Msoplio Politika (1 Á - Á - Á - Á - Á - Á - )

korneli kakaCia
saerTaSoriso politika
vestfaliidan bi polaruli
sistemis dasasrulamde
saleqcio kursi
gamomcemloba `universali~
Tbilisi – 2013
winamdebare naSromi warmoadgens msoflio politikis

saleqcio kursis pirvel nawils, romelic gankuTvnilia
politikisa da saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis
bakalavriatis studentebisTvis. masSi istoriul
konteqstSi mokledaa ganxiluli Tanamedrove
saerTaSoriso sistemis formirebisa da Camoyalibebis
i s t o r i a d a qr on ol ogiur a daa g a dm o c e m u li m i si
ganviTarebis sxvadasxva etapebi. naSromi aseve daexmarebas
gauwevs saerTaSoriso politikis Seswav- liT
dainteresebul sazogadoebasa da mkiTxvelTa farTo wres.
avtori madlobas uxdis sofo barbaqaZes

saxelmZRvanelos momzadebaSi gaweuli
daxmarebisaTvis.
© gamomcemloba `universali~,2013
© korneli kakaCia
ISBN 978-9941-10-300-1
I. Tanamedrove saerTaSoriso sistemis saTaveebTan
marTalia dRes ,,saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis” amosaval

wertils
,,eris” cneba warmoadgens, magram msoflio politikis
yuradRebis centrSi yovelTvis eri-saxelmwifo ar
yofila. metic, me-17 saukunemde eri-saxelmwifo
dRevandeli formiT saerTodac ar arsebobda. droTa
ganmavlobaSi saerTaSoriso politikam udidesi
cvlileba ganicada da Tu aqamde is mxolod saxelmwifos
mmarTvelTa Soris warmoebuli urTierTobebi iyo,
TandaTanobiT is uSualod erebs Soris arsebul
urTierTobebad iqca. am movlenam gavlena iqonia
aramarto politikaze, usafrTxoebasa da komerciul
saqmianobaze, aramed adamianis moqmedebis yvela sferoze.
radganac Tanamedrove saerTaSoriso sistemis erT-erT
Z i r i T a d e l e m e n t s e r i - s a x e l m w i f o w a r m o a d g e n s,
mizanSewonili iqneba msoflio politikis sagnis
Seswavla daviwyoT swored imiT, Tu sad da rogor
warmoiSva igi.
dRevandeli saerTaSoriso sistema aris dasavleTis
civilizaciis produqti, romelic ZiriTadad evropaSi
Seiqmna. rogorc cnobilia, Tanamedrove suverenuli eri-
saxelmwifoebis sistema Camoyalibda daaxloebiT 300-500
wlis win evropaSi da mogvianebiT msoflios TiTqmis
yvela nawilSi gavrcelda. amis gamo, gasakviri ar unda
iyos, rom am sakiTxze msjelobisas mkvlevarebis
umravlesoba did adgils uTmobs evropis kontinentze
mimdinare procesebs. Tumca es imas ar niSnavs rom me-17
me-19 saukuneebSi evropis farglebs gareT araferi
mniSvnelovani ar xdeboda. piriqiT,msoflios sxvadasxva
nawilSi evropelebis “Camosvlamde” sxva civilizaciebi
arsebobdnen da maTi kulturuli tradiciebi dResac
gavlenas axdenen Tanamedrove msoflio politikaze.
evropuli civilizaciebi xmelTaSua zRvis
aRmosavleTi- dan iRebs saTaves, konkretulad ki
egvi ptidan da mesopotamiidan (dRevandeli erayis
teritoria), gansakuTrebiT saberZneTidan. Mm- soflio
politikis SeswavlisaTvis gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba
aqvs berZnuli qalaq-saxelmwifoebis klasikur epoqas
(daaxl. 400 w. Cv. w. aR-mde), rodesac safuZveli Caeyara
saxelmwifoTaSorisi politikis ramdenime fundamentur
princi ps,romelic kargadaa aR-
werili berZeni istorikosis Tukidides (Zv.w. 460-496)

klasikur nawarmoebSi “istoria”. omi romelic dRes
“peleponesis omis” saxeliTaa cnobili aTensa da
spartas Soris mimdinareobda Zv.w.
431-404 wlebSi da masSi berZnuli polisebis didi nawili
aR- moCnda CaTreuli. Ees omi Zveli msoflios istoriaSi
erT-erTi yvelaze xangrZlivi da sislismRvreli gamodga.1
aRniSnul epoqaSi saxelmwifoebs erTmaneTTan rTuli
savaWro urTierTobebi hqon- daT xmelTaSua zRvidan
dawyebuli indoeTis gavliT aRmosavleT aziamde. am
teritoriebze arsebuli saxelmwifoebi mudmivad eome-
bodnen erTmaneTs. teritoriis udidesi nawili
saberZneTis daqvem- debarebis qveS moeqca aleqsandre
didis dampyrobluri omebis Sedeegad (Cv. w. aR-mde 300 w),
Semdeg romis imperiis (daax. Cv. w. aR. 1 saukune), xolo
mogvianebiT (daax. 600 w) arabeTis xalifatis.
aRniSnul periodSi CineTi inarCunebda
damoukideblobas. e. w “meomari saxelmwifoebis epoqaSi”
teritoriul da politikur erTeulebad Camoyalibebuli
saxelmwifoebisaTvis omi Zalis politikis
gamoxatulebas warmoadgenda. es kargadaa aRwerili sun
Zis klasikur nawarmoebSi “omis xelovneba” (The Art of
War)2. daaxloe-
biT 800 wels, rodesac evropaSi egreTwodebuli “Sua
saukuneebis”
epoqa, xolo arabeTis civilizaciebSi oqros xana iyo,
Tangis dinastiis mmarTvelobis qveS myofi CineTi
maRalganviTarebul civi- lizacias warmoadgenda da
dasavleTisagan sruliad damoukideblad ganagrZobda
arsebobas. amavdroulad iaponia,romelzec did gavlenas
axdenda CineTis civilizacia, Soganis dinastiis
mmarTvelobis epoqamde (daax. 1200w) damoukideblad
viTardeboda. tokugava So- gunTa dinastiis
mmarTvelobis epoqaSi, ramdenime saukunis ganma- vlobaSi,
iaponia dasavleTisagan srul izolaciaSi viTardeboda.
1850 wlidan, meiZis meTaurobiT daiwyo aRmavlobis xana
romelsac mohyva industrializacia da saerTaSoriso
vaWrobis ganviTareba. rac Seexeba laTinur amerikas, iq
arsebuli civilizaciebi – maias tomebis civilizacia
(daaxl. 100-900) actekebi da inkebi (daaxl.
1200 w) – dasavleTis zegavlenisagan damoukideblad
viTardebod- nen 1500 wlamde (espaneTis mier am
teritoriebis dapyrobamde). afrikaSi didi samefoebis
ayvavebis xana iwyeba Cv. w. aRricxvis
1000 wlidan (ganaSi 600 wlidan) da evropeli monebiT

movaWreebis Camosvlis dros (1500 w) ukve
maRalganviTarebul civilizaciebs warmoadgendnen.
arabeTis imperiis epoqam (daaxl. 600-1200 w) didi roli
iTamaSa axlo aRmosavleTis saerTaSoriso
urToerTobebis Camoyal- ibebaSi. am regionis udidesi
nawili, romelic erT dros imperiaSi gaerTianda, islamis
religiis qveS moeqca, ramac gandevna evropeli
damyroblebi – jvarosnebi. meTeqvsmete saukunidan
moyolebuli me-19 saukunis CaTvliT, aRmosavleT
xmelTaSuazRvispireTi oto- manTa imperiis mmarTvelobis
q v e S m o e q c a . S e d e g a d a d g i l o b r i v m a k u l t u r e b m a,
dawesebuli xarkis sanacvlod, SedarebiTi avtonomia
moi poves. imperiebis epoqa meoce saukunemde did gavlenas
axdenda regionze.
evropuli civilizaciis zegavlena msoflioze 1500
wlidan (renesansis epoqidan) daiwyo. im periodis
italiurma qalaq-saxelmwifoebma saxelmwifoTaSorisi
Zalismieri politikis wesebi kvlav aamoqmedes,romelic
brwyinvaled aRwera nikolo maikiavelim. feodaluri
gaerTianebis Sedegad warmoiqmna didi teritoriuli
erTeulebi (saxelmwifoebi), romelsac marTavdnen
monarqebi (avto- ritari mmarTvelebi). aRniSnuli
periodis samxedro revoluciis Sedegad Camoyalibda
Tanamedrove jaris sistema. “msoflios aRmo- Cenebis”
epoqa daiwyo mas Semdeg, rac evropeli monarqebis gemebi
qvemexebiT aRWurves. 1750 wlis industriulma revoluciam
daaC- qara saerTaSoriso sistemis, imperializmisa da
vaWrobis ganviTareba, amavdroulad gaizarda
konfliqtebis raodenobac. saboloo jamSi, evropis
dampyroblurma politikam ganapiroba msoflios Camoya-
libeba erT civilizaciad, Tavisi regionaluri da
kulturuli saxesxvaobebiT.
politika erebis warmoSobamde. politika swored imdeni
xani arsebobs, rac Tavad kacobrioba, Tumca eris Sesaxeb
igives ver vi- tyviT. adreuli xanidan dawyebuli me-17
saukunemde, politikuri
erTeulebi ukvSirdeboda ama Tu im elituri jgufis an
pirovnebis Zalauflebas an religias. dRevandelisagan
gansxvavebiT, teritoriebi mkacrad ar iyo gansazRvruli,
msoflio Sedgeboda bundovnad
SemosazRvreuli mravalgvarovani erTeulebisagan,

r o g o r e b i c i y o m a g a l i T a d , q a l a q - s a x e l m w i f o e b i,
sagrafoebi, sahercogoebi, samTav- roebi, samefoebi da
imperiebi. aseT rTul da gaurkvevel mdgomare- obaSi im
teritoriis masStabebi, romelzec ama Tu im mmarTvelis
Zalaufleba vrceldeboda damokidebuli iyo imaze, Tu
ramdenad SeeZloT am pirovnebis jarebs sxva SeiaraRebul
Zalebs gamklave- bodnen. zogjer patara erTeulebis _
qalaq saxelmwifoebis, sagra- foebisa da sahercogoebis
mmarTvelebi iRebdnen didi erTeulebis: samefoebisa da
imperiebis mfarvelobas, amiT isini sakuTari xe-
lisuflebis Seuvalobis garantiebs iRebdnen da
sanacvlod did erTeulebs samxedro ZaliTa da fuliT
amaragebdnen. aseT SeTanx- mebas feodaluri sistema erqva.
adgilobrivi mmarTvelebi xSirad ramodenime suzerenis
mfarvelobis qveS erTdroulad imyofebodnen da
TiToeulTan garkveuli valdebulebebi akavSirebdaT, rac
did erTeulebs Soris dapirispirebis mizezi xdeboda.
zogjer mmarTveli ama Tu im teritoriaze sakuTari
Zalauflebis legitimaciis mizniT kanonebs gamoscemda da
xelSekrule- bebs awerda xels, romlebic iSviaTad iyo
naTlad Camoyalibebuli da sayovelTaod aRiarebuli.
radganac ar arsebobda is centraluri xelisufleba,
romelic SeZlebda saCivrebis miRebas da gadaw-
yvetilebaTa Sesrulebis uzrunvelyofas, amitomac
mocemuli saer- TaSoriso kanonebis fasi im qaRaldze
naklebi iyo, romelzec isini ewera. ase rom, feodaluri
xanis evropasa da mTels msoflioSi raime saxis
globalizaciaze saubaric ki zedmeti iyo, radganac am
epoqaSi msoflio sistmisaTvis fragmentacia iyo
damaxasiaTebeli.
ra Tqma unda, Sua saukuneebis mmarTvelis teritoriuli
ambiciebi bevrad damajerebeli Canda,Tu is amtkicebda rom
mis mxareze RmerTi iyo. amisi gakeTeba me-17 saukunemde
imaze bevrad advili iyo, vidre dRes, radganac Zvelad
politikaSi religiuri pirebi bevrad ufro aqtiur rols
TamaSobdnen. romauli kaTolikuri eklesia pirdapir
akontrolebda evropis mniSvnelovan nawils. man Seqmna
saRvTo romis imperia da mas saTaveSi imperatori Cauyena.
miuxedavad imisa, rom es imperia ZiriTadad germaniisa da
avstriis teritorias moicavda, mis mizans mTeli
qristianuli samyaros gaerTianeba warmoadgenda, Semdeg ki
romis papi axdenda adgilobrivi mmarTvelebisaTvis ama
Tu im miwis damtkicebas an CamorTmevas. mTeli istoriis
manZilze, imperiebi xSirad mimarTavdnen religiur
argumentacias maTi mmarTvelobis gasamarTleblad.
magaliTad romis imperatorebi da muslimi xalifebi
erTdroulad saero da sasuliero pirebs warmoadgendnen,
CineTis imperatorebi ki Zalau- flebis
gasamarTleblad ,,zeciur nebas” iSveliebdnen. rogorc re-
ligiuri, ise saero mmarTvelebi Tanabrad mimarTavdnen
religiur konteqsts mezobeli miwebis dasapyrobad.
amasTanave, ,,RvTiT moni- Webuli” Zalaufleba samxedro
Zlierebis gareSe naklebad faseuli iyo. ase rom, nikolo
makiavelis ,,mTavari”, romelic Zalis politikis
princi pebs gansazRvravs, Tanabrad sasargeblo iyo,
rogorc sasuliero,ise saero xelisufalTaTvis.3
makiavelis naSroms Tu daveyrdnobiT da warmovidgenT
im drois saero da sasuliero xelisuflebis qmedebebs,
gasakviri ar unda iyos, rom mosaxleoba gansakuTrebuli
erTgulebis grZnobiT ar iyo gansmWvaluli sakuTari
xelisuflebis mimarT, maSinac ki Tu igi acnobierebda vin
warmoadgenda mis suzerens. TiTqmis ar arsebobda
aranairi erTianobis grZnoba mmarTvelsa da mis mier
marTul mosaxleobas Soris da aqedan gamomdinare ar
arsebobda er- Tiani erovnuli TviTSegneba. Tumca
garkveul gamonakliss warmoadgenda qalaq-
saxelmwifoebi, romlebic respublikebs warmoadgendnen,
magaliTad, adreuli periodis imperiuli romi da Sua
saukuneebis venecia. adamianebi erTgulebis fics
debdnen ara eris, aramed konkretuli mmarTvelebis winaSe.
adamianisaTvis ufro advili iyo Tavis gaigiveba ama Tu
im qalaqis moqalaqed, romelsac Tanamo- qalaqeebTan
saerTo interesebi da saerTo qalaqis kedlebi aer-
Tianebda. im droindeli moqalaqisTvis Zneli iyo Tavis
mikuTvneba ufro didi erTeulebisadmi, romelTa
sazRvrebic sakmaod bundovani iyo, mmarTvelebi ki xSirad
icvleboda omebis, qorwinebebisa da politikuri
mkvlelobebis Sedegad. ar arsebobda konstituciis
msgavsi araviTari dokumenti da mmarTvelis Zalaufleba
kanoniT ar iyo SezRuduli. mas erTpirovnulad SeeZlo
gadasaxadebis daweseba. amasTanave igive teritoriaze
ucxo mmarTvelebsac SeeZloT gad-
asaxadebisa da xarkis akrefa _ ar arsebobda saxelmwifo
suverenitetis cneba, romelic qveynis teritoriaze
adgilobrivi xelisuflebis xelSeuxebel Zalauflebas
gulisxmobda.
kanonebisa da komerciis Sesaxeb gamocemuli konvenciebis
ararsebobis gamo, vaWroba sakmaod riskian saqmianobas
warmoadgenda, amasTan mekobreebze da gemebis daRupvaze
meti danakargi rogorc wesi, gadasaxadebs mohqonda.
Suasaukuneebis politikur da ekonomikur
danawevrebulobaze miuTiTebs Tundac is faqti, rom
mdinare rainze moZrav navebs yoveli gzad Semxvedri
cixesimagre gadasaxads uwesebda. miuxedavad yvelafrisa,
m a i n c s a k m a o d d i d i i y o v a W r o b i s p o t e n c i a l i,
gansakuTrebiT diasis, kolumbisa da magelanis mier
gakeTebuli aRmoCenebis Semdeg. gaikvala axali gzebi
aRmosavleT aziis da ,,axali samyaros” _ CrdiloeT da
samxreT amerikisaken. me-15 me-16 saukuneebSi sazRvao
transportirebis zrdam mravali evropeli daarwmuna
imaSi, rom mouwesrigebeli da danawevrebuli feodaluri
wyoba ekonomikuri ganviTarebis xelisSemSlel faq-
tors warmoadgenda.4 miuxedavad amisa, ufro stabiluri
socialuri wyobis dasamyareblad jer kidev didi dro da
mniSvnelovani politikuri da socialuri
gadatrialebebis moxdena iyo saWiro.
udidesi princesa. rodesac elisabedi, mefe henri VIII-isa
da ana boleinis qaliSvili dedoflad ekurTxa 1558 wels,
cota Tu if- iqrebda rom igi taxts SeinarCunebda,qveynis
krizisidan gamoyvanasa
da udides miRwevebze rom araferi vTqvaT. mamis mier
dawesebuli religiuri gansxvavebebi kaTolikebsa da
inglisis oficialur eklesias Soris qveyanaze
damRupvelad moqmedebda. xazina TiTqmis mTlianad iyo
dacarielebuli, sagareo politika ki praqtikulad aRar
arsebobda. qveyana safrangeTisa da espaneTis _ evropis
ori uZlieresi saxelmwifos Tavdasxmis safrTxis winaSe
idga. amas Tan erTvoda am ukanasknelTa intrigebis qseli,
rac axalgazrda ded- oflis kaTolike monarqiT
Canacvlebas isaxavda miznad. miuxedavad yvelafrisa
elisabedma,Tavisi gamWriaxi politikisa da qarizmatu- li
xasiaTis wyalobiT SeZlo inglisis kulturuli,
politikuri da ekonomikuri aRmavlobis miRweva. mas
kargad SeeZlo adamianis xasiaTis amocnoba. uaRresad
ganaTlebuli (igi eqvs enas flobda),
da politikuri virtuozi, es is Tvisebebi iyo,
romlebmac didi samsaxuri gauwies mTeli mmarTvelobis
manZilze. man SeZlo sauke- Teso mrCevlebis Semokreba,
moarjula mowinaaRmdege didebulebi da didvaWrebi, da
aqtiurad TanamSromlobda parlamentTan im ekono-
mikuri da fiskaluri politikis gasatareblad,
romliTac qveyana stabilur fiskalur safuZvelze dadga.
misi politika religiasTan mimarTebaSi tolerantulobiT
gamoirCeoda, im epoqaSi sadac ucxo ar iyo sxva rwmenis
warmomadgenelTa dasja. amis Sedegad,inglisSi adgili ar
hqonda im sastik religur omebs, romelmac imdroindeli
kontinenturi evropa SeZra. miuxedavad imisa, rom pirad
msaxurebsa da daaxloebul pirebs xSirad uwevdaT
elisabedis agresiulobis mowmed yofna, xalxSi is mSvidi
adamianis STabeWdilebis Seqmnaze zrunavda. magaliTad,
misi portretis Seqmnaze momuSave yvela mxat- vars igi
aiZulebda nimuSad gamoeyenebina konkretuli tilo,sadac
axalgazrda dedofali elisabedi iyo gamosaxuli.
elisabedi didi warmatebiT iyenebda erTmaneTis
winaaRmdeg im drois did saxelmwifoebs. magaliTad, man
xeli Seuwyo niderlan- debSi espaneTis winaaRmdeg
wamowyebul protestantur ajanyebas, riTac ganamtkica
inglisis savaWro potenciali da sazRvao Zalebi. am
yvelaferma ki sabolood 1588 wels ingliss espaneTis
uZlevel armadaze TiTqmis saswaulebrivi gamarjveba
moapovebina. rodesac mtris Semosevis safrTxe gardauvali
Canda, man istoriuli sityviT mimarTa Tavis ers, riTac
sabolood gaaqarwyla mosazreba, TiTqos qals Zala ar
Seswevda omSi saxelmwifos win gaZRoloda: ,,marTa- lia
sxeuliT susti da umweo qali var, magram guli da
nebisyofa mefis _ Tanac inglisis mefisa maqvs da ara
mgonia romelime evropelma princma Cemi samefos
sazRvrebis xelyofa gabedos”.
elisabedma sxva mxrivac daarRvia qal-xelisufalze
Seqmnili miTi-igi ar daqorwinebula. da swored
es ,,gasaTxovaris statusi” warmoadgenda did sargebels,
rogorc Sida, ise sagareo politikis TvalsazrisiT. mas
yovelTvis uamravi SemoTavazeba hqonda sxvadasxva
dinastiasTan damoyvrebis Taobaze, rac didad
exmareboda Tavisi interesebis gatarebaSi.
elisabedis memkvidris aryola mis Zalauflebas garkveul
safrTxis winaSe ayenebda _ radganac taxtis memkvidred
Sotlandiis dedofali da elisabedis biZaSvili _ mariami
iTvleboda. masze amyarebdnen imedebs elisabedis taxtidan
Camogdebis mosurneni. 1587 wels dedofal mariams brali
RalatSi daedo da elisabedma mas sikvdilis ganaCeni
gamoutana. miuxedavad imisa, rom mas ganaCenis Sesruleba
ar ubrZanebia, elisabedTan daaxloebulma pirebma misi
saxeliT mokveTes Tavi dedofal mariams, rac
elisabedisaTvis mZime gadasatani aRmoCnda. dedofali
mravali wlis manZilze ganixilavda taxtis memkvidred
dedofali mariamis vaJs _ jeimss, Tumca sicocxlis bolo
wuTamde gaurkveveli darCa misi saboloo gad-
awyvetileba. elisabedis gardacvalebis momentSi 1603
wlisTvis _ inglisma SinaomebiT gadaRlili kunZul-
saxelmwifodan msoflios uZlieres saxelmwifod moaswro
Camoyalibeba.
ocdaaTwliani evropuli omi da vestfaliis

zavi
me-16 saukunis dasawyisisTvis evropa protestantulma
ajanyebebma moicva, romlebic romauli kaTolikuri
eklesiis winaaRmdeg iyo mimarTuli. protestantizmis
Teoretikosebis _ luTeris,kal- vinis,cvinglis naSromebis
gamoqveynebiT dasavleT evropaSi kaTol- icizms
seriozuli metoqe gamouCnda. doqtrinul gansxvavebebs
Tan erTvoda adamianebis aRSfoTeba kaTolikur eklesiaSi
gamefebuli meqrTameobis gamo, rasac axali religiuri
mimdinareobis liderebi moxerxebulad iyenebdnen
sakuTari politikuri miznebis gansaxorcieleblad. erT-
erTi aseTi mmarTveli iyo inglisis mefe henri VIII,
romelmac 1534 wels inglisis eklesia Seqmna da Tavi mis
meTaurad gamoacxada. evropis danarCeni monarqebisaTvisac
TandaTanobiT mZime gaxda is pretenziebi, rasac maT
teritoriebze acxadebda romauli eklesia da saRvTo
romis imperia. es ukanasknelnic Tavis mxriv sa- Tanadod
afasebdnen saero mmarTvelebis mier maTi samflobeloebis
danawevrebis safrTxes da Sesabamisi zomebis miRebas
cdilobdnen. dapirispireba da represiebi sabolood
ocdaaTwlian omSi gadaizarda (1618-1648).
es omi warmoadgenda katastrofas evropis masStabebiT,
vinaidan mosaxleobis daaxleobiT erTi mesamedi _ anu 8
milioni adamiani Seewira. omi saRvTo romis imperiis
germanul miwebze mcx- ovreb protestantebsa da
kaTolikebs Soris SejaxebiT daiwyo. mogvianebiT
konfliqtis mxareebad iqca avstria, inglisi, safrangeTi,
niderlandebi, espaneTi da SvedeTi. aRsaniSnavia, rom
monawileTa udidesi nawilisTvis mTavar motivacias ara
religia,aramed politikuri Zalauflebis SenarCuneba da
gazrda warmoadgenda.
uamravi brZolis, sisxlisRvris, aliansebSi momxdari
moulod- neli gadanacvlebebis Semdeg, sabolood
dasrulda ocdaaTwliani omi da 1648 wels xeli
moewera vestfaliis zavs. m ocemuli xelSekrulebiT
safuZveli Caeyara ori mniSvnelovani saerTaSoriso
princi pis _ suverenitetisa da koleqtiuri usafrTxoebis
aRiarebas saxelmwifoebis mier. es is princi pebia,
romlebic dResac saerTaSoriso politikis safuZvels
warmoadgens. xelSekrulebiT dadginda,rom saxelmwifoebi
suverenitetiT sargebloben, anu dauS- vebelia maT Sida
saqmeebSi Careva. vestfaliuri sistemis amosavali
wertili aris saxelmwifos an koaliciis unari
daabalansos sxva saxelmwifos Zalebi ise, rom ar moxdes
mcire zomis erTeulebis STanTqma da universaluri
imperiis Seqmna. ZalTa wonasworobis amgvar sistemaSi
yuradReba koncentrirebulia did saxelmwifoebze,
romelTac gaaCniaT Zlieri samxedro Zala, globaluri
interesebi da Sexedulebebi, da mWidro urTierToba
erTmaneTTan. saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi sistemis wevrebi
mudmivad icvlebodnen, rac ar iTqmis sistemis
struqturasa da wesebze. struqtura emyareba Zalebis
dabalansebas eqvs Zlier saxelmwifos Soris, romelnic
qmnian da Slian aliansebs, awarmoeben omebs, amyareben
mSvidobas da ar aZleven sistemis mdgradobisTvis
mniSvnelovani qveynebis dapyrobis ufle- bas sxva
saxelmwifoebs.
saxelmwifo suverenitetis princi pis aRiareba
eklesiisaTvis did dartymas warmoadgenda, radganac
gamodioda rom Sida saxelmwifoebriv gadawyvetilebebs
mxolod mefeebi miiRebdnen-magaliTad isini gadawyvetdnen
romeli religia iqneboda oficialuri maT saxelmwifoSi.
xelSekrulebiT aseve dadginda isic, rom koleq-
tiuri usafrTxoebis moTxovnidan gamomdinare, yvela
saxelmwifo valdebuli iyo win aRdgomoda romelime
wevris agresiulobas da izrunebda status qvos
aRdgenaze. 1990-1991 wlebis sparseTis yuris movlenebi
cxadyofen dRemde am princi pis mniSvnelobas. erayis
mier kuveitis dapyrobam msoflio sazogadoebaSi
aRSfoTeba gamoiwvia suverenitetis princi pis
darRvevis gamo. amasTan, marTalia gaeros nebarTviT
SesaZlebeli gaxda samxedro Zalis gamoyeneba da kuveitis
damoukideblobis aRdgena, organizaciam dauSveblad scno
Tavad erayis Sida-saxelmwifoebriv procesebSi Careva.
vestfaliis zaviT daarsebuli suverenitetis cneba
Tanamedrove eri-saxelmwifos Seqmnis umTavres faqtors
warmoadgens. ideam, rom politikuri legitimuroba
kanonier saero xelisuflebas ukavSirdeba da ara RvTiT
boZebul uflebebs, sabolood konstituciuri
xelisuflebis SeqmnasTan migviyvana. ocdaaTwliani omis
damangrevelma Sedegebma xeli Seuwyo er-saxelmwifoTa
Camoyalibe- bas, gamomdinare iqidan, rom xelisuflebis
ganmtkiceba konkretul sazRvrebSi bevrad aadvilebda
xelisuflebis mier mosaxleobidan saWiro resursebis
amoRebis process. rac gamoixateboda gadasaxadebis
zrdasa da amisaTvis saWiro meqanizmebis dafuZnebaSi.
yovelive amas ki, ra Tqma unda, ufro efeqtiani da
stabiluri saxelmwifo organizaciis _ centralizebuli
xelisuflebis daarseba sWird- eboda. vaWrobisa da
xelosnobis ganviTarebasTan erTad qveynis samxedro da
ekonomikur cxovrebaSi didi mniSvneloba moi pova iseTi
organizaciebis arsebobam, rogorebic bankebi da savaWro
saxlebi iyvnen. efeqtiani mmarTvelobis
gansaxorcieleblad saWiro aRar iyo mmarTveli aparatis
mosaxleobisagan izolacia. xelisufleba iZulebuli
xdeboda angariSi gaewia moqalaqeTa moTxovnebisaTvis, an
samxedro ZaliT gasworeboda maT. sxvagvarad rom iTqvas,
mmarT- velobis forma nelnela gardaiqmneboda
erTpirovnulidan samTav- robod. ase rom,Tanamedrove eri-
saxelmwifos saTaved ocdaaTwliani
omi da vestfaliis zavi unda
miviCnioT.
Tumca, rTulad miRweuli mSvidobiT ukmayofileba maleve
daiwyo. marTalia vestfaliis zaviT moxda
saerTaSoriso samarTlis ori amosavali princi pis
Camoyalibeba, magram aRmoCnda, rom suverenitetisa da
koleqtiuri usafrTxoebis cnebebi erTmaneTTan modioda
winaaRmdegobaSi. anarqiul saerTaSoriso sistemaSi (rac
erTiani msoflio mTavrobis ar-arsebobas gulisxmobs)
sadac suverenitetis princi pi erT-erTi MZiriTadi
komponentia yoveli subieqti sakuTari interesebiT
moqmedebs. amasTanave ar arsebobs meqanizmi, romelic
danarCen subieqtebs aiZulebs daexmaron erTmaneTs. Aam
princi piT Tu yvela saxelmwifo sakuTari interesebiT
imoqmedebs, maSin gansxvavebuli interesebis mqone qveynebis
morigeba TiTqmis warmoudgeneli gamodis. metic, omis
dawyebis SemTxvevaSi, yoveli saxelmwifo ecdeba im mxares
miemxros, visi gamarjvebac Tanxvedra Sia mis erovnul
interesebTan. yovelive es ki droSi gawelili
konfliqtebisa da meryevi aliansebis arsebobas da
saerTaSoriso politikuri gadawyvetilebebis miRebas
uaRresad arTulebs. swored es rTuli da
urTierTsawinaaRmdego procesebi ganapirobebda ev-
ropuli saxelmwifoebis urTierTobebs erTmaneTTan, iseve
rogorc msoflios danarCen qveynebTan.
kolonializmis saTaveebTan:
evropuli imperializmis pirveli talRa
imperializmi warmoadgens erTi saxelmwifos mier

sakuTari erovnuli Zalauflebis gavrcelebas
teritorialuri zrdis, an sxva erebze politikuri da
ekonomikuri hegemoniis mopovebis mosapoveblad.
kacobriobis istoriis manZilze mravali imperia aRzevda
da daeca _ magaliTad gamodgeba Tundac egvi ptis,
sparseTis, romis, CineTis,monRoleTis,acketebisa da inkebis
imperiebi,romlebic istoriis garkveul etapze mTlianad
akontrolebdnen ama Tu im regions. miuxedavad maTi
sididisa,mocemuli imperiebi erTmaneTisagan izo- laciaSi
arsebobdnen,rasac xels geografiuli faqtorebi uwyobda.
1492 wels, kolumbis mier amerikis aRmoCenam mis
Tanamedroveebs daumtkica, rom am moCvenebiTi izolaciis
darRveva sruliad Sesa- Zlebeli iyo. Tumca, rogorc
kolumbis aRmoCenebamde, ise mis Sem- degac, evropa
mudmivad ibrZoda afrikasa da aziasTan vaWrobis
gafarToebisa da vaWrobis procesze kontrolis
mopovebisTvis. es
adreuli mcdelobebi Tanamedrove msoflio
globalizaciisaken gadadgmuli pirveli nabijebi iyo.
evropisa da aziis kontinentebs Soris vaWroba kolumbamde
sau- kuneebiT adre daiwyo. aRmosavluri saneleblebi da
sxva fufunebis sagnebi evropisaken xangrZliv saxmeleTo
gzas gadioda _ romelic aziasa da axlo aRmosavleTze
gadioda, Semdeg ki xmelTaSua zRviT miemarTeboda
evropisaken _ rasac ZiriTadad venecieli vaWrebi
uzrunvelyofdnen. mas Semdeg rac mocemuli marSruti
otomanTa ga- farToebul imperiaSi moxvda, portugaliis
ufliswulma, henri navi- gatorma vaWrobisa da
dominionebis mopovebis mizniT specialuri navigaciis
centri daaarsa. aq ramodenime mniSvnelovani navigaci- uri
siaxle iqna gamogonili _ maT Soris iyo seqstanti,
romlis meSveobiTac mezRvaurebs varskvlavebis
saSualebiT SeeZloT gzis gakvleva. aman xomaldebs
saSualeba misca manamde ucnobi wylebi gamoekvliaT.
rodesac evropuli xomaldebi daniSnulebis adgils
miaRwevdnen, im drois uaxlesi teqnologiebis _
zarbaznebisa da cecxlsasroli iaraRis daxmarebiT
advilad SeeZloT rogorc Tav- dacva, ise adgilobrivi
mosaxleobis damorCileba.5
axali sanaosno teqnologiebi aqtiurad iqna danergili
espan- eTisa da portugaliis flotebSi, romlebsac
aRmosavluri sanele- blebiT vaWrobis gansaaxleblad
axali marSrutebis Zieba daevalaT. portugalieli
mogzaurebi barTolomeo diasi da vasko da gama pirvelebi
iyvnen, romlebmac 1487-98 wlebSi keTili imedis koncxiT
Semouares afrikas da amiT aRmosavleTisaken mimavali
axali sazR- vaosno marSruti aRmoaCines, romelic
indoeTis okeaneze gadioda. xomaldebisTvis mtknari
wylisa da sakvebis maragis Sesavsebad portugalielebma
afrikis dasavleT da aRmosavleT sanapiroebze, aseve
indoeTisa da samxreT aRmosavleTi aziis sanapiroebze
mcire dasax- lebebis Seqmna daiwyes.
marTalia protugalielebma aRmosavleTisaken mimavali
savaWro gzebi ukve gaikvlies, magram genuel vaWarsa da
navigators,qriste- fore kolumbs im droisaTvis sruliad
warmoudgeleni idea mouvi- da TavSi: man gadawyvita
dasavleTisaken gaecura da amgvarad moxve- driliyo
aRmosavleTSi _ iaponiasa da CineTSi. adamianebi,romlebic
kolumbis am ideis mimarT skeptikurad ganewyvnen
namdvilad mar- Tlebi iyvnen, im droisaTvis arsebul
xomaldebs ar SeeZloT imdeni sakvebis maragis zidva, rac
aseTi xangrZlivi mgzavrobisaTvis iyo aucilebeli.
marTalia kolumbma aRmosavleTs ver miaRwia magram
SemTxveviT gzaSi amerikis kontinents gadaawyda _ sadac
marTalia abreSumi da saneleblebi ver aRmoaCina, magram
samagierod uamravi bunebrivi resursi da nayofieri miwa
daxvda. amerika vaWrobisa da dapyrobebisaTvis mimzidveli
kontinenti aRmoCnda-Sedegad espaneTma da portugaliamac
sakuTari dapyrobiTi politika wamoiwyes.
imisaTvis raTa konfliqti Tavidan yofiliyo
acilebuli, espan- eTma da portugaliam 1494 wels
tordesilis xelSekruleba dades, romlis mixedviTac
msoflio CrdiloeTad da samxreTad naxevars-
feroebad gaiyo. gamyofi xazi pirobiTad azoris
kunZulebidan (atlantikis okeaneSi arsebuli kunZulebi,
romlebic im droisaTvis portugaliis sakuTrebas
warmoadgenda) 300 miliT dasavleTiT imyofeboda.
espaneTma am xazis dasavleTiT mdebare miwebi irguna,
portugalia ki aRmosavleT teritoriebs dasjerda. ase
rom, espan- eTma kontroli ,,axal samyaroze” daamyara,
portugaliam ki afrika da indoeTis okeane, amasTan axali
savaWro marSrutic daisakuTra. marTalia Tavidan
espaneTi naklebad kmayofili Canda, magram axali samyaros
zRaprulma simdidrem maleve gauTqva saxeli mis kolo-
niebs. me-16 saukuneSi espaneTs actekebisa da inkebis
imperiebis dapyrobam uamravi simdidre SesZina, rac
amavdroulad adgilobrivi adamianebisaTvis damonebas
da TiTqmis fizikur ganadgurebas udrida.6 espaneli
konkistadorebis didi nawili axal samyaroSi imperiis
mSeneblobis fanatiuri grZnobiT Sepyrobili midioda. maT-
Tvis aranair uxerxulobas ar qmnida religiuri da
wminda materialuri interesebis gaerTianeba. magaliTad,
isini acxadebdnen rom amerikis kontinentze midiodnen
RmerTisa da mefis samsaxurisaTvis sinamdvileSi ki maT
mizans sibneleSi myofi adgilobrivebis sju- lis Secvla
da simdidris moxveWa warmoadgenda. Zalian male axal
kontinentze maRaroebsa da plantaciebSi samuSao Zalis
simciris gamo espanelebma da portugalielebma
milionobiT afrikeli monis SeZena daiwyes _ rasac
britaneli, frangi, holandieli da mogvi-
anebiT amerikeli miwaTmflobelebic agrZelebdnen me-19
saukunis
Suaxanebamde.
amerikaSi Segrovilma simdidrem espaneTi me-16 saukunis
evropis uZlieres saxelmwifod aqcia, Tumca espaneTis
vrceli imperia sakmaod rTuli samarTavi aRmoCnda da 1588
wels espanuri armadis damarcxebis Semdeg espaneTis
Zalaufleba mkveTrad SeizRuda. am droisTvis
aRmavlobis gzas daadga holandiis imperia, romelmac
me-17 saukunisaTvis saneleblebiT mdidar aRmosavleT
indoeTze (axlandeli indonezia) kontrolis mopoveba
SeZlo. Tumca vaWro- bisa da teqnologiebis
ganviTarebasTan erTad, aRmoCnda rom por- tugaliasa da
holandias sakmao mosaxleoba da resursebi ar aR-
moaCnda koloniebis dasacavad da SesanarCuneblad. 1700
wlisTvis koloniebisaTvis brZolaSi aqtiurad CaerTo
ori Zlieri saxelmwifo _ britaneTi da safrangeTi.
rogorc britaneTs, ise safrangeTs hqonda Tavisi Zlieri
da susti mxareebi, romlebsac aqtiurad iyenebda
koloniebisaTvis brZo- laSi. britaneTs, rogorc kunZul-
saxelmwifos advilad SeeZlo ar ezruna didi saxmeleTo
jaris Seqmnaze da mTeli yuradReba flotze gadaetana.
metic, britaneTs nedleulisa da sakvebis didi nawilis
importireba uxdeboda, rac aormagebda mis interesebs
vaWrobis gafarToebaSi. britaneTisagan gansxvavebiT,
safrangeTi kontinentur saxelmwifos warmoadgenda,
romlis sazRvrebi ganuwyvetel dacvas saWiroebda, amis
gamo resursebis didi nawili regularuli armiis
Senaxvas xmardeboda. amitom, franguli floti inglisurs
Zliere- biT aSkarad Camouvardeboda. metic, safrangeTi
sakvebiT ZiriTadad TviTuzrunvelyofili qveyana iyo, amis
gamo ekonomikur sakiTxebSi safrangeTi ufro
karCaketili gamodga, maSin rodesac britaneTSi
mosaxleobis zrda da sacxovrebeli adgilis siviwrove
zRvis ga- daRma koloniebSi gansaxlebasa da emigracias
uwyobda xels. am faqtorebis xelSewyobiT, britaneTma
kolonialuri TvalsazrisiT safrangeTze aSkara
upiratesoba moi pova da me-18 saukuneSi msoflios
hegemon saxelmwifodac Camoyalibda.7
ZalTa wonasworobis sistemisa da

aliansebis warmoSoba
iseve rogorc dRes, me-18 saukuneSi arsebuli

globalizaciisa da fragmentaciis urTierTsapirispiro
procesebi konfliqtebis warmoSobas uwyobda xels.
marTalia aziaSi, afrikasa da amerikaSi arsebuli vaWroba
da kolonializmi globalizaciis mniSvnelovan
gamovlinebas warmoadgenda, msoflios politikur
centrSi _ ev- ropaSi fragmentacia mimdinareobda, rac
axali evropuli sistemis CamoyalibebasTan iyo
dakavSirebuli. centralur da aRmosavleT evropaSi
habsburgebis imperiis (igive romis saRvTo imperiis)
rRvevisa da otomanTa imperiis Sesustebis Sedegad
uamravi axali subieqti gamoCnda saerTaSoriso
asparezze. maT Soris yvelaze gavlenian saxelmwifoebs
prusia da ruseTi warmoadgenda. evropis saxelmwifoebi
metad dauaxlovdnen erTmaneTs da danarCen msoflios.
TandaTanobiT evropuli politika erTian kompleqsur
sistemad Camoyalibda, sadac mis erT wertilSi momxdari
movlena garkveul asaxvas hpovebda danarCen
saxelmwifoebze.
me-18 saukunis saerTaSoriso da saSinao politika. me-18
saukunis evropis ramodenime maxasiaTebels udidesi
gavlena hqonda msoflio wesrigis Camoyalibebis saqmeSi.
pirvel aseT maxasiaTebels sazoga- doebrivi fenebis
Camoyalibeba warmoadgenda. evropis saxelmwifo- Ta
umetesobas avtokratiuli monarqebi warmoadgendnen,
romlebsac erTmaneTTan meti saerTo hqondaT, vidre
sakuTar qveSevrdomebTan (gamonakliss aq inglisi da
niderlandebi warmoadgendnen). evropis yvela monarqi
frangul enaze saubrobda, sarwmunoebiT qristiani iyo
(garda otomanebisa) da erTmaneTTan naTesauri kavSirebi
hqon- daT. ase rom, maTi cxovrebis TiToeuli monakveTi
garkveul wesebsa da mosazrebebs eqvemdebareboda. isini
fufunebaSi cxovrobdnen da xSirad irTobdnen Tavs
mdidruli nadimebiTa da mejlisebiT, mkacrad iyo
gansazRvruli vin sad unda mjdariyo, da vin visTan
icekvebda. aristokratiam xelovnebisa da musikis sruli
monopolizeba moaxdina.8 am dros ki maT qveSevrdomebs
srul siRatakeSi uxdebodaT cxovreba.
evropeli monarqebis naTesaur siaxlovesa da saerTo

kultu- ras maT qveynebs Soris omebis warmoeba ar
gamouricxavs, Tumca es omebi Tanamedrove konfliqtebTan
SedarebiT ufro SezRudul xasi- aTs atarebda.
mTlianobaSi, me-18 saukunis omebi mxolod garkveuli
miznebisaTvis da gansazRvreuli saSualebebiT warmoebda.
vinaidan mudmivi jaris Senaxva da momarageba Zviri
jdeboda, sabrZolo kam- paniaTa umetesoba xanmokle da
intensiuri iyo. sayuradReboa rom saxelmwifoebi omis
dros erTmaneTis ganadgurebas iSviaTad isax- avdnen
miznad, amitomac miaRwevdnen Tu ara imas rac surdaT, za-
vis Camogdebas eswrafvodnen. me-18 saukunis saomari
moqmedebebis msubuq xasiaTs ganapirobebda is faqtoric,rom
xSirad erTi qveynis monarqi meore qveynis taxtzec adioda
_ magaliTad SeiZleba moviy- vanoT britaneTSi mefe
uiliam III (warmoSobiT holandieli) da mefe jorj I
(romelic germaneli iyo da inglisuris swavliT arc
arasdros Seuwuxebia Tavi), aseve ruseTis imperatrica
ekaterine didi (romelic germanuli samefo gvaris
warmomadgeneli gaxldaT). evropel monarqTa umetesoba
omis dros erideboda damarcxebuli samefo ojaxis
Camogdebas, rasac mTeli rigi mizezebi ganapirobebda:
pirveli _ monarqTa umetesoba erTmaneTis naTesavi
gamodioda, meore
_ ojaxis Seqmna monarqs mxolod sakuTari wris
warmomadgenelze SeeZlo da arCevani sakmaod didi
arasodes hqonda, mesame _ monarqebi eridebodnen
erTmaneTis ganadgurebiT Tavad monarqiis insti- tutis
arsebobisaTvis ar SeeqmnaT safrTxe.
monarqis mier sagareo politikur gadawyvetilebebis
miRebis Tavisufleba saSinao mdgomareobiTac
izRudeboda. Tu ver mox- erxdeboda sakmarisi
raodenobis gadasaxadebis akrefa, es pirdapir moqmedebda
qveynis samxedro potencialze. mosaxleobis umetesi wili
glexobas warmoadgenda, romelic mxolod sakuTari
Tavis samyofs gamoimuSavebda, es ki gadasaxadebis
Segrovebas ararealurs xdida. (SuasaukuneebSi
gadasaxadebi ZiriTadad mosavlisa da saqonlis saxiT
grovdeboda). radganac mosaxleobis didi nawili so-
flad cxovrobda, xolo monarqi rogorc wesi piradi
interesebiT moqmedebda, adamianebs valdebulebad ar
miaCndaT saxelmwifo inter- esebisaTvis Tavganwirva.
amitomac omebis sawarmoeblad xelisufle-
ba daqiravebul jars iyenebda, romelic sxva qveynebidan

SemohyavdaT. oficrebic xSirad icvlidnen adgils
imisdamixedviT, Tu romeli qveynis jarSi eZleodaT maT
ukeTesi SesaZlebloba. magaliTad, amerikuli flotis
gmiri jon pol konsi sicocxlis bolo xanebSi ruseTis
imperators emsaxureboda. daqiravebuli jaris Senaxva da
saWiro maragebiT uzrunvelyofa did resursebs moiTxovda,
winaaRm- deg SemTxvevaSi ki savsebiT SesaZlebeli iyo
mTliani danayofebi gaqceuliyvnen brZolis velidan an
uaresi _ mtris mxares gadasu- liyvnen. amitomac monarqebs
resursebis gamoyenebisas mkacri gamoT- vlebis Catareba
uwevdaT, omebi ki Wadrakis TamaSs ufro waagavda, sadac
gamarjveba moi poveboda ara mravalricxovani armiiT,
aramed moxerxebeli poziciebiTa da manevrebiT.
saxelmwifoTa Soris ZalauflebisaTvis brZolisa da
saku- Tari mosaxleobisagan arasakmarisi raodenobis
gadasaxadebis gamo, qveynebi iZulebuli iyvnen teritoriis
gafarToebazec ezrunaT, rac eqspansiisa da kolonizaciis
saSualebiT xdeboda.9 qveynebi kargavd- nen da iZendnen
teritoriebs rogorc brZolaSi, ise di plomatiis
saSualebiT. miuxedavad amisa iSviaTad xdeboda maTi
sruli dapyroba da ganadgureba. am mxriv gamonakliss
warmoadgenda poloneTi, romelic prusiam, ruseTma da
avstriam samjer gadainawiles (1772,
1793 da 1795 wlebSi). bolo gadanawilebis Semdeg
poloneTma, rogorc saxelmwifom arseboba Sewyvita.
vinaidan meti teritoria Zalauflebis zrdasac
gulisxmobda, amitom erTi qveynis mier meoris dapyroba
sxva Zlier saxelmwifoebsac ubiZgebda danarCeni susti
qveynebis miwebis dapyrobisaken. Tumca im droisaTvis
saomari teqnikisa da meTodebis ganviTarebis dabali done
gamoricxavda gan- sakuTrebulad damangreveli
konfliqtebis arsebobas.10
am politikuri, ekonomikuri da teqnologiuri
SezRudvebis gamo xelisufleba sagareo politikas
praqtikulad mosaxleobisagan srul izolaciaSi
awarmoebda. ama Tu im saxelmwifos politika ki
igivdeboda ramodenime maRali warmoSobis pirisa da maTi
mrCevlebis interesebTan da SexedulebebTan. qveyanaSi
xelisufalis cvlilebiT SesaZlebeli iyo qveynis
politikis radikaluri cv- lilebac _ magaliTad
mokavSireebis gamocvla, omis wamowyeba an
piriqiT _ samSvidobo molaparakebis dawyeba. warmatebuli

sagareo politika romelime monarqis saxels
ukavSirdeboda. aseTebi iyvnen magaliTad lui XIV (,,mefe
mze”), prusiis mefe frederik II (,,didi”), ekaterine II
(,,didi”) da sxva. am periodSi yvela monarqis mTavar
sazrunavs Zalauflebis zrda warmoadgenda,rasac
uzrunvelyofda teritoriuli eqspansiiT,Sida represiebiT,
aliansebis SeqmniT,warmatebuli samefo qorwinebiTa Tu
naTesavis ayvaniT romelime qveynis taxtze. monarqisaTvis
yvelaze did saSinelebas warmoadgenda romelime qveynis
imdenad gaZliereba rom mTels evropaze moepovebina
gavlena _ amis SiSs albaT saxalxo ajanyebebis dawyebis
SiSi Tu gautoldeboda evropeli monarqebis warmosaxvaSi.
mTlianobaSi me-18 saukunis ganmavlobaSi, evropis
dominirebis yvelaze met niSnebs, safrangeTi avlenda.
didi saxelmwifoebi. me-18 saukunis ganmavlobaSi
saxelmwifoTa SedarebiTi Zalaufleba mudmiv
cvlilebas ganicdida, yovelTvis arsebobda sul mcire
oTxi Zlieri saxelmwifo, romelic erTmaneTs uwevda
metoqeobas. ase rom mocemul periodSi
multi polaruli saerTaSoriso sistema arsebobda
(romelic yovelTvis Seicavda orze met mTavar
subieqts). didi saxelmwifoebi, romelebic Ta-
vad uzrunvelyofdnen sakuTar usafrTxoebas da sxvebze
Zlieri ekonomika gaaCndaT danarCeni qveynebisaTvis
angariSgasawev Zalas warmoadgendnen. mxolod did
saxelmwifos SeeZlo dapirispireboda meore did
saxelmwifos samxedro an politikur asparezze. amasTan,
didi saxelmwifos gavlena scdeboda mis geografiul
sazRvrebs. Tanamedrove eniT rom vTqvaT, mas Zalauflebis
proeqcia SeeZlo, risi saSualeba mcire saxelmwifos ar
gaaCnda.
miuxedavad imisa rom, dRemde araa bolomde
Camoyalibebuli, ra kriteriumebs unda akmayofilebdes
qveyana, rom didi saxelmwifos statusi moi povos _
zogadad SeiZleba iTqvas, rom aucilebel moTxovnas didi
saxelmwifos statusisTvis warmoadgens SedarebiT vrceli
teritoriis, mravalricxovani mosaxleobis, kargad orga-
nizebuli samxedro Zalis da Zlieri ekonomikis arseboba.
CamoTv- lilTagan mxolod erTi kriteriumis arseboba
imis mimaniSnebelia, rom qveyana didxans ver SeZlebs
saerTaSoriso sistemaSi gavlenis
SenarCunebas. amis karg magaliTs warmoadgens me-17

saukunis ho- landia, romelsac miuxedavad uZlieresi
ekonomikisa didxans ar dascalda Zalauflebis
SenarCuneba, mxolod imitom rom misi mezobeli
safrangeTi met teritoriebs flobda. amasTan holandias
Zalian gauWirda saerTaSoriso vaWrobaSi inglisTan
metoqeobac. igive iTqmis SvedeTzec, romelic 30-wliani
omis dasasruls didi simdidris da Zlieri armiis
mflobeli iyo, magram mosaxleobis simciris gamo ver
SeZlo didi saxelmwifos statusis SenarCuneba.
meores mxriv, qveynebs romlebsac Zalauflebis yvela
saWiro elementi gaaCniaT, xangrZlivi periodis manZilze
SeuZliaT gavlenis SenarCuneba. magaliTad ruseTi me-18
saukunis dasawyisSi ganuviTarebeli da izolirebuli
qveyana iyo, magram TandaTanobiT gaZlierda da did
saxelmwifod Camoyalibda, rasac misi mosaxleobis
mravalricxovneba da bunebrivi resursebis siuxve ganapi-
robebda. avstriac did teritorias akontrolebda,
gansakuTrebiT mas Semdeg rac habsburgebma moaxerxes
ungreTis warTmeva otomanTa imperiisaTvis (1699 wels).
me-17 saukunis Suaxanebidan dawyebuli, inglisis
Zalauflebis zrdac misi Zlieri ekonomikiT, uZleveli
flotiTa da vrceli koloniebis arsebobiT iyo
ganpirobebuli. (inglisis damatebiT upiratesobas
warmoadgenda is, rom saxmeleTo mezoblebis ararsebobis
gamo, SeeZlo didi saxmeleTo jari ar Seenaxa da
TavdacvisaTvis ,,xis kedlebi” anu floti ekmara). espan-
eTmac didi gavlena moi pova koloniebis daarsebis gziT
(1500-1600 wlebSi). me-17 saukunis safrangeTic
mravalricxovan mosaxleobas da did simdidres flobda11.
im gavlenam, rac did saxelmwifoebs erTmaneTze hqondaT,
maTi bedi erTmaneTs mtkiced daukavSira. erTerTi
maTganis ganadgureba ewinaaRmdegeboda danarCenebis
interesebs da metic, SeiZleboda maTi fizikuri
arsebobisaTvisac ki Seeqmna safrTxe. amis gamo, did saxelm-
wifoTa umetesi wili yovelTvis cdilobda, Tavidan
aecilebinaT evropaSi romelime erTi saxelmwifos
dominireba. sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, Zlier qveynebs ZalTa
wonasworobis SenarCuneba surdaT. am
mizniT, SedarebiT susti saxelmwifoebi qmnidnen
aliansebs da amg-
varad upirispirdebodnen SedarebiT gaZlierebul
qveynebs _ raTa
SesaZlo safrTxeebi aecilebinaT Tavidan. aliansebis

Semadgenloba mudmivad da radikalurad icvleboda. isini
rogorc wesi sakmaod aramdgrad da xanmokle kavSirebs
warmoadgendnen da iqmnebodnen ukve omis dawyebis Semdeg.
magaliTad, saukunis pirvel naxevarSi inglisisa da
avstriis interesebi erTmaneTs emTxveoda da amis gamo
xSirad aerTianebdnen Zalebs. es koalicia 1750-iani
wlebisaTvis daiSala mas Semdeg rac avstriam da
safrangeTma gansakuTrebuli SeSfoTeba gamoTqves prusiis
gaZlierebiT. 1756 wels ki avstriisa da sa- frangeTis
gaerTianebuli Zalebi daupirispirda inglisisa da prusi-
is alianss. ase rom me-18 saukuneSi arsebuli
multi polaruloba imas niSnavda,rom aliansebis
Semadgenloba swrafad icvleboda,omebi ki xSiri movlena
iyo,Tumca SezRudul xasiaTs atarebda. rogorc ukve iqna
aRniSnuli, konfliqtis intensiurobas gamoricxavda ev-
ropeli monarqebis ,,saerTo kultura”, SezRuduli
teqnologiebi da daqiravebuli jarebis arseboba.
miuxedavad amisa,me-18 saukunis evropelma monarqebma mainc
moaxerxes sam did konfliqtSi gaxveva, rac rogorc
mosalodneli iyo,dinastiur brZolebs ukavSirdeboda. me-18
saukunis ,,msoflio omebi”. me-18 saukuneSi sam did kon-
fliqts hqonda adgili,romlebic gamowveuli iyo
zogierTi didi qveynis mier msoflioze gabatonebis
mcdelobiT. marTalia,am omebis saTave evropa iyo,magram
brZolaTa nawili evropis gareTac mimdinareobda.12 amis
gamo,meTvramete saukunis es konfliqtebi SeiZleba
pirvel ,,msoflio omebad” miviCnioT,Tumca meoce
saukunesTan Se- darebiT,SezRudul xasiaTs atarebdnen
rogorc masStabiT,ise amo-
canebi
T.
saukunis dasawyisis pirveli dapirispireba
istoriaSi ,,espan- eTis taxtis memkvidreobisaTvis omis”
saxeliTaa cnobili (1701-1714), romelic ocdaaTwliani omis
Semdeg yvelaze sisxlismRvreli konfliqti gamodga.
rogorc saxeliTac Cans, omis mizezs warmoadgenda
dapirispireba espaneTis taxtis memkvidris Taobaze,
romelic mefe Carlz II-is umemkvidrod gardacvalebis
Semdeg daiwyo. safrangeTis mefem, lui XIV-m Tavad
espaneTis TanxmobiT da mxardaWeriT scada taxtze Tavisi
SviliSvilis, fili pes ayvana, magram amas win aRudga ,,didi
aliansi” romelic avstrias, britaneTs da niderlandebs
aerTianebda. mogvianebiT alianss portugalia da sxva
qveynebic SeuerT- da. (me-18 saukuneSi aliansis wevr
qveyanaTa gamocnoba praqtikulad mkiTxaobis doneze
xdeboda). marTalia gadamwyveti gamarjveba verc erTma
mxarem moi pova, magram sabolood zavis safuZvelze
mogebuli aliansis wevri qveynebi darCnen. safrangeTsa da
espaneTs mniSvnelo- van teritoriul da ekonomikur
daTmobebze wasvlam mouwia, ramac britaneTsa da avstrias
didi sargebloba moutana.
meore didi konfliqti avstriis mefisa da saRvTo romis
imperatoris _ Carlz VI-is sikvdils moyva. avstriaSi
dawyebuli areulobiT prusiis mefem fridrixma
(SemdgomSi fridrix didma) isargebla da avstrias
sileziis nayofieri miwebi waarTva. am moqmedebam didi
saxelmwifoebis SeSfoTeba gamoiwvia ara imdenad imis
gamo, rom prusias sakmaod gaurkveveli mizezebi moyavda
sileziis misakuTrebis gasamarTleblad, aramed ufro
imitom, rom prusiam daarRvia xelSekruleba, romelic
avstriis teritoriul mTlianobas uzrunvelyofda.13
fridrixma danarCen saxelmwifoTa aRSfoTeba
mliqvnelobad Seafasa, radganac igi Tavs Zalis anu
realpolitikis gamtareblad Tvlida, miiCnevda ra, rom
anarqiul saerTaSoriso sistemaSi yvela
gza gamarTlebulia saxelmwifo interesebis
uzrunvelsayofad. fridrix didi, bevri sxva mmarTvelis
msgavsad SeTavsebiT iyenebda xan di plomatias,xan omis
politikas imis mixedviT, Tu risi SesaZlebloba iyo
konkretul momentSi. man Tavadve mokled da
gulaxdilad Seafasa sakuTari politika: ,,Tu rames
movigebT pati- osnebiT, patiosnebi viqnebiT; Tu sicrue
gamogvadgeba _ matyuarebic gavxdebiT.”
prusiis mier sileziis dapyrobas safrangeTma da
espaneTma mxari dauWires, britaneTma da avstriam ki
sawinaaRmdego pozi- cia daikava. Sedegad daiwyo
e.w. ,,omi avstriis taxtis memkvidreobisaTvis” (1740-1748),
amjerad brZolis asparezs evropis garda amerika da
aziac warmoadgenda. omi ,,aiqs-la-Sapelis” samSvidobo
xelSekrulebiT damTavrda, romelmac axali problema
warmoSva, ker- Zod xelSekrulebiT mxareebi omamdel
poziciebs unda dabrune- bodnen (status quo ante
bellum), ase rom silezia kvlavac prusiis
mflobelobaSi darCa. Tavad im faqtma, rom ,,axlaxans
gamoCenilma” prusiam SeZlo da germaniaSi avstriis
mravalsaukunovan Zalaufle- bas Seuqmna safrTxe,
sabolood mouRo bolo stabilurobas centralur
evropaSi.
sul raRac rva wlis Semdeg, evropaSi did
saxelmwifoTa aliansebma Semadgenlobis radikaluri
cvlileba ganicada: avstriam kvlavac gamonaxa saerTo
ena safrangeTTan da ruseTTan, xolo britaneTi (romlis
sazRvao Zala avstrias saxmeleTo brZolebSi arafrad
waadgeboda) prusiis mokavSired iqca. sabolood, pru-
sia mtrebiT garSemortymuli aRmoCnda, romlebmac ar
daayovnes da Svidwliani omis dawyebas daudes saTave
(1756-1763) romelsac amerikaSi aseve ,,frangebisa da
i n d i e l e b i s o m i s ” s a x e l i T a c i c n o b e n . a v s t r i i s,
safrangeTisa da ruseTis gaerTianebuli Setevebis Semdeg
prusia iZulebuli gaxda Tavdacvaze gadasuliyo, Tumca
samxedro organizaciis maRali donisa da fridrix
didis geniis wyalo- biT prusiam ramodenime brwyinvale
gamarjvebasac miaRwia. vidre prusia mtrebis SemotevaTa
Sekavebaze iyo koncentrirebuli, bri- taneTi dasavleT
indoeTSi, kanadasa da sakuTriv indoeTSi arsebul
safrangeTis koloniebs esxmoda Tavs. marTalia dazavebis
Semdeg safrangeTma zogierTi koloniis dabruneba mainc
SeZlo, magram in- doeTi da mTeli kanada bolomde
britaneTis sakuTrebaSi darCa.
Svidwliani omis Semdeg ingliss, safrangeTsa da ruseTs
mniS- vnelovani interesebi gauCndaT rogorc evropaSi,ise
mis gareTac, maSin rodesac avstria da prusia kvlavac
evropis masStabebSi CarCnen. omis dros britaneTma
sagrZnoblad Searyia kontinentur evropaSi safrangeTis
gavlena da misi, rogorc imperiis statusi. safrangeTidan
mosalodneli safrTxis SemcirebiT ingliss saSu- aleba
mieca naklebi energia daexarja evropaze da meti dro
Sida problemebis mogvarebisaTvis daeTmo. marTalia,
britaneTma indo- eTisa da amerikis saxiT vrceli
teritoriebi moi pova, magram mis koloniur Zalauflebas
sul male axali problemebi Seeqmna.
omis Semdeg da revoluciis dawyebamde. dasawyisSi
safrangeTs praqtikulad aranairi SesaZlebloba ar
hqonda win aRdgomoda CrdiloeT amerikaSi britaneTis
gabatonebas _ romelic srulad akontrolebda sazRvao
sivrces. amasobaSi britaneTma omebis dros dagrovili
valebis gadaxdis mizniT amerikeli kolonistebisaTvis
gadasaxadebis momateba daiwyo _ rac maT did
ukmayofilebas iwvevda. cnobili ,,gadasaxadebi
warmomadgenlobis gareSe” swored Svidwliani omis
xarjebis gastumrebas emsaxureboda, rasac 1760-ian 1770-
ian wlebSi ajanyebebis seria moyva. 1776 wels, amerikis
ganmaTavisufle- beli omis dawyebaSi safrangeTma
britaneTis dasustebis unikaluri SesaZlebloba dainaxa.
ajanyebulebis daxmarebiT safrangeTi Tavis sasargeblod
imedovnebda evropul ZalTa wonasworobis Secvlas.
parizi aramarto iaraRiTa da oqroTi exmareboda
amerikelebs, aramed saomar moqmedebebSic aqtiur
monawileobas iRebda. aman britaneTi aiZula Zalebi
ramodenime frontze gadaenawilebina, ramac amerikaSi
myofi jarebis momarageba bevrad gaarTula.
1783 wels parizis zaviT, britaneTi aramarto amerikis
damoukideblobas scnobda,aramed safrangeTs ramodenime
koloniasac gadascemda. am danakargebma sagrZnoblad
Searyia britaneTis mdgomareoba CrdiloeT amerikaSi,
metic, axla ukve axladCamoyalibebu- li SeerTebuli
Statebi warmoadgenda safrTxes britaneTis meore
Crdilo-amerikuli koloniis, kanadisaTvis. ase rom
versalis zavi erTi SexedviT safrangeTis gamarjvebad
fasdeboda, Tumca parizis triumfi droebiTi movlena
gamodga. britaneTTan dawyebulma omma daagviana
aucilebeli saSinao reformebis gatareba safrangeTSi da
gazarda saxelmwifo vali. rodesac mefe lui XVI-m
gadasaxadebis gazrdis gadawyvetileba miiRo, aman
qveyanaSi seriozuli politikuri da finansuri
krizisi gamoiwvia. ramodenime weliwadSi es krizisi
revoluciaSi gadaizarda, romelmac Secvala aramarto
franguli politika da sazogadoeba, aramed Tavad eri-
saxelmwifos cneba da saxelmwifoTa urTierTobebis
ZiriTadi princi pebi.
safrangeTis revolucia da napoleonis omebi

me-18 saukunis ganmavlobaSi evropis uZlieres saxelmwifos
sa- frangeTi warmoadgenda. misi mosaxleoba evropaSi
sididiT mxolod ruseTs Tu Camouvardeboda. rogorc
wesi safrangeTis saTaveSi
didi ambiciebis mqone monarqi da kargad organizebuli
mTavroba idga, romelic kargad axerxebda rogorc Sida
procesebis warmarT- vas, ise saerTaSoriso zegavlenis
gaZlierebas. ase rom safrangeTis mTels evropaze
gabatonebis safrTxe arcTu umizezod iwvevda dan- arCen
saxelmwifoTa did SeSfoTebas. inglisma, avstriam, prusiam
da espaneTma sxvadasxva periodSi saTiTaod scades win
aRdgomodnen safrangeTis dominirebas mTels
kontinentze. marTalia britaneTis sazRvao Zlierebam
amerikasa da aziaSi safrangeTis gavlena mniS- vnelovnad
Seasusta, magram evropaSi misi pirveloba kvlavac udao
iyo. Tumca msoflio hegemoniisTvis brZola safrangeTs
Zvirad daujda, da me-18 saukunis bolos qveyanaSi didi
socialur-politikuri krizisi daiwyo, romelic 1789
wels safrangeTis revolu- ciaSi gadaizarda.
safrangeTis revolucia msoflio istoriis er- TerTi
umniSvnelovanesi movlena gaxda, man da mis mier
gamowveulma sxva konfliqtebma sabolood Secvala me-18
saukuneSi arsebuli ZalTa wonasworoba da zogadad,
Ziri gamouTxara avtokratiuli monarqiis arsebobas.
safrangeTis revolucia. safrangeTis revoluciis
umTavres mizezs is valebi warmoadgenda, romelic
safrangeTma amerikis damoukideblobisTvis brZolis
periodSi daagrova. 1789 wlis maisSi
mefe lui XVI-m gadasaxadebis gazrdis mizniT parlamenti
Sekriba, romelic didebulebisgan, sasuliero pirebisa da
moqalaqeebisagan Sedgeboda da romelic 1614 wlis Semdeg
aRar iyo mowveuli. Sex- vedraze mTavar Zalas
samRvdeloeba da warCinebulTa fena warmoadgenda,
romlebic ara marto statusis SenarCunebas, aramed
samefo xelisuflebis Seviwroebis xarjze sakuTari
uflebebis gazrdasac moiTxovdnen. isini
gadasaxadebisagan iyvnen gaTavisuflebulebi da mxolod
im SemTxvevaSi Tanxmdebodnen maT gadaxdas,Tu gaizrdeboda
maTi roli saxelmwifo mmarTvelobaSi.
mefis avtoritetis SelaxviT warCinebulma fenebma iseTi
Za- lebi moiyvanes moZraobaSi, romelTa gakontrolebac
ukve aRaravis SeeZlo. politikurad da ekonomikurad
SezRudulma saSualo da qveda fenebma qveyanaSi
dawyebuli areuloba gamoiyenes da sakuTari moTxovnebis
wamoyeneba daiwyes. parizi ajanyebebma da demonstra-
ciebma moicva, 1789 wlis 14 ivliss ki ajanyebulma brbom
daarbia bastiliis cixe, sadac uamravi politikuri
patimari iyo dapatim- rebuli. ajanyebam mTeli qveyana
moicva. konstituciuri monarqiis SemoRebis warumatebeli
mcdelobis Semdeg, 1793 wels mefe lui XVI da dedofali
maria antuaneta sikvdiliT dasajes.
revolucia ori politikuri ideologiiT iyo
STagonebuli. pirveli maTganis _ liberaluri
msoflmxedvelobis Tanaxmad, mTav- robas Zalaufleba
gadaecemoda xalxis mier, amitom Cveulebriv adamianebs
meti gavlena unda hqonodaT mTavrobis moqmedebebze. (me-18
da me-19 saukunis liberalebs, magaliTad amerikis
konstituciisa da damoukideblobis deklaraciis
avtorebs dRes albaT ,,konser- vatorebad” ufro
Seafasebdnen, radganac isini arc simdidris xe- laxal
gadanawilebas iTxovdnen da arc ,,did mTavrobas”,
dRevan- deli liberalebisgan gansxvavebiT, xolo im
drois politikur konservatorebs dRes ,,monarqistebis”
an metic, ,,avtoritarebis” saxeli ufro SeeferebaT).
meore ideologia _ nacionalizmi ki mo qalaqeebs
mouwodebda samSoblos,da ara monarqis erTgulebisaken.
es yvelaferi im droisaTvis saxelmwifosa da
xelisuflebasTan dakavSirebuli azrovnebisagan mkveTrad
gansxvavdeboda: Camoyalibda axali politikuri wesrigis
idea, romliTac saxelmwifos umniS- vnelovanes elements
w a r m o a d g e n d a a r a m e f e , a r a m e d m o s a x l e o b a . 14
axaladwarmoSobili respublikis saTaveSi mosasvlelad
ramodenime fraqcia ibrZoda. radikalebi-robespieris
meTaurobiT saxalxo su- verenitets moiTxovdnen, rac
imdroindeli evropisaTvis sruliad axal movlenas
warmoadgenda. naklebad radikaluri frTa ki mTav- robis
aristokratiul-respublikur formas uWerda mxars.
safrangeTis respublikis arsebobam TavisTavad Searyia
monarqiis avtoriteti da Seuqmna safrTxe evropis
danarCen mefeebsac. safrangeTi TviTonac
m a d e s t a b i l i z i r e b e l f a q t o r s w a r m o a d g e n d a,
gansakuTrebiT es robespieris mier 1793 wels “teroris
mefobis” xanas Seexeboda, rodesac aTasobiT udanaSaulo
adamiani daiRupa. Tumca evropis monarqebi, avstriis
imperatori leopold II-isa da prusiis mefe fridrix
uiliam II-is meTaurobiT, robespieris mowyobil
sisxlisRvramde adrec acxadebdnen rom safrangeTSi
monarqiis aRdgena mTeli evropis saerTo interess
warmoadgenda. marTalia istorikosebi dResac ver
SeTanxmdnen, marTla apirebda Tu ara avstria da prusia
sityvebis saqmed qcevas, magram erTi ram cxadia:
frangebisaTvis es sityvebic naTels xdida, rom mezo-
beli qveynebi maTi revoluciisadmi mtrulad iyvnen
ganwyobili, da savaraudod ecdebodnen qveyanaSi kontr-
revoluciis xelSewyobas, an metic, pirdapir
SemoiWrebodnen da amgvarad aRadgendnen mefis
xelisuflebas.15
sagareo safrTxis gaZlierebasTan erTad, dadga armiis
Seqmnis saWiroeba. es problema respublikam sayovelTao
gawvevis wamow- yebiT moagvara. 1793 wlis agvistoSi
gamovida dekreti, romliTac qveynis mTeli resursebi
mTavrobis erTpirovnul mmarTvelobaSi gadavida.
gadasaxadebisa akrefa da meomrebis Sekreba siaxle ar
iyo,magram is,rom armiaSi imsaxurebdnen ara daqiravebuli
meomrebi, aramed erisa da samSoblos saxeliT mebrZoli
moqalaqeebi, evropaSi sruliad axal movlenas
warmoadgenda. kidev ufro didi siaxle gamodga is, rom
amjerad omi erovnuli interesebis dasacavad war
moebda da amisaTvis xdeboda mTeli erovnuli resursebis
mobili-
zacia, maSin rodesac winaT omi finansdeboda samefo
xazinis mier da emsaxureboda mefis interesebs. ase rom
safrangeTi me-18 saukunis miwuruls Camoyalibda
rogorc ,,saWurvelSi Camjdari eri” rac epoqisTvis did
inovacias warmoadgenda.
marTalia, Tavidan axalwveulebisagan Semdgari
safrangeTis armia susti da gamoucdeli iyo, magram 1694
wlisTvis igi ukve naxevar milion jariskacs aerTianebda,
rac bevrad aRemateboda evropis sxva armiaTa
moculobas. safrangeTis mosaxleobam igrZno, rom
revoluciis Semdeg maT garkveuli uflebebi moi poves
saxelm- wifoSi, amitom mTeli safrangeTi gaerTianda
deviziT ,,Tavisufleba, Tanasworoba, Zmoba”. metic,
mTavrobaSi mosuli radikalebi acxadebdnen, rom sxva
qveynebSic Seuwyobdnen xels revoluciebis dawyebas,es ki
evropis monarqiuli sistemisaTvis pirdapir muqaras war-
moadgenda. evropis danarCen qveynebs iseve
eSinodaT ,,revoluciis eqsportirebisa”, rogorc civi omis
periodSi SeerTebul Statebs eSinoda sabWoTa
ideologiis gavrcelebisa laTinur amerikaSi.
safrangeTis revoluciis momdevno ori aTwleulis
manZilze, evropaSi omebi mZvinvarebda. radikaluri reJimi
Tvlida, rom qveynis SigniT popularobisa da
legitimurobis naklebobis kompensireba omebis warmoebiTa
da eqspansiiT iyo SesaZlebeli. metic,maTi azriT, jarebis
safrangeTSi dabruneba Sida politikur destabilizacias
gamoiwvevda. amasTan,dapyrobili teritoriebidan mTavroba
omis war- moebisaTvis aucilebel resursebs iRebda.
franguli agresiulobis zrdam evropis didi
saxelmwifoebi aiZula mis Sekavebaze ezrunaT. Tumca,
safrangeTis winaaRmdeg Seqmnil koaliciebs erTi
sisuste hqondaT _ maT wevr qveynebs rogorc wesi
urTierTsapirispiro interesebi amoZravebdaT. magaliTad,
britaneTi uaryofiTad iyo ganwyobili im absoluturi
monarqebis mimarT, romelTa saTaveSi mosayvanadac
avtoritaruli avstria, prusia da ruseTi ibrZoda.
amasTan, respublikis SiSmac ki ver daZlia evropis
saxelmwifoTa dausrulebeli qiSpoba teritoriebis gamo.
ase rom safrangeTs praqtikulad ori upiratesoba hqonda:
pirveli _ Zalebis sruli mobilizacia da meore _
mowinaaRmdegeTa Soris arsebuli uTanx- moebebi.
napoleonis xana. revoluciisa da omebis xanaSi mamaci da
am- biciuri adamianebisaTvis Tavis gamoCenis mravali
SesaZlebloba gamoCnda, da me-18 saukunis bolos iSviaTad
Tu moiZebneboda ada-
miani, romelic napoleon bonapartze metad gambedavi da
ambici- uri iqneboda. marTalia napoleonma samxedro
kariera lui XVI-is armiaSi samsaxuriT daiwyo, magram
Semdeg iakobinelebis mxareze gadavida, da swrafad
moixveWa saxeli revoluciisaTvis brZolis periodSi
gamoCenili moxerxebulobisa da sazrianobisaTvis. (man
gansakuTrebuli STabeWdileba moaxdina iakobinelebze
maSin, rodesac parizSi wamowyebuli ajanyebis
SesaCereblad brbos zarbazne- bidan gauxsna cecxli).
napoleonma kargad gamoiyena safrangeTis respublikis
samxedro warumatebloba da gazrdili valebi 1799,
rodesac saxelmwifo gadatrialeba moawyo da
diqtatoruli mmarT- veloba daamyara.
revoluciam safrangeTs Zlieri samxedro potenciali
SesZina, romelsac axla saTaveSi brwyinvale strategi
da moxerxebuli
organizatori Caudga. napoleonis mizans safrangeTis
mmarTvelobis qveS gaerTianebuli evropis xilva
warmoadgenda. Sida Zalauflebis ganmtkicebis Semdeg
bonapartma napoleonis omebi wamoiwyo (1803-1815), es is
kampaniebi iyo, romlebic sruliad gansxvavdeboda me-18
saukunis ,,SezRuduli omis” cnebisagan. napoleoni romis
imperiis princi pebs daubrunda da damarcxebuli
saxelmwifoebis srul damorCilebas da okupacias mihyo
xeli. is qveynebi ki, romlebsac formalurad
SeunarCundaT damoukidebloba,safrangeTis satelite- bad
an mokavSireebad iqcnen. xSirad napoleoni dapyrobili
qveynebis mmarTvelebad sakuTar naTesavebs niSnavda,
magaliTad, espaneTs misi Zma marTavda, neapols ki siZe.
napoleonma formaluri statusis miReba 1804 wels
moaxerxa, rodesac safrangeTis senatma is imperator
napoleon I-ad gamoacxada.
1806 wels, rodesac napoleonma TiTqmis mTliani
evropis damorCileba SeZlo,akrZala britanuli saqonlis
importireba, ri- Tac kontinenturi sistema daamyara,
romelic evropaze safrangeTis gavlenis zrdasa da
britaneTis Zalauflebis Sesustebas isaxavda miznad. 1810
wels, napoleonis imperiis zenitSi, igi moicavda es-
paneTs, germaniis dasavleTsa da samxreTs, italiis udides
nawils, niderlandebs, Sveicariasa da varSavis did
sahercogos (napoleonis iniciativiT aRdgenil
polonur saxelmwifos). imperiis mokav- Sireebad avstria,
dania, norvegia da prusia iTvleboda. marTalia
trafalgaris gamarjvebis Semdeg 1805 wels britaneTma
moaxerxa safrangeTisa da espaneTis gaerTianebuli
flotis damarcxeba da sazRvao pirvelobis dabruneba,
magram miuxedavad amisa safrangeTi kontinentur evropaze
srul gavlenas inarCunebda. Tumca, napoleonis
Zalauflebas sami faqtori uqmnida safrTxes. pirveli:
marTa- lia kontinenturi sistema britaneTisaTvis
garkveul safrTxes Seicavda, magram safrangeTis mier
kontrolirebad teritoriebze ukmayofilebas iwvevda
vinaidan isini britaneTTan da mis kolo- niebTan
vaWrobiT did mogebas naxulobdnen. meore, safrangeTs
gau- Wirda espaneTisa da portugaliis damarcxeba
xangrZliv da sisx- lismRvrel ,,apeninis naxevarkunZulis
omSi”. napoleoni espaneTSi
1808 wels SeiWra,misi Zmis winaaRmdeg dawyebuli ajanyebis
Casax-
Sobad, amasTanave, napoleonis gegmebSi Sedioda eiZulebina
portugalia uari eTqva britaneTis mokavSireobaze da
isic anti-britanul kontinentur sistemaSi moeqcia.
espaneTis jari susti da cudad organizebuli iyo, Tumca
saqmeSi britaneTi Caeria. frangebi yovel nabijze
awydebodnen partizanebis winaaRmdegobas. 1812 wlisTvis
napoleons am konfliqtSi ukve 300 000 jariskaci yavda
CarTuli; orive mxare sastik moqmedebebs mimarTavda,
rasac espanelma mxat- varma goiam tiloTa erTi seria _
omis saSinelebani _ dauTmo. am omSi napoleonis Zalebis
udidesi nawili STanTqa da Tanamedroveni mas “espanuri
wylulis” saxeliT moixseniebdnen, Tumca dRevandeli
gadmosaxedidan mas Tamamad SegviZlia ,,napoleonis
vietnami” davar- qvaT.
napoleonis usazRvro ambiciebma mas erTi strategiuli
Sec- doma daaSvebina: 1812 wlis ivnisSi napoleonma 500 000-
iani armiiT Seutia ruseTs. Tavidan rusuli jari
aRmosavleTiT ixevda da seqtemberSi napoleonma moskovis
aReba SeZlo. Tumca dedaqalaqis datovebamde
rusebma ,,gadamwvari miwis” taqtikas mimarTes: maT
daan gries da gadawves yvelaferi, risi gamoyenebac
frangebs SeZloT. moskovis dacemamac ki ver aiZula
ruseTi Tavi damarcxebulad ecno. zedmetad
mravalricxovani napoleonis armia, romelic Sors iyo
Tavisi qveynidan da momaragebis naklebobas ganicdida,
iZule- buli gaxda ukan gabrunebuliyo. poloneTisaken
mimaval gzaze imperatoris armia TiTmis mTlianad
gaanadgura kazakebis kavaleriis Tavdasxmam da rusulma
zamTarma. 1812 wlis bolos, poloneTamde mxolod armiis
meaTedma _ 40 000-ma jariskacma miaRwia.
or frontze _ ruseTsa da apeninis naxevarkunZulze
brZolam safrangeTis armias Zala gamoacala, daiwyo misi
daSla. amas sa- frangeTis yofili mokavSireebis
gaerTianeba da imperiis winaaRmdeg gamosvla moyva.
marTalia ruseTis, avstriis, prusiisa da SvedeTis jarebic
sakmaod iyo dasustebuli da aranairi survili ar hqondaT
napoleons gasdevnebodnen, britaneTis finansurma
daxmarebam gaWra.
1814 wels samxreTsa da aRmosavleTSi ganlagebulma
napolenis jarebma ukan daxeva daiwyo. martSi parizi
anti-frangulma koaliciam daikava da 6 aprils
napoleonma imperatorobaze uari ganacxada.
parizis pirveli samSvidobo xelSekrulebiT, romelsac
xeli 30 maiss moewera,safrangeTi uars ambobda 1792 wlis
Semdeg dapyrobil teritoriebze da safrangeTis taxtze
lui XVIII avida.
miuxedavad amisa, napoleonis epoqa jer kidev ar
dasrulebula. napoleonma isargebla Sida
destabilizaciiTa da gamarjvebul mokavSireTa
uTanxmoebiT,gamoeqca kunZul elbaze tyveobas da 1815 wlis
martSi Zalaufleba daibruna. napoleonma swrafad
Seakowiwa franguli armiis darCenili nawili da kidev
erTxel daemuqra evropis stabilurobas. magram amjerad
mokavSireebma swrafad uzrunve- lyves mis winaaRmdeg
jarebis Sekreba. 18 ivniss napoleonis didebis bolo 100
dRe vaterloos velze damarcxebiT dasrulda,sadac mis
winaaRmdeg britaneTis, prusiisa da niderlandebis jarebi
ibrZoda
generlebis velingtonisa da bluxeris meTaurobiT.
amjerad napoleoni atlantikis okeanis samxreTSi
mdebare wm. elenes kunZulze gadaasaxles, sadac is 1821
wels gardaicvala.
napoleonis memkvidreoba. napoleoni iseTive umowyalo
gaxl- daT, rogorc misi drois evropis nebismieri
monarqi, Tumca igi yovelTvis udidesi energiiT,
mizanswrafviTa da qarizmatulobiT
gamoirCeoda. napoleoni sicocxleSive iqca legendad am
sityvebis sruli mniSvnelobiT. misi pirovneba saukuneTa
manZilze iqca iseTi udidesi evropeli moRvaweebis
STagonebis wyarod,rogorebic iyvnen goeTe,beThoveni,hiugo
da tolstoi. 16 magaliTad, napoleonis gamar- jvebiT
aRtacebulma beThovenma mas simfonia saxelad ,,heroika”,anu
,,gmiroba” miuZRvna mogvianebiT, napoleonis diqtatoruli
reJimiT imedgacruebulma kompozitorma erTerT
kompozicias ,,velingtonis gamarjveba” uwoda,mokavSireebis
mier parizis dakavebas ki ,,brwyinvale momenti” miuZRvna.
napoleonis mier evropaSi damyarebulma axalma wesrigma
radikalurad Secvala es regioni da danarCen msoflioSic
udidesi gamoZaxili hpova. xelisuflebis is formebi,
romlebsac napoleoni daqvemdebarebul qveynebSi hmnida,
bevrad ufro axlos iyo xalxTan da bevrad ufro
pasuxobda maT moTxovnebs vidre manamde arsebuli
feodaluri wyoba. napoleonis mtrebic ki siamovnebiT
swavlobdnen misgan. magaliTad, prusiis landmehr-is
sajariso sistema franguli
sayovelTao gawveviT iyo STagonebuli; bevri qveynis
sakanonmdeblo sistema dResac napoleniseul kodeqsebzea
dafuZnebuli.
napoleonis xanaSi damoukidebloba moi pova laTinuri
amerikis qveynebmac. portugaliis udidesma koloniam _
braziliam Tavisufleba mSvidobianad moi pova. rodesac
safrangeTis jarebma portugalia daikava, mefis ojaxi
britaneTis flotis daxmarebiT braziliaSi gaixizna da
okupaciis mTeli periodis ganmavlobaSi protugaliuri
imperiis centrad misive kolonia, brazilia iqca;
portugaliis mefem Joao IV-m brazilias danarCen
qveynebTan da upirveles yovlisa britaneTTan Tavisufali
vaWrobis neba darTo. rodesac Joao portugalias
daubrunda, Semcvlelad Tavisi vaJi, dom pedro datova,
Tumca brazilielebis ukmayofileba gaizarda mas Semdeg
rac portugaliam maTze axali savaWro SezRudvebis
daweseba scada. 1822 wels dom pedro socialurma wnexma
gatexa da dapirispirebis Tavidan asacileblad
damoukidebeli braziliis imperiis daarseba gamoacxada.
yofili espanuri koloniebis bedi gansxvavebuli
aRmoCnda. es- paneTis imperia sami saukunis manZilze
cdilobda Soreul kolo- niebTan mWidro kavSirebis
SenarCunebas. koloniebs ekrZaleboda espaneTis garda
sxva nebismier qveyanasTan vaWroba, riTac uzrunve-
lyofda maRaroebze erTpirovnul kontrols.
Tavisufali vaWrobis
akrZalva adgilobrivi maRali fenebis gaRizianebas
iwvevda. miuxe-
davad daZabulobis zrdisa, koloniebSi ajanyebis
dawyebis prelu- dias Tavad evropis movlenebi
warmoadgenda. rodesac espaneTis mmarTvelad napoleonis
Zma dainiSna, koloniebma uari ganacxades napoleonis
qveSevrdomobaze da damoukideblobisaTvis daiwyes br-
Zola. koloniebis damoukideblobisaTvis brZolas
britaneTi uwyobda xels, romelic yovelgvar xerxs
xmarobda awukve safrangeTis mokavSire espaneTis
dasasusteblad. koloniebi ki espaneTis simdidris
mTavar wyaros warmoadgenda. amasTan, ingliss
koloniebTan Tavisufali vaWroba surda, ase rom misTvis
umjobesi iyo isini damoukidebel saxelmwifoebad
Camoyalibebuliyvnen.
axlad Seqmnilma SeerTebulma Statebma 1823 wels ,,monros
do- qtriniT” scada evropuli qveynebis mier dasavleT
naxevarsferoSi koloniebis xelaxla dabrunebis aRkveTa.
britanuli flotis dax- marebiT ..monros doqtrinam”
dasaxuli miznis miRweva warmatebiT SeZlo. espaneTi
advilad ar Seegua koloniebis dakargvas, amitom aq
damoukideblobisaTvis brZola daaxloebiT 1825 wlamde
gagrZelda. puerto rikosa da kubis garda, espaneTis
koloniebma damoukidebloba legendaruli simon
bolivaris _ samxreT amerikis ,,didi
ganmaTavisuflebelis” dros moi pova. bolivaris ocnebas
samxreT amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis Seqmna
warmoadgenda, magram laTino amerikelTa Soris arsebuli
gansxvavebebi imdenad Zlieri aRmoCnda, rom maTi daZleva
im droisaTvis SeuZlebeli gaxda.
evropis koncerti. napoleonis damarcxebis Semdeg, 1814
wels evropis didi saxelmwifoebis-avstriis, prusiis,
ruseTis, inglisis da safrangeTis mmarTvelebi erTmaneTs
venaSi Sexvdnen da kontinentis momavalze daiwyes
msjeloba. upirveles yovlisa, konferenciis mizans
warmoadgenda evropis dabruneba ,,normalur mdgomareoba-
Si”, anu Zvel monarqiul sistemaSi. saxelmwifoTa
TanamSromlobas sagrZnoblad Seuwyo xeli
ideologiurma konsensusma, omis SiSma da ekonomikuri
krizisebis arsebobam. swored am SiSma miiyvana sabolood
es qveynebi axali saerTaSoriso sistemis Seqmnis ide-
amde. venis kongresze manpinZel mxares avstriis
imperatoris mTa- vari ministri, klemens fon meternixi
warmoadgenda, romelic aqti urad muSaobda evropis
sakuTari modelis propagandaze. Meternixi britaneTis
premier ministr kastlreisTan, prusiis mefe frdrix
uiliamTan da ruseTis mefe aleqsandre I-Tan erTad
fiqrobda,rom evropis saxelmwifoTa Soris mSvidobisa da
usafrTxoebis uzrunvelsayofad aucilebeli iyo
evropis dabruneba safrangeTis revo- luciamdel
sazRvrebSi.
swored meternixis dauRalavi Sromisa da gamorCeuli
politikuri instinqtebis wyalobiT moaxerxa ,,didma
aliansma” im Sida ganxeTqilebis mogvareba, rac jer kidev
napoleonis damarcxebamde arsebobda: aleqsandre I-
s ,,qristianuli aliansis” Seqmna hqonda
gadawyvetili, sadac yvela qristianuli saxelmwifo
gaerTiandeboda, magram danarCenma qveynebma misi
romantiuli miswrafebebi sasacilod gaixades.
damarcxebul safrangeTs moxerxebuli taleirani warmoad-
genda, romelmac moaxerxa da gadaurCa rogorc mefis
xelisuflebis, ise napoleonis damxobas mxolod imitom,
rom kargad grZnobda, Tu rodis iyo dro mokavSireebis
Secvlisa. venis kongresze taleiranma mTeli Tavisi niWi
gamoiyena, raTa safrangeTisaTvis didi saxelmwifos
statusi SeenarCunebina, manve daarwmuna mokavSireebi
samefo taxtze lui XVIII aeyvanaT. 17 taleiranis
molaparakebis xelovne- bam damarcxebis miuxedavad
safrangeTs didi saxelmwifos tituli SeunarCuna.
venis zavi (1815 w) warmoadgenda safrangeTis winaaRmdeg
22 wlis manZilze britaneTis, ruseTis, prusiisa da
avstriis brZo- lis Sedegebis Sejamebas; da aq
ikveTeboda britaneTisa da ruseTis gansakuTrebuli
mniSvneloba napoleonis safrangeTis damarcxebis saqmeSi.
did saxelmwifoebs unda aecilebinaT momavali
agresiuli qmedebebi safrangeTis mxridan, rac massa da
danarCen did qveynebs Soris buferuli qveynebis _
magaliTad, Sveicariis neitralitetis cnobiT unda
uzrunvelyoT. safrangeTis aseTma ,,Sekavebis politikam”
seriozuli xasiaTi miiRo mas Semdeg rac britaneTis
moTxovniT moxda safrangeTis mier SemoerTebuli
niderlandebisa da belgiis damoukideblobis xelaxali
aRiareba. gamarjvebulebma safrangeTs kontribuciac
daakisres, riTac sabolood gamoiricxa safrangeTis mier
omis dros dagrovili simdidris SenarCuneba.
realpolitikur midgomasTan dakavSirebulma amgvarma
qmede- bebma ukmayofileba gamoiwvia im saxelmwifoTa
Soris, romlebic wlebis manZilze safrangeTis
damarcxebisaTvis ibrZodnen. liderTa umetesobis azriT,
saWiro iyo qveyanaTa TanamSromloba, romelic momavalSi
msgavsi safrTxis ganmeorebas aRudgeboda win. saxelm-
wifoebi mividnen im daskvnamde, rom saWiro iyo maTi
perioduli TavSeyra,axali msoflio movlenebis ganxilva
da kontinentze mS- vidobis dasacavad sxvadasxva
RonisZiebis gatareba. ase rom venis zaviT safuZveli
Caeyara evropis koncerts, romlis wevrebsac didi
saxelmwifoebi warmoadgendnen. evropis koncertis mTavar
amocanas warmoadgenda wevrTa Soris TanamSromlobis
miRweva da evropis kontinentze mSvidobisa da
usafrTxoebis damyareba. amasTan, oTx- mxrivi aliansis
wevrebi britaneTi, ruseTi, prusia da avstria SeTanxmdnen,
rom safrangeTis mxridan erTerT maTganze
ganxorcielebuli Tavdasxma yvelaze Tavdasxmis tolfasi
iqneboda.
TandaTanobiT saxelmwifoebis liderebma mravalwliani
omebis Semdeg erTi mniSvnelovani gakveTili iswavles:
radganac qveynis Sida movlenebs xSirad saerTaSoriso
gamoZaxili moyveboda, aucilebeli iyo am movlenaTa
gakontroleba. Aaqedan gamomdinare ki gadawyda, rom
amieridan did saxelmwifoebs Sida areulobis
regulirebis ufleba hqondaT. maT miiRes ufleba
Careuliyvnen im qveynebis Sida saqmeebSi, sadac
liberaluri tendenciebi areulobis Seqmnis alba- Tobas
qmnidnen. vinaidan evropaSi mSvidobis damyarebas amdeni
Zal- isxmeva dasWirda, did saxelmwifoebs surdaT imisi
garantia hqono- daT,rom msgavsi xarjebis gaReba momavalSi
aRar gaxdeboda saWiro; maT mizans status qvos nebismieri
gziT SenarCuneba warmoadgenda. ase rom, evropis koncerti
msoflios pirveli usafrTxoebis organizaciad SegviZlia
miviCnioT. es ki Tavis mxriv, msoflio politi kis
globalizaciisaken gadadgmul pirvel nabijs
warmoadgenda.
dasawyisSi, koncertSi uTanxmoeba ufro meti iyo, vidre
har- monia. erTi SexedviT did saxelmwifoTa erTianobis
miuxedavad, daZabulobac sakmaod advili SesamCnevi iyo.
kerZod, ruseTi da avstria gamodiodnen kategoriuli
moTxovniT, neba hqonodaT sxva qveynebis Sida saqmeebSi
Carevisa, Tu ki revoluciis safrTxe gamoC- ndeboda.
britaneTi amis winaaRmdegi iyo. miuxedavad amisa, qveynebma
SeTanxmebas mainc miaRwies. britaneTi ideologiurad
gansxvavdeboda kontinenturi evropis sami
konservatiuli qveynisagan (avstria, prusia, ruseTi.)
britaneTi demokratiuli tradiciebis qveyanas
warmoadgenda, sadac am periodSi ukve fexs ikidebda
liberaluri Sexedulebebi _ gansakuTrebiT vaWrobisa da
adamianis uflebaTa dacvis sferoebSi. marTalia,
geopolitikuri mosazrebebidan gamomdinare, britaneTs
susti safrangeTis arseboba ufro awyobda, magram
princi pSi, britanuli politikuri azrovnebisaTvis ucxo
ar iyo safrangeTis revoluciis sami cneba: Tavisufleba,
Tanasworoba da Zmoba. amasTan, orive erTsa da imave
wyaros _ ganmanaTleblobis filosofias efuZneboda
(gansakuTrebiT, lokisa da monteskies naS- romebs).
britaneTis Seurigebeli mtroba napoleonis safrangeTi-
sadmi istoriis udides ironiad SeiZleba CaiTvalos,xolo
evropis koncertis Seqmna _ realpolitikis gamarjvebad
idealistur mso- flmxedvelobaze.
stabiluroba da cvlilebebi me-19 saukuneSi. venis
kongresis SeqmniT aRiniSneba Zveli wyobis dabruneba or
doneze. pirveli: taxtidan gadagdebuli monarqebi
xelisuflebaSi dabrundnen (up-
irveles yovlisa _ safrangeTSi). meore, teritoriis
gadanawileba kidev erTxel iqna gamoyenebuli
damarcxebulTa dasjisa da gama- rjvebulTa
dajildoebis saSualebad. rac Seexeba siaxleebs: am
mxriv mniSvnelovani iyo is faqti, rom SeTanxmebiT
oficialurad iyo cnobili ramodenime saxelmwifos
uzenaesoba da upiratesobebi. marTalia mocemuli
xelSekruleba evropis axal momavals gansaz- Rvravda,
magram is realurad did saxelmwifoTa mier sxvadasxva
daTmobebze wasvlis Sedegs warmoadgenda, romlebic
amavdroulad sakuTari interesebisaTvisac ibrZodnen.
Zveli wesrigis xelaxla damyareba ufro moCvenebiTi iyo,
vidre realuri, vinaidan safrange- Tis revoluciam suli
Caudga iseT axal Zalebs, rogorebic iyvnen nacionalizmi
da liberalizmi, da romelTa ignorireba ukve SeuZle-
beli iyo.
nacionalizmi axal evropaSi. me-19 saukuneSi
restavrirebuli evropuli wesrigis upirveles safrTxes
warmoadgenda nacionalizmi _ romlis umTavres ideals
erTa TviTgamorkveva warmoadgenda. erovnuli
damoukideblobis momxreni xSirad aRiarebdnen iseT
klasikur liberalur ideebsac, rogorebic Tavisufali
vaWroba da pirovnuli Tavisufleba iyo da romelic
damatebiT gamowvevas uqmnida monarqis avtoritets.
nacionalizmi upirveles yovlisa, safrTxes uqmida
imperiebs anu saxelmwifoebs, romlebic aerTianebd- nen
sxvadsxva erovnul da enobriv jgufebs, sxva sityvebiT
rom vTqvaT, multieTnikuri siWrele axasiaTebdaT. am
jgufTa sul ufro didi nawili iTxovda imperiuli
mmarTvelobisagan gaTavisuflebas. ase rom, evropis
koncertisTvis sul ufro rTuldeboda politikuri
brZolis SeCereba nacionalizmsa da monarqiul
imperializms Soris, da evropis didi imperiebis
TandaTanobiTi daSlisaTvis wi- naaRmdegobis gaweva. rigi
nacionalisturi sakiTxebisa mSvidobianad
mogvarda: holandiisagan belgiis gamoyofas 1830 wels omi
ar mohy- olia. igive iTqmis 1905 wels SvedeTidan
norvegiis CamoSorebis Taobazec. meores mxriv, otomanTa
imperiis xangrZlivi daSlis pro- cesma mTeli saukunis
manZilze hpova asaxva evropul politikaSi. avstriis
imperiaSi gamZafrebulma nacionalisturma problemebma ki
mniSvnelovnad daasusta da daRupvis safrTxis winaSe
daayena es saxelmwifo.
nacionalizmi gamaerTianebl Zalasac warmoadgenda _
gansa- kuTrebiT es germaniasa da italiis Taobaze iTqmis,
romlebic me-19 saukunis dasawyisSi erTian politikur
erTeulebs ar Seadgendnen. venis kongresis momdevno
xanebSi, italia mTeli rigi damoukidebeli
erTeulebisagan Sedgeboda, misi teritoriis nawils
ki, magali- Tad triests _ sadac mosaxleobis
umravlesoba italieli iyo _ avstria akontrolebda. 1815
wlis Semdgom germania ocdacxrameti saxelmwifo
erTeulisagan Sedgeboda (1648 wlisaTvis es raodenoba
300-ss warmoadgenda). germaneli da italieli
nacionalistebi am erTeulTa gaerTianebisa da er-
saxelmwifoebad Camoyalibebis mo- wodebiT gamodiodnen,
rac mezobeli qveynebisa da imperiebis (gansa- kuTrebiT
avstriisa da safrangeTis) SeSfoTebas iwvevda. ase rom
me-19 saukunis dasawyisSi nacionalizmi iqca im Zalad,
romelic or urTierTsawinaaRmdego process _
gaerTianebasa da fragmentacias iwvevda _ ase
grZeldeboda mTeli me-19 saukunis manZilze.
uTanxmoeba evropul koncertSi. 1815-1914 wlebi yvelaze
mSvidi xana iyo 1600 wlidan moyolebuli 1945 wlamde.
marTalia omebs kvlav hqonda adgili, magram isini
SezRudul xasiaTs atarebdnen, rogorc xangrZlivobis, ise
geografiuli TvalsazrisiT. mocemul wlebSi arc erTi
masStaburi omi ar momxdara, risi mizezic (yovel
SemTxvevaSi me-19 saukunis pirvel naxevarSi) napoleonis
omebisa- gan evropis didi qveynebis gadaRla iyo. evropis
monarqiul di- nastiebsac dro sWirdebodaT avtoritetis
aRdgenisa da qveynis SigniT nacionalizmisa da
liberaluri tendenciebis winaaRmdeg br- ZolisaTvis.
yovelive es fizikurad ar tovebda drosa da Zalas gare
konfliqtebSi CasarTvelad. evropis koncertis saxiT
damyarebulma usafrTxoebis meqanizmma da britaneT-
safrangeTis koloniebisaTvis brZolis Semsubuqebam kidev
metad Seuwo xeli me-19 saukunis pirvel naxevarSi
SedarebiTi stabilurobasa da mSvidobis SenarCunebas.
miuxedavad amisa, garkveuli winaaaRmdegoba iqmneboda
evropis koncertis mier deklarirebuli “koleqtiuri
usafrTxoebis” mTavar princi psa da did saxelmwifoTa
individualur interesebs Soris. ase rom evropis
koncertis daarsebidan TxuTmeti wlis Tavze
gansxvavebuli ideologiuri da geopolitikuri
Sexedulebe- bis mqone qveynebi ukve damoukidebel
moqmedebas amjobinebdnen dan- arCen wevrebTan
SeTanxmebul RonisZiebebis miRebas. am ganxeTqilebam
safrangeTs misca saSualeba kvlav did saxelmwifoTa
Tanaswori gavlena daebrunebina. avstriis, prusiisa da
ruseTis konservatiuli saxelmwifoebi TiTqmis mudmivad
mtkiced uaryofdnen status qvos raime saxiT Secvlas.
maT surdaT sxva qveynebis Sida procesebSi Careva im
SemTxvevaSi, Tu sadme liberaluri an nacionalisturi
moZraoba Seecdeboda damkvidrebuli monarqiuli wyobis
Secvlas. safrangeTi ki, meores mxriv, yovelTvis
liberaluri faseulobebis matarebeli rCeboda. rac
Seexeba britaneTs, is mudmivad icvlida pozicias, da xan
safrangeTis, xan konservatiuli saxelmwifoebis mxares
ibrZoda. kontinentze ZalaTa wonasworobis
SesanarCuneblad britaneTis aseTi midgoma did
mniSvnelobas atarebda.
amavdroulad, politikuri ambiciebi xuTive did
saxelmwifos aiZulebda ideologiuri faseulobebi
ucvlelad SeenarCunebinaT. magaliTad evropis koncertma
ver moaxerxa Tavisi funqciebis Ses- ruleba espaneTsa da
neapolSi wamowyebul konfliqtebTan dakav- SirebiT.
espaneTis SemTxvevaSi, konfliqtSi safrangeTi CaerTo da
mxari espaneTis monarqs dauWira, riTac ekonomikuri da
usafrTx- oebis interesebidan gamomdinare uRalata iseT
mTavar princi pebs, rogorsac misTvis liberalizmi da
sxvaTa Sida procesebSi Caurev- loba warmoadgenda.
saberZneTis magaliTi yvelaze TvalsaCino faqtia imisa,
Tu rogori upiratesoba eniWeba saxelmwifo interesebs
ideologiasTan SedarebiT. 1821 wels saberZneTma otomanTa
imperiisagan damoukideblobis mopoveba scada. avstria
jer imdenad ar iyo gaZlierebuli,
rom otomanTa imperiis Sida problemebiT esargebla,
amavdroulad sakuTari imperiis daSlis SiSic hqonda,
vinaidan SesaZlebeli iyo saberZneTis mier
damoukideblobis mopovebis precedenti ruseTs
balkaneTSi sakuTari interesebisaTvis gamoeyenebina.
yovelive amis gamo, avstria saberZneTis damoukideblobis
winaaRmdeg gamovida,miz- ezad ki arsebuli saerTaSoriso
reJimisa da teritorialuri status qvos darRvevis
miuRebloba daasaxela. konservatiuli xasiaTis miuxedavad,
ruseTi momxre iyo erTmorwmune saberZneTs muslimTa
batonobisagan daexsna Tavi, amasTan movlenaTa aseTi
ganviTareba mis interesebSic Sedioda. ruseTis
ambiciebiT SeSfoTebuli bri- taneTi otomanTa imperiis
dasustebis winaaRmdegi iyo, radganac es ukanaskneli
ruseTis gamawonasworebel Zalad miaCnda. britaneTis
poziciebi Seicvala 1826 wels, rodesac premier minisris
postze kastrli kaningma Caanacvla. amjerad britaneTi,
ruseTTan erTad uWerda mxars saberZneTis
avtonomiurobas, oRond im SemTxvevaSi, Tu is formalurad
mainc darCeboda TurqeTis mmarTvelobis qveS (rac
feodaluri ti pis mmarTvelobis formas warmoadgenda).
sul cota xanSi, ruseTsa da britaneTs safrangeTic
SeuerTda, da sami qveynis gaerTianebulma flotma
moaxerxa otomanTa damarcxeba navarinos- Tan, riTac
Turqebisa da egvi ptis gaerTianebul Zalebs saberZneTSi
SeWris saSualeba ar misca. ase rom, konservatiuli
ruseTisa da ori liberaluri qveynis _ britaneTisa da
safrangeTis ucnau- rma aliansma 1830 wels saberZneTs
damoukidebloba moapovebina. (marTalia saberZneTis
damoukideblobisaTvis brZolis mamoZravebel Zalas
nacionalizmi warmoadgenda, magram gamarjvebulma
evropulma saxelmwifoebma saberZneTis pirvel mefed
germaneli ufliswuli aRiares.)
1830 wlisaTvis evropa kidev erTxel Sei pyro im SiSma,
romelic Tavis droze evropis koncertis Seqmnis
safuZveli gaxda: kerZod, safrangeTis Zlierebisa da
revoluciis SiSma. saqme imaSi iyo, rom am wels
safrangeTSi kidev erTi gadatrialeba moxda, ris
Sedegadac lui XVIII Camoagdes da misi adgili gacilebiT
ufro liberalur- ma lui fili pem daikava. imave wlis
agvistoSi belgia, romelic
1815 wlidan holandiasTan iyo iZulebiT gaerTianebuli,
damoukide-
blobis moTxovniT gamovida. aman kidev erTxel gaamZafra
imis SiSi, rom safrangeTi isargeblebda mocemuli
situaciiT. dasavleT evropis saxelmwifoebi belgiis
TviTgamorkvevis winaaRmdeg gamovidnen, radganac es
teritorialur status qvos ewinaaRmdegeboda, magram
iqidan gamomdinare, rom sakmaod iyvnen belgiisagan
daSorebulni, amasTan sakuTar uSualo samezobloSic
(germaniasa da italiaSi) hqondaT nacionalistur
moZraobasTan dakavSirebuli problemebi, didi
saxelmwifoebi TiTqmis srulebiT ver marTavdnen
movlenebs.
1831 wels britaneTma da safrangeTma moaxerxes danarCeni
didi qveynebis daTanxmeba belgiis damoukideblobisa da
neitralitetis Sesaxeb.
1830 wels konservatiuli ruseTi da avstriac pirvelad
dadgnen maT qveSemrdom xalxebSi gaRviZebuli
nacionalizmis sa- frTxis winaSe. am moZraobebs mxars
garkveulwilad safrangeTis liberaluri xelisufleba
uWerda. safrangeTi saqveynod acxadebda nacionalisturi
idealebis mxardaWeras da gmobda ruseTis sastik
qmedebebs ajanyebuli poloneTis winaaRmdeg. miuxedavad
amisa, 1831 wlis seqtemberSi ruseTma aTTviani omis
Semdeg gatexa polone- Tis winaaRmdegoba,rasac Tan moyva
mcire masStabis ajanyebebisa da represiebis mTeli seria,
romelsac saerTaSoriso mSvidobisaTvis raime
seriozuli safrTxe aRar Seuqmnia.
industriuli revolucia. me-19 saukuneSi cvlilebebi
ideolo- giur da politikur aspeqtebTan erTad
ekonomikasac Seexo. sa- frangeTis revoluciis
paralelurad viTardeboda industriuli
revoluciac, romelic me-18 saukunis bolos britaneTSi
daiwyo. industriuli revoluciis Sedegad warmoebam
saxlebidan sawarmoebSi gadainacvla. masobrivi warmoebis
gamogonebis Semdeg,warmoeba bevrad ufro efeqtiani gaxda.
amasTan, industriul revolucias Tan axlda energiis
axali wyaroebis, upirveles yovlisa, orTqlis manqanis
aRmoCena, ris Semdegac advilad moxda warmoebis
meqanizacia. ind- sutriuli revolucia Tavidan
qsovilebisa da sakvebi produqtebis warmoebas Seexo da
Semdeg gadainacvla iseT sferoebSic, rogorebic iyo
rkinisa da foladis warmoeba, manqanaTmSenebloba,
transporti da komunikaciebi. Mmokled rom vTqvaT,
industriuli revoluciis Semdeg adamianebs
SesaZlebloba miecaT ufro swrafad ewarmoebinaT
meti da ukeTesi xarisxis produqcia.
industriulma revoluciam yvelaferi Secvala.
miwaTmoqmedebis axali meTodebiT meti mosavlis miReba
gaxda SesaZlebeli, romelic rkinigziT gadahqondaT iq,
sadac misi saWiroeba iyo. amasTan, sani- taruli pirobebis
gaumjobesebam da medicinis ganviTarebam bevrad Seamcira
axalSobilTa sikvdilianoba. Sedegad,mosaxleoba swrafad
gaizarda. qalaqebi swrafad viTardebodnen, radganac
uamravi adamiani tovebda sofels da qalaqSi Camodioda
ufro Semosavliani sam- uSaos povnis imediT.
warmatebulma investorebma sul male imdeni qoneba
daagroves, rac utoldeboda, da xSirad aRemateboda kidec
tradiciuli aristokratiis simdidres _ romlis
Cveulebriv Se- mosavals miwaTmoqmedeba da uZravi qoneba
warmoadgenda. bevrisaTvis moulodnelad da swrafi
tempebiT ganviTarda teqnologia, rkinig- zisa da
telegrafis saSualebiT warmoudgeneli siCqariT xdeboda
saqonlisa da informaciis gacvla. Seicvala tradiciuli
ojaxis formac: Tu adre erTad ramodenime Taoba
cxovrobda, rac ufro advils xdida soflis meurneobis
gaZRolas,axla gamoCnda mcire moculobis ojaxi,romelic
ded-mamisa da Svilebisagan Sedgeboda, da romelic xSirad
icvlida sacxovrebels _ Tuki ojaxis ufrosi wevrebi
samsaxurebs eZebdnen. muSebze moTxovnis gazrdam qalebs
saSualeba misca Tavadac daewyoT muSaoba. es pirveli
SemTxveva iyo,rodesac qalebi didi raodenobiT CaerTvnen
warmoebaSi, Tumca tradiciul sazogadoebaSi Znelad
ikidebda fexs azri imis Taobaze, rom qals SeeZlo emuSava
da sakuTari Semosavali hqonoda. mdi- darTa fenas
warmoudgeneli mogebis Sansi xSirad eZleoda, Tumca es
sakmao riskis fasadac jdeboda. aRmavlobas ganicdida
saSualo fena, romelic mcire investorebis, teqnikuri
specialistebisa da menejerebisagan Sedgeboda. muSebic
met gasamrjelos iRebdnen da Sesabamisad meti saqonlisa
da momsaxurebis SeZena SeeZloT _ Tumca meores mxriv,
maTi sawarmos warumateblobis SemTxvevaSi umuSevrobac
emuqrebodaT.
industriuli revoluciiT bevrad gaizarda materialuri
simdidre, Tumca is araTanabrad iyo gadanawilebuli:
sawarmos mflo-
belebi mdidrdebodnen, maSin rodesac umuSevari Tu

dasaqmebuli dabali fena kvlavac elementaruli
saarsebo wyaros gareSe rCe- boda, misi mdgomareobis
gaumjobeseba maRal da saSualo fenebTan SedarebiT
uaRresad nel process warmoadgenda. male ki, samive
klasma Tanabrad gainawila industriuli revoluciis
kidev erT produqti romelsac garemos dabinZurebasa da
tyeebis gaCexviT gamowveuli ziani erqva.
warmoebis ganviTarebam ekonomikasTan erTad omis
teqnikasa da politikazec iqonia gavlena. axali
teqnologiebiT damzadebul ia- raRs meti adamianis
sicocxle ewireboda, Sesabamisad omebic ufro
sisxlismRvreli gaxda. me-19 saukunis bolos sxvadasxva
qveynis arsenalSi ukve arsebobda iseTi iaraRi,
rogorebicaa avtomati da artileria, amis gamo, qveynebi
iZulebuli gaxdnen bevrad ufro mravalricxovani
armiebi SeekribaT, vidre industrializaciis dawyebamde.
flotSi orTqlis Zraviani,dajavSnuli xomaldebi gamoCnd-
nen da didi qveynebi TavgamodebiT cdilobdnen erTmaneTis
ukeTesi Zalisa da teqnologiebis mqone xomaldebiT
daekompleqtebinaT saz- Rvao Zalebi. armiebi sul ufro
xSirad mimarTavdnen Zaladobas ara mxolod samxedro,
aramed samoqalaqo da ekonomikuri obieqtebis winaaRmdeg
_ vinaidan saxelmwifos industriuli SesaZleblobebi
misi samxedro potencialis ganmsazRvreli faqtori gaxda.
saerTo gawvevaze dafuZnebuli armiis arsebobidan
gamomdinare, samxedro kampaniaSi warmatebisaTvis ufro
mniSvenlovani gaxda zogadad sazogadoebis mxardaWera.
Sesabamisad, moxda politikur asparezze mosaxleobis
sul ufro meti nawilis gamosvlac.18 qveynis xelisu-
flebas axla ukve warmoebis, profkavSirebisa da axlad
warmoSo- bili masmediis ekonomikuri da politikuri
mxardaWera esaWiroe- boda samxedro kampaniebis
sawarmoeblad. es ki imiT iyo gamowveuli, rom omi
adrindelTan SedarebiT, gacilebiT ufro Zviri jdeboda,
amitomac xelisuflebas sWirdeboda finansistebisa da
mTlianad mosaxleobis mxardaWeris uzurunvelyofa. ase
rom, politikam da warmoebam am periodSi ukve bevri is
Tviseba SeiZines,rac dRemde damaxasiaTebelia maTTvis.
sazogadoebis CarTvam demokratizaciis procesis daCqareba

ar gamoiwvia. industrializaciis swrafi tempi xSir
SemTxvevaSi socialur Zvrebsa da areulobs iwvevda.
magaliTad,cnobilia faqtebi,rodesac warmoebis procesis
avtomatizirebis Sedegad samuSao adgilebis dakargvis
SiSiT ,,luditebis” jgufma (romelTa meTaurad miTiuri
lideri ,,ned ludi” da ,,mefe ludi” iTvleboda) qsovilis
saqsovi dazgebi gaanadgures. miwaTmflobeli
aristokratia ukmayofilebas gamoTqvamda politikur
cxovrebaSi industriuli kapitalistebis gavlenis zrdiT
da xSirad qedmaRlurad dahyurebdnen im axlad
gamdidrebul adamianebs, romlebsac qoneba warmoebasa da
vaWrobaSi hqondaT dagrovili. xelisufleba xSirad
cdilobda sagareo mtris xatiT SeeniRba is saSiSroeba,
rac arsebul wyobas eqmneboda industrializaciis
Sedegad. qveyanaTa nawili omebiTa da eqspansiiT
cdilobda mosaxleobis yuradRebis gadatanas Sida
problemebi- dan sagareo interesebze. amasTanave,
industrializaciam gazarda konkurencia bazrebsa da
nedleulze, rac evropis mier aziisa da afrikis
kolonizaciis mniSvnelovani winapiroba gaxda.
industriulma revoluciam nela,magram Zireulad Secvala
evropuli sistema. igi am revoluciis samSoblos,
britaneTis Zliere- bis amosaval wertils warmoadgenda.
industrializacia evropaSi araTanabari tempebiT
gavrcelda, rac ama Tu im qveynis socialur da politikur
garemoze iyo damokidebuli. safrangeTis industrial-
izacia nela mimdinareobda,avstriac nela dgamda nabijebs,
ruseTma ki saerTod _ me-19 saukunis miwuruls gadadga am
mimarTulebiT pirveli nabijebi. prusiam ki piriqiT,swrafi
tempebiT moaxerxa industrializacia. gazrdilma
warmoebam gazarda vaWrobis saSuale- bac, amitomac
britaneTma Tavisufali savaWro reJimis mxardaWera
daiwyo (romlis Tanaxmadac saxelmwifoTa Soris vaWroba
Seufer- xeblad unda momxdariyo.) swrafad ganviTarda
sazRvao vaWroba, ramac msoflios sxvadasxva qveyanas
Soris swrafad Camoayaliba ekonomikuri da politikuri
urTierTdamokidebuleba. britaneTi mTeli Tavisi
finansuri, industriuli da sazRvao ZalebiT cdilobda
xeli Seewyo sesxebis gacemisa da investirebisaTvis me-19
saukunis evropaSi. amaSi mas warmoebaSi, komunikaciebisa
da fi-
nansur sferoSi miRweuli warmatebebic uwyobda xels. ase

rom, industriuli revolucia msoflio ekonomikis
globalizaciisaken gadadgmul udides nabijs
warmoadgenda.
industrializaciiT mopovebuli simdidris araTanabari
gadanawileba Sida daZabulobas zrdida, es
gansakuTrebulad Tval- Sisacemi germanul
saxelmwifoebSi iyo. sul ufro da ufro meti glexi
tovebda sofels, midioda qalaqSi, sadac kargad
organizebul jgufebSi erTiandeboda da Sesabamisad,
warmatebiT ayenebda socialur moTxovnebs da maTi
Seusruleblobis SemTxvevaSi protestis formebsac
mimarTavda. es Tavis mxriv safrTxes uqmnida mmarTvel
avtoritarul reJimebs, romlebic Sida daZabulobis
ganeitrale- bas gare safrTxeebis gazviadebiT
cdilobdnen. amasTan, sapirispiro ekonomikuri
interesebidan gamomdinare, Sida politikuri Zalebis
wonasworobis cvlileba saWiros xdida ekonomikaSi
saxelmwifos CarTvas _ rac ZiriTadad ucxouri
warmoebis produqciaze _ im- portis SezRudvaSi
gamoixateboda. marTalia, mocemuli faqtorebi evropis
yvela qveyanaSi arsebobda, igi yvelaze TvalsaCino
germania- Si iyo _ amitomac es qveyana saukunis SuaxanebSi
didi areulobisa da Zaladobis epicentrad iqca.
1848 wlis revoluciebi. me-19 saukunis evropuli
politikis meore gardatexis momenti 1848 wels dadga,
rodesac industriuli revoluciiT gamowveulma
samoqalaqo ajanyebaTa talRebma gad-
auara mTels kontinents _ safrangeTidan dawyebuli,
avstriiTa da ungreTiT damTavrebuli. am ajanyebebma
bevri evropeli monarqis Zalaufleba daayena kiTxvis
niSnis qveS. marTalia Tavidan prusiis mefem fridrix
uiliam VI-m reformebis gatarebis piroba dado, magram
maTi gadadeba gadawyvita mas Semdeg rac berlinis quCebSi
mis armiasa da demonstrantebs Soris dapirispirebas
hqonda adgili. avstriis imperiaSi dawyebuli sayovelTao
ajanyebebis Semdeg imperatorma ferdinandma gamosca
manifesti, romliTac avstriel glexebs maTze
dakisrebuli yvela valdebulebisa da gadasaxadisagan
aTa- visuflebda. marTalia, am manifestiT imperatorma
glexebis gulis mogeba moaxerxa, magram misi jarebi
uZluri aRmoCndnen ajanyebulTa winaaRmdeg da maTi
damarcxeba mxolod 1849 wels,ruseTis inter-
venciis Semdeg gaxda

SesaZlebeli.
revolucia mxolod safrangeTSi dasrulda
warmatebulad. lui fili pem taxti datova da Tavi
ingliss Seafara,xolo droe- biTma mTavrobam respublika
gamoacxada. am movlenebma sxva monarqebis bedic
sasworze Seagdo _ romlebic movlenebis ganviTarebaSi
1789 wlis analogias xedavdnen. miuxedavad amisa,
safrangeTis axal mTavrobas sxva did qveynebTan
dapirispireba ar surda. maT eSino- daT, rom konfliqtis
wamowyebis SemTxvevaSi kidev erTxel mividod- nen 1793
wlis Sedegebamde.19 industriuli kapitalizmis naklovani
mxareebi mTels evropaSi komunizmis gavrcelebas
umzadebda safuZv-
els, romelic socializmis ganviTarebul variants
warmaodgenda da germaneli politikuri ekonomistis,
karl marqsis naSromebSi iqna Camoyalibebuli.
1848 wlis movlenebma naTelyo, rom evropis koncerti
ver axerxebda im safrTxeebTan gamklavebas, romelTa
winaSec konservatiuli monarqiebi idgnen. erTi meoris
miyolebiT, yvela qveyanaSi gamodioda muSaTa fena,
romlis mTavar moTxovnas meti politikuri uflebebi
warmoadgenda. mwifdeboda konfliqti industriuli
revoluciis Sedegad warmoqmnis socialur fenebs _
saSualo fenas (burJuazias), miwaTmflobel
aristokratiasa da muSaTa klass So- ris. am process
Tan axlda liberaluri azrovnebis gavrceleba.20
1848 wlis revoluciebi ewyoboda ara marto
demokratiulobis moTxovniT, aramed im politikurad
aqtiuri fenebis surviliT, romlebic 1815 wlis
SeTanxmebis gadaxedvasa da zogierTi eris, magaliTad
germanelebisa da italielebis gaerTianebas, da sxvaTa
_ magaliTad ungrelebisa da polonelebis mier
damoukideblobis miniWebas iTxovdnen.
Tavidan gamarjveba monarqistebisa da miwaTmflobelebis
mxareze iyo, raSic maT konservatiuli saxelmwifoebi _
upirveles yovlisa “evropis Jandarmi”, ruseTis imperia
exmareboda. amavdroulad rCeboda Sida konfliqtebis
saerTaSoriso konfliqtebad gadazrdis safrTxe. me-19
saukunis SuaxanebSi evropis koncertma xelaxla gadaxeda
da sasurvelad scno Sida problemebis SemTxvevaSi inter-
venciis SesaZlebloba iseT qveynebSi, rogorebic iyvnen
poloneTi,
avstria da ungreTi _ rac Tavidan aicilebda maT

saerTaSoriso konfliqtebSi gadazrdis safrTxes.
TiTqmis erTi saukunis Semdeg, meore saerTaSoriso
organizacia _ gaero ganixilavda igive sakiTxs bosniisa
da xorvatiis omebSi intervenciasTan dakavSirebiT.
saukunis Suaxanebis gadmosaxedidan. 1850 wlisTvis
centralur da dasavleT evropaSi 1848 wels dawyebuli
revoluciebi ukve damarcxebuli iyo. monarqistebma
kvlav sruli Zalaufleba moi-
poves, liberalebi ki an srulebiT ganadgurdnen, da an
kanongare- Sed iqnen gamocxadebulni. liberalizmis
ideologebis umetesoba muSaTa klass radikalurobisaken
mouwodebda, rac TandaTanobiT sa- Sualo klasis
SeSfoTebas zrdida. es ukanasknelni evropis mraval
qveyanaSi Tanaxma iyvnen stabilurobis SesanarCuneblad
uari eTqvaT politikuri uflebebis moTxovnaze. saSualo
klasi Tanxmobas acxadebda monarqistul reaqciasa da
represiebs Segueboda. Tumca, miR- weuli stabiluroba
myari ar iyo, da bevri mas qariSxlis dawyebis win
Camovardnil simSvided aRiqvamda _ radganac
liberalizmisa da nacionalizmis Zalebi ukve
angariSgasawev Zalas warmoadgenda da warsulis
gamocdilebis gaTvaliswinebiT cxadi iyo, aravis SeeZlo
maTi didxans Sekaveba.
saukunis pirvel naxevarSi is SiSi, rasac saxelmwifoebi
nacio- nalizmisadmi ganicdidnen gamowveuli iyo imiT,
rom nacionalizmi teritorialur status qvos uqmnida
safrTxes da amasTan,liber- alizmTan iyo dakavSirebuli.
liberalizmi da nacionalizmi adreuli xanidanve
erTmaneTTan asocirdeboda, amitomac nacionalizmiT
gamowveuli SiSi umeteswilad evropis sxvadasxva nawilSi
gadata- nil liberalur revoluciebs ukavSirdeboda.
magaliTad dasavleT evropaSi, eri da saxelmwifo Sua
saukuneebidanve SeTavsebad cnebebs warmoadgenda, amitomac
mmarTvel fenebs imis SiSi ar hqondaT, rom qveda fenebze
politikuri uflebebis gavrceleba saxelmwifos daSlas
gamoiwvevda. germaniasa da italiaSi piriqiTac ki moxda _
nacionalizmis zrdam am qveyanaTa gaerTianebas Seuwo
xeli.
centralur, aRmosavleT da samxreT evropaSi ki sxva
mdgomareoba iyo. nacionalizmis mzardi gavlena
safrTxes uqmnida avstriis imperiis mTlianobas _
romelic ungrelebs, Cexebs, polonelebsa
da sxva erebs aerTianebda. ruseTis imperiaSi monarqiis

samxedro Zalebi polonelebTan, baltielebTan, finelebTan
da sxva xalxebTan brZoliT iyo dasustebuli. ruseTi
efeqtianad axSobda ajanyebis nebismier mcdelobas 1825
wlis Semdeg,rodesac dekabristebma (liberaluri armiis
oficrebma) scades mefe konstituciuri monarqiis Seqmnaze
daeTanxmebinaT. 1848 wlis liberaluri ajanyebebis dama-
rcxebis Semdeg, ukve konservatorebic mividnen im
daskvnamde, rom SesaZlebeli iyo nacionalisturi
ideologia sakuTari interesebis samsaxurSi CaeyenebinaT.
yirimis omi. Tu saukunis pirvel naxevarSi ruseTi da
britane- Ti erTmaneTs awonasworebda da evropaSi
stabilurobis garantebs warmoadgendnen, me-19 saukunis
SuawlebSi am or did saxelmwifos Soris daZabulobam
imata. uTanxmoeba warmoiSva dasustebuli otomanTa
imperiis kuTvnili teritoriebis momaval statusTan
dakav- SirebiT. amasobaSi, 40 wliani mSvidobiani
Tanacxovrebis gamo evropaSi ukve Cacxra yofili
revolucioneris _ safrangeTisadmi SiSi. miuxedavad amisa,
1848 wlis dekemberSi safrangeTis preziden- tis posti
daikava luis napoleon bonapartma (napoleon bonapartis
ZmiSvilma),ris Semdegac am qveyanam kidev erTxel gamoTqva
pretenziebi evropaSi lideris poziciis mopovebaze. 1852
wels luis napoleoni imperator napoleon III_d
gamocxadda.21
safrangeTis dabrunebuli Zlierebis warmosaCenad
napoleon III_m dasustebul otomanTa imperiaze
galaSqreba gadawyvita. 1852 wels napoleonma moiTxova,rom
ierusalimis wminda adgilebis gan- mgebloba
marTlmadidebelTa magivrad kaTolikeebs gadascemodaT.
am erTis SexedviT naklebadseriozulma movlenam
sabolood yirimis
omis dawyeba ganapiroba (1853-1856ww), rac 1815 wlis Semdeg
did
saxelmwifoTa Soris gaCaRebuli pirveli dapirispireba
gamodga.
1853 wels ruseTma Tavisi jarebi balkaneTis ori
otomanuri pro- vinciis _ moldaveTisa da vlaxeTi-s
dasapyrobad gagzavna. (Sem- dgomSi orive provincia Sevida
rumineTis SemadgenlobaSi, rodesac es ukanaskneli
otomanTa mmarTvelobisagan gaTavisuflda.) saqmeSi
britaneTi da safrangeTi Caerivnen, romlebic otomanTa
dasacavad ruseTs daesxnen Tavs. Tavdasxmis adgilad
maT Savi zRvis Cr-
diloeTi _ yirimis naxevarkunZuli SearCies. yirimis

xangrZlivi alya naklebad Seedreboda pirveli
napoleonis swraf, elvisebur kampaniebs. brZolebi 1856
wlamde gagrZelda, vidre ruseTi sabolood ar
daTanxmda jarebis gamoyvanas vlaxeTidan da moldovidan
_ romlebsac otomanTa mmarTvelobis qveS avtonomia
mieniWa. mar- Talia yirimis omSi ruseTis damarcxebam am
qveyanaSi liberaluri reformebis dawyeba ganapiroba,
magram zogadad evropis politikaze am oms
gansakuTrebuli gavlena ar mouxdenia, Tumca erTi ram
cxadi gaxda _ evropis koncerti sruliad uZluri iyo im
SemTxvevaSi, rodesac erTmaneTs did saxelmwifoTa
interesebi ejaxeboda. Sei- Zleba iTqvas, rom yirimis omi
mxolod meorexarisxovan movlenas warmoadgenda, maSin
rodesac mTavari moqmedeba sul cota xanSi, centralur
evropaSi unda dawyebuliyo.
evropuli nacionalizmis aRzeveba:

italiisa da germaniis gaerTianeba
1815 wlidan saukunis Suaxanebamde ruseTi da britaneTi
war- matebiT awonasworebdnen erTmaneTs. amasTan,orive
saxelmwifo erTad abalansebda safrangeTs. amavdroulad,
ruseTi iziarebda avstriis konservatiul poziciebs
teritoriuli da politikuri status qvos SenarCunebis
Taobaze. yirimis omma sasicocxlo Zalebi gamoacala
rogorc ruseTs, ise britaneTs, Sesabamisad am ori
qveynis gavlena kontinenturi evropis saqmeebze
sagrZnoblad Semcirda. Sedegad, safrangeTma moqmedebis
meti Tavisufleba moi pova, xolo avstrias aRar unda
hqonoda ruseTis mxardaWeris imedi rogorc Tavad
imperiaSi, ise germaniasa da italiaSi mimdinare
nacionalisturi moZraobebis CaxSobis saqmeSi.
italiis gaerTianeba. avstriis Zlierebis Seryeva
safrangeTi- saTvis SesaniSnavi Sansi iyo, da manac ar
daayovna. napoleon III energiulad uWerda mxars italiis
qalaq-saxelmwifoebSi agorebul
moZraobas ,,risorjimentos” romlis mizans erTiani
saxelmwifos Seqmna warmoadgenda. risorjimentos
saTaveSi piemont-sardiniis grafi di kavouri Caudga. 1858
wlis ivlisSi kavouri da napoleoni
SeTanxmdnen, rom safrangeTi mxars uWerda piemontis

moZraobas,sanacvlod ki parizis mflobelobaSi nica da
savoia gadadioda. 1859 wels safrangeTis jarebi Tavs
daesxnen avstriis samxedro Zalebs da CrdiloeTi italia
daatovebines. italiis nacionalisturma Za- lebma juzepe
garibaldis meTaurobiT 1860 wels kontroli moi- poves
siciliasa da neapolze, da es teritoriebi grafi
piemontis mmarTvelobaSi moqceul CrdiloeT italias
SeuerTes. 1861 wels italiis parlamentma gaerTianebuli
samefos Seqmna gamoacxada.
italiis gaerTianebam 1815 wlis SeTanxmebis seriozuli
gad- axedvis saWiroeba warmoqmna. amasTan, aRar arsebobda
safrangeTsa da avstrias Soris uTanxmoebis erTerTi
mTavari wyaro _ italiis damoukidebel erTeulebze
gavlenis mopoveba. Tavidan axlad warmo- qmnili
saxelmwifo Zalian susti iyo imisaTvis,rom safrangeTisa
an avstriisaTvis seriozuli safrTxe Seeqmna. amasTan igi
buferuli zonis rols asrulebda, rac orive
saxelmwifosaTvis Tanabrad mniSvnelovani iyo. marTalia
italiam teritorialur mTlianobas miaRwia, magram is
kvlavac politikurad danawevrebuli da ekonomikurad
ganuviTarebeli rCeboda. amis gamo italiam didxans ver
moaxerxa moepovebina didi saxelmwifos statusi,
romlisTvisac ase iRwvodnen am qveynis liderebi.
germaniis gaerTianeba. evropis erTi mniSvnelovani eri _
ger- manelebi jer kidev erTiani saxelmwifos gareSe
rCebodnen. 1862 wels prusiis mefem, uiliam I-ma qveynis
kanclerad oto fon bis-
marki daniSna _ romelic me-19 saukunis meore naxevris
evropis uniWieresi moRvawe gaxldaT. bismarki
konservatori iunkeri (miwaT- mflobeli aristokratiis
warmomadgeneli) iyo. mis mTavar mizans
monarqiis ganmtkiceba da am gziT prusiis jarSi samxedro
reformebis ganxorcieleba warmoadgenda. es ki isedac
SezRuduli Zalau- flebis mqone parlamentis
uflebamosilebis Semcirebis xarjze unda momxdariyo.
vinaidan safrangeTis revoluciis Semdeg nacionalizmi
xSirad liberalizmTan asocirdeboda,germaniis mmarTveli
wreebis warmomadgenelTa umetesoba qveynis gaerTianebis
winaaRm- degi iyo,vinaidan maTi azriT es status qvos da
maT sazogadoebriv mdgomareobas Seuqmnida safrTxes.
marTalia, dasawyisSi bismarki
germaniis gaerTianebiT ar iyo dainteresebuli, magram

mogvianebiT igi mixvda, Tu ramdenad momgebiani iyo
nacionalizmis gamoyeneba masebis samarTavad ise,rom amiT
aristokratiis uflebebi xelSeux- ebeli darCeniliyo, da
amasTan gazrdiliyo prusiis saerTaSoriso gavlena da
prestiJi.
bismarki sagareo politikaSi ,,real-politikis” (Zalis
politikis) princi pebiT xelmZRvanelobda. mis erTaderT
mizans saxelmwifo interesebis gatareba warmoadgenda,
da am miznis misaRwevad
yvela gza dasaSvebi iyo: di plomatia _ Tu iyo amisi
saSualeba da omi _ Tu iyo amisi aucilebloba.
bismarkisaTvis problemas ar warmoadgenda Zalismieri
politikis gamoyeneba Tuki es monarqiis
gavlenas, aristokratiis Zalauflebis SenarCunebasa da
armiis ga- Zlierebas sWirdeboda. igi iziarebda
germaneli samxedro Teore- tikosis, klauzevicis azrs,
rom ,,omi araferia, Tu ara politikis sxva saSualebebiT
gagrZeleba”22. bismarki romelic mogvianebiT
,,rkinis kancleris” saxeliT gaxda cnobili, xSirad
imeorebda,rom
,,istoriuli sakiTxebi wydeba ara gamosvlebiTa da
mowodebebiT, aramed rkiniTa da sisxliT”23.
kanclerobis periodSi bismarki im daskvnamde mivida, rom
germaniis gaerTianebis gegmaSi avstria ar unda
gaeTvaliswinebina, rad- gan is mxolod nawilobriv iyo
germanuli saxelmwifo. avstriis imperia bevri sxva
eTnikuri jgufisagan Sedgeboda, maT Soris Cex- ebis,
slovakebis, polonelebis, xorvatebis, ungrelebisa da
bevri sxva xalxebisagan. gaerTianebuli germania
namdvilad ver SeZlebda am uamravi gansxvavebuli
eTnikuri jgufis SemoerTebas. amasTan, ori germanuli
saxelmwifos _ prusiisa da avstriis gaerTianebis mcde-
loba namdvilad SeSfoTebas gamoiwvevda evropis sxva
did saxelm- wifoebSi, romlebsac SesaZloa amis
aRsakveTad omic ki wamoewyoT.
1864 wels daniis mefem bismarks Tavisi gegmebis gasaxor-
cieleblad SesaniSnavi SesaZlebloba misca _ kerZod, mas
SecdomiT miaCnda rom britaneTis mxardaWeriT
sargeblobda, da amiT gulmo- cemulma Tavisi Zveli
avtonomiuri sahercogoebis _ Slezvigisa da holSteinis
sruli asimilacia scada. bismarkma swrafad Seqmna
aliansi avstriasTan, raTa am umetesad germanul
teritoriebze
sruli kontroli moepovebina. 1864 wels prusiisa da

avstriis jarebma swrafi gamarjveba moi poves, Tumca
berlinsa da venas Soris maleve daiwyo uTanxmoeba
danielebisaTvis warTmeuli teritoriebis erTiani
kontrolis Taobaze. 1866 wlis ivnisSi avstriam gawyvita
prusiasTan di plomatiuri kavSirebi da armiis mobilizeba
daiwyo. es bismarkma omis wamowyebis sababad gamoiyena.
prusias ukeTesad organizebuli armia hyavda, amasTan man
axlad danergili rkinig- zisa da telegrafis
saSualebiT ufro swrafad moaxerxa Zalebis mobilizacia.
upiratesoba calsaxa iyo da prusiam avstriis dama-
rcxeba sul raRac or TveSi SesZlo. samSvidobo
xelSekrulebiT avstriam xeli aiRo germaniisa da
italiis Sida saqmeebSi Carevaze (venecia, romelic
sxvadasxva dros avstriis mflobelobaSi imyofeboda,
sabolood italiis samefos gadaeca), Crdilo-germanuli
saxelmwifoebi ki CrdiloeT _ germanul konfederaciaSi
gaerTianda, romelsac saTaveSi prusiis samefo edga.
prusiis gamarjvebam mniSvnelovnad Secvala centraluri
evropis politika. dasustebuli avstria iZulebuli
gaxda ungruli provinciebis politikur
Tanasworuflebianobaze daTanxmebuliyo, da 1867 wels
avstriis imperia ,,dualistur monarqiad” avstria-
ungreTad gamocxadda. prusiis Zlierebis arabunebrivi
siswrafiT zrdam sxva didi saxelmwifoebis SeSfoTeba
gamoiwvia, Tumca bismarkma di plomatiuri xrikebiT
warmatebiT moaxerxa erTis mxriv safrangeTis izolireba,
meores mxriv ki britaneTisa da ruse- Tis
neitralizeba. 1870 wlis 14 ivniss, rodesac evropaSi
didi daZabuloba sufevda espaneTis taxtis memkvidris
arCevasTan dakav- SirebiT, bismarkma farulad gaavrcela
avstriis kaizer vilhelmis gamogzavnili telegrama,
romelic mis mierve iyo ise Casworebuli, rom
STabeWdileba Seqmiliyo, TiTqos kaizeri da safrangeTis
elCi erTmaneTs ayenebdnen Seuracxyofas. rogorc vena,ise
berlini omis gamocxadebas iTxovda, Tumca xuT dReSi
napoleon III_m zustad is gaakeTa, rac ase momgebiani iyo
bismarkisaTvis da Tavad gamoucxada prusias omi.
prusiam kidev erTxel warmatebiT gamoiyena armiis kargi
organizacia da axali teqnologiebi da sul ramodenime
kviraSi safrange-
Tze gamarjveba moi pova. verc britaneTma,da verc erTma
evropis sxva didma qveyanam ver moaxerxa safrangeTs
droze miSveleboda. prus- ielebma napoleon III Sei pyres
da oTxTviani alyis Semdeg parizic aiRes. safrangeTs
prusiis sasargeblod uzarmazari reparaciebis gadaxda
daekisra; amasTan prusiisaTvis elzasisa da lorenis pro-
vinciebis daTmoba mouwia rac didi xnis manZilze
frangul miwebad iTvleboda. Tuki elzasis miTviseba
raRacnairad gamarTlebuli iyo radganac aq mosaxleobis
umetesoba germanuli warmoSobisa iyo, loreni sufTa
franguli provincia gaxldaT. orive danakargs
safrangeTi mravali aTwleulis manZilze ganicdida.
safrangeTis damcireba da masze mZime pirobebis dakisreba
imaze miuTiTebda, rom bismarkis tolerantuloba
damarcxebulTa mi- marT _ romlebic meore wuTSi
SesaZlo iyo misi mokavSireebi gamxdariyvnen _ warsuls
Cabarda. 1871 wlis 18 ianvars bismarkma axali germanuli
imperiis daarseba versalis sasaxlidan gamoacxada
romelic lui XIV-is mier iyo aSenebuli da safrangeTis
Zliereb- is simbolos warmoadgenda. amiT man kidev meti
Seuracxyofa miayena elzasisa da lorenis dakargviT
isedac damcirebul safrangeTs. es SemTxveva, rodesac
bismarkma uari Tqva Cveul realpolitikaze da
sanacvlod nacionalizmisa da Sovinizmis karnaxiT
imoqmeda, mogvi- anebiT germaniasa da danarCen evropasac
Zvirad daujda. miuxedavad amisa 1871 wlisTvis,
germanelTa ocneba _ erTiani germanuli saxelmwifos
Seqmnis Taobaze realobad iqca.
prusiis mmarTvelobis qveS mTeli germaniis gaerTianebam
didi gavlena iqonia evropis politikaze da ZalTa
wonasworobis radikaluri cvlileba gamoiwvia.
germaniis swrafma da gadamwyvetma gama- rjvebebma mTeli
evropis samxedro strategiasa da organizaciaze moaxdina
gavlena. amasTan, daiwyo axali SeiaraRebisa da teqnolo-
giebis kvlevis procesi, gavrcelda rkinigzebis
mSenebloba. axali germanuli imperia kontinenturi
evropis uZlieres saxelmwifod iqca. marTalia
safrangeTSi aRSfoTeba matulobda, magram is jer-
jerobiT Zalian iyo dasustebuli da mokavSireebis povnac
uWirda. avstria Seegua germaniaze kontrolis dakargvas
da mTeli yura- dReba balkaneTs miapyro, rac ungreTis
daJinebuli moTxovniTac
iyo gamowveuli. vinaidan yirimis omis Semdeg ruseTis

eqspansia samxreTiT SeuZlebeli gaxda, man gafarToeba
aziis mimarTulebiT wamoiwyo,amasTan sakuTari ekonomikis
ganviTarebasac Seudga. bri- taneTi ver xedavda
kontinenturi evropis procesebSi Carevis aucileblobas,
vinaidan belgiisa da niderlandebis usafrTxoebas
aravin emuqreboda. amitomac, britaneTi koloniuri da
komerciuli imperiis gaZlierebaze gadaerTo. ase rom,
bismarkis mTavar miRwevas, germaniis imperias, mocemuli
momentisaTvis safrTxes aravin uqmnida.
imperializmi industriul xanaSi

vidre evropaSi eri-saxelmwifoebi yalibdeboda, danarCen
msoflioSi imperiebi ikvreboda. industriulma
revoluciam bevrad gazarda did saxelmwifoTa
moTxovnebi nedleulze, muSaxel- sa da axal bazrebze.
evropeli liderebis umetesobis azriT ki, nedleulisa da
bazrebis mopovebis erTaderT gzas im teritoriebis
pirdapiri kontroli warmoadgenda,sadac es nedleuli da
bazrebi mdebareobda. ase rom, strategiuli da
ekonomikuri interesebis realizebis erTaderT gzad
rCeboda koloniebisa da imperiuli teritoriebis
SemoerTeba. resursebsa da bazrebze gavlenis qona
politikuri Zalauflebisa da ekonomikuri siZlieris
sawindari iyo. mewarmeebi udides sargeblobas iRebdnen
bunebrivi resursebis aTvisebiT da nawarmi saqonlis
eqsportirebiT, amasTan, meti mogebis misaRebad xSirad
axdendnen gavlenas mTavrobaze maTTvis SeRavaTe- bis,
upiratesobebisa da monopoliebis gadasacemad. am mizezTa
gamo industrializacia kolonializmis gavrcelebas
pirdapir uwyobda xels.24
amavdroulad axali teqnologiebi da masobrivi warmoeba
xels uwyobda saxelmwifoTa mier samxedro Zalis
aRmSeneblobasa da Zalis proeqcias. axali teqnologiebi
evropelebs aziisa da afrikis tradiciul
sazogadoebebTan did upiratesobas aZlevda. in-
dustriuli epoqis samxedro upiratesobis magaliTs
warmoadgenda
1898 wels sudanSi momxdari omdurmanis brZola, sadac
brita-
neli, egvi pteli da sudanuri Zalebi ricxobrivad orjer

met su- danel ajanyebulebs daupirispirdnen.
ajanyebulebma am brZolaSi
11000 adamiani dakarges, maSin rodesac meore mxares
mxolod 48 jariskaci gamoaklda. marTalia koloniuri
dapyrobebis winaaRm- deg ajanyebebi iSviaTobas ar
warmoadgenda da zogjer warmate- biTac mTavrdeboda,
magram adgilobriv TemTa umetesoba ubralod uZluri
iyo evropeli kolonizatorebis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi.25
zogierT maTgans pirdapiri gagebiT mouxda aerCia
damorCileba an sruli ganadgureba. miuxedavad amisa,
kolonizatorebsac hqondaT garkveuli sirTuleebi _
m a g a l i T a d , m a T e s a W i r o e b o d a T s a k u T a r i b a z e b i,
komunikaciis usafrTxo xazebi da strategiuli
resursebis siaxlove. kerZod, wina epoqis xomaldebisagan
gansxvavebiT, Tbomav- lebs naxSiri sWirdebodaT, romlis
maragis Sevsebac sakmaod xSirad iyo aucilebeli. armiasa
da flots sWirdeboda rkina, spilenZi da nitratebi
amuniciisaTvis. ase rom, samxedro Zalis Soreul region-
ebSi gadasrola imperiis gafarToebis kidev erT sababs
iZleoda.
Pax Britannica. me-19 saukuneSi britaneTi erideboda
axali koloniebis dasakuTrebas. jer erTi _
gaTavisuflebuli laTinuri amerika gaxsnili iyo
britaneTTan savaWrod, meorec _ britaneTi
akontrolebda indoeTs. amitom, britaneTi ukve SeZenili
teritoriebis Semomtkicebas Seudga, Tumca germaniis
gaZlierebam,ruseTis mier dawyebulma gafarToebam da 1880-
ian wlebSi ganaxlebulma safrangeTis koloniurma
ambiciebma britaneTs axali problemebi Seuqmna _
radganac es saxelmwifoebi britaneTs Tavis teritori-
alur wylebSi Sesvlis nebas ar rTavdnen da amiT mis
Tavisufal vaWrobas uSlidnen xels, amasTan kiTxvis
niSnis qveS dgeboda britanuli gavlenis momavali iseT
regionebSi, romlebsac uaRresad did mniSvnelobas
aniWebdnen londonSi. ase rom, rodesac 1880- ian wlebSi
resursebis Ziebis gacxovelebas ,,afrikis datacebis”, anu
kolonializmis axali talRa moyva, britaneTma kidev
erTxel daibruna kolonizatoris statusi. marTalia
saukunis bolosken britaneTis warmoeba jer germaniam,
Semdeg ki SeerTebulma Statebma daCrdila, magram misma
udavo sazRvao-sanaosno pirvelobam bri- taneTs
saSualeba misca ,,paqs britanika” anu britanuli
mSvidoba daewesebina. ,,paqs britanika” did saxelmwifoTa
omebis winaaRmdeg gadadgmuli nabiji iyo, radganac omis
monawile mxareebs britaneTi embargoebisa da sxva
ekonomikuri sanqciebis dawesebiT emuqreboda. britaneTma
sazRvao da industriuli upiratesobebis wyalobiT
afrikaSi ,,lomis wilis” miTviseba moaxerxa. am
periodisaT- vis ti piuri ,,medrovis” saxes warmaodgenda
ingliseli Sovinisti da TeTri rasis upiratesobaSi
Rrmad darwmunebuli sesil rodsi, romelmac kariera
samxreT afrikaSi Raribi almasebis maZebrad daiwyo.
rodsma daaarsa deberesis kompania, romelic dRemde
akonto- lebs msoflios briliantebis warmoebis udides
nawils. rodsi kei pis koloniis premier ministrad
dainiSna da mis mTavar ocnebas ,,rukis gawiTleba” anu
mdinare nilosidan dawyebuli _ keTili imedis koncxamde
mTeli afrikis britaneTis dominionad gadaqceva
warmoadgenda. rodsma CrdiloeTi da samxreTi rodeziis
(dRevandeli zambia da zimbabve) daarsebiT centraluri
afrikis umeteso- baze moapovebina britaneTs gavlena.
marTalia Tavad rodsis kariera skandaliTa da
SercxveniT dasrulda, magram misi ocneba afrika- Si
britaneTis gabatonebis Sesaxeb axda: britaneTi
akontrolebda nilosis vels mTlianad,egvi ptis CaTvliT;
sudans, ugandasa da ken- ias. (rodsma anderZad datova
rodsis saswavlo programis daarseba, romelic amerikeli,
germaneli da britaneTis koloniebis mcxovrebi
studentebisaTvis iyo gankuTvnili da romlis arss
koloniebisa da anglo-saqsonuri samyaros kulturuli da
politikuri kavSirebis ganmtkiceba warmoadgenda.)
britaneTis umniSvnelovanes da yvelze ZviradRirebuli
ko- lonialur oms, (egreT wodebuli burebis oms)
samxreT afrikaSi hqonda adgili. burebis omSi
dapirispirebul mxareebad britaneTi da samxreT
afrikaSi mcxovrebi holandielebi gamodiodnen. kon-
fliqti mas Semdeg ganviTarda, rac nominaluri
damoukideblobis mqone holandiel burebis transvaalis
respublikaSi oqros didi maragebi aRmoCnda. 1899
daZabuloba omSi gadaizarda. rodesac partizan burebTan
brZola gaZnelda da britaneTis mosaxleobaSi
ukmayofilebam daiwyo zrda, xelisuflebam kompromisebze
wasvla arCia da mSvidoba damyarda. 1902 wels ki
burebis respublikebi axlad Seqmnil samxreT afrikis
kavSirSi gaerTianda, romelsac TviTmmarTveli
dominionis statusi mieniWa (da sadac sruli samoqalaqo
da politikuri uflebebi mxolod TeTrkanian
mosaxleobas eniWeboda).
britaneTis mmarTvelobaSi gadavida dasavleT afrikis
nayofieri sanapiroebic _ nigeria, oqros napiri
(dRevandeli gana) da siera leone. aziaSi ki britaneTis
gavlena adensa da birmazec gavrcelda, maT sparseTis
teritoriaTa nawilsa da CineTze ,,eqsklu- ziuri
gavlenis zonebi” daaweses. 1897 wels,dedofal viqtorias
britaneTis imperiaSi ,,mze arasodes Cadioda”, da misi
mosaxleoba
500 milion adamians moicavda. britaneTis imeperiaSi
Sedioda wynari okeanis kunZulebi, singapuri, indoeTi,
afrikis didi nawili da kanada. britaneTis pirveloba
imperiul saxelmwifoTa Soris udao iyo, Tumca ramdenad
SeeZlo mas aseTi imperiis SenarCuneba pasux- gaucemeli
rCeboda.
metoqe imperiebi. marTalia, sxva saxelmwifoebis
imperiuli ambiciebi britaneTTan SedarebiT naklebad
realuri gamodga, magram saerTaSoriso sistemaze mainc
mniSvnelovani gavlenis moxdena SeZles. napoleonis
omebis Semdeg safrangeTi xelaxla Seudga imperiis Senebis
saqmes _ da amjerad samizned afrika,samxreT-aRmosavleTi
azia da wynari okeanis kunZulebi airCia. 1830 wels
safrangeTma alJiri dai pyro,ris ZiriTad mizansac veluri
mekobreebis Tavdasx- maTa SeCereba warmoadgenda.
frangebma gavlena dasavleT afrika- Sic moi poves,Tumca
e s a d g i l e b i m i u x e d a v a d f a r T o t e r i t o r i i s a,
mosaxleobis simcirisa da naklebad nayofieri niadagis
gamo mcire ekonomikuri sargeblobis matarebeli iyo.
aziaSi safrangeTma moaxerxa indoCineTisa da ramodenime
wynari okeanis kunZulis _ maT Soris taitis _
dasakuTreba. am xanis frangul imperializms
xSirad ,,pirdapiri mmarTvelobis” xanas uwodeben,vinaidan
igi civilizaciis gavrcelebis misioneruli ideiT iyo
STagonebuli. frangebi Tavis vals xedavdnen kultura da
civilizacia mietanaT CamorCe- nil xalxebamde, ris gamoc
cdilobdnen maT dapyrobas, asimilacias da franguli
cxovrebis yaidaze gadayvanas. ase rom, safrangeTis
koloniebic sakmaod vrcel teritoriebs moicavda, Tumca
franguli
proteqcionizmis Sedegad am, koloniebs mxolod
safrangeTTan See- ZloT vaWroba.26
afrikaSi koloniebis gaCena germaniam da italiamac
moiwadina, Tumca italiis imperiuli mcdelobebi me-20
saukunemde warmatebiT ar dasrulebula, maSin rodesac
germaniam ,,cis qveS sakuTari adgilis ZiebaSi” kameruni,
tanganika (Tanamedrove tanzania) da samxreT- dasavleTi
afrika (dRevandeli namibia) moi pova. Tumca, britaneTis
sazRvao upiratesobidan gamomdinare germaniam didxans
ver SeZlo am koloniebis SenarCuneba. amasobaSi ki
ruseTma ganamtkica Zalau- fleba kavkasiasa da
centraluri aziaSi, Semdeg kidev ufro samxre- Tisaken-
aziaSi scada gafarToeba. ruseTis es nabiji britaneTma
in- doeTis dasakuTrebis pretenziad aRiqva, amitomac
mudmivad uSlida xels ruseTis samflobeloebis
gafarToebas samxreTiT,aziisaken.
britaneTis, safrangeTis, germaniisa da ruseTis
imperiebis zrdis paralelurad, daSlis gzas adga
erTerTi Zveli saxelmwifo
_ otomanTa imperia. dasustebul otomanebis sasulTnos
ori mxridan uwevda Tavdasxmebis mogerieba _ rogorc
avstria, ise ruse- Ti misi provinciebis dasakuTrebisaTvis
ibrZodnen. me-19 saukunis ganmavlobaSi otomanTa imperiis
rRvevis procesi ar SeCerebula, miuxedavad imisa,rom rigi
evropuli saxelmwifoebi, gansakuTrebiT ki britaneTi,
yovelgvarad cdilobda otomanTa imperiaSi reformebis
gatarebas da mis sruli daSlis Tavidan acilebas.
britaneTis azriT otomanTa imperiis mniSvneloba
uaRresad didi iyo, radganac is ruseTis eqspansiis
Semakavebel Zalas warmoadgenda. otomanTa imperiis
dasustebasTan erTad, evropis qveynebs saSualeba miecaT
mis Sida procesebSi intervenciisa, Tumca yvela
maTganisaTvis Tanabrad mniSvnelovani iyo, rom otomanTa
imperias Tavisi teritoriebi ar daekarga, da isini
romelime erT evropul saxelmwifos ar Cavard- noda
xelSi. amis gamo isini awonasworebdnen erTmaneTis
zewolas otomanTa imperiaze, Tumca “evropis avadmyofi
adamiani” ucvlelad adga ngrevis gzas.
otomanTa imperia didi ZalisxmeviT cdilobda dasavluri
samxedro teqnologiebis aTvisebas, magram misi bedi ukve
gadawyvetili iyo. Turqebi ukve Zalian iyvnen CamorCenili
danarCen saxelmwifoebs,
amasTan modernizaciis warmatebas xels uSlida mTeli
rigi socialuri, saganmanaTleblo da teqnikuri
problemebi, romelTa gadalaxva mas ukve aRar SeeZlo.
rogorc ukve aRiniSna, saberZneTsa da balka- neTSi
nacionalizmis gavrceleba ajanyebaTa seriaSi gadaizarda,
romlis CaxSobac otomanTa Zalis gamoyenebiT scades.
ruseTi, romelic Tavs megobari slavi xalxebis
damcvelad acxadebda, konfliqtSi
1877 Caeria, Tumca misi Careva maleve SeaCeres sxva didma
saxelmwifoebma. otomanTa imperiis dasusteba evropaSi
Zalis vakuums qmnida, es ki danarCeni imperiuli
saxlmwifoebis metoqeobas zrdida. sabolood,daZabulobam
gaZlierebul nacionalistur moZraobebsa da imperiul
eqspansias Soris piks miaRwia. am ZalTa Sejaxebas uprece-
dento masStabebis konfliqtis warmoSoba moyva.
aliansebis bismarkiseuli sistema

me-19 saukunis dasasruls evropaSi ramodenime aliansi
Seiqmna, romelTac erToblivad ,,bismarkis sistemis”
saxeliT icnoben. aseT aliansebs germania imisaTvis
iyenebda, rom Seemcirebina erTis mxriv sakuTar
mokavSireebis mier wamoyenebuli moTxovnebi, meores mxriv
ki oponentTa koaliciebis Seqmnis SesaZlebloba. es
ukanaskneli gansakuTrebiT arasasurveli iyo
germaniisaTvis, radganac metoqeTa SekavSireba Seuqmnida
safrTxes mis interesebs, amasTanave xels Seu- wyobda aqa-
iq mimdinare mcire konfliqtebis farTomasStabian omSi
gadazrdas. marTalia moqnili politikuri manevrirebiT
bismarki Tavidan axerxebda evropis procesebis
gakontrolebas, magram am wonasworobis politikam ver
SeZlo seriozuli saerTaSoriso da qveynis Sida
konfliqtebis gadaWra, rac sabolood bismarkis mier
xelisuflebis dakargvasa da misi sistemis rRvevaSi
gamoixata.
bismarkis sistemis arsi germaniis, avstria-ungreTis da
ruse- Tis erTianobasa da safrangeTis izolaciaSi
mdgomareobda. es arc ise advili saqme gamodga, vinaidan
bismarkis ori mTavari mokav- Siris _ ruseTisa da
avstria-ungreTis interesebi erTmaneTs ewi-
naaRmdegeboda. bismarkma jer 1879 wels, avstria-
ungreTTan Sekra
,,ormagi aliansi”, 1881 wels ki ,,sami imperatoris
aliansSi” germania, ruseTi da avstria-ungreTi
gaerTianda. Tumca politikuri movlenebi _ upirveles
yovlisa balkaneTis naxevarkunZulze, am aliansebis
stabilurobas emuqreboda. balkaneTis nacionalisturma
moZraobebma Turqebis mmarTvelobas safrTxe Sueqmna,
amavdroulad dasustebul otomanTa imperias arc am
moTxovnaTa dakmayofileba SeeZlo da arc maTi CaxSoba.
ase rom, ruseTi da avstria-ungre- Ti aqtiurad
aqezebdnen balkaneTis nacionalistur miswrafebebs da am
regionze sakuTari gavlenis gavrcelebisaTvis
ecilebodnen erTmaneTs. 1878 wels berlinis kongresze
bismarkis xelSewyobiT miRweulma SeTanxmebam balkaneTs
droebiTi stabiluroba moutana, Tumca arc ruseTsa da
arc avstria-ungreTs auRia xeli balkaneTis
dasakuTrebaze. 1882 wels bismarkma italiasa da avstria-
ungreTs Soris teritorialuri konfliqtis
mosagvareblad samTa kavSiri Seqmna,sadac germania,italia
da avstria-ungreTi gawevrianda.
bismarkis poziciebi gansakuTrebiT mas Semdeg gaZlierda,
rac safrangeTi da britaneTi erTmaneTs otomanTa
imperiis kidev erTi nawilis egvi ptis gamo daupirispirda
erTmaneTs. egvi pte britaneTi- saTvis sasicocxlo
mniSvnelobis teritoria iyo, gansakuTrebiT
1869 wels sueciis arxis gaxsnis Semdeg. safrangeTi ar
daexmara britaneTs 1882 wels egvi pteSi wamowyebuli
ajanyebis CaxSobaSi, ase rom britanelebma mTeli egvi pte
daikaves da de faqto pro- teqtorati daaarses (Tumca
oficialurad egvi pte 1914 wlamde otomanTa imperiis
Semadgenel nawilad iTvleboda). am movlenis Semdeg
safrangeTi sabolood gariyuli aRmoCnda, mas
britaneTis saxiT xelidan gamoecala ukanaskneli Sansi,
epovna mokavSire da germaniaze eZia Suri.
1888 wlisTvis bismarkis sistema mTeli ZaliT ibrZoda
gad- arCenisaTvis. ruseTi eWvis TvaliT uyurebda
germanul di plomatias, ramac mas xeli SeuSala
balkaneTTan dakavSirebuli miznebis ganxorcielebaSi.
ruseTTan dapirisprebuli avstria-ungreTi sul ufro
metad damokidebuli xdeboda germaniaze, romelsac
Tavis
damcvelad aRiqvamda. bismarkma scada ruseTisa da
avstria-ungreTis interesebiT mani pulireba, magram arc
erT saxelmwifos aRar SeeZlo balkaneTSi mimdinare
procesebis gakontroleba romelTa mamoZravebel Zalas
warmoadgenda adgilobriv mcxovrebTa survili meti
avtonomia moepovebinaT otomanTa imperiisagan. erTis
mxriv balkaneTis damoukidebelma moqmedebebma, meores
mxriv ki ruseTisa da avstria-ungreTis uTanxmoebam
bismarkis sistema ngrevis piramde miiyvana27.
marTalia bismarki Tavidan axerxebda did saxelmwifoTa
interesebis konfliqtis daregulirebas, magram 1880-iani
wlebisaT- vis germaniis sazogadoebaSi gaizarda
moTxovna, maT qveyanas ufro gadamWreli politikuri
nabijebi gadaedga. bismarkis politikuri manevrireba imas
niSnavda, rom sabolood arc erTi qveyana ar iyo misiT
bolomde kmayofili, Tumca arc mosisxle mtrebi yavda
gaCe- nili. evropis saxelmwifoebi siamovnebiT ityodnen
uars germaniis mokavSireobaze, Tuki usafrTxoebis
mopovebis alternatiul gzas gamoZebnidnen. amasobaSi ki
germaniis saSinao politikur asparezze gaZlierdnen
jgufebi, romlebic proteqcionistul tarifebsa da
agresiuli kolonialuri politikis gatarebas
moiTxovdnen. (mar- Talia Tavad bismarki evropis gareT
koloniebis mopovebis momxre ar yofila, magram misma
memkvidreebma gadawyites,rom germanias ,,mzis qveS Tavisi
adgilis” mosapoveblad _ britaneTisa da safrangeTis
msgavsad, aucileblad esaWiroeboda koloniebis dapyroba.)
am Sida procesebma asaxva germaniis saerTaSoriso
mdgomareobazec hpova: koloniuri ambiciebis zrdam sxva
did saxelmwifoTa interesebs Seuqmna safrTxe, bismarkis
xelisufleba Seirya da 1890 wels man Tanamdeboba datova.
bismarkis wasvlis momentisaTvis evropaSi ukve oci wlis
manZilze mSvidoba sufevda, Tumca did saxelmwifoTa
Soris mosalodneli omis winapirobebi ukve iyo Seqmnili.
II. saerTaSoriso sistema

me-20 saukunis dasawyisisaTvis
me-19 saukunis bolosaTvis evropis koncertis mier

damyare- buli stabiluroba TandaTan warsulis
sakuTreba xdeboda. did saxelmwifoTa saerTo interesebi
qreboda da Sedegad uamravi lokaluri konfliqti
warmoiSveboda, rac gansakuTrebiT aSkara iyo balkaneTis
naxevarkunZulze. evropis koncerti romlis safuZ- velsac
evropis saxelmwifoTa saerTo interesebi warmoadgenda
evropis politikuri da ekonomikuri globalizaciis
saTave gamodga, Tumca interesebis es erToblioba
xangrZlivi ar iyo,rac evropaSi mcxovrebi sxvadasxva eris
gansxvavebuli interesebiT aixsneboda. ase rom sabolood,
bismarkis sistemam mxolod is moaxerxa, rom
gaexangrZlivebina or qariSxals Soris Camovardnili
simSvidis pe- riodi.
evropis koncertma da bismarkis aliansebma warmatebiT
moaxerxes strategiuli interesebiTa da usafrTxoebis
dilemiT gamowveuli konfliqtebis gadawyveta, Tumca
uZluri aRmoCndnen im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac
dapirispirebis saTaves Rrma istoriuli da kulturuli
fesvebi hqonda, da racionaluri kompromisebis
saSualebas ar iZleoda. nacionalistur konfliqtebs
me-20 saukunis dasawyisSi kidev meti simZafre unda
SeeZina, radganac evropis xalxebis umetesobas jer kidev
imperiuli mmarTvelobis qveS uxdeboda cxovreba.
amasTan, evropuli kolonializmi aziisa da afrikis bevr
qveyanas ar aZlevda damoukidebeli saxelmwifos
Camoyalibebis saSualebas.
ase rom me-19 saukunis saerTaSoris sistemaSi ukve iyo
Cade- buli momavali didi konfliqtebis winapirobebi.
marTalia, evropaSi jer kidev mSvidoba sufevda, magram
Best PDF Encryption Reviews

Msoplio Politika (1 Á - Á - Á - Á - Á - Á - )

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Msoplio Politika (1 Á - Á - Á - Á - Á - Á - )

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

korneli kakaCia

winamdebare naSromi warmoadgens msoflio politikis

avtori madlobas uxdis sofo barbaqaZes

I. Tanamedrove saerTaSoriso sistemis saTaveebTan

marTalia dRes ,,saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis” amosaval

werili berZeni istorikosis Tukidides (Zv.w. 460-496)

1000 wlidan (ganaSi 600 wlidan) da evropeli monebiT

SemosazRvreuli mravalgvarovani erTeulebisagan,

ocdaaTwliani evropuli omi da vestfaliis

imperializmi warmoadgens erTi saxelmwifos mier

ZalTa wonasworobis sistemisa da

iseve rogorc dRes, me-18 saukuneSi arsebuli

evropeli monarqebis naTesaur siaxlovesa da saerTo

ba daqiravebul jars iyenebda, romelic sxva qveynebidan

piriqiT _ samSvidobo molaparakebis dawyeba. warmatebuli

SenarCunebas. amis karg magaliTs warmoadgens me-17

SesaZlo safrTxeebi aecilebinaT Tavidan. aliansebis

safrangeTis revolucia da napoleonis omebi

belebi mdidrdebodnen, maSin rodesac umuSevari Tu

sazogadoebis CarTvam demokratizaciis procesis daCqareba

nansur sferoSi miRweuli warmatebebic uwyobda xels. ase

venciis Semdeg gaxda

avstria da ungreTi _ rac Tavidan aicilebda maT

da sxva erebs aerTianebda. ruseTis imperiaSi monarqiis

diloeTi _ yirimis naxevarkunZuli SearCies. yirimis

evropuli nacionalizmis aRzeveba:

SeTanxmdnen, rom safrangeTi mxars uWerda piemontis

germaniis gaerTianebiT ar iyo dainteresebuli, magram

sruli kontroli moepovebina. 1864 wels prusiisa da

iyo gamowveuli. vinaidan yirimis omis Semdeg ruseTis

imperializmi industriul xanaSi

neli, egvi pteli da sudanuri Zalebi ricxobrivad orjer

aliansebis bismarkiseuli sistema

II. saerTaSoriso sistema

me-19 saukunis bolosaTvis evropis koncertis mier

Best PDF Encryption Reviews

You might also like