. amdenad,
efeqtianobis
poziciidan
gamomdinare,
samomxmareblo
dabegvra
ufro
prioritetulia, vidre saSemosavlo dabegvra.
8

rogorc me-15 da me-16 TavSia aRniSnuli, yvela gadasaxadis gadamxdels ar SeuZlia

saprocento gadaxdis gamoqviTva. ase rom, am sakiTxs miudeqiT, rogorc savarjiSos da
ganixileT, rogorc Seicvleba analizi, rodesac procenti aRar daeqvemdebareba
gamoqviTvas.

636

aris Tu ara es ZiriTadi Sedegi? iqneb igi raime gansakuTrebuli

daSvebiTaa ganpirobebuli? gaixseneT me-13 Tavidan, romelSic analogiuri
argumenti iqna gamoyenebuli imis `dasasabuTeblad~, rom yvela saqonlis
Tanabari ganakveTebiT dabegvra yovelTvis ufro efeqtiania, vidre saqonlis
dabegvra diferencirebuli ganakveTebiT.
Cven maSinve gamovavlineT am
argumentis baTiloba. Tanabarproporciuli gadasaxadi zemoqmedebas axdens
Tavisufal drosa da TiToeul dabegril saqonels Soris gakeTebul arCevanze.
ar arsebobs mtkicebuleba, romelic gviCvenebs, rom yvela saqonlis Tanabari
ganakveTiT dabegvra efeqtiania. swored analogiuri logika moqmedebs am
SemTxvevaSic. wina abzacis argumenti efuZneboda daSvebas imis Sesaxeb, rom
Sromis miwodeba fiqsirebulia. mas Semdeg, rac Cven vaRiarebT, rom Sromis
miwodebis Sesaxeb gadawyvetileba arCevania, SeuZlebelia, davijeroT, rom
samomxmareblo
gadasaxadi
yvela
SemTxvevaSi
ufro
efeqtiania,
vidre
saSemosavlo gadasaxadi.

saSemosavlo gadasaxadisagan gansxvavebiT, samomxmareblo gadasaxadi ar

cvlis julietis arCevans mimdinare da momaval moxmarebas Soris. Tumca
aRmoCnda, rom samomxmareblo gadasaxadi zemoqmedebas axdens arCevanze
Tavisufal drosa da moxmarebas Soris. davuSvaT, rom julietis saxelfaso
ganakveTi aris w. samomxmareblo gadasaxadis dawesebamde mas SeeZlo, erTi
saaTi Tavisufali dro gaecvala 1 dolari moxmarebis Rirebulebaze. Tu
moxmareba tc ganakveTiT daibegreba, 1 saaTi Tavisufali drois daTmoba mis
moxmarebas w/(1 + tc) dolariT gazrdis. amdenad, gamodis, rom samomxmareblo
gadasaxadi cvlis arCevans Tavisufal drosa da moxmarebas Soris.

amrigad, Sromis miwodeba mTlianad damokidebulia individis arCevanze.

rogorc
saSemosavlo,
aseve
samomxmareblo
gadasaxadebi
cvlis
gadawyvetilebebs. orive sistema warmoqnis efeqtianobis xarjs da mxolod
empiriul gamokvlevas SeuZlia, gansazRvros, Tu romeli gadasaxadi warmoqnis
nakleb tvirTs. Sromis miwodebisa da danazogis Sesaxeb arsebuli informaciis
safuZvelze Catarda ramdenime kvleva, romelmac gaiTvaliswina orive
gadasaxadis zegavlenis masStabi SromiT gadawyvetilebaze da daadgina, rom
samomxmareblo gadasaxadi ufro mcire zedmet tvirTs warmoqmnis, vidre
saSemosavlo gadasaxadi (ix. magaliTad, Altig at al., [2001]).

Tanasworoba

progresiuloba. farTod musirebs mosazreba imis Sesaxeb, rom vaWrobis

gadasaxadi regresiulia. rac ar unda mniSvnelovani Rirsebebi hqondes am
ganacxads, igi seriozul Secdomas uSvebs: am mosazrebis Tanaxmad, miCneulia,

637

rom regresiulia yvela gadasaxadi, romlis safuZveli moxmarebaa. es tendencia

ki arasworia. piradi samomxmareblo gadasaxadi, survilisamebr, progresiuli
iqneba gaTavisuflebis masStabisa da ganakveTis struqturis adekvaturi
koreqtirebis wyalobiT.

gadaxdis unari. cxadia, saSemosavlo baziss Tavisi momxreebi hyavs,

romlebic amtkiceben, rom faqtobrivi moxmareba potenciuri moxmarebis mxolod
erTi komponentia. es aris moxmarebis unari. samomxmareblo gadasaxadis
SemTxvevaSi,
Zunw
milioners
ufro
mcire
sagadasaxado
valdebuleba
warmoeqmneba, vidre bevrad ufro Rarib individs. samomxmareblo bazisis
momxreebi pasuxad miugeben, rom ufro samarTliania individis dabegvra imis
safuZvelze, Tu ras `gamoarTmevs~ ekonomikur sistemas (moxmareba), vidre imis
safuZvelze, Tu ras `miuZRvnis~ sazogadoebas (Semosavali). tomas hobesi me-17
saukuneSi ambobda:

ratom unda daibegros is adamiani ufro maRali ganakveTiT,

romelic bevrs muSaobs, imkis Tavisi Sromis nayofs da
moixmars cotas, vidre is adamiani, romelic usaqmurad atarebs
cxovrebas,
cotas
Soulobs
da
yvelafers
xarjavs?
saxelmwifo yvela individs Tanabrad unda icavdes [1951/1963,
gv. 303].

am TvalsazrisiT, is Zunwi milioneri, romelic cotas moixmars, friad

dasafasebeli iqneba: mis mier dazogili resursi moxmardeba kapitalis
akumulirebas da xelmisawvdomi gaxdeba sazogadoebisaTvis.

iwvevs Tu ara saSemosavlo gadasaxadi saprocento Semosavlis ormag

dabegvras?
zogierTi
mosazrebis
Tanaxmad,
saSemosavlo
gadasaxadi
arasamarTliania, radgan igi orjer begvravs kapitalis Semosavals: pirvelad
Tavdapirveli Semosavlis Sovnis dros, xolo meored ki - investiciis mier
ukugebis uzrunvelyofis dros. Semosavlis dabegvris erT-erTi principi
danazogis ukugebis dabegvraa. ramdenad samarTliania aseTi principi? pasuxi,
rogorc yovelTvis, axlac subieqtur mosazrebazea damokidebuli.

wliuri
Tanasworoba
Tu
Tanasworoba
sicocxlis
ganmavlobaSi?
SeuZlebelia individis gadaxdis unari ganvsazRvroT misi ekonomikuri
mdgomareobis safuZvelze mokle periodis ganmavlobaSi. idealur SemTxvevaSi
sagadasaxado
valdebuleba
unda
ukavSirdebodes
mTeli
sicocxlis
ganmavlobaSi miRebul Semosavlebs. moxmarebis dabegvris momxreni Tvlian, rom
wliuri saSemosavlo gadasaxadi qmnis iseT sagadasaxado tvirTs, romelic
sicocxlis
ganmavlobaSi
miRebuli
Tanabari
Semosavlebis
mqone
individebisaTvis mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeba.

638

axla ki warmovidginoT batoni WriWina da qalbatoni WianWvela. orive

maTgani ori periodis ganmavlobaSi cxovrobs. maT dRes identuri fiqsirebuli
SromiTi Semosavlebis aqvT (I0), momavalSi ki maTi SromiTi Semosavali nuls
gautoldeba (nuli mxolod simartivisTvisaa aRebuli). WriWina adreuli
axalgazrdobidanve iwyebs fulis xarjvas, mas sulac ar anaRvlebs, Tu ra bedi
eweva sibereSi. rac Seexeba WianWvelas, igi ocnebobs uzrunvel sibereze da
mTel Tavis Semosavals sapensio periodisaTvis gadadebs.

WianWvelas mimdinare moxmareba proporciuli saSemosavlo gadasaxadis

pirobebSi aris c0A , xolo WriWinasi ki _ c0G . daSvebis Tanaxmad, c0G > c0A -ze.
WianWvelas momavali Semosavali gadasaxadebis gadaxdamde aris is saprocento
Semosavali,

romelic

mas

danazogze

daericxeba:

r ( I 0 - c0A ) .

analogiurad,

WriWinas momavali Semosavali gadasaxadebis gadaxdamde aris r ( I 0 - c0G ) .

Tu proporciuli saSemosavlo sagadasaxado ganakveTi aris t, maSin dRes

WriWinasa da WianWvelas identuri
momavalSi

WianWvelas

sagadasaxado

tI 0 sagadasaxado valdebuleba ekisrebaT.

valdebuleba

iqneba

tr ( I 0 - c0A ) , xolo

WriWinas sagadasaxado valdebuleba ki _ tr ( I 0 - c 0G ) . Cven gvaxsovs, rom c 0G > c 0A ze, amdenad, WianWvelis sagadasaxado valdebuleba momavalSi ufro maRali
iqneba. mxolod imitom, rom WianWvela danazogis gakeTebis ufro maRali
kulturiT xasiaTdeba, vidre WriWina, WianWvelas sagadasaxado tvirTi
sicocxlis
ganmavlobaSi
(ori
periodis
ganmavlobaSi
gadasaxadebis
diskontirebuli jami) ufro maRalia, vidre WriWinas igive maCvenebeli.

amis sapirispirod, proporciuli samomxmareblo gadasaxadis SemTxvevaSi,

sicocxlis
ganmavlobaSi
warmoqnili
sagadasaxado
tvirTi
ar
aris
damokidebuli
danazogis
kulturaze
sxva
Tanabar
pirobebSi9.
amis
dasamtkiceblad ki sakmarisia gadasaxadis gadamxdelis sabiujeto SezRudvis
formulis dawera. WianWvelas arakapitaluri Semosavali (I0) awmyoSi miiReba,
amitom misi mimdinare Rirebuleba aris, ubralod, (I0). axla ki sicocxlis
ganmavlobaSi warmoebuli moxmarebis mimdinare Rirebuleba unda gauTanabrdes
sicocxlis ganmavlobaSi miRebuli Semosavlis mimdinare Rirebulebas. amdenad,
WianWvelas
moxmarebis
struqtura
unda
akmayofilebdes
Semdeg
urTierTdamokidebulebas:

rodesac zRvruli sagadasaxado ganakveTebi damokidebulia moxmarebis doneze, maSin

SesaZloa, movlenebi sxvanairad ganviTardes.

639

I 0 = c0A +

c1A
1+ r

(19.1)

analogiurad, WriWinas SezRudva ase gamoiyureba:

I 0 = c 0G +

c1G
1+ r

(19.2)

(19.1) da (19.2) formulebi, ubralod, cxadyofs, rom

ganmavlobaSi miRebuli Semosavlis sidide unda utoldebodes
ganmavlobaSi dafiqsirebuli moxmarebis sidides.

sicocxlis
sicocxlis

Tu proporciuli samomxmareblo sagadasaxado ganakveTi aris tc,

WianWvelis sagadasaxado valdebuleba pirveli periodis ganmavlobaSi iqneba

t c c0A , meore periodSi _ t c c1A , xolo sicocxlis ganmavlobaSi warmoebuli

moxmarebis sagadasaxado valdebulebis mimdinare Rirebuleba ki RcA iqneba:

RcA = t c c0A +

t c c1A
1+ r

analogiurad, WriWinas
ganmavlobaSi iqneba:

RcG = t c c0G +

(19.3)

sagadasaxado valdebuleba

t c c1G
1+ r

mTeli

sicocxlis

(19.4)

(19.3) da (19.1) formulebis Sedarebis dros Cven vxedavT, rom WianWvelas

sagadasaxado valdebuleba mTeli sicocxlis ganmavlobaSi

t c I 0 -is tolia

[ubralod, gaamravleT (19.1) formula tc-ze].

analogiurad, (19.2) da (19.4)
formulebi miuTiTebs imaze, rom WriWinas sagadasaxado valdebuleba mTeli
sicocxlis

ganmavlobaSi

aris

agreTve

tc I 0

amrigad,

proporciuli

samomxmareblo gadasaxadis farglebSi, mTeli sicocxlis ganmavlobaSi

identuri Semosavlis mqone ori adamiani yovelTvis ixdis Tanabar gadasaxadebs
mTeli sicocxlis manZilze (rodesac `mTeli sicocxle~ interpretirebulia
mimdinare
Rirebulebis
konteqstSi).
aseTi
pozicia
sakmaod
mkacrad

640

upirispirdeba proporciul saSemosavlo gadasaxads, sadac sicocxlis

ganmavlobaSi dafiqsirebuli moxmarebis sidide sicocxlis ganmavlobaSi
formirebul sagadasaxado tvirTze axdens zemoqmedebas.

samomxmareblo gadasaxadis momxreebi amtkiceben, rom Semosavali ufro

meryevia, vidre moxmareba. uCveulod dabali Semosavlis pirobebSic ki adamiani
cdilobs, moxmarebis igive donis SenarCunebis mizniT daxarjos danazogi an
isesxos fuli. wliuri moxmareba ufro kargad asaxavs mTeli sicocxlis
ganmavlobaSi arsebul pirobebs, vidre wliuri Semosavali.

samomxmareblo dabegvris mowinaaRmdegeni xSirad svamen aseT SekiTxvas:

nuTu
marTla
ase
mniSvnelovania
mTeli
sicocxlis
ganmavlobaSi
dafiqsirebuli sidideebi? isedac arsebobs uzarmazari ekonomikuri da
politikuri ganusazRvrelobani. swored amitom arcTu realisturi iqneba
mTeli sicocxlis WrilSi mocemuli perspeqtivebi. garda amisa, moxmarebis
dabalansebasTan dakavSirebuli argumenti TavisTavad gulisxmobs imas, rom
adamians SeeZleba, Tavisuflad gaakeTos danazogi da isesxos mimdinare
saprocento ganakveTiT. Tumca adamiani xSirad SezRudulia, Tundac valis
aRebis dros. amdenad, gaugebaria, ratom aris mniSvnelovani aseTi argumenti.
empiriul kvlevaTa didi nawili cxadyofs, rom sicocxlis ciklis modeli
sasargeblo analitikuri instrumentia (Brawning and Crossley [2001]). miuxedavad
amisa, aRniSnuli mosazreba mainc imsaxurebs garkveul yuradRebas.

saSemosavlo dabegvra Tu samomxmareblo dabegvra?

Cven ukve ganvixileT farTo moxmarebis samomxmareblo gadasaxadis oTxi

magaliTi: sacalo vaWrobis gadasaxadi, dRg, holisa da rabuSkas erTiani
gadasaxadi da naRdi fulis gadasaxadi. maTi administrirebis meTodebi da
procedurebi sakmaod gansxvavebulia, Tumca maTi ekonomikuri efeqti ZiriTadad
analogiuria xolme, radgan aRniSnuli oTxi magaliTi moxmarebis dabegvris
sxvadasxva gzas warmoadgens. axla ki ganvixiloT, Tu ra dadebiTi da
uaryofiTi TvisebebiT xasiaTdeba
samomxmareblo gadasaxadi saSemosavlo
gadasaxadTan SedarebiT da gavaanalizoT zogierTi axali problema, romelic
orive maTganisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli.

samomxmareblo gadasaxadis upiratesobani. samomxmareblo

sistemis momxreni xazs usvamen sistemis ramdenime Rirsebas.

dabegvris

641

ar aris aucilebeli kapitalis mogebisa da cveTis Sefaseba. saSemosavlo

dabegvris sistemis erT-erTi yvelaze mtkivneuli problema damatebiTi qonebis
Sefasebaa. ase magaliTad, igi moiTxovs iseTi aqtivebis kapitalis mogebisa da
danakargis gamoTvlas, romelic ar gayidula wlis ganmavlobaSi. aRniSnuli
procedura imdenad rTulia, rom moqmedi sistemis farglebSi arc aravin
cdilobs mis ganxorcielebas. analogiurad, kapitaluri aRWurvilobis Sedegad
miRebuli Semosavlis SemTxvevaSi damatebiTi qonebis Rirebuleba aRWurvilobis
wliuri cveTis normebis mixedviT mcirdeba. rogorc aRvniSneT me-17 TavSi, Cven
Zalian mcire ram viciT faqtobrivi cveTis struqturaze. endriusi [1983, gv. 282]
amtkicebs, rom realuri samyaros saSemosavlo sagadasaxado sistemis
fataluri naklovaneba mdgomareobs damatebiTi qonebis Sefasebisa da dabegvris
uunarobaSi. samomxmareblo gadasaxadis moqmedebis dros ki es problemebi aRar
arsebobs, radgan damatebiTi qoneba, rogorc aseTi, ukve aRar Sedis dasabegr
bazaSi.

inflaciasTan dakavSirebuli ramdenime problema. araindeqsirebuli

saSemosavlo gadasaxadis pirobebSi inflacia iwvevs mniSvnelovan cvlilebebs,
romelTagan zogierTi gamowveulia progresiuli sagadasaxado struqturiT.
rac
Seexeba
danarCen
cvlilebebs,
isini
proporciuli
gadasaxadebis
SemTxvevaSic ki moxdeboda. cvlilebebi imiTaa gamowveuli, rom kapitaluri
Semosavlis gamoTvla moiTxovs im wlebis monacemebis gamoyenebas, romelTa
dros fasebis sxvadasxva done moqmedebda. ase magaliTad, aqtivis vaWrobis
SemTxvevaSi, kapitalis mogebis an danakargis gamoTvlis dros xdeba SeZenis
dros dafiqsirebuli Rirebulebis gamokleba vaWrobis dros dafiqsirebuli
Rirebulebidan. zogadad, Rirebulebis cvlileba nawilobriv inflaciis
bralia, amdenad, individi ibegreba im mogebaze, romelic ar asaxavs realuri
Semosavlis zrdas. rogorc me-15 TavSi aRvniSneT, aqtivis indeqsirebuli
Semosavlis racionaluri sqemis Camoyalibeba Zalian rTulia. amdenad, msgavsi
mcdeloba arc ki dafiqsirebula aSS-Si.

amis sapirispirod, samomxmareblo gadasaxadis pirobebSi, dabegvris bazis

gansazRvris dros xdeba mxolod mimdinare wels warmoebuli garigebebis
gaTvaliswineba. amdenad, inflaciis Sedegad gamowveuli cvlilebebi aRar
warmoadgens problemas.

ar
dgas
damoukidebeli
korporaciuli
gadasaxadis
arsebobis
aucilebloba.
samomxmareblo
gadasaxadis
alternatiuli
prototipebi
korporaciuli saSemosavlo gadasaxadis, sul mcire, Teoriulad mainc
gauqmebis saSualebas iZleva. gaixseneT me-17 Tavidan, rom korporaciuli
gadasaxadis arsebobis yvelaze mniSvnelovani gamarTleba aris individis mier
korporaciaSi akumulirebuli Semosavlis dabegvris funqcia. Tu akumulacia,
rogorc aseTi, aRar iqneba piradi saSemosavlo dasabegri bazis komponenti,
maSin misi arsebobac aRar iqneba gamarTlebuli. korporaciuli gadasaxadis
gauqmeba ki, albaT, aamaRlebs efeqtianobas.

642

moxmarebis dabegvris momxreni amtkiceben, rom dabegvris am sistemis

danergva arc iseTi radikaluri nabiji iqneba, rogorc es Cans erTi SexedviT.
ufro metic, garkveuli TvalsazrisiT, arsebuli sistema ukve waagavs
samomxmareblo sagadasaxado sistemas:

zogierTi gadasaxadis gadamxdelis

Semosavali
gaTavisuflebulia
gadasaxadisagan, Tu igi deponirebulia 401 (k-s) an IRA-s angariSebze.
finansuri aqtivis ararealizebuli kapitaluri mogeba ar ibegreba; ar
ibegreba agreTve sacxovrebelTan dakavSirebuli kapitaluri mogeba.
kapitaluri mogeba ar ibegreba, Tu igi realizebulia mflobelis
gardacvalebis Semdeg.
daCqarebuli cveTa amcirebs dasabegr bazaSi CarTuli sainvesticio
SenaZenis moculobas.

aRniSnuli aspeqtebis gaTvaliswinebis Semdeg didi Secdoma iqneboda,

arsebuli mdgomareobisaTvis saSemosavlo sagadasaxado sistema gvewodebina; es
aris saSemosavlo da samomxmareblo dabegvris hibridi.

samomxmareblo gadasaxadis uaryofiTi mxareebi. piradi samomxmareblo

dabegvris mowinaaRmdegeni sistemis ramdenime uaryofiT mxares usvamen xazs:

administraciuli problemebi. oponentebi Tvlian, rom sistemis danergva

monitoringisa da sabuxhaltro aRricxvis xarjebs gazrdis. ase magaliTad,
ganvixiloT biznesis gadasaxadi H&R SeTavazebis mixedviT. dasabegr bazaSi ar
Sedis sainvesticio danaxarji. samomxmareblo saqonlis gamijvna sainvesticio
danaxarjisgan arcTu ise martivia, gansakuTrebiT, mcire biznesis SemTxvevaSi
(ra daniSnuleba aqvs SeZenil magidas? igi saxlis pirobebSi moxmarebisTvisaa
gaTvaliswinebuli, Tu investiciad unda CaiTvalos?) cxadia, analogiuri
problema saSemosavlo gadasaxadis SemTxvevaSic arsebobs, Tumca gadasaxadis
minumamde Semcirebis an aralegaluri acilebis stimuli H&R gadasaxadis
pirobebSi ufro Zlieria, radgan am SemTxvevaSi firmas sainvesticio erTeulis
mTliani Rirebulebis gamoqviTva SeuZlia; saSemosavlo gadasaxadis SemTxvevaSi
ki mxolod gansazRvruli wilis gamoqviTvaa SesaZlebeli (gaixseneT me-17 Tavi,
sadac saubari iyo cveTis normebis Sesaxeb).

gardamaval etapTan dakavSirebuli problemebi. kritikosebi amtkiceben,

miuxedavad imisa, rom arsebuli sistema Sedgeba samomxmareblo gadasaxadis
elementebisagan, sistemis mTliani gadarTva samomxmareblo gadasaxadze
gardamaval etapTan dakavSirebul auracxel problemas warmoqmnis. ufrosi
Taoba ormagi dabegvris riskis winaSe dadgeba: samuSao wlebis dros, rodesac
isini sapensio asakisaTvis danazogs akeTebdnen, maTi kapitaluri Semosavali

643

eqvemdebareboda dabegvras. mas Semdeg, rac es individebi sapensio asaks

miaRweven, daibegreba maTi moxmareba. aseTi saxis problema nebismieri
seriozuli sagadasaxado reformis dros warmoiqmneba xolme _ individi,
romelic Tavis movaleobebs moqmedi sistemis mixedviT asrulebda, sxva
sistemaze gadasvlis Sedegad
yovelTvis dazaraldeba.
samarTlianobis
principis dacvis mizniT aucilebeli gaxdeba ufrosi Taobis danakargis
kompensireba, romelic gamowveuli iqneba gardamavali periodiT. samomxmareblo
gadasaxadis momxreebi gvTavazoben uamrav wess, romelic gardamaval periodTan
dakavSirebuli problemebis mogvarebaSi dagvexmareba [ix. Sakar and Zodrov, 1993].
magram rac ufro meti specialuri kanoni moqmedebs, miT ufro rTuldeba
sistema.

saCuqari da memkvidreoba. (19.1) (19.4) formulebis ganxilvis dros

dadginda, rom martivi sasicocxlo ciklis modelis Tanaxmad, proporciuli
samomxmareblo gadasaxadi aris mTeli sicocxlis ganmavlobaSi miRebuli
Semosavlis gadasaxadis ekvivalenturi. sasicocxlo ciklis modelisagan
gansxvavebiT, zogierTi adamiani mTeli sicocxlis ganmavlobaSi miRebul
Semosavals saCuqarsa da memkvidreobaze xarjavs. rogor unda aisaxos amgvari
transferi samomxmareblo gadasaxadis farglebSi? erT-erTi mosazrebis
mixedviT, saCuqari da memkvidreoba ar ibegreba manam, vidre maTi gamoyeneba ar
moxdeba recipientis mier. meore mosazrebis Tanaxmad ki saCuqari da
memkvidreoba unda daibegros, rogorc donoris moxmareba. amdenad, saCuqaric da
memkvidreobac transferis ganxorcielebis momentSi unda daibegros. am
mosazrebis momxreebi amtkiceben, rom politikurad sruliad gaumarTlebeli
iqneba iseTi sagadasaxado sistemis Camoyalibeba, romelic qonebis didi
nawilis yovelgvari gadasaxadis gareSe akumulirebas dauSvebs, xolo
transferis SemTxvevaSi ki ver uzrunvelyofs mis dabegvras. Tumca, rogorc
mogvianebiT iqneba axsnili, qonebis transferis dabegvra uamrav konceptualur
da praqtikul problemasTanaa dakavSirebuli.

orive
sistemisaTvis
damaxasiaTebeli
problemebi.
samomxmareblo
gadasaxadis TviT yvelaze enTuziasti momxreebic ki aRiareben im faqts, rom
misi danergva qveyanas ar Seiyvans sagadasaxado nirvanaSi. saSemosavlo
sagadasaxado sistemisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli yvelaze mtkivneuli problema
aqtualuri darCeba samomxmareblo sagadasaxado sistemis drosac. Tumca igi ar
aris SezRuduli Semdegi problemebiT:

Tavad moxmarebis ganmarteba (aris Tu ara jandacvaze gaweuli xarjebi

moxmarebis nawili? Tu es xarjebi unda daeqvemdebaros gamoqviTvas?);
dabegvris erTeulis SerCeva da ganakveTis adekvaturi da racionaluri
struqturis SemuSaveba;
sxvadasxva Tanamdebobrivi damatebiTi sargeblis Sefaseba (Tu samsaxuri
individs kompaniis sacurao auziT sargeblobis uflebiT uzrunvelyofs,
unda daibegros Tu ara es sargebeli? Tu unda daibegros, maSin ris
safuZvelze unda Sefasdes?);

644

periodTa miaxloebis meTodis gansazRvra, Tu grafiki zrdadi zRvruli

sagadasaxado ganakveTebiT xasiaTdeba;
saSinao pirobebSi warmoebuli produqciis dabegvra;
brZola
gadasaxadebis
acilebisa
da
Crdilovan
ekonomikaSi
monawileobis winaaRmdeg.

dabolos, aRsaniSnavia, rom ar iqneba samarTliani, Tu Cven idealur

samomxmareblo gadasaxads Cveulebriv faqtobriv saSemosavlo gadasaxads
davupirispirebT. istoriulad, gansakuTrebuli interesi yovelTvis ubiZgebda
politikoss, preferenciuli reJimiT daebegra Semosavlis konkretuli formebi.
samomxmareblo gadasaxadi verasodes aRmofxvris politikur korufcias
sagadasaxado saqmeebSi. erTi pesimisti ekonomistis azriT, `samomxmareblo
dabegvrisa da saSemosavlo dabegvris Sesaxeb mimdinare kamaTi sruliad
unayofoa: Cven arc axla vbegravT mTel Semosavals, xolo Tu samomxmareblo
gadasaxads
davnergavT,
maSin
zustad
iseTive
moculobis
moxmarebas
gavaTavisuflebT
gadasaxadisagan,
ra
moculobis
Semosavalic
axlaa
gaTavisuflebuli10~. SeuZlebelia, ganvWvritoT, iqneba Tu ara arsebul
gadasaxadze ukeTesi realuri samomxmareblo gadasaxadi.

qonebis gadasaxadi

Cven mier aqamde ganxiluli gadasaxadebiT ibegreba Semosavali, moxmareba

da gayidva. ekonomistTa JargoniT, maT mcuravi cvladebi ewodeba da TiToeuli
maTgani asocirebulia droiT ganzomilebasTan. ase magaliTad, Semosavali
mcuravi cvladia, radgan Tavad cneba mxolod maSinaa raime azris matarebeli,
rodesac droiTi intervalis konteqstSia naxsenebi. Tu Tqven ganacxadebT: `Cemi
Semosavali 10000 aSS dolaria~, es arafers niSnavs, Tu ar daazustebT, es aris
kvireuli, Tviuri Tu wliuri Semosavali. ZiriTadi cvladi ki ar aris
asocirebuli droiT ganzomilebasTan. qoneba (simdidre) aris ZiriTadi cvladi.
igi asaxavs individis mier akumulirebul aqtivTa Rirebulebas. axla ki
ganvixiloT qonebis dabegvrasTan dakavSirebuli zogierTi sakiTxi.

ratom ibegreba qoneba?

sanam TiToeuli gadasaxadis konkretul niSan-Tvisebebs ganvixilavdeT,

vnaxoT, Tu rogor aris dasabuTebuli qonebis dabegvra, anu misi gamoyeneba
dabegvris safuZvlad.

10

Emil Sunley (Makin [1985, gv. 20]).

645

qonebis
gadasaxadi
saSemosavlo
gadasaxadis
administrirebasTan
dakavSirebul gansazRvrul Secdomebs gamoasworebs. gaixseneT, rom kapitalis
yvelanairi mogeba, miuxedavad imisa, realizebulia Tu ara, Sedis dasabegr
bazaSi srulyofili saSemosavlo gadasaxadis SemTxvevaSi. praqtikulad ki
SeuZlebelia xolme ararealizebuli
kapitalis mogebis
dabegvra. Tu
davbegravT qonebas, romlis nawilicaa kapitalis mogeba, SesaZlebeli iqneba am
naklovanebis gamosworeba. qoneba warmoadgens gardasuli wlebis kapitalis
mogebaTa da danaklisTa jams. Tumca ar arsebobs mizezi, vifiqroT, rom
wliuri qonebis
gadasaxadidan miRebuli Semosavali
miuaxlovdeba im
Semosavlebs, romelTa miReba SesaZlebeli iqneboda ararealizebuli kapitalis
mogebis wliuri dabegvris Sedegad.

rac ufro didia adamianis qoneba, miT didia misi gadaxdis unari sxva
Tanabar pirobebSi (Semosavlis CaTvliT). swored amitom mdidarma ufro didi
gadasaxadebi unda gadaixados. davuSvaT, rom Zunwma oqros didi maragi
daagrova, Tumca oqros aranairi Semosavali ar moaqvs. unda daibegros Tu ara
Zunwi am maragis safuZvelze? arsebobs mosazreba, romlis Tanaxmadac, maragis
Segrovebis procesSi Zunwi ibegreboda saSemosavlo gadasaxadiT da es
sakmarisia; amitom, igi aRar unda daibegros sxva gadasaxadiT. alternatiuli
mosazrebis Tanaxmad, oqro, Tavisi arsiT, qmnis sargebels da, amdenad, unda
daeqvemdebaros dabegvras. gadaxdis unaris argumentis yvelaze mniSvnelovani
problema, albaT, is aris, rom TviT yvelaze mdidari adamianic ki Tavisi
qonebis mniSvnelovan nawils adamianur kapitalSi debs _ ganaTlebaSi, unarCvevebis amaRlebasa da a.S. Tumca SeuZlebelia, adamianuri kapitalis Sefaseba
misi saSualebiT miRebuli Semosavlis Sefasebis gareSe. am logikuri
msjelobiT vubrundebiT daskvnas imis Sesaxeb, rom Semosavali yvelaze
racionaluri dasabegri safuZvelia.

qonebis dabegvra amcirebs qonebis koncentracias, rac ase sasurvelia

socialurad da politikurad. rogorc me-7 TavSi vnaxeT, miuxedavad imisa, rom
rTulia Semosavlis zusti gansazRvra, saukeTeso Sefaseba cxadyofs, rom aSSSi Semosavlis ganawileba erTob araTanabrad mimdinareobs. qonebis Sesaxeb
arsebuli monacemebi ki ufro mwiria. arsebuli informaciis safuZvelze
vaskvniT, rom qonebis ganawileba erTob araTanasworia. aseT uTanasworobas
rTul eTikur sakiTxebamde mivyavarT, romelic Zalian waagavs me-7 TavSi
ganxiluli Semosavlis ganawilebis sakiTxebs. arsebobs mosazreba, rom qonebis
koncentrirebuli ganawileba demokratiul politikur sistemaSi korufcias
iwvevs. skeptikosebis azriT, Tu Zalauflebis koncentracia amosavali
wertilia, maSin SeuZlebelia, gavamarTloT 1 milioniT, 10 milioniT an Tundac
50 milioniT gazrdili qonebis dabegvra. rogorc Steini SeniSnavda [1997],
`Zalauflebis mosaxveWad amerikaSi didi fulia saWiro~. SemdgomSi Steini aseve
aRniSnavda: `opra uinris dRes ufro meti Zalaufleba aqvs, vidre nebismier
multimilioners~. ismeba kiTxva: unda daibegros Tu ara opra specialuri
gadasaxadiT imis gamo, rom mas aqvs Zalaufleba?

646

qonebis gadasaxadi aris gadasaxadi im sargeblisTvis, romelsac qonebis

mflobeli mTavrobisagan iRebs. rogorc prezidenti Teodor ruzvelti
aRniSnavda, `didi simdidris mqone adamiani gansakuTrebulad valdebulia
Statebis winaSe, radgan igi sargeblobs gansakuTrebuli upiratesobiT mxolod
imis gamo, rom arsebobs mTavroba. arsebobs azri, rom Tavdacvis xarjebis
ZiriTadi mizani Cveni simdidris dacvaa (gareSe mtrebisgan). Tu marTlac asea,
iqneb qonebis gadasaxadi Tavdacvis dafinansebis ubralo meTods warmoadgens?
garda amisa, saxelmwifo eweva garkveul xarjs im mizniT, rom qonebis
mflobeli gansakuTrebuli sargebliT uzrunvelyos. Tu saxelmwifo daagebs da
mouvlis gzas, romelic maRaziis win gamodis da misi mflobeli isargeblebs
saxelmwifos sargebliT, igi valdebuli iqneba, amisTvis gadaixados. miuxedavad
imisa, rom sargeblis dabegvris idea sakmaod mimzidvelia, araferia cnobili,
Tu ramdenad aRwevs qonebis gadasaxadi dasaxul mizans. iuristi, romelic
ganixilavda saqmes gadasaxadis dabegvrasTan dakavSirebiT, ritorikul kiTxvas
svamda:L`marTalia Tu ara, rom is adamiani, romelic flobs orjer did saxls,
orjer met sargebels iRebs policiidan da saxanZro samsaxuridan?~ [Hagman,
1978,
gv.
42].
pasuxi
aseTia:
`albaT
ara~.
saojaxo
meurneobisaTvis
municipalitetebis mier gaweuli momsaxureba, sacxovreblis farTobis garda,
bevr sxva faqtorzea damokidebuli. ase magaliTad: ganaTlebis Rirebuleba
damokidebulia bavSvebis raodenobaze ojaxSi. saxanZro samsaxurisa da
policiis momsaxurebis Rirebuleba ki imazea damokidebuli, Tu ra raodenobis
avejia saxlSi da ra donezea igi dazRveuli. Tu Cveni mizani sargeblis
dabegvraa, maSin ufro keTilgonivruli iqneba saxelmwifo momsaxurebisaTvis
gadasaxadis daweseba, vidre qonebis gadasaxadis gamoyeneba.

qonebis gadasaxadi ganxilul iqna rogorc gadaxdis unaris, aseve

sargeblis WrilSi. orive SemTxvevaSi argumentebi metad winaaRmdegobrivia.

dReisaTvis amerikaSi moqmedi yvelaze mniSvnelovani qonebis gadasaxadi

sakuTrebaze arsebuli gadasaxadia, romelic gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania
municipalitetebis saqmianobisaTvis. sakuTrebis gadasaxadis Sesaxeb ki Semdeg
TavSi vimsjeloT, sadac mTavrobis qvesaxelmwifo doneebia aRwerili.

uZravi qonebisa da Cuqebis gadasaxadi

federaluri mTavroba awesebs qonebis gadasaxads uZrav qonebasa da

Cuqebaze. gadasaxadi araregularuli intervaliT wesdeba konkretuli movlenis
dros _ uZravi qonebis gadasaxadi qonebis mflobelis (gardacvlili)
gardacvalebis SemTxvevaSi, xolo Cuqebis gadasaxadi ki maSin, rodesac xdeba
qonebis Cuqeba cocxal mxareebs Soris (inter vivos). rogorc federaluri, aseve
zogierTi Statis mmarTveloba gadasaxadiT begravs saCuqarsa da uZrav qonebas.

647

am Semosavlebs mmarTvelobis arc erT doneze ar moaqvs maRali Semosavali.

uZravi qonebisa da Cuqebis gadasaxadze modis federaluri sagadasaxado
Semosavlebis mxolod 1,4%. federaluri gadasaxadi ar exeba zogierTi
moqalaqis cxovrebas. gardacvlilTa mxolod 2%-ma datova iseTi uZravi qoneba,
romelic eqvemdebareba dabegvras [McCaffery and Wagner, 2000]. zogierTi
kompetenturi piris azriT, unda gafarTovdes uZravi qonebisa da Cuqebis
gadasaxadis roli. Tumca politikuri kursi sruliad sxva mimarTulebas iRebs.
2001 wels gadasaxadis oponentebma, romlebic mas `sikvdilis~ (memkvidreobis)
gadasaxads uwodebdnen, miaRwies imas, rom miRebul iqna kanonmdebloba, romlis
mixedviTac, am aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi nel-nela gauqmdeba es gadasaxadi, 2010
wels ki moxdeba gadasaxadis saboloo anulireba. axla ki ganvixiloT uZravi
qonebisa da Cuqebis gadasaxadis sasargeblod da sawinaaRmdegod moyvanili
argumentebi.

logikuri mizezi

ai, is ZiriTadi sakiTxebi, romlebic wamoiWreba xolme uZravi qonebis

gadasaxadis Sesaxeb msjelobis dros:

gadasaxadi momsaxurebisaTvis. arsebobs mosazreba imis Sesaxeb, rom

saxelmwifo icavs sakuTrebis uflebebs da zedamxedvelobas axorcielebs
sakuTrebis
gadacemaze gardacvlilidan memkvidreebze. am momsaxurebis
kompensaciisaTvis saxelmwifo uflebamosilia, miiRos garkveuli gadasaxadi.
uZravi qonebis gadasaxadis mowinaaRmdegeni Tvlian, rom aseTi momsaxurebis
miReba adamianis arsebiTi uflebaa da amitom momsaxureba yovelgvari
safasuris gareSe unda iqnes gaweuli. rogorc yofili kongresmeni, bil arCeri,
ambobda: `TavisTavad sikvdilma ar unda warmoqmnas sagadasaxado valdebuleba~.
amdenad, tendenciuria uZravi qonebis transferis dabegvra: Tu mo 10000 dolars
evropaSi
mogzaurobaze
daxarjavs,
karli
10000
dolars
qaliSvilis
ganaTlebaSi gadaixdis, xolo lari ki vaJs 10000 dolars dautovebs, ratom
unda daibegros lari specialuri gadasaxadiT?

sakuTrebis dabruneba sazogadoebisaTvis. uZravi qonebis gadasaxadis

momxreebi Tvlian, rom sabolood nebismieri qoneba sazogadoebis sakuTrebaa.
individis
sicocxlis
ganmavlobaSi
sazogadoeba
individs
mis
mier
akumulirebuli dagrovili qonebis gamoyenebis saSualebas aZlevs, magram misi
gardacvalebis Semdeg qoneba ubrundeba sazogadoebas, romelsac misi sruli
gankargvis ufleba aqvs. am poziciidan, individs SeuZlia, gamoiyenos dagrovili
qoneba, Tumca mis memkvidres aranairi eTikuri ufleba ara aqvs, moiTxovos es
qoneba. gaixseneT me-7 Tavidan, rom aseTi mtkicebulebis miRma bevri
winaaRmdegobrivi subieqturi Sefaseba imaleba. oponentebi Tvlian, rom
Tavidanve mcdaria warmodgena imis Sesaxeb, rom individi mxolod imitom

648

flobs qonebas, rom asiamovnos `sazogadoebas~ da an `sazogadoebas~ SeuZlia

raime samarTlebrivi pretenzia hqondes pirad simdidreze.

stimuli. uZrav qonebas, rogorc stimuls, saukeTesod axasiaTebs endriu

karnegi: `mama, romelic Svils auracxel simdidres utovebs, klavs Svilis
talantsa da energias; datovebuli simdidris gamo Svilis cxovreba usargeblo
da naklebad Rirebuli xdeba~. begravs ra saxelmwifo uZrav qonebas, amiT
ewinaaRmdegeba amgvar tendenciebs. rogorc Cans, sakmaod axlos dgas karnegis
hipoTeza simarTlesTan da memkvidreoba marTlac axdens zemoqmedebas Svilis
Sromis miwodebis moculobaze. Seswavlil iqna im individTa qceva, romlebmac
didi memkvidreoba miiRes. kvlevis iniciatorebma: holc-eakinma, julfaianma da
rozenma [1993] daadgines, rom rac ufro didi iyo memkvidreoba, miT naklebs
muSaobda memkvidre misi miRebis Semdeg.

Tumca stimulTan dakavSirebuli problema ufro rTulia, vidre amas

karnegi moiazrebda; saWiroa aramxolod recipientis, aramed donoris qcevis
Seswavlac. warmovidginoT, rom liri bevrs Sromobs imisaTvis, rom Tavis
qaliSvilebs didi qoneba dautovos. uZravi qonebis
gadasaxadis arsebobam
SesaZloa, Seamciros liris muSaobis survili (`ratom vimuSao bevri, Tu Cems
qonebas sagadasaxado samsaxuri Caijibavs, xolo Cems Svilebs ki araferi
darCeba~?). meore mxriv, uZravi qonebis gadasaxadis arsebobis pirobebSi
aucilebeli iqneba ufro meti qonebis dagroveba, raTa dabegrili memkvidreoba
sasurveli moculobis iyos. amdenad, uZravi qonebis gadasaxadma SesaZloa,
ubiZgos lirs, imuSaos ufro meti da SeinarCunos uZravi qonebis wminda
Rirebuleba. ubiZgebs Tu ara uZravi qonebis gadasaxadi donors, ufro meti
Sroma gaswios, logikurad ganuzRvrelia11. mxolod Teoria verasodes
gansazRvravs, Tu romeli tendencia dominirebs.

analogiurad, SeuZlebelia, ganvWvritoT, Tu ra zemoqmedebas axdens

uZravi qonebis gadasaxadi donoris danazogze. ufro martivi, albaT, im
situaciebis ganxilvaa, romlis drosac donori zogavs an mets, an naklebs.

am konteqstSi uZravi qonebis gadasaxadi zemoqmedebas axdens aramxolod

qonebis im moculobaze, romlis transferi xorcieldeba TaobaTa Soris,
aramed Tavad transferis formazec. fizikuri kapitalis memkvidreobis
gadasaxadi adamianuri kapitalis formiT qonebis gadacemis stimuls qmnis. ase
magaliTad, imis nacvlad, rom lirma TiToeul qaliSvils 80000 dolari
aqciebisa da obligaciebis saxiT dautovos, igi am TanxiT qaliSvilebs
ganaTlebas daufinansebs. rogorc Cans, uZravi qonebis gadasaxadi warmoqmnis
Warb investiciebs adamianur kapitalSi.

11

ganuzRvreloba warmoiqmneba Senacvlebisa da saSemosavlo efeqts Soris arsebuli

cnobili konfliqtis gamo. ix. me-16 Tavi.

649

stimulze zemoqmedebis Sesafaseblad warmoebuli empiriuli kvlevebi

jer kidev sawyis etapzea. erT-erT kvlevaSi slemrodma da kopcukma [2000]
gaaanalizes uZravi qonebis gadasaxadis ukugeba 1916-1996 wlebSi imisaTvis, rom
SeefasebinaT, Tu ra zegavlenas axdens uZravi qonebis sagadasaxado ganakveTi
gacxadebul qonebaze. maT aRmoaCines, rom gardacvalebamde 10 wlis
ganmavlobaSi dominirebadi sagadasaxado ganakveTis moculobasa da uZravi
qonebis raodenobas Soris aris negatiuri damokidebuleba, anu, rogorc Cans,
sagadasaxado ganakveTis
zrdis Sedegad mcirdeba
qonebis
Segrovebis
koeficienti. maT mier warmoebuli miaxloebiTi gamoTvlebi cxadyofs, rom
qonebis dagrovebis mTliani koeficienti gaizrdeba 1,5%-iT, Tu gauqmdeba
gadasaxadi. aRmoCena garkveulwilad provokaciulia, Tumca slemrodi da
kopcuki xazs usvamen imas, rom mas sifrTxiliT unda movekidoT. saerTod,
rTulia yvelaze racionaluri uZravi qonebis gadasaxadis gamoTvla. ganakveTi
dgindeba nawilobriv individis molodinis safuZvelze, Tumca aravin icis, Tu
rogor xdeba amgvari molodinis formireba. miuxedavad amisa, Sedegi cxadyofs,
rom uZravi qonebis gadasaxadis zemoqmedeba samuSao stimulze erTob
mniSvnelovania da momavali kvlevis erTob saintereso sakiTxs warmoadgens.

damokidebuleba pirad saSemosavlo gadasaxadTan. uZravi qonebisa da

Cuqebis gadasaxadis arseboba aucilebelia, radgan arc erTi da arc meore ar
Sedis recipientis dasabegr qonebaSi. bunebrivad Cndeba SekiTxva: ratom ar
Sedis saCuqari da uZravi qoneba koreqtirebul mTlian SemosavalSi? bolos da
bolos, es aris potenciuri moxmarebis damateba da, pirobiTi ganmartebis
Tanaxmad,
warmoadgens
recipientis
Semosavals.
ratomRac
yovelTvis
aTvalwunebuli iyo mosazreba maTi dasabegri SemosavlisaTvis mikuTvnebis
Sesaxeb. uZravi qoneba da saCuqari arafriT ar Sedis imave klasSi, romelSic
imyofeba xelfasi da saprocento Semosavali. Tumca am naklovanebas yvelaze
warmatebulad isev uZravi qonebisa da Cuqebis gadasaxadi gamoasworebs.
SesaZlo alternativaze Cven odnav mogvianebiT visaubrebT.

Semosavlis ganawileba. qonebis gadasaxadi erTob Rirebuli instrumentia

Semosavlis ufro Tanabari ganawilebisaTvis. rogorc uiliam geiTsi-ufrosi
(maikrosoftis miliardeli damfuZneblis mama) amtkicebda, uZravi qonebis
gadasaxadi imisTvisaa saWiro, rom `demokratia samemkvidreo qonebis ganuxreli
zrdisagan daicvas [Gates and Collins, 2002]~. ibadeba aseTi normatiuli SekiTxva:
unda izrunos Tu ara saxelmwifom Semosavlebis ufro Tanaswor da samarTlian
ganawilebaze? magram kargi iqneba, Tu am SekiTxvas gverdze gadavdebT da
ganvixilavT pozitiur SekiTxvas, romelic ase JRers: miaRwevs Tu ara uZravi
qonebis dabegvris efeqtiani sistema dasaxul mizans? pasuxi ki, albaT, aseTi
iqneba: `dasabamidan uZravi qonebis mizani qonebis koncentraciis ganeitraleba
iyo~ [Gale and Slemrod, 2000, gv. 931]. arsebobs ramdenime mizezi, romlis gamoc
memkvidreobis dabegvra sakuTari Tavis winaaRmdeg trialdeba da ganapirobebs
Semosavlis naklebad Tanaswor da samarTlian ganawilebas.

650

Tu uZravi qonebis
gadasaxadi amcirebs danazogis
moculobas,
Sesabamisad, mcirdeba kapitalic, rasac mivyavarT dabal xelfasamde da
gansazRvruli pirobebis dros Semosavlis mcire porciamde, romelsac
iRebs daqiravebuli12. kapitaluri Semosavali ufro araTanasworadaa
ganawilebuli, vidre Sromis Semosavali, amdenad, gadasaxadi zrdis
uTanasworobas.
Taobis SigniT, rogorc Cans, individi Semosavlis transfers mxolod
masze Rarib adamianze axorcielebs. aseTi transferi calsaxad zrdis
Tanasworobas. aseTi nebayoflobiTi transferis raodenobis Semcireba
gamoiwvevs Semosavlebis ufro araTanaswor ganawilebas.
davuSvaT, rom mSoblebs, romelTa Semosavlis miRebis SesaZlebloba
saSualoze maRalia, hyavT Svilebi, romelTa Semosavlis miRebis
SesaZlebloba saSualoa (aRniSnuli fenomeni saSualo mdgomareobaSi
dabrunebis saxelwodebiTaa cnobili). mdidari mSobeli, romelsac surs,
Svilis Semosavlis miRebis SedarebiT dabali unari memkvidreobis
saSualebiT
aanazRauros,
amcirebs
Semosavlebis
araTanaswor
ganawilebas TaobaTa Soris. Sesabamisad, aseTi transferebis Semcireba
zrdis TaobaTaSoris uTanasworobas.

arsebobs mosazreba imis Sesaxeb, rom politikis obieqtivSi unda moeqces

moxmarebis uTanasworoba da ara qonebis uTanasworoba. uZravi qonebis
gadasaxadi ubiZgebs mdidars, daxarjos maqsimalurad bevri fuli sicocxlis
ganmavlobaSi, rac aferxebs moxmarebis Tanasworobas. amrigad, Teoriuli
TvalsazrisiT, uZravi qonebis dabegvris efeqti Tanasworobaze sakmaod
ganusazRvrelia. empiriuli kvleva jerjerobiT ver adgens, zrdis Tu amcirebs
Tanasworobas uZravi qonebis gadasaxadi.

debulebebi

Cuqebis gadasaxadi da uZravi qonebis gadasaxadi mTlianad gadajaWvulia

erTmaneTSi. davuSvaT, rom uZravi qoneba ibegreba, xolo Cuqeba ki _ ara. Tu
lirs surs Tavisi qonebis qaliSvilebisaTvis datoveba da icis, rom igi
daibegreba misi gardacvalebis SemTxvevaSi, maSin liri, gadasaxadis Tavidan
acilebis mizniT sicocxlis ganmavlobaSi - inter vivos - aCuqebs qonebas Tavis
qaliSvilebs. analogiuri SesaZleblobani iarsebebs maSinac, Tu imoqmedebs
Cuqebis gadasaxadi da ar imoqmedebs uZravi qonebis gadasaxadi. 1976 wlidan
amerikam oficialurad gaaerTiana es ori gadasaxadi da gaerTianebuli
satransfero gadasaxadi uwoda.

12

ix. Stiglitz [1978]. rodesac saxelfaso ganakveTi mcirdeba, izrdeba Sromis moTxovna.
amdenad, xelfasisa da Sromis moTxovnili moculobis namravli damokidebulia Sromis
moTxovnis elastiurobaze. es ukanaskneli ki, Tavis mxriv, damokidebulia imaze, Tu
romeli
kapitaliTaa ufro
martivi Sromis
Canacvleba (Sromis Canacvlebis
elastiuroba kapitaliT).

651

gaerTianebuli satransfero gadasaxadis struqtura Zalian hgavs piradi

saSemosavlo gadasaxadis struqturas. pirvel rigSi, xdeba mTliani qonebis
gamoTvla, Semdeg mas akldeba gamoqviTvebi, gadasaxadisagan gaTavisuflebuli
nawili da rCeba dasabegri uZravi qoneba. sagadasaxado valdebuleba
ganisazRvreba progresiuli sagadasaxado ganakveTis dawesebiT dasabegr uZrav
qonebaze.

dasabegri bazis gamoTvla. mTliani qoneba Sedgeba yvela im qonebisagan,

romelsac flobda gardacvlili gardacvalebis momentSi uZravi qonebis,
aqciebis, obligaciebisa da sadazRvevo polisebis CaTvliT. igi agreTve moicavs
Cuqebas, romelic ganxorcielda gardacvlilis sicocxlis ganmavlobaSi.
dasabegri qonebis gamoTvlis dros mTlian qonebas akldeba dakrZalvis
xarjebi, memkvidreobis gaformebis xarjebi (iuristis momsaxureba) da sxva
qonebrivi daufaravi vali. saqvelmoqmedo Senatanebi SeuzRudavad eqvemdebareba
gamoqviTvas.

nebadarTulia Semdegi gamoqviTvebi:

1,5 milioni aSS dolaris Rirebulebis uZravi qoneba mflobelis

sicocxlis ganmavlobaSi Tavisufldeba gadasaxadisagan (2004 wlis
monacemebi). am Rirebulebaze naklebi Rirebulebis uZravi qoneba
Tavisufldeba federaluri gadasaxadisagan. gaTavisufleba ar aris
indeqsirebuli inflaciis mixedviT.
meuRlisaTvis gadacemuli qoneba (Cuqebis an memkvidreobiT datovebis
gziT) eqvemdebareba gamoqviTvas. amdenad, im multimilioneris qoneba,
romelic 1,5 milions utovebs Svilebs, xolo danarCens ki _ meuRles, ar
ibegreba
sagadasaxado
valdebulebiT.
meuRleTaTvis
datovebuli
memkvidreobis gamoqviTvis gamo col-qmari ar ixdis uZravi qonebis
gadasaxads, sanam orive meuRle ar gardaicvleba.
TiToeuli individi wliurad Tavisufldeba recipientis mixedviT 11000
dolaris Rirebulebis saCuqris gadasaxadisagan (2003 wlis
monacemi),
rac indeqsirebulia inflaciis mixedviT. axla ki warmovidginoT
samSviliani ojaxi. yovel wels deda da mama TiToeul Svils 11000
dolars Cuqnian. maSasadame, wliurad col-qmari samive Svils 66000 aSS
dolars Cuqnis. sainteresoa Tavad is faqti, rom mdidari srulad ar
iyenebs sicocxlis ganmavlobaSi qonebis ganawilebis sagadasaxado
upiratesobas. ratom? arsebobs istoria erT mdidar kacze, romelmac
TiToeul Svils 1 milioni aCuqa, rodesac maT 21 weli SeusruldaT.
rodesac mas amgvari saqcielis mizezi hkiTxes, mdidarma upasuxa: mindoda,
rac SeiZleba male mimeca maTTvis finansuri Tavisufleba, raTa maT
`Tavidan movecilebineo~. rogorc Cans, adamianTa did nawils ar surs,
rom Svilebma swrafad `moicilon Tavidan~. swored amitom isini
akontroleben qonebas, sadamdec SeuZliaT, Tundac amisaTvis maT meti
sagadasaxado valdebuleba daawveT Tavs.

ganakveTis struqtura. dasabegri baza ibegreba zrdadi zRvruli

sagadasaxado ganakveTebiT. 2004 wels maqsimaluri ganakveTi 48% iyo. efeqtiania

652

Tu ara aseTi ganakveTi optimaluri gadasaxadebis Teoriis mixedviT? albaT,

rTulia amaze saubari. rogorc yovelTvis, pasuxi axlac damokidebulia imaze,
Tu rogor icleba qmedebani sagadasaxado ganakveTis cvlilebis Sedegad.
rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, Zalian cota ram aris cnobili imis Sesaxeb, Tu ra
zemoqmedebas axdens uZravi qonebisa da Cuqebis gadasaxadebi ekonomikur
gadawyvetilebebze.

`sikvdilis~ (memkvidreobis) gadasaxadis sikvdili? 2001 wels miRebuli

kanonmdeblobis Tanaxmad, gaTavisuflebis koeficienti TandaTan gaizrdeba da
2009 wels 3,5 milion aSS dolars miaRwevs. am droisaTvis umaRlesi ganakveTi
45%-mde daiwevs. 2010 wels ki mTlianad gauqmdeba uZravi qonebis gadasaxadi.
2001 wlis sagadasaxado kanonis sxva debulebaTa msgavsad, debulebani uZravi
qonebis gadasaxadis Sesaxeb 2010 wels gauqmdeba, anu Tu ar miiReben amis
sapirispiro kanonmdeblobas, 2011 wels uZravi qonebis gadasaxadi daubrundeba
sawyis mdgomareobas. Tu Tqveni didi deida gardaicvleba 2010 wlis 31
dekembers, misi uZravi qoneba ar daibegreba aranairi gadasaxadiT, magram Tu igi
2011 wlis 31 ianvars gardaicvleba, maSin misi uZravi qonebis gaTavisuflebuli
nawili (675000 dolari) daibegreba 55%-iani zRvruli ganakveTiT. cxadia,
mdgomareoba arcTu saxarbieloa, amdenad, kongress mouwevs seriozuli
gadawyvetilebis miReba momavali dekadis ganmavlobaSi. albaT, kongresi
sabolood gaauqmebs gadasaxads; garda amisa, SesaZloa, gadasaxadi sxva
gadasaxadis formaSi mogvevlinos. am droisaTvis aravin icis, imoqmedebs Tu
ara uZravi qonebis gadasaxadi momaval aTwleulSi.

gansakuTrebuli problemebi. uZravi qonebisa da Cuqebis gadasaxadTan

dakavSirebiT warmoiqmneba bevri sirTule.

saerTo sakuTreba. warmovidginoT, rom coli da qmari saerTo

sakuTrebaSi flobs qonebas. rogor unda aRvricxoT uZravi qoneba misi
dabegvris miznebisaTvis, rogorc erTi uZravi erTeuli, Tu rogorc ori uZravi
erTeuli? me-15 TavSi Cven ukve vimsjeleT adekvaturi dabegvris erTeulis
Sesaxeb (ojaxi Tu individi?) (ix. `erTeulis SerCeva, me-15 Tavi). am msjelobis
gameoreba sruliad uazro iqneba. moqmedi federaluri kanonmdeblobis
Tanaxmad, saerTo sakuTrebaSi arsebuli qonebis Rirebulebis naxevari
CarTulia im meuRlis mTlian uZrav qonebaSi, romelic pirveli gardaicvleba,
miuxedavad imisa, Tu romelma meuRlem Seasrula ufro mniSvnelovani roli am
qonebis Segrovebis procesSi13.

biznesis warmoeba. davuSvaT, rom lirs surs, qaliSvilebs memkvidreobiT

biznesi gadasces. liris biznesi mis mflobelobaSi arsebuli erTaderTi
aqtivia. liris uZrav qonebaSi naRdi fulis ararsebobis gamo qaliSvilebi
13

ufro zustad, es wesi iTvaliswinebs darCenili memkvidris uflebas: mesakuTris

gardacvalebis SemTxvevaSi qoneba avtomaturad gadadis meore mesakuTreze.

653

iZulebulni arian, gayidon biznesi da gadaixadon uZravi qonebis gadasaxadi.

aseTi movlenis Tavidan asacileblad, kanonis Tanaxmad, SesaZloa, gadasaxadi
ganvadebiT 14 wlis ganmavlobaSi iqnes gadaxdili xelsayreli saprocento
ganakveTiT.
ufro
metic,
mTliani
uZravi
qonebis
gamoTvlis
dros
kvalificirebuli
saojaxo
ferma
da
biznesi
Sefasebulia
sabazro
Rirebulebaze ufro dabali RirebulebiT. aseTi debulebebi asaxavs subieqtur
Sefasebas, romelic socialurad sasurvelia, radgan am gziT SesaZlebeli
iqneba ramdenime Taobis ganmavlobaSi ojaxis kontroli biznesze. debulebani
asaxavs agreTve mcire biznesis mflobelTa politikur Zalauflebas.

acilebis strategia. uZravi qonebis gadasaxadis aracxadi mizani qonebis

dabegvraa erTxel mainc TiToeuli Taobis ganmavlobaSi. individs am
gadasaxadis acileba sxvadasxva meTodis saSualebiT SeuZlia, romelTagan erTerTi satrasto erTeulis Camoyalibebas gulisxmobs: individi an dawesebuleba
cnobilia, rogorc rwmunebuli, romelsac aqvs aqtivze samarTlebrivi ufleba
da valdebulia, aqtivebi sxva mxaris sasargeblod gamoiyenos. uZravi qonebis
satrasto forma SesaZloa, aseTi iyos: mSoblebis sadazRvevo polisebSi Svili
moxseniebulia, rogorc beneficiari. sadazRvevo polisidan amonagebi CarTulia
mSoblis mTlian uZrav qonebaSi. mSobels SeuZlia, sadazRvevo satrasto
erTeulis Seqmna da sadazRvevo polisis trastze mibma. radgan mSobeli aRar
flobs poliss, amdenad, igi veRar Seva maT uZrav qonebaSi, xolo maTi Svilebi
ki sicocxlis dazRvevis polisisagan srul sargebels miiReben.

gadasaxadis gadaxdis Tavidan acilebis sakmaod martivi da popularuli

meTodi memkvidris korporaciis farglebSi aqciaTa wiliT dasaCuqrebas
gulisxmobs. davuSvaT, rom miki amuSavebs did bizness da flobs aqciebs.
sicocxlis ganmavlobaSi miki memkvidreebs, mortisa da ferdis, aCuqebs aqciaTa
mniSvnelovan nawils (magram naxevarze naklebs). Tu transferi biznesis
dawyebis etapze moxda, maSin aqciaTa Rirebuleba mcire iqneba da ar
warmoiqmneba sagadasaxado valdebuleba (an warmoiqmneba Zalian mcire doziT).
miki flobs firmis aqciaTa umetes wils, amdenad, igi kvlavac kompaniis
saTaveSia da efeqtianad akontrolebs gadacemuli aqciebis Rirebulebas. Tu
mikis firma warmatebiT ganviTardeba, maSin misi gardacvalebis dros mortisa
da ferdis aqciebi SesaZloa, erTob Rirebuli iyos. mikim moaxerxa, seriozuli
qoneba gadaeca Tavisi memkvidreebisaTvis da Tan es transferi gadasaxadisagan
daefara. ra bedi eweva im aqciebs, romlebsac miki flobs gardacvalebis
momentisaTvis? arsebobs bevri sxva rTuli meTodi, romelic daicavs am aqciebs
dabegvrisagan.

amrigad, arsebobs Zalian bevri meTodi imisaTvis, rom gakeTdes

TaobaTaSorisi transferi ise, rom Tavidan iqnes acilebuli gadasaxadebi da,
Tanac, sicocxlis ganmavlobaSi SenarCundes qonebis kontrolis efeqtiani
meqanizmebi. aseT meTodTa umetesoba sakmaod rTuli da ZviradRirebulia.
rogorc makaferi da vagneri [2000, gv. 804] ambobdnen, uZravi qonebis gadasaxadma
`gaamdidra isedac kargad anazRaurebadi sagadasaxado iuristebisa da

654

damgegmavebis
kustaruli industria,
romelic `sikvdilis~ gadasaxadze
muSaobs~. faqtobrivad, uZravi qonebis gadasaxadis gadaxda mxolod im individs
uwevs, romelic adekvatur dagegmvas ver axorcielebs. im SemTxvevaSic ki,
rodesac gadasaxads ar moaqvs Semosavali, igi warmoqmnis zemdet tvirTs da/an
administraciul danaxarjebs.

uZravi qonebisa da Cuqebis gadasaxadis reformireba

imaTTvis, visac surs uZravi da Cuqebis gadasaxadis rolis gafarToeba,

yvelaze
mosaxerxebeli
meTodi
iqneba
sicocxlis
ganmavlobaSi
gaTavisuflebuli qonebis moculobis Semcireba. Tumca, Tu vinmes aqvs imis
imedi, rom uZravi qonebisa da Cuqebis gadasaxadi mniSvnelovan rols
Seasrulebs saSemosavlo sistemaSi, maSin unda gadasinjos is meTodebi,
romelTa saSualebiT moxdeba satrasto erTeulebisa da sxva instrumentebis
(romlebic gamoiyeneba am gadasaxadebis Tavidan asacileblad) dablokva.

zogierTi
Teoretikosi
gvTavazobs
uZravi
qonebisa
da
Cuqebis
gadasaxadis integrirebas pirad saSemosavlo gadasaxadSi. saCuqari da
memkvidreoba daibegreba, rogorc recipientis Semosavali. amdenad, heigsaimonsis modelis Tanaxmad, igi CarTul unda iqnes koreqtirebul mTlian
SemosavalSi.

Tumca SeiniSneba sakmao winaaRmdegoba saCuqrisa da memkvidreobis

Cveulebriv Semosavlad aRiarebis ideis mimarT. donoridan recipientze
yuradRebis gadatana kidev erTi meTodia, raTa qonebis damatebis gadasaxadiT
daibegros individi, romelic iRebs qonebas an saCuqars. ganakveTi SesaZloa,
progresiuli iyos da iTvaliswinebdes gadasaxadisagan gaTavisuflebas. aseTi
gadasaxadis mimzidveloba is aris, rom igi begravs recipientis gadaxdis unars
da ara uZrav qonebas. administraciuli sirTuleebi SesaZloa, warmoiqmnas didi
moculobis saCuqrisa da uZravi qonebis aRricxvis aucileblobis gamo. magram,
Tu odesme miRebul iqneba gadawyvetileba qonebis transferis ufro mkacri
dabegvris Sesaxeb, maSin qonebis damatebis gadasaxads seriozuli yuradReba
unda mieqces. Tumca ar unda dagvaviwydes, rom gadasaxads seriozuli
mowinaaRmdegeni hyavs, romelTa argumentebi filosofiur an ekonomikur
safuZvelzea damyarebuli. maTTvis uZravi qonebis saukeTeso reforma ukve
dagegmilia da 2010 wels ganxorcieldeba: am dros uZravi qonebisa da Cuqebis
gadasaxadi gauqmdeba.

daskvna
655

vaWrobis ZiriTadi gadasaxadi da aqcizi Statebisa da municipalitetebis

Semosavlebis mniSvnelovani wyaroa.
vaWrobis gadasaxadis mimzidveloba is aris, rom misi administrireba
martivia (arcTu Zalian maRali sagadasaxado ganakveTebis SemTxvevaSi).
vaWrobis
zogierTi
gadasaxadi
garegani
efeqtis
koreqtirebas
axorcielebs an Caanacvlebs samomxmareblo gadasaxads.
vaWrobis gadasaxadi, rogorc wesi, regresiulia. gamoTvlebi efuZneba
wliur (da ara mTeli sicocxlis ganmavlobaSi miRebul) Semosavlebs,
gadasaxadis tvirTi ki ekisreba myidvels.
damatebuli Rirebulebis gadasaxadi (dRg) popularulia evropaSi, Tumca
igi ar gamoiyeneba aSS-Si. dRg-Ti ibegreba sxvaoba vaWrobis amonagebsa da
saqonlis sawarmoo saSualebis SeZenis fass Soris.
piradi samomxmareblo gadasaxadis farglebSi individis sagadasaxado
valdebuleba damokidebulia mis pirad maxasiaTeblebze. erT-erTi
magaliTi holisa da rabuSkas erTiani gadasaxadia, romliTac ibegreba
sxvaoba firmis Semosavalsa da im danaxarjs Soris, romelic firmam
materialuri saSualebis SesaZenad gaswia. gadasaxadis imave ganakveTiT
ibegreba
xelfasic.
gadasaxadis
erT-erTi
forma
naRdi
fulis
gadasaxadia, romliTac individis wliuri samomxmareblo danaxarji
ibegreba.
piradi samomxmareblo gadasaxadis momxreni
gvpirdebian, rom am
gadasaxadis danergvis gziT isini aRmofxvrian saprocento Semosavlis
ormag dabegvras, waaxaliseben Tanasworobas, individs dabegraven mis
mier gamoyenebuli ekonomikuri resursebis safuZvelze. garda amisa,
gadasaxadis momxreni Tvlian, rom misi wyalobiT miRweul iqneba
progresiulobis
nebismieri
xarisxi
da
rom,
administraciuli
TvalsazrisiT,
samomxmareblo
gadasaxadi
ufro
ukeTesia,
vidre
saSemosavlo gadasaxadi.
samomxmareblo gadasaxadis danergvis mowinaaRmdegeni xazs usvamen
gardamavali periodis siZneleebs da amboben, rom Semosavali ukeT
asaxavs gadaxdis unars. maTi azriT, samomxmareblo gadasaxadi ufro
mZimea administraciuli TvalsazrisiT da amtkiceben, rom Cuqebisa da
uZravi qonebis gadasaxadis ararsebobis pirobebSi isini Sedegad qonebis
zedmet koncentracias mogvitanen.
qonebis gadasaxadi begravs aqtivebs da ara Semosavals an gayidvebs.
qonebis gadasaxadis momxreni Tvlian, rom am gadasaxadis wyalobiT
ibegreba ararealizebuli kapitalis mogeba (romelic, rogorc wesi, ar
ibegreba xolme saSemosavlo gadasaxadiT); gadasaxadi amcirebs qonebis
koncentracias da simdidiris mflobelTa mier miRebuli sargeblis
kompensacias warmoadgens. arsebobs mosazreba, rom qoneba kargad
gviCvenebs individis gadaxdis unars da, amdenad, unda daibegros.
uZravi qonebisa da Cuqebis gadasaxadiT ibegreba qonebis transferi
rogorc gardacvlilidan, aseve, or cocxal mxares Soris. igi ar
warmoadgens sagadasaxado Semosavlis seriozul wyaros mTavrobis
romelime doneze. Zalian cota ram aris cnobili imis Sesaxeb, warmoqnis
Tu ara es gadasaxadi raime stimuls an rogor nawildeba igi.
uZravi qonebisa da Cuqebis gadasaxadis reformis ori SesaZlo
alternativa arsebobs: isini an unda gaerTiandes pirad saSemosavlo
sagadasaxado sistemaSi, anda damatebiTi qonebis gadasaxadis forma
SeiZinos (gadasaxadi, romliTac ibegreba mTeli sicocxlis ganmavlobaSi
miRebuli saCuqari da memkvidreoba). uZravi qonebis gadasaxadis
mowinaaRmdegeni asabuTeben, rom aucilebelia am gadasaxadis gauqmeba.

656

2010 wels dagegmilia misi gauqmeba, Tumca aravin icis, marTla moxdeba
ase Tu ara.

sadiskusio SekiTxvebi

1.

am TavSi erTmaneTisagan gamijnulia nakadebi da maragebi. gamoiyeneT

arsebuli distinqcia da daadgineT, ra aris araswori am ganacxadSi:
`maikrosoftis sabazro Rirebuleba 500 miliardi dolaria. maikrosofti
rom qveyana yofiliyo, igi espaneTis Semdeg iqneboda mTliani Sida
produqtis mixedviT. espaneTi ki mecxre umsxvilesi qveyanaa msoflios
ekonomikaSi.
2. SeafaseT
holisa
da
rabuSkas
erTiani
gadasaxadis
misamarTiT
gamoTqmuli kritikuli SeniSvna: `erTiani gadasaxadi ar begravs yvela
Semosavals erTnairad. igi begravs mxolod xelfass, sainvesticio
Semosavals ki sruliad xelSeuxeblad tovebs [Chait, 1996, gv. A17].
3. yuradRebiT ganixileT Semdegi citata: `biznesi ixdis mTeli damatebuli
Rirebulebis gadasaxads, sanam produqti miva saboloo momxmareblamde.
Tu bizness SeuZlia, saqonlis Rirebuleba erTi dolariT gazardos dRgs formiT gadaxdili TiToeuli dolaris kompensaciisaTvis, maSin
racionaluri iqneba, davaskvnaT, rom mas isic SeuZlia, saqonlis fasi
gazardos masze dakisrebuli saxelfaso da korporaciuli saSemosavlo
gadasaxadebis kompensaciis mizniT [Cockburn and Pollin, 1992, gv. a15].
4. Zalian bevri saintereso SekiTxva daibada 1998 wels, rodesac beisbolis
varsklavebma _ mark maguairma da semi sozam - wreze ganarbenis rekordis
moxsna daapires. anatyorcni burTi, romliTac moxdeboda am rekordis
moxsna, 1 milioni Rirebulebis iqneboda, ras izamda is fani, romelic
daiWerda am burTs:
a. ukan miawvdida im moTamaSes, romelmac aagdo burTi;
b. Caikravda gulSi burTs da gulSi burTCakruli ivlida mTeli
sicocxlis ganmavlobaSi;
g. burTs miscemda saqvelmoqmedo organizacias, es ukanaksneli ki burTs
sargeblis miRebis mizniT gayidda;
d. gayidda burTs maSinve;
e. burTs gayidda erTi wlis Semdeg.

5. 2001 wels kongresis orma wevrma waradgina kanonproeqti samarTliani

gadasaxadis Sesaxeb, romelic Caanacvlebda saSemosavlo, uZravi qonebis,
saxelfaso da korporaciul gadasaxads erTiani sacalo vaWrobis
gadasaxadiT, romliTac daibegreboda saqoneli da momsaxureba. am ideis
momxris [Vesala, 2001] Tanaxmad, es SeTavazeba Rirebuli iyo imis gamo, rom:
a. `Tqveni Semosavali isaa, rasac inaxavT~;
b. `gaizrdeba investicia da danazogi~;
g. ~ar moxdeba samarTliani gadasaxadis Tavidan acileba~.

657

SeafaseT TiToeuli maTgani.

6. 2003 wlis ianvarSi, Cemma kolegam, profesorma devid bredfordma, New

Yourk Time-s ganucxada, rom samomxmareblo gadasaxadi amcirebs Sromis
miwodebas. am ganacxadis Semdeg mis eleqtronul fostaSi aseTi werili
mivida:
`rodis
aqeT
iqca
samomxmareblo
gadasaxadi
samuSaos
Semaferxebel instrumentad? aseTi zedapiruli msjeloba bodvas waagavs.
gamecina mis saTaurze - `ekonomikuri analizi~. vin iyo marTali?
profesori Tu misi mowinaaRmdege? pasuxi gaeciT ariTmetikuli an
algebruli argumentis gamoyenebis gziT (miniSneba: bredfordi marTalia).
7. mdidari ori periodis ganmavlobaSi cxovrobs. dRes misi Semosavlebi 100ia, xolo momavalSi ki 75,6 iqneba. saprocento ganakveTi 8%-ia.
a. Tu misi moxmareba momavalSi iqneba 108, ra iqneba misi maqsimaluri
moxmarebis moculoba amJamad?
b. davuSvaT, rom mdidris Semosavlebi 25%-iani sagadasaxado ganakveTiT
ibegreba. daadgineT, romeli samomxmareblo sagadasaxado ganakveTi
moutans mTavrobas imave odenobis sagadasaxado Semosavlebs (mimdinare
RirebulebiT).
8. ami da Sirli ori periodis ganmavlobaSi cxovroben. maTi Semosavali
amJamad 1000-ia, xolo momavalSi ki nuls gautoldeba. saprocento
ganakveTi
8%-ia.
davuSvaT,
rom
TiToeuli
maTgani
saSemosavlo
gadasaxadiT ibegreba. amis pirveli periodis moxmareba aris 200 dolari,
xolo Sirlisa ki _ 300 dolari. romlis sagadasaxado tvirTia ufro
maRali mTeli cxovrebis ganmavlobaSi? proporciuli samomxmareblo
gadasaxadis SemTxvevaSi rogor Seedreboda erTmaneTs am ori individis
sagadasaxado tvirTi, romelic agreTve formirebuli iqneboda mTeli
sicocxlis mixedviT?

gamoyenebuli literatura

Gale, William G, and Joel B Slemrod. Death Watch for the Estate Tax. Journalo f Economic
Perspectives 15 (Winter 2001), pp. 205 18.
Hall, Robert E, and Alvin Rabushka. The Flat Tax, 2d ed. Stanford, CA: Hoover Institutions Press, 1995.
McCaffery, Edward J. A Voluntary Tax? Revisited. Narional Tax Association Proceedings of the
Ninety-third Annual Conference, 2001, pp. 268-74
Slemrod, Joel. and Jon Bakija. Taking Ourselves, 2d ed. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2000, chap.7.

658

nawili 5
mravaldoniani sajaro finansebi
Zalian
kargia,
rodesac
sajaro
finansebTan
dakavSirebuli
yoveli
gadawyvetileba erTi mTavrobis mier miiReba. amerikaSi dabegvrisa da xarjvis
uflebiT saocrad mravali erTeulia aRWurvili. amerika 87000-ze met
iurisdiqcias iTvlis, romelSic Sedis 1 federaluri, 50 saStato, 3034 saolqo,
19431 municipaluri, 16506 raionuli, 13522 saskolo saolqo, da 35356 specialuri
saraiono mTavroba [aSS-is aRweris samsaxuri, 2002, gv. 260]. Statebis,
adgilobrivi da federaluri xelisuflebis urTierTqmedeba umniSvnelovanes
rols TamaSobs aSS-is sajaro finansebis sferoSi. me-20 TavSi Cven federaluri
sistemisaTvis damaxasiaTebel fiskalur sakiTxebs ganvixilavT.

659

Tavi 20

federaciuli sistemis sajaro finansebi

texaseli marTavs texass.

jorj u. buSi

1996 wels aSS-is daxmarebis sistemaSi bevri mniSvnelovani, radikaluri

da winaaRmdegobrivi cvlileba ganxorcielda, romelTa Soris aRsaniSnavia is
faqti,
rom
daxmarebis
programebze
pasuxismgebloba
federaluri
xelisuflebidan Statebze gadavida1. Zveli reJimis farglebSi federaluri
mTavroba
daxmarebis
programis
recipientebs
minimaluri
stipendiiT
uzrunvelyofda. federalur xarjze iyo dawesebuli samarTlebrivi limiti,
magram Stati valdebuli iyo, SesabamisobaSi yofiliyo federalur TanxasTan.
axali reJimis farglebSi Statma daxmarebis masStabis dadgenis mxriv ufro
meti damoukidebloba SeiZina. TiToeuli Stati iRebs federaluri fuladi
resursis fiqsirebul raodenobas Sesabamisobis yovelgvari moTxovnis gareSe.

kanonis miRebis Semdeg daiwyo da dRemde grZeldeba sarkastuli

debatebi. oponentebi darwmunebulni arian, rom daxmarebis programaze paxuxs
erTaderTi organo _ federaluri mTavroba unda agebdes. maTi azriT,
Semxvedri grantebis ararsebobis gamo Statebi da adgilobrivi mTavroba
naklebs xarjavs daxmarebis programaze, rac nawilobriv imiTaa ganpirobebuli,
rom maTi sagadasaxado sistema ar aris saTanadod efeqtiani imisaTvis, rom
saWiro raodenobis fuladi resursi daagrovos.

kidev erTxel Tavs iCens is SekiTxvebi, romlebic mudmivad arsebobs aSSis saxelmwifo finansebis sistemis Sesaxeb:

rogor unda ganawildes pasuxismgebloba mTavrobis sxvadasxva dones

Soris?
aris
Tu
ara
yvelaze
optimaluri
gadawyvetilebis
miReba
decentralizebuli mTavrobis mier?

reformis sxva aspeqtebis Sesaxeb detaluri informaciisaTvis ix. me-8 Tavi.

660

aris Tu ara adgilobrivi gadasaxadi saukeTeso gza im momsaxurebis

asanazRaureblad, romelic uzrunvelyofilia Statebisa da adgilobrivi
mTavrobebis mier? an iqneb upriani iqneba, Tu fuls federaluri mTavroba
gaiRebs?

aSS-Si arsebobs mTeli rigi mniSvnelovani sakiTxebi. saxelmwifos

formirebis dRidan Zalauflebis adekvaturi da racionaluri ganawileba
mTavrobis sxvadasxva dones Soris mudmivi msjelobis sagania. igive
mdgomareobaa CineTSi: unda gadasces Tu ara centralurma mTavrobam
Zalaufleba provinciis mTavrobas? analogiur sakiTxs ixilavs evropa: romeli
ekonomikuri funqcia unda gadasces evrokavSirs? winamdebare TavSi ganxilulia
federaciuli sistemis sajaro finansebis normatiuli da pozitiuri aspeqtebi.

winasityvaoba

federaciuli sistema mTavrobis ramdenime donisgan Sedgeba, romelTagan

TiToeuli sazogadoebriv saqonelsa da momsaxurebas uzrunvelyofs da
gansazRvrul gadawyvetilebebs iRebs. fiskaluri federalizmi `mTavrobis
sxvadasxva donis rols da maTi urTierTdakavSirebis gzas~ gansazRvravs [Oates,
1999, gv. 1120]. erTi federaciuli sistema ufro decentralizebulia, vidre
meore, rodesac gadawyvetilebis miRebis Zalaufleba vrceli iurisdiqciebis
organoTa
xelSia.
sistemis
centralizebis
yvelaze
miRebuli
sazomi
centralizaciis koeficientia, romelic centraluri mTavrobis mier gaweuli
mTliani pirdapiri saxelmwifo danaxarjis proporciaa (`pirdapiri~ saxelmwifo
danaxarji
Sedgeba
yvela
danaxarjisagan,
garda
sxva
samTavrobo
erTeulebisaTvis gakeTebuli transferebisa). centralizaciis koeficienti
varirebs qveyanaTa mixedviT. safrangeTSi maCvenebli 81%-ia, kanadaSi _ 43%,
xolo SeerTebul StatebSi ki _ 51%2.

cxrili 20.1 aSS-is saxelmwifo danaxarjis ganawileba mTavrobis donis

mixedviT (SerCeuli wlebi)

federaluri
mTavroba

Statebis mTavroba

adgilobrivi

1900

34,1%

8,2%

57,7%

1910

30,1

9,0

60,9

mTavroba

Fisman and Gatti [2002, gv. 340], ix. cxrili 20.1 aSS-is Sesaxeb.

661

1920

39,7

9,8

50,5

1930

32,5

16,3

51,2

1950

59,3

15,2

26,5

1960

57,6

13,8

28,6

1971

48,4

18,6

33,0

1980

54,9

18,1

27,0

1990

56,2

17,9

25,9

1999

61,2

20,9

27,9

wyaro: Werner Pommerehne, Quantitative Aspects of Federalism: A Study of Six

Countries,, in The Political Economy of Fiscal Federalism, es. W. Oates (Lexington, MA: D.C. Health,
1997), gv. 311, garda 1980 wlis monacemebisa, romelic gamoTvlilia aSS-is
aRweris samsaxuris sxvadasxva gamocemebidan (Standard Abstract of the United States).

20.1 cxrili gviCvenebs, rom aSS-Si centralizaciis koeficienti gasuli

saukunis ganmavlobaSi izrdeboda, Tumca ara ganuxrelad. unda aRiniSnos, rom
centralizaciis koeficienti ar aris yvelaze saimedo indikatori. ase
magaliTad, Stati da adgilobrivi mTavroba gaswevs danaxarjs sajaro
biblioTekebSi kompiuterebis SesaZenad, Tumca garkveuli fuladi resursi
federaluri mTavrobidanac modis grantis formiT. bavSvTa dacvis aqtis
Tanaxmad, TiToeulma biblioTekam unda daamontaJos is kompiuteruli programa,
romelic
gamoavlens
arasabavSvo
(igulisxmeba
vulgaruli)
masalas.
biblioTeka, romelic ar Seasrulebs am moTxovnas, ver miiRebs grants.
biblioTekebis umetesi nawili namdvilad asrulebs am moTxovnas. ismeba kiTxva:
vin aris pasuxismgebeli? Tu adgilobrivi da Statebis mTavrobis xarjviTi
nawili SeizRudeba centraluri mTavrobis mier, maSin centralizaciis
ganakveTi gadaWarbebiT Seafasebs centralizaciis dones qveyanaSi. faqtobrivad,
Statebis da adgilobrivi xarjebis mniSvnelovani moculoba namdvilad
centraluri xelisuflebis mier aris nakarnaxevi. federaluri xelisuflebis
mandatiT, xelisuflebis qvemdgomi rgoli gansazRvrul momsaxurebas gaswevs,
Tumca finansuri mxardaWeris Sesabamisi zrdis gareSe. aseTi daufinansebeli
mandati, romelic erTob gansxvavebul sferoebs moicavs (invalidTa uflebebi,
saSiSi narCenis utilizacia, avtomobilTa usafrTxoeba), dakavSirebulia
Statebisa da adgilobrivi mTavrobis xarjTan, romelic wliurad 40 milions
utoldeba [Cullen, 1996, gv. 1].

mniSvnelovan qmedebaTa farTo arCevani (ganaTlebisa da sazogadoebrivi

usafrTxoebis CaTvliT) Statebisa da adgilobrivi mTavrobis xelSia. meore
mxriv, federalur mTavrobas ekisreba sruli pasuxismgebloba Tavdacvisa da

662

saxelmwifo sapensio fondis marTvaze. mTavrobis samive done xarjavs fuladi

saxsrebis mniSvnelovan wils sazogadoebis keTildReobaze (daxmarebis
programebze). racionaluria Tu ara Zalauflebis aseTi gadanawileba aSS
fiskaluri sistemis farglebSi? sanam am kiTxvas vupasuxebdeT, kargi iqneba, Tu
ganvixilavT adgilobrivi xelisuflebisaTvis damaxasiaTebel gansakuTrebul
niSan-Tvisebebs.

sazogadoebis formireba

adgilobrivi iurisdiqciis racionalur fiskalur rolSi garkvevis

mizniT, upirveles yovlisa, unda ganvixiloT, Tu ratom moxda sazogadoebaTa
formireba. am konteqstSi, albaT, yvelaze upriani iqneba, Tu vifiqrebT
sazogadoebaze, rogorc klubze _ gansazRvruli sargeblis ganawilebis mizniT
adamianTa nebayoflobiT gaerTianebaze. axla ki vnaxoT, Tu ra aris klubis
Teoria, rogor ganisazRvreba sazogadoebis wevrTa raodenoba da rogor iqmneba
sazogadoebrivi saqoneli.

warmovidginoT, rom adamianTa jgufi gaerTianda imisaTvis, rom SeiZinos

miwis nakveTi sazogadoebrivi parkis gasaSeneblad. simartivisaTvis davuSvaT,
rom jgufis yvela wevri identuri gemovnebiT xasiaTdeba. isini Tanabrad
isargebleben parkiT da aseve Tanabrad gaiyofen masTan dakavSirebul
danaxarjs. `sazogadoebas~ yovelgvari safasuris gareSe SeuZlia, daiTxovos
yvela arawevri; amasTan, sazogadoeba muSaobs yovelgvari satranzaqcio
danaxarjebis gareSe. viciT ra, rom sazogadoebis wevrebis gemovneba
absoluturad identuria, Cven gvWirdeba mxolod warmomadgenlobiTi wevris
survilSi garkveva. saWiroa ori gadawyvetilebis miReba: ramdenad didi unda
iyos parki da ramdeni wevri Seva sazogadoebaSi?

Tu sazogadoebis mizani moqalaqeTa keTildReobis amaRlebaa, ra

gadawyvetilebas miiRebs igi? pirvel rigSi, ganvixiloT damokidebuleba
TiToeuli wevris
mTlian
danaxarjsa
da
wevrTa
raodenobas
Soris
gansazRvruli zomis SerCeuli parkis pirobebSi. cxadia, rac ufro didia
sazogadoeba, miT ufro meti adamiani gainawilebs parkis danaxarjs da miT
naklebi iqneba TiToeuli wevris danaxarji. Tu sazogadoebis wevrTa
raodenobis zrdasTan erTad TiToeul damfuZnebelze xarji ganuxrelad
Semcirdeba, maSin ratom ar moviwvioT sazogadoebaSi individTa maqsimaluri
raodenoba? problema is aris, rom rac ufro meti wevri SeuerTdeba
sazogadoebas, miT ufro gadaitvirTeba parki. zRvruli gadatvirTvis danaxarji
zrdadi gadatvirTvis fulad danaxarjs afasebs, romelsac TiToeuli wevri
warmoqmnis. davuSvaT,
zRvruli gadatvirTvis xarji izrdeba wevrTa
raodenobasTan erTad. sazogadoeba wevrTa raodenobas zrdis manam, vidre

663

sawevros zRvruli kleba yovel adamianze gadatvirTvis xarjis zRvrul zrdas

utoldeba.

axla ki problemis meore mxares SevxedoT: ramdenad didi unda iyos

parki, rom sazogadoebis wevrTa mocemuli raodenoba daakmyofilos? didi
parki ufro did sargebels uzrunvelyofs, Tumca, iseve rogorc nebismieri sxva
`didi zomis~ saqoneli, zRvruli sargeblianobis klebas ganicdis. gazrdili
parkis fardobis zRvruli xarji TiToeuli wevris mixedviT aris damatebiTi
miwis fasi gayofili im wevrebis raodenobaze, romelic xarjs inawilebs.
farTobi unda gaizardos im wertilamde, sadamdec TiToeuli wevris zRvruli
sargebeli TiToeuli wevris zRvrul danaxarjs gautoldeba.

axla suraTis orive nawili erTad ganvixiloT da davaxasiaToT

optimaluri sazogadoeba an klubi. optimaluri sazogadoeba aris iseTi
erTeuli, romlis wevrTa raodenoba da gaweuli momsaxurebis xarisxi
erTdroulad akmayofilebs Semdeg pirobas: zRvruli xarji da misi Sesabamisi
zRvruli sargebeli Tanabaria. miuxedavad imisa, rom klubis aseTi modeli
Zalian martivia, igi kargad gviCvenebs sazogadoebis formirebis procesis
yvelaze mniSvnelovan procesebs. kerZod, igi miuTiTebs imaze, Tu rogoraa
sazogadoebis wevrTa raodenoba damokidebuli im sazogadoebrivi saqonlis
tipze, romlis moxmareba surs mosaxleobas; agreTve, igi gviCvenebs im masStabs,
ra masStabiTac aRniSnuli saqoneli eqvemdebareba gamodevnas, saqonlis
warmoebis xarjs da a. S.

ismeba kiTxva: ramdenad axlos dgas erTmaneTTan klubi da realuri

sazogadoeba? xSir SemTxvevaSi es ori erTeuli erTmaneTTan ufro axlos dgas,
vidre Cven gvgonia. daaxloebiT 28 milioni amerikeli cxovrobs im adgilebSi,
romlebic
kerZo
sazogadoebrivi
asociaciebis
mier
imarTeba.
aseTi
`SemosazRvruli sazogadoeba~ iRebs gadawyvetilebas wevrebisa da mcvelebis
raodenobis Sesaxeb, agreTve, golfis kortebis gaSenebisa da komunaluri
sacurao auzebis mowyobis Sesaxeb da a.S. sazogadoebis klubad gaanalizebis
dros upasuxod rCeba ramdenime mniSvnelovani SekiTxva. arada, maTze pasuxis
gacema aucilebelia adgilobrivi sajaro finansebis adekvaturi analizisaTvis:

rogor unda moxdes sazogadoebrivi momsaxurebis dafinanseba? raionulma

klubma SesaZloa, daawesos sawevro gadasaxadi, magram qalaqSi, rogorc
wesi, sazogadoebrivi saqonliT sargeblobisaTvis gadasaxadebi moqmedebs.
klubi (an SemosazRvruli sazogadoeba), ubralod, gauSvebs arawevrebs da
amiT aicilebs friraideris problemas. Tumca rogor miaRwios am mizans
qalaqma?
rodesac mosaxleoba raionis masStabiT gaerTiandeba sxvadasxva klubSi
(sazogadoebaSi), aris Tu ara sazogadoebrivi saqonlis mTliani
ganawileba Tanaswori da efeqtiani?

664

Cven SevecdebiT, pasuxi gavceT am SekiTxvebs.

tibos modeli

`an giyvardes, an miatove~ _ Tu am rCevas aSS-is federaluri mTavrobis

politikis oponentebs miscemen, es igive iqneba, rom maT uTxran: `eSmaksac
wauRixar~. magram mxolod Zalian iSviaT SemTxvevebSia SesaZlebeli, rom
adamianma qveyana miatovos mxolod saxelmwifo politikis gamo3. emigracia did
materialur
da
fizikur
xarjebTanaa
dakavSirebuli,
amdenad,
ufro
realisturi alternativa samSobloSi darCena da politikis Secvla iqneba.
meore mxriv, bevri moqalaqe ar aris mijaWvuli Tavis adgilobriv
sazogadoebasTan. amdenad, Tu romelime maTgani ukmayofilo iqneba skokiSi
(ilinoisi) moqmedi politikis gamo, igi Tavisuflad wava evanstonSi. am nawilSi
Cven ganvixilavT urTierTobas, romelic arsebobs sazogadoebis mobilurobas,
sazogadoebis nebayoflobiT formirebasa da sazogadoebrivi saqonlis efeqtian
miwodebas Soris.

meoTxe TavSi Cven ukve SevityveT, rom, zogadad, bazari ver

uzrunvelyofs sazogadoebriv saqonels efeqtianad. problemis safuZveli ki is
aris, rom bazari ver aiZulebs individs, warmoaCinos WeSmariti preferencia
sazogadoebrivi
saqonlis
mimarT.
TiToeuli
moqalaqe
xasiaTdeba
friraiderobisadmi midrekilebiT. aqedan gamomdinare, mTavrobis intervencia
gansazRvruli doziT aucilebelia.

tibos statia [1956] miuTiTebs imaze, rom adamianTa unari, gadaadgildnen

iurisdiqciebs Soris, adgilobrivi sazogadoebrivi saqonlis problemas
sabazro WrilSi gadawyvets. jounsi pirad moTxovnas bazarze daikmayofilebs,
xolo sazogadoebriv momsaxurebaze moTxovnas ki _ im sazogadoebis saTanado
SerCeviT, romelSic mas mouwevs cxovreba. cxadia, jounsi gadaixdis gadasaxads
am momsaxurebisaTvis. wonasworobis SemTxvevaSi adamianebi sazogadoebebSi
nawildebian imis safuZvelze, Tu ra aris maTi moTxovna sazogadoebrivi
momsaxurebis mimarT. TiToeuli individi sazogadoebrivi momsaxurebis misTvis
sasurvel
dones
iRebs;
amdenad,
misi
materialuri
mdgomareoba
ver
gamoswordeba romelime sxva iurisdiqciaSi sacxovreblad gadasvlis Sedegad.
amdenad, myardeba pareto efeqtiani wonasworoba da efeqtianobis misaRwevad ar
aris saWiro xelisuflebis Careva.

ase magaliTad, 1960-ian wlebSi zogierTma axalgazrda kacma datova qveyana, raTa
Tavidan aecilebina vietnamSi samxedro samsaxuri.

665

tibos daSvebebi

tibos provokaciuli mtkicebuleba imis Sesaxeb, rom kvazi-sabazro

procesi sazogadoebrivi saqonlis problemas aneitralebs, uamravi kvlevis
sagans
warmoadgens.
kvlevaTa
umetesobis
mizani
saTanado
garemoTa
nairsaxeobis dadgena iyo, romelTa farglebSi adamians aqvs unari, gamoxatos
Tavisi damokidebuleba da am gziT ganapirobos sazogadoebrivi saqonlis
efeqtiani miwodeba. ai, mTavari piroba amisaTvis4:

xelisuflebis qmedeba ar warmoqmnis garegan efeqts.

aRvniSneT, Tanmxvedri zemoqmedeba iwvevs araefeqtianobas.

rogorc

ukve

individebi srulad mobilurni arian. nebismier pirs SeuZlia, sruliad

ufasod gadaadgildes im iurisdiqciaSi, romlis sazogadoebrivi momsaxurebac
saukeTesod akmayofilebs mis gemovnebas. igi ar aris SezRuduli samuSao
adgilis mixedviT da arc misi Semosavali icvleba.

individs
aqvs
srulyofili
warmodgena
momsaxurebisa da gadasaxadebis Sesaxeb.

TiToeuli

sazogadoebis

arsebobs uamravi sazogadoeba; amdenad, individs ar gauWirdeba im

sazogadoebis
moZebna
da
SerCeva,
romlis
mier
uzrunvelyofili
sazogadoebrivi momsaxureba yvelaze kargad akmayofilebs mis moTxovnebs.

sazogadoebrivi momsaxurebis erTeulis fasi mudmivia, amdenad, Tu

ormagdeba sazogadoebrivi momsaxurebis moculoba, ormagdeba misi mTliani
Rirebulebac. garda amisa, sazogadoebrivi momsaxurebis gawevis teqnologia
iseTia, rom rezidentTa raodenobis gaormagebis SemTxvevaSi ormagdeba gaweuli
momsaxurebis moculobac. tibos wonasworobis SemTxvevaSi efeqtianobas zemoT
CamoTvlili garemoebebi uzrunvelyofs. am sakiTxSi kargad gasarkvevad
warmovidginoT, rom sazogadoebrivi momsaxurebis erTeulis danaxarji
momsaxurebis gawevis masStabis zrdasTan erTad, klebulobs. aseT SemTxvevaSi
adgili eqneba masStabis ekonomias, romlisganac sazogadoebam, romelic
damoukideblad funqcionirebs, SesaZloa, ver isargeblos.

maSasadame, sazogadoebrivi momsaxureba aucileblad unda iqnes gaweuli

saxelmwifos mier. `wminda~ sazogadoebrivi saqoneli (magaliTad, saxelmwifo

gaiTvaliswineT, rom tibos statiaSi ar aris aRwerili yvela garemoeba.

666

Tavdacva)
ar
akmayofilebs
am
daSvebas.
sazogadoebrivi momsaxureba (ganaTleba da
mocemul maxasiaTeblebs.

Tumca
bevri
adgilobrivi
gasufTaveba) zustad ergeba

sazogadoebrivi momsaxureba dafinansebulia proporciuli sakuTrebis

gadasaxadiT. sagadasaxado ganakveTi varirebs iurisdiqciaTa mixedviT5.

sazogadoeba
uflebamosilia,
miiRos
da
gaataros
gamoricxviTi
daraionebis municipaluri wesi. es aris debuleba, romelic krZalavs miwis
gansazRvruli formiT gamoyenebas. aRniSnuli garemoeba erTob mniSvnelovania
da ai, ratom: gaixseneT, rom tibos wonasworobis Tanaxmad, sazogadoeba
dasaxlebuli da izolirebulia sazogadoebrivi saqonlis mimarT wevrTa
moTxovnis
safuZvelze.
Tu
Semosavali
pozitiur
TanafardobaSia
sazogadoebrivi
momsaxurebis
moTxovnasTan,
sazogadoebis
dasaxleba
Semosavlis
mixedviT
namdvilad
gamoiRebs
Sedegs.
maRalSemosavlian
sazogadoebebSi sakuTrebis done maRalia, amdenad, sazogadoebas SeuZlia,
daafinansos gansazRvruli moculobis saxelmwifo xarjviTi nawili da
daibegros
SedarebiT
dabali
sakuTrebis
sagadasaxado
ganakveTiT.
dabalSemosavliani ojaxi cdilobs, sacxovreblad mdidar sazogadoebaSi
gadavides da SedarebiT momcro sacxovrebeli aiSenos. dabali sagadasaxado
ganakveTebis wyalobiT, dabalSemosavlian ojaxs SedarebiT mcire sagadasaxado
valdebuleba ekisreba; miuxedavad amisa, aseTi ojaxi sargeblobs maRali donis
sazogadoebrivi momsaxurebiT. rac ufro meti raodenobis dabalSemosavliani
ojaxi gadasaxldeba mdidar sazogadeobaSi, miT ufro Semcirdeba TiToeuli
ojaxis dasabegri baza. Tumca sagadasaxado ganakveTebi unda gaizardos:
gazrdil mosaxleobas meti sazogadoebrivi momsaxureba sWirdeba, romelic
sagadasaxado SemosavlebiT unda dafinansdes.

Cveni daSvebis Tanaxmad, arsebobs srulyofili mobiluroba. Tu

erT
dRes mdidari gadawyvets sxva sazogadoebaSi gadasvlas sacxovreblad, mas,
cxadia, Raribic Tavisuflad gahyveba, imitom rom adamianTa mobiluroba
sruliad SeuzRudavia. swored aRniSnul tendencias abrkolebs gamoricxviTi
daraionebis municipaluri wesi da inarCunebs pareto efeqtianobis stabilur
wonasworobas.

tibos modeli da realuri samyaro

cxadia, tibos modeli erTob Sorsaa realuri samyaros suraTisagan.

adamianebi arasodes arian srulyofilad mobilurni; arc imdeni sazogadoebaa
5

tibo [1956] suladobriv gadasaxadebs ganixilavda. ufro

sakuTrebis gadasaxadi, romelic hamiltons [1975] ekuTvnis.

realisturi

daSvebaa

667

amqveynad, rom TiToeuli ojaxi misTvis sasurveli momsaxurebiT maqsimalurad

daakmayofilos da a.S. ufro metic, modelisagan gansxvavebiT, sazogadoebaTa
Soris fiqsirdeba seriozuli gansxvaveba Semosavlis mxriv da, albaT, am
sazogadoebebSi
sxvadasxva
donis
sazogadoebrivi
momsaxureba
gaiweva.
ubralod, gadavxedoT nebismier msxvil qalaqs.

miuxedavad amisa,
ase swrafad
tibos
modelisaTvis
yuradRebis
miuqcevadoba ar iqneba swori. gavixsenoT, rom amerikuli ekonomika, marTlac,
mniSvnelovani mobilurobiT xasiaTdeba. yovelwliurad amerikelTa 16% sxva
adgilas gadadis sacxovreblad [aSS-is aRweris samsaxuri, 2002, gv. 29]. ufro
metic, didi qalaqi yovelTvis aZlevs saSualebas individs, gaakeTos arCevani
sazogadoebis
tipTan
dakavSirebiT.
individs
SeuZlia,
survilisamebr,
dasaxldes qalaqis 20-miliani radiusis farglebSi romelime gareubanSi (maTi
raodenoba ki did amerikul qalaqSi ramdenime aseulia). cxadia, gareubanSic ki
dasaxlebebi formirebulia Semosavlebis mixedviT, gamoricxviTi daraionebis
municipaluri wesi moqmedebs yvelgan da TiToeul dasaxlebul sazogadoebaSi
gansxvavebulia gaweuli momsaxurebis xarisxi (Tundac Semosavlebi msgavsi
iyos).

tibos hipoTezis irgvliv Catarda ramdenime formaluri empiriuli

kvleva. erT-erTi maTgani akvirdeba imas, xdeba Tu ara adgilobrivi
sazogadoebrivi momsaxurebisa da gadasaxadebis sidideTa kapitalizacia
adgilobrivi sakuTrebis RirebulebaSi. Tu mosaxleoba gadasaxadebisa da
sazogadoebrivi momsaxurebis adgilobriv paketebze reagirebs, maSin aRniSnul
paketTa
Soris
arsebuli
gansxvavebani
asaxul
unda
iqnes
qonebriv
RirebulebaSi. ukeTesi momsaxurebis mqone sazogadoeba maRali qonebrivi
RirebulebebiT xasiaTdeba sxva Tanabar pirobebSi (gadasaxadebis CaTvliT).
kapitalizaciis sakiTxebi ganxilulia am TavSi qonebis dabegvris sakiTxebTan
erTad. rogorc vnaxavT, kapitalizacia aris farTod gavrcelebuli fenomeni.
amrigad, Sedegebi gviCvenebs, rom tibos modeli namdvilad kargad asaxavs
realur samyaros zogierTi mimarTulebiT mainc.

optimaluri federalizmi

Cveni mizani adgilobriv mTavrobaTa daxasiaTeba iyo; amdenad, kargi

iqneba, Tu Cvens Tavdapirvel SekiTxvas davubrundebiT: rogoria ekonomikur
gadawyvetilebaTa optimaluri ganawileba federaciuli sistemis mTavrobaTa
doneebs Soris? pirvel rigSi, mokled ganvixiloT makroekonomikuri funqciebi.
ekonomistebi ukve SeTanxmdnen imaze, rom gadawyvetilebebi xarjvisa da
dabegvris Sesaxeb, romelic umuSevrobisa da inflaciis doneze moqmedebs,
miRebul unda iqnes centraluri mTavrobis mier. arc erTi Statis da

668

adgilobrivi mTavroba ar aris imdenad didi, rom zemoqmedeba moaxdinos mTels

ekonomikaze. sruli uazroba iqneba, Tu TiToeuli adgilobrivi organo Tavad
gansazRvravs miwodebuli fuladi saxsrebis moculobas da damoukidebel
monetarul politikas gaatarebs.

sakmaod winaaRmdegobrivi msjeloba mimdinareobs iseTi mikroekonomikuri

RonisZiebebis Sesaxeb, romlebic zrdis efeqtianobasa da Tanasworobas.
keTildReobis ekonomikis farglebSi SekiTxva, cxadia, ase daismeba: romeli
sistema zrdis maqsimumamde socialur keTildReobas _ centralizebuli Tu
decentralizebuli? simartivisaTvis CavTvaloT, rom arsebobs mxolod ori
donis mTavroba _ `centraluri~ da `adgilobrivi~ (Cven arafers vkargavT
zogierTi mTavrobis ugulebelyofis daSvebis gziT).

decentralizebuli sistemis uaryofiTi mxareebi

ganvixiloT
raionuli
erTeuli,
romelic
ramdenime
mcire
sazogadoebisagan
Sedgeba.
TiToeuli
sazogadoebis
mTavroba
iRebs
gadawyvetilebebs
im
mizniT,
rom
socialuri
keTildReobis
funqcia
maqsimumamde mxolod sazogadoebis wevrebis sargeblis safuZvelze gazardos _
mxedvelobaSi ar miiReba gareSe piri6. rogor gansxvavdeba sazogadoebis
mTavrobis mier am gziT miRebuli Sedegebi im Sedegebisgan, romelsac
centraluri mTavroba saxelmwifo socialuri keTildReobis funqciis Sedegad
miiRebs, romlis drosac gaTvaliswinebuli iqneba TiToeuli moqalaqis
sargeblianoba? pirvel rigSi, ganvixiloT efeqtianobis sakiTxebi da mxolod
amis Semdeg mivubrundeT samarTlianobis sakiTxebis ganxilvas.

efeqtianoba. decentralizebuli mTavrobis sistemam SesaZloa, gamoiwvios

resursebis araefeqtiani ganawileba ramdenime mizezis gamo.

garegani efeqti. sazogadoebrivi saqoneli, romliTac sargeblobs

mxolod konkretuli sazogadoebis wevri, adgilobrivi sazogadoebrivi
saqonlis saxelwodebiTaa cnobili. ase magaliTad, ostinSi (texasi) moqmedi
bibiloTeka Zalian mcire efeqts axdens en-arboris (miCigani) mosaxleobaze.
Tumca
erTi
sazogadoebis
qmedeba
xSirad
axdens
zemoqmedebas
sxva
sazogadoebis wevrTa keTildReobaze. Tu erT qalaqSi maRali donis swavlebaa,
qalaqidan individis emigraciis Sedegad sargebels miiRebs sxva qalaqi (mas
eyoleba ufro kargad ganswavluli samuSao Zala). qalaqebi erTmaneTze
uaryofiTadac moqmedebs. viqtoria da britanuli kolumbia WuWyian wyals
pirdapir zRvaSi uSveben, narCeni sietlSi (vaSingtoni) Caedineba, romelTa
6

am msjelobis procesSi ignorirebulia SekiTxva imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor xdeba

socialuri keTildReobis funqciis gansazRvra da marTlac cdilobs Tu ara mTavroba,
maqsimumamde gazardos igi (ix. me-3 da me-6 Tavebi).

669

moqalaqeebi namdvilad wuxan am faqtis gamo. mokled, sazogadoeba axdens

rogorc dadebiT, aseve uaryofiT garegan efeqts meore sazogadoebaze. Tu
TiToeuli sazogadoeba mxolod Tavis wevrTa keTildReobaze zrunavs, maSin,
rogorc wesi, aseTi garegani efeqti ignorirebulia xolme. amdenad,
standartuli argumentis (ix. me-5 Tavi) Tanaxmad, resursebi araefeqtianadaa
ganawilebuli.

masStabis
ekonomia
sazogadoebrivi
momsaxurebis
gawevis
dros.
gansazRvruli sazogadoebrivi momsaxurebis gawevis dros, momxmarebelTa
raodenobis zrdis SemTxvevaSi, sazogadoebis wevris xarji klebulobs. ase
magaliTad, rac ufro meti adamiani sargeblobs biblioTekiT, miT ufro
dabalia TiToeuli momxmareblis mier gasawevi xarji. Tu TiToeuli
sazogadoeba
daafuZnebs
biblioTekas,
maSin
momxmareblis
danaxarji
aucilebelze maRali iqneba. centralur iurisdiqcias yvela piroba aqvs
biblioTekis dafuZnebisaTvis; xalxi ki masStabis ekonomiiT isargeblebs.

cxadia, sxvadasxva saqmianoba sxvadasxva saxis masStabis ekonomias

eqvemdebareba. biblioTekis momsaxurebis optimaluri masStabi gansxvavdeba
saxanZro momsaxurebis masStabisagan, xolo orive maTganis masStabi ki _
saxelmwifo Tavdacvis optimaluri masStabisagan. am dakvirvebis wyalobiT,
SesaZlebeli xdeba urTierTgadamfari iurisdiqciebis sistemis racionalizeba
_
TiToeuli
iurisdiqcia
uflebamosilia,
masStabis
ekonomiiis
gaTvaliswinebiT awarmoos mxolod is momsaxureba, romelic iurisdiqciis
zomas zustad ergeba.

meore mxriv, konsolidacia ar aris sazogadoebebis mier masStabis

ekonomiiT sargeblobis erTaderTi gza. niu-jersis ramdenime sazogadoeba
erTad marTavs saskolo sistemas da biblioTekebs; am gziT sazogadoebebi
sargebloben masStabis ekonomiiT da Tanac inarCuneben damoukideblobas.
kaliforniaSi ki zogierTi qalaqi kontraqts debs mTavrobasTan an kerZo
kompaniasTan
gansazRvruli
sazogadoebrivi
saqonlis
da
momsaxurebis
uzrunvelyofis
mizniT.
swored
aq
sustdeba
kavSiri
iurisdiqciaTa
gadawyvetilebebs Soris (xolo gadawyvetilebani ki exeba imas, Tu ra
moculobis sazogadoebrivi saqoneli unda iqnes moxmarebuli da ra
moculobisa ki _ warmoebuli).

araefeqtiani sagadasaxado sistema. efeqtiani dabegvra Semdegi principis

dakmayofilebas moiTxovs: is saqoneli, romelic araelastiuri moTxovniT
xasiaTdeba, ufro maRali ganakveTiT unda daibegros da piriqiT (ix. me-14 Tavi).
davuSvaT, rom kapitalis miwodeba mTeli qveynis masStabiT fiqsirebulia da
igi mobiluria qvefederaciul iurisdiqciebs Soris. TiToeuli iurisdiqcia
kargad iazrebs imas, rom Tu igi maRali ganakveTiT dabegravs kapitals, maSin
kapitali, ubralod, sxvagan gadainacvlebs, amis Sedegad ki gauaresdeba

670

iurisdiqciis mdgomareoba. swored amitom keTilgonieri iurisdiqcia Zalian

dabali ganakveTebiT begravs kapitals, zogjer ki gamoyofs subsidiasac. amis
naTeli magaliTi alabamaa, romelic 9 wlis ganmavlobaSi daaxloebiT 700
milion aSS dolars gamoyofda Seusrulebeli sagadasaxado valdebulebis
dasafarad; amiT igi stimuls aZlevda iseT firmebs, rogoricaa: mersedes-benci,
honda da hiundai, Tavisi qarxnebi am StatSi ganeTavsebinaT [Brooks, 2002].
tanenuaildi [2002] aRniSnavs, rom saxelmwifo korporaciuli gadasaxadebis
Sefardeba korporaciul mogebasTan 7,6%-dan 3,9%-mde daeca. misi azriT, es
nawilobriv gamowveuli iyo Statebis konkurenciiT kapitalis mozidvis saqmeSi.
imdenad, ramdenadac kapitalis saxelmwifo miwodeba araelastiuria, kapitalis
dabali ganakveTebi xSirad ar aris xolme efeqtiani.

realur samyaroSi, cxadia, mTliani kapitali ar aris fiqsirebuli.

araferia cnobili imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor reagirebs firmis gadawyvetilebani
adgilmdebareobis
Sesaxeb
gansxvavebuli
adgilobrivi
sagadasaxado
ganakveTebis mimarT. Tumca statistika cxadyofs, rom iurisdiqciis farglebSi
dasaqmebis
zrda
biznesis
sagadasaxado
ganakveTTan
ukuproporciul
damokidebulebaSia [Mark, McGuire, and Papke, 2000]. Tumca ZiriTadi azri mainc
ucvleli
rCeba:
decentralizebul
sazogadoebaTa
mier
dawesebuli
gadasaxadebi
ar
aris
efeqtiani,
saxelmwifo poziciidan
gamomdinare.
sazogadoeba gadasaxads imis mixedviT SearCevs, Tu romeli maTganis
eqsportireba iqneba SesaZlebeli sazogadoebis gareT. ase magaliTad, Tu
mocemul sazogadoebaSi qveynis erTaderTi naxSiris sabadoa da es sazogadoeba
awesebs masze gadasaxads, maSin, savaraudod, adgilobrivi sagadasaxado tvirTi
daawveba naxSiris momxmarebels, romelic ar aris am sazogadoebis wevri7.
naxSiris gadasaxadi Zalian momgebiani iqneba sazogadoebisaTvis, Tumca arcTu
yovelTvis momgebiani _ saxelmwifosaTvis8.

gadasaxadebis gadacemis mniSvnelovani Sedegi aris is, rom sazogadoeba

SeiZens Zalian didi raodenobis adgilobriv sazogadoebriv saqonels.
efeqtianobis dasakmayofileblad ki saWiroa adgilobrivi saqonlis SeZena im
wertilamde, sadac zRvruli socialuri sargebeli zRvrul socialur
danaxarjs utoldeba. Tu sazogadoebas SeuZlia, sagadasaxado tvirTis nawili
sxva iurisdiqcias daakisros, maSin sazogadoebis aRqmuli zRvruli xarji
ufro naklebi iqneba, vidre zRvruli socialuri xarji. rodesac sazogadoeba
awesebs iseT zRvrul socialur sargebels, romelic aRqmul zRvrul xarjs
utoldeba, maSin Sedegad viRebT adgilobrivi sazogadoebrivi saqonlis
araefeqtianad did moculobas.

rogorc wesi, sagadasaxado tvirTis ganawilebis zusti gansazRvra sabazro

struqturis, moTxovnis elastiurobisa da xarjebis struqturis Sesaxeb informacias
saWiroebs. ix. me-12 Tavi.
8
naxSiris mwarmoebeli Stati, montana, mudmivad cdilobda, Statis sagadasaxado
tvirTi qveynis danarCeni nawilisaTvis daekisrebina.

671

masStabis ekonomia gadasaxadebis amoRebis dros. individualurma

sazogadoebam SesaZloa, ver isargeblos masStabis ekonomiiT gadasaxadebis
Segrovebis saqmeSi. TiToeuli sazogadoeba valdebulia, gansazRvruli fuladi
resursiT uzrunvelyos sagadasaxado samsaxurebi. danazogis akumulireba
SesaZlebelia saerTo sagadasaxado organos funqcionirebis SemTxvevaSi. albaT,
ufro upriania, gavinawiloT erTi kompiuteris xarji, romelic ramdenime
sazogadoebis sagadasaxado deklaraciebs aRricxavs, vidre TiToeulma
sazogadoebam Tavisi kompiuteri SeiZinos. cxadia, aseTi ekonomiis miRweva
SesaZlebelia iurisdiqciaTa TanamSromlobis Sedegad yovelgvari faqtobrivi
konsolidaciis gareSe. zogierT StatSi, magaliTad, qalaqis mier dawesebuli
gadasaxadi saxelmwifo Semosavlebis departamentis mier grovdeba.

samarTlianoba. utilitaruli filosofiuri mosazrebebidan gamomdinare,

socialuri keTildReobis maqsimizaciis mizniT Semosavlis mdidridan Raribze
gadanawileba aucilebelia. warmovidginoT, rom erT konkretul sazogadoebaSi
moqmedebs dabalSemosavliani wevrisaTvis sasargeblo sagadasaxado da
xarjviTi politika. sazogadoebaTa Soris moZraobis dabrkolebis ararsebobis
pirobebSi am sazogadoebaSi moxdeba mTeli qveynis RaribTa migracia. Raribi
mosaxleobis zrda gamoiwvevs gadanawilebiTi fiskaluri politikis xarjebis
zrdas. amave dros, sazogadoebis ufro maRalSemosavliani ojaxebi miiReben
gadawyvetilebas am sazogadoebis datovebis Sesaxeb. ismeva kiTxva: ratom unda
gadaixados mdidarma maRali gadasaxadebi RaribTa nacvlad, rodesac mas
SeuZlia,
ufro
preferenciuli
fiskaluri
struqturis
mqone
sxva
sazogadoebaSi gadavides sacxovreblad? amdenad, sazogadoebis dasabegri bazis
moTxovna izrdeba, misi zoma ki TandaTan mcirdeba. rogorc Cans, unda SeCerdes
gadanawilebiTi programis moqmedeba.

rogorc vxedavT, rom individi iRebs gadawyvetilebas sacxovrebeli

adgilis Sesaxeb imis safuZvelze, Tu romeli iurisdiqcia uzrunvelyofs ufro
momgebian gadasaxadebisa da keTildReobis pakets. am mosazrebis WeSmaritebas
xazs usvams aseTi movlena: 1990-ian wlebSi kalifornieli kanonmdebelni
seriozulad iyvnen Sewuxebulni im sakiTxis gamo, rom maT StatSi Seqmnili
ukeTesi pirobebi (maRali keTildReoba) izidavda Zalian didi raodenobis
migrants. maT miiRes kanoni, romlis safuZvelzec nebismieri migranti
kaliforniaSi cxovrebis pirveli wlis ganmavlobaSi miiRebda mxolod im
sargebels, romelsac misi mSobliuri Stati (anu Stati, saidanac Camovida es
migranti) uzrunvelyofda. Tumca 1999 wels uzenaesma sasamarTlom es kanoni
arakonstituciurad cno.

Cveni msjelobidan gamomdinareobs kidev erTi logikuri daskvna. rogorc

feldSteini da vrobeli [1998] aRniSnavdnen, Tu maRalSemosavlian individs aqvs
araxelsayreli sagadasaxado pirobebidan Tavis daRwevis da im StatSi
gadasvlis ufleba, sadac SedarebiT dabali sagadasaxado ganakveTebi
moqmedebs,
maSin
maRali
gadasaxadebis
mqone
StatSi
damqiravebels
daqiravebulTa SenarCunebis mizniT maRali daubegravi xelfasis gadaxda

672

mouwevs. wminda efeqti ki iqneba is, rom araviTari cvlilebiT ar dafiqsirdeba

Semosavlis ganawileba. fildSteinma da vrobelma isic aRmoaCines, rom
sakmarisia, Statma gazardos sagadasaxado ganakveTi, rom maSinve izrdeba
daubegravi xelfasi. am aRmoCenis interpretacia odnav frTxilad unda moxdes:
aq SesaZloa fiqsirdebodes mizanmimarTuli qmedeba _ Stati, romlis
moqalaqeebis xelfasi izrdeba, yovelTvis ufro progresiul sagadasaxado
sistemas emxroba. nebismier SemTxvevaSi aucilebulia yuradRebiT movekidoT im
process, rodesac decentralizebuli iurisdiqcia Semosavlis gadanawilebis
funqcias sakuTar Tavze iRebs.

decentralizebuli sistemis upiratesobani

Sedegis morgeba adgilobriv gemovnebaze. zogierT mSobels surs, rom

misma Svilma iseT skolaSi iswavlos, romelSic sportuli programebi
moqmedebs; mSobelTa meore nawili miiCnevs, rom es ar aris saWiro. adamianTa
erT nawils uyvars parkebi; meore nawils _ ara. centralizebuli xelisufleba
uzrunvelyofs erTsa da imave sazogadoebriv momsaxurebas mTeli qveynis
masStabiT, miuxedavad adamianTa gansxvavebuli gemovnebisa. rogorc tokvili
aRniSnavda, `centralizebul saxelmwifoSi kanonebic ki erTgvarovania,
romelic yovelTvis ver ergeba gansxvavebul adaTebsa da raionebs~. cxadia,
sruliad araefeqtiania individis uzrunvelyofa imaze meti an cota
sazogadoebrivi saqonliT, vidre amis survili aqvs Tavad individs (da, Tanac,
Tu arsebobs imis SesaZlebloba, rom zustad movargoT moculoba individis
preferencias). decentralizebuli sistemis farglebSi individebi, romlebic
sazogadoebriv saqonelze msgavsi gemovnebiT xasiaTdebian, erTad ikribebian,
ris Sedegad sazogadoeba sazogadoebrivi saqonlis im saxeobasa da raodenobas
uzrunvelyofs, rac mis macxovrebels (gaixseneT, rogor davaxasiaTeT
sazogadoeba `klubad~) surs.

adgilobrivi xelisufleba ufro axlos imyofeba xalxTan da, amdenad,

mosaxleobis preferenciebis mimarT ufro mgrZnobiarea, vidre centraluri
xelisufleba9. es gansakuTrebiT sagrZnobi did raionSia, sadac yvela
individis gemovnebis Sesaxeb informaciis mopovebisa da gadamuSavebis xarji
Zalian didia. makdonaldsis mTavarma aRmasrulebelma direqtorma erTxel
aseTi ram Tqva: `SeuZlebelia 25000 restornis centralizebuli marTva. bevri
gadawyvetileba gasaRebis adgilas unda iqnes miRebuli~ [barboza, 1999].
gadawyvetilebaTa miRebis procesSi federaciuli sistemac iziarebs am
princips.

Tumca, Tu zogierTi sazogadoebis wevrTa preferenciebi negatiuria, maSin

adgilobrivi xelisuflebis aRniSnuli Rirseba mis sisusted iqceva. ase magaliTad,
romelime sazogadoebam SesaZloa, daakanonos monoba. im garemoebaTa gansazRvra,
romlis drosac centraluri xelisuflebis gadawyvetilebas eqneba upiratesi Zala
Statebisa da adgilobrivi mTavrobis gadawyvetilebebze, sakmaod rTulia politikuri
da eTikuri TvalsazrisiT.

673

logikuri msjelobiT aseT daskvnamde mivdivarT: rac ufro meti

preferencia arsebobs erT arealSi, miT ufro didia decentralizebuli
gadawyvetilebis Sedegi. am mosazrebis dasadastureblad strumfma da
oberholcer-gim [2002] Statebs Soris arsebuli gansxvavebani gamoikvlies. maT
ainteresebdaT, Tu romeli mTavroba aregulirebs liqioriT vaWrobas Statebis
mixedviT. sxvadasxva mrwamsis individebis Sexeduleba liqioriT vaWrobis
akrZalvis Sesaxeb sruliad gansxvavebuli iyo. maSasadame, federalizmis
Teoria cxadyofs, rom religiuri mravalferovnebis mqone StatebSi unda
moxdes alkoholis maregulirebeli politikis decentralizeba (sxva Tanabar
pirobebSi). aRmoCnda, rom realurad zustad ase xdeba _ adgilobrivi
kontroli izrdeba Statis SigniT preferenciaTa varirebis mixedviT.

federalizmis
logikis
Tanaxmad,
saxelmwifos
doneze
miRebuli
ekonomikuri regulacia SesaZloa, yvela sazogadoebaSi qmediTi ar gamodges.
ase magaliTad, Cven ukve vuCveneT me-5 TavSi, rom uazrobaa mTeli qveynis
masStabiT erTgvarovani garemosdacviTi reglamentebis SemoReba. dabinZurebis
Semcirebis zRvruli xarji da sargebeli damokidebulia mosaxleobis
simWidroveze, amindze da sxva maxasiaTeblebze. mocemul iurisdiqciaSi
Tanamdebobis pirni floben ufro ukeTes informacias am teritoriis
specifikuri niSan-Tvisebis Sesaxeb, vidre federaluri mTavroba; amdenad,
upriani iqneba, Tu maT eqnebaT garkveuli damoukidebloba maregulirebeli
politikis SemuSavebis procesSi. amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi Stats SeuZlia
aiRos pasuxismgebloba federaluri garemosdacviTi politikis Sesrulebaze,
rac
Stats
regulirebis
saboloo
Sedegis
gansazRvris
mniSvnelovan
Zalauflebas miscems. Stati, romelic ase moqmedebs, ufro mkacri regulirebiT
gamoirCeva, vidre is Stati, sadac aRniSuli qmedeba federaluri xelisuflebis
mieraa Sesrulebuli [Sigman, 2003].

mTavrobaTaSorisi konkurenciis zrda. xSirad mTavrobebs ara aqvT imis

stimuli, rom gaswion minimaluri xarji warmoebaze (ix. me-6 Tavi). kerZo firmis
menejeri, romelic ar aris orientirebuli danaxarjis minumamde Semcirebaze,
sabolood tovebs bizness. amis sapirispirod, mTavrobis maRali Tanamdebobis
pirebi agrZeleben aseTi meTodiT saqmianobas. Tu moqalaqes sacxovreblad
sazogadoebis
amorCevis
SesaZlebloba
eqneba,
maSin
igi
SearCevs
im
sazogadoebas, romelsac kargi menejeri hyavs. aseTma saSiSroebam SesaZloa,
STaagonos mTavrobis maRali Tanamdebobis pirs, rom man unda uzrunvelyos
maqsimalurad efeqtiani warmoeba da iyos ufro metad pasuxismgebeli Tavisi
moqalaqeebis mimarT. aucilebelia, aRiniSnos, rom, sxva Tanabar pirobebSi rac
ufro
decentralizebulia
qveynis
fiskaluri
sistema,
miT
naklebad
korumpirebulia misi mTavroba [Fisman and Gatti, 2002].

adgilobriv doneze uzrunvelyofili saqonlisa da momsaxurebis

eqsperimentireba da inovacia. arsebobs bevri upasuxo politikuri SekiTxva.

674

arsebobs ki erTi gadawyvetileba, romelic saukeTeso iqneba yvela situaciaSi?

iqneb ukeTesi iqneba, Tu TiToeul sazogadoebas mivcemT uflebas, airCios
Tavisi gza da Semdeg ki SevadarebT Sedegebs? diversificirebuli mTavrobiTi
sistema problemis axleburi mogvarebis SesaZleblobas zrdis. uzenaesi
sasamarTlos mosamarTlem, luis brendisma, erTxel aRniSna: `federaciuli
sistemis erT-erTi bedniereba swored is aris, rom romelime gambedav Stats
SeuZlia, Tavisi moqalaqeebis nebis safuZvelze gadaiqces im laboratoriad,
romelSic Catardeba moraluri, socialuri da ekonomikuri eqsperimentebi da,
Tanac, aranairi riski ar miadgeba qveynis darCenil nawils~.

rogorc
sakiTxebze:

Cans,

brendisis

laboratoriebi,

marTlac,

muSaoben

Semdeg

saniveili, kalifornia: dainerga Sesrulebaze dafuZnebuli biujetireba,

romlis
Tanaxmad,
biujeti
xasiaTdeba
sxvadasxva
programebis
gatarebasTan dakavSirebuli mkafio da zusti miznebiT. ase magaliTad,
qalaqis parkis departamenti valdebulia, aanazRauros dakarguli
sakuTreba sami samuSao dRis drois 90% -is ganmavlobaSi. sxva qalaqebi
akvirdebian, ramdenad gaaumjobesebs Sesrulebas aseTi eqspermenti.
filadelfia: sazogadoebriv saskolo sistemaze pasuxismgebelma sabWom
40 warumatebeli skolis kontrolis funqcia 7 gareSe menejers gadasca.
es aris `yvelaze didi eqsperimenti amerikuli saskolo raionebis
privatizaciis istoriaSi [Steinberg, 2002, gv. A3].
florida: gadasaxadisagan Tavisufldeba manqana-danadgarebis SeZena im
kompaniebis mier, romlebic daiqiraveben da amuSaveben daxmarebis
programebis yofil recipientebs.

warsulSi ganxorcielebuli zogierTi eqsperimenti dRes federalur

politikad qceula. didi depresiis dros saxelmwifo sapensio fondis
damaarseblebma gamoiyenes is gamocdileba, romelic ramdenime StatSi
arsebobda, sadac socialuri dazRvevis programebi tardeboda.

Sedegebi

Cveni msjelobidan aSkarad Cans, rom srulad decentralizebuli sistema

ver uzrunvelyofs socialuri keTildReobis maqsimizacias. efeqtianobis
uzrunvelsayofad
aucilebelia Semdegi
pirobis
dakmayofileba:
mTeli
qveynisaTvis Tanabrad mniSvnelovani
sazogadoebrivi saqoneli (magaliTad,
saxelmwifo Tavdacva) uzrunvelyofili unda iqnes saxelmwifo doneze,
adgilobrivi sazogadoebrivi saqoneli ki adgilobriv doneze unda iqnes
uzrunvelyofili.

675

Tumca ra gavakeToT im sazogadoebriv saqonelTan dakavSirebiT, romelic

mniSvnelovania ara mTeli qveynisaTvis, aramed ramdenime sazogadoebisaTvis?
erT-erTi gza erTi regionaluri mTavrobis qveS maTi gaerTianebaa. Teoriulad,
mTavroba izrunebs moqalaqeTa keTildReobaze da, Tanac, daaregulirebs
garegan efeqtebs. Tumca didi mTavrobiTi iurisdiqcia adgilobrivi gemovnebis
gansxvavebaTa mimarT naklebad sensitiuri iqneba.

garegani
efeqtis
daregulirebis
alternatiuli
meTodi
pigus
gadasaxadebisa da subsidirebis sistemis gamoyenebaa. me-5 Tavi gviCvenebs, rom
saxelmwifos efeqtianobis amaRleba im qmedebaTa dabegvris gziT SeuZlia,
romlebic uaryofiT garegan efeqts warmoqmnis da im qmedebaTa subsidirebiT,
romelic dadebiT garegan efeqts warmoqmnis. centralur xelisuflebas
SeuZlia amgvari meTodis gamoyeneba adgilobrivi mTavrobis mier miRebul
gadawyvetilebebze zemoqmedebis mizniT. ase magaliTad, Tu dawyebiTi da
saSualo ganaTleba qmnis iseT sargebels, romelic iurisdiqciis farglebs
scdeba, maSin centraluri mTavroba sazogadoebebs ganaTlebis subsidiebiT
uzrunvelyofs.
adgilobrivi
avtonomia
SenarCunebulia
da,
Tanac,
koreqtirebulia
garegani
efeqti.
Cven
mogvianebiT
vnaxavT,
rom
sazogadoebisaTvis gacemuli zogierTi federaluri granti garkveulwilad
misdevs am models.

Cveni Teoriis mixedviT, sakmaod mkafiodaa gamijnuli pasuxismgebloba

sazogadoebrivi saqonlis warmoebaze _ adgilobrivi sazogadoebrivi saqoneli
unda uzrunvelyos adgilobrivma mTavrobam, xolo saxelmwifo sazogadoebrivi
saqoneli ki _ centralurma xelisuflebam. praqtikulad, mTavrobis sxvadasxva
done mniSvnelovnad urTierTqmedebs. ase magaliTad, samarTaldamcavi pirebi
saxelmwifo da adgilobrivi mTavrobis warmomadgenelni arian. maT qmedebaTa
didi nawili federaluri sisxlis samarTlis Tanaxmad imarTeba, romelic
`Zalian gafarTovda imis gamo, rom kongresma brZola gamoucxada iseT
danaSauls, rogoricaa manqanis gataceba da eklesiaTa gadawva, agreTve,
pirutyvis sadgomi adgilebis gapartaxeba [Derthick, 2000, gv. 27].
aseTi
reglamentebis
gareSe
adgilobriv
erTeuls
gauWirdeba
mdgomareobis
daregulireba.
amdenad,
maTi
arseboba
mniSvnelovnad
aumjobesebs
keTildReobas. Tumca arsebobs mosazreba imis Sesaxeb, rom federaluri
regulirebis sistema qvefederalur saxelisuflebo erTeulebze imdenad
garTulebulia, rom SeuZlebelia imis dadgena, Tu romeli donis mTavrobas
akisria esa Tu is funqcia. wardgenil iqna aSS-is federaciuli sistemis
reformirebis ramdenime winadadeba. winadadebebi optimaluri federalizmis
Teoriis safuZvelze momzadda, magram arc erTi maTgani ar iqna damtkicebuli.
am winadadebaTa politikuri kraxis mizezi kargadaa axsnili masaCusetis
warmomadgenlis, berni frankis, mier: `kongresmenTa 99,9 procents calsaxad
surs, rom esa Tu is sakiTxi mTavrobis im donem gadawyvitos, romelic ise
gadawyvets am sakiTxs, rogorc Tavad am kongresmens surs [Clymer, 1997, gv. 6].

676

Tu pasuxismgebloba kargadaa ganawilebuli, efeqtianobis poziciidan

gamomdinare, SeiZleba Tu ara, rom igive iTqvas Semosavlis ganawilebaze?
ekonomistTa didi nawili darwmunebulia, rom Cven mier ukve ganxiluli
mobilurobis aspeqtebi adgilobriv mTavrobas abrkoleben, TviTonve miaRwios
ganawilebiT miznebs. is individualuri iurisdiqcia, romelic ecdeba, Tavad
miaRwios ganawilebiT mizans, finansur krizisSi aRmoCndeba. swored amitom niuiorki mudmivad fiskaluri siZneleebis winaSe dgas xolme. faqtobrivad,
Semosavlis SenarCunebis mizniT xarjebi amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi
federaluri mTavrobis doneze gaiweva. saxelmwifo sapensio uzrunvelyofa,
damatebiTi daxmareba umweoTaTvis, sasursaTo talonebi, krediti miRebul
Semosavalze _ TiToeuli maTgani federalur programas warmoadgens. 1996 wlis
keTildReobis reformis (ix. me-8 Tavi) Semdeg Statebs daekisraT axali
pasuxismgebloba am arealSi, Tumca maT gankargulebaSi arsebuli fuladi
saxsrebi im TanxebTan SedarebiT, romelic federaluri xelisuflebis mier
ixarjeba, mcirea.

saxelmwifo ganaTleba federaciul sistemaSi

axla ki gamoviyenoT optimaluri federalizmis Teoria ganaTlebis

gasaanalizeblad.
ganaTleba
Statebisa
da adgilobrivi
xelisuflebis
biujetebis erT-erT umniSvnelovanes komponents warmoadgens10. 1999 wels
ganaTlebaze saxelmwifos mier 566 miliardi aSS dolari daixarja, romelSic
federaluri xelisuflebis wili iyo 14,6%, Statis xelisuflebis wili _ 22%,
xolo danarCeni ki mTavrobis sxva donis danaxarjebze modioda. ganaTlebaze
modis Statis pirdapiri danaxarjis 28% da adgilobrivi danaxarjis 38% [aSSis aRweris samsaxuri, 2002, gv. 135, 270]. 10-dan 9 amerikeli bavSvi saxelmwifo
skolaSi swavlobs.

Seesabameba Tu ara sxvadasxva donis xelisuflebis mier

ganaTlebis
dafinansebis sistema Cvens Sexedulebas optimaluri federalizmis Taobaze?
saqonlis decentralizebuli wesiT uzrunvelyofis erT-erTi argumenti is
aris, rom aseTi gziT warmoebuli saqoneli zustad ergeba adgilobriv
gemovnebas. yvela mSobels aqvs kompetenturi mosazreba Svilis ganaTlebis
Sesaxeb da es mosazreba varirebs sazogadoebaTa mixedviT. amdenad, kargi iqneba,
Tu ganaTleba uzrunvelyofil iqneba adgilobriv mTavrobaTa mier. arc is
iqneba cudi, rom adgilobrivi mTavroba miiRebs mniSvnelovan gadawyvetilebebs
adgilobrivi saskolo segmentis Sesaxeb, dafinanseba ki uzrunvelyofil iqneba
centraluri da Statebis xelisuflebis mier. Tumca, politikuri kuTxiT,
sakmaod rTuli iqneba kontrolis SenarCuneba iseT skolebze, romlebic sxva
donis xelisuflebis mieraa dafinansebuli musikas ukveTavs is, vinc ixdis.
kaliforniaSi,
magaliTad,
sajaro
finansebis
mniSvnelovani
raodenoba
saxelmwifo xelisuflebidan modis. saxelmwifo skolebSi moqmedebs 900010

ufro mniSvnelovani SekiTxva imis Sesaxeb, unda Caerios

ganaTlebis uzrunvelyofis saqmeSi, ganxilulia me-4 TavSi.

Tu

ara saxelmwifo

677

gverdiani kodeqsi saxelmwifo ganaTlebis Sesaxeb, romelSic detaluradaa

aRwerili, Tu romeli saxelmZRvanelo unda SeiZinos skolam, rogor
iswavlebodes sagnebi da rom skolebis kafeteriam unda uzrunvelyos
samzareulos sruli momsaxurebis paketi sxva Tanabar pirobebSi [Kronholz, 2000,
gv. A10].

adgilobrivi mTavroba ganaTlebas dabegvridan miRebuli sakuTrebis

Semosavlebis gziT afinansebs. sakuTrebis moculoba saskolo raionebis
mixedviT
gansxvavebulia.
sakuTrebis
dasabegri
bazis
mravalferovneba
ganapirobebs mniSvnelovan gansxvavebas saskolo raionebis dafinansebaSi. ase
magaliTad, 2001-2002 saswavlo wels umdidresma raionma texasSi TiToeul
studentze 12600 aSS dolari daxarja, xolo uRaribesma raionma ki _ 4500
dolari. ganaTlebis xarjviTi nawilis Sesaxeb arsebuli egalitarianuli
midgomis Tanaxmad, aseTi gansxvavebis ganeitralebis mizniT kargi iqneboda, Tu
dafinanseba uzrunvelyofili iqneboda mTavrobis im donis mier, romelic
gadaanawilebda resursebs adgilobriv sazRvrebze, miuxedavad imisa, Tu ra
daemarTeboda adgilobriv avtonomias. rogorc mogvianebiT vnaxavT am TavSi,
mTavrobaTaSorisi granti ganaTlebis finansebis mniSvnelovani komponentia.

ganaTlebisaTvis gamoyofili federaluri finansebi ori mimarTulebiT

ixarjeba: dawyebiT da saSualo ganaTlebaze. ganaTlebis saministro afinansebs
iseT saswavlo programebs, romliTac sargebloben gonebrivad SezRuduli (8,5
miliardi aSS dolari 2001 wels) da fizikurad SezRuduli (5,8 miliardi aSS
dolari) mosaxleoba [aSS-is aRweris samsaxuri, 2002, gv. 135].
es ki zustad
Seesabameba
im
mosazrebas,
rom
rTulia
gadanawilebis
politikis
ganxorcieleba adgilobriv doneze. umaRles saswavleblebSi federaluri
Tanxebi ZiriTadad mecnierul kvlevas xmardeba. kvlevis Sedegad miRebuli
informacia sazogadoebrivi saqonelia da, Tanac, saqonlis centralizebuli
uzrunvelyofa an misi subsidireba friraideris problemas aneitralebs,
romelic adgilobriv doneze ase aqtualuria.

aRsaniSnavia, rom federaluri mTavrobis roli ganaTlebis sistemaSi

dafinansebiT ar aris SezRuduli. saxelmwifo ganaTlebas farTomasStabiani
federaluri
kanonmdebloba
da
reglamentebi
marTavs.
federaluri
kanonmdeblobiT regulirdeba iseTi sakiTxebi, rogoricaa: maswavlebelTa
treningi,
biblioTekebi,
standartebi
SezRuduli SesaZleblobis
mqone
studentTaTvis da sqesobrivi aRzrda. Stati, romelic federalur kanonTa
Sesabamisad ar moqmedebs, federalur Tanxebs dakargavs. amdenad, miuxedavad
imisa,
rom
amerikuli
ganaTlebis
dafinansebis
sistema
optimaluri
federalizmis ZiriTad postulatebs Seesabameba, gadawyvetilebis miRebis
pasuxismgebloba arc ise mkafiodaa gamijnuli, rogorc amas Teoria gvaswavlis.

federalizmi da urbanuli krizisi

678

amerikis bevri qalaqi dgas seriozuli socialuri da ekonomikuri

siZneleebis winaSe. urbanuli problema mravali ganzomilebiT xasiaTdeba,
rogoricaa: mosaxleobis kleba, fizikurad daberebuli mezobeli arealebi,
sazogadoebrivi momsaxurebis anazRaurebis uunaroba, saxelmwifo daxmarebaze
myofi rezidentebis maRali proporcia da bevri sxva. Teoriebi, romlebic
qalaqebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli amgvari sirTuleebis warmomqmnel mizezebs
ganmartaven, Zalian bevria: ixileT, magaliTad, milsisa da lubuelis [1997]
kvleva. axla ki ganvixiloT, Tu ra zegavlenas axdens adgilobrivi sajaro
finansebis sistema urbanul krizisze.

warmovidginoT aseTi situacia: dabalSemosavliani ojaxi politikur

Zalauflebas moipovebs da mas RaribisaTvis xelsayreli danaxarjebisa da
gadasaxadebis dawesebisaTvis gamoiyenebs. davuSvaT, rom maRalSemosavliani
individi, romelsac SeuzRudavi gadaadgileba SeuZlia da aseTi politika ar
moswons, sacxovreblad gareubanSi gadava. Raribi mas ver gahyveba, SesaZloa
imis gamo, rom naklebad mobiluria, an imis gamo, rom gareubanSi moqmedebs
gamoricxviTi daraionebis municipaluri wesi. amis Sedegad qalaqSi gaizrdeba
Rarib ojaxTa proporcia. amave dros, saSualo da maRalSemosavliani ojaxebis
am teritoriidan wasvlis gamo Semcirdeba Semosavlisa da sakuTrebis
dasabegri baza.

es aris urbanuli Wknobis erTob martivi modeli, romlis mTavari

damnaSave adgilobrivi sajaro finansebis fragmentirebuli sistemaa. Tu mTel
qalaqs Tavisi gareubnebianad erTi mTavroba daaregulirebda, maSin fiskaluri
gadawyvetilebebi mTeli iurisdiqciisaTvis savaldebulo iqneboda, ris Sedegad
maRalSemosavlian
ojaxs
sulac aRar
eqneboda centridan gareubanSi
gadabargebis survili. Tumca unificirebuli sistemis ganawilebiTi Sedegis
ganWvreta Zalian rTulia. aucilebelia, detalurad da yuradRebiT iqnes
ganxiluli nebismieri cvlileba dabegvrisa da danaxarjebis struqturaSi11.

mTeli
saqalaqo
arealis
masStabiT
erTgvarovani
sakuTrebis
sagadasaxado ganakveTebis dawesebis Sedegad SesaZloa, kapitaluri danakargi
sakuTrebis im mflobelma ganicados, romelic adre saSualoze ufro dabali
ganakveTiT ibegreboda da piriqiT (sxva Tanabar pirobebSi). ra moxdeba am
cvlilebaTa gatarebis Sedegad? ufro samarTlianad ganawildeba Semosavlebi
Tu naklebad samarTlianad? am SekiTxvebze pasuxis gasacemad bevr sxva
informaciasTan erTad Cven gvesaWiroeba informacia qalaqSi miwis mesakuTreTa
Tavdapirveli qonebrivi mdgomareobis Sesaxeb. Tu unificirebul sistemaze
gadasvlis gziT qalaqSi gadasaxadebi Semcirdeba, xolo qalaqSi macxovrebeli
miwis mflobelni ki sakmaod mdidrebi arian, maSin, cxadia, Semosavlebis
ganawileba ufro arasamarTliani iqneba. xolo Tu qalaqeli miwis mflobelebi
11

msjeloba efuZneba bredfordsa da outs [1974].

679

naklebad mdidarni arian, vidre maTi gareubneli kolegebi, maSin Semosavlebi

ufro samarTlianad ganawildeba. samwuxarod, qalaqSi macxovrebel miwis
mesakuTreTa Sesaxeb Zalian mwiri informacia arsebobs.

TiToeuli studentis Tanabari saswavlo xarjebiT uzrunvelyofis gziT

mTel
qalaqSi
(gareubnebis
CaTvliT)
maRalSemosavliani
individidan
dabalSemosavlian individze Semosavlis realuri gadanawileba moxdeba.
moqmedi sistemis farglebSi maRali Semosavlis mqone sazogadoeba cdilobs,
daxarjos meti ganaTlebaze, vidre is sazogadoeba, romelsac naklebi
Semosavlebi
aqvs.
im
SemTxvevaSi,
Tu
moxdeba
yvela
sazogadoebriv
momsaxurebaze gaweuli danaxarjebis gaTanabreba mTeli qalaqis masStabiT
(gareubnebis CaTvliT), maSin yvelaze metad dazaraldeba qalaqis centrSi
mcxovrebi Raribi rezidenti, radgan mcire qveurbanuli sazogadoebebi xSirad
ufro naklebi masStabis momsaxurebas sTavazoben rezidentebs, vidre TviTon
qalaqebi. gareubani, magaliTad, SesaZloa, amuSavebdes nebayoflobiT saxanZro
samsaxurs, xolo gasufTavebis prerogativas ki kerZo firmebs gadascemdes.
Tanabari danaxarjebis dawesebiT yvelaze metad aseTi tipis sazogadoeba
isargeblebs sxva Tanabar pirobebSi.

Cveni msjeloba gvaZlevs aseTi hipoTezis gamoTqmis saSualebas:

urbanuli problemebi Zalian mcire masStabis negatiur zemoqmedebas axdens
gareubnebze. amis sapirispirod, hotvouti da inmani [2002] amtkicebdnen, rom
sustad marTvadi qalaqis finansebi xels uwyobs mosaxleobisa da firmis
gadasaxlebas mTeli saqalaqo zonidan (gareubnebis CaTvliT), rasac sabolood
gareubnebSi ekonomikuri mdgomareobis gauaresebisaken mivyavarT. saerTod,
gareubnis macxovrebeli dainteresebuli unda iyos centraluri qalaqis
finansuri momZlavrebiT da garkveuli Tanxac gaiRos am mizniT. amisaTvis ki
saqalaqo zonaSi (gareubnebis CaTvliT) sajaro finansebis unificirebuli
sistemis danergva da amoqmedebaa saWiro.

unificirebuli sistemis ZiriTadi naklovaneba ki is aris, rom igi

sazogadoebis
avtonomias
mkacrad
zRudavs.
rogorc
ukve
aRvniSneT,
sazogadoebis mier gadawyvetilebis miRebis unari erTob efeqtian Sedegebs
iZleva. rogorc Cans, ar aris sakmarisi informacia imisaTvis, rom davadginoT,
Tu
romeli
sistema
iqneba
ufro
prioritetuli.
saqalaqo
arealis
konsolidacias arasodes Sexvedrian aRtacebiT amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi.
praqtikulad, urbanuli fiskaluri problemebis daregulirebis mTavari meTodi
grantebiT daxmarebaa, romelic federaluri da Statebis xelisuflebis mier
gaiweva. grantebi emateba sakuTrebis adgilobrivi gadasaxadis amoRebis gziT
miRebul Semosavlebs. axla ki ganvixiloT adgilobrivi mTavrobis Semosavlis
ori ZiriTadi wyaro: sakuTrebis gadasaxadi da mTavrobaTaSorisi granti.

680

sakuTrebis gadasaxadi

1999 wels aSS-Si sakuTrebis gadasaxadma 240 miliardi aSS dolari

Seadgina, aqedan daaxloebiT 12 miliardi Segrovebul iqna Statebis mier, xolo
228 miliardi aSS dolari ki _ adgilobrivi xelisuflebis mier [aSS-is
aRweris samsaxuri, 2002, gv. 270]. aSS-Si ar moqmedebs federaluri gadasaxadi
sakuTrebaze. sakuTrebis gadasaxadi SesaZloa, arc ise mniSvnelovani iyos
saxelmwifo
poziciidan,
magram
igi
umniSvnelovanes
rols
asrulebs
adgilobriv sajaro finansebSi. masze adgilobrivi mTavrobis sagadasaxado
Semosavlebis daaxloebiT 72% modis.

individis qonebis sagadasaxado valdebuleba warmoadgens sagadasaxado

ganakveTisa da sakuTrebis SefasebiT Rirebulebas. es saris Rirebuleba,
romelsac iurisdiqcia awesebs sakuTrebaze. xSir SemTxvevaSi iurisdiqciaTa
mizania, sabazro Rirebulebis Sesabamisi SefasebiTi Rirebuleba daawesos12.
magram Tu sakuTrebis raRac nawili ar gayidula ukanasknel periodSi, maSin
sagadasaxado samsaxuris warmomadgenelma namdvilad araferi icis misi sabazro
Rirebulebis Sesaxeb. am SemTxvevaSi unda gakeTdes Sefaseba, romelic
ukanasknel periodSi gayiduli msgavsi maxasiaTeblebis mqone saqonlis sabazro
Rirebulebas daefuZneba.

sabazro da SefasebiTi Rirebulebas Soris arsebuli gansxvaveba

iurisdiqciaSi moqmedi Sefasebis proceduris sizustesa da akuratulobis
xarisxzea damokidebuli. SefasebiTi Rirebulebis damokidebuleba sabazro
Rirebulebis mimarT Sefasebis koeficientis saxelwodebiTaa cnobili. Tu
yvela saxis sakuTrebaze dawesebulia Tanabari oficialuri ganakveTi da
Tanabari SefasebiTi koeficienti, maSin maTi faqtobrivi sagadasaxado
ganakveTebi Tanabari iqneba. davuSvaT, rom Sefasebis koeficientebi mainc
gansxvavebulia sakuTrebis saxeobaTa mixedviT. ofelia da hamleti floben
sakuTrebas
da TiToeuli maTganis sakuTrebis Rirebuleba 100 aTasi aSS
dolaria. ofelias sakuTreba 100 aTas aSS dolaradaa Sefasebuli, xolo
hamletisa ki _ 80 aTas aSS dolarad. cxadia, im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu isini
Tanabari oficialuri ganakveTiT daibegrebian (davuSvaT, 2%-iT), maSin ofelia
daibegreba 2%-iani faqtobrivi ganakveTiT (=$2000/$100000), romelic ufro
maRali iqneba, vidre hamletis 1,6%-iani ganakveTi (=$1600/$100000). faqtobrivad,
Zalian bevr sazogadoebaSi imdenad cudadaa Sefasebuli sakuTreba, rom is
sakuTreba, romelic Tanabari oficialuri ganakveTiT ibegreba, realurad
datvirTulia radikalurad gansxvavebuli faqtobrivi ganakveTebiT.

12

zogjer sakuTrebis gansazRvruli forma sistematurad Sefasebulia ufro dabali

ganakveTiT, vidre sxva sakuTreba. magaliTad, Statebi gansakuTrebulad afaseben fermis
sakuTrebas.

681

cxrili 20.2 sakuTrebis sagadasaxado ganakveTi zogierT qalaqSi

qalaqi

faqtobrivi sagadasaxado ganakveTi*

nevarki

3,34%

atlanta

1,87

detroiti

1,81

niu-orleani

1,70

Sarlota

1,13

los-anJelesi

1,07

Cikago

0,93

niu-iorki

0,80

* mocemulia 2000 wlis monacemebi.

wyaro: aSS-is aRweris samsaxuri, SeerTebuli Statebis statistikis amonaridi:
2002 (vaSingtoni, aSS-is mTavrobiTi beWdviTi organo, 2002), gv. 290.

sakuTrebis gadasaxadis gansaxilvelad dasawyisSive unda gaviazroT, rom

aSS-Si aTasobiT iurisdiqcia qonebis sagadasaxado sistemas met-naklebad
damoukideblad uZRveba. arc erTi iurisdiqcia ar iyenebs qonebis srulyofil
sazoms, amdenad, arsebobs mniSvnelovani gansxvaveba imis mixedviT, Tu
sakuTrebis ra saxe eqvemdebareba gamoricxvas dasabegri bazidan da ra
ganakveTebi moqmedebs. religiuri dawesebulebebi, agreTve, is dawesebulebebi,
romlebic ar arian orientirebulni mogebaze, axorcieleben `nebayoflobiT~
Senatans im gadasaxadebis nacvlad, romelTa gadaxdac sakuTrebis safuZvelze
ekisrebaT. zogierTi sazogadoeba axal bizness preferenciuli reJimiT begravs,
albaT, imitom, rom ufro meti komerciuli saqmianoba moizidos. ramdenime
arealSi ibegreba piradi qoneba da ara sacxovrebeli saxli. rogorc wesi,
gadasaxadisagan gaTavisuflebulia manqanebi, Zvirfaseuloba, aqciebi da
obligaciebi. Tumca is miwa, romelzec ganTavsebulia sakuTreba, eqvemdebareba
dabegvras, magram, rogorc 20.2 cxrili gviCvenebs, faqtobrivi ganakveTebi
iurisdiqciebis mixedviT mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeba.

miuxedavad imisa, rom Cven kvlav gavagrZelebT saubars sakuTrebis

gadasaxadze, rogorc `gansazRvrul~ gadasaxadze, gaxsovdeT, rom es ase ar
aris. sakuTrebis gadasaxadi imdenad mravalferovania, rom SeuZlebelia,
mTlianobaSi sistemis ekonomikuri efeqti SevafasoT.

682

gadasaxadis ganawileba da efeqtianobis Sedegebi

da mainc, vis ekisreba sakuTrebis gadasaxadis tvirTi? pasuxi am kiTxvaze

erTob mravalgvaria. Cven axla sam sxvadasxva mosazrebas ganvixilavT da
Semdeg SevecdebiT, isini garkveulwilad davukavSiroT erTmaneTs.

tradiciuli
mosazreba:
sakuTrebis
gadasaxadi,
rogorc
aqcizi.
tradiciuli mosazrebis Tanaxmad, sakuTrebis gadasaxadi aris aqcizuri
gadasaxadi, romliTac miwa da Senoba-nagebobani ibegreba. gadasaxadi nawildeba
Sesabamisi miwodebisa da moTxovnis mrudTa formebis safuZvelze, rogorc es
me-12 TavSia ganmartebuli. mrudebis forma miwisa da Senoba-nagebobis
SemTxvevaSi gansxvavebulia.

grafiki 20.1

683

miwa. miwis farTobi fiqsirebulia, amitom misi miwodebis mrudi

srulyofilad vertikaluria da misi mflobeli ixdis mTel gadasaxads. imis
gamo, rom miwis farTobi dafiqsirebulia, SeuZlebelia gadasaxadisagan `Tavis
daRweva~. es kargad aris ilustrirebuli 20.1 grafikze. Sl aris miwis miwodeba.
gadasaxadis dawesebamde moTxovnis mrudi iyo Dl , xolo miwis wonasworobiTi
saijaro Rirebuleba ki _

P0l . Rirebulebis gadasaxadis daweseba moTxovnis

mruds Semoatrialebs. moTxovnis mrudi gadasaxadebis dawesebis Semdeg iqneba

Dl . miwis mimwodeblebis (miwis mesakuTreTa) mier miRebuli saijaro qira aris

Pnl , romelic zustad im adgilas mdebareobs, sadac miwodebis mrudi Dl -s
gadakveTs. momxmareblis mier gadaxdili saijaro qira Pnl -ze TiToeuli akris
gadasaxadis

damatebis

gziT

dgindeba,

Sedegad

ki

viRebT

Pgl -s. rogorc

mosalodneli iyo, momxmareblis mier gadaxdili saijaro qira ucvlelia (

P0l = Pgl ), xolo miwis mflobelTa mier miRebuli saijaro qira ki zustad
gadasaxadis toli TanxiT klebulobs.
sagadasaxado tvirTi ekisreba.

amdenad,

miwis

mflobels

mTeli

rogorc ukve aRvniSneT me-12 TavSi, gansazRvrul pirobebSi miwis

RirebulebaSi gadasaxadis kapitalizacia xdeba. potenciuri miwis mesakuTre
kargad gaiazrebs im faqts, rom miwis yidvasTan erTad is sakuTar Tavze iRebs
did sagadasaxado valdebulebasac. swored amitom mas naklebi fasis gadaxda
surs miwis yidvis dros. amdenad, miwis mesakuTre, gadasaxadis dawesebis
momentidan, mTel tvirTs atarebs. momavali miwis mesakuTre gamowers Ceks
sagadasaxado samsaxurisaTvis, Tumca aseTi gadaxda ar warmoadgens realur
tvirTs, radgan igi, ubralod, yidvis dros gadaxdil dabal fass abalansebs.
kapitalizaciis Sedegad, miwis gadasaxadis ganawilebis gansazRvra rTuldeba.
axlandeli mflobelis vinaobis codna ar aris sakmarisi; aucilebelia,
vicodeT, Tu vin iyo miwis mepatrone gadasaxadis dawesebis momentSi.

Tu davuSvebT, rom miwis miwodeba ar aris fiqsirebuli, maSin

aucilebeli iqneba Cveni bolo analizis modificireba. ase magaliTad,
urbanuli miwis miwodeba SesaZloa, urbanul areals gascdes (romelic
sasoflo-sameurneo raionTan axlos mdebareobs). analogiurad, miwodeba
SesaZloa, gaizardos, Tu narCenebis adekvaturi utilizacia xdeba. aseT
SemTxvevaSi miwis gadasaxads miwis mflobeli da misi momxmarebeli inawilebs,
xolo proporcia ki moTxovnisa da miwodebis elastiurobazea damokidebuli.
Tumca yvelaze kargad arsebul situacias miwis miwodebis vertikaluri mrudi
asaxavs.

684

grafiki 20.2

Senoba-nagebobani. imisaTvis, rom gaverkveT Senoba-nagebobebis dabegvris

tradiciul mosazrebaSi, kargi iqneba, Tu ganvixilavT kapitalis saxelmwifo
bazars. kapitalis gamoyeneba ramdenime mizniTaa SesaZlebeli: Senobanagebobebis asaSeneblad, warmoebisa da gadamuSavebis saSualebad, iseTi
saxelmwifo proeqtebisaTvis, rogoricaa damba da a.S. nebismier mocemul droSi
kapitals aqvs fasi, romelic mis moxmarebas gansazRvravs. tradiciuli
Sexedulebis Tanaxmad, grZelvadiani perspeqtiviT, samSeneblo industria,
albaT, moipovebs misTvis saWiro kapitals sabazro fasad. amdenad, SenobanagebobaTa miwodebis mrudi srulyofilad horizontaluria.

Senoba-nagebobaTa

bazari

20.2

grafikzea

asaxuli.

damqiraveblis moTxovna iyo D B , xolo miwodebis mrudi - S B

B
0

B
0

mimdinare fasis ( P ) pirobebSi. P

dabegvramde

horizontaluri

fasis pirobebSi gacvlili raodenoba iyo

B0 . gadasaxadis dawesebis Semdeg moTxovnis mrudi, Semotrialda D B , iseve,

rogorc miwis moTxovnis mrudi Semotrialda 20.1 grafikSi. magram Sedegi
absoluturad gansxvavebulia. Senoba-nagebobaTa mimwodeblebis mier miRebuli
fasi, PnB , igivea, rac gadasaxadis dawesebamde iyo ( PnB = P0B ). Senoba-nagebobaTa

685

mosurneebi ixdian

PgB fass, romelic mis Tavdapirvel Rirebulebas,

P0B -s,

zustad gadasaxadis TanxiT aRemateba. rogorc vxedavT, sagadasaxado tvirTi

mTlianad damqiravebels ekisreba. Cven aseTi Sedegi mxolod imis Semdeg
miviReT, rac davuSviT, rom miwodebis mrudi horizontaluria. rogorc Cans,
horizontaluri miwodebis mrudi gulismxobs imas, rom kapitali male datovebs
binaTmSeneblobis seqtors, Tu misi ukugeba ar iqneba sul mcire P0B . Tu ar
daecema mimwodeblis mier miRebuli fasi, maSin damqiravebelma unda itvirTos
mTeli gadasaxadi.

tradiciuli Sexedulebis Sedegebi. miwis gadasaxadis nawils ixdis miwis

mflobeli (an gadasaxadis dawesebis momentSi dafiqsirebuli mflobeli mainc),
Senoba-nagebobaze arsebul gadasaxads ki - misi damqiravebeli. amdenad,
sakuTrebis gadasaxadi, miwis SemTxvevaSi, ganisazRvreba miRebuli saijaro
Semosavlis
gansazRvruli
proporciis
safuZvelze.
Senoba-nagebobaze
daricxuli gadasaxadi
gamoyenebuli Senobis proporciis safuZvelze
gadaixdeba.
rogorc
Cans,
miwis
gadasaxadis
zemoqmedeba
gadasaxadis
progresiulobaze damokidebulia imaze, gaizrdeba Tu ara Semosavlis wili
miwis flobidan. arsebobs mosazreba, rom wili izrdeba, maSasadame, miwis
gadasaxadi
progresiulia.
analogiurad,
Senoba-nagebobaTa
gadasaxadis
progresiuloba damokidebulia imaze, izrdeba sacxovrebelTan dakavSirebuli
Semosavlis proporcia, Tu mcirdeba. Tu mcirdeba, maSin Senoba-nagebobis
gadasaxadi regresiulia da piriqiT.

uamravi kvleva Catarda imis dasadgenad, Tu rogor reagirebs

sacxovrebelze gaweuli danaxarjebi Semosavlis cvlilebebze. konsensusis
miRweva dagvianda imis gamo, rom ver moxerxda Semosavlis koncefciis dadgena.
zogierTi mkvlevaris azriT, aucilebelia bazisad wliuri Semosavlis
gamoyeneba. maT surT, daadginon, rom Semosavlis proporcia, romelic
sacxovrebelTan dakavSirebuli xarjebis dasafarad gamoiyeneba, Semosavlis
zrdasTan erTad mcirdeba. gamodis, rom gadasaxadi regresiulia. mkvlevarTa
meore nawili miiCnevs, rom mudmivi (permanentuli) Semosavali sacxovreblis
Sesaxeb miRebuli gadawyvetilebebis interpretaciisaTvis ufro adekvaturia. am
mosazrebis Tanaxmad, is faqti, rom ojaxis Semosavali mocemul weliwads imaze
maRali an dabalia, vidre misi permanentuli Semosavali, Zalian mcire doziT
axdens zemoqmedebas sacxovreblis moxmarebaze. gadawyvetileba sacxovreblis
Sesaxeb ojaxis grZelvadiani perspeqtivis gaTvaliswinebiT miiReba da ara
wliuri gadaxrebis mixedviT.

mudmivi Semosavlis momxreebma misi Sefasebis adekvaturi meqanizmic unda

gamonaxon. mudmivi Semosavlis Sefasebis erT-erTi gza ramdenime wlis wliuri
Semosavlebis saSualo sididis dadgenis gziTaa SesaZlebeli. sacxovrebelTan
dakavSirebuli xarji ufro mgrZnobiarea mudmivi Semosavlis, vidre wliuri
Semosavlis mimarT. marTlac, friad areuli damadasturebeli sabuTebis
miuxedavad, Tamamad SeiZleba iTqvas, rom sacxovreblis moxmareba mudmivi

686

Semosavlis proporciulia. amdenad, gamodis, rom Senoba-nagebobaze dawesebuli

gadasaxadi arc regresiulia da arc progresiuli. samwuxarod, wliur
Semosavalze dafuZnebuli analizi, romelic gadasaxadis regresiulobaze
miuTiTebs, zogadad,
dominirebs xolme gadasaxadis Sesaxeb gamarTul
diskusiebSi.

axali Sexeduleba: sakuTrebis gadasaxadi, rogorc kapitalis gadasaxadi.

tradiciuli mosazreba standartul nawilobriv wonasworobiT safuZvelzea
agebuli. rogorc me-12 TavSi aRiniSna, zogjer nawilobrivi wonasworobiTi
analizi erTob sasargebloa; Tumca igi xandaxan iseT Sedegebsac gvaZlevs,
romlebsac mniSvnelovan gadasaxadebTan dakavSirebiT SecdomaSi SevyavarT.
sakuTrebis gadasaxadis Sesaxeb arsebuli e.w. axali Sexeduleba dafuZnebulia
zogad wonasworobaze da sakmaod moulodnel Sedegebsac gvaZlevs.

axali Sexedulebis Tanaxmad, sakuTrebis gadasaxadi warmoadgens qonebis

ZiriTad gadasaxads, romlis SemadgenlobaSi arsebuli aqtivebis nawili
saSualoze dabali ganakveTiT ibegreba, xolo zogierTi ki _ maRali
ganakveTiT. aucilebelia, gaanalizdes rogorc gadasaxadis saSualo done,
aseve gadaxrebi saSualo donidan.

zogadi gadasaxadis efeqti. warmovidginoT, rom sakuTrebis gadasaxadi

SesaZloa, ganxilul iqnes, rogorc unificirebuli gadasaxadi yvela saxis
kapitalze. gamodis, rom aseT SemTxvevaSi sakuTrebis gadasaxadi kapitalze
dawesebuli zogadi faqtoruli gadasaxadi iqneba. rogorc me-12 TavSi iyo
naCvenebi, rodesac faqtoris miwodeba fiqsirebulia, mas ekisreba zogadi
gadasaxadis mTeli tvirTi. amrigad, sakuTrebis gadasaxadi mTlianad kapitalis
mflobels ekisreba. imdenad, ramdenadac kapitalisgan miRebuli Semosavlis
proporcia Semosavlis zrdasTan erTad izrdeba, kapitalis gadasaxadi
progresiulia. amrigad, sakuTrebis gadasaxadi progresiulia. am aRmoCenam
mTeli tradiciuli Sexeduleba Tavdayira daayena!

aqcizuri gadasaxadis efeqti. rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, sakuTrebis

gadasaxadi
erTgvarovan
(unificirebul)
gadasaxads
kategoriulad
ar
warmoadgens.
ganakveTebi
gansxvavebulia
sakuTrebis
tipisa
da
maTi
adgilmdebareobis mixedviT. amrigad, qonebis gadasaxadi kapitalis aqcizuri
gadasaxadis nakrebia. axali mosazrebis Tanaxmad, kapitali maRalgadasaxadiani
adgilebidan im adgilebSi gadainacvlebs, sadac dabali gadasaxadia. es
procesi Zalian waagavs me-12 TavSi aRweril harbergeris models _ kapitali
dabali gadasaxadebis mqone arealSi migrirebs, amdenad, misi ukugebis
daubegravi ganakveTi SedarebiT dabalia. amave dros, ukugebis daubegravi
ganakveTi maRali gadasaxadebis mqone arealSi kapitalis gaTavisuflebasTan
erTad izrdeba. procesi grZeldeba manam, vidre mTeli ekonomikis masStabiT ar
gaTanabrdeba. zogadad, kapitalis moZraobasTan erTad warmoebis sxva faqtorTa

687

ukugebac icvleba xolme. sxva faqtorebis zegavlena nawilobriv maT

mobilurobazea damokidebuli. miwa, romelic absoluturad uZravia, veravis
unawilebs gadasaxads (am konteqstSi axali da Zveli mosazrebani erTmaneTs
emTxveva). analogiurad, gadasaxadis mTeli tvirTi kapitalis naklebad
mobilur formebze gadadis. gadasaxadis saboloo ganawilebis masStabi
damokidebulia imaze, Tu rogor aris organizebuli warmoeba, ra struqturiT
xasiaTdeba momxmareblis moTxovna da ra xarisxisaa sxvadasxva faqtorTa
mobiluroba.

grZelvadiani efeqti. sakuTrebis gadasaxadis zogad efeqtze saubris dros Cven

aRvniSneT, rom xelmisawvdomi kapitali fiqsirebulia. Tumca, grZelvadiani
perspeqtiviT, kapitalis miwodeba damokidebuli iqneba sagadasaxado ganakveTze.
Tu sakuTrebis gadasaxadi Seamcirebs kapitalis miwodebis masStabs, daecema
Sromis mwarmoebluroba da realuri xelfasi, xolo Tu gadasaxadi gazrdis
kapitalis akumulirebas, maSin sawinaaRmdego moxdeba.

axali Sexeduleba
- daskvna. sakuTrebis gadasaxadi aris kapitalis zogadi
gadasaxadi, romlis aqtivTa garkveuli nawili saSualoze maRali, xolo
nawili ki saSualoze dabali ganakveTiT ibegreba. gadasaxadis zogadi efeqti
kapitalis
ukugebis
SemcirebaSi
gamoixateba,
romelic
progresiulia
Semosavlis ganawilebis zemoqmedebis mimarT. sagadasaxado ganakveTebs Soris
arsebuli gansxvavebani aqcizis efeqts qmnis, zaraldeba is aramobiluri
faqtorebi,
romlebic
maRali
gadasaxadebis
mqone
arealSi
ibegreba.
koreqtirebis procesi sakmaod rTulia da, Tanac, progresiulobis xarisxze
aqcizis zemoqmedebis Sesaxeb Zalian mwiri informacia arsebobs. bevrs verafers
vityviT kapitalis moculobis cvlilebiT gamowveuli grZelvadiani efeqtis
mniSvnelobaze. Tu aqcizis da grZelvadiani efeqti arcTu Zlier zemoqmedebas
axdens zogad efeqtze, maSin gamodis, rom sakuTrebis gadasaxadis zogadi
Sedegi progresiulia.

sakuTrebis gadasaxadi, rogorc momxmareblis gadasaxadi.

msjelobis
dros ugulebelyofili iyo is faqti, rom sazogadoeba iyenebs sakuTrebis
gadasaxads imisaTvis, rom SeiZinos iseTi sazogadoebrivi momsaxureba,
rogoricaa ganaTleba da policia. tibos modelis Tanaxmad, sakuTrebis
gadasaxadi sazogadoebrivi momsaxurebis SeZenis Rirebulebaa da TiToeuli
individi zustad im moculobis momsaxurebas SeiZens, rasac daimsaxurebs.
gamodis, rom sakuTrebis gadasaxadi ar aris gadasaxadi; es TiTqos ufro
sazogadoebrivi momsaxurebisaTvis momxmareblis gadasaxadia. aseT logikas sam
Sedegamde mivyavarT:

sakuTrebis gadasaxadis ganawilebis masStabi sruliad uazro terminia,

radgan igi ar aris dakavSirebuli imasTan, rac klasikur gadasaxadad
moiazreba;

688

sakuTrebis gadasaxadi ar warmoqmnis zedmet tvirTs es aris

gadasaxadi sazogadoebrivi momsaxurebisaTvis, amdenad, igi ar axdens
zemoqmedebas sacxovreblis bazarze imaze metad, vidre nebismieri
saqonlis fasi.
sakuTrebis gadasaxadis gamoqviTvis gziT federaluri saSemosavlo
gadasaxadi
im individTa
mier, vinc
sagadasaxado deklaraciis
detalizirebas axorcielebs, faqtobrivad, adgilobrivi sazogadoebrivi
momsaxurebis moxmarebis subsidirebas axorcielebs. sazogadoebrivi
momsaxurebis moTxovnis daxriloba qvmoTkenaa mimarTuli, amdenad,
gamoqviTva sxva Tanabar pirobebSi adgilobrivi saxelmwifo seqtoris
moculobas zrdis.

rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, sakuTrebis gadasaxadsa da miRebul momsaxurebas

Soris arsebuli kavSiri ZiriTadad araarsebiTia xolme, amdenad, ar aris
saWiro, zedmeti mniSvneloba mivaniWoT imas, rom sakuTrebis gadasaxadi
momxmareblis gadasaxadia. Tumca arc am daSvebis analizis gziT miRebuli
Sedegebi unda daviviwyoT. ase magaliTad, Tu mosaxleoba dainteresebulia maT
mier miRebuli sazogadoebrivi momsaxurebiT, sacxovrebelTan asocirebuli
maRali sakuTrebis gadasaxadis damTrgunveli efeqti ganeitralebuli da
SeCerebuli iqneba im sazogadoebrivi momsaxurebiT, romelic dafinansebulia am
gadasaxadebiT. Tavis klasikur naSromSi ouTsma [1969] Camoayaliba sakuTrebis
Rirebulebis ganmsazRvreli ekonometrikuli modeli. misi modelis Tanaxmad,
sazogadoebaSi sacxovrebeli saxlis Rirebuleba, sxva Tanabar pirobebSi,
pozitiur TanafardobaSia sazogadoebrivi momsaxurebis xarisxTan da negatiur
damokidebulebaSi _ sagadasaxado ganakveTTan. cxadia, sazogadoebaTa mixedviT
gansxvavebulia saxlis fasze moqmedi faqtorebi. aRniSnuli faqtorebi moicavs
saxlis fizikur maxasiaTeblebs (oTaxebis raodenoba) da Tavad sazogadoebis
maxasiaTeblebs
(manZili urbanuli centridan). swored am faqtorebis
gaTvaliswinebaa saWiro imisaTvis, rom davadginoT, Tu ra zemoqmedeba aqvs
sakuTrebis gadasaxadsa da adgilobriv sazogadoebriv saqonels sakuTrebis
Rirebulebaze. ouTsma amis dasadgenad mravaljeradi regresiis analizi
gamoiyena.

ouTsis
regresiuli
analizis
Sedegebis
mixedviT,
sakuTrebis
sagadasaxado ganakveTis zrda amcirebs saxlis Rirebulebas, maSin rodesac
TiToeul moswavleze gaweuli danaxarji zrdis imave maCvenebels. aseTi
daskvnebis interpretacia seriozul sifrTxilesa da yuradRebas moiTxovs.
daviwyoT imiT, rom TiToeul moswavleze gaweuli danaxarji SesaZloa,
adgilobrivi sazogadoebrivi momsaxurebis Sesafaseblad adekvaturi saSualeba
arc iyos. adgilobrivi mTavroba amaze gacilebiT met sazogadoebriv
momsaxurebas gvTavazobs (policia, parkebi, biblioTekebi). ufro metic,
ganaTleba erTaderTi adgilobrivi sazogadoebrivi saqonelic rom iyos,
TiToeul moswavleze gaweuli danaxarji ganaTlebis xarisxis Sesafasebladac
ki ar gamodgeba. Tumca SesaZlebelia, rom mocemul sazogadoebaSi danaxarjebi
maRali iyos, radgan sazogadoebas uwevs sakmaod soliduri Tanxis gadaxda
maswavleblebisaTvis, an maTi skolebi ar aris efeqtianad administrirebuli, an
moswavleTa swavleba am sazogadoebaSi gansakuTrebiT rTulia.

689

ouTsis kvlevis Semdeg bevrma mkvlevarma Seiswavla is urTierToba,

romelic sakuTrebis Rirebulebas, sakuTrebis gadasaxadebsa da adgilobriv
sazogadoebriv saqonels Soris arsebobs, gamoiyena ra sxvadasxva geografiuli
arealis monacemebi da ganmartebiTi cvladebi. miuxedavad imisa, rom Sedegebi
mTlianobaSi areulia, ouTsis zogadi daskvna kvlavac qmediTia, sakuTrebis
gadasaxadi
da
adgilobrivi
sazogadoebrivi
momsaxurebis
Rirebuleba
kapitalizirebulia sacxovreblis fasSi (ix. magaliTad, Weimer and Wolkoff [2001]).
amdenad,
Tu ori sazogadoeba Tanabari xarisxisa da donis sazogadoebriv
momsaxurebas gaswevs, xolo erTi maTgani ufro maRal gadasaxadebs awesebs,
vidre meore (albaT, imis gamo, rom momsaxurebis danaxarji ufro maRalia),
maSin pirvelSi sakuTrebis ufro dabali Rirebuleba dafiqsirdeba. sxva
Tanabar pirobebSi. ufro zogadad, SeuZlebelia sazogadoebis wevrTa
keTildReobis Sesaxeb sruli suraTis miReba, Tu sakuTrebis gadasaxads
izolirebulad
ganvixilavT.
am
mizniT
aucilebelia
gaviTvaliswinoT
saxelmwifo momsaxurebis saxeebi da sakuTrebis Rirebuleba.

sami mosazrebis Sejereba. sami mosazreba sakuTrebis gadasaxadis

Sesaxeb namdvilad ar aris urTierTgamomricxavi da TiToeuli SesaZloa,
sxvadasxva konteqstSi arsebobdes. ase magaliTad, Tu Cven gvainteresebs, ra
mohyveba sakuTrebis gadasaxadis gauqmebas da mis saxelmwifo gayidvis
gadasaxadiT Canacvlebas, maSin mdgomareoba unda gaanalizdes `axali
mosazrebis~ safuZvelze, radgan is cvlileba, romelic zegavlenas axdens
yvela sazogadoebaze, zogadi wonasworobis CarCos moiTxovs. meore mxriv, Tu
mocemuli sazogadoeba sakuTrebis sagadasaxado ganakveTis Semcirebas apirebs
da danakargis kompensireba adgilobrivi gayidvebis gadasaxadis saSualebiT
aqvs dagegmili, maSin upriani iqneba `tradiciuli mosazrebiT~ sargebloba.
erTi sazogadoeba xom Zalian pataraa did ekonomikasTan SedarebiT da misi
kapitalis miwodeba aucileblad srulyofilad horizontaluri iqneba (20.2
grafiki). dabolos, rodesac gadasaxadebi da sargebeli erTad icvleba, xolo
individebs ki Tavisuflad SeuZliaT gadaadgileba da sazogadoebis SerCeva,
maSin yvelaze racionaluri `momxmareblis gadasaxadis mosazrebis~ gamoyeneba
iqneba.

ratom sZulT ase Zalian sakuTrebis gadasaxadi adamianebs?

1978 wlis 7 ivniss kalifornielma amomrCevlebma miiRes Statis masStabiT

moqmedi sagadasaxado SezRudvis iniciativa, romelic me-13 damatebis saxeliTaa
cnobili. misi ZiriTadi debulebebia: (1) sakuTrebis gadasaxadze 1%-iani zeda
zRvari, romlis dawesebis ufleba eqneboda adgilobriv xelisuflebas; (2)
sakuTrebis SefasebiTi Rirebulebis SezRudva 1975 wels dafiqsirebul

690

Rirebulebamde14 da (3) akrZalva, romlis mixedviTac, arc Statisa da arc

adgilobriv mTavrobas adgilobriv amomrCevelTa ori mesamedis Tanxmobis
gareSe sakuTrebis damatebiTi gadasaxadis dawesebis ufleba ar hqonda. me-13
damatebis SemoRebis gziT daiwyo brZola sakuTrebis gadasaxadis SezRudvis
mimarTulebiT,
romlis
qarcecxli
dResac
sagrZnobia.
sazogadoebrivi
gamokiTxvebi regularulad cxadyofs, rom xalxs ufro metad sZuls
sakuTrebis gadasaxadi, vidre federaluri saSemosavlo gadasaxadi.

da mainc, ratom aris ase arapopularuli sakuTrebis gadasaxadi? am

kiTxvaze ramdenime pasuxi arsebobs:

uZravi qonebis bazarze garigebebi erTob iSviaTad warmoebs, swored

amitom sakuTrebis gadasaxadi SefasebiT Rirebulebas unda daekisros. iTvleba,
rom aseTi Sefaseba arakompetenturad (an aralegalurad) keTdeba, gadasaxadi
arasamarTlianadaa miCneuli.

sakuTrebis gadasaxadi Zalian TvalSisacemia. federaluri saSemosavlo

da saxelfaso sagadasaxado sistemis farglebSi, gadasaxdeli Tanxa momuSavis
xelfasidan pirdapir kavdeba da mas damqiravebeli uricxavs saxelmwifos. amis
sapirispirod, sakuTrebis gadasaxads pirdapir ixdis gadasaxadis gadamxdeli.
ufro metic, gadasaxadi gadasaxdelia xolme kvartalurad an wliurad,
amdenad, individisaTvis igi yovelTvis mZimea. ramdenad seriozulia es
argumenti? saerTod, rTulia am SekiTxvaze pasuxis gacema. yvelaze gulmaviwyi
moqalaqec ki, romelsac xandaxan aviwydeba is faqti, rom misi xelfasidan
mTeli wlis ganmavlobaSi xdeba federaluri saSemosavlo da saxelfaso
gadasaxadebis dakaveba, iRebs Sexsenebas imis Sesaxeb, Tu ramdens ixdis yovel
aprils. am Tvis risxva ki adamians mTeli wlis ganmavlobaSi gahyveba xolme.

sakuTrebis gadasaxadi regresiul gadasaxadadaa miCneuli. aRniSnuli

mosazreba nawilobriv `tradiciuli mosazrebis~ uwyveti dominanturobiTaa
ganpirobebuli. igi gamagrebulia im faqtiT, rom qonebis zogierT mesakuTres,
gansakuTrebiT ki xandazmuls, ara aqvs saWiro raodenobis naRdi fuli
imisaTvis, rom sakuTrebis gadasaxadi gadaixados da, amdenad, iZulebulia,
gayidos saxli. aseT fenomenze zogierTi Stati damcvelebis SemoRebiT
reagirebs. damcveli gadasaxadis gadamxdels daxmarebiT uzrunvelyofs
(rogorc wesi, Statis saSemosavlo gadasaxadis anazRaurebis gziT). daxmarebis
masStabi rezidentuli sakuTrebis gadasaxadis Semosavlis gansazRvruli
proporciis siWarbezea damokidebuli. ukeTesi gadawyvetileba sakuTrebis
gadacemis momentamde gadasaxadebis gadavadeba iqneboda.

14

im qonebis Rirebuleba, romelic 1975 wlis Semdeg iyo SeZenili, garigebis dros
arsebul sabazro Rirebulebas gautolda.

691

gadasaxadis gadamxdels SesaZloa, arc sxva gadasaxadebi xiblavdes,

magram man icis, rom uZluria sxva gadasaxadebTan mimarTebaSi.
gacilebiT
martivia sakuTrebis gadasaxadis winaaRmdeg brZola, igi xom adgilobriv
donezea dawesebuli. amis sapirispirod, Zalian rTuli iqneba federaluri
saSemosavlo gadasaxadis winaaRmdeg brZola, mis Sesamcireblad sul mcire
seriozuli saxelmwifo kampaniis wamowyeba iqneba saWiro, rac farTo
koordinaciasTan dakavSirebul udides xarjebTan iqneba dakavSirebuli.

amrigad, sakuTrebis gadasaxadis winaaRmdeg xalxs masiurad aqvs mtroba

aqvs gamocxadebuli. SesaZlebelia ki mdgomareobis gamosworeba? yvelaze
mokrZalebuli gamosavali Sefasebis procedurebis gaumjobeseba iqneba.
kompiuterebisa da Tanamedrove Sefasebis teqnikis gamoyenebiT, albaT, ufro
unificirebul SefasebaTa gakeTebaa SesaZlebeli. amJamad sxvadasxva faqtobrivi
sagadasaxado ganakveTi moqmedebs. erTgvarovanma sagadasaxado ganakveTebma
SesaZloa,
marTlac
gamoasworos
mdgomareoba.
ufro
rTuli
iqneba
Tanasworobis
sakiTxis
daregulireba.
cxadia,
irRveva
horizontaluri
Tanasworoba, rodesac identuri sakuTrebis mqone ori adamiani gansxvavebuli
ganakveTiT ibegreba. kapitalizacia moiTxovs Semdegi pirobis dakmayofilebas:
erTmaneTisagan unda gavmijnoT gadasaxadis dawesebis momentSi arsebuli
mflobeli da amJamindeli mflobeli. araadekvaturad maRali sagadasaxado
ganakveTiT dabegrili sakuTreba, sxva Tanabar pirobebSi, ufro dabal fasad
gaiyideba. amdenad, maRali sagadasaxado ganakveTi im individis finansur
mdgomareobas, romelic sakuTrebas SeiZens gadasaxadis dawesebis Semdeg, ar
auaresebs. marTlac, Sefasebis koeficientis gaTanabrebis Sedegad axal
horizontalur uTanasworobas viRebT.

sakuTrebis gadasaxadis ufro ambiciuri reforma iqneba misi gardaqmna

pirad wminda qonebis gadasaxadad, romlis safuZveli gadasaxadis gadamxdelis
aqtivisa da valdebulebis sabazro RirebulebaTa sxvaoba iqneba. aseTi sistemis
upiratesoba is aris, rom igi iTvaliswinebs valdebulebis daqviTvas da amiT
gadaxdisunarianobis ukeTes indeqss uzrunvelyofs. ufro metic, es aris piradi
gadasaxadi, amdenad, SesaZlebeli iqneba Semosavlis garkveuli proporciis
gadasaxadisagan
gaTavisufleba
da
gadasaxadebis
ise
daweseba,
rom
progresiulobis sasurveli done iqnes miRweuli.

piradi wminda qonebis gadasaxadi zogadi gadasaxadis erT-erT saxes

warmoadgens. wina TavSi Cven ukve ganvixileT is administraciuli da
ekonomikuri sakiTxebi, romlebic qonebis dabegvras ukavSirdeboda. sakuTrebis
gadasaxadis
reformis
TvalsazrisiT,
aucilebelia
aRiniSnos
Semdegi:
individis aqtivi da valdebuleba SesaZloa, sxvadasxva iurisdiqciaSi iyos
ganTavsebuli; swored amitom wminda qonebis gadasaxadi erTmniSvnelovnad
administrirebuli unda iqnes federaluri mTavrobis mier. swored es aris
sakuTrebis gadasaxadis moqmedi sistemis erT-erTi gamarTleba. rac ar unda
iyos,
sakuTrebis
gadasaxadi
administrirebulia
adgilobriv
doneze,
federaluri an Statebis daxmarebis gareSe. amdenad, igi adgilobriv mTavrobas

692

mniSvnelovani fiskaluri avtonomiiT uzrunvelyofs: `sakuTrebis dabegvris

wyalobiT, sxvadasxva adgilas mcxovrebi xalxi mniSvnelovan adgilobriv
arCevans akeTebs ~ [Harris, 1978, gv. 38]. amrigad, sakuTrebis gadasaxadis gauqmeba
saxelmwifos adgilobrivi erTeulebis ekonomikur damoukideblobas sabolood
daangrevs.

swored amas
mowmobs kaliforniis
gamocdileba
me-13
damatebis
amoqmedebis Semdeg, romlis Tanaxmad, SeizRuda sazogadoebis unari, gaezarda
sakuTrebis sagadasaxado Semosavali, ris Sedegad `moxda Zalauflebis
koncentracia Statis sakanonmdeblo doneze. mxolod mas SeeZlo im
politikuri mimarTulebisa da prioritetebis gansazRvra, romlebic adre
adgilobriv doneze ganisazRvreboda xolme~ [lindsi, 1986]. amrigad, SesaZlo
reformirebis gansazRvris dros aucilebelia, friad seriozulad mivudgeT
sakuTrebis gadasaxadis politikur rols.

mTavrobaTaSorisi grantebi

rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, federaluri granti Statisa da adgilobrivi

erTulis Semosavlis mniSvnelovan wyaros wamoadgens. mTavrobis erTi donidan
meore doneze grantis gadacema federalur sistemas Soris fiskaluri
resursebis gacvlis ZiriTadi meTodia. 20.3 cxrili miuTiTebs imaze, rom 1960dan 2001 wlamde gaizarda federaluri xelisuflebisgan miRebuli grantebis
rogorc faqtobrivi maCvenebeli, aseve mTliani federaluri danaxarjebis
proporcia15. gaizarda agreTve grantebis procentuli maCvenebeli Statebisa da
adgilobrivi danaxarjebis mimarT. gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania grantebis,
rogorc adgilobrivi sajaro finansebis elementis, mniSvneloba. federaluri
da
Statebis
mTavrobisgan
miRebuli
grantebi
mTliani
adgilobrivi
Semosavlebis 34%-s Seadgens [aSS-is aRweris samsaxuri, 2002, gv. 270]. grantebis
saSualebiT xdeba, faqtobrivad, yvela samTavrobo funqciis dafinanseba,
sursaTis Semowmebidan dawyebuli, soflad mosaxleobis xanZrisgan dacviT
damTavrebuli.

cxrili 20.3 federaluri daxmarebis grantebis Tanafardoba federalur da

Statebis-adgilobriv danaxarjebTan (SerCeuli fiskaluri wlebi)

15

garda cxadi grantebisa, federaluri mTavroba axorcielebs Statebisa da

adgilobrivi xelisuflebis subsidirebas Statebisa da adgilobriv obligaciebze
saprocento gadaxdebis gaTavisuflebisa da Statebis/adgilobrivi Semosavlisa da
sakuTrebis gadasaxadis daqviTvis gziT. 2002 wels procentis daqviTuli moculoba iyo
16 miliardi aSS dolari; xolo gaTavisuflebuli gadasaxadebis moculobam ki 66
miliardi aSS dolari Seadgina [dabegvris erToblivi komiteti, 2002, gv. 22, 27].

693

grantebi mTlianad

grantebis
procentuli wili
mTliani
federaluri
danaxarjebis
mimarT

grantebis
procentuli wili
mTliani Statebisa
da adgilobrivi
danaxarjebis
mimarT

weli

(miliardi dolari
2001 wlis
RirebulebiT)*

1960

$20

4,3%

10,5%

1970

73

9,8

18,0

1980

139

12,2

23,5

1990

141

8,9

16,9

2001

277

14,9

21,4

* Tanxebi konvertirebulia
deflatoris gamoyenebiT.

2001

wlis

dolaris

RirebulebaSi

mSp-is

wyaro: gamoTvlilia prezidentis 2003 wlis ekonomikuri angariSis (vaSingtoni,

aSS-is saxelmwifo beWdviTi organo, 2003) safuZvelze, gv. 369, 373.

ratom gaizarda ase mTavrobaTaSorisi transferebi? es SekiTxva Zalian

axlos dgas aseT fundamentur SekiTxvasTan: saerTod, ratom gaizarda
saxelmwifos xarjviTi nawili? rogorc me-6 TavSi vnaxeT, am SekiTxvaze
erTmniSvnelovani da mkafio pasuxi ar arsebobs. grantebis zrda imiTaa
gamarTlebuli, rom ukanasknel aTwleulSi Zalian swrafad gaizarda
ganaTlebis, transportirebisa da policiis seqtori, anu is sferoebi,
romlebic
tradiciulad
uzrunvelyofilia
Statebisa
da
adgilobrivi
xelisuflebis mier. Statebisa da adgilobrivi xelisuflebis Semosavlis
struqtura, romelic ZiriTadad dafuZnebulia gayidvisa da sakuTrebis
gadasaxadze, ver akmayofilebda danaxarjebis zrdis aseT temps. amis
sapirispirod, avtomaturad gaizarda federaluri saSemosavlo gadasaxadebi,
rac, albaT, ganpirobebuli iyo federaluri saSemosavlo gadasaxadis
progresiuli bunebiT da inflaciiT (1980-ian wlebSi ganxorcielebul
indeqsaciamde). amdenad, `warumatebladaa SerCeuli~ (`SeuTavsebelia~) fulis
Segrovebisa da saWiroebis adgilebi. centraluri xelisuflebis mier Statebsa
da
adgilobriv
xelisuflebaze
gacemuli
grantebi
am
Seusabamobis
gamosworebis gzaa.

694

SeuTavseblobis Teoria ar kmara imisaTvis, rom ganimartos, Tu ratom

ver zrdis Statisa da adgilobrivi xelisufleba sagadasaxado ganakveTs ise,
rom daakmayofilos sazogadoebriv saqonelsa da momsaxurebaze gazrdili
moTxovna. rogorc mogvianebiT aRvniSnavT, mTavrobaTaSorisi grantebis
struqturis asaxsnelad aucilebelia politikuri mosazrebebis gaTvaliswineba.

grantebis tipebi

grafiki 20.3

grantis struqtura gansazRvravs mis ekonomikur zemoqmedebas. ZiriTadad

arsebobs grantis ori saxeoba: pirobiTi da upirobo granti. axla ki
ganvixiloT TiToeuli maTgani.

695

pirobiTi granti zogjer kategoriuli grantis saxelwodebiTac aris

cnobili. donori zustad gansazRvravs, Tu ra mizniT unda daixarjos Tanxa.
federaluri grantebis umetesoba gacemulia gansakuTrebuli miznebisTvis,
xolo fulis xarjvis wesebi ki detaluradaa aRwerili. ase magaliTad,
federaluri xelisufleba aZlevs grants Stats nasvam mdgomareobaSi manqanis
marTvis sawinaaRmdego programis dasafinanseblad, wesebSi ki yvelaferi
detaluradaa gansazRvruli sisxlSi alkoholis koncentraciidan dawyebuli,
drois im xangrZlivobamde, roca SeeZleba damnaSave mZRols marTvis mowmobis
dabruneba. aseTi SezRudvebi ar aris atipiuri.

arsebobs pirobiTi grantis ramdenime tipi.

Semxvedri
grantebi.
donoris
mier
gansazRvruli
saqmianobis
dafinansebisaTvis gacemuli TiToeuli dolaris misaRebad aucilebelia,
beneficiaris mier daxarjul iqnes fulis gansazRvruli raodenoba. ase
magaliTad, rodesac sazogadoeba daxarjavs erT dolars ganaTlebaze, maSin
federaluri mTavrobac daxarjavs erT dolars am mimarTulebiT.

racionaluri arCevanis standartuli Teoria dagvexmareba imaSi, rom

gavaanalizoT Semxvedri grantebi. SexedeT 20.3 grafiks: horizontalur zRvarze
fasdeba adgilobrivi xelisuflebis produqti, G, romelic moxmarebulia qalaq
smolvilis rezidentTa mier, vertikalur zRvarze ki izomeba smolvilis
mTliani moxmareba - c. simartivisaTvis davuSvaT, rom G da c isea gansazRvruli,
rom TiToeuli erTeulis fasi 1 dolaria. amdenad, danazogis ararsebobis
pirobebSi, c dabegrili Semosavlis toli iqneba.
am daSvebaTa Tanaxmad,
smolvilis sabiujeto SezRudva c-sa da G-s Soris aris swori xazi, romlis
daxrilobis absoluturi Rirebuleba aris erTi16. unitaruli daxriloba
miuTiTebs imaze, rom im TiToeul dolarze, romlis daxarjvis survilic aqvs
smolvils, qalaqs SeuZlia, miiRos sazogadoebrivi saqonlis erTi erTeuli.
sabiujeto SezRudva 20.3 grafikze AB sxiviTaa aRniSnuli.

davuSvaT, rom SesaZlebelia smolvilis upiratesobaTa (G-sa da c-s

Soris) warmodgena pirobiTad formirebuli ganurCevlobis mrudebiT17. Tu
qalaqs surs, maqsimumamde gazardos is sargebeli, romelic sabiujeto

16

sabiujeto SezRudvis konstruqciis Sesaxeb arsebuli detalebi mocemulia wignis

danarTSi. aRniSnuli modeli ugulebelyofs Statebisa da adgilobrivi gadasaxadebis
daqviTvis faqts federaluri saSemosavlo sagadasaxado sistemis mier. Tu gadasaxadis
gadamxdeli axorcielebs detalizebul daqviTvas, xolo zRvruli federaluri
saSemosavlo gadasaxadis ganakveTi ki aris t, maSin AB daxrilobis absoluturi
Rirebuleba iqneba (1 t).
17
cxadia,
es
hipoTeza
ugulebelyofs
mTel
problemas
(da,
albaT,
ganuxorcielebadobasac), romelic dakavSirebulia preferenciaTa agregirebasTan (me-6
Tavi). Cven am sakiTxs mogvianebiT davubrundebiT.

696

SezRudvas eqvemdebareba, maSin igi E1 wertils SearCevs, sadac sazogadoebrivi

saqonlis moxmareba aris G1 da sazogadoebis dabegrili Semosavali ki - c1.

davuSvaT, rom SemoRebulia erTi-erTze Semxvedri sagranto reJimi.

smolvili 1 dolari Semosavlis daTmobis sanacvlod miiRebs G-s Rirebulebis
2 dolars _ erTs Tavisi sakuTari saxsrebidan, xolo meores ki - federaluri
xelisuflebisgan. amdenad, smolvilis sabiujeto xazis daxriloba (absolutur
RirebulebaSi) naxevrdeba. faqtobrivad, Semxvedri granti G-s fass anaxevrebs.
es aris Rirebulebis mixedviT gansazRvruli subsidia sazogadoebrivi
saqonlis moxmarebaze. axali sabiujeto xazi 20.3 grafikze AR-iTaa aRniSnuli.

axla
smolvili
moixmars
G2
sazogadoebriv
saqonels;
piradi
moxmarebisaTvis axla ukve c2-iTaa gamoxatuli. gaiTvaliswineT, rom G2
aRemateba G1-s, xolo c2 ki _ c1-s. smolvili grantis nawils ufro meti
sazogadoebrivi
saqonlis
SesaZenad
gamoiyenebs,
xolo
nawils
ki
_
sagadasaxado tvirTis Sesamcireblad. cxadia, SesaZlebelia ise davxazoT
indiferentulobis mrudebi, rom c2 gautoldes c1-s, an ise, rom c2 ufro naklebi
iyos, vidre
c1. miuxedavad amisa, arsebobs aSkara SesaZlebloba imisa, rom
sazogadoebrivi moxmarebis stimulirebis mizniT gacemuli grantis nawili
gamoyenebul iqnes sagadasaxado tvirTis Sesamsubuqeblad. gansakuTrebul
SemTxvevaSi sazogadoebis ganurCevlobis mrudebi SesaZloa, ase ganawildes: G2 =
G1-s, anu sazogadoeba moixmars sazogadoebrivi saqonlis Tavdapirvel
moculobas, xolo mTel grants ki gadasaxadebis Sesamcireblad iyenebs.
amrigad, mxolod Teoriis safuZvelze SeuZlebelia imis dadgena, Tu rogor
zemoqmedebas axdens Semxvedri granti im danaxarjze, romelic gaweulia
sazogadoebrivi saqonlis moxmarebaze. es damokidebulia fasis cvlilebis
mimarT moTxovnis reagirebaze. ekonomistebma bevri statistikuri kvleva
Caatares imis Sesaswavlad, Tu ramdenad reagirebs sxvadasxva sazogadoebriv
saqonelze arsebuli moTxovna fasis cvlilebaze. fiSerisa da papkes [2000]
kvlevis Tanaxmad, ganaTlebaze arsebuli moTxovnis fasis elastiuroba 0,15-sa
da 0,50-s Soris meryeobs.

dadebiTi
zemoqmedebis
arsebobis
pirobebSi
Semxvedri
granti
koreqtirebis saukeTeso gzas warmoadgens. Cven ukve visaubreT me-5 TavSi imis
Sesaxeb, rom individis an firmis mier dadebiTi garegani efeqtis formirebis
pirobebSi adekvaturi subsidia efeqtianobis dones amaRlebs. igive mosazreba
vrceldeba sazogadoebazec. cxadia, subsidirebis ganxorcielebis sqemasTan
dakavSirebuli problemebi jer isev aqtualuria. kerZod, centralur
xelisuflebas garegani efeqtis faqtobrivi moculobis Sefaseba unda SeeZlos.
am konteqstSi, sainteresoa, SevniSnoT, rom bevri federaluri sagranto
programa rTulia imisaTvis, rom efeqtianobis kriteriumis racionalizacia
moxdes. maRali Semxvedri ganakveTebi (xSirad 80 da 90%) ufro metia, vidre
subsidirebuli Statebisa da adgilobrivi saqmianobis Sedegad warmoqmnili
zemoqmedebis racionaluri Sefasebani [Oates, 1999, gv. 1129]. faqtobrivad, borkisa

697

da ouvingis [2003] kvleva miuTiTebs imaze, rom samTavrobo grantebis

ganawilebis dros dominirebs ara efeqtianobis aspeqtebi, aramed politikuri
aspeqtebi. ase magaliTad, ufro meti fuli miemarTeba im Statebisaken, romelTa
warmomadgenlebi monawileoben kongresis komitetebSi.

grafiki 20.4

Caketili Semxvedri grantebi. Semxvedri grantis donoris danaxarji

sabolood damokidebulia recipientis qmedebebze. Tu smolvili G-s moxmarebas
mniSvnelovnad gazrdis, centraluri xelisuflebis kontribucia erTob maRali
iqneba da piriqiT. imisaTvis, rom danaxarjze dawesdes zeda zRvari, donorma
SesaZloa, kontribuciis maqsimaluri Tanxa gansazRvros. aseTi Caketili
Semxvedri granti ilustrirebulia 20.4 grafikze. rogorc adre, grantis
miRebamde, smolvilis sabiujeto xazi aris AB, xolo wonasworoba ki E1
wertilSi miiRweva. Caketili Semxvedri grantis SemTxvevaSi sabiujeto
SezRudva aris texili wrfivi segmenti ADF. AD segmentis daxriloba aris minus
naxevari, rac erTi-erTze Semxvedr uzrunvelyofas asaxavs. gansazRvruli
wertilis Semdeg donori (D) aRar awarmoebs grantis gamoyofas `erTi-erTze~
principiT. saxelmwifo danaxarjis erTeulis alternatiuli Rirebuleba

698

smolvilisaTvis kvlav erTi dolari xdeba, rac DF segmentis daxrilobiTaa

gamosaxuli.

E3 wertilSi miRweuli axali wonasworoba G-s ufro met moxmarebas

gulisxmobs, vidre arsebul situaciaSi xdeba (magram ufro naklebs, vidre Ria
Semxvedri grantis SemTxvevaSi iqneboda). TviTon is faqti, rom granti
Caketilia da, amdenad, amowurvadi, amcirebs mis unars, sazogadoebriv
saqonelze danaxarjebi astimuliros. zogierT SemTxvevaSi Caketili granti
namdvilad ararelevanturia. Tu sazogadoebis mier G-s moxmareba dawesebul
zRvarze mcire danaxarjs moiTxovs, maSin zRvaris arseboba uazrobaa da meti
araferi. grafikulad, Tu axali Sexebis wertili warmoiqmneba AD segmentis
gaswvriv (grafiki 20.4), maSin araadekvaturi iqneba is, rom DR-is gaswvriv
arsebuli wertilebi xelmisawvdomi ar iyos. beikerma, peinma da smartma [1999]
sakmaod saintereso kvleva ganaxorcieles im Sedegebis Sesaxeb, romelic
kanadaSi Ria Semxvedri sagranto sistemidan Caketil Semxvedr sagranto
sistemaze gadasvlam gamoiwvia.
1990-ian
wlebamde
kanadaSi
daxmarebis
programaze adgilobrivi mTavrobis mier TiToeuli dolaris xarjvas Tan
kanadis centraluri xelisuflebis mier erTi dolaris gamoyofa axlda.
danaxarjebis SezRudvis mizniT 1990 wels centralurma xelisuflebam aTidan
sam provinciaSi Ria sagranto sistemis nacvlad Caketili sagranto sistema
aamoqmeda.
20.4
grafikis
analogiurad,
samive
provinciaSi
danarCen
provinciebTan SedarebiT danaxarji Semcirda.

grafiki 20.5

699

araSemxvedri
granti.
am
SeTxvevaSi
donori
recipients
aZlevs
gansazRvrul Tanxas, romelic unda daixarjos sazogadoebriv saqonelze. 20.5
grafikze asaxulia araSemxvedri granti, romliTac G-s AH erTeuli unda iqnes
SeZenili. sazogadoebis Semosavlis TiToeul doneze smolvils axla ukve
SeuZlia AH erTeuliT meti sazogadoebrivi saqonlis SeZena, vidre warsulSi.
amrigad, axal sabiujeto SezRudvas Tavdapirvel sabiujeto SezRudvaze AH
horizontaluri manZilis damatebiT viRebT, ris Sedegad viRebT AHM texil
xazs.

smolvili sargebels E4 wertilamde zrdis. gaiTvaliswineT, rom,

miuxedavad imisa, rom sazogadoebrivi saqonlis moxmareba G1-dan G4-mde izrdeba,
am or wertils Soris arsebuli sxvaoba ufro mcirea, vidre grantis Tanxa (AH).
smolvilma Seasrula miTiTeba da mTeli granti G-ze daxarja, magram, amave
dros, man Seamcira sakuTari danaxarji, romelic sazogadoebriv saqonelze
unda gaewia. Tu, donoris azriT, danaxarji zustad AH_iT unda gazrdiliyo,
maSin gamodis, rom smolvilis reaqciam sruliad daangria misi gegmebi _ e.i.
20.5 grafikze mocemuli suraTi
kargad aRwers realobas. sazogadoeba
sagadasaxado tvirTis Semcirebis mizniT araSemxvedri pirobiTi grantis Tanxis
garkveul nawils xSirad iyenebs. Sefasebis Tanaxmad, ganaTlebis sferoze
gacemuli daxmarebis grantis TiToeuli dolaris wyalobiT adgilobrivi
gadasaxadebi 30-70 centiT mcirdeba [Fischer and Papke, 2000, gv. 157].

700

upirobo grantebi. SexedeT 20.5 grafiks: AHM sabiujeto xazi zustad ise
gamoiyureba, TiTqos sazogadoebam SeuzRudavi erTjeradi granti AH dolaris
odenobiT miiRo. aseTi upirobo granti saxelmwifo Semosavlebis ganawilebis
saxelwodebiTaa cnobili. upirobo grants JM sabiujeto xazamde mivyavarT, anu
igi farTovdeba MH segmentiT vertikalur RerZze. smolvili zustad erTnairad
moiqceoda rogorc AHM SezRudvis, ise JM SezRudvis pirobebSi. am konkretul
SemTxvevaSi upirobo granti SesaZloa ganvixiloT, rogorc Ria erTjeradi
granti. sanam sazogadoebas surs moixmaros grantis odenobis sazogadoebrivi
saqoneli, pirobiTi granti ararelevanturi iqneba. amis sapirispirod, Tu
sazogadoebas unda AH-ze naklebi sazogadoebrivi saqoneli moixmaros, maSin
pirobiTi granti individTa qcevebze namdvilad moaxdens zemoqmedebas.

ratom gamoyofs centraluri xelisufleba upirobo grants Statebisa da

adgilobrivi erTeulebisaTvis? rogorc wesi, aseTi granti ufro Tanaswors
xdis Semosavlis ganawilebas. Tumca erTgvarad bundovania aseTi argumenti.
saxelmwifo politikis mizani RaribTa daxmarebac rom iyos, miznis miRwevis
saukeTeso gza Raribi sazogadoebebis daxmareba mainc ar iqneboda. Rarib
sazogadoebaSic ki cxovroben mdidrebi. amdenad, Tu saxelmwifos mizani
RaribTa daxmarebaa, ratom ar aZlevs fuls pirdapir mas?

am kiTxvis erT-erTi SesaZlo pasuxi is aris, rom, centraluri

xelisuflebis azriT, Raribi moixmars sazogadoebrivi saqonlis udides wils,
risi mniSvnelovani magaliTic ganaTlebaa. saqonlis egalitarianizmi (me-7 Tavi)
sajaro seqtoris saqonelze vrceldeba. Tumca rogorc ukve davamtkiceT,
upirobo grantis SemTxvevaSi Cven arasodes viqnebiT darwmunebulni imaSi, rom
mTeli fuli upiratesad saqonlis SesaZenad iqneba daxarjuli (zustad igive
WeSmariteba arsebobs pirobiTi grantebis mimarTac).

saWiroebis Sefaseba. nebismier SemTxvevaSi gadanawilebiTi sagranto

programa moiTxovs Semdegi pirobis dakmayofilebas: donorma unda gansazRvros,
Tu romel sazogadoebas `esaWiroeba~ fuli da ramdeni. federaluri limiti
kongresis mier SemuSavebul rTul formulebs eyrdnoba. Statis mier miRebuli
grantis Tanxis raodenoba damokidebulia iseTi faqtorebze, rogoricaa: erT
sulze Semosavali, qalaqad mcxovrebi mosaxleobis raodenoba da Statis
saSemosavlo
gadasaxadis
amoRebis
koeficienti.
swored
am
pirobiTi
ekonomikuri faqtorebis (da zogjer mosaxleobis eTnikuri kuTvnilebis)
safuZvelze dgindeba, Tu ra moculobis Tanxa unda gadaeces adgilobriv
xelisuflebas.

imisaTvis, rom ganisazRvros, Tu ra Tanxas miiRebs sazogadoeba

federaluri
xelisuflebisagan,
gaTvaliswinebul
unda
iqnes
iseTi
mniSvnelovani faqtori, rogoricaa sagadasaxado Zalisxmeva, rac gamoxatulia
amoRebuli
gadasaxadebis
SefardebiT
sagadasaxado
potencialTan.

701

sazogadoeba, romelic Zalisxmevas ar iSurebs imisaTvis, rom gazardos

gadasaxadi, magram mainc ver mouxerxebia sazogadoebrivi momsaxurebis Zalian
maRali donis dafinanseba, namdvilad imsaxurebs grants. samwuxarod, Sefasebis
aseTi safuZveli an Zalian cotas, an saerTod arafers gveubneba sazogadoebis
WeSmariti Zalisxmevis Sesaxeb. davuSvaT, smolvili axorcielebs sagadasaxado
tvirTis eqsportirebas _ mis mier dawesebuli gadasaxadiT ararezidenti pirebi
ibegrebian. am SemTxvevaSi maRali sagadasaxado ganakveTi arafers gveubneba imis
Sesaxeb, Tu ra sagadasaxado Zalisxmeva aris qalaqSi.

zogadad,
sagadasaxado
Zalisxmevis
fenomeni
TiTqmis
uazroa
kapitalizaciis arsebobis gamo. warmovidginoT ori qalaqi: sodomi da gomori,
romlebic yvela maxasiaTebliT msgavsia, garda erTisa: sodomSi moedineba
nakaduli, romelic mosaxleobas sruliad ufasod aZlevs wyals, gomorSi ki
aucilebelia Webis amoTxra da wylis amoqaCva.

gomoris mTavroba awesebs sakuTrebis gadasaxads, raTa daafinansos

wylis saqaCi. Tu gomorSi moqmedebs gadasaxadi, xolo sodomSi ki _ ara, sxva
maxasiaTeblebis mxriv ki sazogadoebebi sruliad identuria, rogor fiqrobT,
darCeba ki vinme sacxovreblad gomorSi? individebi gadavlen sodomSi
sacxovreblad, ris gamoc iq gaizrdeba sakuTrebis Rirebuleba (xolo gomorSi
ki Semcirdeba). maSasadame, sakuTrebis Rirebuleba ufro maRali iqneba sodomSi
nakadulis arsebobis wyalobiT.

aucilebeli ar aris, rom upiratesoba 100%-iT kapitalizebuli iyos

sodomis sakuTrebis RirebulebaSi, Tumca kapitalizacia akompensirebs sul
mcire im gansxvavebis nawils mainc, romelic arsebobs qalaqebs Soris. mxolod
is faqti, rom gomoris mTavroba awesebs gadasaxads, sulac ar niSnavs imas, rom
`igi metad iRvwis~, vidre sodomi.
sodomelebma ukve gadaixades wylis
Rirebuleba sodomSi cxovrebis SedarebiT maRali fasiT. amrigad, sagadasaxado
Zalisxmevis Sefasebis pirobiTi saSualeba arcTu ise Sedegiania.

webovani qaRaldis efeqti

Cveni sazogadoebis ganurCevlobis mrudebis analizis dros erTi metad

seriozuli SekiTxva ibadeba xolme: visi ganurCevlobis mrudebia es mrudebi?
saSualo amomrCevlis Teoria (ix. me-6 Tavi) gveubneba, rom preferencia
ganisazRvreba sazogadoebis saSualo amomrCevlis mixedviT. biurokratebi da
arCeuli oficiozi saSualo amomrCevlis survilebis Sesrulebis mimarTulebiT
pasiur rols asrulebs.

702

saSualo amomrCevlis kanonis sworxazovani Sedegi aris is, rom

sazogadoebis Semosavlis zrda 1 dolariT zustad iseve axdens zemoqmedebas
saxelmwifo danaxarjebze, rogorc 1 dolari upirobo grantis miReba. 20.5
grafikis Tanaxmad, orive SemTxvevaSi moxdeba Tavdapirveli sabiujeto xazis
identuri paraleluri gadaadgileba gare mimarTulebiT. Tu sabiujeto xazis
cvlilebebi identuria, maSin saxelmwifo danaxarjebSi mimdinare cvlilebebic
identuri unda iyos.

seriozuli ekonometrikuli kvleva Catarda adgilobrivi saxelmwifo

danaxarjebis determinantebis Sesaxeb (ix. Oates [1999]). sainteresoa kvlevaTa
Sedegi: maTma umetesobam cxadyo, rom sazogadoebis mier grantis formiT
miRebuli 1 dolari iwvevs ufro met sazogadoebriv danaxarjs, vidre is
dolari, romliTac ubralod gaizarda sazogadoebis Semosavali. SeiZleba
iTqvas, rom grantis formiT miRebuli dolari sazogadoebriv xarjs zrdis 40
centiT, xolo,
ubralod, piradi Semosavlis saxiT miRebuli damatebiTi 1
dolari ki _ mxolod 10 centiT. aseTi situacia webovani qaRaldis efeqtis
saxelwodebiTaa cnobili; fuli im seqtorSi rCeba, romelSic moxvdeba
Tavdapirvelad.

webovani
qaRaldis
efeqtis
zogierTi
ganmarteba
fokusirebulia
biurokratTa rolze. filimoni, romeri da rozentali [1982] amtkicebdnen, rom
biurokratebs biujetis zomis gazrda surT. swored amitom isini arasodes
acnobeben moqalaqeebs sazogadoebisaTvis kuTvnili sagranto dafinansebis
WeSmariti moculobis Sesaxeb. malaven ra am informacias, maT SeiZleba
motyuebiT ubiZgon moqalaqeebs, moiTxovon ufro meti dafinanseba, vidre amas
sxva SemTxvevaSi moiTxovdnen. gamodis, rom webovani qaRaldis efeqti imiTaa
gamowveuli, rom moqalaqem araferi icis WeSmariti sabiujeto SezRudvis
Sesaxeb. Teoriis dasasabuTeblad filimonma, romerma da rozentalma aRniSnes,
rom xarjviT sakiTxebze Catarebuli referendumebis dros sxvadasxva StatebSi
biuletenSi xSirad Sedioda informacia dasabegri bazis Sesaxeb, rasac ver
vityviT grantebis Sesaxeb informaciaze.

mTavrobaTaSorisi granti ganaTlebaze

1971 wlis sasamarTlo saqme (serano mRvdlis winaaRmdeg) ganaTlebis

dafinansebis
sruliad
axal
eras
amkvidrebs.
kaliforniis
uzenaesi
sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebiT, saskolo raionebs Soris arsebuli qonebrivi
uTanasworoba swavlebis xarisxis arakonstituciur uTanasworobas iwvevda,
rodesac adgilobrivi sakuTrebis dabegvra eqskluziurad iyo damokidebuli
skolebis
dafinansebaze.
swored
amis
Semdeg
sasamarTlom
Statebis
umravlesobaSi aseTi dafinansebis sqemebi gaauqma. amis sapasuxod Statebs
daekisra seriozuli movaleoba dawyebiTi da saSualo ganaTlebis dafinansebis
saqmeSi. Stati ori ZiriTadi grantis saSualebiT afinansebs skolas:

703

fundamenturi daxmareba TiToeul moswavles danaxarjis minimaluri doniT

uzrunvelyofs, sakuTrebaSi arsebuli adgilobrivi qonebis miuxedavad. raionis
simZlavreTa gamaTanabrebeli grantebi (District Power Equlization - DPE) ki miuTiTebs
imaze, Tu ra Tanxa unda iqnes gamoyofili adgilobrivi sakuTrebis
sagadasaxado Semosavlidan imisaTvis, rom TiToeuli moswavlis mixedviT
dawesebul limitze qvemoT ar dafiqsirdes sakuTrebaSi arsebuli qoneba.

grantis saSualebiT xdeba skolis dafinansebis centralizacia. im

sistemis nacvlad, romelSic yvela adgilobrivi erTeuli TviTon afinansebs
skolas sakuTrebis gadasaxadis saSualebiT, iqmneba sistema, romelSic Stati
zrdis fulad saxsrebs saSemosavlo gadasaxadis wyalobiT da sxvadasxva
meqanizmis gamoyenebiT fulad resurss Raribi raionebisaken mimarTavs.

aris ki aseTi meTodi keTilgonivruli, rodesac saxelmwifo bavSvTa

ganaTlebaze zrunavs? da, saerTod, uzrunvelyofs ki maRali danaxarji ukeTesi
donis ganaTlebas? Cven xom, sabolood, studentTa ganaTlebis Sedegebze
vzrunavT da ara ganaTlebaze gaweul danaxarjebze. es sakiTxi ukve ganvixileT
meoTxe TavSi da gavakeTeT daskvna imis Sesaxeb, rom ar arsebobs
ekonometrikuli mtkicebuleba, romelic daasabuTebda, rom maRali danaxarjebi
ukeTes Sedegebs uzrunvelyofs.

garda amisa, mniSvnelovania centralizebuli dafinansebis zemoqmedebis

sakiTxi amomrCevelTa mxardaWeraze saxelmwifo ganaTlebis mimarT. gaixseneT,
rom, tibos modelis Tanaxmad, individi irCevs sazogadoebas ganaTlebaze (da
sxva sazogadoebriv momsaxurebaze) arsebuli moTxovnis mixedviT da ixdis
kidec ganaTlebis xarjs sakuTrebis gadasaxadis formiT. centralizebuli
dafinanseba anadgurebs im kavSirs, romelic arsebobs individis mier Svilis
ganaTlebaze gadaxdil Tanxasa da miRebul Semosulobas Soris da, albaT,
asustebs amomrCevelTa mxardaWeras sazogadoebrivi ganaTlebis, rogorc
mTliani seqtoris, mimarT. arsebobs mosazreba, romlis Tanaxmadac, ganaTlebis
dafinansebis meqanizmis reformireba, faqtobrivad, gamoiwvevs ganaTlebis
xarjebis Semcirebas. mureim, evansma da Svabma [1998] aRmoaCines, rom im StatebSi,
sadac sasamarTlos dadgenilebis safuZvelze moxda reformis ganxorcieleba,
dabalSemosavlian raionebSi danaxarji gaizarda, xolo maRalSemosavlian
raionebSi ki imave doneze darCa, ramac, sabolood, zogadad gazarda
ganaTlebis danaxarji.

mimoxilva

704

am Tavis dasawyisSi Cven aseTi SekiTxvebi davsviT: aris Tu ara sasurveli

decentralizebuli
gadawyvetilebis
miReba?
rogor
unda
ganawildes
pasuxismgebloba? rogor unda uzrunvelyos TviT-dafinanseba adgilobrivma
mTavrobam? Cveni azriT, federalizmi sakmaod racionaluri sistemaa. imis
wyalobiT, rom adgilobriv sazogadoebas SeuZlia sakuTari gadawyvetilebis
miReba, adgilobrivi sazogadoebrivi saqonlis uzrunvelyofa ufro efeqtiani
xdeba. efeqtianoba da Tanasworoba mniSvnelovan ekonomikur rols akisrebs
centralur xelisuflebas. sistema, romelSic mxolod adgilobrivi resursia
gamoyenebuli adgilobrivi sazogadoebrivi saqonlis dafinansebisaTvis, bevri
mkvlevaris mier xasiaTdeba, rogorc arasamarTliani.

Cveni obieqtivis farglebSi ekonomikuri sakiTxebi xvdeboda; miuxedavad

amisa, Zalauflebisa da politikis sakiTxebi yovelTvis aqtualuria, rodesac
saubari
federalizmis
Sesaxeb
mimdinareobs.
ekonomikuri
Zalaufleba
yovelTvis politikuri Zalauflebis ganawilebis Sesabamisad nawildeba. rogor
unda ganawildes Zalaufleba? rogoria Tqveni warmodgena: unda arsebobdes
qvefederaluri xelisufleba, romlis rasisti mmarTveli Savkanian students ar
SeuSvebs saxelmwifo universitetSi, Tu unda arsebobdes erTi didi mrgvali
magida, romlis garSemo Semokrebili moqalaqeebi demokratiulad miiReben
erTobliv gadawyvetilebas? rodesac fiqrobT centraluri xelisuflebis
Sesaxeb, ra warmogidgebaT Tvalwin: udardeli da Soreuli biurokrati,
romelic mxolod Semawuxebel wesebs adgens, Tu iusticiis saministros
iuristi, romelic muSaobs imisaTvis, rom daicvas yoveli Cvenganis samoqalaqo
uflebebi? Cvens warmodgenaSi cocxlobs ramdenime suraTi, rac saxelisuflebo
Zalauflebis adekvaturi ganawilebis Sesaxeb winaaRmdegobriv SegrZnebebs qmnis.

daskvna

federaluri
sistemis
farglebSi
sxvadasxva
mTavroba
urTierTgadamfarav iurisdiqciebs sxvadasxva momsaxurebas sTavazobs.
sazogadoebis
formirebis
klubiseburi
modeli
miuTiTebs,
rom
sazogadoebis
zoma
da
sazogadoebrivi
saqonlis
raodenoba
damokidebulia
gemovnebaze,
sazogadoebrivi
momsaxurebis
gawevis
Rirebulebasa da gadatvirTvis xarjze.
tibos modeli xazs usvams mobilurobis, sakuTrebis gadasaxadisa da
adgilobrivi saxelmwifo finansebis daraionebis wesebis mniSvnelovan
rols. gansazRvruli pirobebis arsebobisas `daniSnulebis adgilas
yofnis gziT xmis micema~ (rac gulisxmobs individis gadaadgilebas
misTvis saukeTeso sazogadoebaSi) sazogadoebrivi saqonlis paretoefeqtian ganawilebas ganapirobebs.
decentralizaciis uaryofiT mxared iTvleba sazogadoebebs Soris
arsebuli
garegani
efeqti,
masStabis
ekonomiis
ugulebelyofa
sazogadoebrivi saqonlis uzrunvelyofis dros, araefeqtiani dabegvra
da Semosavlis gadanawilebis dabali potenciali.

705

decentralizaciis Rirsebad iTvleba sazogadoebrivi momsaxurebis

morgeba adgilobriv gemovnebaze, adgilobriv mTavrobas Soris arsebuli
konkurenciis sasargeblo efeqti da eqsperimentis Catareba dabali
xarjebis gawevis gziT qvefederalur doneze.
ganaTlebaze adgilobrivi pasuxismgeblobis arseboba sabuTdeba im
gansxvavebuli gemovnebiT, romelic sazogadoebebs Soris arsebobs.
resursebis ganawilebaSi federaluri xelisuflebis monawileoba
ganaTlebis kuTxiT SesaZloa, keTilgonivruli iyos.
sakuTrebis gadasaxadi Statebisa da adgilobrivi mTavrobis Semosavlis
seriozul
wyaros
warmoadgens.
sakuTrebis
gadasaxadis
Sesaxeb
arsebuli `tradiciuli mosazrebis~ Tanaxmad, sakuTrebis gadasaxadi
miwasa
da
Senoba-nagebobebze
dawesebul
aqcizur
gadasaxads
warmoadgens. `axali mosazrebis~ mixedviT ki sakuTrebis gadasaxadi aris
zogadi
gadasaxadi
kapitalze,
romlis
ganakveTebi
varirebs
iurisdiqciebisa
da
kapitalis
tipebis
mixedviT.
`momxmareblis
gadasaxadis
mosazreba~
sakuTrebis
gadasaxads
adgilobrivi
sazogadoebrivi momsaxurebis gadasaxadad moiazrebs.
sakuTrebis gadasaxadi erTob arapopularulia. SesaZloa, misi ZiriTadi
upiratesoba federaluri sistemis konteqstSi iyos is, rom misi
administrireba SesaZlebelia adgilobriv doneze.
granti an pirobiTia (kategoriuli), an upirobo (erTjeradi). grantis
TiToeul saxeobaSi ganivTebulia adgilobrivi mTavrobis sxvadasxva
stimuli. gazrdili danaxarjebisa da dabali adgilobrivi danaxarjebis
saboloo proporcia damokidebulia im preferenciebze, romlebsac
adgilobrivi arCevani gvkarnaxobs.
mTavrobaTaSorisi grantebis Sesaxeb arsebuli empiriuli kvlevebi
webovani qaRaldis efeqtis arsebobaze miuTiTebs; grantis Tanxis zrda
sazogadoebriv saqonelze ufro meti danaxarjis gawevas ganapirobebs,
vidre adgilobrivi Semosavlis ekvivalenturi zrda. amis SesaZlo axsna
aris is, rom biurokrati borotad iyenebs moqalaqis arasrul
warmodgenas sazogadoebis sabiujeto SezRudvis Sesaxeb.

sadiskusio SekiTxvebi

1.

romel mTavrobas unda daeqvemdebaros qvemoT CamoTvlili qmedebani:

federalur, Statis Tu adgilobriv xelisuflebas? axseniT pasuxi.
a. haeris dabinZurebis kontrolis reglamenti;
b. myari narCenebis utilizaciis reglamenti;
g. komunaluri nagvis utilizacia;
d. aeroportis usafrTxoeba.

2. devidi da jonaTani identur saxlebs floben. devids ukve didi xnis

ganmavlobaSi aqvs es saxli, man 100 aTasi dolari gadaixada saxlis
SeZenis dros. jonaTanma saxli mas Semdeg iyida, rac gaizarda
sakuTrebis gadasaxadi da saxlSi 80 aTasi aSS dolari gadaixada.
horizontaluri Tanasworobis uzrunvelyofis mizniT unda Secvalos Tu
ara
adgilobrivma
Semfasebelma
jonaTanis
saxlis
SefasebiTi

706

3.
a.
b.
c.
d.
4.

5.

Rirebuleba (davuSvaT, rom devidis mier saxlis SeZenis Semdeg ar

dafiqsirebula inflacia; agreTve, devidi da jonaTani Tanabrad afaseben
yvela sazogadoebriv momsaxurebas, romelic uzrunvelyofilia maT
sazogadoebaSi)?
pasuxis
dros
detalurad
ganmarteT
ZiriTadi
koncefciebi.
asaxeT Semdegi garemoebebi sazogadoebis ganurCevlobis mrudebisa da
adgilobrivi saxelmwifo sabiujeto SezRudvis saSualebiT:
upirobo
granti zrdis
SeZenili
sazogadoebrivi
saqonlisa
da
adgilobrivi gadasaxadebis moculobas.
Semxvedri granti ucvlelad tovebs sazogadoebrivi saqonlis miwodebis
moculobas.
Caketili Semxvedri granti igive zemoqmedebiT xasiaTdeba, rogorc
pirobiTi araSemxvedri granti.
Caketili Semxvedri granti ucvlelad tovebs adgilobriv gadasaxadebs.
ekonometrikuli
kvleva
cxadyofs,
rom
rac
ufro
eTnikurad
mravalferovania qveyana, miT ufro decentralizebulia misi saxelmwifo
seqtori sxva Tanabar pirobebSi [Panizza, 1999]. Seesabameba Tu ara es
aRmoCena fiskaluri federalizmis Cveneul Teorias?
bevr StatSi mimdinareobda kamaTi latariis SemoRebis Sesaxeb. ideis
momxreebi ambobdnen, rom latariidan miRebuli Semosavlebi mTlianad
moxmardeboda ganaTlebis seqtors.

daxazeT Statis sabiujeto SezRudva `ganaTlebasa~ da `sxva saqonelze

gaweul danaxarjebs~ Soris. uCveneT, Tu ra zemoqmedebas moaxdens
sabiujeto SezRudvaze latariidan miRebuli Semosavlebi. gamosaxeT
ganurCevlobis ruka da uCveneT, Tu rogor SesabamisobaSia latariamde da
latariis Semdgomi ganaTlebaze gaweuli danaxarjebi erTmaneTTan. ra moxda
Tqveni diagramis Tanaxmad? gaizarda Tu ara ganaTlebaze gaweuli
danaxarjebi latariidan miRebuli amonagebis sruli TanxiT? ratom iqneba
rTuli imis gansazRvra, icavs Tu ara mTavroba pirobas (anu ricxavs Tu ara
latariidan miRebul Semosavals mTlianad ganaTlebis seqtorSi)?

6. davuSvaT, rom belmontsa da leksingtonSi arsebobs gansxvavebuli

moTxovnis mrudi xanZarsawinaaRmdego samsaxurze. maT am personalis
ayvana Tanabari danaxarjebis gaweviT SeuZliaT. davuSvaT, rom maTi
Statis mTavrobis moTxovnis Tanaxmad, am orive qalaqSi Tanabari
raodenobis personali iyo, Tumca am ukanasknel xanebSi Statis
farglebSi gadawyvetilebis miRebis masStabis decentralizacia moxda.
uCveneT, rom sxva Tanabar pirobebSi decentralizaciis Sedegad
keTildReoba miT ufro Zlier izrdeba, rac ufro araelastiuria
sazogadoebis moTxovnis mrudebi.
7. hilis [2001, gv. 1] mixedviT, rodesac frederik lo olmsteds, niu-iorkis
centraluri parkis dizainers, hkiTxes, Tu rogor gadaixdida qalaqi
parkis gadasaxads, man upasuxa, rom `parkis arseboba gazrdis sakuTrebis
Rirebulebas
da
damatebiTi
sagadasaxado
Semosavlebi
advilad
aanazRaurebs mSeneblobaze gaweul xarjebs. istoriam daamtkica, rom es
simarTlea~. adgilobrivi qonebis gadasaxadis Sesaxeb arsebuli romeli
mosazrebaa dasabuTebuli am magaliTiT?
8. federaluri
xelisufleba
Statebis
daxmarebaTa
programebis
subsidirebas axorcielebs, rac, faqtobrivad, StatisaTvis mis fass
cvlis. beikeris [2001] Tanaxmad, Statis mier recipientze gaweuli
danaxarjis elastiuroba 0,38-ia. davuSvaT, rom federaluri xelisufleba

707

axorcielebs `erTi-erTze~ Semxvedr dafinansebas, Semdeg ki Secvlis mas

`ori-erTze~ sistemiT. rogor fiqrobT, Seicvleba Tu ara daxmarebis
programebze Statebis mier gaweuli danaxarji?

SerCeuli literatura

Fisher, Ronald C, and Leslie E Papke. Local Government Responses to Education Grants. National Tax
Journal 53 (March 2000), pp. 153 68.
Oates, Wallace E. An Essay on Fiscal Federalism. Journal of Economic Literature 37 (September 1999),
pp. 1120 49.
Tannenwald, Rober. Are State and Local revenue Systems Becoming Obsolete? National Tax journal
55 (September 2002), pp. 467 90.

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