Tavisuflebis biblioTeka, wigni IV

milTon fridmeni
1912-2006
milTon fridmeni legendaruli amerikeli ekonomistia. man mniSvnelovani
zegavlena iqonia XX saukunis ekonomikuri da politikuri azris
Camoyalibebaze, aseve, praqtikul politikaze. misi naSromebi
makroekonomikis, mikroekonomikis, ekonomikuri istoriis, fulisa da
sabanko saqmis, kapitalizmis bunebis da ekonomikaSi saxelmwifos
Caurevlobis politikis ganxorcielebis aucileblobas exeba. 1976 wels
fridmenma samomxmareblo urTierTobebis, fulis, politikuri da
socialuri Tavisuflebis kvlevisTvis nobelis prizi miiRo.

ekonomikuri, pirovnuli da politikuri Tavisufleba

(gamoqveynda 1991 w.)

1962 wels, rodesac Cemi wigni “kapitalizmi
da Tavisufleba” (Capitalism and Freedom)
gamovida, saerTod, sul sxva inteleqtualuri
atmosfero iyo, vidre axla. am wignis recenzia
SeerTebuli Statebis arc erT mniSvnelovan
gamocemaSi, arc “niusviqSi” (Newsweek), arc
“TaimSi” (Time), arc sxva romelime mniSvnelovan
gazeTSi ar gamoqveynebula. is mxolod
profesiulma ekonomikurma Jurnalebma, maT
Soris londonis “ekonomistma” (The Economist)
mimoixila. pirvel wels 10 000 egzemplaramde
gaiyida, magram mas Semdeg, yovelgvari recenziis
gareSe, naxevar milionze meti egzemplari
gasaRda.
1982 wels ukve sul sxva viTareba iyo,
rodesac “arCevanis Tavisufleba” (Free to
Choose) gamovaqveyneT, magram ara imitom rom es
ukeTesi wignia. ara, es ase ar aris. me vfiqrob,
sinamdvileSi, “kapitalizmi da Tavisufleba”
ukeTesia, magram am droisTvis atmosfero
Seicvala. 1950–1960-ian wlebSi socialisturi
msoflmxedveloba dominirebda. yovel Cvengans,
vinc sxvagvarad fiqr obda, sayovelTaod
miRebul azrTan SeuTavsebel eqscentrul
adamianebad miiCnevdnen. amgvar socialistur
azrovnebas Semdeg misi sawinaaRmdego reaqcia
mohyva. aRiares, rom kerZo sawarmoebs da kerZo
sakuTrebas didi mniSvneloba aqvs. samwuxarod,
es reaqcia ufro azrovnebis sferoSi SeiniSne-
boda, vidre praqtikaSi. saubari da ritorika
erTi iyo, saqme ki meore, razedac qvemoT
visaubreb.
axla msurs visaubro imaze, Tu ra urTierT-
damokidebulebaa ekonomikur, pirovnul da po-
litikur Tavisuflebas Soris. “kapitalizmsa
da TavisuflebaSi” aRvniSne, rom: “istoriuli
faqtebi politikur Tavisuflebasa da Tavisu-
fal bazars Soris urTierTdamokidebulebaze
Sexmatkbilebulad metyvelebs. arasdros da
arsad ar arsebula sazogadoeba, romelsac
didi politikuri Tavisuflebis niSnebi hqondes
da, amave dros, mTeli ekonomikuri saqmianobis
mosawesrigeblad Tavisufali bazris msgavs
rames ar iyenebdes”. am daskvnamde imis gamo
mivedi, rom “istoriulad politikuri Tavisuf-
lebis aucilebeli piroba kapitalizmia. mag-
ram, aSkaraa, es piroba sakmarisi ar aris”.
mas Semdeg ocdaaTi weli gavida, magram dRes
es orive mosazreba ZalaSi rCeba. saukuneebis
manZilze kapitalistur urTierTobebs mravali
sazogadoeba eyrdnoboda, magram isini arc
pirovnuli da arc politikuri TavisuflebiT
ar gamoirCeodnen. antikuri saberZneTi Zirfes-
vianad kapitalisturi qveyana iyo, magram monebi
hyavda. kidev erT magaliTs SeerTebuli Statebis
samxreTi warmoadgens, sadac samoqalaqo omamde
sazogadoeba umTavresad kerZo sakuTrebas
eyrdnoboda, magram aqac monebi hyavdaT. amJamad
samxreT afrika umTavresad kerZo bazrebsa da
sawarmoebs eyrdnoba, magram Tavisufal qveyanas
ar warmoadgens. laTinuri amerikis mravali
qveyanac aseTsave mdgomareobaSia. maT oligar-
qebi marTaven, Tumca isini ZiriTadad kerZo baz-
rebs iyeneben. amgvarad, aSkaraa, rom pirovnuli
da politikuri TavisuflebisTvis kapitalizmi
aucilebeli, Tumca arasakmarisi pirobaa.
raki cxovreba Cemi sityvebis sawinaaRmdegos
ar gviCvenebs, davrwmundi, rom ekonomikur da
politikur Tavisuflebas Soris Cem mier aR-
niSnuli diqotomia Zalian martivia. vfiqrob,
aq saWiroa zogadad mainc ganvixiloT triqo-
tomia: ekonomikuri, pirovnuli da politikuri
Tavisufleba.

107

1950-iani wlebidan, hong-kongis ganviTarebis
magaliTma, gansakuTrebiT ki “kapitalizmisa da
Tavisuflebis” daweris Semdeg iq ganviTarebulma
movlenebma, damarwmuna, rom es urTierTdamo-
kidebuleba arc ise martivi iyo, rogorc
“kapitalizmsa da TavisuflebaSi” aRvwere.
hong-kongi Tavisufali qveyanaa, magram Tu iq
Cinelebis komunisturi reJimi gaimarjvebs,
samwuxarod, is araTu yvelaze Tavisufali,
aramed msoflios erT-erTi Tavisufali qveyanac
ki aRar iqneba aranairi TvalsazrisiT, garda
erTisa. hong-kongs araCveulebrivi ekonomikuri
Tavisufleba aqvs: araviTari tarifebi, arc
eqsport-importis kvotebi, garda imisa, rac
Cveni WkuiT movaxvieT mas Tavs Cveni mrewvelobis
maTi zegavlenisgan dasacavad (SeerTebuli
Statebis mxridan hong-kongisTvis farTleulis
warmoebis SezRudva namdvili uazroba iyo im
motiviT, rom Cveni farTleulis warmoeba ar
dazaralebuliyo. didi qveynis mxridan es swori
saqcieli ar aris). gadasaxadebi Zalian
dabalia, maTi wili erovnul SemosavalSi 10–
12%-ia (SeerTebul StatebSi samTavr obo
xarjebi erovnuli Semosavlis 43%-ia), cota
kanonebia biznesze da araviTari kontroli
fasebsa da xelfasebze.
hong-kongis sruliad Tavisufalma ekonomi-
kam saswauli moaxdina. es aris adgili, romelic
naxevarkunZulisa da ramdenime kunZulisgan
Semdgari miwis Zalian patara naglejs wamoad-
gens, sadac, uzarmazari navsadguris garda, ara-
viTari resursi ar arsebobs, magram iq meore
msoflio omis Semdgom mosaxleoba 500000-dan
6 milionamde (anu aTjer da ufro metad) gai-
zarda. amavdroulad, cxovrebis done oTxjer
gaumjobesda. is msoflioSi erT-erTi yvelaze
swrafad mzardi qveyanaa da imis SesaniSnavi
magaliTi, Tu ra SeuZlia Tavisufal bazars,
Tuki mas aravin SezRudavs. unda iTqvas, rom
hong-kongi iseTi adgili ar aris yvelas iq
cxovreba rom undodes. piriqiT, es mWidrod
dasaxlebuli Zalian patara da klimaturad
rTuli teritoriaa, romlis mosaxleobac,
SesaZlebli rom iyos, sxvagan wasvlaze uars
ar ityoda. magram, saocaria, aseT araxelsay-
rel pirobebSic ki isini ase kargad rom moew-
yvnen.
hong-kongSi ekonomikuri Tavisuflebis
garda pirovnuli Tavisuflebac didia. iq
bevrjer vyofilvar da sityvis, presis an
CvenTvis mniSvnelovani romelime sxva saxis
Tavisuflebis CaxSobas arc erTxel ar
Sevswrebivar.
magram, aris erTi sakiTxi, romlis mixedviT
hong-kongi Tavisufali qveyana ar aris. iq
108
inteleqtualebi, ganaTleba da Tavisufleba
politikuri Tavisufleba ar arsebobs. hong-
kongSi gamoqceuli Cinelebi Tavisufali
adamianebi ar iyvnen. isini komunistur reJims
gamoeqcnen, romelic Zalian Sors iyo Tavisu-
fali sazogadoebisgan, magram iq maT Tavisuf-
leba TviTon ki ar airCies, aramed gareSe
Zalebma moaxvies Tavs. hong-kongs sazogadoebis
mier arCeuli warmomadgenlebi ki ar marTavdnen,
aramed britaneTis koloniuri samsaxuris
moxeleebi. bolo ramdenime wlis manZilze
britaneTis administracia cdilobs msoflio
daarwmunos, rom mas samarcxvino saqme ar Caude-
nia da hong-kongi komunisturis msgavs qveynad
ar gadauqcevia. amitom, iq sakanonmdeblo sabWo
Camoayaliba da politikuri warmomadgenlobis
damkvidreba scada, magram, zogadad SeiZleba
iTqvas, rom iq mTeli am xnis manZilze pirdapiri
politikuri warmomadgenloba faqtobrivad ar
arsebobda.
Zalian paradoqsulad Cans is, ramac maiZula,
sxvadasxva saxis Tavisuflebas Soris urTierT-
damokidebulebaze xelaxla davfiqrebuliyavi.
britaneTis koloniebma, romlebmac meore
msoflio omis Semdeg politikuri Tavisufleba
miiRes, sxva Tavisuflebebis SezRudvis gzas
daadgnen. garda amisa, swored im dros, rodesac
britaneTis koloniuri samsaxuris moxeleebi
hong-kongs ekonomikur Tavisuflebas axvevdnen
Tavs, TviTon britaneTSi socialisturi mTav-
roba socializms nergavda. SeiZleba, Tavidan
moSorebis mizniT, maT TavianTi mowinaaRmdegeebi
hong-kongSi gaagzavnes, rac imaze metyvelebs,
Tu ra rTuli urTierTdamokidebulebaa ekono-
mikursa da politikur Tavisuflebas Soris,
pirovnulsa da politikur Tavisuflebas
Soris. amgvarad, marTalia, ekonomikuri Tavi-
sufleba xels uwyobs politikur Tavisufle-
bas, magram rogorc ki politikuri Tavisuf-
leba damkvidrdeba, is ekonomikuri Tavisuf-
lebis ganadgurebas iwyebs.
Cemi azriT, Zalian kargi iqneba indoeTis
magaliTis ganxilva, romelsac britaneTma or-
moc welze meti xnis win mianiWa politikuri
Tavisufleba. indoeTi, iSviaTi gamonaklisis
saxiT, politikur demokratias inarCunebs.
qveyanas amomrCevelTa yuTTan arCeuli warmo-
madgenlebi marTaven, magram ekonomikuri Tavi-
sufleba Zalian umniSvnelo, xolo pirovnuli
_ Zalian SezRudulia. ekonomikis mxriv mas
Zlieri kontroli aqvs dawesebuli eqsportsa
da importze, ucxour valutaze, fasebze,
xelfasebze. daaxloebiT erTi wlis win iq re-
forma Catarda, magram bolo dromde mTavrobis
nebarTvis gareSe veranairi sawarmos gaxsnas ver
SeZlebdiT. ekonomikis aseTi centralizebuli
Tavisuflebis biblioTeka, wigni IV
kontrolis Sedegad, indoelTa didi nawilis
cxovrebis done iseTivea, rogorc ormoci wlis
win, rodesac politikuri Tavisufleba miiRes.
gaiTvaliswineT, es viTareba miT ufro
uCveuloa, rom hong-kongs, riTac saubari
daviwye, Tavisi ganviTarebis manZilze ucxoe-
Tidan araviTari daxmareba ar miuRia, indoeTi
ki daxmarebis yvelaze didi mimRebi iyo. bolo
ormoci wlis manZilze man daaxloebiT $55 mi-
liardis ucxouri daxmareba miiRo. es gvafiq-
rebinebs, rom ucxouri daxmarebis miuxedavad,
indoeTi ver ganviTarda. Cemi azriT, saqme
sxvagvarad iyo: ucxouri daxmarebis saxiT
miRebulma resursebma mTavrobas saSualeba
misca, qveynisTvis Tavisi interesebidan
gamomdinare ekonomikuri politika moexvia Tavs.
is, rac indoeTis magaliTze moviyvaneT, sxva
qveynebzec vrceldeba. ucxourma daxmarebam
sikeTeze ufro meti ziani moutana daxmarebebis
mimReb qveynebs. ratom – imitom, rom TiToeul
SemTxvevaSi ucxourma daxmarebam isedac sakmaod
Zlieri mTavr oba kidev ufr o gaaZliera.
mozambikma, tanzaniam da sxva mravalma afri-
kulma qveyanam igive Sedegi igema, rac indoeTma.
isev hong-kongs davubrundeT. erTaderTi
mizezi, ris gamoc man politikuri Tavisufleba
ver miiRo, is aris, rom adgilobriv mosaxle-
obas politikuri Tavisufleba ar surda. maT
Zalian kargad esmodaT, rom es Cineli komuni-
stebis xelisuflebaSi mosvliT damTavrdeboda.
saocaria, rom CineTSi komunisturi mTavrobis
arsebobam xeli Seuwyo hong-kongSi ekonomikuri
Tavisuflebisa da adamianis Tavisuflebis
SenarCunebas. sakmaod paradoqsuli viTarebaa.
hong-kongi sulac ar aris erTaderTi gamo-
naklisi. yvelgan, sadac bazari mniSvnelovan
rols TamaSobs, pirovnuli Tavisufleba ufro
maRali xarisxis da ufro mravalferovania,
vidre iq, sadac bazari aranair rols ar
TamaSobs. totalitarul qveynebSi bazari sul
akrZales da, Sesabamisad, pirovnuli Tavisuf-
lebis donec Zalian daeca.
rTuli viTarebis kidev erT karg magaliTs
Cile warmoadgens. rogorc cnobilia, CileSi
jer salvador aliendem da socialisturma
jgufma gaimarjva. aliende xelisuflebaSi
arCevnebis gziT movida. mas Semdeg, rac sami
wamyvani partiidan xmaTa umravlesobis mopoveba
verc erTma ver SeZlo, Sesabamisi politikuri
manevrebiTa da konstituciis dacvis dapirebiT,
aliende xelisuflebas daepatrona. rogorc ki
aliende xelisuflebaSi movida, sakuTari
dapireba daiviwya da Ciles komunistur
saxelmwifod gadaqcevas Seecada.
Cemi azriT, mTavari is aris, rom aliendes
politikam misi SeiaraRebuli gziT gadayeneba
gamoiwvia da qveynis mmarTvelad general
pinoCetis xelmZRvanelobiT samxedro xuntis
mosvla ganapiroba.
gasagebi mizezebis gamo, TiTqmis yvela
samxedro xunta ekonomikuri Tavisuflebis
winaaRmdegia. samxedro sistema isea mowyobili,
rom centridan imarTeba: generali ubrZanebs
polkovniks, polkovniki – kapitans, kapitani
– leitenants da a.S. sabazro ekonomika ki
qvemodan imarTeba: momxmarebeli eubneba
gamyidvels, gamyidveli – sabiTumo movaWres,
sabiTumo movaWre –mwarmoebels da mwarmoebeli
awvdis mas produqcias. samxedro sistemas
sabazro ekonomikis sapirispiro principebi
udevs safuZvlad.
pinoCeti da samxedro xunta iZulebuli
iyvnen, Tavisufali bazris principebi SemoeRoT,
radgan sxva gamosavali ar hqondaT. isini
erTxans cdilobdnen ekonomikis saTaveSi
samxedro oficrebi hyolodaT, magram maTi
reJimis pirveli rva-cxra Tvis manZilze
inflacia gaormagda. rodesac inflaciis done
700-dan 1 000%-mde avida, iZulebuli gaxdnen
rame eRonaT. aRmoCnda, rom ekonomistTa
erTaderTi jgufi, r omelic aliendesTan
kavSirSi ar imyofeboda da socializmis lafSi
amosvrili ar iyo, e.w. “Cikagoeli biWebis~
jgufi iyo. maT “Cikagoeli biWebi~ imitom
erqvaT, rom TiTqmis yvelas Cikagos universiteti
hqonda damTavrebuli da doqtoris xarisxebic
Cikagos universitetSi hqondaT daculi.
socializmis lafma isini imitom ver gasvara,
rom im dros SeerTebul StatebSi Cikagos
universiteti TiTqmis erTaderTi saswavlo
dawesebuleba iyo, sadac ekonomikis fakultetze
Tavisufali bazris specialistTa Zlieri
jgufi aswavlida. amitom, sagonebelSi
Cavardnilma pinoCetma saSvelad swored maT
mimarTa.
pinoCetis politikuri reJimis Sesaxeb kargs
verafers vityvi. es iyo saSineli politikuri
reJimi. namdvili saswauli is ki ar aris, Tu
ra kargad aawyo Cilem ekonomika, aramed is, rom
samxedro xuntam Tavisi principebis winaaRmdeg
wasvla gadawyvita da mxari dauWira Tavisufa-
li bazris Tavgadadebul momxreTa mier mofiq-
rebul sabazro reformas. Sedegebi STambeWdavi
iyo. inflacia mkveTrad Semcirda. inflaciasTan
brZolisas gardauvali ekonomikuri CamorCe-
nilobisa da warmoebis Semcirebis mokle perio-
dis Semdeg warmoeba kvlav gafarTovda. mas
Semdeg Ciles ekonomika samxreT amerikis nebis-
mier sxva qveynaze gacilebiT ukeT viTardeba.
109

axla, erTi kontinentidan meoreze gadavinac-
vleb. ekonomikuri Tavisuflebis Sedegad miR-
weulma ekonomikurma aRorZineba-ganviTarebam,
Tavis mxriv, meti politikuri Tavisuflebis
survili aRZra CineTis sazogadoebaSi, sadac
iqaurma reJimma 1976 wlidan ekonomikis erT-
erT seqtorSi – soflis meurneobaSi ekonomi-
kuri Tavisuflebis gazrdis Sedegad did war-
matebas miaRwia. amas mohyva politikuri
Tavisuflebis moTxovna, rac ukmayofilebis
erT-erTi mTavari mizezi gaxda da ramac xalxi
tiananmenis moedanze miiyvana.
ekonomikuri Tavisuflebisa da ekonomikuri
warmatebis miRwevis Semdeg politikuri
TavisuflebisaTvis brZola daiwyo CileSi,
rac, sabolood, referendumiT damTavrda da ris
Sedegad politikuri demokratia damkvidrda.
axla, ukve didi xania, Cilem samive saxis Tavi-
sufleba moipova: politikuri, ekonomikuri da
pirovnuli. kvlavac saintereso iqneba Ciles
eqsperiments vadevnoT Tvalyuri. SeZlebs is
samive saxis Tavisuflebis SenarCunebas Tu, raki
politikuri Tavisufleba gaaCnia, es ekonomi-
kuri Tavisuflebis mospobas an SezRudvas
daiwyebs?
paradoqsia, rom ekonomikuri Tavisufleba
politikur Tavisuflebas warmoSobs, xolo
politikuri Tavisufleba spobs mas. am
paradoqsis asaxsnelad saWiroa gavacnobieroT,
r om Tavisufali, kerZo mesakuTreobaze
dafuZnebuli bazari mxolod Cveulebriv viwro
ekonomikur garigebebs ki ar gulisxmobs, aramed
gacilebiT mets. bazari yvela qveyanas aqvs. is
ruseTsac ki hqonda Tavis yvelaze ukidures
totalitarul etapze. magram bazari sxvada-
sxva saxisaa. kerZo bazarze adamianebi garige-
bebs sakuTari TavisTvis deben an garkveul
adamianTa agentebs warmoadgenen da ara
saxelmwifo agentebs. ruseTSi bazari ki
arsebobda da sabazr o operaciebi mTel
teritoriaze warmoebda, magram adamianebi
operaciebs sakuTari TavisTvis ki ar awarmoeb-
dnen an garkveul adamianTa agentebs ki ar war-
moadgendnen, aramed saxelmwifo agentebs, mTeli
sazogadoebis agentebs. kerZo bazari Zalian
gansxvavdeba saxelmwifo bazrisgan. abso-
luturad kerZo bazarze ori adamiani erTmaneTs
Soris yvela operacias sakuTari keTildReo-
bisTvis awarmoebs an garkveul adamianTa agen-
tebs warmoadgenen.
dasasrul, SeiZleba kerZo bazari gqondeT,
magram is SeiZleba iyos Tavisufali an ar iyos,
imis mixedviT, Tu ramdenad nebayoflobiTia
operaciebi. yvela operacia sruliad nebayof-
lobiTi mxolod Tavisufal kerZo bazarzea
110
inteleqtualebi, ganaTleba da Tavisufleba
SesaZlebeli. zemoT Cem mier dasaxelebuli kerZo
bazrebidan bevri Tavisufal kerZo bazars ar
warmoadgens. laTinuri amerikis qveynebSi
mravali kerZo bazaria, magram yvela Tavisufal
kerZo bazars ar warmoadgens. indoeTSi
arsebobs kerZo bazari, magram is Tavisufali
ar aris, radgan iq zogierTi nebayoflobiTi
operacia nebadarTuli ar aris. erT adamians
meoresTan saqonlis an momsaxurebis gacvlebis
warmoeba mxolod mTavrobis nebarTvis SemTxve-
vaSi SeuZlia. me vityodi, rom msoflioSi
absoluturad Tavisufali bazari ar arsebobs.
SesaZloa, hong-kongi idealTan yvelaze axlos
aris, magram, yvela saukeTeso SemTxvevaSi, sadac
ki aseTi bazari arsebobs, TiTqmis yvelgan is
nawilobriv Tavisufal kerZo bazars warmoad-
gens, romelsac xels Zalian uSlian.
adamianTa nebayoflobiTi TanamSromlobis
meqanizms Tavisufali kerZo bazari warmoadgens,
romelic mxolod ekonomikur operaciebs ki ar
exeba, aramed adamianis saqmianobis yvela
sferosTvis gamodgeba. saidan warmoiSva Cveni
sasaubro ena? romelime samTavrobo erTeulma
Seqmna is da mere daavala xalxs misi gamoyeneba?
romelime samTavrobo komisiam Seqmna gramatikis
wesebi? ara, Cveni sasaubro ena sabazro ekono-
mikis saSualebiT ganviTarda. adamianebi erT-
maneTTan urTierTobas amyarebdnen, maT erTma-
neTTan saubari surdaT da saubarSi gamoye-
nebuli sityvebi TandaTan ama Tu im sagnis aRmniS-
vneli xdeboda. gramatikac mTlianad Tavisu-
fali nebayoflobiTi gacvlis Sedegad gaCnda.
aviRoT meore magaliTi – mecniereba. rogor
ganviTarda mravaldargovani fizika, ekonomika
an sxva romelime dargi? esenic Tavisufal kerZo
bazarze ganviTarda da kvlavac viTardeba.
mecnierebi erTmaneTTan urTierTobas amyareben,
erTmaneTs informacias ucvlian, radgan
nebismieri gacvlis Sedegad sargebels orive
mxare iRebs.
Tavisufali kerZo bazris damaxasiaTebeli
Tviseba isaa, rom garigebaSi monawile orive
mxares sjera, amis Sedegad ufro SeZlebuli
gaxdeba. es “nulovani jamis TamaSi~ ki ar aris,
sadac mxolod sxvebis xarjze SeiZleba
sargeblobis miReba, aramed, es iseTi viTarebaa,
sadac yvela mogebuli rCeba.
Tavisufali kerZo bazari iseTi meqanizmia,
romelic adam smiTiseuli uxilavi xeliT
TavisTavad, winaswari ganzraxvis gareSe
warmoSobs TanamSromlobis rTul struqturas.
Tavisufal kerZo bazarze yovelgvari iZuleba
gamoricxulia. adamianebi nebayoflobiT
awarmoeben operaciebs erTmaneTTan ara imitom,
rom vinme avalebs an aiZulebs, an imitom, rom
Tavisuflebis biblioTeka, wigni IV
am saqmeSi Cabmul adamianebs erTmaneTi moswonT,
an imitom, rom erTmaneTs icnoben, an erTmaneTis
mimarT raime interesi aqvT. SeiZleba maT
sZuldeT kidevac erTmaneTi. yoveldRiurad
yoveli Cvengani msoflio masStabiT gaucnobie-
reblad awarmoebs garigebas im adamianebTan,
visac ar vicnobT da vinc Cven ar gvicnobs. arc
erTi zemdgomi saagento ar avalebs maT, rom
CvenTvis rame awarmoon. SeiZleba maT sxvadasxva
religia da sxvadasxva feris kani hqondeT an
sxvadasxva rasas ekuTvnodnen. fermers, romel-
sac xorbali mohyavs, ar ainteresebs mas TeTrka-
niani SeiZens Tu Savkaniani, vinme kaTolike Tu
protestanti; is adamiani ki, vinc mas yidulobs,
ar daeZebs, TeTrkanianma moiyvana is Tu Savka-
nianma, kaTolikem Tu protestantma. amgvarad,
Tavisufali kerZo bazris arsi imaSi mdgoma-
reobs, rom garigebis yvela monawiles sjera,
mogebuli darCeba.
adamianis Tavisuflebis, iseve, rogorc
Tavisufali kerZo bazris, safuZveli aris
adamianis ufleba, rom sakuTari gadawyvetileba
TviTonve miiRos, imdenad, ramdenadac es imave
uflebis gamoyenebaSi xels aravis SeuSlis. me
vfiqrob, aqedan cxadi xdeba, Tu ratom aris
Tavisufali kerZo bazari ase mWidro kavSirSi
pirovnul TavisuflebasTan. es erTaderTi
meqanizmia, romelic saSualebas iZleva, rom
rTuli urTierTkavSirebis mqone sazogadoeba
qvemodan zemoT avagoT da ara zemodan qvemoT,
Tumca, aqedan isic cxadi xdeba, Tu ratom
warmoadgens Tavisufali sazogadoeba aseT
iSviaTobas – is Zalauflebas zRudavs. iq cud
adamianebs boroti saqmeebis keTeba uWirT,
magram keTil adamianebsac sakmaod uWirT
sikeTis keTeba. Tavisuflebis faruli Tu aSkara
mowinaaRmdegeni fiqroben, rom maT yvelaze ukeT
ician, Tu ra aris kargi da Zalaufleba
imisTvis undaT, rom adamianebs is akeTebinon,
rac maTTvisvea kargi.
bolo xans aRmosavleT evropaSi komunizmis
ngrevis marTlacda saocarma movlenam xela-
xali simwvaviT wamoWra is sakiTxebi, razedac
axla vsaubrobT. am qveynebSi Tavisufal bazarze
gadasvlis Sesaxeb bevrs saubroben, magram
jerjerobiT warmateba umniSvneloa. warsulSi,
feodalizmis, samxedro xuntebisa Tu avtokra-
tiuli mmarTvelobebis dros, Tavisufali
bazrebi sxvadasxva gziT ganviTarda. umetesad
es SemTxveviT moxda da ara gamiznulad. sruli
SemTxveviToba iyo, rom hong-kongSi Tavisufali
bazari ganviTarda, da Tu es SemTxveviToba ar
iyo, mxolod iq gagzavnil koloniur moxeleebs
Tu SeeZloT amis dagegmva, magram aSkaraa, maT
SemTxveviT Seuwyves xeli Tavisufali bazris
Camoyalibebas, yovel SemTxvevaSi movlenaTa aseT
ganviTarebas xeli ar SeuSales. Tavisufali
bazris ganviTareba bunebrivad arc SeerTebul
StatebSi momxdara – es SemTxveviToba iyo.
ubralod, SesaZloa, Cven Zalian gansxvavebuli
gza avirCieT. am gansxvavebul gzas 1830-iani
wlebis bolos davadeqiT, mas Semdeg, rac
sayuradRebo gakveTili viwvnieT; mas Semdeg, rac
mTavr obam, arxebisa da fasiani gzebis
mSeneblobis mizniT, farTo RonisZiebebi gaatara
da bankebis kontroli daiwyo. saxelwifo bankebi
ohaioSi, ilinoisSi da sxva StatebSi Seiqmna.
amas Sedegad mohyva is, rom “1837 wlis panikis~
dros yvela es banki gakotrda. yovelive aman
xalxSi mospo rwmena, rom qveyana mTavrobam unda
marTos. gaCnda azri, rom yvela mTavrobas isev
Zalzed SezRuduli uflebamosilebebis mqone
da mcirericxovani mTavroba sjobs.
marTalia, Tavisufali sazogadoeba sruliad
sxvdasxva gziT SemTxveviT Camoyalibda, magram
aqamde ar arsebobs imis magaliTi, rom totali-
taruli qveyana Tavisufal sazogadoebad
warmatebiT gardaqmniliyo. amitom aris ase
saintereso is, rac aRmosavleT evropaSi xdeba.
iseTi ramis mowme gavxdiT, rac aqamde ar
gvinaxavs. Cvenc viciT da maTac ician, rom Zalian
martivi ram aris gasakeTebeli. r odesac
aRmosavleT evropis xalxs vxvdebi, sami
sityviT veubnebi ra aris saWiro: privatizacia,
privatizacia da privatizacia. mTavaria,
amisTvis politikuri neba arsebobdes da es
swrafad moxdes. sainteresoa, SeZleben Tu ara
amis gakeTebas?
magram is, rac axla CemTvis mniSvnelovania
da risi gansakuTrebuli aRniSvnac msurs, is
aris, rom es mxolod maTi problema ki ar aris,
aramed Cvenic. Cven maTgan iseve unda viswavloT,
rogorc maT Cvengan. raSi mdgomareobda maTi
promlema komunizmis dros? – Zalian didi,
Zalian abezari da Zalian Zlevamosili mTavroba.
axla gekiTxebiT, ra problemis winaSe dgas
dRes SeerTebuli Statebi? Cven SedarebiT
Tavisufali sistema gvaqvs; es didi qveyanaa da
didi Tavisuflebac gvaqvs, magram Cven am
Tavisuflebas vkargavT. garkveulwilad, Cven
Cven mier dagrovebuli kapitaliT Rirseulad
vcxovr obT. es qveyana 150-ze meti wlis
ganmavlobaSi Sendeboda, raSic mTavrobas,
rogorc wesi, Zalian mcire roli miuZRvis. jer
kidev 1929 wels SeerTebuli Statebis samTav-
robo xarjebi mTeli erovnuli Semosavlis 12%-
ze meti ar iyo, es igive monacemia, rac Tanamed-
rove hong-kongSi fiqsirdeba. federaluri
xarjebi erovnuli Semosavlis daaxloebiT 3-
4%-s Seadgenda. gamonakliss samoqalaqo omisa
111

da meore msoflio omis wlebi warmoadgens,
rodesac misi naxevari SeiaraRebul Zalebze
daixarja, naxevari ki yvela danarCenze.
saxelmwifom da adgilobrivma mTavrobebma
orjer meti daxarjes, adgilobrivma mTavro-
bebma ki ufro meti, vidre saxelmwifom. im
droidan dRevandlamde viTareba mkveTrad
Seicvala. rogorc amboben, mTeli samTavrobo
xarjebi erovnuli Semosavlis 43%-s Seadgens,
romlis ori mesamedi federaluria. amasTanave,
mTavroba uSualo xarjvis garda, kerZo bazarze
mimdinare operaciebsac intensiurad akontro-
lebs. magaliTad, is uflebas ar mogcemT
yvelaze iaf bazarze SeiZinoT Saqari; gaiZulebT
msoflio fasebze orjer ufro meti gadaixadoT.
mTavroba xelfasebTan, samuSao saaTebTan,
dabinZurebis sawinaaRmdego standartebTan da
sxva mraval sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT mTeli rigi
moTxovnebis dakmayofilebas aiZulebs sawar-
moebs. amaTgan, SeiZleba bevri ram kargia, magram
problema isaa, rom resursebis gamoyenebis gzebs
mTavroba gvkarnaxobs da es, rogorc wesi,
araefeqtiania. erTi sityviT, es CvenTvis ukve
nacnobi socializmia.
sadReisod, Cveni resursebis mTavrobis mier
kontrolirebadi wilis mixedviT, SeerTebuli
Statebis 50%-ze meti socialisturia. kidev
kargi, socializms jerjerobiT danarCeni 50%-
is gakontroleba ar ZaluZs. kidev kargi,
mTavroba mis did nawils ver iyenebs. xalxi wuxs
amaze, me ki ara. me ubralod maJrJolebs,
rodesac vfiqrob, Tu ra bedi eweva am qveyanaSi
Tavisuflebas, roca mTavrobas Cveni fulis
daxarjvis SesaZlebloba gauCndeba. sabed-
nierod, Cveni kerZo seqtori iseTi mZlavria,
ise efeqtiania, rom man mTeli Cveni resursebis
naxevarze naklebiT cxovrebis iseTi done Seqmna,
msoflios sxva qveynebi Suris TvaliT gviyu-
reben.
yvela problema, rac am qveynis winaSe dgas,
mxolod gadaWarbebuli socializmisgan
momdinareobs. Tu Cveni dawyebiTi da saSualo
ganaTlebis sistemas gadaxedavT, bolo ocdaaTi
wlis manZilze, TiToeul moswavleze gaangari-
SebiT, mTavrobam realurad gaasammaga xarjebi,
ramac xeli Seuwyo inflacias da Tanac, ro-
gorc testebis Sedegebi gviCvenebs, ganaTleba
uaresobisken midis; maRalia skolidan garic-
xulTa done; ar arsebobs funqciuri ganaTleba.
ra aris aq gasakviri? SeerTebul StatebSi,
SeiaraRebuli Zalebis Semdeg, dawyebiTi da
saSualo saskolo ganaTlebis sistema yvelaze
did socialistur sawarmos warmoadgens. ratom
iqneba socializmi CvenTvis ufro ukeTesi, vidre
ruseTisTvis? sinamdvileSi, maTTvis ufro
112
inteleqtualebi, ganaTleba da Tavisufleba
ukeTesi unda iyos, maT xom ufro meti gamocdi-
leba aqvT. samedicino mkurnalobis sferos Tu
gadaxedavT, rac axla meore mTavari problemaa,
mTeli samedicino mkurnalobis xarjebi
erovnuli Semosavlis 4-idan 13%-mde gaizarda
– naxevarze meti samTavrobo xarjebis saxiT.
xarjebi gaizarda da sakmaod naTelia, rom
Sedegi imave TanafardobiT sulac ar gazrdila.
avtomrewveloba imden avtomanqanas uSvebs, rom
mis SeZenas nebismieri adamiani SeZlebs, Tu
moisurvebs. ara mgonia, aq rame problema iyos,
magram Cveni mTavroba gzebs ver gvikeTebs, rom
viar oT. saaviacio mrewvelobas SeuZlia
TviTmfrinavebi gamouSvas, aviakompaniebi ki pi-
lotebs moamzadeben, magram mTavroba ratomRac
saTanado raodenobis asafren zolebsa da
aviadispetCerebs ver uzrunvelyofs. damisaxe-
los vinmem SeerTebuli Statebis raime mniSvne-
lovani problma, rac yovlismwvdomi mTavrobis
CareviT ar iyos gamowveuli.
damnaSaveoba izrdeba; Cveni cixeebi gadatvir-
Tulia; centralur qalaqebSi cxovreba mTlad
autaneli xdeba imis gamo, rom “keTili miznebis”
programam ar gaamarTla. “keTili miznebi” am
SemTxvevaSi narkomaniasTan brZolis programaa,
ris Sedegadac narkotikebis moxmareba umniSvne-
lod Semcirda an sul ar Semcirebula,
udanSaulo msxverplTa raodenoba ki Zalian
gaizarda. am programam gacilebiT didi ziani
moitana, vidre sikeTe, Tanac aramarto qveynis
SigniT. ra ufleba gvaqvs davangrioT sxva
qveynebi, mag., kolumbia – mxolod imitom, rom
Cvenive qveynaSi Cvenive kanonebis dacva ar
SegviZlia?
naklebad unda gvqondes imedi, rom Cvens
SedarebiT Tavisufal sistemas uproblemod
SevinarCunebT. aRmosavleT evropis komunisturi
saxelmwifoebis daSla CvenTvis misaloci ambavi
iyo, ramac TviTkmayofilebisa da TviTdamSvi-
debis elementebi Cagvinerga. yvela ambobda, “oh,
Cven ra kargad varT! xedavT, Cven swori gziT
mivdivarT.” magram, Cven maTgan mTavari gakveTili
ver viswavleT. es gakveTili ki imaSi mdgoma-
reobs, rom mTavrobas Zalian realuri funqcie-
bi akisria da, Tu am funqciebs ar Seasrulebs
da gzas ascdeba, pirovnul da ekonomikur Tavi-
suflebas safrTxe daemuqreba.
me mainc gamousworebel optimistad vrCebi
da mjera, rom SeerTebuli Statebi didi qveyanaa
da Cveni problemebi, rogorc aseTi, xalxisgan
ki ar momdinareobs, aramed Cveni samTavrobo
struqturiT aris ganpirobebuli. mTavroba
mraval sferoSi arasworad gvmarTavs, magram
ara imitom, rom mTavrobaSi cudi xalxia an
maT cudi zraxvebi aqvT. isini, vinc Cvens
Tavisuflebis biblioTeka, wigni IV
mTavrobas xelmZRvaneloben, iseTive xalxia,
rogoric yvela. cdebiT, Tu fiqrobT, rom Tu
Sesaferis adamianebs avirCevT, amiT viTarebas
gamovasworebT. Cven SeiZleba Sesaferisi
adamianebi avirCioT, magram r ogorc ki
vaSingtonSi moxvdebian, isinic arasworad
moiqcevian. mec da Tqvenc ase moviqceodiT. me
ar vambob, rom amaSi raime gansakuTrebulia.
unda aRiniSnos, rom Cven, Cvens pirad
cxovrebaSi, da maT, TavianT samTavr obo
cxovrebaSi, erTi motivi gvamoZravebs: sakuTari
interesebi. erTxel armen alCianma Zalian
mniSvnelovani ram Tqva: “ iciT ra, unda
gjerodeT, rom arsebobs erTi ram, rasac yvela
gaakeTebs: unda gjerodeT, rom Tavis interesebs
yvela Tqvensaze maRla daayenebs”. es yvela
Cvengans exeba, rogorc kerZo seqtorSi, ise
samTavroboSi. am ors Soris gansxvaveba arc
xalxTan aris dakavSirebuli, arc raime
sagangebo motivTan. es gansxvavebuli adamianebis
interesebis mravalferovnebis bralia. kerZo
ekonomikaSi mTeli im xnis manZilze, rac Cven
Tavisufali kerZo bazari gvaqvs, erTi mxare
mxolod maSin iRebs sargebels, roca meore
mxarec xeirobs. sxvis xarjze moTxovnilebis
dakmayofileba SeuZlebelia. saxelmwifo
bazarze sul sxva viTarebaa. kerZo bazarze
Tqvenma wamowyebulma saqmem Tu ar gaamarTla,
isRa dagrCeniaT, sakuTari jibeebi moiqeqoT am
saqmis gasagrZeleblad. es iqneba TqvenTvis
erTaderTi gamosavali. magram Tu mTavrobaSi
xarT, sxva gamosavalic arsebobs. mTlad keTili
mizniTa da keTili nebiT aravin aRiarebs Tavis
Secdomas, Tqven ki SegeZlebaT TqvaT: “oh,
warumateblobis erTaderTi mizezi is aris, rom
Cven sakmarisad ar vimuSaveT. narkomaniis
sawinaaRmdego programis warumateblobis
erTaderTi mizezi is aris, rom Cven sakmarisi
fuli ar davxarjeT masze” . es ki Tqveni
sakuTari fuli ar aris. Sesabamisad, aq saqme
sxvagvarad damTavrdeba. Tqven, SesaZloa,
gadasaxadis gadamxdelTa xarjze kvlav
gazardoT Tqveni programis dafinanseba, Tu
sakmaod damajereblad ilaparakebT da Tu
sakmaod kargad flobT sadaveebs. amitomac,
warumatebeli kerZo proeqti daixureba im dros,
rodesac warumatebeli saxelmwifo proeqti
gagrZeldeba.
erTaderTi, riTac SeiZleba es viTareba
SevcvaloT, aris politikuri struqturis
Secvla. am mxriv yvelaze saimedod mTavrobis
samoqmedo vadis SezRudvis moTxovniT sazoga-
doebis didi zewola meCveneba. marTlac,
fundamenturad unda SevcvaloT is.
msurs cota optimistur notaze davasrulo.
daaxloebiT 200 wlis win, erTi inglisuri
gazeTi werda: “ msoflioSi 775 300 000
adamiania. rasakvirvelia, aqedan 741 800 000
adamians avtokratiuli mTavroba marTavs,
Tavisufali mTavroba ki mxolod 33 500 000
milions. mTlianobaSi, monebi ocdasamjer
ufro bevria, vidre is adamianebi, visac raime
xarisxiT adamianuri uflebebi gaaCnia”
[citirebuli wignidan Forrest McDonald, Novus
Ordo Seclorum (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas,
1985), p.9]. marTalia, axlandeli monacemebi ase
dazustebiT ar vici, magram, “Tavisuflebis sax-
lis” mier Catarebuli gamokiTxvis safuZvelze,
miaxloebiT daviTvale da davadgine, rom monebi
isev gacilebiT metia, vidre Tavisufali
adamianebi. Tumca maTi raodenobrivi Tanafar-
doba Tavisufal adamianebTan mimarTebaSi ori
saukunis winandeli 23:1-dan 3:1-ze Camovida. Cveni
miznisgan – absoluturad Tavisufali samyaro-
sagan, jer kidev Zalian Sors varT, magram
niSandoblivia, r om bolo ori saukunis
manZilze miRweuli gasaocari progresi ufro
TvalsaCinoa, vidre wina ori aTaswleulis
miRwevebi. imedi viqonioT da vecadoT es
progresi kvlavac gagrZeldes.
113