Sesavali

1. qarTuli diplomatiis istoriis sagani da misi Seswavlis mniSvneloba.

termini `diplomatia~ momdinareobs Zveli berZnuli sityvidan `diploma~ _
`orkeci dafa~, romelSic ewera, rom mis warmomdgens aqvs rwmuneba,
awarmoos molaparakebebi meore mxaresTan. diplomatia, Tanamedrove gagebiT,
aris saxelmwifoebs Soris urTierTobebis garkvevisa da, saerTod, sagareo-
politikuri miznebis ganxorcielebis saSualeba.
diplomatiis elementebi Cndeba jer kidev pirvelyofili Temuri wyobi-
lebis dros, rodesac calkeuli tomi Tu tomTa kavSiri urTierTSoris
arsebuli problemebis mosagvareblad, arc Tu iSviaTad, mimarTavda
molaparakebebs. magram diplomatiis, rogorc sagareo politikis warmarTvis
saSualebis srulad amoqmedeba ukavSirdeba saxelmwifoebriobis aRmo-
cenebas. aqedan gamomdinare, zogadad diplomatiis istoriis Seswavlas iw-
yeben Zvel aRmosavleTSi uZvelesi saxelmwifoebriobis warmoqmnis droidan.
saqarTvelo, rogorc cnobilia, saxelmwifoebriobis mqone erT-erTi
uZvelesi qveyanaa. Tanamedrove msoflioSi sul TiTze CamosaTvlelia is
qveynebi, romlebic Tavisi saxelmwifoebrivi istoriis xangrZlivobiT
uswrebdes saqarTvelos. uZvelesi qarTuli saxelmwifoebrivi warmonaqmnebi
_ daiaeni-diauxi, kolxa, sul cota, 3000 wlis win mainc arsebobdnen. mTeli
am xnis manZilze qarTuli politikuri samyaro mudam aqtiurad iyo CarTuli
saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi da mas diplomatiuri moRvaweobis soliduri
gamocdileba daugrovda. `qarTuli diplomatiis istoriis~, rogorc
saswavlo disciplinis sagans swored am mravalsaukunovani gamocdilebis
yovelmxrivi Seswavla-gaanalizeba warmoadgens. misi mizania student
axalgazrdobas misces srulfasovani, mecnierulad gamarTuli codna saqar-
Tvelos sagareo-politikur urTierTobebsa da diplomatiaze uZvelesi dro-
idan dRevandelobamde.
`qarTuli diplomatiis istoria~ msoflio diplomatiis istoriis Semad-
geneli nawilia. is, rogorc saswavlo disciplina, Camoyalibda XX s. 90-ian
wlebSi, rodesac saqarTvelom moipova saxelmwifoebrivi damoukidebloba
da gaxda msoflio Tanamegobrobis sruluflebiani wevri. saqarTvelos
politikur cxovrebaSi momxdarma am cvlilebam, rasac mohyva saerTaSoriso
politikaSi misi aqtiurad CarTva, bunebrivia, dRis wesrigSi daayena
saerTaSoriso urTierTobebisa da diplomatiis sferoSi profesiuli
kadrebis sagangebod momzadebis sakiTxi. am amocanis Sesruleba, pirvel
rigSi, itvirTa iv. javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo
universitetma, sadac am mizniT specialurad gaixsna `saerTaSoriso urTi-
erTobebisa da saerTaSoriso samarTlis~ fakulteti. calke funqcionirebs
agreTve `saerTaSoriso urTierTobebisa da diplomatiis istoriis~
specialoba (istoriis fakultetze). mocemuli mimarTulebiT maRalkvalifi-
ciuri specialistebis momzadeba ki SeuZlebelia saqarTvelos sagareo-po-
litikuri urTierTobebisa da diplomatiis istoriis sferoSi saTanado
codnis SeZenis gareSe.
saqarTvelo yovelTvis iyo moqceuli msoflio politikis orbitaSi. Ta-
visi geopolitikuri mdebareobidan gamomdinare, Zv. w. meore aTaswleulis
miwurulidan dRemde, mas ar ascdenia msoflio-politikuri cxovrebis arc
erTi globaluri movlena. jer kidev Zv. w. II da I aTaswleulebis mijnaze
uZveles qarTul gaerTianebebs (daiaeni-diauxi, kolxa), samxedro-politikur

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potencialTan erTad, uxdebodaT mTeli TavianTi diplomatiuri arsenalis
mobilizeba, raTa daecvaT sakuTari suvereniteti asureTisa da urartus
Zlieri imperiebis mxridan xelyofisagan. aranakleb rTuli da wi-
naaRmdegobrivi iyo saerTaSoriso viTareba Zv. w. VI-IV s.-Si, rodesac isto-
riis asparezze gamovidnen kolxeTisa da iberiis (qarTlis) samefoebi. qar-
Tlis saxelmwifos damoukideblobas Zv. w. III-I s. damdegs mniSvnelovanwi-
lad ganapirobebda farnavazian mefeTa moqnili diplomatia. aseve warmatebu-
li iyo, ZiriTadad, qarTuli diplomatia kavkasiaSi romaelebis mosvlis
Semdeg. swored iberia-qarTlis saxelmwifos sworma sagareo-politikurma
kursma da qarTvel mefeTa maRalma diplomatiurma xelovnebam gaxada SesaZ-
lebeli is didi warmatebebi, romlebsac miaRwia iberiam ax. w. I-II ss-Si, ro-
desac is iqca romis imperiis mTavar mokavSired aRmosavleTSi.
ax. w. III s. 20-iani wlebidan arenaze axali zesaxelmwifos _ sasaniduri
iranis gamosvlisTanave saqarTvelos geopolitikuri mdgomareoba mniSvne-
lovnad gauaresda. amieridan, vidre VII s. TiTqmis Suaxanebamde, qarTuli
diplomatiis (rogorc qarTlis, ise egris-lazikis) umTavres sazrunavs war-
moadgenda qveynis suverenitetis dacva, erTi mxriv, romi-bizantiis, xolo,
meore mxriv, sasaniduri iranis eqspansiisagan, rasac qarTlisa da egrisis
saxelmwifo xelisufleba, miuxedavad calkeuli Cavardnisa (magaliTad, 523
w. mefobis gauqmeba qarTlSi da aq iranuli administraciis mmarTvelobis
50-wliani periodi), VII s. Suaxanebamde ase Tu ise mainc axerxebda.
VII s. Suaxanebidan qarTuli qveynebis sagareo politikasa da diploma-
tias sakmaod didi xnis manZilze, umTavresad, erTi mxriv, arabTa saxalifo-
sa da, meore mxriv, bizantia-xazareTis dapirispireba gansazRvravda. pirvel
etapze am dapirispirebaSi upiratesoba arabTa saxalifom moipova,
romelmac daamyara kidec (VIII s. damdegisaTvis) Tavisi gavlena rogorc
aRmosavleT, ise dasavleT saqarTveloze, magram mogvianebiT, VIII s. mi-
wurulidan saqarTvelos calkeuli nawili axerxebs gamosvlas saxalifos
qveSevrdomobidan da safuZveli eyreba axal qarTul saxelmwifoebriv
gaerTianebebs: kaxeTis saqorepiskoposos, hereTis samTavros, tao-klarjeTis
sakurapalatos _ `qarTvelTa~ samefos, `afxazTa~ samefos. saxalifosagan
damoukidebeli xdeba Tbilisis saamiroc. es periodi (IX-X ss.) aRiniSna
qarTvel mefe-mTavarTa aqtiuri diplomatiuri moRvaweobiT, SidaqarTuli
diplomatiis gaaqtiurebiT.
X s. 70-iani wlebidan iqmneba xelsayreli sagareo-politikuri foni qar-
Tuli samTavroebis gaerTianebisa da erTiani qarTuli saxelmwifos Seqmni-
saTvis. am aqtis warmatebiT dagvirgvineba XI s. damdegs mniSvnelovanwilad
ganapiroba qarTvel politikur moRvaweTa, pirvel rigSi, daviT III didi
kurapalatisa da misi Svilobilis, gaerTianebuli saqarTvelos pirveli
mefis _ bagrat III bagrationis diplomatiurma alRom.
XI-XII ss-Si saqarTvelos saxelmwifom araTu moipova sruli sagareo-po-
litikuri suvereniteti, aramed (bizantiis imperiis dasustebis fonze) Tvi-
Ton ganacxada pretenzia qristianul-marTlmadidebluri samyaros hegemo-
nobaze. es iyo saqarTvelos sagareo politikisa da diplomatiis arnaxuli
warmatebebis xana.
XIII-XV ss-Si Seqmnilma umZimesma saerTaSoriso viTarebam saqarTvelos
saxelmwifo axali problemebis winaSe daayena. marTalia, qveyana calkeuli
mefis (pirvel rigSi, giorgi V brwyinvalis) gonivruli sagareo politikisa
da moqnili diplomatiis wyalobiT axerxebda ara marto saxelmwifoebrivi

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erTianobis SenarCunebas, aramed saerTaSoriso arenaze aqtiurad gasvlasac,
magram XV s. Suaxanebidan, rodesac bizantiis imperia daemxo da mis
adgilas axali mahmadianuri osmaleTis imperia wamoimarTa, saqarTvelos
normaluri ganviTarebis perspeqtiva moespo da is calkeul samefo-
samTavroebad daiSala.
XVI s-dan mTeli sami saukunis manZilze qarTuli samefo-samTavroebis
sagareo-politikuri da diplomatiuri saqmianoba mTlianad mimarTuli iyo
iran-osmaleTis mzardi agresiis Tavidan acilebisa da saxelmwifoebrivi su-
verenitetis SenarCunebisaken. am periodSi gafarTovda qarTuli diplomati-
is masStabebi. esaa qarTvel mefe-mTavarTa ruseTTan da dasavleT evro-
pasTan diplomatiis gaaqtiurebis xana. sxvadasxva saxelmwifos (irani, osma-
leTi, ruseTi) urTierTdapirispirebisas, kavkasiaSi TandaTanobiT ruseTis
imperiis prioriteti gamoikveTa. qarTulma samefo-samTavroebma ver gauZles
`erTmorwmune~ ruseTis politikur da diplomatiur zewolas da sabolood
mis SemadgenlobaSi moeqcnen.
erovnuli saxelmwifoebriobis gauqmebam, bunebrivia, saqarTvelos damo-
ukidebeli sagareo-politikuri funqcia mouspo da is XIX da XX s. damdegs
sxva saxelmwifoebis (ZiriTadad, ruseTisa da TurqeTis) samxedro-
politikuri da diplomatiuri urTierTWidilis obieqti gaxda. 1917-1918 ww.
damdegs ruseTis imperiaSi ganviTarebulma movlenebma xelsayreli piroba
Seqmnes damoukidebeli qarTuli saxelmwifos aRdgenisaTvis, magram 1918 w.
26 maiss gamocxadebulma saqarTvelos suverenulma demokratiulma respub-
likam mxolod 3 weli iarseba. miuxedavad saqarTvelos imdroindeli
xelisuflebis aqtiuri diplomatiuri moRvaweobisa, 1919-1920 wlebis
saerTaSoriso koniunqturam ar misca maT saSualeba, mieRwiaT saqarTvelos
damoukideblobis sayovelTao aRiarebisaTvis saerTaSoriso arenaze.
Sedegad, saqarTvelo daucveli aRmoCnda bolSevikuri ruseTis agresiis
winaSe da man dakarga saxelmwifoebrivi damoukidebloba.
1921-1991 wlebSi sabWoTa kavSiris SemadgenlobaSi Semavali saqarTvelos
ssr, marTalia, oficialurad iTvleboda saxelmwifod, magram mas sagareo-
politikuri funqcia mTlianad dakarguli hqonda. viTarebas ver cvlida
isic, rom meore msoflio omis damTavrebis Semdeg formalurad
saqarTvelos sagareo saqmeTa ministris postic ki iqna SemoRebuli. mxolod
XX s. 90-iani wlebis damdegidan, rodesac aRdga saqarTvelos saxelmwi-
foebrivi damoukidebloba, qveyanam kvlav SeiZina sagareo-politikuri
funqcia da daiwyo damoukidebeli sagareo politikis warmarTva. qarTulma
diplomatiam ukve miaRwia pirvel TvalsaCino warmatebebs da moaxerxa
mopovebuli saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis saerTaSoriso-
diplomatiuri uzrunvelyofa.
aseTia, mokled, qarTuli diplomatiis ganviTarebis ZiriTadi etapebi,
romlis sruli da amomwuravi gaSuqeba aris kidec `qarTuli diplomatiis
istoriis~, rogorc saswavlo disciplinis, umTavresi daniSnuleba.
2. saqarTvelos saerTaSoriso urTierTobebisa da diplomatiis istoriis
amsaxveli ZiriTadi (qarTuli, ucxouri) wyaroebi.
a. qarTuli wyaroebi. Zveli qarTuli hagiografiuli literaturis
Zeglebi. qarTuli politikuri samyaros sagareo urTierTobebsa da
diplomatiaze garkveuli informacia dafiqsirebulia hagiografiuli li-
teraturis uZveles ZeglebSi. am TvalsazrisiT sruliad unikaluria
`SuSanikis wamebis~, `evstaTi mcxeTelis martvilobis~, `abo tfilelis

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martvilobis~ cnobebi qarTlis politikur liderTa diplomatiur
kontaqtebze sasanidur iranTan, arabTa saxalifosTan, xazarTa saxakanosTan.
saqarTvelo-bizantiis urTierTobebis araerT sakiTxs hfens Suqs `ioanes da
eqvTimes cxovreba~ da `giorgi mTawmindelis cxovreba~. SidaqarTuli
diplomatiuri cxovrebis saintereso epizodebia gadmocemuli `grigol
xanZTelis cxovrebaSi~.
qarTuli matianeebi. Zveli da Sua saukuneebis periodis saqarTvelos
saerTaSoriso urTierTobebisa da diplomatiis istoria yvelaze srulad
asaxulia qarTul saistorio TxzulebebSi, romelTagan uZvelesad
miCneulia `moqcevaБ qarTlisaБ~. magram faqtobrivi masalis
mravalferovnebiT is axlosac ver miva `qarTlis cxovrebis~ matianeebTan.
`qarTlis cxovreba~, saqarTvelos istoriis es umTavresi Zegli, pirvel
rigSi, swored qveynis sagareo-politikuri istoriaa. `qarTlis cxovrebis~
matianeebSi: leonti mrovelis, juanSer-juanSerianis, anonimi avtoris
`matiane qarTlisaБ~-d wodebul qronikaSi, daviT aRmaSeneblisa da Tamar
mefis istorikosTa, laSa-giorgis droindeli mematianisa da JamTaaRmwerlis
TxzulebebSi, `qarTlis cxovrebis~ gagrZelebebSi Semonaxulia araerTi
uZvirfasesi cnoba sakuTriv diplomatiaze, maT Soris qarTvel mefeTa, sxva
politikur moRvaweTa da diplomatiur warmomadgenelTa oficialur
vizitebze sazRvargareT, aris konkretuli informacia ucxo saxelmwifoebis
liderTa miReba-daxvedris wesebze da a. S. marTalia, zogierTi cnoba
saerTaSoriso asparezze qarTvel xelmwifeTa diplomatiuri aqtiurobis
masStabebze (mag., vaxtang gorgaslis warmatebuli Suamavloba iransa da bi-
zantias Soris) ar dasturdeba Tanadroul ucxour wyaroTa monacemebiT,
magram es mainc ar akninebs `qarTlis cxovrebis~, rogorc qarTuli
diplomatiis istoriis umTavresi wyaros, Rirsebas. konkretuli informacia
calkeuli diplomatiuri misiis Sesaxeb gvxvdeba sagvareulo matianeebSic,
romelTagan am kuTxiT gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia sumbat daviTis Zis
`cxovreba da uwyeba bagratonianTa~ da `Zegli erisTavTa~.
saqarTvelos sagareo politikisa da diplomatiuri cxovrebis calkeuli
aspeqtis gasaSuqeblad saintereso cnobebs Seicaven Sua saukuneebis
qarTuli dokumenturi masalebi. am mxriv gansakuTrebiT sayuradReboa
`xelmwifis karis garigeba~. XVII-XIX ss-is damdegis sagareo-politikuri
movlenebis analizisas naTlad warmoCnda farsadan gorgijaniZis, vaxuSti
bagrationis, sexnia CxeiZis, papuna orbelianis, oman xerxeuliZis, ioane
bagrationis, daviT bagrationis, Teimuraz bagrationis, niko dadianisa da
sxvaTa TxzulebebSi gadmocemuli mravalferovani faqtobrivi masalis didi
wyaroTmcodneobiTi mniSvneloba. XX s. saqarTvelos saerTaSoriso
urTierTobebisa da diplomatiis istoriaze srul warmodgenas iZleva
saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis mTavrobis diplomatiuri
moRvaweobis (rogorc 1918-1921 ww., ise emigraciis periodis) amsaxveli
dokumenturi masala qarTul, rusul da evropul enebze, agreTve, XX s.
miwurulis saqarTvelos saxelmwifos sagareo-politikuri da diplomatiuri
saqmianobis oficialuri dokumentebi, qarTuli da ucxouri presis masalebi.
b. ZvelaRmosavluri wyaroebi. uZvelesi werilobiTi cnobebi qarTuli
politikuri samyaros saerTaSoriso urTierTobebsa da diplomatiur
praqtikaze mogvepoveba ZvelaRmosavlur ZeglebSi. esaa asuruli da
urartuli lursmuli warwerebi. maTSi airekla uZvelesi qarTuli
saxelmwifoebrivi gaerTianebebis: daiaeni _ diauxisa da kolxas politikur-

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diplomatiuri urTierTobebi Zveli asureTisa da urartus uZlieres
saxelmwifoebTan, agreTve _ mezobel tomebTan da gaerTianebebTan,
dawyebuli Zv. w. XII s. miwurulidan (asureTis mefe tiglat-filasar I-is
warwera Zv. w. 1112 w. daiaenis qveynis damorCilebis Sesaxeb), Zv. w. VIII s.
SuaxanebiT (urartus mefe sarduri II-is warwera misi kolxas qveyanaSi
galaSqrebis Sesaxeb) damTavrebuli. asurul-urartuli lursmuli
werilobiTi Zeglebi maTSi gadmocemuli movlenebis Tanadroulia da,
amdenad, faqtobrivad (garkveuli tendenciurobis miuxedavad), dokumenturad
asaxaven istoriul realobas. am masalebiT aSkarad ikveTeba daiaeni-
diaoxisa da kolxas gaerTianebebis mniSvnelovani roli Zv.w. XII-VIIIss.
saerTaSoriso politikaSi, maTSi mocemulia saintereso cnobebi
diplomatiur etiketze.
g. Zveli berZnuli da romauli werilobiTi memkvidreoba. mdidar
faqtobriv masalas Zveli qarTuli saxelmwifoebis: kolxeTi-egrisisa da
iberia-qarTlis samefoebis sagareo-politikuri urTierTobebis Sesaxeb
gvawvdian Zveli berZnuli da romauli (rogorc berZnuli, ise
laTinurenovani) werilobiTi wyaroebi. kolxeTisa da Zveli berZnuli
samyaros politikur-diplomatiuri kontaqtebis nakvalevs vxvdebiT cnobil
miTologiur eposSi argonavtebis Sesaxeb. TiTqmis dokumenturi cnoba
kolxeTisa da aqemeniduri iranis urTierTobebis xasiaTze, Zv. w. VI-V ss.
mijnaze, moepoveba berZen istorikoss, istoriis mamad aRiarebul herodotes
(Zv. w. 485-425). calkeuli kolxuri tomis diplomatiur praqtikaze
saintereso informaciaa Semonaxuli qsenofontis TxzulebaSi `anabasisi~.
elinisturi epoqis miwuruls, gansakuTrebiT mas Semdeg, rac kavkasia
romis imperiis gavlenis qveS moeqca, berZnuli da romauli samyaro
dainteresda iberia-qarTliT. am periodis araerTma berZenma da romaelma
avtorma dagvitova pirvelxarisxovani masala iberia-qarTlis samefos
sagareo politikaze, mis urTierTobebze sakuTriv romTan, mezobel
saxelmwifoebTan (pontos samefo, somxeTi, albaneTi da a. S.) da xalxebTan
(Crdilo kavkasiis tomebi). am avtorTagan gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba
eniWeba strabonis (Zv. w. I _ ax. w. I ss.), plutarqes (ax. w. I-II ss.), memnonis (I-
II ss.), apianes (II s.), flavius arianes (II s.), dion kasiosis (II-III ss.),
tacitusis (I-II ss.), amiane marcelines (IV s.) Txzulebebs. konkretuli
informacia iberia-romis urTierTobebis xasiaTze mogvepoveba saqarTvelos
teritoriaze aRmoCenil Zvel berZnul epigrafikul ZeglebSi (vespasianes
warwera 73 w., aRmoCenili mcxeTaSi da a. S.). aranakleb saintereso masalas
Seicaven arameuli da sasaniduri epoqis sparsul-falaur enaze
Sesrulebuli epigrafikuli Zeglebic.
d. bizantiuri masalebi. saqarTvelos saerTaSoriso urTierTobebisa da
diplomatiis istoriis Seswavla warmoudgenelia mravalsaukunovani
bizantiuri werilobiTi memkvidreobis gaTvaliswinebis gareSe. bizantiis
imperia Tavisi arsebobis aTasi wlis manZilze TiTqmis yovelTvis iyo
qarTuli politikuri erTeulebis, erTiani qarTuli saxelmwifos umTavresi
politikuri da diplomatiuri partniori saerTaSoriso arenaze. amdenad,
saqarTveloSi mimdinare procesebisadmi interesi bizantiaSi tradiciulad
didi iyo. mravalferovania bizantiuri werilobiTi memkvidreoba, magram
saqarTvelos sagareo-politikuri da diplomatiuri istoriis Seswavlis
TvalsazrisiT upirvelesi mniSvneloba eniWeba bizantiel istorikosTa,
politikur moRvaweTa, diplomatTa Txzulebebs. maTgan sagangebodaa

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gamosayofi priske panionelis (V s.), prokofi kesarielisa da agaTia
sqolastikosis (VI s.), menandre protiqtoris (VI s.), Teofane JamTaaRmwerlis
(VIII-IX ss. damdegi), imperator konstantine VII porfirogenetis (X s.), ioane
skilice-giorgi kedrenes, mixeil fselosisa da mixeil ataliates (XI s.), ana
komnenosis (XII s.), nikofore grigorasis, giorgi sfranZesisa (XV s.) da sxva
avtorTa naSromebi. miuxedavad imisa, rom bizantieli istorikosebi iCenen
garkveul tendenciurobas ama Tu im movlenis gaSuqebisas, mTlianobaSi, maT
mier mowodebuli faqtebi ZiriTadad realurad asaxaven istoriul
sinamdviles. bizantiuri masalebidan interess iwvevs zogierTi dokumenturi
Zeglic, maT Soris, pirvel rigSi, konstantinopolis sapatriarqos
saeklesio kaTedraTa nusxebi (`noticiebi~), romlebic naTels hfenen
dasavleTi saqarTvelos (`afxazTa~ samefos) eklesiis damokidebulebas
konstantinopolis sapatriarqosTan IX-X ss-Si.
e. somxuri werilobiTi wyaroebi. didi mniSvneloba eniWeba Sua
saukuneebis periodis somxur saistorio wyaroebs. somxeTi, istoriulad,
saqarTvelos ganuyreli mezobeli da partniori iyo, romelsac yovelTvis
mWidro urTierToba hqonda qarTul politikur samyarosTan. aqedan
gamomdinare, bunebrivia, didi yuradReba eqceoda informaciis mopovebas
saqarTveloze. amis dadasturebaa Tundac is faqti, rom jer kidev XII s-Si
somxur enaze iTargmna `qarTlis cxovrebis~ krebuli. Sedegad dagrovda
Zveli da Sua saukuneebis periodis sakmaod mravalferovani masala, romlis
gamoyenebis gareSe SeuZlebelia sruli warmodgena viqonioT saqarTvelos
sagareo-politikuri da diplomatiuri istoriis mTel rig kardinalur
sakiTxebze.
somxuri werilobiTi wyaroebidan, pirvel rigSi, interess iwvevs Sua
saukuneebis somex istorikosTa Txzulebebi, romelTagan gansakuTrebiT
unda gamoiyos movses xorenacis, lazar farpecisa da favstos buzandacis
(V s.), sebeosis (VII s.), levondis (VIII s.), movses kalankatvacisa da ioane
drasxanakertcis (X s.), stefanoz taronacisa da aristakes lastivertcis
(XI s.), maTeos urhaecis (XII s.), vardan arevelcis (XIII s.), kirakoz ganZakecis
(XIII s.), grigol akanecis, stefanoz orbelianis (XIV s.), araqel davriJecis
(XVII s.) da sxva mematianeTa nawarmoebebi. metad saWiro informacias
iZlevian somxur xelnawerTa anderZ-minawerebi, agreTve, rogorc sakuTriv
somxeTSi, ise saqarTvelos teritoriaze aRmoCenili mravalricxovani
somxuri epigrafikuli Zeglebi. amasTan, sagangebod unda aRiniSnos, rom Sua
saukuneebis somexi istorikosebi, umetes SemTxvevaSi, iCendnen
tendenciurobas, amdenad, maTi monacemebis gamoyenebisas es garemoeba unda
iqnes gaTvaliswinebuli.
v. aRmosavluri (arabuli, sparsuli, Turquli) wyaroebi. Sua saukuneebis
saqarTvelos sagareo-politikuri urTierTobebisa da diplomatiuri
istoriis sruli suraTis aRsadgenad didia aRmosavluri masalebis
mniSvnelobac. pirvel rigSi, esaa arabuli wyaroebi. aRsaniSnavia, rom
swored arab avtorTa (al-tabari, al-balaZuri, iakuTi da a. S.) Txzulebebma
Semogvinaxa qarTuli diplomatiis istoriisaTvis iseTi mniSvnelovani
dokumentis Sinaarsi, rogoricaa e. w. habib ibn-maslamas `dacvis sigeli~.
garda sakuTriv qarTul-arabuli urTierTobebisa, arabuli wyaroebi
gvawvdian cnobebs saqarTvelo-bizantiis, saqarTvelo-xazarebis
urTierTobebisa da saerTod qarTuli politikuri samyaros rolisa da
adgilis Sesaxeb saerTaSoriso arenaze. am mxriv sagangebod unda aRiniSnos

6
iahia antioqielis (XI s.), al-farikis (XII s.), ibn al-asirisa (XII-XIII ss.) da
XIV-XV ss. avtorTa Txzulebebi. sparsuli wyaroebidan yuradRebas iqcevs
rogorc calkeuli mematianis: sadr ad-din al-husainis (XII-XIII ss.), juveinis
(XIII s.), hamadalah yazvinis (XIV s.), raSid ad-dinis (XIV s.), hasan rumlus
(XVI s.), mohamed Taheris (XVII s.), iskander munSis (XVII s.) naSromebi, ise
sxvadasxva saxis dokumenturi masala (Sahebis firmanebi, gankargulebebi,
wyalobis sigelebi da a. S.). uaRresad sainteresoa Turqi mogzaurebisa da
istorikosebis: evlia Celebis (XVII s.), qaTib Celebis (XVII s.), munejim-baSis
(XVII s.), mustafa naimas (XVII-XVIII ss.) Txzulebebi, agreTve mdidari
dokumenturi masala.
z. dasavleTevropuli wyaroebi. XIII s-dan saqarTvelo moeqca
kaTolikuri evropis yuradRebis centrSi. am droidan dasavleT evropaSi
Cndeba konkretuli informacia saqarTvelos Sesaxeb. dasavleTevropuli
wyaroebidan saqarTvelos sagareo-politikuri urTierTobebis istoriis
TvalsazrisiT, pirvel rigSi, sainteresoa diplomatiuri mimowera
saqarTvelos mefe-mTavrebsa da romis paps, evropel monarqebs Soris. garda
amisa, mniSvnelovania kaTolike misionerTa: arqanjelo lambertis, judiCe
milanelis, pietro avitabiles, qristeforo kastelis da sxvaTa
`aRwerilobani~; frang mogzaurTa _ Jan Sardenis, tavernies, turneforis
cnobebi, agreTve, germaneli mecnieris, ruseTis mecnierebaTa akademiis
wevris a.-i. giuldenStedtis vrceli naSromi kavkasiis Sesaxeb da sxv.
gansakuTrebul interess iwvevs XIX-XX ss. dasavleTi evropis (germaniis,
safrangeTis, inglisis, italiis da a. S.) presis masalebi.
T. rusuli wyaroebi. diplomatiuri urTierTobebi saqarTvelos da
rusul politikur samyaros Soris saTaves jer kidev kievis ruseTis
epoqaSi iReben. amis Sesaxeb cnobebi Zvel rusul matianeebSi moipoveba. XV
s. miwurulidan saqarTvelo-ruseTis urTierTobebSi Tvisebrivad axali
etapi iwyeba. swored am periodidan gvaqvs qarTvel mefe-mTavarTa da rus
xelmwifeTa mimoweris masalebi. mogvianebiT, XVII s-dan Cndeba sxvadasxva
rusuli elCobis saqarTveloSi diplomatiuri misiiT yofnis vrceli
angariSebi. upirveles wyaros warmoadgens qarTveli mefe-mTavrebis mier
ruseTis xelisuflebasTan dadebuli xelSekrulebebi, romelTagan
gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia e. w. `georgievskis traqtati~. rusul masalebs
gadamwyveti mniSvneloba eniWeba XIX s-dan, rodesac saqarTvelo ruseTis
imperiis nawili gaxda. am periodis werilobiTi wyaroebidan sagangebo
aRniSvnis Rirsia dokumentebis korpusi, romelic `aqtebis~ («Акты, собранные
Кавказской Археографической Комиссиею») saxeliTaa cnobili. sainteresoa
rusuli presis masalebi da a. S. rusulenovan dokumentebs, rusuli presis
masalebs didi mniSvneloba eniWeba XXs. saqarTvelos sagareo-politikuri
istoriis SeswavlisaTvis.
3. qarTuli diplomatiis istoriis mecnieruli Seswavlis ZiriTadi
etapebi. saqarTvelos saerTaSoriso urTierTobebisa da diplomatiis
istoriis mecnieruli Seswavlis saTaveebTan idga gamoCenili frangi
mecnieri, evropuli qarTvelologiis mamamTavari akad. mari brose, romelmac
pirvelma, saqarTvelos istoriiT dainteresebul mkvlevarTagan, sagangebod
moiZia da gamoaqveyna qarTvel mefeTa rus xelmwifeebTan mimoweris
masalebi. saqarTvelo-ruseTis urTierTobebs XIX s-Si sagangebod
swavlobdnen rusi istorikosebi p. butkovi, s. belokurovi. saqarTvelos
sagareo politikisa da diplomatiis istoriis sakiTxebs saTanado yuradRe-

7
ba eqceoda XIX saukunis qarTvel istorikosTa (platon ioseliani, sulxan
baraTovi, dimitri baqraZe, Tedo Jordania, mose janaSvili, eqvTime
TayaiSvili) SromebSi. am mimarTulebiT gansakuTrebiT nayofieria
aleqsandre cagarlis moRvaweoba, romelmac gamoaqveyna saqarTvelo-ruseTis
urTierTobis amsaxveli dokumentebi.
Tvisebrivad axali etapi saqarTvelos saerTaSoriso urTierTobebisa da
diplomatiis istoriis mecnierul SeswavlaSi dakavSirebulia ivane
javaxiSvilis saxelTan. garda imisa, rom man Tavis fundamentur
ganmazogadebel naSromSi _ `qarTveli eris istoria~ _ im periodisaTvis
arsebuli wyaroTmcodneobiTi bazisa da istoriografiuli memkvidreobis
sruli gaTvaliswinebiT gaaSuqa qveynis sagareo politika, daazusta
ZiriTadi politikuri movlenebis qronologia, saqarTvelos sagareo
urTierTobebze gamoaqveyna specialuri naSromebic, romelTagan
gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia naSromi ruseT-saqarTvelos urTierTobebze.
saqarTvelos sagareo-politikuri urTierTobebisa da diplomatiis
istoriis kvlevis saqmeSi didia miqel TamaraSvilis wvlili. mis saxels
ukavSirdeba saqarTvelo-dasavleT evropis diplomatiuri urTierTobebis
amsaxveli dokumentebis moZieba da unikaluri korpusis gamocema, metad
sayuradRebo komentarebiT, romlebsac dResac ar daukargavs mniSvneloba.
erT-erTi pirveli mecnieri, romelic sagangebod ikvlevda saqarTvelos
saerTaSoriso urTierTobebisa da diplomatiis istorias, iyo cnobili
iuristi da istorikosi, profesionali diplomati zurab avaliSvili. mis
kalams ekuTvnis kapitaluri naSromebi rogorc Sua saukuneebis, ise XIX-XX
ss. damdegis saqarTvelos sagareo politikasa da diplomatiaze, maT Soris
iseTi mniSvnelovani gamokvleva, rogoricaa `saqarTvelos damoukidebloba
1918-1921 wlebSi saerTaSoriso politikaSi~.
saqarTvelos saerTaSoriso urTierTobebisa da diplomatiis istoriis
sakiTxebis kvlevas did yuradRebas uTmobdnen simon janaSia da niko
berZeniSvili. maT ganmazogadebel naSromebSi skrupulozuradaa ganxiluli
qveynis sagareo-politikuri istoria, gansazRvrulia saqarTvelos roli da
adgili saerTaSoriso arenaze. garda amisa, s. janaSiam da n. berZeniSvilma
sagangebod Seiswavles saqarTvelos urTierTobebi calkeul qveyanasTan. am
mxriv gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia n. berZeniSvilis fundamenturi gamokvleva
ruseT-saqarTvelos urTierTobebze. unda aRiniSnos, rom ruseT-saqarTvelos
urTierTobebis problema didxans iyo prioritetuli qarTul (da aramarto
qarTul) istoriografiaSi. am mimarTulebiT kvlevas didi amagi dasdo
saqarTveloSi mcxovrebma rusma istorikosma mixeil polievqtovma. am
skolis warmomadgenlebi iyvnen: iase cincaZe, SoTa mesxia, giorgi paiWaZe,
valerian maWaraZe, nodar nakaSiZe. maT gamoamzeures da gamosces ruseTis
arqivebis umdidresi dokumenturi masala, gamoikvlies saqarTvelo-ruseTis
urTierTobebis mravalsaukunovani istoriis kardinaluri problemebi. am
mimarTulebiT warmatebuli kvleva gaagrZeles: Tamar tivaZem, oleg
JuJunaZem, nodar asaTianma, zurab papasqirma, devi kaWaravam da sxv.
aranakleb prioritetuli iyo ZvelberZnul, romaul da bizantiur
samyarosTan saqarTvelos urTierTobebis mecnieruli Seswavla. am saqmeSi
sruliad gansakuTrebulia simon yauxCiSvilis Rvawli. man da misma
mowafeebma gamosces Zvel berZen, romael da bizantiel avtorTa cnobebi
saqarTvelos Sesaxeb, riTac Seqmnes myari wyaroTmcodneobiTi baza Semdgomi
mecnieruli kvlevis farTod gaSlisaTvis mocemuli mimarTulebiT. am

8
TvalsazrisiT gansakuTrebiT unda gamoiyos saqarTvelos Sesaxeb s. yauxCi-
Svilis mier bizantiel mweralTa cnobebis unikaluri korpusis _
`georgikis~ rvatomeulis gamocema. sadReisod fundamenturadaa
gamokvleuli saqarTvelos urTierTobebi antikur samyarosTan (TinaTin
yauxCiSvili, oTar lorTqifaniZe, meri inaZe, nodar lomouri da sxv.) da
bizantiasTan (giorgi gozaliSvili, vasil kopaliani, SoTa badriZe, anri
bogveraZe, mariam lorTqifaniZe da sxv.).
qarTul istoriografiaSi kargadaa damuSavebuli saqarTvelosa da
aRmosavluri samyaros diplomatiuri urTierTobebis sakiTxebi. am
mimarTulebiT muSaobdnen da TvalsaCino Sedegebs miaRwies giorgi
meliqiSvilma, valerian gabaSvilma, revaz kiknaZem, vitali CoCievma, karlo
tabataZem, daviT kacitaZem, beniamin silagaZem, nodar Sengeliam, goCa
jafariZem da sxv. didi yuradReba eqceoda kavkasiis qveynebTan da xalxebTan
saqarTvelos mravalsaukunovani urTierTobebis istoriis Seswavlas. am
problematikas miuZRvnes kapitaluri naSromebi zurab anCabaZem, Teimuraz
bocvaZem, giorgi TogoSvilma, zaza aleqsiZem, jemal stefnaZem, aleqsandre
abdalaZem da sxv. qarTveli mecnierebi didi interesiT ikvlevdnen
saqarTvelos urTierTobebs dasavleT evropasTan. am mxriv sagangebod unda
gamovyoT givi Jordanias, ilia tabaRuas, eldar mamisTvalaSvilis, Tamaz
beraZis Sromebi.
saqarTvelos saerTaSoriso urTierTobebisa da diplomatiis istoriis
sakiTxebi ganxilulia pavle ingoroyvas, SoTa mesxias, giorgi
meliqiSvilis, mariam lorTqifaniZis, daviT musxeliSvilis, roin
metrevelis SromebSi. maTSi konkretuli problemebis analizis fonze
naCvenebia qarTuli politikuri samyaros roli da adgili saerTaSoriso
arenaze qveynis istoriis sxvadasxva etapze.
saqarTvelos sagareo urTierTobebis da diplomatiis istoriis
problemebi araerTi ucxoeli mecnieris dainteresebis sagnad iqca. am
TvalsazrisiT gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia Tevdore uspenskis, vasil
bartoldis, kirile Tumanovis, devid lengis, zia buniatovis, anatoli
novoselcevis, laioS tardis, nikoloz kotliaris, karen iuzbaSianis,
vladimer stepanenkos, stiven jonsis, seiCi kitagavasa da sxva mkvlevarTa
Sromebi.
amrigad, mravali Taobis qarTvel Tu ucxoel mkvlevarTa mier
Catarebuli kvlevis Sedegad dagrovda sruliad konkretuli codna
saqarTvelos sagareo urTierTobebsa da diplomatiur praqtikaze. magram XX
s. 90-ian wlebSi saqarTvelos mier saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis
mopovebam da misi rogorc suverenuli saxelmwifos farTo saerTaSoriso
asparezze gasvlam warmoSva saerTaSoriso urTierTobebisa da diplomatiis
sferoSi qarTuli politikuri samyaros mTeli istoriuli memkvidreobis
warmoCenis aucilebloba da mecnierulad dasabuTebuli, obieqturi suraTis
Seqmna saqarTvelos sagareo urTierTobebze, mis rolsa da adgilze
saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi mTeli istoriis manZilze, dawyebuli qar-
Tuli saxelmwifoebriobis gariJraJidan _ daiaeni-diaoxisa da Zveli
kolxeT-iberiis epoqidan _ dRemde.
am programis realizaciis mizniT ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis
Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetSi 1992 w. gaixsna specialuri ujredi _
qarTuli diplomatiis istoriis samecniero-kvleviTi laboratoria,
romelic mogvianebiT qarTuli saxelmwifo da saxalxo diplomatiis
9
istoriis samecniero-kvleviT centrad (xelmZRvaneli akad. r. metreveli)
gadakeTda. laboratoria-centri imTaviTve Seudga saqarTvelos
saerTaSoriso urTierTobebisa da diplomatiis istoriis sakiTxebis
gegmazomier, mizanmimarTul kvlevas, romlis Sedegebi aisaxa centris
Sromebis weliwdeul krebulebSi _ `qarTuli diplomatia~ (12 tomi ukve
gamoica). amiT daiwyo Tvisebrivad axali etapi saqarTvelos sagareo urTi-
erTobebisa da diplomatiis istoriis mecnierul kvlevaSi. centris
TanamSromelTa mier gaweuli nayofieri muSaobis erTgvar Sejamebad iqca
pirveli `qarTuli diplomatiuri leqsikonis~ (t. I, Tb., 1998; t. II, Tb., 1999)
Seqmna da, rac mTavaria, saqarTvelos saerTaSoriso urTierTobebisa da
diplomatiis istoriaSi fundamenturi ganmazogadebeli naSromis _
`qarTuli diplomatiis istoriis narkvevebis~ (t. I, II, 1998) momzadeba da
gamocema. aRniSnulma naSromma (mT. redaqtori r. metreveli, avtorebi: e. as-
taxiSvili, g. qavTaria, n. lomouri, n. SoSiaSvili, d. leTodiani, z.
aleqsiZe, m. lorTqifaniZe, z. papasqiri, r. metreveli, d. niniZe, d. kaWarava, n.
asaTiani, g. saiTiZe, d. kacitaZe, i. tabaRua, v. maWaraZe, g. iobaSvili, avT.
menTeSaSvili) imTaviTve miipyro specialistTa yuradReba da iqca samagido
wignad saqarTvelos sagareo-politikuri istoriiTa da diplomatiiT
dainteresebuli mkiTxvelisaTvis. gansakuTrebiT unda aRiniSnos isic, rom
`qarTuli diplomatiis istoriis narkvevebma~, garkveul etapze,
faqtobrivad, Seasrula umaRlesi skolis saxelmZRvanelos funqciac, Tumca
arc formiT da arc moculobiT is ar SeiZleba CaiTvalos
saxelmZRvanelod.
swored am garemoebam ubiZga iv. javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tsu qarTuli
saxelmwifo da saxalxo diplomatiis istoriis samecniero-kvleviTi
centris koleqtivs, mieRo gadawyvetileba qarTuli diplomatiis istoriaSi
uSualod saswavlo-meToduri literaturis Seqmnis Sesaxeb. am
mimarTulebiT pirveli nabiji gadaidga 2001 wels, rodesac centrma gamosca
pirveli saswavlo programa `qarTuli diplomatiis istoriaSi~ (redaqtori
r. metreveli; Semdgenlebi: z. papasqiri da g. saiTiZe). 2003 w. centrma ukve
gamosca `qarTuli diplomatiis istoriis~ pirveli sauniversiteto
saxelmZRvanelo, xolo 2004 w. `qarTuli diplomatiis istoriis~
qrestomatiac (mT. redaqtori r. metreveli, avtorebi: e. astaxiSvili, g. qav-
Taria, m. lorTqifaniZe, d. leTodiani, z. papaskiri, r. metreveli, j. samuSia,
d. niniZe, d. kaWarava, g. iobaSvili, v. guruli, g. boloTaSvili). amjerad ki
mkiTxvels gTavazobT `qarTuli diplomatiis istoriis~ sauniversiteto
saxelmZRvanelos axal, Casworebul da Sevsebul gamocemas. saxelmZRvanelo
did samsaxurs gauwevs `saerTaSoriso samarTlis~, `saerTaSoriso
urTierTobebis~, `saerTaSoriso urTierTobebisa da diplomatiis istoriis~,
`politologiis~ specialobebis studentebs da miscems maT saSualebas,
mniSvnelovnad Seavson TavianTi codna msoflio politikis, saerTaSoriso
urTierTobebisa da diplomatiis sferoSi.

10
 T a v i I

qarTuli politikuri samyaro

saerTaSoriso arenaze uZvelesi droidan ax. w. IV s-mde
$1. uZvelesi qarTuli saxelmwifoebrivi
gaerTianebebis (daiaeni-diauxi, kolxa) sagareo urTierTobebi da diplomatiuri
praqtika

Zvel aRmosavleTSi warmoiSva pirveli civilizaciebi, Camoyalibda

pirveli saxelmwifoebi, daiwyo am saxelmwifoTa Soris urTierTobebi, anu
saerTaSoriso urTierTobebi, rasac mohyva diplomatiis, rogorc am
urTierTobaTa ganmsazRvreli politikuri aqtivobis formis Seqmna.
amgvarad, diplomatiis istoria Zvel aRmosavleTSi iwyeba.
Zvel msoflioSi saxelmwifoTa Soris urTierTobebis ganmsazRvrel
faqtors warmoadgenda vaWroba, romelic dakavSirebuli iyo ama Tu im
civilizaciis ganviTarebisaTvis aucilebeli nedleulis mopovebasTan, rac,
Tavis mxriv, iTvaliswinebda urTierTobebis or formas: vaWrobis
ganviTareba an omi. xSir SemTxvevaSi orive forma erTmaneTTan mWidrod iyo
dakavSirebuli; saxelmwifo kontrols awesebda mTavar savaWro gzebze.
saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis ganmsazRvreli meore mniSvnelovani
faqtori iyo brZola sameurneod vargisi miwebis mosapoveblad. miwasTan iyo
dakavSirebuli rogorc miwaTmoqmedebis, aseve mesaqonleobis ganviTareba,
aqedan gamomdinare _ qveynis ekonomikuri da, Sesabamisad, politikuri
Zliereba.
ZvelaRmosavluri diplomatiis ZiriTad mizans Seadgenda mosalodneli
omis Tavidan acileba, xolo omis gardauvalobis SemTxvevaSi _ misTvis
mzadeba, rac TavisTavad or fazad iyofoda: nebismieri saSualebiT
moepovebinaT gamarjveba an aseve _ Tavidan aecilebinaT damarcxeba. miznis
misaRwevad iyenebdnen sxvadasxva diplomatiur saSualebas, eZebdnen SesaZlo
mokavSireebs; farTod gavrcelda dinastiuri qorwinebebi. yalibdeba
diplomatiuri etiketi. amave dros, konkretuli saxelmwifos politikuri da
samxedro potenciali gansazRvravda sxva saxelmwifoebTan urTierTobis
meTodebs.
Zv. w. II aTaswleulis dasasrulisaTvis, mas Semdeg, rac ganadgurebul
iqna jer miTani, xolo Semdeg xeTebis imperia, wina aziis uZlieresi
saxelmwifo gaxda asureTi. mefe tiglaTfilasar I-is (Zv. w. 1115-1077 ww.)
mmarTveloba aRiniSneba aqtiuri eqspansiuri sagareo politikiT. swored
tiglaTfilasar I-is erT-erTi warwera moixseniebs pirvelad istoriuli
saqarTvelos teritoriaze mcxovreb tomebs da am tomebis politikur
gaerTianebas daiaens _ urartuli wyaroebis diauxs.
Zv. w. 1112 w. asureTis mefem gailaSqra vanisa da urmiis tbebis
CrdiloeTiT mdebare, e. w. nairis qveynebis mefeTa koaliciuri laSqris
winaaRmdeg, romelsac xelmZRvanelobda daiaenis mmarTveli sieni. 23 mefes
Soris mxolod igi moixsenieba sakuTari saxeliT, rac miuTiTebs daiaenis
mniSvnelobaze. koaliciis damarcxebis Semdeg, Caigdo xelT ra didi
nadavli, asureTis mefem Tavis sataxto qalaq aSurSi waiyvana datyvevebuli
mefe sieni, CamoarTva mas erTgulebis fici da Sewyalebuli, ymadnaficobis
pirobiT gaaTavisufla. mogvianebiT asurelebma daamarcxes Savi, anu `zemo

11
zRvis~ mimdebare istoriuli kolxeTis teritoriaze arsebuli tomobrivi
gaerTianebebi.
Zv. w. XII s-is dasasrulidan dasustebul asureTs ukve TviTon uwevs
TavdacviTi omebis warmoeba da mxolod Zv. w. IX s-dan, kvlav gaZlierebuli,
agrZelebs eqspansiuri sagareo politikis tradiciebs nairis qveynebis
winaaRmdeg.
amave periodSi samxreT kavkasiaSi Camoyalibda urartus saxelmwifo,
romelsac, asureTis msgavsad, surda regionSi hegemonoba. daiaenis
mmarTvelebi cdilobdnen diplomatiuri saSualebebiT gamoeyenebinaT
TavianTi tradiciuli mteri, asureTi, axali mtris _ urartus winaaRmdeg.
daiaenis mmarTvelis, asias, diplomatiam nayofi gamoiRo. asureTis mefem,
salmanasar III-m (Zv. w. 859-824 ww.), ilaSqra CrdiloeTiT, gaanadgura arame
urartelis qalaqi da miaRwia md. evfratis saTaveebs, sadac mas xarkiT
eaxla asia da erTguleba aRuTqva. asureTTan vasalobis principze agebuli
urTierToba daiaenisaTvis Tavis gadarCenis erTaderTi gza iyo, erTi mxriv,
urartus da, meore mxriv, mis CrdiloeTiT mzardi meore qarTveluri
tomobrivi gaerTianebis _ kolxasagan. sabolood, asiam diplomatiuri
marcxi ganicada. gaZlierebulma urartum asureTisaken mimaval gzebze
Tavisi kontroli daawesa da daiaeni marto darCa rogorc urartus, aseve
kolxas winaSe.
Zv. w. IX-VIII saukuneebis mijnaze ukve urartus mefem, menuam, gailaSqra
diauxis winaaRmdeg. man daipyro diauxi da aiRo misi sataxto qalaqi
SaSilu. diauxis mefe uTufurSim ikisra xarki da dado urartus winaSe
erTgulebis fici. menuas zomieri damokidebuleba diauxisadmi Seicvala
misi memkvidris _ argiSTi I-is dros. am periodSi urartu cdilobda
diauxis ara daxarkvas, aramed misi teritoriebis uSualo mierTebas.
urartus mefis warmatebul laSqrobas Sedegad mohyva SaSqis, ardaraqixis,
balTulxisa da qaboluxis mxareebis SeerTeba urartusTan. didZali
nadavli da dawesebuli xarkis raodenoba, romlis gadaxdac mouxda diauxis
mefes, miuTiTebs am qveynis simdidreze.
Zv. w. VIII s-is SuaxanebSi gaZlierda kolxas qarTveluri
saxelmwifoebrivi gaerTianeba, romelmac miitaca diauxis Crdilo
teritoriebi da uSualod gaumezoblda urartus. aman TavisTavad gamoiwvia
dapirispireba am or Zlier politikur gaerTianebas Soris. urartus mefem,
sarduri II-m (Zv. w. 764-735 ww.), araerTxel ilaSqra kolxaSi. pirveli
laSqrobis dros man daipyro kolxas periferiuli teritoriebi, meore
ufro warmatebuli gamodga: urartuelebma aiRes kolxas erT-erTi
mniSvnelovani centri, qalaqi ildamuSa, gaanadgures misi mosaxleoba da
xelT igdes didZali nadavli. sardurim hegemonobis dasturad Tavisi
gamarjvebebis aRmniSvneli warwera daadgmevina ildamuSaSi.
Zv. w. VIII s-is 20-iani wlebidan daiwyo CrdiloeTidan wamosuli
kimerielTa tomebis Semosevebi, rasac Sedegad mohyva kolxas ganadgureba.
mogvianebiT istoriuli kolxas teritoriaze aRmocenda da gaZlierda
kolxeTis saxelmwifo.

$ 2. kolxeTisa da qarTlis samefoebis

sagareo politika da diplomatia
Zv. w. VI-II ss-Si

12
 Zv. w. V saukunidan saqarTvelos urTierTobis Sesaxeb gare samyarosTan
arsebobs saistorio wyaroTa ori nakadi _ ucxouri da qarTuli. qarTuli
werilobiTi wyaroebi moRweulia gviandeli redaqciebiT. unda aRiniSnos,
rom erovnuli matianeebis interesTa obieqts warmoadgenda qarTli. Zveli
saqarTvelos danarCeni kuTxeebis Sesaxeb Txroba mowodebulia qarTlTan
mimarTebaSi. yuradRebas imsaxurebs is faqti, rom iseTi mniSvnelovani
politikuri erTeuli, rogoric iyo antikuri wyaroebis kolxeTi (qarTuli
matianeebis egrisi), `qarTlis cxovrebaSi~ mogvianebiT Cndeba asparezze da
mas mxolod epizoduri roli aqvs dakisrebuli.
qarTuli, antikuri da aRmosavluri wyaroebi mizandasaxulobiT
erTmaneTisagan gansxvavdebian. qarTuli matianeebis amocanas Seadgenda
erovnuli interesebis wina planze wamoweva. ucxour wyaroTa avtorebs
ZiriTadad sakuTari qveynis miznebi amoZravebdaT da maT TxzulebebSi
daculi cnobebi Zveli saqarTvelos Sesaxeb swored am kuTxiT aris
gaSuqebuli.
gare samyarosTan saqarTvelos urTierTobis damadasturebel
fragmentul cnobebs gvawvdian berZnul-romauli wyaroebi. antikur
mwerlobaSi kolxeTma miTologiuri warmodgenebidan daimkvidra adgili.
realur-istoriul epoqaSi igi berZnuli sakolonizacio moZraobis
orbitaSi iyo moqceuli. unda aRiniSnos, rom Savi zRvis aRmosavleT
sanapiroze arsebuli berZnuli axalSenebisa da adgilobrivi mosaxleobis
urTierToba mimdinareobda kolonizaciis saerTo modelis farglebSi.
kontaqtebis damadasturebeli faqtebi mravlad aris gamovlenili
arqeologiuri kvleva-Ziebis Sedegad.
kolxeTis diplomatiis Sesaxeb sayuradRebo cnobebs gvawvdis herodote,
rodesac CamoTvlis aqemenidebis imperiaSi Semavali satrapiebis
yovelwliur gadasaxads. igi wers: `kolxebmac da maTma mezoblebmac
kavkasiis mTebamde daiweses gadasaxadi nebayoflobiTi saCuqrebis saxiT. es
xalxi Cvens dromde yovel xuT weliwadSi miarTmevs as Wabuksa da as
qalwuls~. saerTaSoriso movlenebSi CarTvis iniciativa kolxebisagan
momdinareobda. am diplomatiurma nabijma Tavidan aacila maT
gamanadgurebeli Tavdasxma, Tumca ganusazRvra umZimesi gadasaxadi
nebayoflobiTi saCuqrebis saxiT. sparselebi dapyrobili xalxebisagan
oqrosa da vercxls moiTxovdnen. kolxebi gamonakliss warmoadgendnen.
orasi axalgazrdis saCuqrad gagzavna umZimesi xarki iyo, magram msgavsi
moqmedeba Zvel samyaroSi Cveulebriv ambad iTvleboda. amave dros, kolxebs
nebayoflobiTi morCileba samxedro begrisagan ar aTavisuflebda. berZen-
sparselTa omebis yvelaze grandiozul salaminis brZolaSi (Zv. w. 480 wels)
aziis mravalricxovani xalxebis gverdiT kolxebi da sxva qarTveluri
tomebis meomrebic monawileobdnen.
samxreT-dasavleTi saqarTvelos sruli suraTi daculia istorikos
qsenofontis TxzulebaSi `anabasisi~. sparseTis dinastiuri omidan
dabrunebisas, Zv. w. 401 wels, aTi aTasi berZeni moqiravne meomari gzad
moxvda qarTveluri tomebis miwa-wyalze. maT meTaurobda TviT qsenofonti.
razms ucnob tomTa winaaRmdegobis daZleva umetesad molaparakebis gziT
uxdeboda. es ki mianiSnebs Zveli qarTveluri tomebis diplomatiur
urTierTobaTa Taviseburebaze. erT-erTi qarTveluri (kolxuri) tomis _
makronebis miwa-wylis gavlisas, berZenTa laSqari garkveul problemas
waawyda. makronebma berZeni moqiravneebi miiCnies dampyroblebad,
SeiaraRebulebi dadgnen erTi patara mdinaris gaswvriv da ar misces maT
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misi gadalaxvis saSualeba. berZnebi konfliqts eridebodnen, cdilobdnen
gza gaegrZelebinaT uomrad. makronebis sabrZolo ganwyoba maT ganzraxvas
safuZvels aclida. marTalia, am tomTa winaaRmdegobis daZleva
berZnebisaTvis did siZneles ar warmoadgenda, magram es iqneboda
arafrismomcemi sisxlis Rvra da drois dakargva. moqiravneTa laSqari
Setakebas gadaarCina TanamebrZolma, yofilma aTenelma monam, romelic
tomiT makroni aRmoCnda, mas axsovda mSobliuri ena da ikisra
molaparakebis warmarTva. mivida razmis meTaurTan da moaxsena, rom mas
esmis am xalxis ena, etyoba, es qveyana misi samSobloa, da iTxova
molaparakebebis gamarTvis nebarTva. qsenofontma neba darTo. meomaric
Seudga misiis Sesrulebas. man daarwmuna makronebi, rom samtrod ar
modiodnen, undodaT mxolod esargeblaT gziT. makronebma moiTxoves
sityvebis ficiT dadastureba da wamoayenes SeTanxmebis pirobebi, romlebic
iTvaliswinebda iaraRis gacvlas. berZnebma usityvod Seasrules moTxovna.
makronebma gadasces elinebs TavianTi Subi, xolo elinebma makronebs _
elinuri. maTi warmodgeniT iaraRis gacvla iyo urTierTndobisa da
SeTanxmebis simtkicis niSani. makronebis qveyanaSi gavrcelebuli SeTanxmebis
modeli adasturebs, raoden did rols aniWebdnen isini iaraRs. maTi
rwmeniT, iaraRi atarebda RvTaebriv niSnebs da misi gadacema SeiZleboda
mxolod uaxloesi megobrisaTvis. makronebma molaparakebiT
gaTvaliswinebuli pirobebi Rirseulad Seasrules da berZeni moqiravneebi
mSvidobianad gaatares TavianT miwa-wyalze. amgvarad, makronebSi (agreTve,
sxva qarTvelur tomebSic) ucxoelebTan molaparakebisa da sandoobis
garantias iaraRis gacvla warmoadgenda.
berZeni moqiravneebi winaaRmdegobas TiTqmis yvela tomTan Sexvedrisas
awydebodnen, magram zogjer brZoliT, xan ki molaparakebiT axerxebdnen
gzis gagrZelebas.
Savi zRvispireTis berZnuli qalaqebis mcxovrebni adgilobriv
mosaxleobasTan urTierTobas amyarebdnen proqsenosis meSveobiT. proqsenia,
rogorc polisTa Soris urTierTobis momwesrigebeli instituti, berZnuli
samyaros damaxasiaTebeli politikuri dawesebuleba iyo. proqsenoss hqonda
Taviseburi diplomatiuri warmomadgenlis statusi. cnobilia erT-erTi
aseTi proqsenosis _ trapezunteli timesiTeosis saqmianoba. is mosinikTa
tomis proqsenosi iyo da berZenTa laSqris meTauri qsenofonti misi
meSveobiT awarmoebda molaparakebas mosinikebTan, magram misi molaparakeba
uSedegod dasrulda. mosinikebma uari ganacxades berZenTa gatarebaze.
berZeni moqiravneebisaTvis msgavsi Sexvedra moulodnelobas ar
warmoadgenda, magram mosinikebTan dakavSirebuli epizodi gamonaklisia im
mxriv, rom elin molaSqreebs megzurobas uwevda trapezuntis moqalaqe,
rogorc mosinikebis proqsenosi.
sainteresoa, ramdenad asaxavda proqsenia-proqsenosis berZnuli modeli
im realobas, romelic arsebobda mosinikebsa da elinur qalaqebs Soris.
metropoliisagan gansxvavebiT, koloniaSi mcxovreb proqsenoss damatebiTi
funqciebic ekisreboda. mas unda scodnoda adgilobrivi mosaxleobis ena,
garkveuli yofiliyo mis tradiciebSi. proqsenosi flobda zust
informacias tomis SigniT arsebul urTierTobebze. unda aRiniSnos, rom
mtroba arsebobda ara marto calkeul toms Soris, aramed TviT tomis
SigniTac. gvarovnuli aristokratiis warmomadgenlebs ukve gamokveTili

14
hqoniaT TavianTi miznebi da ibrZodnen pirvelobis mosapoveblad. amitom
Sexvda Tu ara winaaRmdegoba im xalxisagan, romelTa interesebis
damcvelic igi iyo, maSinve Seadgina veraguli gegma. man icoda, rom
mosinikebSi mimdinareobda brZola pirvelobisaTvis. timesiTeosma kavSiri
daamyara ukmayofilo beladebTan, kargad gamoiyena tomis SigniT arsebuli
gaTiSuloba da gaerTianebuli ZaliT advilad daZlies winaaRmdegoba.
moqiravneebma proqsenosis daxmarebiT gaagrZeles gza, mosinikebSi ki
pirveloba gadavida berZnebis mokavSire beladebis xelSi.
saqarTvelos uZvelesi xana farTodaa warmodgenili qarTul matianeebSi
(`qarTlis cxovreba~, `moqcevaБ qarTlisaБ~-s qronika). gansakuTrebiT
vrcelia leonti mrovelis TxzulebaSi _ `cxovreba qarTvelTa mefeTa~ _
mocemuli msjeloba Zveli qarTveluri tomebis saSinao da sagareo
urTierTobaTa Sesaxeb.
aRniSnuli matianis mixedviT uZvelesi xana, dakavSirebuli realur
movlenebTan, aris CrdiloeTidan SemoWril momTabare tomebTan
urTierTobis sakiTxi. antikuri da ZvelaRmosavluri wyaroebiT, tomebi,
romlebmac Zv. w. VIII-VII saukuneebSi mcire azias grigaliviT gadauares,
iyvnen kimerielebi da skviTebi. qarTveli mematiane icnobs maTi moZraobis
gzebs da dapyrobaTa rezonans, oRond moixseniebs xazarebis saxelwodebiT.
leonti mrovelis dros skviTebisa da kimerielebis Tavdapirvel
samkvidrebelSi gabatonebuli mdgomareoba ekavaT xazarebs. mematianem
upiratesoba mianiWa Tanadroul terminologias. analogiuri Sinaarsia
Cadebuli bunTurqebisa da qarTveluri tomebis urTierTobaSic.
`qarTlis cxovreba~ xazarebisa da bunTurqebis paralelurad
mogviTxrobs sparseTis mefeTa xSir laSqrobebze. sparselebSi igulisxmeba
midielebi. sparselTa da midielTa gaigiveba Cveulebrivi movlena iyo
antikursa da aRmosavlur werilobiT wyaroebSic.
qarTuli saistorio tradiciiT, qarTuli saxelmwifos saTaveebTan
dasaxelebulia aleqsandre makedoneli. saqarTvelosa da aleqsandre didis
urTierTobaSi sayuradReboa ara faqtis realoba, aramed orientaciis
sakiTxi. qarTvelma mematianeebma qarTlis samefos warmoqmna Zveli samyaros
udidesi dampyroblis saxels daukavSires.
aleqsandre makedonelis aRmosavluri laSqrobiT dasrulda Zveli
msoflios istoriis aqemeniduri periodi. aleqsandres Zlevamosilma omebma
sparseTis uRlisagan gaaTavisufla dapyrobili xalxebi. axalma
mbrZanebelma, romelic moulodnelad gardaicvala, aqemenidebis imperiis
ganapira qveynebze sakuTari Zalauflebis damyareba ver moaswro.
sparseTis dacemis Semdeg qarTveluri tomebi ganTavisufldnen da
diadoxosebis omamde maTi simSvide ar darRveula. ucxouri kontroli
tomis beladebs samemkvidreo mamulis sazRvrebSi ketavda. misi batonobis
damxobis Semdeg gza exsnebodaT da SeeZloT sakuTar samflobeloTa
sazRvrebis gafarToeba da aqemenidebis reJims gamotarebuli xelisuflebis
ganvrcoba. qarTul wyaroebSi garkveviTaa miTiTebuli politikur erTeulTa
simravle. bunebrivia, sparseTis despotiis damxobis Semdeg tomis beladebs
damoukideblobisa da pirvelobis pretenziebi gauCndebodaT.
aleqsandre didis laSqroba saqarTveloSi antikuri avtorebis
monacemebiT ar dasturdeba, magram qarTuli matianeebis informacia

15
fantaziis nayofi ar unda iyos, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom diadoxosebi
dapyrobiT omebs aleqsandre didis saxeliT awarmoebdnen.
elinisturi epoqis berZnuli saistorio mwerlobis dumili seriozul
bariers uqmnis saqarTvelos istoriis Tanmimdevrul gadmocemas. Zveli
samyaros Rirssaxsovar movlenaTa mematianeebma kolxeTsa da iberias gverdi
auares. qarTveluri tomebis politikuri cxovrebis miaxloebiTi suraTis
aRdgenis erTaderT gzad qarTuli matianeebi rCeba. maT gadmocemebSi bevri
ararealuri faqtis gverdiT elinisturi samyaros periferiebSi mimdinare
movlenebTan seriozuli analogiebis danaxva SeiZleba. es movlenebi ki
aqemenidebis imperiis dacemisa da axali epoqis dabadebis uSualo
gamoZaxili iyo. qarTuli wyaroebis cnobebi kargad jdeba elinisturi
epoqis CarCoebSi. maTze dayrdnobiT naTeli xdeba, rom Zv. w. IV-III
saukuneebSi saqarTveloSic gadmoinacvla mcire aziis mniSvnelovani
nawilisaTvis damaxasiaTebelma politikurma Zvrebma.
aleqsandre didis memkvidreebi, diadoxosebi, ZalauflebisaTvis
urTierTSoris daundobel brZolasTan erTad, energiulad iswrafodnen
axali qveynebis misataceblad. dapyrobil qveynebSi diadoxosebi
agrZelebdnen aleqsandre didis politikas, adgilobrivi warCinebulebis
mimxrobiT ifarToebdnen dasayrden bazas. elinisturi epoqa mravlad icnobs
berZnuli orientaciis tomis beladebs, romelTa saxiT mogvianebiT
damoukidebeli mefeebi an mefobis pretendentebi Camoyalibdnen. qarTveli
(qarTlis, egrisis, arian-qarTlis) dinastebis moqmedebac saerTo
kanonzomierebis farglebSi viTardeboda.
aleqsandres imperiis danawilebisa da gavlenis sferoebis gansazRvris
miRebuli modelis gaTvaliswinebiT, `qarTlis cxovrebaSi~ moTxrobili
laSqroba unda moewyo `usworo didi xelmwifis~ diadoxoss (lizimaxes).
dampyroblebis Semosvlas tomis beladebis nawilma winaaRmdegoba
gauwia, bevri brZolaSi daiRupa (mcxeTis mamasaxlisi samara, misi Zma),
nawili _ arian-qarTlis `mefis Zis~, azonis (azos), saxiT, mtris mxareze
gadavida da mis samsaxurSi Cadga. gamarjvebulma diadoxosma azons
erTguleba daufasa da damorCilebuli qveynis gamgeblad daniSna.
miuxedavad imisa, rom azoni erT-erTi qarTveluri tomis beladi iyo,
mosaxleoba dampyroblad Tvlida. mtris xelSewyobiT gabatonebul azons
daupirispirda qarTlis mamasaxlisTa ojaxis memkvidre farnavazi.
farnavazma gadalaxa viwrotomobrivi interesebi. is daukavSirda egrisis
mmarTvels, qujis, gamarTa masTan faruli molaparakeba da kavSiri Sekra.
qujisa da farnavazis molaparakebisas gadawyda pirvelobis sakiTxic. qujim
aRiara farnavazis uzenaesoba da Tavi mis vasalad gamoacxada: `Sen xar
ufali Cueni da me var mona Seni~.
farnavazisa da qujis kavSiri qarTvel tomTa erTiani cnobierebis
Camoyalibebis grZel gzaze umniSvnelovanes svetad dgas. amiT dasrulda
urTierTobis garkveuli etapi, daZleul iqna ganmacalkevebeli zRudeebi.
moZraobam erTianobis centrad qarTli, xolo mis meTaurad farnavazi
gamoacxada.
azonis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi gadamwyveti roli Seasrula farnavazis
sworma diplomatiam. misi banaki Seavses Crdilokavkasielma daqiravebulma
meomrebma. mowinaaRmdegis simravlis gamo azonma brZolaSi Cabma ver gabeda,
mcxeTas gaerida da klarjeTSi gadavida. aqedan man daxmareba sTxova
saberZneTs (igulisxmeba ponto). farnavazma azonsa da mis mokavSires

16
daupirispira Seudareblad Zlieri Zala imdroindel msoflioSi _
aleqsandre didis imperiis yvelaze Zlevamosili memkvidre, diadoxosebis
omidan triumfiT gamosuli, selevkidebis samefo. farnavazis diplomatiur
nabijs leonti mroveli did mniSvnelobas aniWebs. man `waravlinna
mociqulni~ selevkidebis mefesTan da `iTxova misgan Sewevna berZenTa zeda~.
asurastanis (selevkidebis) mefe aqtiurad gamoexmaura farnavazis Txovnas,
cno is `Svilad TВsad~ da `warmosca gВrgВni~, riTac aRiara farnavazis
lideroba qarTlSi. amave dros man `ubrZana erisTavTa somxeTisaTa, raTa
Seeweodian farnavazs~.
amrigad, farnavazis orientaciam gaamarTla. man moipova Zveli samyaros
uZlieresi monarqis mxardaWera. selevkidebis sagareo politikaSi msgavsi
moqmedeba iSviaTobas ar warmoadgenda. qarTulma misiam Seasrula elinizmis
diplomatiaSi dakanonebuli normebi. `ZRueni didZali~, romelic gaugzavna
farnavazma selevkidebis xelmwifes, aucilebeli atributi iyo. saCuqrebis
siuxves gansakuTrebuli yuradRebiT ekidebodnen samyaros umdidresi
mbrZaneblebi, selevkidebi. farnavazis konkretuli valdebuleba, `aRuTqua
mas msaxureba~, simbolurad gamoiyureba. aseve nominaluri iyo
antioqosisadmi `msaxureba~ farnavazis memkvidreebis drosac. qarTli-
`asurastanis~ kavSiri mimarTuli iyo pontos saxelmwifos eqspansionisturi
miswrafebebis winaaRmdeg.
selevkidebis mxardaWera iyo saqmiani. xelSekrulebis daskvniT nawilSi
vkiTxulobT: `ubrZana erisTavTa somxeTisaTa, raTa Seeweodian farnavazs~.
brZaneba Sesrulda. brZolis dawyebis win farnavazs `moerTnes erisTavni
antioqozisni somxiTiT~. qarTlis mefisaTvis mTavari iyo somxeTis satrapTa
gamoCena selevkidebis droSiT, antioqosis saxelis figurireba.
farnavazis sagareo politika iTvaliswinebda kontaqtebis damyarebas
Crdilokavkasiel tomebTan, mniSvnelovan rols aniWebda dinastiur
qorwinebas.
farnavazis sagareo-politikuri kursi gaagrZela misma memkvidrem
saurmagma. mis dros qarTlis sagareo politikis prioritetul
mimarTulebad rCeboda CrdiloeTi kavkasia, sadac qarTlis meore mefe didi
avtoritetiT sargeblobda. saurmagis mefobis dasawyisi aRiniSna
seriozuli politikuri krizisiT. qarTlis erisTavebi aujanydnen mefes da
aiZules is, CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi, durZukeTSi gadasuliyo. durZukebisa da
erTguli qveSevrdomebis daxmarebiT saurmagma taxti daibruna da mkacrad
dasaja ajanyebis moTaveni.
Zv. w. 192-188 wlebSi omi mimdinareobda selevkidebis aziur imperiasa da
romis respublikas Soris. omi damTavrda romaelebis gamarjvebiT. apameaSi
dadebuli zavis Tanaxmad, selevkidebma samflobeloebis umetesi nawili
dakarges. maTi gavlenis sferoSi moqceulma qveynebma damoukidebloba
moipoves. maT Soris aRmoCnda qarTli, romlis mefeebs selevkidebis
`msaxureba~ saerTaSoriso asparezze araviTar privilegias ar aniWebda da
maTac realuri mdgomareobis Sesabamisad `sapatio tituli~ ukuagdes.
selevkidebis imperiis dacemiT isargebles somxebma da Seqmnes ori
samefo _ didi da mcire somxeTi. male somxuri erTeulebi imdenad
gaZlierdnen, rom maT qarTlsac Seuties da miitaces iberiis olqebi:
pariadres kalTebi, gogarene da xorZene (qvemo qarTlis, mesxeTisa da taos
teritoriebis nawili). somxeTis dapyrobiTi omebi qarTlis sagareo
politikas CrdilSi aqcevda.

17
 $3. romis gavlenis damyareba
amierkavkasiaSi da qarTuli politikuri erTeulebis sagareo-politikuri
mdgomareoba Zv. w. I _ ax. w. III ss-Si

Zv. w. II saukunis bolos daiwyo pontos samefos aRzeveba. qarTulma

samyarom ver aicdina miTridate VI evpatoris agresia. pontos srul
morCilebaSi moeqca kolxeTi. mis mmarTvelebs miTridate evpatori sakuTari
SexedulebebiT niSnavda Tavis megobarTa wridan. erT-erTi aseTi pirovneba
iyo cnobili berZeni geografosis, strabonis, biZa (dedis Zma) moaferni.
kolxebi ukmayofiloni iyvnen Seqmnili viTarebiT da Sesaferis moments
eZebdnen asajanyeblad. aseTi momenti dadga romi-pontos pirveli omis (89-84)
Semdeg, romelSic ponto damarcxda. kolxebma isargebles amiT da ajanydnen.
miTridatem ajanyebulTa dasasjelad didi armia gagzavna. kolxebma
dainaxes, rom brZolis gagrZeleba uimedo iyo da mrisxane mefis gulis
mogeba diplomatiuri gzebiT scades. maT miznad daisaxes miTridates
uRelqveS mcireodeni damoukidebloba moepovebinaT da ulmobeli
dampyroblis risxvac SeerbilebinaT. kolxma diplomatebma miTridates
sTxoves, sakuTari Ze, miTridate daesva kolxeTis mefed. evpatorma maTi
survili maSinve daakmayofila, magram miTridate umcrosi taxtze didxans
ar darCenila. evpators eWvi Seepara SvilSi, rom kolxeTSi momxdari ambebi
misi mowyobili iyo, gaiwvia, daado oqros borkilebi da mokle xanSi
sikvdiliT dasaja.
marTlac, kolxebsa da miTridate umcross Soris arsebobda faruli
SeTanxmeba. misi gamJRavneba gaxda ufliswulis tragediis mizezi. momxdar
faqtTan dakavSirebiT ar aris gamoricxuli samefo karis intrigebi.
gasaTvaliswinebelia miTridate evpatoris Svilebis
urTierTdamokidebuleba. miTridate umcrosis nacvlad kolxeTis taxti
daikava evpatoris meore Zem _ maxarem. miTridate umcrosis swrafva
damoukideblobisaken marcxiT damTavrda, magram amave dros aqedan kargad
Cans kolxebis diplomatiuri done. maT daarwmunes mrisxane evpatori, rom
upiratesoba mieniWebina samefo ojaxis wevrisaTvis. cxadia, sakuTari mefis
daniSvna kolxeTs pontos morCilebisagan ar aTavisuflebda, magram am gziT
Tavs daaRwevda SemTxveviTi pirebis saZarcvavad ganwirul mdgomareobas.
kolxeTi miTridate evpatoris kontrols eqvemdebareboda mesame
miTridatuli omis (74-63) dasasrulamde.
qarTuli diplomatiuri urTierTobebis Tanmimdevruli gadmocema da misi
Casma romaul qronologiur CarCoebSi daiwyo saqarTveloSi pompeusis
laSqrobis droidan (Zv. w. 65 weli). miTridate evpatorisa da armeniis mefis
_ tigran II-is ganadgurebis Semdeg romis Zlevamosili armia gneus pompeusis
meTaurobiT saqarTveloSi Semovida. iberiis mefe artagi (artoke) Seecada
somxeTSi myofi pompeusi Seeyovnebina molaparakebis motiviT. gagzavna
elCebi, surda drois mogeba, farulad ki saomar samzadiss Seudga. kavSiri
daamyara albaneTis mefesTan, raTa mters gaerTianebuli ZaliT
daxvedrodnen. gamocdilma pompeusma gamoicno artagis ganzraxva, uari Tqva
molaparakebis gagrZelebaze da Tavisi legionebiT iberiaSi SemoiWra.
romaelebma saomari moqmedeba swrafad daiwyes. iberiis mefe mters
moumzadebeli Sexvda, seriozuli winaaRmdegoba ver gauwia da damarcxda.
gamarjvebuli pompeusi romauli medidurobiT moiTxovda iaraRis dayras da
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srul morCilebas. artagma kvlav diplomatiur svlebze gadaitana
yuradReba, magram pompeusis kategoriuli toni brZanebas ufro niSnavda da
misi daZleva ver moaxerxa. pompeusi Tanxmdeboda molaparakebis gamarTvas im
SemTxvevaSi, Tu artagi gamocxaddeboda romaelTa banakSi. bolos, rodesac
iberielTa Zalebi amoiwura da mdgomareoba uimedo gaxda, mefe daTmobaze
wavida. pompeuss mZevlebad gaugzavna Svilebi, raTa daeTanxmebina zavze.
romaulma mxarem es sakmarisad CaTvala da gaformda xelSekruleba. sazavo
pirobebis Tanaxmad, iberia romis mokavSired da megobrad gamocxadda.
romauli diplomatia eyrdnoboda Zalas. aRmosavleTis dampyrobi armia
Seudareblad Zlieri iyo. iberia-romis dapirispirebaSi mkveTrad Cans ori
uTanabro Zalis Sejaxeba. romis Zlevamosili legionebis pirispir iberiis
saomari SesaZleblobebi sakmaod mokrZalebulad gamoiyureba.
artagis diplomatia nawrTobi iyo mezobel xalxebTan urTierTobaSi.
romaelebis gamoCeniT ki igi sruliad ucnobi samyarosa da diplomatiis
pirispir aRmoCnda.
antikuri avtorebi iberiis mefis moqmedebas romauli didmpyrobeluri
poziciebidan ganixilavdnen da msjelobis sagnad aqcevdnen mxolod imas,
rac maTi rCeuli sardlis didebas emsaxureboda. isini cdilobdnen
mowinaaRmdegis CrdilSi moqcevas. amis miuxedavad, artagis swrafva, mieRwia
sasurveli xelSekrulebis dadebisaTvis, kargad Cans maT tendenciur
TxzulebebSi.
pontos samefos dacemam gza gauxsna romaul aRmosavlur politikas. mis
winaSe gadaiSala axali qveynebis dapyrobis perspeqtivebi. magram romis
swrafvas seriozuli winaaRmdegobiT Sexvda analogiuri miznebiT
Sepyrobili Zlieri parTia.
Zv. w. I saukunis Suaxanebidan moyolebuli, msoflioze batonobas ori
supersaxelmwifo _ romi da parTia _ ecileboda erTmaneTs. maTi brZolebis
asparezs mesopotamia da samxreTi kavkasia warmoadgenda. momdevno
saukuneebSic, rodesac arSakidebis nacvlad sparseTSi sasanidebis dinastia
gabatonda, winaaRmdegobis arena ucvleli darCa.
romisa da parTiis omebSi iberiis mefeebi, `romaeli xalxis megobrisa da
mokavSiris~ aRiarebiT, cdilobdnen, aziaze batonobis pretendentebis
brZola sakuTari qveynis interesebisaTvis gamoeyenebinaT. iberiis
orientacias adasturebs imperator oqtaviane avgustusis `Res Gestae~. masSi
CamoTvlilia yvela is xalxi, romelTanac urTierToba hqonda romis
msoflio imperias. Tavisi xangrZlivi moRvaweobis Semajamebel dokumentSi
avgustusi aRniSnavs: `Cvens megobrobas iTxovdnen elCebis meSveobiT... mefe
albanelebis da iberebis~. imperatorma msgavsi statusis mqone albaneTi da
iberia erT konteqstSi moaqcia. dasaxelebuli qveynebi romaul orientacias
avlendnen da parTiasTan mudmiv WidilSi myof imperators Tavis
mokavSireebad miaCnda. Tavisuflad SeiZleba iTqvas, rom iberiis elCoba
ganapiroba romis aRmosavluri politikis gaaqtiurebam. ax. w. 2 wels
avgustusis SviliSvilis, taxtis memkvidris, gaius cezaris misiam aRadgina
imperiis Selaxuli avtoriteti, moagvara parTia-romis sazRvrebTan
arsebuli uTanxmoebani, gadaWra sadavo sakiTxebi. antikuri avtorebis
mowmobiT, gaiusma armeniaSic mniSvnelovani RonisZiebani gaatara. taxtis
memkvidre arc iberias datovebda uyuradRebod. romis poziciebis
ganmtkiceba samxreTi kavkasiis qveynebs moagonebda, rom ganeaxlebina

19
gamarjvebul mxaresTan urTierToba. romauli orientaciis gaaqtiurebas
arSakidebis agresiis saSiSroebac gansazRvravda.
parTia-romis winaaRmdegobaSi gavlenis sferoebis saimedooba didad iyo
damokidebuli imaze, Tu romeli mxare gaakontrolebda strategiuli
TvalsazrisiT mniSvnelovan qveyanas, somxeTs. romis aRmosavluri
politikis warmmarTvelebi somxeTis damoukideblobis aRiarebiT
cdilobdnen misTvis buferis rolis dakisrebas. avgustusma daamkvidra da
momdevno imperatorebmac gaagrZeles somxeTis taxtze romauli orientaciis
arasomexi mefeebis dasma. amis gamo somxeTis gvirgvini mezobeli dinastiebis
faruli brZolis obieqti gaxda. romaelebic mokavSireTa erTgulebis
mixedviT wyvetdnen sakiTxs. 18 wels imperatorma tiberiusma somxeTi pontos
mefis _ polemonis Zes, zenons, gadasca, romelic artaSesis saxeliT 34
wlamde mefobda. 34 wels zenoni gardaicvala. parTiis mefem, artaban III-m,
scada esargebla mdgomareobiT da somxeTidan romaelebi ganedevna. igi
aSkara agresiaze gadavida, somxeTi daikava da mefed Tavisi Ze arSaki dasva.
somxeTis dakargva safrTxes uqmnida aRmosavleTSi romis batonobas. mas
sWirdeboda iseTi mokavSire, romelic realurad aRudgeboda win parTiis
agresias. erTaderTi aseTi Zala parTia-romis sazRvrebis mimdebare
regionSi iberia iyo.
iberiis mefe miTridate I-ma somxeTis krizisTan dakavSirebiT farTo
masStabis diplomatiuri SorsmWvreteloba gamoavlina. igi xedavda, rom
somxeTis taxtze erTmaneTs enacvlebodnen romauli orientaciis samefo
ojaxebi. movlenebSi seriozuli CarTviT SeiZleboda somxeTis gvirgvinis
xelSi Cagdeba.
somxeTis krizisma farTo asparezi gadauSala iberias da misca
damoukidebeli moqmedebis saSualeba. imperatorma tiberiusma (14-37 ww.)
`armeniis dasabruneblad miTridate iberieli~ SearCia da miswera mas,
`SeWriliyo armeniaSi, raTa artabanes, romelic Svilis dasaxmareblad
wamovidoda, mietovebina Tavisi qveyana~. amave dros imperatorma siriis
gamgebels _ viteliuss, gansakuTrebuli miTiTebebi misca, `gaegzavna
mniSvnelovani fuladi saCuqrebi iberiisa da albaneTis mefeebisaTvis, raTa
daerwmunebina isini, daewyoT omi artabanTan~. viteliusis diplomatiuri mi-
sia warmatebuli gamodga. iberiisa da albaneTis mefeebma, marTalia,
omisagan Tavi Seikaves, magram artabanze miuSves skviTebi, misces am
ukanasknelebs Tavisufali gasasvleli. miuxedavad skviTebis CarTvisa, omSi
mTavari roli iberias hqonda dakisrebuli. albanelebi mxolod iberiis
mokavSired gamodiodnen. swored amitom iyo, rom imperatorma tiberiusma
somxeTis taxti iberiis samefo kars gadasca.
34 wels iberiis mefem, miTridate I-ma, Seadgina somxeTis taxtis
dauflebis gegma, romlis ganxorcieleba iberiis xandazmulma mefem Tavis
ufros Zes, taxtis memkvidres farsmans daakisra. male, 35 wels miTridate
gardaicvala da parTiasTan omi farsmanma ukve mefis rangSi daamTavra. es
iyo 36 wels. mopovebulma gamarjvebam mas kargi mxedarTmTavris reputacia
Seuqmna. swored is iTvleboda parTiasTan omis mTavar figurad.
romauli diplomatia somxeTis nominaluri damoukideblobiT parTiasTan
urTierTobas awesrigebda. somxeTis damoukidebloba iyo agreTve is saimedo
kedeli, romelic mas parTiis agresiisagan daicavda. amave dros, mopovebuli
gamarjvebiT, somxeTi garkveulwilad iberiis vasaladac ganixileboda.

20
 miTridate I-is moRvaweoba Zveli qarTuli diplomatiis mniSvnelovani
gamarjveba iyo. romisa da parTiis dapirispirebisas iberiis mefeebma
(miTridate I da farsman I) didi warmatebiT moaxdines TavianTi
diplomatiuri niWisa da talantis demonstrireba. gasaTvaliswinebelia
isic, rom aRmosavleTis sazRvrebis uSiSroebis mizniT, romis imperatorebi
iberiis mimarT garkveul daTmobebze midiodnen.
romma aiZula parTia, iberiis mefis _ miTridate I-is Ze miTridate
umcrosi ecno somxeTis mefed. magram taxtze misi yofna didxans ar
gagrZelebula. imperatorma kaligulam (37-41 ww.) igi romSi gaiwvia da
cixeSi Casva. miTridates dapatimrebis mizezi cnobili ar aris. am faqtiT
isargebla parTiam da somxeTi daikava.
parTiis gabatoneba somxeTSi iberiasac safrTxes uqmnida. daiwyo
farsmanis aqtiuri moqmedeba taxtze miTridates dasabruneblad. farsmani
daukavSirda romis axal imperators, klavdiuss (41-54 ww.), da miawoda
informacia, rom parTiaSi mimdinare movlenebi qmnida xelsayrel pirobebs
somxeTSi romauli iurisdiqciis aRsadgenad. farsmanis azriT, somxeTis
sakiTxebSi miTridates unda miniWeboda upiratesoba, radgan misTvis kargad
iyo cnobili adgilobrivi didkacobis orientacia.
imperatorma miTridate gaaTavisufla, farsmani pirobisamebr gverdiT
daudga da miTridatem xelmeored daikava somxeTis taxti. farsmanisa da
miTridates SeTanxmebuli moqmedeba didxans ar gagrZelebula. daviwyebas
mieca adrindeli windaxeduleba, SuriT da daundoblobiT Sepyrobilebma
mopovebuli gamarjveba ferflad aqcies.
farsmansa da miTridates Soris warmoqmnili ganxeTqilebis iniciatori
iyo iberiis mefe. farsmani amCnevda, rom mis vaJs, radamists Tvali
xelisuflebisaken eWira. mamam gvirgvinis SenarCunebis mizniT Svils Caagona,
rom somxeTis taxtic mas ekuTvnoda da SeeZlo pretenziebis wamoyeneba.
farsmanma Seadgina mzakvruli gegma, romlis Tanaxmadac radamisti somxeTSi
unda gamocxadebuliyo rogorc devnili, am gziT samefo karze moepovebina
ndoba, Semdeg ki ezruna SeTqmulebaze. roca SeTqmulTa garkveuli wre
Seikvreboda, unda ecnobebina farsmanisaTvis, romelic gaugzavnida
dapirebul laSqars. radamistma gegma unaklod Seasrula. farsmanma gaigo
Tu ara Svilis warmateba, maSinve aRmouCina daxmareba. miTridates
xelisufleba daemxo, igi RalatiT mokles. somxeTSi gamefda radamisti.
romaelebma igi cnes somxeTis mefed, magram pativmoyvare radamisti, rogorc
Cans, ar gamoirCeoda mefobisaTvis aucilebeli RirsebebiT, man ver moipova
somex didebulTa mxardaWera da isini aujanydnen. radamisti damarcxda da
Tavs iberiaSi gaqceviT uSvela.
romisa da parTiis urTierTobam ukiduresad daZabuli xasiaTi miiRo.
romaelebisaTvis cnobili iyo, rom somxeTi daikarga farsmanis intrigebis
gamo. iberiis mefem daaswro movlenebis ganviTarebas, pasuxismgeblobis
Tavidan acilebis mizniT Cadenili danaSauli radamists gadaabrala da,
rogorc damnaSave, moakvlevina. romis xelisuflebas parTiasTan
garTulebuli mdgomareoba aiZulebda, urTierToba ar gaemwvavebina da
Tavis marTlebis warmodgenili argumentiT dakmayofilda. farsmanma
romaelebTan kavSirSi gaagrZela parTiis winaaRmdeg brZola.
romauli aRmosavluri politika gaaqtiurda neronis (54-69 ww.)
mmarTvelobis dasawyisSi. didi warmateba moipoves romis legionebma
gamocdili sardlis _ domicius korbulonis meTaurobiT. magram misi
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gadayenebis Semdeg romaelebi damarcxdnen. neroni iZulebuli gaxda zavi
daedo. sazavo pirobebiT somxeTis taxti arSakidebis xelSi gadadioda,
oRond samefo niSnebi romis imperatorisagan unda mieRo. neronis
aRmosavlurma politikam marcxi ganicada.
farsmani aqtiurad ibrZoda parTiis winaaRmdeg. man ilaSqra somxeTSi,
magram Tavganwirvas Sedegi ar mohyolia. somxeTSi romauli kontrolis
moSla angrevda simagres, romelic arsebobda iberiasa da parTias Soris.
romauli orientaciis mqone somxeTis nacvlad misi uSualo mezobeli gaxda
agresiuli parTia. iberiis diplomatia kargad erkveoda rTul sagareo
sakiTxebSi, magram farsmanisa da radamistis avantiuram mas seriozuli
dartyma miayena.
qarTlis samefos diplomatiaSi istoriulad mniSvnelovani roli hqonda
dakisrebuli kavkasionis CrdiloeTiT mcxovreb tomebTan urTierTobas.
CrdiloeTi kavkasiis mTieli tomebi imTaviTve aRmoCndnen CarTulni
qarTlis mefeTa sagareo-politikur aqciebSi. CrdiloeTidan samxreTisaken
momaval gzaTa Soris erT-erTi kveTda iberias. amitom, vis xelSic iyo es
gza, mas gansxvavebuli funqciebis Sesruleba ekisreboda. iberiis mefeebs
kavkasionis gadaRma meomarTa mudmivi rezervebi gaaCndaT. eseni iyvnen
momTabare tomebi. maTi amaoxrebeli Semosevebi, Zveli aRmosavleTis
saxelmwifoebidan moyolebuli, ganicades berZnul-romauli periodis
mcireazielma xalxebmac. darialis xeobaze kontroli iberias did
upiratesobas aniWebda. mcxeTis mflobelebi saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi aRebdnen
darialis kars da meomar tomebs aZlevdnen gzas samxreTiT arsebuli
imperiebis dasarbevad. es faqtori iberias privilegirebul mdgomareobaSi
ayenebda da masTan urTierTobaSi Zlieri mezoblebic ki seriozul
daTmobebze midiodnen.
I saukunis 70-ian wlebSi iberiis samefo karis uSualo iniciativiT
alanebma gamanadgurebeli laSqroba moawyves parTiis teritoriaze.
gansakuTrebuli rbeva ganicada somxeTma, sadac parTiis ufliswuli
tiridati mefobda. aRniSnul periodSi iberiis mefe iyo farsman I-is Ze
miTridate. miTridate saerTaSoriso movlenebSi kargad garkveuli da
SorsmWvreteli saxelmwifo moRvawe iyo. mas axlo partnioruli
urTierToba hqonda romis imperator vespasianesTan (69-79 ww.), rasac
adasturebs am ukanasknelis mier `romaeli xalxis megobrisa da mokavSiris~,
iberiis mefe miTridatesaTvis mcxeTis kedlis gamagrebis faqti. am periodSi
romi da parTia icavdnen sazavo xelSekrulebiT gaTvaliswinebul pirobebs,
maT Soris arsebobda mSvidobianoba. magram romaelebi ver urigdebodnen
somxeTis dakargvas da aqezebdnen iberiis mefes, nebismieri Zalebis
gamoyenebiT ebrZola parTiis winaaRmdeg. imperator vespasianes yuradReba
mcxeTis galavnisadmi ganpirobebuli iyo misi mniSvnelobiT. ramdenadac
Zlieri iqneboda mcxeTa, imdenad mtkiced gaakontrolebda romis mokavSire
Crdilo kavkasiidan momaval gzas. imperiis xelisufleba darwmunebuli iyo,
rom iberia, darialis karis saxiT, flobda iseT iaraRs, romlis gamoyeneba
yovelTvis SeeZlo aRmosavleTSi Tavisi mTavari metoqis _ parTiis
winaaRmdeg.
romaulma aRmosavlurma politikam seriozuli warmatebebi moipova II
saukunis dasawyisSi. imperator traianes (98-117) laSqrobaTa Sedegad romis
legionebma sparseTis yuremde miaRwies. mbrZanebels ganzraxuli hqonda
laSqrobis gagrZeleba, magram imperiis SigniT dawyebulma ajanyebebma gegma
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Seacvlevina. parTiis damarcxebiT traianem somxeTSi aRadgina romauli
gavlena. antikuri avtorebi gvauwyeben, rom iberia aqtiurad gamodioda
romis mokavSired. traianes laSqrobiT damTavrda imperiis triumfi
aRmosavleTSi.
traianes momdevno mbrZaneblebis _ adrianes (117-138), antoninus piusis
(138-161), markus avreliusis (161-180) xanaSi imperiis sagareo politikam
arsebiTi cvlilebebi ganicada. romis msoflio saxelmwifo SeteviTi
brZolebidan Tavdacvaze gadavida. imperatorebis mTavari sazrunavi gaxda
sazRvrebis gamagreba da gaaqtiurebuli barbarosuli tomebis Tavdasxmebis
mogerieba. romis TavdacviT politikas safuZveli daudo imperatorma
adrianem. igi umTavres amocanad isaxavda dapyrobili qveynebisa da gavlenis
sferoebis SenarCunebas. adrianem Tavisi imperatorobis didi nawili
mogzaurobaSi gaatara. amowmebda sazRvrebze arsebuli simagreebis
saimedoobas, xvdeboda romauli orientaciis mqone mezobel mefeebs,
cdilobda privilegiebis miniWebiTa da Zvirfasi saCuqrebiT maTi
mxardaWeris SenarCunebas. iberiis mefem, farsman II-m, adrianes saimperio
politikas sakuTari gegma daupirispira. parTiaSi areulobam da romis
sazRvrebze barbarosebis moZalebam mas imperiis gavlenidan Tavis daRwevisa
da sruli damoukideblobis imedi misca. alanebis gamoyenebiT sakmaod did
Tavisuflebas grZnobda da romis qveSevrdomobaSi moqceuli dasavleTi
saqarTvelos miwebis mitacebac moaxerxa. farsman II-m uari ganacxada
`romaeli xalxis megobrisa da mokavSiris~ funqciebis Sesrulebaze. igi
demonstraciulad ar gamocxadda kapadokiaSi mowveul TaTbirze, sadac
imperatori Sexvda aRmosavleTis mefeebs, riTac is Zalian gaanawyena.
farsmani kargad grZnobda romis sagareo politikis modunebas.
imperatori mas ver dasjida, amitom misi qedmaRlobac aman ganapiroba.
misTvis naTeli iyo, rom parTia da romi iberiasTan urTierTobis
gamwvavebas eridebodnen, radgan xSirad xdeboda alanebis SemoWra rogorc
parTiis, ise romis aRmosavleT provinciebSi. iberiasTan konfliqti xels
Seuwyobda alanebis aqtiurobis gafarToebas. kapadokiaSi iberiis mefes
mouwevda Tavis marTleba romaul iurisdiqciaSi moqceuli miwebis gamo.
grZnobda ra sakmao Zalas da iTvaliswinebda cvlilebebs romis imperiis
sagareo politikaSi, man uaryo kapadokiaSi gamgzavreba, riTac xazgasmiT
aRniSna sakuTari damoukidebloba.
farsmanis urTierToba romis imperiasTan adrianes gardacvalebamde (138
w.) daZabuli darCa. magram momdevno imperatoris _ antoninus piusis dros
moxda arsebiTi gardatexa iberiisa da romis urTierTobaSi. farsmani
ramdenime weliwadSi daTanxmda romSi gamgzavrebaze. iberiis mefes Tan
axldnen meuRle, Ze da warCinebulTa amala. romSi iberiis mefe didi
pativiT miiRes.
iberia-romis interesebis dacilebisa da daaxloebis mizezebi ucnobia.
antoninus piusi (piusi _ RvTismosavi) gamoirCeoda saocari lmobierebiT.
igi mravali TvisebiT gansxvavdeboda adrianesagan. farsmanis pretenziebi,
moepovebina damoukidebloba, aSkara iyo, magram gasaTvaliswinebelia
adrianes cvalebadi xasiaTic. adriane iyo rTuli pirovneba. erTi mxriv, is
uganaTlebulesi adamiani iyo, Rrmad icnobda literaturas, werda leqsebs,
xatavda, erkveoda ariTmetikasa da geometriaSi, ukravda instrumentze da
mReroda. amasTan, iyo `mkacri da mxiaruli, alersiani da mrisxane,
Tavawyvetili da windaxeduli, Zunwi da guluxvi, gulwrfeli da
23
TvalTmaqci, sastiki da mowyale~. adriane boroti enebis amyoli iyo, ris
gamoc daiRupa misi mravali megobari. Tu gaviTvaliswinebT damsmenebis
aqtiurobas, farsman II-is konfliqti cvalebadi bunebis imperatorTan
umniSvnelo mizeziTac iyo SesaZlebeli.
antoninus piusma ar gaimeora winamorbedis, adrianes, Secdoma da iberiis
mefemac romTan megobruli urTierToba irCia. dion kasiosi wers, rom
dedaqalaqSi Casul ucxoel mefes neba darTes msxverpli Seewira
kapitoliumis taZarSi. imperatorze didi STabeWdileba moaxdina farsmanisa
da warCinebul iberTa samxedro varjiSobam. iberiis mefis gansakuTrebuli
dafasebis maCvenebeli iyo marsis moedanze cxenze amxedrebuli farsmanis
qandakebis aRmarTva.
iberia kvlav romis mokavSire gaxda. antoninus piusma farsmans
samflobeloebi gaufarTova. imperatoris windaxedulma moqmedebam aRadgina
gawyvetili kavSiri.
II saukunis meore naxevarSi romsa da parTias Soris saomari moqmedeba
ganaxlda. imperiebis konfliqtSi iberia ar figurirebda.
Zveli saqarTvelos CarTva saerTaSoriso movlenebSi daaCqara parTiaSi
momxdarma dinastiurma cvlilebebma. 226 wels parTieli arSakidebis adgili
daikaves sparselma sasanidebma. dinastiis fuZemdebeli iyo ardaSir papakis
Ze. axalma dinastiam Seqmna miTi aqemenidebis memkvidreobaze. romaelebma
miiCnies isini aziis dampyroblebad da wamoayenes idea maTi gandevnis
Sesaxeb.
sasanidebis pretenziebs daemTxva romSi `jariskacTa imperatorebis~
naxevarsaukunovani (235-284) epoqa, cnobili Sinauri aSlilobiTa da
katastrofuli ukandaxeviT. xelisuflebisaTvis brZolam gamofita msoflio
imperia, daiwyo aRmosavleTSi misi samarcxvino damarcxebebis periodi.
ardaSiris memkvidris, Sapur I-is (241-272), dros sparselebma gansakuTrebul
warmatebas miaRwies. sasanidebis upiratesobis zeims warmoadgenda imperator
valerianes datyveveba (260 wels), magram sparselTa miznebis ganxorcieleba
am faqtiT Semoifargla da saboloo gamarjveba miuwvdomeli aRmoCnda.
imperatoris datyvevebam didi gansacdelis winaSe daayena romauli
orientaciis mqone iberia. iberia (aRmosavleTis sxva qveynebTan erTad)
Tavdapirvelad romis mokavSired rCeboda da romis sardlobas hpirdeboda
samxedro daxmarebas imperatoris tyveobidan gasaTavisufleblad. magram,
mogvianebiT, iberiis mefe amazaspi iranis Sahis, Sapur I-is, mokavSired da
megobrad gadaiqca. amazaspis proiranul kurss daupirispirdnen misi
qveSevrdomni, romlebic moqmedebdnen romaelebTan da somxeTis mefesTan
kavSirSi. iranis daxmarebis miuxedavad, amazaspi damarcxda da brZolaSi
daiRupa. gamarjvebulebma qarTlis mefed dasves somexTa mefis Ze _
amazaspis diswuli revi.
amazaspis gadasvla sasanidebis mxareze ar momxdara misi
gansakuTrebuli sparsofilobiT, es nabiji iZulebiTi iyo. mefem winaswar
gansazRvra, rom romaelebis mZlevel SahanSahs qarTli ver gaumklavdeboda.
xelisuflebis SenarCunebisa da qveynis aoxrebisagan gadarCenis mizniT
aRiara sasanidebis uzenaesoba, risTvisac `moiZules ... erman qarTlisaman~.
unda vivaraudoT, rom amazaspis moZuleba qveSevrdomebis mier moxda 260
wlis Semdeg. amazaspis moqmedeba swori diplomatiuri nabiji iyo, romelmac
qarTls aacdina sasanidebis agresia.

24
 Sapur I-is dapyrobebis rezonansma amazaspi iZulebuli gaxada,
upiratesoba diplomatiuri moqmedebisaTvis mieniWebina. amazaspi grZnobda,
rom romaelTa megobrisa da mokavSiris statusi sparsuli Zlevamosilebis
triumfis Semdeg mxolod zians moutanda. amitomac moxda cvlilebebi mis
sagareo politikaSi.
aRmosavleTi sasanidebis kontrols daeqvemdebara. `jariskacTa
imperatorebis~ epizodur gamarjvebebs da palmiris mefis, odenatis
laSqrobebs romauli mpyrobeloba ar aRudgenia. sparselTa batonoba
qarTlze nisibisis zavamde gagrZelda.
sparselTa erTpirovnuli batonoba dasrulda 298 wels. romaelTa
gamarjvebis damagvirgvinebel brZolaSi sparseTis armiam sruli
ganadgureba ganicada. datyvevebulni aRmoCndnen Sahis ojaxis wevrebi da
mravali sparsi didebuli. sazavo xelSekruleba gaformda qalaq nisibisSi
(298 wels). romis imperiisa da sparseTis sazRvrad gamocxadda mdinare
tigrosi. iberiasa da armeniaSi aRdga romauli gavlena. amieridan `iberiis
mefes romaelebisagan unda mieRo Tavisi mefobis niSnebi~. xelSekrulebaSi
gamokveTiladaa naCvenebi, rom aRmosavleTSi romis dabrunebas Sedegad
seriozuli cvlilebebi mohyva. damarcxebulma sasanidebma mesopotamiasa da
samxreT kavkasiaSi aRiares romaelTa upiratesoba.
nisibisis sazavo pirobebiT samxreT kavkasiaSi dasrulda sparsTa
batonoba. sparseTis uRlis gadagdeba gulisxmobs rogorc politikuri, ise
religiuri eqspansiis Sesustebas. zoroastrizmi cecxliTa da maxviliT
ebrZoda warmarTul kultebsa da qristianobas. iberiaSi romauli
kontrolis aRdgena asustebda zoroastrizms da gzas uxsnida axal
moZRvrebas. samxreT kavkasiaSi, sparseTTan erTad, damarcxda zoroastrizmi
da daiwyo qristianobis SeuzRudavi gavrceleba.
nisibisis zaviT Zveli qarTuli samyaros sagareo politika romauli
orientaciis gzas daadga.

25
 T a v i I I
qarTlisa da egrisis samefoebis
sagareo politika da diplomatia
IV-V ss-Si
$1. qarTlis samefos sagareo politika da
diplomatia IV-V ss-Si

a) qarTlis samefos sagareo-politikuri mdgomareoba IV s-sa da V s-is

pirvel naxevarSi. IV saukuneSi istoriuli saqarTvelos miwa-wyalze ori
qarTuli saxelmwifo arsebobda: dasavlurqarTuli, egrisi (lazika),
romlis dedaqalaqi cixe-goji iyo; aRmosavlurqarTuli, qarTlis (iberiis)
dedaqalaqi ki _ mcxeTa. orive saxelmwifos mefe edga saTaveSi.
III saukunis bolos damTavrda romsa da irans Soris brZolis erTi
etapi. 298 wels nisibisSi dadebuli zaviT gamarjvebulma mxarem, romma,
aRadgina proteqtorati qarTlis samefoze. amieridan qarTlis mefes samefo
niSnebi romis xelisuflebisagan unda mieRo. qarTlis samefos
damokidebuleba romze formaluri iyo. arsebuli tradiciis Tanaxmad,
qarTlis xelisuflebas evaleboda kavkasiis uReltexilebis
(gadmosasvlelebis) gamagreba momTabareTagan dacvis mizniT, rac qarTlis
samefos interesebSic Sedioda, da saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi _ samxedro
razmebis gamoyvana romaelTa dasaxmareblad.
IV saukuneSi qarTlSi qristianoba saxelmwifo religiad gamocxadda.
qristianobis damkvidrebisaTvis didi mniSvneloba hqonda qarTuli
sazogadoebis sulier ganwyobas, misi didi nawilis Sinaganad mzadyofnas
qristes sarwmunoebis aRsarebisaTvis.
qristianobis saxelmwifo religiad aRiareba mravali saSinao,
socialur-ekonomikuri, kulturuli da saerTaSoriso faqtoriT iyo
ganpirobebuli. saSinao faqtorTagan umniSvnelovanesia feodaluri
urTierTobis damkvidreba. qristianobam, rogorc ideologiam, ganviTarebis
didi da rTuli gza ganvlo, saqarTveloSi igi Semovida rogorc
feodaluri klasis ideologia.
saerTaSoriso faqtorTagan qarTuli saxelmwifosaTvis gansakuTrebuli
mniSvneloba eniWeboda urTierTobas mazdeanur sasanianTa iranTan da
qristianul romTan.
ram gansazRvra qristianobis saxelmwifo religiad gamocxadeba,
ramdenad mniSvnelovani iyo qristianobis oficialur kursad cnobisaTvis
sagareo urTierTobis faqtori.
qristianobis saxelmwifo religiad aRiarebas gansakuTrebuli
mniSvneloba hqonda saqarTvelos mTeli Semdgomi istoriisaTvis, misi
socialur-ekonomikuri da kulturuli ganviTarebisaTvis.
gansakuTrebulia qristianobis oficialur kultad gamocxadebisa da
qristianuli rwmenis damkvidrebis mniSvneloba saqarTvelos sagareo-
politikuri kursis, misi saerTaSoriso orientaciisaTvis, ramac gansazRvra
SemdgomSi, mTeli istoriis manZilze, urTierToba qristian mezoblebTan,
upirvelesad _ bizantiis imperiasTan, ruseTTan da mahmadianur samyarosTan.
bizantiis imperia saukuneTa manZilze aqtiurad ibrZoda da, rig
SemTxvevaSi, warmatebasac aRwevda qarTuli miwebis mitacebaSi. cdilobda
qarTuli saxelmwifos saSinao saqmeebSi Carevas, centraluri xelisuflebis
da, Sesabamisad, saxelmwifos dasustebas. mizani saqarTveloze gavlenis
26
mopoveba da misi daqvemdebareba iyo. qarTvelma xalxma didi da mZime
brZolebi gadaitana bizantiasTan, imperiis jarebma araerTgzis dalaSqres,
daarbies qarTuli miwa-wyali, aaoxres, gadawves soflebi da qalaqebi.
miuxedavad amisa, Suasaukunovan saqarTveloSi sworeba, rogorc wesi,
bizantiaze xdeboda, radgan is iyo erTmorwmune, maRali qristianuli
kulturis mqone, mezobeli civilizebuli saxelmwifo.
amieridan, swored sarwmunoeba da mrwamsis (qalkedonuris) erTianoba
saukuneTa manZilze mniSvnelovanwilad gansazRvravda saqarTvelos sagareo-
politikur kurss, mis diplomatias.
IV saukune uaRresad mniSvnelovani etapia saqarTvelos istoriaSi. III
saukunidan mokidebuli, ori didi Zala _ sasanianTa irani da bizantiis
imperia daupirispirda erTmaneTs. maTTan urTierTobis mogvareba, erTi
Zalis meoris winaaRmdeg gamoyenebis diplomatiuri gzebis Zieba
imdroindeli qarTuli diplomatiis mniSvnelovani sazrunavi iyo.
qristianoba saxelmwifo religiad qarTlSi IV saukunis 20-ian wlebSi
gamocxadda. pirveli mefe, romelmac iwama qriste, miriani iyo, `xolo wmida
nino aswavebda da etyoda mswrafl Tayuaniscemad aRmosavliT da aRsarebad
qristes Zisa RmrTisasa~. pirveli, rac mirian mefem gaakeTa, is iyo, rom
gadadga qveynis istoriisaTvis didi istoriuli mniSvnelobis nabiji,
`waravlinna mociqulni saberZneTad... winaSe kostantine berZenTa mefisa~,
aseve Tavis elCebs gaatana `wigni ninosi elene dedofalsa winaSe da auwyes
ese yoveli saswauli qristes-mieri, romeli iqmna mcxeTasa Sina mirian
mefisa ze~. mirianma sTxova kostantines `miswrafebiT mRdelni
naTlisRebisaTВs~.
didi mniSvneloba hqonda im faqts, rom mirianis elCebma Tan waiRes
mociqulTa sworis, qarTlis gamaqristianeblis _ ninos werili kostantines
dedis, dedofal elenesadmi, romelSic is auwyebda dedofals imis Sesaxeb,
rac qarTlSi moxda. ninos da elenes Zveli urTierToba akavSirebda. elene
dedofalmac Tavisi epistoleTi upasuxa ninos. am mimoweras didi
diplomatiuri datvirTva hqonda, radgan aSkarad miuTiTebda qarTlsa da
roms Soris urTierTobis mniSvnelobaze.
kostantinem saTanadod Seafasa qarTlis mefis gaqristianebis
mniSvneloba da manac sapasuxo nabiji gadadga. mis karze mZevlad
imyofeboda mefe mirianis Ze baqari, romelic man moiTxova, rodesac
daamarcxa iranelebi, romelTa mxareze ibrZoda qarTlis mefe miriani.
rodesac damarcxebulma qarTlis mefem, mirianma, `wargzavna mociquli
winaSe kostantine mefisa, da iTxova misgan mSВdoba, da aRuTqua mas
msaxureba da gandgoma sparsTagan~, kostantinem meti simtkicisaTvis, radgan
misTvis didi mniSvneloba hqonda momavlisaTvis qarTlis mefis pozicias,
`aRiyvana Svili mirianisi mZevlad, romelsa erqua baqar~. magram mirianis
mier qristianobis aRiarebis Semdeg baqari samSobloSi gamoistumra da
mirians moswera: `arRara miГms me Sengan mZevali, aramed kma ars Cuen Soris
Suamdgomlad qriste~.
rodesac kostantinem baqari samSobloSi daabruna, saqarTveloSi
gamogzavna mRvdelni xalxis mosanaTlad, xuroni eklesiaTa asaSeneblad,
`ganZi da samsWualni uflisani~, ... `ferГTa ficarni~, wminda nawilebi
axalagebuli eklesiebisaTvis. aseve `gamogzavna mRvdeli WeSmariti iovane
episkoposad, da mis Tana mRdelni orni da diakonni samni~. mefes
gamougzavna `wigni locvisa da kurTxevisa... warmosca juari da xati
macxovrisa, da mis Tana niWi didi~. kostantine imperatorma saTanadod
27
daafasa da Seafasa mefe mirianis am diplomatiuri misiis mniSvneloba,
qarTlis gaqristianeba iyo `niSani RmrTisa, romelic ucxoTeslT
uqvemdebarebs maT~.
qarTlSi qristianobis oficialur religiad aRiareba imdroindeli
qarTuli da berZnuli sazogadoebis mier sruliad marTebulad iqna
aRqmuli, rogorc qarTlis samefos proromauli sagareo-politikuri kursis
gamovlena da am kursis dacva.
marTalia, qarTlis samefo karma sagareo-politikuri kursi romze aiRo,
magram am kursis dacva yovelTvis masze ar iyo damokidebuli. im dros,
rodesac maxlobel aRmosavleTSi politikuri uflebebis
gadanawilebisaTvis ori didi saxelmwifo _ irani da bizantia _ ibrZoda,
qarTlis mefeni cdilobdnen diplomatiuri gzebiT Tavis dacvas, erTi
mebrZoli mxaris meoris winaaRmdeg gamoyenebas, magram es, rasakvirvelia,
yovelTvis ver aRwevda sasurvel Sedegs.
338 wels iranis Sahma vadaze adre daarRvia nisibisis zavi da daiwyo
saomari moqmedeba romis winaaRmdeg. am brZolaSi qarTlis samefo kari
cdilobda, daecva neitraliteti. Tavis mxriv, romis xelisufleba
dainteresebuli iyo qarTlis mefe mirianTan keTilganwyobilebis
SenarCunebiT da saCuqrebs ugzavnida mas. am brZolaSi romi damarcxda. 363
wlis zaviT, somxeTi, faqtobrivad, iranma daikava. romaelebs somxeTis
saqmeSi Careva, iranis winaaRmdeg brZolis dros somxeTisaTvis daxmarebis
aRmoCena aekrZalaT.
am sazavo xelSekrulebaSi qarTli moxseniebuli ar iyo, rac miuTiTebs,
rom qarTlis samefo kari axerxebda Tavisi proromauli sagareo-
politikuri kursis dacvas. amasTanave, saqarTvelos mefe daexmara somxeTs
363 wlis zavis Semdeg iranelTa winaaRmdeg brZolaSi, rac sakuTar
interesebsac emsaxureboda, radgan qarTlis samefo karze kargad esmodaT,
rom gverdiT Zlieri iranis yofna arc maT moutanda sikeTes.
miuxedavad aseTi moqnili politikisa, qarTlma mainc ver daicva Tavi
iranelebisagan, romelTac jer qarTlis nawili dauqvemdebares Tavis
xelisuflebas, xolo IV saukunis 70-ian wlebSi qarTli daikaves. aq Tavisi
moxele daniSnes, jari Caayenes, qveyanas xarki da mZime samxedro begara
daakisres.
samxreT kavkasiaSi iranelTa xelisufleba TandaTan myari xdeboda. 428
wels maT gaauqmes mefoba somxeTSi, 463 wels _ albaneTSi, dRis wesrigSi
qarTlis sakiTxic idga.
yvela dampyrobs, maT Soris sasanianebsac, kargad esmodaT sarwmunoebis
ideologiuri mniSvneloba sagareo orientaciisaTvis.
mazdeanoba jer kidev warmarTuli xanis qarTlSic iyo gavrcelebuli.
qristianobis oficialur religiad aRiarebam Seasusta
cecxlTayvanismcemelTa poziciebi, magram iranis politikuri gaZlierebis
viTarebaSi gafarTovda cecxlismsaxurebis propaganda. iranis xelisufleba
samxreTi kavkasiis qveynebSi da, sakuTriv, qarTlSi Tavis mogvebs,
mazdeanuri sarwmunoebis msaxurT gzavnida, agebdnen mazdeanur taZrebs.
cnobilia, rom V saukunis dasawyisSi `moguni moguTas moguobdes cecxlisa
msaxurebasa zeda~.
iranis politikur gavlenaSi moqceuli qarTlis samefo gaWirvebiT,
magram mainc axerxebda qristianobis poziciebis dacvas, xolo sagareo-
politikur kurss is Tavisi nebiT ver atarebda. V saukunis I naxevarSi
qarTli iranis politikuri xelisuflebis sferoSi imyofeboda.
28
 b) qarTlis samefos sagareo-politikuri mdgomareoba V saukunis II
naxevarSi. vaxtang gorgaslis diplomatia. V saukunis meore naxevarSi
qarTlis samefo sasanianTa vasali iyo. iranis xelisuflebis mizans
qarTlis mefis xelisuflebis gauqmeba da iranis administraciisadmi
qarTlis daqvemdebareba Seadgenda.
aseT politikur kurss atarebda sasanianTa iranis kari mTlianad
aRmosavleTi amierkavkasiis saxelmwifoTa mimarT. rogorc zemoTac
aRiniSna, 428 wels gaauqmes mefis xelisufleba somxeTSi, 463 wels _
albaneTSi. marTalia, Semdeg iZulebulni iyvnen albaneTSi droebiT
aRedginaT igi, magram sabolood mainc gaauqmes 510 wels. iranis
xelisufleba isev agrZelebda Tavis kurss da qarTlSi qristianobis
cecxlTayvanismcemlobiT Secvlas cdilobda. qarTlis mefes taxtze iranis
Sahi amtkicebda. qarTlis samefo irans xarks uxdida da mas samxedro
begarac ekisreboda. garkveuli morigeobis mixedviT axalgazrdebi iranSi
mihyavdaT, sadac isini Tanamedrove Sua aziisa da avRaneTis miwa-wyalze
ibrZodnen iranis imperiis sazRvrebis gafarToebisaTvis.
sasanianTa laSqris SemadgenlobaSi myof axalgazrdebze gavlenis
moxdena SedarebiT advili iyo. daSinebiTa da mosyidviT nawili iRebda
mtris sarwmunoebas, zogi iqve rCeboda, nawili ki iRupeboda, rac sabolood
asustebda qarTlis samefos.
garkveulad gauaresebisaken Seicvala qarTlis samefos mdgomareoba 40-
ian wlebSi, rodesac gardaicvala qarTlis mefe mirdati, romelsac
mcirewlovani memkvidre, vaxtangi, darCa.
eWvs iwvevda qarTlis mefis xalisuflebis SenarCunebis, vaxtangis mefed
damtkicebis sakiTxi.
am viTarebaSi SvilisaTvis taxtis SenarCunebis didi misia vaxtangis
dedam, daqvrivebulma dedofalma sagduxtma ikisra, romelic amierkavkasiaSi
myofi iranis didmoxelis, barzabodis, asuli iyo. is ewvia mamamiss
bardavSi, sadac am ukanasknelis rezidencia iyo. cnobilia, rom VI saukuneSi
iranSi Sahma xosro anuSirvanma (531-579) gaatara reforma, romliTac imperia
oTx administraciul erTeulad, qustakad, dayo, romlis CrdiloeTis
qustaki aerTianebda aRmosavleTi amierkavkasiis qveynebs. amdenad, zogi
mkvlevari eWviT uyurebs am dros bardavSi iseTi moxelis yofnas, romelsac
qarTlzec miuwvdeboda xeli. magram, vfiqrobT, ar aris gamoricxuli, rom
aseTi administraciuli erTeulebi manamdec iyo da Sahma xosro anuSirvanma,
SesaZlebelia, raRac cvlilebebiT, daakanona maTi arseboba. amasTanave,
gasaTvaliswinebelia isic, rom maxlobel aRmosavleTSi Seiqmna tradicia,
romelic xosro anuSirvanamde da mis Semdegac ganxorcielebul mraval
RonisZiebas mis saxelTan akavSirebda da, SesaZlebelia, am tradiciam
aRniSnuli reformis gatarebac mis saxels daukavSira. angariSgasawevia is
garemoebac, rom IV-V saukuneebis movlenebTan dakavSirebiT werilobiT
wyaroebSi moxseniebulni arian Sahis moxeleebi, romelTac erTdroulad
miuwvdebodaT xeli amierkavkasiis qveynebze. magaliTad, `movida qram
xuarborzard, sparsTa mefisa pitiaxSi, tfilisad qalaqad cixed, da
qarTli missa xarksa Sedga da somxiTi da sivnieTi da guaspuragani~
(`moqcevaБ qarTlisaБ), e. i. daaxloebiT IV saukunis 70-ian wlebSi,
faqtobrivad, mTeli aRmosavleTi amierkavkasia sasanianTa moxeles, pitiaxSs
eqvemdebareboda.
qarTlis dedofalma sTxova mamamiss, ar eZia Suri mis mcirewlovan
Svilze im danaSaulTaTvis, rac mis meuRles, mirdats, miuZRoda iranelTa
29
winaSe da ar moeTxova pasuxi misi ZisTvis dedis mier Cadenili
codvisaTvis, romelmac uaryo mama-papaTa sarwmunoeba da qristianoba miiRo.
amasTan, sagduxt dedofali sTxovda mamas, eSuamdgomla SahTan, raTa mas
gardacvlili mefis mcirewlovani Ze daemtkicebina mefed.
daqvrivebuli dedoflis es diplomatiuri misia SeTanxmebuli iyo
qarTlis erisTavebTan, spaspetTan, romelTac man gamgzavrebis win `Sevedra
Ze misi~.
sagduxtis diplomatiurma misiam garkveuli Sedegi moitana. barzabodma
daioka wyena da `aRasrula yoveli Txova misi~. sagduxt dedoflis
diplomatiuri misiis warmateba ganapiroba iman, rom im dros arsebul
rTul viTarebaSi, bizantiasTan dapirispirebis pirobebSi, sasanianTa kars
sWirdeboda qarTlis samefos mxardaWera da masTan urTierTobis gamwvaveba
mis interesebSi ar Sedioda. Tumca, Tavisi poziciebis ganmtkicebis mizniT,
dedofals garkveuli piroba CamoarTves, romelic sarwmunoebis sakiTxs
exeboda. marTalia, mas piradad rjulis Secvla ar mosTxoves, magram
sarwmunoebasTan dakavSirebiT ultimatumi wauyenes.
sasanianTa kars, iseve rogorc yvela dampyrobels, yovelTvis kargad
esmoda sarwmunoebis mniSvneloba politikuri Zalauflebis
ganmtkicebisaTvis. maTTvis ukve aSkara iyo, rom qarTlSi qristianobis
aRmofxvris yovelgvarma cdam marcxi ganicada, saWiro iyo ufro moqnili
politikis gatareba. marTalia, qarTlSi cecxlmsaxurebis mimdevarni
arsebobdnen, magram iranis xelisuflebas meti undoda. vaxtangis taxtze
damtkicebis safasurad moiTxoves, cecxlTayvanismcemlobas qarTlSi
oficialuri statusi hqonoda. `iZulebiT arca vis davagdebineb sjulsa
qristessa, aramed mivgzavne cecxlis-msaxurni qalaqsa Tquensa da iyvnen muna
episkoposni maT zeda sjulisa Cuenisani. da vinca qarTveli nebiTa TВsiTa
aRirCevdes sjulsa Cuensa, nu ayenebT~. qarTul mxares sxva gamosavali ar
hqonda garda imisa, rom wasuliyo am daTmobaze.
sagduxt dedofali, romelic am dros qveyanas ganagebda, iZulebuli iyo
proiranuli kursi gaetarebina, vinaidan `mZlavrebisagan sparsTa veras
ikadrebda~, magram man mainc SeZlo qveynis dacva cecxlTayvanismcemelTa
moZalebisagan da maT episkoposs, binqarans, daupirispira miqaeli, `mRdeli
WeSmariti~, romelic bizantiidan Camoiyvana da gardacvlili mobidanis
magier `daadgina episkoposad~. es iyo dedoflis frTxili da mokrZalebuli
svla qristianobis sasargeblod.
amgvarad, V saukunis Sua wlebSi, rodesac vaxtangi mefobas iRebs,
qarTlis samefo sasanianTa vasalia, iranis xelisuflebam gazarda xarki,
daamZima samxedro begara, gaamkacra sarwmunoebrivi politika.
rodesac vaxtangi srulasakovani gaxda, qveynis marTvis sadaveebi TviTon
aiRo xelSi. dedofali sagduxti aRar Cans politikur sarbielze.
mefe vaxtangis mizani iyo samefos sazRvrebis gafarToeba, qarTuli
qveynebis gaerTianeba, ganTavisufleba iranis uzenaesobisagan, bizantiasTan
diplomatiur-politikuri urTierTobis damyareba.
vaxtangi emzadeboda iranis uRlisagan gasaTavisufleblad. misi erT-
erTi mTavari sazrunavi qristianobis poziciebis dacva iyo, rac, garkveuli
TvalsazrisiT, gansazRvravda mis damokidebulebas bizantiis imperiisadmi.
magram man kargad icoda, Tu iranis saxiT ra ZalasTan hqonda saqme. amave
dros isic icoda, rom bizantiis realuri daxmarebis imedi ar unda hqonoda
da frTxilad, diplomatiurad moqmedebda.

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 am periodSi sasanianTa iranis (bizantiis imperiisac) erT-erTi problema,
momTabareTa Semosevebisagan Tavdacvis mizniT, Crdilo kavkasiis
gadmosasvlelebis gamagreba iyo, romelTa Soris erT-erTi umTavresi _
darialis kari _ saqarTveloze gadioda. Crdilokavkasieli momTabareni
drodadro SemosevebiT did zians ayenebdnen qarTls, arbevdnen, gahqondaT,
ris gatanasac axerxebdnen, mihyavdaT tyveebi.
erT-erT aseT Semosevas vaxtangis mcirewlovnebis dros hqonoda adgili
da rodesac vaxtangi srulwlovani gaxda, man sapasuxo moqmedeba gadawyvita.
mefe kargad moemzada am laSqrobisaTvis. brZolis dasturi saxelmwifo
saTaTbiro organosagan, darbazisagan miiRo, gaanawila samxedro Zalebi da
daxmareba amierkavkasiaSi myof iranis moxeles sTxova, romelmac
`sixaruliTa aRuTqua~ igi. vaxtangma iranis xelisuflebas mimarTa rogorc
siuzerens. marTalia, Crdilokavkasieli momTabareni iranis uflebaTa
mitacebas ar isaxavdnen miznad, isini mxolod davla-alafiT iyvnen
dainteresebulni, magram qarTlisa da somxeTis _ iranis xeldebuli
qveynebis _ darbeva sasanianTa interesebis Selaxvas niSnavda da am etapze
pasuxi qarTlis mefes unda gaeca. vaxtang mefes mouvida iranelTa damxmare
Zala, man daamyara urTierToba CrdilokavkasielTa mier Sewuxebul
mTielebTan da mas `mierTnes yovelni mefeni kavkasianni~.
laSqroba didi warmatebiT dasrulda, gamarjvebulni didi nadavliTa da
tyveebiT datvirTulni dabrundnen. gaaTavisufles wina laSqrobis dros
saqarTvelodan gayvanili tyveebic, romelTa Soris mefis da, miranduxtic,
iyo.
am laSqrobam mniSvnelovani Sedegi moitana, qarTlis mefem gaamagra
darialis kari. formalurad es iranis imperiis Crdilo sazRrebis
gamagrebas niSnavda, faqtobrivad, mefem Tavisi samefos Crdilo sazRvari
gaamagra, daimorCila kavkasiis mTianeTi da iq qarTlis gavlena gaavrcela.
am aqciiT Crdilo kavkasiis zekarebi qarTlis samefos dauqvemdebara da
CrdiloeTidan momTabareTa gadmosvlaze Tavisi kontroli daawesa.
mTel am did RonisZiebaSi qarTlis mefe moqmedebda rogorc iranis
vasali. es misi kargad gaazrebuli diplomatiuri svla iyo. laSqrobidan
dabrunebulma mefe vaxtangma nadavlis mniSvnelovani nawili ranis erisTavs
gaugzavna, romelmac, rogorc Sahis moxelem, iranis teritoriebis
xelyofisaTvis samagieros gadaxdisaTvis gamzadebuls, Sahis qveSevrdom
mefes daxmareba gamougzavna. miRweuli gamarjveba iuridiulad iranis
imperiis gamarjveba iyo, romlis aRsaniSnavad mefe vaxtangma Sahs elCoba
aaxla da samxedro nadavlis saukeTeso nawili gaugzavna. elCobas qarTlis
cecxlTayvanismcemelTa meTauri (`episkoposi cecxlismsaxurTa~) binqarani
edga saTaveSi. aseTi maRali warmomadgenloba ganpirobebuli iyo rogorc
mopovebuli gamarjvebis didi mniSvnelobiT, aseve elCobis misiis mizniT.
mefe vaxtangma iranis Sahs sTxova asuli colad da `sparsTa mefeman mosca
asuli colad~. dinastiuri qorwinebani rom politikuri urTierTobis
damyarebis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani gza iyo, es orive mxares kargad hqonda
gacnobierebuli da am danaTesavebiT qarTlis mefem saukeTeso
diplomatiuri svla gaakeTa, mianiSna sasanianTa kars Tavis erTgulebaze da
ganimtkica mdgomareoba.
daiwyo iran-bizantiis omi (V saukunis 60-iani wlebi) da Sahma vaxtangs
brZolaSi monawileobis miReba sTxova. marTalia, qarTlis mefe Tavisi
laSqriT iranelTa mxareze ibrZoda, magram qristian mefes aukrZalavs

31
Tavisi molaSqreebisaTvis qristiani mosaxleobis rbeva da qristiani
tyveebis ganTavisufleba mouTxovia.
qarTlis mefis sagareo-politikur kursSi TandaTan ikveTeba aSkara
probizantiuri mimarTuleba. saomari operaciebi samxreTi da dasavleTi
saqarTvelos miwa-wyalze mimdinareobs. imarjvebs qarTlis mefe da ibrunebs
bizantielTa mier mitacebul klarjeTs, sadac saerisTavos aarsebs.
vaxtangis iraneli meuRle gardaicvala da is bizantiis imperators sTxovs
colad asuls, riTac aSkarad gamoxatavs Tavis sagareo orientacias.
damyarda diplomatiuri urTierToba bizantiasTan. Sesabamisad afasebs
vaxtangis am nabijs iranis Sahi, `viTarmed miiqca vaxtang berZenTa~.
bizantiasTan urTierTobis viTarebaSi Tavs iCens dasavleTi
saqarTvelos problema, romelic mefe vaxtangma Crdilokavkasiuri epopeis
Semdegve dalaSqra. amjerad, vaxtangsa da bizantiis keisars Soris
mimdinareobs molaparakeba dasavleTi saqarTvelos mflobelobasTan
dakavSirebiT. keisari mziTvad aZlevs Tavis asuls egriss, xolo sakuTriv
afxazeTze qarTlis mefe cnobs keisris uflebas.
qarTlis sagareo-politikuri orientaciis TvalsazrisiT garkveul
interess iwvevs mefe vaxtangis mier gatarebuli saeklesio reforma.
mimdinareobs bizantia-iranis omi. qarTlis mefe, rogorc iranis vasali,
sasanianTa mxareze ibrZvis, magram am dros abams urTierTobas bizantiis
saeklesio wreebTan qarTlSi kaTolikosobis dawesebisa da
konstantinopolidan saeklesio pirTa mowvevis Sesaxeb. dro kargadaa
SerCeuli, bizantiasTan saomari operaciebis viTarebaSi iranis xelisufleba
ver aRudgeba win vaxtangs, xolo bizantiis imperias esaWiroeboda qarTlis
samefos mxardaWera aRmosavleT amierkavkasiaSi Tavisi poziciebis
gansamtkiceblad. konstantinopolis xelisufleba mTlianad uWers mxars
qarTlis mefis moTxovnas. qarTlis eklesiisaTvis avtokefaliis miniWebis
kanonikuri safuZveli aq uflis mociqulTa mier qristes rjulis qadagebaa,
xolo saerTaSoriso viTareba qarTlis mefis sasargeblod moqmedebs... da
moxda udidesi istoriuli mniSvnelobis movlena _ dawesda kaTolikosoba,
mopovebul iqna avtokefalia.
am movlenas ukavSirdeba mefe vaxtangsa da qarTlis mTavarepiskopos,
miqaels, Soris konfliqtis sakiTxi. mefem ar isurva misi aRzeveba
kaTolikosad. mTavarepiskoposma dawyevla mefe da misi spa. mefes sakiTxis
mogvareba mSvidobianad, diplomatiuri gziT surda da eaxla
mTavarepiskoposs, `raTamca SeemTxВa ferГTa episkoposisaTa~. magram
miqaelma `ganZra ... ferГi, da miamTxВa pirsa mefisasa fandakiTa da Semusra
kbili mefisa~. mefe ganrisxebulia, magram did taqts iCens: mTavarepiskoposi,
misi danaSaulis samxiliT, Camtvreuli kbiliT, konstantinopols wargzavna,
sadac is berad aRkveces da monasterSi gaamweses.
mefe vaxtangi saTanadod iyenebs dinastiur qorwinebebs sagareo-
politikur viTarebaTa mosawesrigeblad. rodesac iZulebulia proiranuli
politika awarmoos, iranis Sahis asuli hyavs colad, romlis
gardacvalebis Semdeg, keisarTan urTierTobis gansamtkiceblad, mis asuls
Txoulobs colad. iranis Sahi, cdilobs ra qarTlis mefesTan urTierTobis
mogvarebas, mas asuls sTavazobs colad, razec vaxtangi uars uTvlis,
radgan mas hyavs coli da qristianuli wesi mas meore meuRlis yolis
uflebas ar aZlevs.
vaxtangi probizantiuri politikis gatarebis viTarebaSic cdilobs
sparselebTanac SeinarCunos met-naklebad keTili urTierToba. `da misca
32
sparsTa mefesa daБ misi vaxtang mefeman colad, romelsa erqua miranduxt~,
xolo meore da `xuaranZe misca bakurs colad, patiaxSsa somxiTisasa~.
mefe vaxtangma gaafarTova samefos sazRvrebi, SemoierTa dasavleTi
saqarTvelo, hereTi, daibruna klarjeTi, gaatara administraciuli reforma
xelisuflebis centralizaciis mizniT, ganaxorciela udidesi mniSvnelobis
saeklesio reforma, gaamagra saxelmwifo sazRvrebi, Seqmna safortifikacio
nagebobaTa mTeli sistema. mTeli es saqmianoba man, faqtobrivad, gaatara
rogorc iranis vasalma da rig SemTxvevaSic iranis mxardaWera gamoiyena.
Semdeg gadawyvita aSkarad gamosuliyo iranis winaaRmdeg. mefe `amagrebda
cixeTa da qalaqTa, da hkazmida mГedarTa, da ganamzadebda brZolad
sparsTa~.
iranelebTan Sebmis win mefe vaxtangi spobs qarTlSi iranelTa
ideologiur sayrdens, cecxlTayvanismcemlobas. man `Seagdo sapyrobilesa
Sina binqaran macduri, episkoposi cecxlis msaxurTa, da mosrna da ganasxna
yovelni cecxlismsaxurni sazRvarTagan qarTlisaTa~.
vaxtangma daxmarebisaTvis bizantiis imperias mimarTa. qarTlSi iranis
laSqari Semovida. brZola oTx Tves gagrZelda, bizantielTa laSqari
(daaxloebiT 80 aTasi) mxolod mas Semdeg dadga javaxeTSi, rac orive mxare
mZime mdgomareobaSi imyofeboda, orives dazaveba awyobda da sazavo
molaparakebis Suamavlad keisris despani movida.
orive mxare daTmobaze wavida. qarTlis mefem Tavi isev iranis vasalad
cno, miiRo Sahisagan gvirgvini, isev ikisra samefo xarki, samxedro begara,
rodesac simtkicis pirobad Sahma mas da mosTxova colad, vaxtangma `misca
sparsTa mefesa daБ misi~.
Sahis yvela moTxovnas akmayofilebs qarTlis mefe, magram amasTanave
moiTxovs, rom qarTlSi cecxlmsaxurebas ar hqondes kanoniT daSvebuli
religiis ufleba, `iyos cecxli RmerTad Senda, da iyos RmerTad Cuenda
qriste~, e. i. mazdeanobis kanoniT daSvebuli religiis statusi, rac
vaxtangis mefed damtkicebis pirobad iqna miRebuli, amoikveTa. marTalia,
ajanyebam ver moitana saboloo gamarjveba, magram rac moipova, friad
mniSvnelovani iyo. qarTveli xalxis Tavdadebulma brZolam, mefe vaxtangis
daxvewilma diplomatiam, Tavisi Sedegi gamoiRo.
qarTlis mefe Semdegac agrZelebs brZolas, urTierTobas amyarebs
somxebTan, Crdilokavkasiel momTabareebTan, hunebTan, magram uSedegod.
sabolood, mefe vaxtangi iranelebTan brZolas Seewira.
mefe vaxtangma iranelTa batonobisadmi Tavisi SeurigeblobiT, piradi
vaJkacobiT, mxedarTmTavruli niWiTa da unariT, moqnili diplomatiiT
aiZula irani, garkveul daTmobebze wasuliyo, riTac saqarTvelos
istoriaSi gmiri mefis saxeli daimkvidra.

$2. egrisis (lazikis) sagareo politika da

diplomatia IV-V ss-Si

III saukunis damlevidan dasavleT saqarTveloSi dawinaurda egrisis

(lazikis) samefo. IV saukunis Suaxanebidan mis farglebSi gaerTianda
TiTqmis mTeli dasavleTi saqarTvelo. Tu II-III saukuneebSi aq mosaxle
tomebis: afsilebis, abazgebis, sanigebis da svanTa mTavrebi uSualod
eqvemdebarebodnen romaelTa xelisuflebas, axla isini lazeTis mefis
Zalauflebas aRiarebdnen. amitom bizantielebi mTel dasavleT saqarTvelos
lazikas (qarTuli saistorio tradiciiT, egrisi) uwodebdnen.
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 IV saukunis Suaxanebidan egrisis samefos sazRvrebi samxreTiT,
trapezuntTan emijneboda romaelTa saxelmwifos, CrdiloeTiT
vrceldeboda kavkasiis mTebamde, dasaleTidan Savi zRva ekra, xolo
aRmosavleTiT qarTlis samefosagan yofda lixis qedi.
III-IV saukuneebis mijnaze egrisis samefom SemoierTa dasustebuli
qarTlis samefos teritoriebi dasavleT da samxreT-dasavleT
saqarTveloSi, Semoimtkica sasazRvro olqi _ argveTi. Sorapani da skanda
lazika-egrisis cixesimagreebi gaxda. aseve, samxreT-dasavleT saqarTveloSi
mdebare qarTlis samflobeloebic (Woroxis SesarTavTan) egrisis
farglebSi moeqca. IV saukunis meore naxevarSi egrisis mefis Zalaufleba
gavrcelda afsilebze, misimianebze, sanigebsa da abazgebze. amave xanebSi man
jer skvimnia (leCxumi) SeierTa, xolo Semdeg _ svaneTi. es moxda romis
imperator Teodosis (379-395) dros.
egrisis samefos politikuri gaZliereba da misi hegemonobiT mTeli
dasavleTi saqarTvelos gaerTianeba am periodSi ganapiroba misma
socialur-ekonomikurma aRmavlobam. egrisis xelsayreli geografiuli
mdebareoba xels uwyobda soflis meurneobis intensiur ganviTarebas. aq
gadioda savaWro-samimosvlo gzebi, romlebic akavSirebda dasavleT
saqarTvelos aRmosavleTi romis imperiasTan, sxva qveynebTan da xalxebTan.
es didad uwyobda xels vaWroba-xelosnobis gacxovelebas, saqalaqo
cxovrebis aRmavlobas. feodalizaciis ZiriTadi kera dasavleT
saqarTveloSi lazika-egrisis samefo iyo, romelmac vasalur
damokidebulebaSi moaqcia sxva naxevrad patriarqaluri samTavroebi da
xeli Seuwyo iq feodalizaciis procesis gaRrmavebas. adrefeodaluri
lazika-egrisis samefo rogorc axali, aRorZinebuli dasavlurqarTuli
saxelmwifo, daaxloebiT imave teritoriul farglebSi, Rirseuli memkvidre
gaxda Zveli adreklasobrivi kolxeTis samefosi.
egrisis samefos winsvla-gaZlierebas xeli Seuwyo aRmosavleTi romis
imperiis sagareo mdgomareobis garTulebamac. III saukuneSi is daarbies
goTebma, IV saukuneSi _ hunebma. hunebma IV saukunis 70-ian wlebSi
gaanadgures alanTa gaerTianeba, daarbies bosforis samefos teritoria da
Tavdasxmebi moawyves CrdiloeTi kavkasiis uReltexilebidan samxreTis
olqebze. amave periodSi imperia mZime brZolebs awarmoebda sasanianTa
iranTan. Tu III saukuneSi upiratesoba am brZolebSi jer kidev romaelTa
mxareze iyo, IV saukunis meore naxevarSi aRmosavleTi romis imperiis
poziciebi aRmosavleTSi mniSvnelovnad Seirya. kerZod, amierkavkasiaSi
upiratesoba sasanianTa mxareze gadadis, maT TavianTi batonoba daamyares
jer somxeTsa da albaneTSi, xolo Semdeg _ qarTlSi. aseT viTarebaSi
romis Crdilo sazRvrebis uSiSroebis uzrunvelyofisaTvis egrisis
mniSvneloba metad gaizarda. swored egrisi aRmoCnda `kavkasiaSi mosaxle
barbarosebis ... sawinaaRmdego tixari~ ara marto hunebisa da sxva
tomebisagan dasacavad, aramed iranis sul ufro mzardi saSiSroebisganac.
Tu irani SeZlebda egrisis dakavebas, mis xelSi aRmoCndeboda moxerxebuli
placdarmi konstantinopolze gasalaSqreblad rogorc zRvidan, aseve
xmeleTidan. iTvaliswinebdnen ra amas imperiis mesveurebi, xels uwyobdnen
egrisis gaZlierebas da mis hegemonias mTel dasavleT saqarTveloSi. Zlier
egrisSi isini xedavdnen myar bariers moZalebuli sagareo mtrebis
winaaRmdeg sabrZolvelad.

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 IV saukuneSi aRmosavleTi romis saimperatoro kari xazs usvamda Tavis
siuzerenobas egrisisadmi. egrisi Seyvanili iyo romis moxarkeTa siaSi da
ramdenadme mis saSinao saqmeebSic ereoda. egrisis mefes werilobiT unda
ecnobebina romis xelisuflebisaTvis masze damokidebuli mTavrebis vinaoba
da yoveli axali gasamTavrebeli piris monacemebic. mTavrebs egrisis mefe
niSnavda da xelisuflebis niSnebsac is ugzavnida.
V saukuneSi egrisis damokidebuleba romis imperiaze faqtobrivad
nominaluri xasiaTis gaxda. lazebi ` ... arc xarks ixdidnen, arc sxva rameSi
emorCilebodnen~ romaelebs, `garda imisa, rom rodesac mefe moukvdebodaT,
romaelTa mefe ugzavnida samefo taxtis memkvidres Zalauflebis simbolos~.
lazebi ar monawileobdnen romaelTa laSqrobebSi. romaelebs ar hyavdaT
garnizonebi Cayenebuli egrisis cixe-simagreebSi. egrisis mefe Tavisi
ZalebiT icavda Tavis qveyanas da amiT xels uwyobda imperiis sazRvrebis
dacvasac gareSe mtrebis Semosevebisagan (iranis, hunebisa da sxva momTabare
tomebisagan). am periodSi romis imperia aRar ereoda egrisis saSinao
saqmeebSi. egrisis mefe imperiasTan SeTanxmebis gareSe niSnavda masze
daqvemdebarebul mTavrebs. eseni iyvnen: abazgebis da sanigebis mTavari,
svanTa da skvimniis mTavari. misimianebs da afSilebs Tvistomi mTavrebi ar
hyavdaT. afSilebisa da sanigebis teritoriis erTi nawili uSualod egrisis
samefoSi Sevida da mas egrisis mefis moxele ganagebda, aq idga egrisis
garnizoni. samTavroebs garkveuli valdebulebebi hqondaT dakisrebuli
egrisis mefisadmi: xarki da laSqris gamoyvana. imdroindel bizantiaSi
lazebs Zlier da mamac tomad miiCnevdnen, romlebic `sxva Zlier~ tomebzec
mbrZaneblobdnen da amayobdnen `kolxTa Zveli saxeliT da zomaze metad
qedmaRloben... arc Tu ise usafuZvlod~. bizantiaSi ar egulebodaT masze
damokidebul xalxebs Soris esoden saxelganTqmuli da morWmuli Tavisi
simdidriT, qveSevrdomTa simravliT, miwa-wylis siWarbiTa da mosavlianobis
siuxviT iseTi tomi, rogoric lazebi iyvnen.
V saukunis Sua wlebSi egrisis samefo imdenad gaZlierda, rom
imperiisadmi nominalur damokidebulebazec uari Tqva. sakuTar ZalebSi
darwmunebuli egrisis mefe gubaz I 456 wels aujanyda imperias. imperatorma
didZali laSqari gagzavna urCi vasalis dasasjelad, magram am jarma ver
SeaRwia egrisis samefos siRrmeSi da xelmocaruli ukan dabrunda. maSin
imperiam daiwyo safuZvliani mzadeba egrisis winaaRmdeg omisaTvis. imperiis
xelisuflebi TaTbirobdnen, Tu romeli mxridan elaSqraT egrisSi, imave
gziT, Tu armeniaze gavliT, amave dros maT egrisis winaaRmdeg iranis
mimxroba gadawyvites. Tavis mxriv, gubaz I Seudga samzadiss. isic cdilobda
iranTan kavSiris damyarebas da iranelTa samxedro Zalebis mxardaWeras
romis imperiis winaaRmdeg. magram egrisis mefem iranisagan uari miiRo
daxmarebaze (mas omi hqonda hunebTan da egrisisTvis ar ecala). maSin
gubazma romaelebTan Serigeba amjobina da mociqulebi gagzavna
imperatorTan. imperatoris moTxovniT gubazs uari unda eTqva egrisis
samefos marTvaze Tavis SvilTan erTad (mas Tavisi pirmSo Tanamosaydred
hyavda taxtze). gubazma es momenti Tavis sasargeblod gamoiyena. samefo
tansacmeli da sxva regaliebi Svils gadasca, samefo taxti dauloca da
TviTon mefobaze uari ganacxada. amiT gubazma, erTi mxriv, TiTqos
daakmayofila bizantiis xelisuflbis moTxovna, egrisis samefo taxtze
erTi piri darCeniliyo (bizantielebs gubazis datoveba surdaT), meore
mxriv ki, rac mTavaria, man aseTi moqmedebiT ugulebelyo bizantiis

35
imperatoris prerogativa egrisis samefo taxtis memkvidrisaTvis samefo
regaliebis gadacemis saqmeSi; es ki faqtobrivad uaris Tqma iyo
bizantiasTan vasalur damokidebulebaze. imperiis xelisuflebam gubazis
konstantinopolSi Casvla moiTxova. is iZulebuli iyo, es moTxovna
Seesrulebina da, miiRo ra romaeli moxelis _ dionisesagan
xelSeuxeblobis piroba, 465 wels konstantinopolSi Cavida. imperatoris
karze gubazi gakicxes ajanyebis gamo, magram mefem isini moxibla daxvewili
sityva-pasuxiT da imiT, rom saqristiano niSnebs atarebda. mSvidobiani
urTierToba imperiasTan kvlav aRdga; Tumca gubaz mefem am molaparakebisas,
bizantiis xelisuflebis zewoliT (maT molaparakebaSi cnobili saeklesio
moRvawe daniel mesvetec ki CarTes da daixmares), dakarga Tavisi
saxelmwifos kuTvnili samxreTi teritoria xofa-xufaTidan trapezuntamde,
romelic, ZiriTadad, qarTveluri tomebiT iyo dasaxlebuli. Tumca,
aRniSnuli teritoria bizantiis xelisuflebas ar miuerTebia, magram is
buferul zonad gamocxadda da politikurad arc egriss da arc bizantias
aRar emorCileboda. bizantiasTan SedarebiT, egrisis samefos upiratesoba
am teritoriis qristianul mosaxleobaze imaSi gamoixateboda, rom maTze
konfesiuri gavlena SeinarCuna.
amis Semdeg daiwyo konfliqti egrissa da svaneTs Soris. svanebs irani
aqezebda egrisis winaaRmdeg da daxmarebas hpirdeboda im cixesimagreebis
dasabruneblad, romlebic maT adre waarTva egrisis mefem. egrisis
xelisuflebam am konfliqtis mosagvareblad imperators sTxova daxmareba
(im SemTxvevaSi, Tu saqmeSi irani Caereoda), kerZod, im jarebis gamogzavnaze
miuTiTa, romlebic romaelTa qveSevrdomi armeniis sazRvrebs icavdnen.
magram, sabolood egrisis mefem SeZlo svanebTan urTierTobis mSvidobiani
gziT mogvareba da SeinarCuna maTze Zalaufleba.
aRmosavleTi romis imperiasTan (bizantiasTan) urTierToba VI saukunis
20-ian wlebamde, rogorc Cans, kvlav nominaluri vasalobis xasiaTs
atarebda. bizantia egrisis saSinao saqmeebSi ar ereoda, magram egrisi mainc
ukmayofilo iyo da cdilobda am formaluri vasalurobidanac Tavis
daRwevas.

36
 T a v i I I I
qarTlisa da egrisis sagareo mdgomareoba da diplomatia VI s-sa da VII s-is I
naxevarSi

$1. qarTlis (iberiis) sagareo mdgomareoba da diplomatia VI s-sa da

VII s-is I naxevarSi

VI saukunis dasawyisSi qarTlis sagareo-politikuri viTareba wina

saukuneebTan SedarebiT kidev ufro garTulda. am droisaTvis irans
gabatonebuli mdgomareoba eWira TiTqmis mTel aRmosavleT amierkavkasiaSi.
rogorc viciT, jer kidev 428 wels iranma samefo xelisufleba gaauqma
somxeTSi, xolo 510 wels _ albaneTSi. aseTive xvedri eloda qarTlsac.
qarTlSi (iberiaSi) samefo xelisuflebis moSlisa da iq uSualo
mmarTvelobis mopovebisaTvis iranis xelisuflebam araerTi politikuri
RonisZieba gaatara. am mizniT iranis saxelmwifos didma moxeleebma
moaxerxes qarTlis zogierTi meryevi didi feodalis warmatebiT gadabireba.
Sahis memkvidrem, romelic bardavs ijda, `uwyo zraxvad erisTavTa
qarTlisaTa: aRuTqua keTili didi, da dauwera saerisTaoTa maTTa mamuloba
SviliTi-SvilTamde, da esreT waribirna liqniTa da gandges erisTavni da
TВsTВsad xarksa miscemdes~. amis uSualo Sedegi iyo qarTlis samefo
xelisuflebis Sesusteba. ufro metic, `qarTlisa aznaurTa borotTa saqmeTa
maTgan... sparsni uflobdes qarTls, kaxeTs, hereTs, somxiTs, sivneTs,
aspurangs~. iranis Sahi kavadi (488-531 ww.) qarTlSi gatarebuli sxva
damakabalebel RonisZiebaTa Soris yvelaze metad yuradRebas mainc
qarTvelebis sarwmunoebis Secvlaze amaxvilebda. `kavads undoda ZaliT
moeqcia isini Tavis sarwmunoebaze da maT mefes gurgens SeuTvala sxva
rameSiac ise moqceuliyo, rogorc sparselebSi iyo miRebuli, da
micvalebulebic miwaSi ki ar daemarxa, ... aramed frinvelebisa da
ZaRlebisaTvis gadaegdo~. iranelebisagan qristianobis Secvlis moTxovnas
qarTlis (iberiis) mefe gurgeni ajanyebiT pasuxobs da bizantiis keisars,
iustines (518-527 ww.), daxmarebas sTxovs. iustinem es Txovna siamovnebiT
miiRo da didZali fuliT gagzavna erT-erTi Tavisi didi moxele
(patrikiosi probe) bosforSi hunebis dasaqiraveblad, raTa maTi ZalebiT
gurgens miSveleboda. probe iqidan xelmocaruli dabrunda. iustinem mainc
moaxerxa jaris nawilebis Segroveba, maT petre strategosi usardla da
lazikaSi gagzavna gurgenis dasaxmareblad. kavadma imdenad didi laSqari
gamogzavna gurgenis winaaRmdeg, rom qarTvelTa da bizantielTa jaris
gaerTianebuli nawilebi arasakmarisi aRmoCnda iranelebTan
SesabrZoleblad. gurgen mefe iZulebuli gaxda, ojaxiT da erTguli
didebulebiT, qarTls gascloda da jer egrisSi, xolo Semdeg bizantiaSi
gadasuliyo (523 w.). 523 wlidan moyolebuli, iberielebs (qarTlelebs) `arc
sparselebi aZlevdnen nebas, mefe hyolodaT, arc iberielebi emorCilebodnen
sparselebs Tavisi nebiT~. ase rom, am wels qarTlSi mefoba dasrulda da iq
iranelebi gabatondnen.
532 wels bizantiasa da irans Soris dadebuli e. w. `uvado zavis~
pirobebSi es viTareba ase aisaxa: bizantionSi gurgen mefes gayolil
sakmaod didi amalis wevrebs miecaT ufleba, dabrunebuliyvnen samSobloSi.
nawili iberielebisa dabrunda, nawili ki darCa bizantiaSi. rac Seexeba
gurgen mefis Tavis statusSi dabrunebas, es zavis pirobebSi ar iyo
37
gaTvaliswinebuli, rac imas niSnavda, rom mas ar mieca es ufleba, amitom is
bizantiaSi darCa. maSasadame, zavma irans dautova is privilegiebi,
romlebic man moipova iberiaSi (qarTlSi) brZoliT.
qarTli gamocxadda iranis erT-erTi samxedro-administraciuli mxaris _
kavkasiis kustakis Sahrad (olqad), mas saTaveSi marzpani (olqis mmarTveli)
Cauyenes. rezidencia TbilisSi iyo. qarTlis mniSvnelovan cixe-qalaqebSi
iranelebma jaris nawilebi Caayenes da isini cixisTavebs daumorCiles.
miuxedavad amisa, iranma mainc ver SeZlo adgilobrivi mmarTvelobis
institutis mospoba. marTalia, qarTlis marzpans (iranel moxeles)
emorCileboda adgilobrivi mmarTveloba, magram aq am dros funqcionirebda
pitiaxSis, mamasaxlisis, erisTavisa da sxva qarTuli administraciul-
mmarTvelobiTi organoebi. marzpanis xelisufleba angariSs uwevda qarTlis
kaTolikoss. iranis uSualo mmarTveloba qarTlis mTel teritoriaze ar
gavrcelebula. qarTlis saxelmwifos erT-erT nawilSi _ zemo qarTlSi
(klarjeT-javaxeTSi) damkvidrda vaxtang gorgaslis Zis, mirdatis Sto. es
mxare ar cnobda iranis xelisuflebas da bizantiis mxardaWeriT
sargeblobda. es gamovlinda 535 wels, rodesac zemo qarTlis mmarTveli
`iberielTa mefe ZamanarZe~ konstantinopolSi eaxla imperator iustiniane I-
s (527-565 ww.) `Tavisi meuRliTa da darbaislebiTurT~ da sTxova mas, `mieRo
igi romaelebis mokavSired da WeSmarit megobrad~. imperatorma Seiwynara
`iberielTa mefis~ Txovna, didi pativi sca masac da mis darbaislebsac;
amgvaradve, dedofalmac aCuqa mis meuRles mravalnairi samkauli,
margalitebiT moWedili da iustinianem gaistumra isini mSvidobiT maT
sakuTar saxelmwifoSi~.
bizantiis imperia amis Semdegac ar aklebda yuradRebas mirdatis saxlis
warmomadgenlebs. swored es saxli iyo imperiis diplomatiis dasayrdeni
aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi. VI s-is 70-ian wlebSi qarTlSi Seiqmna pirobebi
iranelTa gansadevnad da erovnuli saxelmwifoebriobis aRsadgenad.
xelmZRvanelis roli am procesSi mirdatis saxlma itvirTa. `esre ra
ucalo iqmnes sparsni ... SeiTqunes yovelni erisTavni qarTlisani da zemoni
da quemoni, da wargzavnes mociquli winaSe berZenTa mefisa, da iTxoves,
raTa uCinos mefe naTesavTagan mefeTa qarTlisaTa~. imperatorma isargebla
am TxovniT `da mosca mefed diswuli mirdatisi, vaxtangis Zisa, berZenis
colisagan, romelsa erqua guaram, romeli mTavrobda klarjeTs da
javaxeTs~.
bizantiis imperiis mxardaWera qarTlis axali xelisuflebisadmi imaSic
gamoixata, rom `guarams misca keisarman kurapalatoba, da wargzavna
mcxeTas, Svilni bakur mefisani, naTesavni daCisani, vaxtangis Zisani,
romlisada mieca mefoba vaxtang mefisa, igini darCes kaxeTs, da dasxdes
ujarmas, da iyvnes morCilebasa guaram kuropalatisasa~.
TandaTanobiT qarTlis saxelmwifo ganTavisuflda iranis gavlenisagan.
qarTlis erismTavrebma, guaramma da misma memkvidrem stefanozma, VI s-is 80-
90-ian wlebSi monetebic ki moWres. es monetebi sasanuri fulis mibaZvaa,
magram, maTgan gansxvavebiT, maTze gamosaxulia qristianuli emblema _
jvari, xolo zogierTze amokveTilia qarTlis erismTavarTa saxelebi jer
daqaragmebulad, xolo Semdeg srulad. garda amisa, qarTlis erismTavrebma
daiwyes diofizituri mimdinareobis danergva, rac mkveTrad
upirispirdeboda iranis sarwmunoebriv politikas _ monofizitobas.
dabolos, misi suverenitetis gamoxatuleba iyo VI-VII saukuneebis mijnaze

38
agebuli simboluri mcxeTis jvari, romelic erismTavarTa sagvareulo
taZars warmoadgenda da masze gamoqandakebuli iyo qtitorTa reliefebi.
taZarze Sesrulebul qarTul epigrafikul warweraSi aRmSenebeli
erismTavari stefanoz I da misi ojaxis wevrebi bizantiuri titulebiT
moixseniebian. 591 wels bizantia-irans Soris dadebuli zaviT somxeTsa da
qarTlze, Tbilisamde, bizantiis gavlena iyo aRiarebuli.
604 wels iranma ganaaxla saomari moqmedeba bizantiis winaaRmdeg da
masze damokidebul aRmosavleT provinciebSi warmatebebs miaRwia, SeiWra
qarTlSi. qarTli marto aRmoCnda iranis pirispir da damarcxda. qarTlis
erismTavarma adarnasem datova Tbilisi da kaxeTSi gadavida, xolo
kaTolikosi kirioni iZulebuli gaxda, gadasuliyo dasavleT saqarTveloSi,
sadac is fazisis mitropoliti gaxda. qarTlSi mcire xniT iranelTa
batonoba damyarda, TbilisSi iranelebma garnizoni Caayenes, magram
qarTvelebs ver waarTves Sinagani suverenuli TviTmmarTveloba da
sarwmunoebrivi Tavisufleba. iranelebma qarTlis erismTavrad varsamuse
daamtkices. iranelTa batonobas qarTlSi male mouRo bolo herakle
keisarma (610-641). is 622 wlidan Setevaze gadavida iranis winaaRmdeg. 623
wels ukve amierkavkasiaSi SemoiWra. misi mokavSireebi iyvnen iberielebi,
lazebi (egriselebi) da abazgebi. man daxmarebisaTvis mimarTa agreTve
xazarebs, romlebic dainteresebulni iyvnen nadavlis xelSi CagdebiT.
bizantiis keisarma xazarTa xakans, jibRus, daxmarebisaTvis Tavisi
ulamazesi qaliSvilis colad micemac ki aRuTqva. 627 wels xazarebma da
bizantielebma erTad Seuties Tbiliss da alya Semoartyes mas. qarTlis
erismTavarma ar ineba iranelebisagan gandgoma, mas TavisianebTan erTad
mxarSi amoudga 1000-kaciani iranuli garnizoni, romelic am dros Tbilisis
cixeSi (kalaSi) idga. cixis aReba bizantielebsa da xazarebs gauWirdaT, maT
gacla amjobines. mecixovneebi imdenad gaTamamebulan Tavisi warmatebiT,
rom dacinvac ki dauwyiaT jibRu xakanisa da herakle keisrisaTvis. herakle
keisarma jibRus meore wlisaTvis SesTavaza Tbilisze galaSqreba, TviTon
ki didi armiiT iranis Suagulisaken gaswia, sastikad daamarcxa iranelebi
da 628 wels aiZula iranis Sahi kavad xosro II farvezis Ze, mZime zavze
daTanxmebuliyo.
iranSi mopovebuli gamarjvebis Semdeg herakle qarTlSi Semobrunda da
xazarebTan erTad Tbilisis asaRebad moemzada. ori Tvis Tavganwiruli
brZoliT moaxerxes mokavSireebma Tbilisis aReba. xazarebma, herakle
keisarTan erTad, Zvirfasi nadavlis xelSi CagdebiT da adgilobrivi
mosaxleobis JletiT ijeres guli. heraklem yvela, vinc ki ar aRiara
qristianoba, amoxoca, arc monofiziti qristianebi daindo. samagierod,
bizantiuri mrwamsis, diofizitobis, ganmtkicebas Seuwyo xeli. iranelebze
gamarjvebis Semdeg mTeli saqarTvelo gaerTianda bizantiis gavlenis qveS.
es xelisSemwyobi faqtori gaxda qarTveli xalxis politikuri da
kulturuli daaxloebisaTvis, magram bizantiis gavlena saqarTveloze,
kerZod, qarTlze, mxolod VII saukunis 50-ian wlebamde gagrZelda, radgan
am dros qarTlSi arabebi SemoiWrnen.

$2. egrisis sagareo politika da diplomatia

VI s-sa da VII s-is pirvel naxevarSi

39
 VI saukuneSi gansakuTrebiT gamwvavda iranisa da bizantiis metoqeoba
egrisSi gabatonebisaTvis, rasac maT Soris ramdenime omi mohyva. omis
asparezi egrisi iyo. orive dampyroblisaTvis egriss hqonda didi
ekonomikuri da strategiuli mniSvneloba. bizantiisaTvis, rogorc aRiniSna,
egrisi iyo Crdilo-aRmosavleTis sazRvrebis forposti hunebisa da
kavkasiis gadaRma mcxovrebi sxva barbarosuli tomebisa da iranisgan
Tavdasacavad. garda amisa, dasavleTi saqarTvelo bizantiisaTvis
warmoadgenda nedleulis mimwodebels da savaWro-satranzito gzas
indoeTisaken. rac Seexeba irans, egrisis dapyrobiT igi xelT igdebda
placdarms bizantiaze SetevisaTvis, rogorc zRvidan, ise xmeleTidan;
mouspobda bizantias savaWro gzas indoeTTan, romelic iranis gverdis
avliT midioda egrisze, agreTve _ TavSesafars meamboxe qarTls da bolos
egriselebis saxiT SeiZenda sakmaod Zlier mokavSires.
egrisis xelisufleba aseT viTarebaSi mimarTavda lavirebis politikas.
Tavisi qveynis interesebis Sesabamisad xan irans emxroboda, xan bizantias,
imisda mixedviT, Tu rodis romeli uqmnida ufro nakleb safrTxes mis
saxelmwifoebriv interesebs, erT agresors iyenebda meoris winaaRmdeg.
bunebrivia, am periodSi egrisis mmarTvel wreebSi da mTel sazogadoebaSi
orgvari sagareo orientacia iCenda Tavs: proiranuli da probizantiuri.
sabolood mainc aSkara gaxda, rom ufro did erovnul safrTxes egriss
irani uqmnida, ramdenadac droTa ganmavlobaSi gamovlinda, rom mas
ganzraxuli hqonda ara marto mefobis gauqmeba aq, aramed mTeli egriseli
mosaxleobis ganadgureba. amitom egrisSi sabolood probizantiurma
orientaciam gaimarjva. iranma ver miaRwia sawadels, ver moikida fexi
egrisSi da ukan daixia.
VI saukunis dasawyisSi iranma garkveul warmatebas miaRwia egrisSi.
bizantiis xelisuflebis politikiT ukmayofilo egrisi irans miemxro.
lazikis mefe waTe, qristianobis daTmobis pirobiT, iranis Sahma kavadma
daamtkica. 520 wels gamarTul sazavo molaparakebaze iranis elCma seosma
bizantiis warmomadgenlebs ganucxada, rom ZvelTaganve egrisi iranis
qveSevrdomi iyo, romaelebs is usamarTlod, ZaliT uWiravTo, ramac
bizantielebis aRSfoTeba gamoiwvia. bizantiis diplomatiam male miaRwia
imas, rom waTe miimxro. egrisis mefe 523 wels konstantinopolSi Cavida,
kvlav aRiara qristianoba da imperators erTgulebis fici misca. am dros
qarTlis ajanyebam irans xeli SeuSala waTes dasasjelad laSqroba moewyo
egrisSi. Sahma kavadma protesti ganucxada imperator iustines (518-527) waTes
gadabirebisaTvis. qarTlis ajanyebis (523 w.) Caqrobis Semdeg, 528 wels
iranma jari gamogzavna egrisSi, romelmac skanda da Sorapani daikava.
axalma imperatorma, iustiniane I-ma egriselebis dasaxmareblad laSqari
gamogzavna. iranelebis jaris winsvla SeCerebul iqna, magram skanda da
Sorapani maT mainc SeinarCunes.
532 wels bizantiasa da irans Soris dadebuli e. w. `uvado zavis~
Tanaxmad maT erTmaneTs daubrunes dapyrobili adgilebi. iranma datova
skanda da Sorapani, xolo bizantiam _ farnagoni da boloni persarmeniaSi.
bizantias kvlav unda eZlia gamosaRebi iranisaTvis, rogorc sazRauri
kavkasiis gadmosasvlelebis dasacavad barbarosebisagan.
am periodSi bizantias saTaveSi Caudga gamoCenili saxelmwifo moRvawe
imperatori iustiniane I (527-565), aseve irans _ xosro I anuSirvani (531-579).
40
orive miiswrafoda Tavisi saxelmwifos farglebis gafarToebisa da
maxlobel aRmosavleTSi gabatonobisaken. orives dros iranmac da
bizantiamac miaRwies TavianTi garegnuli brwyinvalebisa da Zlierebis
mwvervals. isini erTmaneTis Rirseuli metoqeebi iyvnen.
iustiniane I-ma seriozul warmatebebs miaRwia rogorc saSinao, ise
sagareo politikaSi. iustinianes dros aages simagreebi Crdilo afrikaSi,
somxeTSi, yirimSi, sxvadasxva qristianuli da samoqalaqo nageboba aziaSi,
siriaSi, egvipteSi, numidiaSi da sxv. mis drosve iqca cixe-qalaqad petra-
cixisZiri (egrisis samefos ukanaskneli punqti samxreTiT VI saukuneSi),
romelsac Tavisi saxeli _ iustiniane uwoda. sarwmunoebrivi xaziT
iustiniane atarebda e. w. `cezaropapizms~, e. i. eklesia dauqvemdebara
saxelmwifos, da cdilobda TviTon yofiliyo uzenaesi mbrZanebeli rogorc
saxelmwifo mmarTvelobaSi, ise eklesiaSi. misi ZiriTadi principi iyo:
`erTiani saxelmwifo, erTiani religia~, amitom man brZola gamoucxada
warmarTobas, iudaizms da qriatianul mwvaleblur mimdinareobebs.
gacxovelda vaWroba. sagareo vaWroba warmoebda rogorc aRmosavleTis
qveynebTan (CineTi, indoeTi), ise dasavleTTan. konstantinopoli
gzajvaredinze mdebareobda, magram bizantias aRmosavleTTan vaWroba iranis
meSveobiT uxdeboda. imperiis xelisufleba cdilobda, rogorme gza aeqcia
iranisaTvis da vaWrobisaTvis axal gzebs saxavda, magram uSedegod. sagareo
politikaSi iustinianes epoqa xasiaTdeba gaZlierebuli eqspansiiT. misi
mizani msoflio batonoba iyo. bizantiis sagareo politika dasavleTiT
mimarTuli iyo barbarosuli tomebis _ vandalebis, ostguTebisa da
vestguTebis damorCilebisaken. 533-548 wlebSi bizantiam awarmova omi
vandalebTan. bizantiis armiam gamoCenili mxedarTmTavris, velizaris,
sardlobiT moipova gamarjveba vandalebze da daimorCila CrdiloeTi
afrika, xmelTaSua zRvis dasavleT nawilSi _ korsika, sardinia da
balearis kunZulebi. 535-554 wlebSi bizantiam omi gamoucxada ostguTebs da
daipyro dalmacia (balkaneTis Crdilo-dasavleTi), sicilia, samxreTi
italia. velizarim aiRo ostguTebis sataxto qalaqi ravena. naklebad
warmatebuli iyo brZolebi vestguTebTan (pirenes naxevarkunZulze).
bizantielebma mxolod kordova (pirenes naxevarkunZulis samxreT-dasavleTi
kuTxe) Caigdes xelT.
ufro rTuli iyo bizantiis sagareo viTareba aRmosavleTSi _ iranTan.
am ori qveynis urTierTobaSi mTavari sadavo sakiTxi egrisi iyo.
xosro I anuSirvanis dros iranSi Catarda samxedro da administraciuli
reforma, mowesrigda sagadasaxado sistema, daarsda axali qalaqebi,
gayvanil iqna axali gzebi, gafarTovda iranis sazRvrebi aRmosavleTiT da
Crdilo-aRmosavleTiT. mwvaved idga bizantiasTan urTierTobis sakiTxi _
metoqeoba amierkavkasiaSi, kerZod, egrisSi batonobisaTvis.
532 wlis `saukuno zavi~ iransa da bizantias Soris realurad droebiTi
gamodga. orive mxare emzadeboda omisaTvis; bizantiam egrisis cixe-
qalaqebSi garnizonebi Caayena. egrisisTvis es uCveulo iyo, radganac
TiTqmis saukunenaxevari gavida mas Semdeg, rac egrisSi romaelTa
garnizonebi aRar idgnen. aman, bunebrivia, egrisis mosaxleobis
ukmayofileba gamoiwvia. gaamagres egrisis sataxto qalaqi cixe-goji _
arqeopolisi. zRvispiras, Tanamedrove cixisZiris adgilze, bizantielebma
aages cixesimagre petra, sadac Caayenes garnizoni strategosis sardlobiT.
41
mas eqvemdebarebodnen mTlianad egrisSi mdgari bizantielTa jarebi.
bizantieli sardlebi da moxeleebi arafrad agdebdnen adgilobrivi
mosaxleobis interesebs da aviwroebdnen mas. am mxriv gansakuTrebiT
gamoiCina Tavi strategosma petrem, romelic `vercxlismoyvareobaSi Cavarda
da metad udierad epyroboda yvelas~. imperatori iZulebuli iyo, mis
magivrad daeniSna ioane cibe, romelic kidev ufro uaresi gamodga. man
`romaelTa da lazTa yvela saqme gaamruda da arivdaria~. ioane cibes
egrisSi aukrZalavs Tavisufali vaWroba da SemouRia monopolia, TviTon
awesebda fasebs, TviTonve yidulobda saqonels da TviTnebur fasebSi yidda
adgilobriv mosaxleobaze. aman gansakuTrebiT Seawuxa egriselebi. sagareo
vaWrobas Zalian didi mniSvneloba hqonda adgilobrivi vaWrebisaTvis,
warCinebulebisaTvis da TviT mefisaTvis. es iyo maTi Semosavlis erT-erTi
ZiriTadi wyaro. cxadia, ioane cibe marto Tavisi neba-surviliT aseT
politikas ver gaatarebda, mas mxars uWerda imperiis umaRlesi
xelisufleba, amitom, bunebrivia, bizantiisgan egrisis mosaxleobas aravin
daicavda. aseTi viTarebis gamo egrisis mefe gubazma da warCinebulebma
gadawyvites, iranisTvis eTxovaT daxmareba bizantiisagan Tavis dasaRwevad.
am mizniT gubazis elCebi eaxlnen iranis Sahs da ganucxades: romaelebma
`Cvens mefes xom mefobis garegnuli niSnebi dautoves, xolo Zalaufleba
saqmeSi TviTon miiTvises. mefec mosamsaxuris bedSi imyofeba da
ganmkargulebeli strategosis eSinia. uamravi jaric Cagviyenes, magram ara
imitom, rom daicvan es Cveni qveyana SemwuxebelTagan, aramed raTa
davemwyvdieT Cven rogorc sadilegoSi da Cvens qonebas dapatronebodnen~.
Semdeg elCebma Sahs ganumartes is sargebloba, romelsac irans moutanda
egrisis mimxroba: `sparselTa Zalas Tqven SematebT uZveles samefos da misi
saSualebiT Tqveni hegemoniis Rirseba gadidebuli iqneba, xolo Cveni qveynis
gziT romaelTa zRvas daukavSirdebiT. aq Tu xomaldebs aageb, mefev,
araviTar siZneles ar warmoadgens, rom bizantionis palats miaRwio. gzaze
xom araviTari winaaRmdegoba ar Segvxvdeba. unda davumatoT isic, rom
Tqvenze iqneba damokidebuli, rom mosazRvre barbarosebma yovel wels
arbion romaelTa miwa-wyali. Tqven, albaT, iciT, rom lazTa qveyana dRemde
kavkasiis mTebis winaaRmdeg safars warmoadgenda~.
xosro, ra Tqma unda, am elCobam didad gaaxara, radganac egrisis
sakiTxi mis sagareo politikaSi am dros ukve sakmaod mwvaved idga. man
Seyara salaSqrod jari da 542 wels SeiWra egrisSi. sazRvarze mas
egriseli megzurebi daxvdnen da gauZRvnen. Sua egrisSi Sahs gubazi miegeba
da morCileba gamoucxada.
ase daiwyo didi omi egrisSi iransa da bizantias Soris, romelic
perioduli dazavebebiT 20 wels (542-562) gagrZelda, egriselebi aqtiurad
monawileobdnen brZolebSi xan erTi da xan meore dampyroblis mxareze.
iranelTa da egriselTa gaerTianebulma laSqarma petras cixisken aiRo
gezi da cxare brZolis Semdeg daikava is. ioane cibe daiWra da
gardaicvala. xosrom petraSi iranelTa garnizoni Caayena da TviTon egrisi
datova, radganac cnoba miiRo iranSi bizantieli sardlis, velizaris,
SeWris Sesaxeb.
ase damTavrda omis pirveli etapi. 545-546 ww. daido droebiTi zavi xuTi
wlis vadiT.

42
 iranelebis batonoba egrisisTvis kidev ufro mZime aRmoCnda, vidre
bizantielebisa. egrisi mowyda qristianul samyaros, Sewyda vaWroba
bizantiasTan, rac didad saziano iyo egrisis mmarTveli wreebisaTvis.
xalxi ukmayofilo iyo, iranis pozicia egrisSi saimedo ar iyo. amis gamo
xosrom gadawyvita radikaluri RonisZiebebis gatareba egrisSi. ganizraxa
gubazis mokvla, egriselebis ayra da maT adgilze iranelebisa da sxva
tomebis Camosaxleba. 546 wels man sagangebod SerCeuli samasi raindi
gamogzavna egrisSi, fabrizis meTaurobiT, gubazis mkvlelobis mosawyobad.
fabrizma es saqme gubazis momdurav egrisel warCinebuls, farsmans
(farsans), gaando da daxmareba sTxova. am ukanasknelma ki Tavisi
guliswyroma daiviwya da mosalodneli safrTxis Sesaxeb gubazs acnoba. ase
rom, iranze orientacia uaresi aRmoCnda gubazisaTvis. egriss sasikvdilo
safrTxe daemuqra iranis mxridan.
aRSfoTebulma gubazma iranelebs zurgi Seaqcia da bizantielebis
momxre gaxda. man moinania Tavisi gaorguleba da iustinianes elCebis piriT
daxmareba sTxova iranelebis winaaRmdeg sabrZolvelad. iustinianem
daakmayofila gubazis Txovna da 8000 meomari gamougzavna (7.000 bizantieli
da 1000 Wani) dasaxmareblad dagisTes sardlobiT.
amrigad, 549 wels dazaveba dairRva, daiwyo omis axali etapi.
mokavSireebma, pirvel rigSi, petras Seuties. petras aReba ver moxerxda.
iranelebs is sakmaod hqondaT gamagrebuli. xosromac egrisSi didi laSqari
(30.000 meomari) gamogzavna mermeroes sardlobiT. mermeroem petras cixe
gaamagra da datova masSi 3000 meomari. dagisTem uniWod warmarTa sabrZolo
moqmedeba da petrasTan damarcxda. gubazma moxerxebulad daicva egrisis
Sida raionebi iranelTa SemoWrisagan. mermeroem egrisSi 5.000 molaSqre
datova da danarCeni jariT somxeTSi gadavida. egrisSi datovebul
iranelTa jars lazebi da bizantielebi Tavs daesxnen da gaanadgures.
550 wels egrisSi iranelTa axali jari Semovida xorianes sardlobiT.
cxeniswylis sanapiroze brZolaSi iranelebi damarcxdnen, brZolaSi
daiRupa maTi sardalic. lazebma iustinianesTan uCivles dagisTes
petrasTan daudevari moqmedebisaTvis. imperatorma axali strategosi _ besa
gamogzavna.
am periodSi bizantielebsa da egriselebs ganudgnen jer abazgebi da
sanigebi, xolo Semdeg _ afSilebi. magram gubazma da bizantielebma SeZles
am mxareebis kvlav ukan dabruneba.
551 wels bizantielebma, rogorc iyo, petra aiRes da radganac misi
SenarCuneba eeWvebodaT, miwasTan gaaswores, eSinodaT iq SemdgomSi
iranelebi ar gamagrebuliyvnen. egrisSi kvlav mermeroe Semovida iranelTa
jariT da mis dedaqalaqs _ arqeopoliss _ moadga. iranelebma aq marcxi
ganicades da didi danaklisi naxes. amis Semdeg mermeroem muxurisisaken
(quTaisis mxare) daixia, gaamagra quTaisis cixe da iq dabanakda. iranelebis
aseTma moqmedebam svaneTi da skvimnia (leCxumi) mowyvita egriss, amasTanave
garTulda uqimerionis cixeSi gamagrebuli egriselebis sursaTiT
momarageba. Semdeg am cixesac iranelebi daeuflnen, leCxumi da svaneTic
realurad daimorCiles. amrigad, muxurisidan qarTlis sazRvramde mTeli
egrisi iranelebis xelSi aRmoCnda.

43
 552 wels iransa da bizantias Soris kvlav daido droebiTi xuTwliani
zavi. amiT dasrulda omis meore etapi. upiratesoba egrisSi iranelebma
SeinarCunes.
miuxedavad dazavebisa, iranelebi mainc agrZelebdnen saomar moqmedebas.
mermeroem isargebla bizantieli sardlebis daudevrobiT da 553 wels
telefisis cixec daikava. gubazma iustinianesTan uCivla bizantiel
sardlebs _ besas, martines da rustikes, brali dasdo maT umoqmedobasa da
silaCreSi. keisarma besa gadaayena, aman gaamwvava gubazis urTierToba
bizantiel sardlebTan. martinem da rustikem imperatorTan gagzavnes
rustikes Zma ioane da acnobes, TiTqos gubazi isev iranelebs miemxro.
imperatori marTlac daeWvda mefis erTgulebaSi da miswera martinesa da
rustikes, rom masTan, nebiT an ZaliT, gubazi gaegzavnaT. winaaRmdegobis
gawevis SemTxvevaSi nebas rTavda maT, moeklaT is. sardlebma gubazi, viTom
saTaTbirod, gaityues xobis wyalTan da iq veragulad mokles (554 wels).
mefis mokvlam aaRelva egrisis laSqari da mTeli mosaxleoba. maT
gadawyvites, aRar elaSqraT bizantielebTan erTad. mefis dakrZalvis Semdeg
gaimarTa warCinebulTa (samoqalaqo da samxedro aristokratiis) kreba,
sadac daisva sakiTxi sagareo orientaciis Sesaxeb. gamoiTqva ornairi
mosazreba.
pirvelad krebaze gamovida warCinebuli aieti, romelmac warmoTqva
sityva, gamsWvaluli udidesi gulistkiviliTa da mwuxarebiT. misi sityva,
iseve rogorc meore partiis warmomadgenlis, fartaZis (fartazi), mier
warmoTqmuli, oratoruli xelovnebis brwyinvale nimuSia da mowmobs
egrisSi maRali donis ritorikuli skolis tradiciis arsebobas.
aietma Tqva:
`gaqra kolxTa Zveli Rirseba da amieridan veRar veRirsebiT imas, rom
sxvebs vmbrZaneblobdeT: isic unda vikmaroT, rom mivaRwevT imas, rom Zalian
ar dagvCagron imaT, vinc winaT Cveni qveSevrdomi iyo. nuTu ukidures
ugunurobas ar warmoadgens is, rom imaT Sesaxeb, vinc es Caidina, Cven
vzivarT da vmsjelobT, mtrebad CavTvaloT isini Tu megobrebad? unda
vicodeT, rom maTi Tavxedoba amaze ar SeCerdeba: Tu Cven am
borotmoqmedebas uyuradRebod davtovebT, isini ar mogveSvebian da
gulxeldakrefilni rom visxdebiT, ufro Seupovrad agvxdian namuss... me
vinatridi, kolxeTis saxelmwifos hqondes Tavisi Zveli Zliereba, rom mas
ar dasWirdebodes ucxo da gareSe daxmareba da rom yovelgvar saqmianobaSi,
rogorc omianobis, ise mSvidobianobis dros, mxolod sakuTar Tavs
eyrdnobodes. magram, rodesac Cven JamTa trialis, an bedis ukuRmarTobis, an
orives wyalobiT iseTs uZlurebaSi CavvardiT, rom sxvaTa xelqveiTni
gavxdiT, me vfiqrob, umjobesia imaT xelSi viyoT, vinc ufro
keTilismsurvelia, vinc uryevad icavs keTilganwyobilebas Tavisianebisa da
mokavSireTa mimarT~. aseT saxelmwifod aietma krebas irani dausaxa.
am sityvas didi STabeWdileba mouxdenia krebaze da erTxmad mouTxoviaT
iranis mxareze gadasvla. magram krebaze amis Semdeg gamosula meore
warCinebuli, lazi fartazi, romelsac aranaklebi mWevrmetyvelebiTa da
ufro meti damajereblobiT gamouTqvams sawinaaRmdego Tvalsazrisi:
`uZleveli raRac aris mWermetyveleba da is TiTqmis yvelas amarcxebs,
gansakuTrebiT ki imaT, visac winaT misi Zala ar gamoucdia, magram es

44
sruliadac ar niSnavs imas, rom mas ver daupirispirebT gonier mosazrebas,
romelic saqmis namdvil viTarebas emyareba...
exla aRar aris saWiro imaze fiqri, rac moxda da dasrulda da ukve
aRar SeiZleba dabrunebul iqnes. nu avyvebiT msjelobis dros mowolil
boRmas da gulistkivils, rom ar davkargoT mosazrebis unari da ar
gavabundovanoT Cveni msjavri: SevinarCunoT unari ukeTesis arCevisa... arc
romaul razmebs, arc strategosebs, saerTod aRebuls, miT umetes, arc maT
mefes ar mouwyviaT SeTqmuleba gubazis winaaRmdeg... umarTebulo iqneboda,
Cemis azriT, da amasTanave mizanSeuwonelic erTi an ori kacis danaSaulis
gamo SevswyromodiT sazogadoebriv kanonebs, romelTa dacva agviRia Cvens
Tavze da ase iolad Segvecvala mTeli saxelmwifo wyobileba da cxovreba...
yvelaze ufro uwminduri saqme is iqneba, rom aseTi saqcieliT Cven
SevbRalavT marTlmorwmuneobas da wminda saidumloTa umwikvloobas. aba,
ras daemsgavseba Cveni saqcieli, Tu mivemxrobiT uzenaesi arsebis sastik
mtrebs? Tu isini agvikrZalaven saRmrTo wesebis Sesrulebas da TavianT
wesebze gadagviyvanen... gubazi rom aq iyos, mogviwodebda, ar mivcemodiT
sasowarkveTilebasa da gulaCuyebas da monebis msgavsad ki ar
movqceuliyaviT, aramed aRvWurviliyaviT kolxis Tavisufali SegnebiT,
vaJkacurad agvetana ubedureba da araferi sasircxo da mama-papuri wesebis
Sembilwveli ar Cagvedina... me im azrisa var, rom saWiroa romaelTa mefes
vacnoboT momxdari ambavi, raTa igi saTanadod moepyras imaT, visac am
mkvlelobaSi mTavari danaSauli miuZRvis da Tu is amas izams, amieridan
moispoba Cveni uTanxmoeba romaelebTan... Tu ki is uaryofs Cvens moTxovnas,
maSin unda moviTaTbiroT, mizanSewonili iqneba Tu ara, meore gzas
davadgeT~.
krebam fartaZis rCeva marTebulad da mizanSewonilad miiCnia da
gadawyvita, konstantinopolSi gaegzavnaT elCoba. wargzavnilebma
imperators sTxoves gubazis mkvlelebis dasja da egrisis mefed gubazis
umcrosi Zmis _ waTes gamogzavna (waTe am dros bizantiaSi iyo). imperatorma
daakmayofila egriselebis Txovna, mefed daamtkica waTe da gamogzavna
egrisSi strategos soteriqes TanxlebiT, xolo gubazis mkvlelobis
gamosaZieblad gamogzavna senatori aTanasi, romelsac romauli kanonebiT
unda gaerCia saqme. aTanasim daapatimra ioane da rustike da afsaruntis
satusaRoSi gagzavna.
sasamarTlo gadaido, radganac am dros egrisSi Semovida iranelTa didi
laSqari naxoraganis sardlobiT. is miadga muxuriss da 555 wels 60.000-iani
armiiT gailaSqra jer arqeopolissa, xolo Semdeg fazisze. orivegan
iranelebma sastiki marcxi ganicades, Semdeg ki rodopolisic (vardcixe)
datoves. damarcxebulma iranelma sardalma kotaisisa (quTaisi) da
muxurisisken daixia, jaris nawili iq daabanaka da TviTon qarTlSi
gadavida gamosazamTreblad. Sahma naxoragani iranSi ixmo da
damarcxebisaTvis, iranuli tradiciis Sesabamisad, cocxlad, tyavi
gaaZrobina Tavis Txemidan fexis terfamde.
ase dasrulda egrisSi omis es etapi iransa da bizantias Soris. roca
brZola minelda, moewyo gubazis mkvlelebis sasamarTlo. keisris miTiTebiT
sasamarTlo ise iyo mowyobili, rom egriselebisaTvis eCvenebinaT
bizantiuri marTlmsajulebis sidiade. es iyo `antikuri sasamarTlo
kavkasionis ZirSi~. sasamarTlos winaSe gubazis uSualo mkvlelebi _ ioane
45
da rustike _ wardgnen, bralmdeblad ki egrisis warCinebulebi gamovidnen.
bralmdeblebma sasamarTlos dausabuTes gubaz mefis ucodveloba da
bizantielebisadmi erTguleba, moiTxoves misi mkvlelebis sikvdiliT dasja.
braldebulTa saxeliT ilaparaka rustikem. is amtkicebda, rom gubazi iyo
tirani da bizantielebis moRalate, amitom misi mokvliT maT samsaxuri
gauwies TavianT saxelmwifos da amis werilobiTi dasturi maT hqondaT
miRebuli imperatorisagan. sasamarTlom ioanesa da rustikes sasikvdilo
ganaCeni gamoutana. isini Sesxes jorebze da Caatares quCebSi, xolo Semdeg
mosaxleobis Tvalwin Tavebi mohkveTes. martine sikvdils gadaurCa.
imperatorma is Seiwynara misi samxedro damsaxurebisaTvis, magram gadaayena
Tanamdebobidan da mis nacvlad egrisisa da armeniis strategosad Tavisi
axlo naTesavi, iustine daniSna.
iranis Sahi darwmunda, rom egrisSi omis gagrZeleba aRar iyo misTvis
mizanSewonili. iranis jari metad araxelsayrel pirobebSi awarmoebda
brZolas: mas uxdeboda uRrani tyeebis gavla qarTlidan egrisSi gadasvlis
dros, uWirda sursaTis miwodeba jarisaTvis. bizantielebi ki zRviT iolad
amaragebdnen Tavis armias. adgilobrivi mosaxleobac ZiriTadad mtrulad
iyo ganwyobili iranelebisadmi. xSiri damarcxebebi egrisSi ukmayofilebas
iwvevda iranis mmarTvel wreebSi. amitom xosrom, ukanasknel did
damarcxebaTa Semdeg, zavis dadeba gadawyvita. xosros mizani iyo, rogorme
SeenarCunebina egrisSi dapyrobili adgilebi. man iustinianesTan
mosalaparakeblad Tavisi gamocdili diplomati, `didi elCi~ iezdigusnafi
ziqi gagzavna (ziqi iyo iranis Zveli warCinebuli sagvareulodan).
iezdigusnafi xosros davalebiT awarmoebda bizantiasTan sazavo
molaparakebas 551-557 da 562 wlebSi. molaparakebaze bizantiis elCi petre
magistrosi iyo.
bizantia-iranis omma, romelic mTeli 20 wlis ganmavlobaSi
mimdinareobda egrisis teritoriaze, didi ziani miayena egrisis (lazikis)
saxelmwifos. mowinaaRmdege jarebis dauzogavma TareSma, TviT egriseli
mwarmoebeli mosaxleobis warmoebidan mowyvetam da omSi aqtiurad Cabmam
gaaCanaga meurneoba, Cakla vaWroba-xelosnoba, daangria bevri cixe-qalaqi da
sofeli, amowyda mosaxleobis didi nawili, Sesustda egrisis samefo
xelisuflebis zegavlena dasavleTi saqarTvelos calkeul tomsa da
samTavroze. saerTod, dakninda egrisis saxelmwifoebrioba, razedac ara
marto mimdinare omma, aramed egrisis saxelmwifoebriobis winaaRmdeg
mimarTulma bizantiis xelisuflebis sagangebo politikamac iqonia gavlena.
didi omianobis dros bizantias da egrisis mefes zedized ganudgnen
sanig-abazgebis, afSilebis da misimianTa tomebi.
bizantiis imperatorma iustiniane I-ma, romelic undoblobiT iyo
gamsWvaluli egrisis xelisuflebisadmi, aq, gansakuTrebiT sanig-
abazgiaSi, araerTi politikuri xasiaTis RonisZieba gaatara. upirveles
yovlisa, abazgiaSi gaavrcela qristianoba (535-542 ww.), auSena maT
RvTismSoblis saxelobis eklesia, aukrZala abazg mTavrebs Tanametome
bavSvebis dasaWuriseba da tyved gayidva. iustinianem abazgiaSi, bizantiis
saimperatoro karze gazrdili, warmoSobiT abazgi evnuqi evfrata miavlina,
romelic praqtikulad zedamxedvelobas uwevda mxares. amis Semdeg
iustinianem, aRniSnuli RonisZiebebiT kmayofil abazg farTo wreebze
dayrdnobiT, miaRwia sanigebis (md. abaskos _ fsoudan md. aqeunta-Saxemde
46
mcxovrebi tomebis) da abazgebis gaerTianebas erT samTavrod (abazgiis
saxelwodebiT) da abazgiis politikuri saxeli pitiunt-biWvinTidan md.
aqeunta-Saxemde gaavrcela. erTi SexedviT, TiTqos, es RonisZiebani abazgTa
tomis sasargeblod gaatares, magram sinamdvileSi yovelive mimarTuli iyo
adgilobrivi tomebis (abazgebis da sanigebis) dasamorCileblad da iq
bizantielebis gasabatoneblad. `romaelTa jariskacebi, keisris mier
wargzavnilebi, maT qveyanaSi idgnen xolme Zalian xSirad da maT undodaT
es qveyana daemorCilebinaT romaelTa ZalauflebisaTvis da maT axal-axal
raRac wesebs umyarebdnen... am Zaladobis gamo abazgebi pirdapir autanel
mdgomareobaSi Cavardnen imis SiSiT, rom amieridan romaelTa monebad ar
gamxdariyvnen, maT kvlav daiyenes TavisTvis mTavrebi, aRmosavleTis
nawilisaTvis ofsite saxelad, xolo dasavleTisaTvis skeparna~, e. i.
abazgebi da sanigebi 550 wels aujanydnen bizantielebs, kvlav orad gaiyvnen
Tvistomi mTavrebiT da, faqtobrivad, ganudgnen egriselebsac. protesti,
romelic upirvelesad gamoxates ajanyebulebma moZalade bizantielebis
winaaRmdeg, iyo maT mier gaerTianebuli samTavros or erTmaneTisagan
damoukidebel administraciul erTeulad gayofa (abazgebisa da sanigebis
samTavroebad). dasavleTi nawilis (sanigeTis) mTavari skeparna iranis Sahma,
xosro anuSirvanma, ixmo TavisTan da is iq gaemgzavra, aRmosavleTis
nawilis (abazgiis) mTavarma, ofsitem, ki Seyara yvela abazgi bizantiis
winaaRmdeg sabrZolvelad. bizantielebma didZali jarebiT Seuties abazgebs
rogorc zRvidan, aseve xmeleTidan da, miuxedavad abazgTa Tavganwiruli
winaaRmdegobisa, daamarcxes isini uTanasworo brZolaSi. `ofsitem, abazgTa
mTavarma, ramdenime kaciT moaxerxa gaqceva da gaemarTa mezobel hunebSi...
xolo danarCenebi an ferflad iqcnen gadamwvar saxlebTan erTad, an mtris
xelSi Cavardnen. traqeas (gagras) cixis galavani ki miwasTan gaaswores da
mTeli miwa-wyali udabnod aqcies~. amis Semdeg bizantiis xelisuflebis
ganzraxvas, Tavis uSualo mflobelobaSi moeqcia abazgiis saxeliT
Seqmnili gaerTianeba, win veraferi daudgeboda. asec moxda. `amieridan
abazgebis arc erTi mmarTveli adgilobrivad ar iniSneboda. iq romaelTa
mefeebi agzavnidnen arqontebs da ukanasknelnic mefeTa karnaxiT marTavdnen
saxelmwifo saqmeebs~. VII saukunis dasawyisidan ki bizantielebma Tavis
provinciad qceuli abazgiis saxeliT Seqmnili administraciul-
teritoriuli erTeulis sazRvrebi biWvinTidan samxreT-aRmosavleTiT md.
egriswylamde (RaliZgamde) ganavrces. centri anakofiaSi (dRevandel axal
aTonSi) gadmoitanes da is Tavisi moxelis rezidenciad aqcies. `zRvis
kidezed ars qalaqi anakofia, es aRaSenes berZenTa... stefanoz bagrationis
Jamsa miuRo erekleos keisarman kualad egrisis mdinaris iqiTi da dasues
berZenTa erisTavi Tvisi anakofias da uwodes afxazTa erisTavad, iyvnen aqa
erisTavni cvlilebiTa~. VII saukunis meore naxevarSi egrisis xelisuflebam
SeZlo Tavisi saxelmwifo sazRvari kvlav gadaewia Crdilo-dasavleTis
mimarTulebiT, magram _ mxolod md. klisuramde (cxum-soxumamde). bizantiis
mier warTmeuli danarCeni teritoriis dabruneba egrisma ver SeZlo. ase
darCa bizantiis mflobelobaSi abazgia-afxazeTis saxeliT Seqmnili
gaerTianeba.
amgvarad, bizantiis xelisuflebam abazgTa (afxazTa) tomi TiTqmis
gaanadgura 550 wlis ajanyebisas da jer biWvinTis Crdilo-dasavleTiT,
xolo Semdgom (VII saukuneSi) mis aRmosavleTiT klisuramde (md. kelasura)
47
daamyara Tavisi uSualo mmarTveloba. am provinciis administraciul
centrad aqcia anakofia (axali aToni) da iq konstantinopolidan
gamogzavnili moxele dasva.
abazgebis gandgomas mohyva jer afSilebis (550 w.), xolo Semdeg
misimianTa ajanyeba. afSilebis gamgebeli, egriseli terdeti, ganudga
egrisis mefe gubazs da iranelebis mxardaWeris mosapoveblad gadasca mas
afSileTis mTavari cixesimagre wibili (dRevand. webelda). magram iranelTa
sardlis Tavxedobam (man afSilebis cixisTavis colis Seuracxyofa
ganizraxa) aRaSfoTa afSilebi da maT gaJlites iranelebi. am dros gubazi
bizantielebTan erTad iranelebs petrasTan ebrZoda. man bizantielTa
aTaseuli gagzavna afSilebTan da isini kvlav damorCildnen egrisis samefo
xelisuflebas.
555 wels moxda misimielTa ajanyeba. misimielebi cxovrobdnen afSilebis
CrdiloeTiT, kodoris saTaveebTan. isini afSilebisagan gansxvavebul enaze
laparakobdnen. es iyo svanuri tomi. misimielebi egrisis mefis qveSevrdomebi
iyvnen. maTi gandgoma bizantieli strategosis, soteriqes windauxedaobam
gamoiwvia. is bizantielebma waTes gamoayoles egrisSi. soteriqe misimielTa
qveyanaSi mivida, raTa bizantielTa mokavSire tomebisaTvis _ alanebisaTvis
fuli gadaeca. is dabanakda misimielTa cixesimagre buqloosSi (egrisisa da
alanTa sazRvarze), sadac modiodnen kavkasiis gadaRma mcxovreb tomTa
warmomadgenlebi gasamrjelos misaRebad. misimielebma eWvi aiRes, rom
soteriqes surda maTi cixesimagris gadacema alanebisaTvis. amis gamo maT
strategosTan gagzavnes ori warCinebuli da sTxoves, sxva adgilas
gadasuliyo. soteriqes es Seuracxyofad miuRia da ganucxadebia, rom
kolxebis qveSevrdomT ufleba ar hqondaT ase `mopyrobodnen romaelebs,
romelTac kolxebi emorCilebodnen~. misi brZanebiT, misimielTa elCebi
gajoxes. amiT aRSfoTebulma misimielebma soteriqe ori SviliT da
mxleblebiTurT amoJlites da gamotanebuli fulic miiTvises. maT
iranelebs sTxoves daxmareba, magram iranelebi am dros marcxs ganicdidnen
egrisSi da amitom uari uTxres daxmarebaze. bizantielebma, roca
naxoraganis laSqari daamarcxes, gailaSqres misimielebze da sastikad
dasajes isini. misimielebi kvlav daeqvemdebarnen egrisis mefis
xelisuflebas.
aRniSnuli ajanyebebi aCqarebda egrisis adrefeodaluri erTiani
dasavlur-qarTuli saxelmwifos daqucmacebas, egrisis mefis xelisuflebis
dakninebas.
rogorc ukve aRiniSna, bizantia-iranis xangrZlivma omma egrisis
teritoriaze VI saukuneSi daasusta egrisis mefis Zalaufleba. erTiani
dasavlurqarTuli adrefeodaluri saxelmwifo politikuri daqucmacebis
gzas daadga.
562 wels iransa da bizantias Soris daido 50-wliani zavi q. daraSi.
iranelebma xeli aiRes egrisze. amiT damTavrda es `didi omianoba~ egrisSi.
oRond iraneli diplomatebi uars ambobdnen svaneTis daTmobaze.
bizantielebi asabuTebdnen, rom svaneTi, IV saukunidan moyolebuli, egrisis
samefoSi Semavali erT-erTi samTavro iyo da radganac irani xels iRebs
egrisze, man unda daTmos svaneTic. xosrom ki bizantiis elCs ganucxada,
rom svaneTi `Tavisi arCeviT da Tavisi nebiT Cven mogvekedlao~. ase rom, 562
wlis zavma svaneTis sakiTxi ver gadawyvita. 571 wels imperatorma iustine
48
II-m (565-578) isargebla iranis garTulebuli saSinao mdgomareobiT,
somxeTisa da Semdeg qarTlis ajanyebiT da omi gamoucxada irans, romelic,
SesvenebebiT, oc wels gagrZelda. am omSi ajanyebul somxebsa da
qarTlelebs, bizantielebTan erTad, exmarebodnen kolxebi (e. i. egriselebi),
abazgebi da alanebi. 575 wels bizantielebisa da egriselebis laSqarma
daikava svaneTi. iranelebma sabolood amoikveTes fexi dasavleTi
saqarTvelodan.
VI saukunis bolodan egrisis damokidebuleba bizantiasTan ufro
garTulda. saimperio kari mkacrad akontrolebda egrisis saSinao da
sagareo saqmianobas. egrisis mxriv vasaluri valdebuleba imaSic
gamoixateboda, rom bizantielebs gahyavdaT egriselTa jari sxvadasxva
laSqrobaSi. mag., 622 wels, roca herakle keisari kapadokiaSi SeiWra, mas
Tan axldnen qarTlelebi, egriselebi da abazgebi. 627 wels, roca herekle
dasavleTi saqarTvelodan Tbilisisken miemarTeboda, mis laSqarSi
egriselebic iyvnen. VII saukuneSi bizantiis batonoba egrisSi imdenad Sors
wasula, rom egrisis mefis statusi ukve bizantiur titulamde _
`patrikiozobamde~ _ damcrobila. aseT viTarebaSi dasavleTi saqarTvelos
zogierTi samTavro, bunebrivia, aRar cnobda egrisis xelisuflebas.

49
 T a v i I V
qarTuli politikuri samyaro
saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi
VII s-is II naxevridan
X s-is II naxevramde
$1. arabTa mflobelobis damyareba da qarTuli diplomatia VII s-is II naxevarSi

VII saukunis dasawyisSi maxlobel aRmosavleTSi mniSvnelovani

cvlilebebi xdeba. istoriis sarbielze gamodis axali didi Zala arabebis
saxiT, romelmac mesame msoflio religia, islami Seqmna erTi RmerTiT _
al-lahiT.
arabebi semitebi arian da maTi samSoblo arabeTis naxevarkunZulia. aqve
mosaxleoben maTi monaTesave semituri modgmis tomebi.
arabeTis naxevarkunZulidan aTaswleulebis ganmavlobaSi sxvadasxva
emigraciuli talRa aris gamosuli, erT-erTi aseTi VII saukunidan Cans.
VII saukunis 30-ian wlebSi damTavrda arabTa tomebis politikuri
gaerTianeba da daiwyo didi samxedro-kolonizaciuri moZraoba. arabTa
saxelmwifosa da maTi religiis damaarsebeli muhamedi bavSvobaSi mwyemsi
iyo, Semdeg _ qaravanTa gamyoli. man mravali qveyana moiara, gaecno
iudaizmisa da qristianobis safuZvlebs, zogi ram aiTvisa maTgan. safuZvlad
arabTa rwmena-warmodgenebi aiRo da Camoayaliba axali moZRvreba _ islami.
islami arabulad `mindobas~ niSnavs da misdami mindobili muslimania. misi
saxelis mixedviT, am religias mahmadianobac ewodeba. muhamedi qadagebda
Tavis moZRvrebas. misi qadagebani Semdeg Caiweres da am wigns `yurani~
(sakiTxavi) ewoda. es aris mahmadianTa wminda wigni.
muhamedis gardacvalebis (632 w.) Semdeg daiwyo arabTa gasvla
naxevarkunZulis gareT. arabTa dapyrobiTi omebi saRvTo omis lozungiT
mimdinareobda da islamis gavrcelebas isaxavda miznad.
VII saukunis 40-iani wlebisaTvis arabebs dapyrobili hqondaT siria,
palestina, SeiWrnen Crdilo afrikaSi, daipyres egvipte da afrikis Crdilo
sanapiro. VIII saukunis dasawyisSi daikaves pirenes naxevarkunZulis didi
nawili. evropis kontinentze maTi SeRwevis cda 732 wels espaneTisa da
safrangeTis sazRvarze, puatiesTan, frankTa imperiasTan brZolaSi
damarcxebam aRkveTa.
saqarTveloSi arabTa marbieli razmebi pirvelad VII saukunis 40-ian
wlebSi gamoCndnen da maleve gandevnil iqnen. qarTlis sazRvrebs, qveynis
dapyrobis mizniT, arabebi somxeTis damorCilebis Semdeg, 655/6 wlebSi,
xalifa osmanis (644-656) dros moadgnen. maT somxeTSi daamarcxes bizantieli
sardali mavrianosi, romelic gaiqca da Tavi qarTls Semoafara. mis
kvaldakval qarTlis sazRvars moadga arabTa didi samxedro razmi
gamoCenili mxedarTmTavris, habib ibn-maslamas, sardlobiT.
qarTlis erismTavarma stefanozma (mas patrikiosis bizantiuri tituli
hqonda) arabTa sardalTan Tavisi mociquli gagzavna weriliT da ZRvniT.
habibma, romelic friad kmayofili darCa amiT, ZRveni momavali wlis
gadasaxadSi CauTvala, erismTavars sapasuxo elCoba gamougzavna saTanado
weriliT da Semdeg TviT mobrZanda TbilisSi. aq Sedga diplomatiuri
molaparakeba da Seiqmna dokumenti, e. w. habib ibn-maslamas `dacvis sigeli~,
romliTac ganisazRvra orive mxaris ufleba-movaleobani.
50
 `dacvis sigeli~ qarTlis (Sida da qvemo qarTlis) mosaxleobisadmi VII
saukunis 50-ian wlebSi unda iyos gacemuli.
interess iwvevs qarTlis erismTavris mier habibisadmi gagzavnili
ustaris mimarTvis forma.
qarTlis xelisuflebam, Cans, kargad icoda maxlobel aRmosavleTSi
arsebuli politikuri viTareba. sasanianTa iranis saxelmwifo aRar
arsebobda, saqarTvelos mezobeli albaneTi da somxeTi arabebs hqondaT
dapyrobili. arabebTan brZolebSi damarcxebuli bizantiis imperiisagan
daxmarebis araviTari imedi aRar iyo, qarTli marto darCa am Zlieri mtris
pirispir. amitom qarTlis xelisuflebam gadawyvita, kars momdgar mterTan
urTierToba mSvidobiani gziT moegvarebina. am dros es iyo erTaderTi
swori gadawyvetileba.
qarTlis xelisuflebis nabiji sadazvervo samsaxuris swor
informirebulobasa da xelisuflebis marTebul diplomatiur svlaze
miuTiTebs. misTvis cnobilia mezobeli somxeTis gamocdilebac, romelmac
gaweuli winaaRmdegobis gamo didi rbeva da awiokeba ganicada, qarTlis
mdgomareobas isic arTulebs, rom arabTagan somxeTSi damarcxebulma
bizantielma sardalma mavrianosma qarTls Semoafara Tavi da, rac mTavaria,
mas sakuTari Zalebis realurma Sefasebam gadaadgmevina swori nabiji
morigebisaken. albaT, erTi batonis (berZnebis) meore batoniT (arabebiT)
Secvlis faqtoric moqmedebs, iqneb axali ufro misaRebi aRmoCndes.
qarTlis xelisuflebisaTvis isicaa cnobili, rom nebiT damorCilebul
qveyanas (romelic `sulhis~ miwebis kategoriaSi iTvleboda) arabebi
SedarebiT msubuqad begravdnen, mosaxleobasac loialurad eqceodnen da,
amdenad, sruliad gamarTlebulia qarTlis erismTavris mier kars momdgar
habibTan mosalaparakeblad mociqulebis gagzavna saTanado ustariT. es
diplomatiuri svlac iyo drois mogebis, arabTa xelisuflebis xasiaTis
mosinjvis mizniT. am ustarma da xelSekrulebis teqstma, romlis dedani
cnobili araa, Cvenamde momdevno xanis arabi istorikosebis Txzulebebis
saSualebiT moaRwia.
qarTlis erismTavris ustarTan dakavSirebiT dgeba erTi sakiTxi,
rodesac qarTlis erismTavris elCi eaxla habib ibn-maslamas da gadasca
erismTavris werili. habibma mas pasuxi gamougzavna. am `pasuxis~ teqstSi
erTi adgilia saintereso, saxeldobr: rodesac movida mociquli qarTlis
erismTavrisagan, `mogvaxsena Tqvengan, rom Cven varT xalxi, romelsac al-
lahma mianiWa pativi da daawinaura. amgvarad moimoqmeda al-lahma, dideba
mas mravlad~ _ wers balazuri. abu-ubeidas teqstSi vkiTxulobT: `Tqvenma
mociqulma Tqveni saxeliT Tqva: Cven varT xalxi, romelsac alahma mianiWa
sicocxle da ganadida. amgvarad mogvepyro Cven alahi sibeCavis, simcirisa
da umecrebis Semdeg~.
qarTlis erismTavris mociqulis mier arabebis gamorCeulobis xazgasma
miuTiTebs imaze, rom qveynis politikur elitas sworad hqonda
gacnobirebuli am etapze arabTa winaaRmdeg brZolis uperspeqtivoba. aman
aiZula qarTlis mmarTveli wreebi, SeemuSavebina arabebisadmi mimarTvis
sagangebo formula, romelic ganawyobda maT qarTvelTadmi mSvidobiani
damokidebulebisaken. es iyo diplomatiuri svla, rac SeiZleba naklebi
danakargebiT gadaerCinaT Tavi. am diplomatiur nabijs Tavisi axsna aqvs da
is kidev erTxel mowmobs, rom qarTlis mmarTvel wreebSi kargad iyvnen
informirebulni karsmomdgari mtris Sesaxeb.

51
 qarTveli xalxi yovelTvis ibrZoda ucxo dampyrobTa winaaRmdeg da
yovelTvis iyenebda im meTods da xerxs, romlebic konkretul istoriul
pirobebSi ufro gamarTlebuli iyo.
`dacvis sigeliT~ nakisri valdebuleba qarTlis xelisuflebas didxans
ar daucavs. qarTvelebma kargad isargebles saxalifoSi mimdinare
samoqalaqo omiT da xarkis gadaxda Sewyvites. muavias xalifobis dros (661-
680), rodesac damyarda omaianTa sagvareulos memkvidreobiTi uflebebi,
kavkasiaSi stabiluri mdgomareoba didi xniT Seirya.
60-iani wlebidan qarTlSi viTareba garTulda, aq erTmaneTs sami Zala
daupirispirda: saxalifo, bizantia da xazarebi. qarTveli xalxi sami mxriT
iqnevda xmals. VII saukunis 80-iani wlebidan arabebi sagrZnoblad
gaaqtiurdnen, isini moiTxovdnen `dacvis sigeliT~ nakisri valdebulebis
Sesrulebas.
VII saukunis bolos dasavleT saqarTvelos mmarTveli sergi barnukis Ze
bizantielebs aujanyda da Tavisi qveyana arabebs gadasca, ramac
seriozulad gaarTula viTareba VIII saukunis damdegs.

$2. qarTuli politikuri samyaro

saerTaSoriso arenaze VIII s-Si

a) leon isavrielis diplomatiuri misia kavkasiaSi da bizantiis

gavlenis nawilobrivi aRdgena dasavleT saqarTveloSi. VII s. miwuruls
lazika-egrisSi arabTa samxedro nawilebis ganTavsebiT, romelic mohyva
lazikis patrikiozis _ sergi barnukis antibizantiur demarSs 697 wels,
saxalifos politikuri gavlena, rogorc ukve aRiniSna, dasavleT
saqarTvelozec gavrcelda. VIII s. damdegs ki arabebma fexi moikides lazika-
egrisis ganapira mxareebSi, kerZod, maTi garnizonebi Cadgnen kodoris
xeobis cixeebSi. saxalifos uzenaesoba cno abazgia-afxazeTmac, romelic am
droisaTvis moicavda teritorias md. gumisTis CrdiloeTiT _ md. bzifis
SesarTavamde. amrigad, VIII s. 10-iani wlebis dasawyisisaTvis arabebi, faqtob-
rivad, mTel saqarTvelos daepatronnen. aRsaniSnavia, rom es maT moaxerxes
ara farTomasStabiani samxedro eqspediciebis mowyobis gziT, aramed
moqnili diplomatiis wyalobiT. am TvalsazrisiT gadamwyveti mniSvneloba
hqonda dasavleTi saqarTvelos imdroindeli lideris _ sergi barnukis Zis
gadabirebas, romelmac TviTon Caabara qveyana arabebs. yovelive es
bizantiuri diplomatiis sruli kraxi iyo.
bizantiis imperiis xelisufleba, cxadia, ver Seegueboda movlenebis
amgvar ganviTarebas da man umalve gadadga sapasuxo diplomatiuri nabiji
dasavleT saqarTveloSi Seryeuli poziciebis aRsadgenad. imperiis
mesveurebma `RalatisaTvis~ lazTa da abazgTa samagaliTo dasja
gadawyvites. am mizniT konstantinopolma sagangebo diplomatiuri misiiT
kavkasiaSi moavlina saimperatoro karis maRali rangis moxele (spaTari),
cnobili samxedro da politikuri moRvawe, moqnili diplomati leon
isavrieli, romelsac alanTa mosyidva da maTi abazg-lazebis winaaRmdeg
amxedreba daevala. dasavleT saqarTveloSi, fazisSi, mosul leon
isavriels Tavdapirvelad gauWirda alania-oseTSi gadasvla da Tavisi
misiis aRsruleba. man es mxolod mas Semdeg SeZlo, rodesac `afSilTa
Soris upirvelesis~ _ marinosis gadabireba moaxerxa. am ukanasknelma
uzrunvelyo bizantieli emisris Tavis teritoriaze uxifaTo gatareba da

52
alaniaSi gadayvana, sadac leon isavrielma yovelgvari garTulebebis
gareSe moisyida alan-osebi da abazgebs miusia. abazgebi Seecadnen
diplomatiuri arxebiT moegvarebinaT konfliqti alanebTan. am mizniT maT
ori elCoba moawyves alania-oseTSi. maTi mizani iyo konstantinopolis
rezidentis xelSi Cagdeba qveynis mesveurebis mosyidvis gziT. magram orive
es elCoba warumatebeli gamodga. alan-osebma veragulad moatyues abazg-
afxazebi, fulic aiRes, bizantieli stumari ki ar gadasces. ufro metic,
alanebma kvlav dalaSqres abazgTa qveyana da iqidan mravali tyvec
waiyvanes.
amrigad, leon isavrielma alanTa da afSilTa meSveobiT SeZlo
abazgebis blokireba, ris gamoc es ukanasknelni mZime mdgomareobaSi
aRmoCndnen. amiT dauyovnebliv isargebla bizantiis imperatorma iustiniane
II-m (705-711ww.). man abazgTa mmarTvels sagangebo werili gamougzavna,
romelSic ubrZanebda, xeli SeewyoT leon isavrielis uvneblad
mobrunebisaTvis bizantiaSi, ris sanacvlodac adre Cadenili codvebis
patiebas hpirdeboda. abazgebma enTuziazmiT miiRes imperatoris es
winadadeba da saTanado aqtiurobac gamoiCines bizantieli diplomatis
gadmosayvanad alaniidan. magram maTi mesame elCobac CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi
uSedegod dasrulda. leon isavrieli arc amjerad endo abazgebs da mocda
amjobina.
bizantiis xelisufleba did mniSvnelobas aniWebda leon isavrielis
diplomatiur misias kavkasiaSi da misi warmatebis uzrunvelsayofad
damatebiTi, amjerad ukve samxedro zomebis miRebac gadawyvita. lazika-
egrisSi gadasrolil iqna samxedro desanti (bizantiur-somxuri razmi),
romelmac alya Semoartya lazikis mmarTvelTa rezidencias _ arqeopoliss
(cixe-gojs). magram arabebi operatiulad gamoexmaurnen bizantielTa am
gamoxdomas da aiZules isini, saswrafod daetovebinaT lazikis mTavari
cixis misadgomebi. amis Semdeg bizantielTa desantis nawili afSileTisa da
misimianeTis mTebSi CarCa da iq yaCaRobiT irCenda Tavs. am razmis imediT
leon isavrielma datova alania da maTken gamoeSura. gzad man moindoma
misimianTa mTavari simagris _ e. w. `rkinis cixis~ (waxaris) daufleba,
romelic arabebs ekavaT. maT garnizons somexi komendanti, vinme farasmani
xelmZRvanelobda. leonma mociquli, aseve somexi _ amjerad ukve Tavisi
razmidan _ gaugzavna farasmans da cixis Cabareba mosTxova, magram
komendantma leonis elCi civi uariT gamoistumra. aseT viTarebaSi
bizantielebs isev `afSilTa Soris upirvelesi~ _ marinosi gamoeqomaga. man
samasi afSili miaSvela maT da daexmara cixis dauflebaSi. amis Semdeg
marinosma maRalCinosan bizantiel stumars, ukve afSileTSi, didi miReba
mouwyo da, bolos, TviTon miacila zRvis napiramde, saidanac leoni gemiT
samSobloSi gaemgzavra.
leon isavrielis mogzaurobam kavkasiaSi ZiriTadad miaRwia dasaxul
mizans. ramdenadme Seirya arabTa gavlena dasavleT saqarTveloSi.
bizantiuri diplomatiis es warmateba mniSvnelovanwilad ganapiroba
`afSilTa Soris upirvelesis~ _ marinosis gamokveTilma antiarabulma
poziciam. misi antiarabuli demarSi ganpirobebuli iyo afSileTis
aristokratiis surviliT, Tavi daeRwia lazikis uzenaesobisagan. amasTan,
afSilTa swrafva suverenitetis mopovebisaken inspirirebuli iyo
konstantinopolis mier, romelic am gziT cdilobda antibizantiurad
ganwyobili lazika-egrisis centraluri xelisuflebisaTvis sapasuxo

53
dartymis miyenebas. sabolood marinosma miaRwia kidec mizans, is gamovida
lazika-egrisis centraluri xelisuflebis daqvemdebarebidan da uSualod
bizantiis imperatoris vasali gaxda, ris gamoxatulebasac warmoadgenda
`afSilTa Soris upirvelesisaTvis~ patrikiozis titulis boZeba. leon isav-
rielis diplomatiuri misiis Sedegi iyo isic, rom abazgia-afxazeTis
mesveurebmac cnes bizantiis imperiis uzenaesoba da amieridan am mxares
`erisTavi keisrisa~ marTavda. amrigad, VIII s. 10-iani wlebis damdegisaTvis
bizantiam, Camoacila ra lazika-egriss abazgia da afSileTi, nawilobriv
SeZlo Tavisi gavlenis aRdgena dasavleT saqarTveloSi. mogvianebiT, VIII s.
20-iani wlebisaTvis imperiam lazika-egrisis centralur olqebzec aRidgina
kontroli. es iyo bizantiis xelisuflebasa da qarTlis erismTavris saxls
Soris samxedro-diplomatiuri TanamSromlobis gaaqtiurebis pirveli
realuri nayofi.
b) VIII s. 20-ian wlebSi bizantia-xazareT _ arabTa saxalifos
konfrontaciis gamwvaveba da qarTuli politikuri samyaro VIII s. 30-40-ian
wlebSi. VIII s. 20-ian wlebSi ukiduresad gamwvavda urTierToba bizantiasa
da arabTa saxalifos Soris. am dapirispirebaSi bizantiis imperiis mTavari
mokavSire da sateliti iyo xazarTa xakanati, romelsac, bunebrivia,
sakuTari interesebi gaaCnda kavkasiaSi. am konfrontaciaSi aqtiurad
aRmoCnda CarTuli qarTlis erismTavris saxli. qarTlis politikur
liderTa antiarabuli saqmianobis gaaqtiureba gamowveuli iyo imiT, rom
saxalifom Tavis mxriv gaaZliera zewola maTze. mas mere, rac arabebma
lazika-egrisi daikaves da amiT daasrules mTeli saqarTvelos dapyroba,
TavianTi reJimi qarTlSi kidev ufro gaamkacres. VIII s. 20-ian wlebis
miwuruls saxalifos mier daniSnulma amierkavkasiis axalma gamgebelma,
jarah ibn-abdallahma, ganaaxla e. w. `dacvis sigeli~, romlis Tanaxmadac,
qarTlis mosaxleobas axali valdebulebebi daekisra. aman ukiduresad
daZaba viTareba aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi. qveynis xelisufleba arabTa
diqtatis winaaRmdeg seriozuli zomebis miRebisaTvis mzadebas Seudga. 730
w. axlo xanebSi, `qarTvelma maliqma~ (qarTlis erismTavari stefanozi)
sakuTari iniciativiT gadadga saTanado diplomatiuri nabiji _ waravlina
Tavisi elCi xazarTa xakanTan _ xakasrTan da mas amierkavkasiaSi arabTa
winaaRmdeg erToblivi laSqrobis mowyoba SesTavaza. xazarebi gamoexmaurnen
qarTlis lideris am iniciativas da gamogzavnes didi laSqari xakanis Zis _
barjikis sardlobiT. gadamwyveti Setakeba moxda azerbaijanSi _ q.
ardebilTan, 730 wels. xazarebma gaanadgures arabTa jari. brZolaSi
daiRupa cnobili arabi sardali, qarTlis araerTxel damlaSqravi jarah
ibn-abdallahi. arabTa damarcxebaSi didi wvlili Seitana `qarTvelTa
maliqma~, romelic Tavisi `Wkvianuri rCevebiT~ didad daexmara xazarTa
sardals.
bizantiis imperiam, romelic arabTa saxalifosa da xazareTis
dapirispirebisas xazarebs umagrebda zurgs, Tavis sasargeblod gamoiyena
qarTlis mmarTveli dinastiis mzardi avtoriteti da aqtiurad dauWira
mxari mis Semdgom aRzevebas sruliad saqarTvelos masStabiT. am droidan
dasavleTi saqarTvelos udidesi nawili, md. kelasurs iqiTa mxaris _
afxazeTis, romelic `saberZneTis~ (e. i. bizantiis imperiis) farglebSi
Sedioda, _ gamoklebiT, qarTlis erismTavris xelisuflebas daemorCila. es
moxda bizantiis imperiis aqtiuri diplomatiuri mxardaWeriT. bizantiis
saimperatoro karma amiT erTgvarad Suri iZia `moRalate~ lazikis

54
patrikiozis _ sergi barnukis Zis sagvareuloze da dasavleT saqarTveloSi
TavisTvis sasurveli reJimi daamyara. amrigad, VIII s. 30-ian wlebisaTvis
aSkarad gamoikveTa bizantia-qarTlis erismTavarTa aliansi, romelic,
pirvel rigSi, mimarTuli iyo arabTa saxalifos mxardamWeri Zalebis wina-
aRmdeg dasavleT saqarTveloSi. ufro metic, am dros bizantiam da qarTlma
moaxdines lazika-egrisis erTgvari gadanawileba. imperiis xelisuflebam
`daakmayofila~ abazgia-afSileTis liderTa swrafva, CamoSorebodnen
lazika-egriss, da TavisTvis daitova abazgia-afSileTi (md. kelasuramde),
xolo lazikis danarCen nawilSi qarTlis erismTavris mflobeloba cno.
amiT bizantiam erTxel da samudamod dausva wertili lazika-egrisis,
rogorc calke saxelmwifoebrivi gaerTianebis, arsebobas. egrisis didi
nawilis qarTlisaTvis mierTebiTa da bizantiis erTguli qarTl-egrisis
erTiani saxelmwifos (`saqarTvelos~) SeqmniT imperia iuridiulad
ganavrcobda Tavisi gavlenis sferoebs da faqtobrivad cdilobda im viTa-
rebis aRdgenas, romelic Seiqmna 628 wels, herakle keisrisa da xazarebis
mier Tbilisis aRebis Semdeg.
arabTa saxalifo, bunebrivia, ase iolad ver dasTmobda Tavis poziciebs
saqarTvelo-kavkasiaSi. VIII s. 30-iani wlebis SuaxanebSi arabebma moawyves
grandiozuli samxedro eqspedicia cnobili sardlis _ murvan ibn-muhammadis
meTaurobiT, romlis drosac dalaSqres rogorc amier-, ise imierkavkasiac
da seriozuli dartyma miayenes xazarTa gavlenas regionSi. am laSqrobis
dros arabebma sastikad iZies Suri `urC~ qarTvelebze. jer iyo da aaoxres
aRmosavleTi saqarTvelo, Semdeg ki qarTlis erismTavris, stefanozis, ZeTa
_ mirisa da arCilis _ devnis motiviT gadavidnen lazika-egrisSic da
iqaurobac moaoxres, magram dasaxuli amocana arabebma bolomde mainc ver
Seasrules, ver Seipyres miri da arCili, xolo anakofiis (axali aToni)
cixis kedlebTan gancdili marcxis Semdeg saerTod iZulebulni Seiqnen
dasavleTi saqarTvelo daetovebinaT. bizantiis diplomatiam marjved
gamoiyena mirisa da arCilis mier afxazeTSi mopovebuli samxedro warmateba
da qarTlis erismTavrebi konstantinopolis mfarvelobaSi aiyvana. es moxda
mas Semdeg, rac, murvan-`yrus~ laSqarze gamarjvebisTanave, mirma da
arCilma, agreTve leon `afxazeTis erisTavma~ sagangebo elCoba wargzavnes
konstantinopols, romelmac bizantiis imperators sazeimod amcno arabebze
mopovebuli gamarjveba. imperiis xelisuflebam sworad Seafasa dasavleT
saqarTveloSi ganviTarebuli movlenebi da mniSvnelovani politikur-
diplomatiuri mxardaWera aRmouCina arabTa winaaRmdeg mebrZol qarTvel
liderebs. bizantiis saimperatoro karma oficialurad cno mirisa da
arCilis samefo uflebebi qarTl-egrisSi da maT amisi damadasturebeli ori
samefo gvirgvini gamougzavna. amave dros, imperatorma gansazRvra leonis
statusic da daumtkica mas `afxazeTis erisTavoba~ memkvidreobiT, Tan
gaafrTxila, amieridan ar evno qarTlis `mefeTa~-Tvis. erTi sityviT,
bizantiis xelisuflebam dasavleT saqarTveloSi, faqtobrivad, axali
wesrigi daamyara. man ganamtkica qarTlis mmarTveli dinastiis legitimuri
uflebebi egrisze, xolo `afxazeTis erisTavs~ ubrZana loialoba gamoeCina
qarTl-egrisis xelmwifeTa mimarT. bizantiis imperatoris es `brZaneba~
gaxda safuZveli qarTl-egrisis `samefo~ saxlTan (romlis saTaveSi, miris
gardacvalebis Semdeg, misi umcrosi Zma arCili erTpirovnulad moeqca)
leon `afxazeTis erisTavis~ Semdgomi daaxloebisa, rac dinastiuri
qorwinebiTac ganmtkicda. leonma colad SeirTo miris erT-erT asuli da

55
amiT qarTl-egrisis `samefo~ saxlis sruluflebiani wevri gaxda. magram
afxazeTis erisTavi ufro Sorsac wavida. man diplomatiurad uari Tqva
arCilis mier saCuqris saxiT SemoTavazebul teritoriul SenaZenze, Tavi
arCilis vasalad gamoacxada da Tavisi samkvidrebelic (e. i. afxazeTi) mas
gadasca. amis sanacvlod SorsmWvretelma `afxazeTis erisTavma~ legitimuri
TvalsazrisiT gacilebiT ufro mniSvnelovani politikuri kompensacia
miiRo: mas ergo bizantiis imperatoris mier mirisa da arCilisaTvis
gamogzavnil or `gvirgvinTagan~ erTi (mirisaTvis gankuTvnili) `samefo
gvirgvini~.
amrigad, VIII s. 30-iani wlebis miwurulisaTvis saqarTveloSi Seiqmna
sruliad axali saxelmwifoebriv-politikuri viTareba. mTeli amier-imieri,
kelasurs iqiTa mxaris (maSindeli afxazeTis) CaTvliT, iuridiulad
gaformda erTian saxelmwifoSi, romlis saTaveSi idga qarTlis erismTavris
_ arCilis saxli. `afxazeTis erisTavma~ leonma uari Tqva `saberZneTze~,
nebayoflobiT Semovida saerTo-qarTul politikur samyaroSi da Tavisi
axali _ qarTl-egrisis `mefis~ (miris) erTaderTi politikuri memkvidris
statusiT umal zogadqarTuli politikuri elitis wamyvan figurad iqca. am
droidan iwyeba `afxazeTis erisTavis~ politikuri karieris axali etapi,
romelic mogvianebiT (VIII s. 70-ian wlebSi), arCilis memkvidreTa (iovane,
juanSeri) politikuri arenidan wasvlis Semdeg, dasavleT saqarTveloSi
misi erTpirovnuli mmarTvelobis damyarebiT dasrulda.
g) brZola arabi dampyroblebis winaaRmdeg VIII s. II naxevarSi da misi
saerTaSoriso diplomatiuri uzrunvelyofa. qarTl-egrisis erTian
saxelmwifoSi gaerTianeba qarTlis erismTavris _ arCilis mesveurobiT,
romelic bizantiis imperiis dasturiTa da diplomatiuri mxardaWeriT
ganxorcielda, mxolod formaluri aqti aRmoCnda. realurad aseTi
saxelmwifo arc arsebobda, vinaidan jer maslama ibn abd al-maliqisa,
xolo Semdeg murvan ibn muhammadis damsjeli eqspediciebis Sedegad
stefanoz erismTavris saxlis xelisufleba aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi
sruliad nominaluri iyo. faqtobrivad, is mxolod kaxeT-hereTs (isic
pirvel etapze) akontrolebda. ufro metic, am droidan arabTa saokupacio
reJimi kidev ufro gamkacrda, rac saxalifos axali administraciuli
erTeulis _ Tbilisis saamiros SeqmniT iyo gamowveuli. Tbilisis amiras
kontrolqveS aRmoCnda qarTlis erismTavaric, romlis taxtze arabebma, ste-
fanozis saxlis damcrobis Semdeg, bagrationTa sagvareulos
warmomadgeneli adarnase aRazeves.
VIII s. 60-iani wlebidan xazarebma kvlav gaaaqtiures samxedro-
politikuri aqciebi samxreTi kavkasiis mimarTulebiT. es iyo erTgvari
sapasuxo reaqcia regionSi arabTa gavlenis gamtkicebis sapirispirod,
romelic gansakuTrebiT SesamCnevi gaxda saxalifos saTaveSi 749 w.
abasidebis dinastiis mosvlis Semdeg. xazarTa gaaqtiureba moxda
saqarTvelos calkeul regionSi, kerZod, ki kaxeTis mTis raionebSi,
antiarabuli winaaRmdegobis eskalaciis fonze. xazareTis mmarTveli wreebi
cdilobdnen, maqsimalurad gamoeyenebinaT antiarabuli ganwyobilebebi
saqarTveloSi da moemzadebinaT niadagi saxalifos winaaRmdeg farTo
frontiT SetevisaTvis. amas isaxavda miznad xazarTa xakanis diplomatiuri
iniciativa, dakavSireboda kaxeTSi damkvidrebul arCil `mefis~ saxls,
romelic saqarTveloSi antiarabuli frontis winamZRolad iTvleboda, da
masTan dinastiur-naTesauri urTierTobebis damyarebiT, samxedro-poli-

56
tikuri blokis Sekvra moexerxebina, magram xazarTa elCoba kaxeTSi
uSedegod dasrulda. juanSer arCilis Zis garemocvam ar miiRo xakanis
winadadeba damoyvrebis Taobaze (xakans juanSeris dis, SuSanis, colad
SerTva surda), riTac gaanawyena potenciuri mokavSire. xazarTa elCobidan 3
wlis Semdeg ki, 764 w. xakanma gamogzavna didi laSqari, romelic
darubandis gziT SemoiWra amierkavkasiaSi, daesxa kaxeTs, Seipyro juanSeri,
misi da SuSani, Semdeg aaoxra Tbilisi, mTlianad qarTli da darialis
gziT ukan gabrunda. gzaSi SuSanma Tavi moiwamla da, amdenad, dinastiuri
qorwineba xazarTa xakansa da arCil `mefis~ saxls Soris, rasac garkveuli
sargeblobis motana SeeZlo arabTa winaaRmdeg mebrZoli qarTvelebisaTvis,
ar Sedga. miuxedavad amisa, xazareTis mefem juanSers kargi miReba mouwyo, 7
wlis ganmavlobaSi is pativSi hyavda da bolos didi saCuqrebiT
samSobloSi gamoistumra.
saxalifos uRlis damZimebam arabebis winaaRmdeg aamxedra ara marto
ganapira regionebis mosaxleoba, romelTa Soris gansakuTrebiT
gaaqtiurdnen wanarTa mTieli tomebi, aramed qarTlis politikuri wreebi,
riTac umal isargebla bizantiis imperiam, romelmac kurapalatis titulis
boZebiT adarnase bagrations arabTa winaaRmdeg gadamwyveti moqmedebebis
dawyebisaken ubiZga. magram am etapze raime konkretul gamosvlebs arabTa
saokupacio reJimis winaaRmdeg qarTlis erismTavris mxridan adgili ar
hqonia. viTareba Seicvala adarnase bagrationis memkvidris _ nerse
erismTavris mmarTvelobis periodSi, rodesac saxalifos xelisuflebas
mouwia damsjeli iZulebiTi zomebis miReba qarTlis gaurCebuli lideris
mimarT. 772 wels is daibares baRdadSi, sadac daapatimres da sami wlis
manZilze sapyrobileSi amyofes. 775 wels xalifa mahdim nerse Seiwyala da
kvlav daabruna taxtze. magram nerse arc amis Semdeg iCenda saWiro
loialobas arabTa saxalifos xelisuflebisadmi, ris gamoc kvlav daibares
baRdadSi. amjerad nerse erismTavari ar eaxla xalifas da arabTa
winaaRmdeg gadamwyveti moqmedebebis dawyebisaTvis mzadebas Seudga.
Tavdapirvelad man ojaxi dasavleT saqarTveloSi, `sarkinozTagan
krZalul~ qveyanaSi, romelsac ukve afxazeTis mTavari ganagebda, gaxizna,
TviTon ki samxedro-politikuri daxmarebis miRebis imediT xazarTa xakanis
kars miaSura. xazarebma mas umaRles doneze mouwyves miReba, karga xans
qarTlis erismTavari da misi sakmaod mravalricxovani amala did pativSic
hyavdaT, magram diplomatiuri molaparakebebi xazarTa xakanTan uSedego
aRmoCnda. im etapze xazarebma Tavi Seikaves samxedro kampaniisagan
aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi. gawbilebuli erismTavari iZulebuli gaxda,
daetovebina xazareTi da Tavi afxazeTisaTvis (dasavleTi saqarTvelo)
Seefarebina.
nerses urCobiT gabrazebulma arabebma mainc aarides Tavi situaciis
gamwvavebas qarTlSi da erismTavrad nerses saxlikaci, misi diswuli _
stefanoz gurgenis Ze dasves, xolo TviT nerses darTes neba, ojaxTan
erTad, qarTlSi dabrunebuliyo da rogorc kerZo pirs Tavisuflad
ecxovra. es iyo garkveuli kompromisi arabebis mxridan. saqme isaa, rom
VIII s. 80-iani wlebisaTvis arabTa saxalifos Zliereba ramdenadme Seirya da
is dapyrobil mxareebSi ukve uwindeburad ver axerxebda radikaluri
zomebis gatarebas vasalebis mimarT. adre es advilad keTdeboda.
magaliTad, VIII s. 50-ian wlebSi arabTa sardalma _ asim-ibn-abdallahma Tavi

57
mohkveTa saqarTveloSi antiarabuli frontis aRiarebul Tavkacs _ arCil
`mefes~.
amrigad, VIII s. mTel manZilze qarTuli politikuri samyaro urTulesi
sagareo-politikuri problemebis winaSe aRmoCnda. mTavar safrTxes am
etapze arabTa saxalifo warmoadgenda. miuxedavad imisa, rom arabebma raRac
garkveuli xnis manZilze SeZles qveynis srul kontrolqveS moqceva,
realurad arabobam mxolod istoriuli qarTlis erT nawilSi moikida fexi.
qarTveli politikuri liderebi yovelnairad cdilobdnen da, umetes
SemTxvevaSi, warmatebiT axerxebdnen kidec gzebisa da saSualebebis
gamoZebnas, maT Soris aqtiuri diplomatiuri saqmianobiT, raTa uvnebeleyoT
arabTa saxalifos zewola da SeenarCunebinaT qveynis suvereniteti.

$3. axali samefo-samTavroebis warmoqmna saqarTveloSi da maTi adgili

saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi
(IX-X s. I naxevari). saSinao diplomatia

a) axali qarTuli samefo-samTavroebis warmoqmna da maTi saerTaSoriso

diplomatiuri uzrunvelyofa. VIII s. manZilze da IX s. damdegs arsebiTad
Seicvala saqarTvelos politikuri ruka. uZvelesi qarTuli saxelmwifoebis
_ iberia-qarTlisa da lazika-egrisis nangrevebze warmoiqmna axali samefo-
samTavroebi. marTalia, qarTuli politikuri samyaros daqucmaceba
garkveulwilad ganpirobebuli iyo qveynis ekonomikur da socialur
cxovrebaSi mimdinare cvlilebebiT, kerZod, feodaluri urTierTobebis
Semdgomi gaRrmavebiT, magram calkeuli qarTuli politikuri erTeulebis
aRmoceneba-Camoyalibebis procesze gadamwyveti gavlena mainc sagareo-
politikurma faqtorebma iqonia.
xelisuflebaSi abasidebis dinastiis mosvlis Semdeg (749 w.) arabTa
saxalifos politika dapyrobil qveynebSi mniSvnelovnad gamkacrda.
gamonaklisi arc qarTli iyo. aq saokupacio reJimis saTaveSi, ukve Tbilisis
amiras statusSi, aRzevebuli saxalifos moxele idga. arabTa uRlis
damZimeba ver aitana aRmosavleTi saqarTvelos mosaxleobam da aq farTod
gaiSala daumorCileblobis moZraoba. mis avangardSi idga kaxeTi, sadac
erTxans damkvidrda Tavis droze murvan-yrus mier Tbilisidan dasavleT
saqarTveloSi gandevnili stefanoz erismTavris saxleuloba, xolo am
saxlis ukanaskneli warmomadgenlis _ juanSer arCilis Zis gardacvalebis
Semdeg arabTa winaaRmdeg brZolas waruZRva wanarTa mTieli tomi. wanar-
kaxTa brZola arabuli reJimis winaaRmdeg dagvirgvinda imiT, rom VIII s. 80-
iani wlebisTvis kaxeTis regioni sabolood gamovida Tbilisis amirasa da,
rac mTavaria, qarTlis erismTavris daqvemdebarebidan da calke
saxelmwifoebriv gaerTianebad Camoyalibda, romelsac saTaveSi
qorepiskoposi edga. daaxloebiT amave xanebSi (VIII s. II naxevris
ganmavlobaSi) qarTlis erismTavris daqvemdebarebidan gamovida kidev erTi
regioni _ hereTi. am kuTxis damoukidebel politikur erTeulad
Camoyalibebis procesi ar atarebda mkveTrad gamoxatul antiarabul
xasiaTs, anu Tu kaxeTis samTavros formireba mimdinareobda arabuli
saokupacio reJimis winaaRmdeg Seurigebeli brZolis fonze, hereTis
liderebi ZiriTadad wanar-kaxTa sapirispiro kurss atarebdnen da
cdilobdnen kaxeT-arabebis antagonizmi TavianT sasargeblod
gamoeyenebinaT.
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 arabuli saokupacio reJimis winaaRmdeg brZolas ukavSirdeba uSualod
tao-klarjeTSi axali qarTuli saxelmwifoebrivi gaerTianebis _
mermindeli `qarTuelTa~ samefos warmoqmnac, rac bizantiis imperiis
mfarvelobiTa da diplomatiuri mxardaWeriT ganxorcielda. am
saxelmwifoebrivi gaerTianebis fuZemdebeli, qarTlis ukanaskneli
erismTavari aSot bagrationi, oficialurad cno bizantiis saimperatoro
karma da mas kurapalatis tituli uboZa. Tavdapirvelad, aseve bizantiis
mxardaWeriTa da mfarvelobiT, moxda dasavleTi saqarTvelos gaerTianeba
afxazeTis mTavris xelisuflebis qveS. `afxazTa~ samefos _ axali
dasavlurqarTuli saxelmwifos, adrindeli lazika-egrisis samefos
samarTalmemkvidris, _ saboloo gaformeba VIII s. miwuruls ganxorcielda.
es moxda mas Semdeg, rac dasavleTi saqarTvelo _ afxazeTis axalma
liderma leon II-m marjved gamoiyena bizantia-xazareTis dapirispireba da
Sekra samxedro-politikuri kavSiri xazarTa xakanTan, romlis `asulis
wulic~ is iyo. amiT man uaryo bizantiis imperatoris uzenaesoba da Tavi
damoukidebel xelmwifed gamoacxada.
amrigad, VIII s. II naxevarsa da IX s. damdegs saqarTveloSi Seiqmna
sruliad axali saxelmwifoebriv-politikuri koniunqtura. istoriuli
qarTlis erTiani saxelmwifos adgili saerTaSoriso arenaze erTbaSad
oTxma damoukidebelma erTeulma daikava: kaxeTis saqorepiskoposom, hereTis
samTavrom (mogvianebiT samefo), tao-klarjeTis bagrationTa samTavrom
(Semdgom `qarTuelTa~ samefom) da Tbilisis saamirom, romelic IX s-dan
TandaTanobiT ganudga saxalifos centralur xelisuflebas da
damoukidebeli sagareo politikis gatareba daiwyo.
b) qarTuli samefo-samTavroebis sagareo politika da diplomatia IX s. I
naxevarSi. aSot bagrationis diplomatia. IX s. damdegisaTvis, rodesac
ZiriTadad dasrulda calkeuli qarTuli samefo-samTavros warmoqmnis
procesi, kavkasiasa da maxlobel aRmosavleTSi saerTo-politikur klimats
uwindeburad bizantiis imperia da arabTa saxalifo qmnidnen. mesame
politikuri Zala _ xazarTa saxakano, romelic VII-VIII saukuneebSi aqtiurad
erTveboda regionSi ganviTarebul movlenebSi da drodadro axerxebda
kidec garkveuli koreqtivebis Setanas ZalTa ganlagebaSi, ukve ver iCenda
Zvelebur dainteresebas da TandaTanobiT eTiSeboda brZolas. amdenad,
axalaRmocenebuli qarTuli saxelmwifoebis diplomatiuri saqmianobis
umTavres orientirebad konstantinopoli da baRdadi rCebodnen. swored
maxlobeli aRmosavleTis am ori centris permanentuli metoqeoba
gansazRvravda qarTuli qveynebis sagareo-politikur kurss.
IX s. I meoTxedSi qarTul politikur samyaroSi dawinaurda tao-
klarjeTis lideri aSot bagrationi, romlis mTavar politikur amocanas
aRmosavleTi saqarTvelodan arabebis gandevna da istoriuli qarTlis mTel
teritoriaze Tavisi _ qarTlis saxelmwifos oficialuri meTauris
(erismTavris) _ legitimuri uflebebis aRdgena warmoadgenda. am brZolaSi
is sakmaod aqtiurad iyenebda diplomatias. am mimarTulebiT, pirveli rac
man gaakeTa, saxalifos mTavar metoqesTan, bizantiis imperiasTan urTier-
Tobis damyareba iyo. bizantiis keisarTan damokidebulebaSi aSot
bagrationi ar iyo Tanasworuflebiani mxare, oficialurad is imperiis
vasalobas aRiarebda. amis gamoxatulebas saimperatoro karis sakariskaco
titulis (kurapalatis) miReba warmoadgenda. amieridan, bizantiis imperias

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iuridiuli safuZveli eZleoda, saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi, aqtiurad
amosdgomoda mxarSi Tavis vasalsa da mokavSires.
aSot bagrationi energiulad eZebda mokavSireebs qveynis SigniTac. man
samxedro-politikuri kavSiri Sekra `afxazTa~ mefesTan, romelic
dinastiuri qorwinebiT ganamtkica _ `afxazTa~ mefe daqorwinda aSot
bagrationis asulze. es tao-klarjeTis mmarTvelis saSinao diplomatiis
didi warmateba iyo. Semdeg man mTeli ZaliT Seutia Tavis mowinaaRmdegeebs:
Tbilisis amiras, mis mokavSires _ kaxeTis qorepiskopos grigols da Sida
qarTli daibruna. Sida qarTli ar iyo rigiTi provincia. is, rogorc
qarTlis mefeTa domeni, istoriulad qveynis centralur olqs _ mis
politikur centrs _ warmoadgenda, amdenad, am regionis dauflebas
gadamwyveti mniSvneloba eniWeboda saerTo-qarTul politikur samyaroSi
hegemonobis mopovebisaTvis brZolaSi, romelsac am etapze erTmaneTs aSot
bagrationi da kaxeTis qorepiskoposi grigoli ecilebodnen.
Sida qarTlis dakavebis Semdeg aSot kurapalatma arabebs farTo
frontiT Seutia aRmosavleT amierkavkasiaSi da Tavisi gavlena bardavamde
ganavrco, riTac seriozuli pretenzia ganacxada amierkavkasiis masStabiT
liderobaze. tao-klarjeTis lideris warmatebuli samxedro-politikuri
aqciebis ukan konstantinopoli idga, romlisTvisac am periodSi swored
aSoti iyo yvelaze sando partniori da mTavari dasayrdeni Zala
amierkavkasiaSi. IX s. pirvel naxevarSi mogvarda urTierToba bizantiis
imperiasa da `afxazTa~ samefos Sorisac. amiT aixsneba quTaisis taxtis
aqtiuri monawileoba aSot bagrationis im aqciebSi, romlebic, sabolood,
bizantiis gavlenis sferoebis Semdgom gafarToebas emsaxureboda. bizantia-
`afxazTa~ samefos Serigeba, raSic garkveuli roli aSot bagrationis
diplomatiurma Carevam Seasrula, samxedro-politikur TanamSromlobaSi
gadaizarda. 832 wels bizantielebma dasavleT saqarTveloSi sazRvao
eqspedicia gagzavnes sarkinozebis winaaRmdeg ajanyebuli `afxazebis~
dasaxmareblad, magram IX s. 40-iani wlebis damdegisaTvis kvlav daiZaba
urTierToba quTaissa da konstantinopols Soris. 843-844 wlebSi
bizantielebma ukve sakuTriv `afxazebis~ winaaRmdeg moawyves sazRvao
eqspedicia, romelic aseve, rogorc pirveli Semosvla, warumatebeli
gamodga.
bizantiam ver aRmouCina jerovani daxmareba tao-klarjeTis
bagrationebs, romelTac aSotis daRupvis (826 w.) Semdeg gauWirdaT
winaaRmdegobis gaweva arabebisaTvis. 829-830 ww. xalifam, romlis brZanebebs
ukve ar asrulebda Tbilisis amira, aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi SeWris
brZaneba misca `arminiis~ mmarTvels (`vali~) _ xalid ibn iazids. arabma
sardalma CamoarTva Sida qarTli bagrat aSotis Zes da TviTon daitova.
amave dros, xalidma gailaSqra kaxeTSi, daamarcxa wanar-kaxni, romlebic
agrZelebdnen aqtiur brZolas arabebis winaaRmdeg, da aiZula isini, xeli
moeweraT maTTvis metad mZime sazavo xelSekrulebisaTvis. zavis Tanaxmad,
kaxeTs didi kontribuciis (3 aTasi cxenisa da 20 aTasi cxvris saxiT)
gadaxda daekisra. movlenebis amgvarma ganviTarebam aiZula tao-klarjeTis
oficialuri xelisuflebis meTauri, gadaesinja mamiseuli sagareo-
politikuri kursi da amjerad orientacia baRdadze aeRo. bagrat
kurapalatis am arCevanma gaamarTla. 842 wels saxalifos centraluri
xelisuflebis sanqciiT xalid iazidis Zis memkvidrem, mohamed xalidis Zem,

60
bagrats Tbilisis amira sahakis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi aRmoCenili daxmarebis
sanacvlod Sida qarTli gadasca.
g) bizantia-arabTa saxalifos konfrontaciis gamwvaveba da qarTuli
politikuri erTeulebis diplomatia IX s. II naxevarSi. bagrat kurapalatis
mier sagareo-politikuri kursis Secvlam ganxeTqileba Camoagdo taoel
bagrationebs Soris. tao-klarjeTis oficialuri xelisuflebis meTaurs
daupirispirda misi umcrosi Zma guaram mamfali, rac gansakuTrebiT mkafiod
IX s. SuaxanebSi, saxalifos centralur xelisuflebasa da Tbilisis
saamiros Soris gamwvavebuli konfliqtis dros gamovlinda. Tbilisis
amiras separatistuli miswrafebebi jer kidev IX s. damdegidan gamoikveTa,
magram konfrontaciam baRdadTan apogeas 50-iani wlebis dasawyisisaTvis
miaRwia, rodesac xalifa muTavaqilma aRmosavleT amierkavkasiaSi
gamogzavna axali damsjeli eqspedicia buRa-Turqis sardlobiT. buRas
laSqrobis erT-erTi mTavari mizani Tbilisis gaurCebuli amira sahakis
samagaliTo dasja iyo, magram es ukanaskneli sakmaod momzadebuli daxvda
mrisxane arab sardals. mis mxares aqtiurad dadga Zveli mokavSire kaxeTis
qorepiskoposi. buRa-Turqs daupirispirdnen agreTve guaram mamfali,
romelic mamamisis _ aSot bagrationis gardacvalebis Semdeg antiarabuli
frontis erTgvari organizatori gaxda amierkavkasiaSi, da somxeTis mTavari
smbat bagratuni. antibaRdadur koaliciaSi aRmoCnda `afxazTa~ samefoc.
qarTveli mefe-mTavrebidan buRas mxareze gamovida mxolod bagrat aSotis
Ze, romelmac ziraq spasalarTan erTad daamarcxa kvercxobs mdgari
`afxazTa~ mefis laSqari da gaaqcia iqidan.
amrigad, buRa-Turqis laSqrobis dros naTlad gamoikveTa is
winaaRmdegobebi, romlebic ar aZlevdnen saSualebas qarTvel liderebs,
gamoemuSavebinaT saerTo-politikuri kursi da erTiani frontiT
gamosuliyvnen sagareo safrTxis winaaRmdeg. am SemTxvevaSi TiToeul
qarTul saxelmwifoebriv warmonaqmns sakuTari interesebi amoZravebda:
`afxazTa~ samefos aqtiuri gamosvla saxalifos winaaRmdeg ganpirobebuli
iyo miswrafebiT, Tavi daeRwia erTdrouli gadasaxadisagan, romelsac is
uxdida am periodSi arabebs. garda amisa, quTaisis taxti gamarjvebis
SemTxvevaSi pretenzias acxadebda garkveul wilze `qarTlis
memkvidreobidan~. Tavis mxriv, Sida qarTlis SenarCunebis survilma ubiZga
bagrat aSotis Zes, mxari daeWira buRa-TurqisaTvis. guaram mamfali ki,
romelmac am periodSi aqtiurad daiwyo brZola pirvelobisaTvis rogorc
sakuTriv tao-klarjeTSi, ise saqarTvelo-amierkavkasiis masStabiTac,
yvelafers akeTebda Tavisi Zmis poziciebis Sesasusteblad. amitomac miemxro
antiarabul koalicias.
baRdadis xelisuflebam buRa-Turqis eqspediciis gamogzavniT
amierkavkasiaSi 852-854 ww. ver SeZlo dasaxuli miznis miRweva da miuxedavad
aq mopovebuli calkeuli samxedro warmatebisa, ver aRadgina sruli
kontroli regionze. IX s. meore naxevridan ukve SesamCnevi xdeba
saqarTvelo-amierkavkasiaSi saxalifos gavlenis Sesustebis niSnebi, rac,
ramdenadme, bizantiuri diplomatiis gaaqtiurebas ukavSirdeba. mas Semdeg,
rac bagrat kurapalatma amierkavkasiaSi arabTa saxalifos gegmebis
ganxorcielebaSi miiRo monawileoba, konstantinopolma aqcenti guaram
mamfalis pirovnebaze gadaitana da energiulad dauWira mxari mis farTo
antiarabul moRvaweobas. swored am droidan gamoikveTa guaram mamfalis,
rogorc saerTo-qarTuli lideris roli. ufro metic, guaram bagrationi

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mezobeli somxuri olqebis dapatronebazec acxadebda pretenzias da sevanis
tbis sanapiroebze gabatonebisaken miiswrafoda. miuxedavad amisa, am etapze
misi urTierToba somxeTis mmarTvelTan, aSot bagratunisTan (Tavis colis
ZmasTan), romelic mogvianebiT _ 884-885 ww. somxeTis mefed gamocxadda,
ZiriTadad konstruqciul, keTilmezoblur xasiaTs atarebda.
bizantiis imperiam garkveuli politikuri interesi dasavleT
saqarTveloSi mimdinare procesebis mimarTac gamoiCina. IX s. 60-iani wlebis
miwuruls `afxazTa~ samefo mwvave politikurma krizisma moicva, rac
gamowveuli iyo `afxazTa~ mefis _ giorgi I `aRwefelis~ gardacvalebis
Semdeg ganxorcielebuli saxelmwifo gadatrialebiT. gardacvlili mefis
qvrivma RalatiT moicila Tavidan taxtis kanonieri memkvidre bagrat
ufliswuli, giorgi I-is Zmiswuli, romelic saswaulebriv gadaurCa
sikvdils da bizantiaSi aRmoCnda. dasavleTi saqarTvelos samefo taxti
daikava qvrivi dedoflis favoritma _ ioane Savlianma, romelmac
legitimuri poziciebis ganmtkicebis mizniT Tavisi Ze adarnase guaram
mamfalis asulze daaqorwina. es dinastiuri qorwineba miznad isaxavda
samxedro-politikuri blokis Sekvras guaram bagrationis sagvareulosTan
da mimarTuli iyo tao-klarjeTis oficialuri xelisuflebis _ bagrat
kurapalatis saxlis winaaRmdeg. Tavdapirvelad am kavSirs mxars uWerda
bizantiis imperia, magram mogvianebiT konstantinopolma gadasinja Tavisi
damokidebuleba quTaisis axali reJimisadmi da konkretuli nabiji (ara
mxolod diplomatiuri) gadadga SavlianTa dasamxobad.
imperiis mesveurTa ukmayofileba quTaisis taxtisadmi gamoiwvia iman, rom
`afxazebma~ saTanado daxmareba ver aRmouCines bizantielTa mTavar
mokavSiresa da dasayrdens tao-klarjeTSi _ nasra guaramis Zes. IX s. 70-ian
wlebSi ukiduresad gamwvavda Sinapolitikuri dapirispireba guaram
mamfalisa da bagrat aSotis Zis saxls Soris, romelic provocirebuli iyo
dasavleTi saqarTvelodan TrialeTSi gadaxvewili liparit baRvaSis mier.
am konfliqtSi aqtiurad CaerTo somxeTis mmarTveli aSot bagratuni,
romelic Sida qarTlidan `afxazTa~ gamoZevebas da am regionis xelSi
Cagdebas cdilobda. ufro metic, am periodSi konfliqtis mTavar
monawileebad swored somxebi da `afxazebi~ iqcnen. somexi lideris
pretenziebs qarTlze daufaravad uWerda mxars arabTa saxalifos
xelisufleba, romelmac aSots `somexTa da qarTuelTa mTavarTa mTavris~
tituli uwyaloba, rac, TavisTavad, somxuri diplomatiis didi warmateba
iyo. `afxazTa~ winaaRmdeg Sida qarTlisaTvis brZolaSi somexTa
kontragentebad gamovidnen daviT bagratis Ze da liparit baRvaSi, xolo
`afxazTa~ mxares ibrZodnen nasra guaramis Ze da gurgen bagrationi. brZo-
lis es etapi somexTa da maT mokavSireTa gamarjvebiT damTavrda, magram
nasra guaramis Ze ar Seurigda marcxs, brZola ganagrZo da motyuebiT
mokla Tavisi biZaSvili daviT bagratis Ze. aman konfliqtis axali
eskalacia gamoiwvia. nasras daupirispirdnen: gardacvlili daviTis Zma
aSoti, liparit baRvaSi da `maT Tana sarkinozni~. am ukanasknelTa
monawileoba aSkarad miuTiTebs imaze, rom tao-klarjeTis oficialur
xelisuflebas somxebTan erTad zurgs arabTa saxalifo umagrebda. nasram,
romlis gverdiT amjerad ukve `afxazebi~ da gurgeni aRar idgnen, marcxi
ganicada da iZulebuli Seiqna, bizantiaSi gaxiznuliyo.
amrigad, IX s. 60-80-ian wlebSi saqarTveloSi adgili hqonda bizantia-
arabTa saxalifos interesebis morig Sejaxebas, romlis drosac erTi banaki

62
(`afxazTa~ mefe, nasra da gurgen bagrationebi) bizantiaze dayrdnobiT
moqmedebda, xolo meore (bagrat kurapalatis saxlis wevrebi, liparit
baRvaSi, somxebi) aSkarad saxalifos diplomatiuri da samxedro
mxardaWeriT sargeblobda. probizantiurma dajgufebam marcxi ganicada,
raSic konstantinopoli ZiriTadad `afxazTa~ samefos maSindel liderebs
adanaSaulebda. amitomac, bizantiis xelisuflebam SavlianTa damxoba da
quTaisSi misTvis ufro misaRebi politikuri reJimis damyareba gadawyvita.
am saqmeSi imperiam CarTo nasra guaramis Ze. konstantinopolSi miRweul iqna
SeTanxmeba bagrat ufliswulsa da nasra guaramis Zes Soris, romelic
nasras dis, `afxazTa~ samefos dedoflis taxtze datovebas iTvaliswinebda.
dasavleT saqarTveloSi axali saxelmwifo gadatrialeba mTlianad
bizantiur Zalebs unda ganexorcielebina. marTlac, bagrat ufliswuli
bizantiuri laSqris TanxlebiT zRviT `afxazeTSi~ dabrunda, mokla
adarnase, daikava samefo taxti da SeirTo colad adarnases qvrivi, guaram
mamfalis asuli.
dasavleT saqarTveloSi Zveli dinastiis restavraciis Semdeg bizantiis
xelisuflebam morigi nabiji gadadga dakarguli poziciebis aRsadgenad,
amjerad ukve tao-klarjeTSi. bagrat `afxazTa~ mefis iniciativiT
konstantinopolidan gamoxmobil iqna nasra, romelmac dasavleTi
saqarTvelos laSqris meSveobiT SeZlo samcxeSi gamagreba, magram tao-
klarjeTis oficialuri xelisuflebis axalma meTaurma, adarnase daviTis
Zem, romelsac mieSvelnen gurgen bagrationi da somxebi, SeZlo nasras
damarcxeba, romelic brZolis dros moklul iqna. am brZolaSi nasras
mxares gamodiodnen `afxazni~, agreTve osTa mTavari bayaTari, romelic
aseve daeca brZolis velze. oseTis lideris monawileoba `afxazTa~ mefis
mier organizebul samxedro kampaniaSi miuTiTebs quTaisis taxtis axlo
diplomatiuri kontaqtebis arsebobaze Tavis Crdiloel mezoblebTan.
amrigad, IX s. miwurulisaTvis damTavrda xangrZlivi Sinaomi
saqarTveloSi, romelSic probizantiurma Zalebma marcxi ganicades. daemxo
guaram mamfalis saxli. ver aRadgina kontroli qarTlze bagrat `afxazTa~
mefemac. am fonze kidev ufro gaZlierda bagrat kurapalatis saxli,
romlis warmomadgenelma, adarnase daviTis Zem IX s. bolos Tavi
`qarTuelTa~ mefed gamoacxada. adarnase II-is koronaciis ceremonialSi
monawileoba miiRo somxeTis mefem, romlis ukan saxalifos diplomatia
idga. yovelive es ki imas niSnavs, rom adarnasem da misma momxreebma marjved
gamoiyenes arabTa saxalifosa da misi sateliti qveynis _ somxeTis
diplomatiuri mxardaWera, riTac uzrunvelyves am uaRresad mniSnelovani
politikuri aqtis _ sakurapalatoSi `qarTuelTa~ mefis institutis
dawesebis saerTaSoriso aRiareba.
`qarTuelTa~ mefis institutis dawesebas imTaviTve eWviT uyurebda
bizantiis imperiis xelisufleba, romelmac, marTalia, mogvianebiT _ IX s.
90-ian wlebSi _ cno adarnase bagrationis lideroba qarTul politikur
samyaroSi da mas kurapalatis titulic uboZa, magram konstantinopolis
damokidebuleba `qarTuelTa~ mefis institutisadmi principulad mainc ar
Secvlila. amis mkafio gamoxatulebaa is, rom bizantiis xelisuflebas arc
erTi momdevno `qarTuelTa~ mefe ar auyvania kurapalatis rangSi.
d) `qarTuelTa~ samefos gaaqtiureba saerTaSoriso arenaze. adarnase
bagrationis diplomatia. IX s. miwurulsa da X s. damdegs qarTuli
politikuri erTeulebi aqtiurad monawileobdnen regionSi mimdinare

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procesebSi. am mxriv gansakuTrebiT gamoirCeoda pirveli `qarTuelTa~ mefe
adarnase II bagrationi. misi diplomatiuri moRvaweobis masStabebi gascda
sakuTriv qarTul politikur samyaros da mezobeli somxeTic moicva. 890
wels gardaicvala somxeTis mefe aSot bagratuni, rasac mohyva politikuri
situaciis daZabva qveyanaSi. taxtisaTvis brZolaSi erTmaneTs
daupirispirdnen aSotis Zma abasi da vaJi smbati. am konfliqtSi aqtiurad
Caeria adarnase II, romelic dauyovnebliv gaemarTa somxeTs da samefo
taxtze smbat bagratuni dasva. qarTveli lideris es qmedeba aSkarad
aRemateboda Cveulebrivi diplomatiuri etiketis farglebs. am SemTxvevaSi,
adarnase II ubralod ki ar monawileobda mezobeli saxelmwifos meTauris
koronaciaSi, aramed uSualod Caeria ucxo saxelmwifos saSinao saqmeebSi
da iq misTvis sasurveli reJimi daamyara. am faqtma da IX s. miwurulis sxva
sagareo Tu saSinao-politikur movlenebSi gamoCenilma aqtiurobam adarnase
bagrations garkveuli avtoriteti moupova saerTaSoriso arenaze da is
wamyvan politikur figurad aqcia. calkeul periodSi adarnase aSkarad
amJRavnebda pretenzias liderobaze mTeli amierkavkasiis masStabiT.
pirvelad es nawilobriv gamovlinda 904 wlis krizisis dros, rodesac
Seecada, misTvis sasurveli mimarTulebiT waremarTa dasavlurqarTuli
samefosa da somexTa mefe smbats Soris arsebuli winaaRmdegobebi. krizisi
gamoiwvia somex-`afxazTa~ konfrontaciis axalma eskalaciam. somexTa mefem
_ smbat bagratunim ver moiTmina `afxazTa~ mefis, konstantine III-is (893-922
ww.), mier Sida qarTlis dakaveba da alya Semoartya ufliscixes. am
konfliqtSi adarnase II Tavdapirvelad mxars somxebs uWerda. kritikul
situaciaSi meomari mxareebi samSvidobo molaparakebaze wavidnen, romelsac
`afxazTa~ mxridan uSualod konstantine III warmarTavda. magram adarnase II-
m, romelsac aranakleb afrTxobda `afxazebis~ gabatoneba qarTlSi, CaSala
dawyebuli molaparakeba, Seipyro konstantine III da smbat bagratunTan
gagzavna. somexTa mefem garkveuli xniT TavisTan daitova konstantine,
magram Semdeg misi gaSveba arCia. anissa da quTaiss Soris daido samSvidobo
xelSekruleba, romlis mixedviTac smbatma daubruna konstantine III-s
ufliscixe da qarTli. somex-`afxazTa~ es aliansi dinastiuri qorwinebiT
ganmtkicda.
somxeTis mefis daaxloeba konstantine III-Tan gamowveuli iyo viTarebis
SecvliT saqarTveloSi, kerZod imiT, rom `egriselebi~ quTaisis taxtze
sxva, konstantineze Zlieri pretendentis gamefebas Seecadnen. dasavleT
saqarTveloSi axali xelisuflebis mosvlas mxars uWerda adarnase
bagrationi, romlis interesebSi ar Sedioda `afxazTa~ samefosa da
somxeTis urTierTobebis mowesrigeba, da, amdenad, misTvis miuRebeli iyo
konstantine III-is dabruneba quTaisis taxtze. Tavis mxriv, arc smbat
bagratuns darCa SeumCneveli adarnases saeWvo monawileoba dasavleT
saqarTveloSi mimdinare procesebSi da `afxaz~-`qarTuelTa~ konsolidaciis
Tavidan asacileblad saswrafod gamouSva saqarTveloSi konstantine, riTac
CafuSa adarnases gegmebi.
904 wlis krizisis dros adarnase `qarTuelTa~ mefes hqonda sakuTari
miznebi, romelTa gansaxorcieleblad is sakmaod rTul diplomatiur
TamaSs eweoda. tao-klarjeTis lideri somexTa meSveobiT cdilobda
qarTlisaTvis brZolaSi Tavisi mTavari metoqis _ konstantine `afxazTa~
mefis Camocilebas, ris gamoc xeli Seuwyo mis datyvevebas. am veraguli
aqtis damkveTi somexTa mefe am etapze Tanaxma iyo, qarTls adarnase II

64
dahpatroneboda. magram mogvianebiT smbat bagratuni daafrTxo Tavisi
uSualo mezoblis gazrdilma politikurma ambiciebma, romelic, garda
imisa, rom qarTls daikavebda, SesaZloa, quTaisSic misTvis sasurvel
xelisufals dasvamda, ris Semdeg somxeTs saqarTvelos saSinao saqmeebSi
Carevis yovelgvari perspeqtiva ekargeboda. somxeTis politikur wreebSi
sworad daaskvnes, rom am etapze `afxazTa~ samefoze metad adarnase II-is
saxelmwifo iyo is realuri Zala, romelic safrTxes uqmnida somexTa inte-
resebs saqarTvelo-amierkavkasiaSi, da amitomac gadawyvites dartymis
miyeneba `qarTuelTa~ mefisaTvis.
adarnase II-m ar apatia amgvari `Ralati~ smbat somexTa mefes da
energiulad gailaSqra Tavisi guSindeli partniorisa da mokavSiris
winaaRmdeg. adarnases mizani smbatis taxtidan Camogdeba da mokvla iyo. am
mizniT man miimxro smbatiT ukmayofilo somexi didebulebi, romelTa
meTaurma hasanma `qarTuelTa~ mefes anisis cixec ki Caabara. smbatma SeZlo
xifaTis Tavidan acileba. man daaswro amboxebul naxararebs da sastikad
gausworda. magram somexTa mefem ver gabeda SurisZieba adarnaseze da iZu-
lebuli gaxda, mas dazaveboda.
amrigad, 904 wlis krizisma naTlad aCvena `qarTuelTa~ mefis
politikuri wonis zrda amierkavkasiaSi, rac, mniSvnelovanwilad, adarnase
bagrationis mravalmxrivma diplomatiurma svlebma ganapiroba. smbat
bagratunTan Serigeba srulebiTac ar niSnavda somex-`qarTuelTa~
dapirispirebis aRmofxvras. mogvianebiT, 907 wels adarnase II-m kvlav
gadadga `antisomxuri~ nabiji da smbatis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi daxmarebis
xeli gauwoda arminia-azerbaijanis amira iusuf ibn abu sajs, imave abul-
kasims. masTan erTad arab amiras mxarSi amoudgnen vaspurakanis mmarTveli
gagik arwruni da Sapuh bagratuni. smbati damarcxda. male somexTa mefem
iusufTan diplomatiuri brZolac waago. 908 wels baRdadis axalma
xelisufalma gawira smbati da misi bed-iRblis gadawyveta maraRa-
azerbaijanis da arminiis gamgeblad dawinaurebul iusufs miando. marTalia,
Tavidan somexTa mefem TiTqmis SeZlo saerTo enis gamonaxva Tavis axal
patronTan, morCileba gamoucxada mas da yovelwliuri xarkis gadaxdac
ikisra, magram es ar aRmoCnda sakmarisi mrisxane arabi amiras
dasaSoSmineblad. 909 wels iusufi somxeTSi SeiWra, romlis aoxrebis
Semdeg saqarTvelosaken gamoemarTa da moarbia Tbilisi, mTeli qarTli,
kaxeTi, samcxe da javaxeTi.
iusuf-abul-kasimis am laSqrobis Sedegad qarTuli samefo-
samTavroebidan SedarebiT uvneblad kaxeTi gadarCa, rac kvirike
qorepiskoposis politikurma SorsmWvretelobam da diplomatiurma alRom
ganapiroba. kaxeTis liderma igrZno, rom ver gauwevda samxedro
winaaRmdegobas arab amiras da gamarTa masTan samSvidobo molaparakeba, cno
misi uzenaesoba da amiT Tavi gadairCina.
abul-kasimis laSqrobam mniSvnelovnad Searyia `afxazTa~ mefis
poziciebi aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi. am dros qarTli droebiT kvlav
gamovida quTaisis taxtis daqvemdebarebidan. miuxedavad imisa, rom saji
amiras laSqari samcxe-javaxeTsac miswvda, adarnase `qarTuelTa~ mefes amiT
raime politikuri ziani ar miyenebia. ufro metic, am movlenebis Sedegad
misma avtoritetma saqarTvelo-amierkavkasiaSi kidev ufro aiwia. pirvel
rigSi es qarTlis dauflebaSi gamoixata. yvelaze mkveTrad ki adarnase
bagrationis hegemonuri roli gamoavlina smbat bagratunis mowamebrivi

65
sikvdilis (914 w.) Semdeg somxeTSi datrialebulma movlenebma, rodesac
aSot smbatis Zis (`erkaTis~) samefo taxtze ayvana SesaZlebeli gaxda
`qarTuelTa~ mefisa da misi jaris uSualo Carevis Sedegad.
adarnase II-is erTpirovnul liderobas ramdenadme safrTxe Seeqmna 918
wlidan, rodesac aRzeveba daiwyo tao-klarjeTis bagrationTa sagvareulos
kidev erTma Zlierma warmomadgenelma _ gurgen erisTavT-erisTavma.
pirvelad es TvalnaTliv gamoCnda utis alvanuri olqis irgvliv atexili
konfliqtis dros, 919-920 ww., rodesac `qarTuelTa mTavari gurgeni~
daupirispirda somxeTis mefes, aSot erkaTs. mogvianebiT, 922-923 ww. gurgeni
ufro aqtiurad CaerTo utis olqisaTvis brZolaSi da gamovida aSotisa da
adarnase `qarTuelTa~ mefis winaaRmdeg, romelic am etapze somexTa
mefesTan gurgenis metismeti gaZlierebis SiSma daakavSira. adarnase II-is
sikvdilis Semdeg taoel bagrationTa liderad swored gurgen erisTavT-
erisTavi iqca. is aqtiurad ebrZoda aSot `erkaTs~ qvemo qarTlisaTvis,
kerZod, samSvildisaTvis. mis saxels ukavSirdeba agreTve hereTis moqceva
`qarTul rjulze~, romelsac axorcielebdnen gurgenis da _ dinar
dedofali, aseve misi Ze, hereTis mefe iSxaniki.
X s. 10-ian wlebis meore naxevridan `afxazTa~ samefo kvlav gaaqtiurda.
915-920 wlebSi konstantine III-m Sekra kavSiri kaxeTis qorepiskopos
kvirikesTan da maT saerTo ZalebiT Seuties hereTs, romlis mTavarma
adarnase patrikma, roca darwmunda, rom ver gauZlebda kaxTa da `afxazTa~
mowolas, zavi iTxova, romlis mixedviTac man `afxazTa~ mefes ariSi da
gavazi, xolo kvirike qorepiskopss orWobi dauTmo. am droidan,
TandaTanobiT gamoikveTa `afxazTa~ samefos prioriteti qarTul samefo-
samTavroebs Soris, Tumca X s. 20-iani wlebis I naxevarSi, erTxans, `afxaz~
mefeTa winsvla aRmosavleTisaken droebiT Seyovnda. es gamowveuli iyo
konstantine III-is gardacvalebis Semdeg quTaisis taxtisaTvis atexili
brZoliT, romelSic CarTulni aRmoCndnen sxva qarTveli politikuri
liderebic, kerZod, gurgen erisTavT-erisTavi. am ukanasknelma aqtiurad
dauWira mxari Tavis siZes, bagrat ufliswuls, romelic taxts edaveboda
Tavis ufros Zmas _ giorgis, magram bagrati male gardaicvala da `afxazTa~
mefoba giorgi II-m miiRo.
e) bizantiis imperia da qarTuli politikuri samyaro X s. I naxevarSi. X
s. damdegidan amierkavkasiaSi, arabTa saxalifos poziciebis Sesustebis
paralelurad, sagrZnobi gaxda bizantiuri diplomatiis gaaqtiureba, Tumca
imperiis gavlena regionSi mimdinare procesebze erTgvarovani ar yofila.
bizantiis imperatorebs praqtikulad xeli ar miuwvdebodaT
aRmosavlurqarTul saxelmwifoebriv gaerTianebebze _ kaxeTis
saqorepiskoposoze da hereTis samefoze. miuxedavad amisa, isini cdilobdnen,
raRac formiT mainc daefiqsirebinaT TavianTi imperiuli ambiciebi am
politikuri erTeulebis mimarTac. amis TvalsaCino magaliTia X s. 10-ian
wlebSi hereTis mefis _ adarnases mier patrikiozis bizantiuri titulis
tareba. SedarebiT myari poziciebi konstantinopols mainc tao-klarjeTSi
hqonda, sadac, ase Tu ise, axerxebda calkeuli koreqtivebis Setanas
bagrationTa saxlis SigniT ZalTa ganlagebaSi, rasac, ZiriTadad, sxva-
dasxva sakariskaco titulis ganawilebiT akeTebda. am TvalsazrisiT, X s.
damdegidan gamoikveTa erTi friad niSandoblivi tendencia: bizantiis
imperias dauSveblad miaCnda tao-klarjeTSi xelisuflebis koncentracia
erTi pirovnebis xelSi da yovelnairad cdilobda kurapalatis tituli ar

66
mieniWebina `qarTuelTa~ mefis statusis matarebeli liderisaTvis. amiT
konstantinopoli imasac usvamda xazs, rom `qarTuelTa~ mefoba mis TvalSi
sulac ar niSnavda qarTul politikur samyaroSi liderobas da am rangSi
bizantiis xelisufleba mxolod mis mier SerCeul pirovnebas ganixilavda,
romelsac kurapalatis tituls uboZebda. saerTod, imperiis diplomatia
sakmaod ostaturad manipulirebda titulis miniWebiT da TviTon awesebda
Tavisebur `tabels rangebis Sesaxeb~. amiT bizantiis keisrebi, pirvel rigSi,
xazs usvamdnen am titulis mqone pirovnebis morCilebas imperiis
taxtisadmi, magram, amave dros, es aqti erTgvari moferebis formac iyo
aRniSnuli titulis pretendentis mimarT. yovelive amis miuxedavad,
bizantiis imperias realuri gavlena mainc ar hqonda qarTvelTa (`iberiis~)
sakurapalatos saSinao cxovrebaze. ufro metic, calkeul SemTxvevaSi,
sakmaod mkafiod vlindeboda tao-klarjeTis bagrationTa suvereniteti. ase
moxda, kerZod, romanoz I lakapinis imperatorobis dros (919-944), rodesac
bizantielebma moindomes bagrationTa kuTvnili kejes cixis mitaceba. es
cixe maT sWirdebodaT Teodosiupolze (Tanamedrove arzrumi) SetevisaTvis.
qarTvelebi bizantiis xelisuflebis am Tavxedur nabijs win aRudgnen. maT
diplomatiuri uari SeuTvales romanoz keisars, radgan ar surdaT
Teodosiupolis gadasvla bizantielTa xelSi.
aranaklebi warmatebuli iyo qarTvel bagrationTa diplomatiuri
polemika imperator konstantine VII porfirogenetis (945-959) xelisuflebis
warmomadgenlebTan, romelic gaCaRda basianis mxaris zogierTi teritoriis
mflobelobasTan dakavSirebiT. miuxedavad bizantielTa sakmaod
damajerebeli diplomatiuri argumentaciisa, imperiis xelisufleba mainc
iZulebuli gaxda, angariSi gaewia iberiis kurapalatisaTvis da basianis
erTi nawili misTvis daeTmo.
tao-klarjeTis mflobelTa suvereniteti yvelaze mkafiod mainc
artanujis cixis irgvliv atexili `diplomatiuri skandalis~ dros
gamovlinda. 923 wlis axlo xanebSi bagrationTa sagvareulos erT-erTma
warmomadgenelma _ aSot kiskasma, romelic patrikiozis tituls atarebda,
Tavis siZesTan, gurgenTan, mtrobis niadagze gadawyvita, artanujis cixe
imperatorisaTvis gadaeca. imperatorma `daakmayofila~ aSotis Txovna da
misi aRsrulebis mizniT saTanado gankarguleba misca Tavis diplomatiur
warmomadgenels, konstantine patrikioss, romelic am dros sagangebo
misiiT, gurgen `iberis~ magistrosad aRzevebis ceremonialTan dakavSirebiT,
taoSi iyo wargzavnili. konstantinem zustad Seasrula keisris brZaneba da
artanujis cixeze imperiis droSa aafriala. am aqtma bagrationTa saxlis
sxva warmomadgenlebis _ gurgen magistrosis, daviT magistrosis _
protesti gamoiwvia. maT dauyovnebliv moiTxoves imperatorisagan artanujis
daTmoba, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi sarkinozebis mxareze gadasvliT
daemuqrnen. qarTvel mTavarTa muqaram gaWra da imperatorma gaauqma Tavisi
gankarguleba, xolo momxdari Tavisi diplomatiuri misiis xelmZRvanelis
`uWkuobas~ gadaabrala. ufro metic, man qarTvelebis dasamSvideblad
`lanZRva-ginebisa da muqaris Semcveli brZanebac~ ki gaugzavna konstantine
patrikiozs da saswrafod gaiwvia saqarTvelodan.
kidev ufro frTxili iyo imperiis diplomatia `afxazTa~ samefos mimarT,
rasac Tavisi mizezebi hqonda. es dasavlurqarTuli saxelmwifo, tao-
klarjeTis gaerTianebisgan gansxvavebiT, bizantiasTan uSualo
konfrontaciis viTarebaSi aRmocenda. TiTqmis IX s. miwurulamde bizantias

67
ar hqonda saSualeba, realuri zewola moexdina `afxaz~ mefeTa sagareo-
politikur kursze, Tumca dro da dro adgili hqonda konstantinopolisa
da quTaisis interesebis Tanxvedras, rac, calkeul SemTxvevaSi, TanamSrom-
lobis safuZvels iZleoda. viTareba nawilobriv Seicvala IX s. 80-iani
wlebidan, rodesac dasavleTi saqarTvelos xelisuflebis saTaveSi,
bizantiis saimperatoro karis uSualo xelSewyobiT, bagrat ufliswuli
movida. bagrat `afxazTa~ mefisa da misi memkvidris _ konstantine III-is
xanaSi raime seriozul dapirispirebas imperiasTan adgili ar hqonia.
piriqiT, am periodSi or qveyanas Soris keTilmezobluri, samokavSireo
urTierToba iyo da imperiis xelisufleba garkveul pativs miagebda
konstantine III-s.
aseve didi pativiTa da mowiwebiT eqceoda bizantiis politikuri da
saeklesio xelisufleba giorgi II `afxazTa~ mefes (922-957). sakmarisia
iTqvas, rom qarTveli mefe-mTavrebidan swored `afxazeTis~ xelmwife
moixsenieboda `eqsusiastis~ (`mTavari~, `mflobeli~) da `brwyinvale
eqsusiastis~ saxeliT. `eqsusiasti~ Tavisi RirsebiT `arqontze~ maRla idga
da imperiasTan gansakuTrebuli damokidebulebis gamomxatveli iyo, is
bizantiis keisarTa uSualo warmomadgenlad iTvleboda. amasTan, bizantiuri
politikur-diplomatiuri koniunqtura, arc Tu iSviaTad, aRiarebda giorgi
II-is `mefur~ Rirsebebsac. dasavleTi saqarTvelos mefeTa sakmaod maRali
rangis maCvenebelia is faqti, rom bizantiis saimperatoro karis oficialur
diplomatiur dokumentebs _ `keleusebs~ (`brZaneba~-epistoleebi), romlebsac
bizantiis xelisufleba ugzavnida mezobeli qveynebis liderebs, abazgia-
afxazeTis `brwyinvale eqsusiasts~, imperatori atanda ori solidis
Rirebulebis bulas. aseTive Rirebulebis bula egzavneboda iberiis `udi-
debules kurapalats~. am mxriv bizantiis xelisufleba qarTvel mefe-
mTavrebze maRla mxolod xazarTa, `didi armeniisa~ da vaspurakanis
mmarTvelebs ayenebda, maT sami solidis Rirebulebis bulebi egzavnebodaT.
giorgi II `afxazTa~ mefe saerTaSoriso masStabis moRvawe iyo. is
aqtiurad ereoda ara marto aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi mimdinare politikur
procesebSi, aramed met-naklebad CrdiloeT kavkasiasac akontrolebda.
swored `afxazTa~ mefis energiuli monawileobiT moxda alan-osebis
gaqristianeba. es ar iyo kavkasionis qeds gadaRma quTaisis taxtis
diplomatiuri aqtiurobis pirveli faqti. alan-osebi, rogorc tradiciulad
CrdiloeTi kavkasiis yvelaze angariSgasawevi eTnopolitikuri Zala, jer
kidev IX s. Suaxanebidan gamodiodnen `afxaz~ mefeTa mokavSireebad.
v) `afxazTa~ samefos samxedro-politikuri da diplomatiuri gaaqtiureba
aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi X s. 50-60-ian wlebSi. `afxazTa~ samefos
gaaqtiureba aRmosavleTis mimarTulebiT TvalSi sacemi gaxda giorgi II-is
mefobis pirvelive etapze. Tavdapirvelad is seriozul winaaRmdegobebs
waawyda Sida qarTlSi. es dakavSirebuli iyo qarTlis aznaurTa cnobil
amboxTan, romlis drosac `afxazTa~ mefes mis mierve qarTlis erisTavad
(faqtobrivad mefisnacvlad) daniSnuli sakuTari vaJi, taxtis memkvidre kon-
stantine daupirispires. giorgi II-m moqnili diplomatiis wyalobiT SeZlo
konstantine ufliswul-tbelTa amboxis CaxSoba. `afxazTa~ mefis es
warmateba mniSvnelovanwilad ganapiroba iman, rom giorgi II-m moaxerxa
`qarTlsa zeda~ brZolaSi `afxaz~ mefeTa tradiciuli metoqeebis: `taoel
mefeTa~ da kaxeTis qorepiskoposis gadmobireba.

68
 giorgi II `afxazTa~ mefe marto qarTls ar sjerdeboda da mTlianad
mTeli aRmosavleT saqarTvelos dapatronebas lamobda. pirvel rigSi,
Seteva man kaxeTis mimarTulebiT ganaviTara. am aqcias win garkveuli
diplomatiuri samzadisi uZRoda. `afxazTa~ mefem Tavisi agenturis
meSveobiT SeZlo qorepiskopos kvirike II-is (929-976 ww.) mowinaaRmdege
`gardabnel aznaurTa~ gadmobireba. swored maTi miwveviT moawyo giorgi II-m
laSqroba kaxeTs. `afxazTa~ mefem gamoiyena agreTve SuRli kvirike II-sa da
mis Zmas, Surtas, Soris. am ukanasknelma giorgi II-s ujarmis cixe gadasca.
aseT viTarebaSi kvirike qorepiskoposis mxridan winaaRmdegobis gawevas
azri ar hqonda, saswrafod zavi iTxova da `dauloca kaxeTi~ giorgi II-s.
`afxazTa~ mflobeloba kaxeTSi xanmokle aRmoCnda. male qarTlis
aznaurTa, agreTve zogierTi kaxeli aznauris waqezebiT kvirike II-m daarRvia
dazaveba, ganaaxla saomari moqmedebebi da aRadgina Tavisi xelisufleba.
giorgi II-m upasuxod ar datova kaxeTis qorepiskoposis es demarSi da
kaxeTSi axali laSqroba moawyo Tavisi vaJisa da taxtis memkvidris _
leonis sardlobiT. magram saxelovani mamis gardacvalebam xeli SeuSala
leon ufliswuls, Zlevamosilad daesrulebina wamowyebuli samxedro
kampania da is iZulebuli gaxda, dauyovnebliv daewyo sazavo molaparakebebi
kaxeTis liderTan. bazaleTis tbis piras leonsa da kvirike II-s Soris
Sedga Sexvedra `erTi erTze~. miRweul iqna SeTanxmeba konfrontaciis
Sewyvetis Sesaxeb. kvirike II-m cno `afxazTa~ axali mefis _ leon III-is (957-
967) uzenaesoba. mxareebma dadebuli zavi dinastiuri qorwinebiT
ganamtkices. daviT kvirikes Ze daqorwinda leon III-is asulze.
`bazaleTis zavic~ xanmokle aRmoCnda. mas mere, rac moulodnelad
gardaicvala leon mefis asuli, `afxazTa~ mefem kvlav ganaaxla aqtiuri
saomari moqmedebebi, romlis warmatebiT dasrulebas xeli amjerad ukve
TviT leon III-is gardacvalebam SeuSala. amiT damTavrda `afxazTa~ samefos
aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi gabatonebisaTvis brZolis kidev erTi etapi.
leon III-is Semdeg quTaisSi gamefebul mis Zmas, demetre II-s (967-975 ww.), sul
sxva problemebi daatyda Tavs da mas aRar SeeZlo gaegrZelebina Tavis
winamorbedTa aqtiuri politika aRmosavleTis mimarTulebiT.
amrigad, IX s. damdegidan X s. 70-ian wlebamde qarTuli samefo-
samTavroebi sakmaod energiulad iyvnen CarTulni regionSi mimdinare
politikur procesebSi. mocemul periodSi SinaqarTuli winaaRmdegobebi,
rogorc wesi, gadanaskvuli iyo sagareo-politikur garTulebebTan.
TiToeuli qarTuli gaerTianeba cdilobda damoukideblad emoqmedna
saerTaSoriso arenaze da iseTi sagareo-politikuri kursi SeemuSavebina,
romelic uzrunvelyofda mis suverenitets, xels Seuwyobda warmatebiT
brZolas hegemonobis mopovebisaTvis saerTo-qarTul politikur samyaroSi.
swored amiT iyo gamowveuli, rom qarTuli samefo-samTavroebis sagareo-
politikuri interesebi ZiriTadad sruliad sapirispiro iyo. ama Tu im
saxelmwifoebrivi erTeulis sagareo kurss qveynis SigniT mimdinare
Sinaomebi gansazRvravdnen. Tavis mxriv, gareSe Zalebi marjved iyenebdnen
SinaqarTul winaaRmdegobebs da aqtiurad ereodnen saqarTvelos saSinao
saqmeebSi. yvelani _ arabebi iqnebodnen isini Tu bizantielebi an mezobeli
somxeTis mesveurebi, cdilobdnen ar daeSvaT romelime qarTuli
politikuri erTeulis ise gaZliereba, rom mas moexerxebina danarCeni
qarTuli qveynebis `Caylapva~ da Zlieri erTiani samefos Camoyalibeba,
romelic mtkiced daikavebda Tavis adgils saerTaSoriso arenaze da TviT

69
ganacxadebda liderobis pretenzias kavkasiasa da maxlobel aRmosavleTSi.
yovelive es mniSvnelovnad arTulebda Sina- politikur viTarebas
saqarTveloSi, aferxebda erTiani sagareo-politikuri kursis SemuSavebas
da SeuZlebels xdida SeTanxmebul diplomatiur saqmianobas.

70
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1. giorgi merCule. SromaБ da moRuawebaБ Rirsad cxorebisaБ wmidisa da
netarisa mamisa Cuenisa grigolisi arqimandritisaБ, xancTisa da
Satberdisa aRmaSenebelisaБ, da mis Tana ГsenebaБ mravalTa mamaTa
netarTaБ. wg. Zveli qarTuli agiografiuli literaturis Zeglebi. I (V-
X ss.). ilia abulaZis xelmZRvanelobiTa da redaqciiT. Tb. 1963.
2. ioane drasxanakerteli. somxeTis istoria. somxuri teqsti qarTuli
TargmaniT, gamokvleviTa da saZieblebiT gamosca e. cagareiSvilma. Tb.
1965.
3. ioane sabanisZe. wamebaY wmidisa da netarisa mowamisa qristEsisa haboYsi,
romeli iwama qarTls Sina, qalaqsa tfiliss, QeliTa sarkinozTaYTa,
gamoTqmuli iovane Zisa sabanisi brZanebiTa qristEs mier samoel qarT-
lisa kaTalikozisaYTa. wg.: adrindeli feodaluri qarTuli
literatura. red. k. kekeliZe. tf. 1935.
4. konstantine porfirogeneti. wg.: georgika. bizantieli mwerlebis
cnobebi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb. IV, nakv. II. berZnuli teqsti qarTuli
TargmaniTurT gamosca da ganmartebebi daurTo simon yauxCiSvilma. Tb.
1952.
5. mariam lorTqifaniZe. habib ibn maslamas “dacvis sigeli”. kr. “masalebi
saqarTvelosa da kavkasiis istoriisaTvis”. nakv. 29. Tb. 1951.
6. matiane qarTlisa. wg. qarTlis cxovreba. I. teqsti dadgenili yvela
ZiriTadi xelnaweris mixedviT s. yauxCiSvilis mier. Tb. 1955.
7. sumbat daviTis Ze. cxorebaБ da uwyebaБ bagratonianTa, Cuen qarTvelTa
mefeTasa, Tu sadaT moiwivnes amas queyanasa igini, anu romliT JamiTgan
upyries maT mefoba qarTlisa, romeli aRwera sumbat Zeman daviTisman.
teqsti gamosacemad moamzada, gamokvleva, SeniSvnebi da saZieblebi
daurTo goneli araxamiam. Tb. 1990.
8. qarTuli diplomatiis istoria (qrestomaTia). Tb. 1998.
9. juanSer juanSeriani. cxovreba vaxtang gorgaslisa. wg. qarTlis
cxovreba. I. teqsti dadgenili yvela ZiriTadi xelnaweris mixedviT s.
yauxCiSvilis mier. Tb. 1955.

literatura:
1. aleqsandre abdalaZe. amierkavkasiis politikur erTeulTa urTierToba
IX-XI saukuneebSi. Tb. 1988.
2. anri bogveraZe. adrefeodaluri qarTuli saxelmwifoebi VI-VIII
saukuneebSi. wg. saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebi. II. saqarTvelo IV-X
saukuneebSi. Tb. 1973.
3. mariam lorTqifaniZe. arabTa saxalifos gavlenis damyareba qarTlSi.
qarTul-arabuli urTierTobebi VII-VIII saukuneebSi. wg. qarTuli
diplomatiis istoriis narkvevebi. I. Tb. 1998.
4. mariam lorTqifaniZe. axali feodaluri samTavroebis warmoqmna. wg.
saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebi. II. saqarTvelo IV-X saukuneebSi. Tb.
1973.
5. mariam lorTqifaniZe. politikuri Teoria samefo xelisuflebis
ideologiis Sesaxeb. qarTuli diplomatia. weliwdeuli. 6. Tb. 1999.
6. mariam lorTqifaniZe. feodaluri saqarTvelos politikuri gaerTianeba
(IX-X ss.). Tb. 1963.
7. mariam lorTqifaniZe. qarTuli feodaluri monarqiis Seqmna. wg.
saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebi. II. saqarTvelo IV-X saukuneebSi. Tb.
1973.
71
 8. mariam lorTqifaniZe, zurab papasqiri. axali samefo-samTavroebis
warmoqmna saqarTveloSi da maTi adgili saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi.
saSinao diplomatia (IX s. da X s-is I naxevari). wg. qarTuli
diplomatiis istoriis narkvevebi. I. Tb. 1998.
9. daviT musxeliSvili. saqarTvelo IV-VIII saukuneebSi. Tb. 2003.
10. zurab papasqiri. `afxazTa~ samefos sagareo politikuri orientaciis
dazustebis sakiTxisaTvis. qarTuli diplomatia. weliwdeuli. 6. Tb.
1999.
11. zurab papasqiri. bizantiis diplomatia da politikuri cvlilebebi
dasavleT saqarTveloSi VIII s-is I naxevarSi. qarTuli diplomatia.
weliwdeuli. 4. Tb. 1997.
12. Tengiz papuaSvili. ranTa da kaxTa samefo. Tb. 1982.
13. beniamin silagaZe. arabTa batonoba saqarTveloSi. arabuli cnobebis
mixedviT. Tb. 1991.
14. ivane javaxiSvili. qarTveli eris istoria. II. Txzulebani Tormet
tomad. II. Tb. 1983.
15. simon janaSia. araboba saqarTveloSi. Sromebi. II. Tb. 1952.
16. Амичба Г. А., Папуашвили Т. Г. Из истории совместной борьбы грузин и
абхазов против иноземных завоевателей (VII-VIII вв.). Тб. 1985.
17. Анчабадзе З. В. Из истории средневековой Абхазии (VI-XVII вв.). Сухуми. 1959.
18. Богверадзе А. А. Раннефеодальные грузинские государства в VI-VIII вв. В кн.
Очерки истории Грузии. II. Грузия в IV-X веках. Тб. 1988.
19. Джанашиа С. О времени и условиях возникновения Абхазского царства. Sromebi. II.
Tb. 1952.

72
 T a v i V
erTiani qarTuli saxelmwifos
warmoqmna da misi adgili
saerTaSoriso arenaze.
qarTuli diplomatia XI-XII ss-Si
$1. erTiani qarTuli saxelmwifos
warmoqmna da misi saerTaSoriso
diplomatiuri uzrunvelyofa

a) saerTaSoriso viTareba maxlobel aRmosavleTsa da kavkasiaSi X s. II

naxevarSi. X s. 70-iani wlebidan calkeuli qarTuli qveynis erTian
saxelmwifoSi gaerTianebisaTvis brZolis xangrZlivi procesi daskvniT
fazaSi Sevida. bagrat ufliswulis jer qarTlSi mmarTvelad dasmiT (975 w.)
da Semdgom ki misi dasavleT saqarTveloSi gamefebiT (978 w.) gadaidga
gadamwyveti nabiji erTiani qarTuli saxelmwifos Seqmnis gzaze. am ori
aqtis ganxorcieleba, romelsac uSualod qveynis gaerTianeba mohyva, pirvel
rigSi, ganpirobebuli iyo saSinao-politikuri da, gansakuTrebiT,
dinastiuri momentebiT, magram gaerTianebuli qarTuli saxelmwifos
aRmoceneba-Camoyalibebis process mniSvnelovnad Seuwyo xeli xelsayrelma
saerTaSoriso viTarebamac, romelic Seiqmna X s. II naxevridan kavkasiasa da
maxlobel aRmosavleTSi.
mocemul periodSi saerTo-politikuri situacia saqarTvelos samxreTiT
met-naklebad stabiluri iyo, rac gamowveuli iyo imiT, rom verc bizantia
da verc arabTa saxalifo ver axerxebdnen erTpirovnuli hegemonobis
damyarebas regionSi. xangrZlivma urTierTWidilma, agreTve orive qveynis
SigniT mimdinare mwvave Sinapolitikurma garTulebebma, mniSvnelovnad
daasusta maTi sagareo-politikuri potenciali. miuxedavad imisa, rom X s. II
naxevarSi bizantiis imperia Tavs ar anebebda Tavisi didmpyrobluri
politikis gatarebas, da, calkeul SemTxvevaSi, aRwevda kidec TvalsaCino
warmatebebs rogorc dasavleTis, ise aRmosavleTis mimarTulebiT,
mTlianobaSi es periodi srulebiTac ar iyo imperiis Zlierebis xana. pi-
riqiT, ioane cimisxis gardacvalebis (976 w.) Semdeg, romelmac Tavis
winamorbed imperator nikifore fokasTan erTad garkveuli gamarjvebebic
moipova rogorc balkaneTSi, ise aRmosavleTis arabuli saemiroebis winaaR-
mdeg omebSi, erTxans (daaxloebiT 70-iani wlebis II naxevari _ 90-iani wlebis
dasawyisi) bizantiis imperia mwvave Sinapolitikurma krizisma moicva, ramac
ar misca mas aqtiuri sagareo politikis gatarebis saSualeba.
X s. II naxevrisaTvis arc arabuli samyaro warmoadgenda erTian,
mobilur Zalas. am droisaTvis saxalifos daSlis procesi sakmaod Sors
iyo wasuli da baRdadis xelisufleba absoluturad ver akontrolebda
situacias odesRac uzarmazari arabuli imperiis nangrevebze aRmocenebul
saamiroebSi, romelTa nawils saqarTvelos momijnave teritoriebi ekava,
xolo erT-erTi maTgani _ Tbilisis saamiro _ uSualod qveynis SigniT iyo
moqceuli. am periodSi saqarTvelos mezobeli arc erTi arabul-
muslimanuri politikuri warmonaqmni ar warmoadgenda seriozul
politikur Zalas, amdenad, qarTul samefo-samTavroebs aRniSnuli
mahmadianuri saamiroebis mxridan safrTxe ar emuqreboda, Tumca drodadro
maTTan calkeul garTulebas mainc hqonda adgili.

73
 saqarTveloSi mimdinare gamaerTianebeli procesebisaTvis xelis SeSla
arc somxur politikur samyaros SeeZlo. X s. II naxevrisaTvis somxeTi arc
iyo erTiani. anisis bagratunTa samefos gverdiT, romelic warmoqmnis
dRidan gamodioda somxuri miwebis gamaerTianeblis rolSi, gaCndnen
vaspurakanis, siuniqis, farisosis, vanandis, taSir-Zoragetis samefoebi da
sxva ufro wvrili samTavroebi. amasTan, somxur politikur erTeulebs,
romlebsac xangrZlivi brZolis gadatana mouxdaT arabi dampyroblebis
winaaRmdeg, amjerad bizantiis imperia emuqreboda. swored bizantiasTan
urTierTobebis gamwvaveba ar aZlevda saSualebas anisis mefeebs, aqtiurad
ebrZolaT amierkavkasiaSi erTiani qristianuli saxelmwifos SeqmnisaTvis,
ris pretenziasac isini acxadebdnen X s. dasawyisSi da ufro adrec.
politikurad uaRresad Wreli iyo aRmosavleTi amierkavkasia. X s-Si misi
didi nawili arabuli, iranuli da qurTuli warmoSobis dinastiebis
uSualo morCilebis an gavlenis qveS iyo moqceuli, romelTa Soris
prioritetuli mdgomareoba ekavaT Sarvanis samefos da SadadianTa aranis
saxelmwifos. Tu SarvanSahebs qarTul samyarosTan tradiciulad
loialuri, keTilmezobluri urTierToba akavSirebdaT, maTgan gansxvavebiT,
ganZa-aranis mmarTvelni, piriqiT, SesaZleblobisamebr, cdilobdnen marbieli
laSqrobebi moewyoT saqarTvelos mimarTulebiT, magram X s. 70-ian wlebSi
ganZa-arani jer kidev ar iyo ise momZlavrebuli, rom seriozulad
dapirispireboda mezobel qarTul qveynebs.
arc CrdiloeTi kavkasia iyo am periodisaTvis eTnikurad da
politikurad erTferovani regioni. X s. miwurulisaTvis aq ramdenime
saxelmwifoebrivi gaerTianeba arsebobda, romelTagan umTavresi iyo oseTis
samefo da daRestnur tomTa gaerTianebebi: seriri, gumiki, tabarsarani da
darubandi. TiToeuli maTgani aRniSnul xanaSi ganicdida garkveul
siZneleebs da maT ar SeswevdaT unari, raime zegavlena moexdinaT
amierkavkasiaSi mimdinare politikur procesebze.
amrigad, X s. 70-iani wlebisaTvis kavkasiasa da maxlobel aRmosavleTSi
Seqmnili iyo ramdenadme stabiluri politikuri viTareba da praqtikulad
ar arsebobda iseTi gareSe Zala, romelsac SeeZlo seriozuli koreqtivebi
Seetana saqarTveloSi mimdinare gamaerTianebel procesebSi. erTaderTi
saxelmwifo, romelic ase Tu ise mainc acxadebda aq mimdinare movlenebze
kontrolis gawevis pretenzias, isev da isev bizantiis imperia iyo. bizantiis
imperatorebi X s. 70-iani wlebisaTvis jer kidev iTvlebodnen amierkavkasiis
rigi qristianuli gaerTianebebis siuzerenebad, maT Soris, `iberiis
sakurapalatosi~, anu `qarTuelTa~ samefosi, romlis lideris _ daviT III
didi kurapalatis TaosnobiT gadaidga pirveli realuri nabijebi qarTuli
miwebis erTian saxelmwifoSi gaerTianebis gzaze bagrat ufliswulis
xelisuflebis qveS.
b) bagrat ufliswulis dasma Sida qarTlis taxtze da misi
diplomatiuri momzadeba. X s. 70-iani wlebisaTvis Sida qarTli `afxazTa~
samefos farglebSi iyo moqceuli da mas quTaisis samefo karis mier
daniSnuli erisTavi marTavda. Sida qarTlSi `afxazTa~ mefis mflobelobis
winaaRmdeg tradiciulad gamodioda kaxeTis saqorepiskoposo. X s. 60-70-iani
wlebis mijnaze `afxazTa~ samefo politikurma krizisma moicva. leon III-is
gardacvalebis Semdeg gamefebul demetre II-s opoziciam daupirispira misive
Zma Teodosi, romelic bizantiidan iqna gamoxmobili. Teodosis mxardamWerni
hyavda samcxeSi, mesxi aznaurebis saxiT, mas aqtiurad edga mxarSi agreTve

74
Zameli mTavari adarnase. opoziciis es cda uSedego gamodga da Teodosim
TavSesafari imiertaos Zlevamosil mmarTvels, daviT kurapalats sTxova.
erTi wlis Semdeg Teodosi ufliswulma taxtisaTvis brZolis axali
kampania wamoiwyo. man datova tao da kaxeTs miaSura, sadac daxmareba
qorepiskopos kvirike II-s sTxova. demetre mefem, igrZno ra mosalodneli
safrTxe, amboxebul ZmasTan dazaveba arCia. man gagzavna mociquli
TeodosisTan da kvirike qorepiskoposTan, am ukanasknels Teodosis
gadmocema SesTavaza im pirobiT, rom orive erTad imefebdnen dasavleT
saqarTveloSi. kaxeTis qorepiskoposma moiwona demetre `afxazTa~ mefis es
winadadeba da urCia Teodosis mieRo is, Tan piroba misca mas, rom Ralatis
SemTxvevaSi Surs iZiebda. amis Semdeg Teodosimac gadawyvita Serigeboda
Zmas. Serigebis Taobaze daficebis ceremoniali Sedga sveticxovlis taZarSi
kaTolikosis, mRvdelmoZRvarTa da didebulTa TandaswrebiT. mcire xnis
Semdeg demetre mefem veragulad daarRvia fici, Seipyro Teodosi da
`daswuna Tualni~. opoziciam mainc ar Sewyvita brZola da amjerad
demetresa da Teodosis kidev erTi Zmis, vinme `Cala-mefis~ taxtze ayvana
moindoma. es cdac uSedego gamodga da demetrem ganimtkica Tavisi
poziciebi.
demetre mefis gardacvalebis Semdeg `afxazTa~ samefos politikurma
elitam taxtze usinaTlo Teodosi dasva. am aqtSi didi monawileoba miiRo
kaxeTis qorepiskoposma, romelmac sanacvlod quTaisis taxtis axali
mflobelisagan Sida qarTlis dakavebis dasturi miiRo. kaxeTis
qorepiskoposma ar daayovna da umal ufliscixes miadga. kax-`afxazTa~ am
garigebas win aRudga jer kidev demetre mefis dros qarTlis erisTavad
daniSnuli ioane maruSis Ze. am ukanasknelma saswrafod afrina mociquli
daviT kurapalatTan da SesTavaza mas an TviTon dapatroneboda Sida
qarTls, an gadaeca is samarTavad Tavisi SvilobilisaTvis, bagrat
bagrationisaTvis.
daviT kurapalati aqtiurad gamoexmaura ioane maruSis Zis diplomatiur
iniciativas. imiertaos lideris sruli mzadyofna, gadaedga konkretuli
nabiji bagrat ufliswulis aRsazeveblad, ganpirobebuli iyo imiT, rom
TviT tao-klarjeTSic iyo SemuSavebuli analogiuri gegma bagratis
dinastiuri mdgomareobis gamosayeneblad qveynis sasikeTod. swored amis
gamovlineba iyo uSvilo daviT kurapalatis mier Tavis erTaderT
memkvidred, maincdamainc, bagrat gurgenis Zis gamocxadeba, romelic mamis
xaziT `qarTuelTa~ mefe bagrat II-is taxtis momaval mflobelad
moiazreboda.
amrigad, 975 wlis aqtis win garkveuli diplomatiuri samzadisi bagrat
ufliswulis irgvliv qarTuli regionebis gaerTianebisaTvis ukve
Catarebuli iyo. ioane maruSis Zis iniciativam mxolod daaCqara movlenebis
ganviTareba. daviT kurapalati didi laSqriT miadga ufliscixes, Caibara is
ioane maruSis Zisagan da oficialurad warudgina qarTlis axali
mmarTveli adgilobriv aznaurebs. amasTan, daviT taoelma xazi gausva im
garemoebas, rom bagrati iyo `mkВdri taosi, qarTlisa da afxazeTisa~ da
mosTxova maT sruli morCileba.
bagratis dasma qarTlis mmarTvelad ar niSnavda am regionis
Camocilebas `afxazTa~ samefosgan. piriqiT, bagrati eufleboda qarTls
rogorc Tavisi `deduleTis~ _ afxazeTis nawils, vinaidan is iyo `afxazTa~
didi mefis _ giorgi II-is asulis, guaranduxtis, vaJi. imis gaTvaliswinebiT,

75
rom `afxazTa~ mefeebi qarTlSi, rogorc wesi, taxtis memkvidreebs
gzavnidnen, bagratis gamocxadebiT qarTlis mmarTvelad ioane maruSis Ze
Tadarigs iWerda, raTa momavalSi daesva igi quTaisSi mefed. qarTlis
aznaurebi ar daemorCilnen bagratsa da mis mamas gurgens, romelic
ufliswulis mcirewlovnebis gamo daviT kurapalatma mas `Tanagamgeblad
dauteva~. maTi mowveviT kaxeTis laSqarma daikava ufliscixe, tyved aiyvana
bagrati da misi ded-mama, gurgeni da guaranduxt dedofali.
daviT kurapalatma dauyovnebliv moaxdina reagireba am faqtze da didi
laSqriT moemzada kaxeTSi SesaWrelad. kaxelebma igrZnes ra mosalodneli
safrTxe, zavi iTxoves. arc imiertaos liderma isurva viTarebis gamwvaveba...
miRweul iqna kompromisuli SeTanxmeba. kaxelebma gaaTavisufles datyve-
vebulni da aiyarnen qarTlidan. sanacvlod wirqualis cixe da grui
daitoves. garda amisa, qarTlis aznaurebma miaRwies bagratis gawvevas
ufliscixidan da qarTlis mmarTvelad misi deda _ guaranduxt dedofali
dasves. yovelive es imas niSnavda, rom ioane maruSis Zis mcdeloba,
ganemtkicebina bagrat ufliswulis poziciebi Sida qarTlSi da
Seemzadebina pirobebi quTaisSi mis gasamefeblad, am etapze mTlad
warmatebuli ar gamodga. miuxedavad amisa, 975 wlis aqts mainc didi
mniSvneloba hqonda. naTlad gamoikveTa gamaerTianebeli moZraobis
prioritetuli mimarTuleba da misi ZiriTadi mamoZravebeli Zalebi.
niSandoblivia is garemoeba, rom 975 wels ganviTarebul movlenebSi
mxolod qarTveli liderebi monawileobdnen da bagrat ufliswulis
mmarTvelad dasma Sida qarTlSi saSinao diplomatiis doneze, romelime
ucxo saxelmwifos, pirvel rigSi ki bizantiis imperiis, Carevis gareSe
gadawyda.
g) bagrat ufliswulis `afxazTa~ mefed gamocxadeba 978 wels da misi
diplomatiuri uzrunvelyofa. sami wlis Semdeg, 978 wels ioane maruSis Zem
axali iniciativiT mimarTa daviT kurapalats da amjerad ukve bagrat
ufliswulis quTaisis taxtze dasma SesTavaza. molaparakebebi imiertaos
xelmwifesTan am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT Tavdapirvelad sakmaod mZimed
mimdinareobda. daviT kurapalats aSinebda mosalodneli garTulebebi, miT
ufro, rom mas ukve hqonda 975 wlis krizisis mware gamocdileba da amitom
ikavebda Tavs saboloo gadawyvetilebis miRebisagan. ioane maruSis Zis
winadadebas is mxolod mas Semdeg daeTanxma, roca qarTlisa da afxazeTis
politikuri elitisagan Tavisi Svilobilis usafrTxoebis mtkice
garantiebi miiRo.
978 wels quTaisSi Sedga bagrat ufliswulis `afxazTa~ mefed kurTxevis
oficialuri ceremoniali, romelsac afxazeTisa da qarTlis `didebulTa
erisTavTa da aznaurTa~ garda, daviT kurapalatis miwveviT, anisis mefe
smbat bagratunic eswreboda. mezobeli somxeTis saxelmwifos meTauris
monawileoba bagratis koronaciis ceremoniaSi, erTi mxriv, iyo garkveuli
diplomatiuri etiketis dacva, romlis tradicia qarTvel da somex
bagrationebs Soris adrec arsebobda. amave dros, amiT, gansxvavebiT 975
wlis aqtisa, garkveulwilad moxda `afxazTa~ samefos axali reJimis
oficialuri diplomatiuri cnoba saerTaSoriso masStabiTac. garda amisa,
sazeimo ceremonialze mezobeli qveynis lideris mowveviT daviT
kurapalati axdenda sakuTari Zalebis erTgvar demonstrirebas `afxazTa~
samefos im wreebis winaSe, romlebic negatiurad iyvnen ganwyobilni
Teodosi usinaTlos saxelmwifos saqmeebisagan Camocilebisadmi. bizantiis

76
imperias arc amjerad gamoumJRavnebia raime daintereseba saqarTveloSi
mimdinare procesebiT, bunebrivia, konstantinopolSi mTlad gulgrilni ver
iqnebodnen saqarTveloSi ganviTarebuli movlenebisadmi. bizantiis
xelisuflebas erTgvarad afrTxobda uSualod imperiis Crdilo-aRmosavleT
sazRvrebTan erTiani Zlieri saxelmwifos Seqmnis perspeqtiva. magram
zustad im dros, rodesac bagrat bagrationi gamoacxades `afxazTa~ mefed,
bizantiaSi umwvavesi politikuri krizisi iyo, rac am qveynis xelisuflebas
ar aZlevda saSualebas, Careuliyo saqarTvelos saSinao saqmeebSi da
SeeCerebina iq mimdinare procesebi.
d) diplomatiuri kontaqtebi bizantiis saimperatoro karsa da daviT III
did kurapalats Soris X saukunis 70-ian wlebSi. 976 wels bizantiis imperia
mwvave politikurma krizisma, faqtobrivad, samoqalaqo omma moicva,
romelic 979 wlamde gagrZelda. makedonelTa dinastiis mmarTvelobas
seriozuli safrTxe Seuqmna mcire aziis samxedro aristokratiis erT-erTma
yvelaze Zlierma warmomadgenelma _ barda skliarosma, romelmac,
faqtobrivad, or nawilad gayo qveyana da oTxi wlis ganmavlobaSi ibrZoda
mcirewlovani imperatorebis _ basili II-isa da konstantine VIII-is
winaaRmdeg. ukiduresad kritikul situaciaSi saimperatoro karma miiRo
gadawyvetileba, daxmarebisaTvis miemarTa imiertaos Zlevamosili mmarT-
velisaTvis. bizantiis xelisuflebam, Tavdapirvelad, am sakiTxis garkveva
aTonis iverTa monastris (is garda religiuri da kulturul-
saganmanaTleblo centrisa, diplomatiuri warmomadgenlobis _ saelCos _
funqciebsac asrulebda) bermonazvnebTan gadawyvita. am mizniT, dedofalma
Teofaniam _ basilisa da konstantines dedam, romelsac xelT epyra
saxelmwifos marTvis sadaveebi, sagangebo despani, sevastofori _ `kaci
warCinebuli~ gagzavna aTons. bizantielma elCma molaparakebebi gamarTa
qarTuli warmomadgenlobis mesveurebTan. bizantiis mxare sTxovda qarTvel
berebs, konstantinopolSi sagangebo diplomatiuri rwmunebebiT
gamoegzavnaT beri Tornike, pirovneba, romelsac bizantiaSi daviT
kurapalatis sruluflebiani diplomatiuri warmomadgenlis statusi hqonda.
berma Tornikem (imave Tornike erisTavma) erTbaSad ar misca Tanxmoba
bizantiis dedoflis despans da, monazvnobis momizezebiT, Tavdapirvelad
uaric ki ganacxada konstantinopolSi Casvlaze. magram Semdeg aTonelma
qarTvelebma saTanadod gaaanalizes saqmis viTareba da miiRes dedoflis
winadadeba. Tornike beri saimperatoro karze didi pativiT miiRes. miRebas
eswreboda orive imperatori, romlebic dedoflis brZanebiT `ferxTa
Seuvardes~ Tornikes, xolo molaparakebas bizantiis mxridan uSualod
dedofali awarmoebda. molaparakebebi warmatebiT dasrulda da Tornike
erisTavi gaemarTa taos _ daviT kurapalatTan. man miarTva imiertaos
liders `wignebi vedrebisaБ~, romelic gamougzavna daviTs saimperatoro
karma. kurapalati gagebiT Sexvda bizantiis xelisuflebis `vedrebas~ da
miiRo gadawyvetileba, gaegzavna 12-aTasiani laSqari mmarTveli dinastiis
gadasarCenad, romlis sardloba TviT Tornike erisTavs daavales. Tornike
beris diplomatiuri misia amiT ar amowurula. man konstantinopolSi
gagzavna daviT kurapalatisa da Tavisi werilebi, romliTac imperiis
xelisuflebas `yoveli nebaБ kurapalatisa~ euwya. imiertaos mmarTveli
gaweuli daxmarebis sanacvlod zogierTi teritoriis misTvis gadmocemas
moiTxovda. bizantiis mxarem miiRo daviT kurapalatis winadadeba da mas
Semdeg, rac qarTulma laSqarma gadamwyveti dartyma miayena amboxebul

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barda skliaross da makedonelTa dinastias didi xifaTi aacdina, marTlac
gadasca mas `zemoni qveyanani saberZneTisani~ (Teodosiopoli, xalto-ariWis,
Cormairis, samxreT basianis, sevukis Temebi, harqisa da apahunikis
provinciebi), oRond ara memkvidreobiT mflobelobaSi, aramed mxolod
daviT kurapalatis sicocxleSi.
e) bagrat III-is samxedro-politikuri da diplomatiuri aqciebi
aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi X saukunis 80-ian wlebSi. X saukunis 80-ian
wlebSi gamaerTianebeli moZraoba saqarTveloSi seriozul Sinapolitikur
winaaRmdegobebs waawyda. qveynis SigniT amoqmeddnen daviT kurapalat-ioane
maruSis Zis gegmis mowinaaRmdege Zalebi, ris gamoc saWiro Seiqna
gadayenebuli mefis _ Teodosis dasavleTi saqarTvelodan moSoreba. is
marTlac moaciles `afxazeTs~ da taoSi, daviT kurapalatTan gagzavnes.
magram amiT krizisi `afxazeTSi~ bolomde ar mogvarebula. Semdeg bagrat
III-s kidev orjer mouxda represiebis gatareba dasavleT saqarTveloSi. 80-
iani wlebis damdegs bagratma CaaxSo separatistulad ganwyobili Sida
qarTlis didaznaurTa mZlavri gamosvla, romelsac qavTar tbeli
meTaurobda. amboxebis CaxSobis Semdeg `afxazTa~ mefem saWirod CaTvala
ufliscixis CamorTmeva Tavisi dedis _ guaranduxt dedoflisTvis da am
ukanasknelis `afxazeTSi~ wamoyvana.
garda imisa, rom guaranduxt dedoflis afxazeTSi wamoyvaniT bagrat III-
m sabolood ganmuxta situacia Sida qarTlSi, mis am nabijs sxva
datvirTvac hqonda. dedoflis uSualod mefis gverdiT yofniT dasavleT
saqarTveloSi, bagrati xazs usvamda Tavisi xelisuflebis legitimurobas
quTaisis taxtze.
axali safrTxe saqarTvelos politikur gaerTianebas 988 wels daemuqra,
rodesac bagrat III-m kldekaris erisTavis, rati baRvaSis damorCileba
moindoma. bagrat III-is es aqcia ar iyo SeTanxmebuli daviT kurapalatTan,
ramac situacia ukiduresad gaarTula. Seiqmna farTo masStabis konfliqtis
gaCaRebis realuri saSiSroeba. bagrat III-sa da mis mamas, gurgens,
daupirispirda daviT kurapalati, romelsac mxarSi amoudga bagratis papa,
`qarTuelTa~ mefe bagrat II. am ukanasknels SiSi hqonda, rom taxts vaJi
waarTmevda. imiertaos mmarTvelma Tavis vasals `yovelTa mefeTa
somxiTisaTa~ mouxmo saSvelad. ase Seiqmna sakmaod mZlavri koalicia
`afxazTa~ mefis winaaRmdeg. bagrat III-m realurad Seafasa Seqmnili
situacia da Tavi aarida SeiaraRebul konfrontacias Tavis mamobilTan. is
piradad eaxla daviT kurapalats da daarwmuna, rom rati baRvaSis
dasamorCileblad daZra jari da ara mis winaaRmdeg. bagrat III-is am
diplomatiurma nabijma mizans miaRwia, daviTma daujera Tavis Svilobils
da darTo neba, gaelaSqra `ratisa zeda~. amiT konfliqti amoiwura, bagrat
III ki zamTris dadgomisTanave moulodnelad Tavs daesxa kldekaris
saerisTavos da yovelgvari garTulebis gareSe SeZlo misi damorCileba.
v) 986-989 wlebis krizisi bizantiis imperiaSi da daviT kurapalatis
bizantiuri diplomatiis marcxi. 986 wels bizantiis imperiam
gamanadgurebeli marcxi ganicada bulgareTSi, ramac erTbaSad daZaba
Sinapolitikuri viTareba da qveyana axal afeTqebamde miiyvana. 987 wels
makedonelTa dinastiis winaaRmdeg kvlav ajanyda barda skliarosi.
ajanyebis CaxSoba basili II-m cnobil sardals _ barda fokas daavala.
magram am ukanasknelma TviTon gamoacxada Tavisi Tavi imperatorad da
daZra jarebi konstantinopolisaken. barda foka daukavSirda imiertaos

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mmarTvels, daviT kurapalats, romelTanac mas axlo urTierToba hqonda da
daxmareba sTxova basili keisris winaaRmdeg. taos liderma, romelic
basili II-is xelisuflebaze ganawyenebuli iyo `zemoni qveyanani~-s mxolod
droebiT mflobelobaSi gadmocemis gamo, aqtiurad dauWira mxari
antisamTavrobo gamosvlas da barda fokas damxmare razmebi gaugzavna.
daviT kurapalatis es gadawyvetileba naCqarevi gamodga. basili keisarma
moaxerxa samxedro da diplomatiuri resursebis sruli mobilizacia.
kerZod, man dado samokavSireo xelSekruleba kievis did mTavar vladimir
sviatoslavis ZesTan, romelic dinastiuri qorwinebiT ganamtkica. am
xelSekrulebis Tanaxmad, kievis ruseTma bizantiis imperators samxedro
Zala miaSvela, romelmac 989 wlis 13 aprils gadamwyveti dartyma miayena
ajanyebulebs abidosTan.
barda fokas ajanyebis CaxSobis Semdeg basili II-m moicala daviT
kurapalitisaTvisac. damarcxebuli kurapalati iZulebuli Seiqna, `patieba
da Sewyaleba~ eTxova da xeli moewera sabediswero `SeTanxmeba-
anderZisaTvis~, romlis mixedviTac is mTel Tavis samflobelos, sikvdilis
Semdeg, basili keisars utovebda. daviT kurapalati iZulebuli gaxda,
imperatorisaTvis eTxova, agreTve, neba daerTo misTvis, gaegzavna Tavisi
didebulebi saimperatoro karze ficis dasadebad, rom TavianTi patronis
gardacvalebis Semdeg isini uzrunvelyofdnen keisrisaTvis daviTis
samflobeloebis gadacemas. basili II mowonebiT Sexvda daviT bagrationis
am diplomatiur nabijs, SeunarCuna mas kurapalatis tituli, gamougzavna
`Zvirfasad morTuli tansacmeli~. Tavis mxriv, daviT kurapalatma gasca
brZaneba `mis samefoSi basil mefeze elocnaT~. garda amisa, man moawyo
elCoba konstantinopolSi, romlis SemadgenlobaSi iyo `qarTvelTa
kaTalikosi saxelmwifos sxva mraval didebulTan erTad~. imperatorma didi
pativiT miiRo iberiis kurapalatis warmomadgenlebi, `titulebi Camouriga~
maT da ukan gamoabruna.
amrigad, barda fokas ajanyebaSi monawileoba daviT kurapalats Zalian
Zvirad daujda. man sruli politikuri kraxi ganicada. imiertaos gadacema
bizantiis imperatorisaTvis umZimesi dartyma iyo gaerTianebis gzaze
Semdgari saqarTvelosaTvis. amiT, faqtobrivad, wyalSi iyreboda daviT
kurapalatis amdeni xnis naRvawi, magram imiertaos xelmwife ixtibars mainc
ar itexda da sicocxlis bolomde yovelnairad cdilobda mdgomareobis
gamosworebas.
z) daviT kurapalatis samxedro-politikuri aqciebi X s. 90-ian wlebSi
da misi politikur-diplomatiuri aspeqtebi. X saukunis 90-ian _ 990 da 998 _
wlebSi daviT kurapalatma mZlavri Seteva ganaviTara samxreT-aRmosavleTis
mimarTulebiT, romlis drosac dalaSqra arabTa mflobelobaSi Sesuli
somxuri mxareebi da qalaqebi (xlaTi, arWeSi, manazkerti, berqri da sxv.),
maT didi xania mahmadiani amirebi ganagebdnen. amiT imiertaos xelmwifem
Tavis kontrols dauqvemdebara savaWro-ekonomikuri TvalsazrisiT uaRresad
mniSvnelovani regioni. aq gadioda aRmosavleTis erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi
saerTaSoriso savaWro magistrali, romlis daufleba didi materialuri
Semosavlis miRebis garantias iZleoda. es erTiorad zrdida interess am
savaWro arteriis dapatronebisadmi. aqedan gamomdinare, aRmosavluri
teritoriebis dapyroba daviT kurapalatis mier udidesi mniSvnelobis
movlena iyo. am faqtma gamoavlina sakuTriv qarTuli politikuri samyaros
ambiciuri zraxvebi mocemuli mimarTulebiT. marTalia, 90-iani wlebis

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samxedro aqciebi SeTanxmebuli iyo bizantiis imperiis xelisuflebasTan,
magram es sulac ar iyo bizantiis eqspansionisturi politikis realizacia,
romelsac konstantinopolis sanqciiT eweoda misi `erTguli vasali~ daviT
kurapalati. aRniSnuli kampania mTlianad Seesabameboda qarTul erovnul-
saxelmwifoebriv interesebs. is erTgvari gamovlineba iyo im aSkarad
gamoxatuli qarTuli politikisa, romelsac dReniadag atarebda daviT III
didi kurapalati da, pirvel rigSi, miznad isaxavda daviTis `sambrZaneblis
sazRvrebis gafarToebas~, romlis Tavisi SvilobilisaTvis gadacemis imeds
is ar kargavda.
bizantiis imperiis xelisufleba TandaTanobiT sul ufro rwmundeboda,
rom daviT kurapalati ar iyo saimedo partniori da rom is namdvilad ar
apirebda imperatorisadmi micemuli pirobis Sesrulebas. amitomac, cbieri
basili keisari ar daeloda moxuci kurapalatis bunebriv sikvdils da is
taoeli didebulebis xeliT 1001 wels muxanaTurad sicocxles gamoasalma.
T) imperatori basili II taoSi da qarTul-bizantiuri molaparakebebi
umaRles doneze. daviT kurapalatis gardacvalebisTanave, basili keisari
mravalricxovani laSqriT, romlis SemadgenlobaSi kievis didi mTavris _
vladimir sviatoslavis Zis mier gamogzavnili 6-aTasiani rusuli korpusic
iyo, saqarTvelosaken gamoeSura da taos mivida, sadac, adgilobriv
didebulTa daxmarebiT, faqtobrivad, yovelgvari garTulebebis gareSe,
daeufla daviT kurapalatis samflobeloebs. bagrat `afxazTa~ mefem da
mamamisma _ `mefeT-mefe~ gurgenma dinjad awon-dawones Seqmnili situacia da
rodesac darwmundnen, rom bizantielebs ver gauwevdnen winaaRmdegobas,
diplomatiuri arxebiT Seecadnen problemis mogvarebas. isini TviTon
eaxlnen taoSi basili keisars da gamarTes masTan samSvidobo
molaparakebebi. mxareebma miaRwies SeTanxmebas. basili II-m cno bagrat
`afxazTa~ mefis lideroba qarTul samyaroSi da mas kurapalatis tituli
mianiWa, xolo mamamiss _ gurgens mxolod magistrosoba akmara. marTalia,
titulTa amgvar ganawilebaSi veraguli momentic iyo Cadebuli _ mama-
Svilis urTierTwakideba, magram bagratisaTvis ufro maRali xarisxis
titulis miniWeba umTavresad mainc im dros saqarTveloSi Seqmnili
politikuri da saxelmwifoebrivi koniunqturiT iyo ganpirobebuli. kerZod
imiT, rom bagrat III yvelaze didi qarTuli saxelmwifos, `afxazTa~ samefos
meTauri iyo. misTvis kurapalatis titulis miniWebiT ki bizantiis
imperatori iuridiulad xels adebda `afxazTa~ samefos da ifarToebda
gavlenis sferoebs. amasTan, bizantiis mTavroba am aqts ganixilavda
rogorc erTgvar politikur kompensacias im danakargisaTvis, romelic
ganicada bagrat III-m Tavisi mamobilis samflobelos _ imiertaos
CamorTmeviT.
miuxedavad imisa, rom kurapalatis titulis miRebiT bagrat III bizantiis
imperatoris uzenaesobas cnobda da oficialurad misi vasali xdeboda,
`afxazTa~ samefos suvereniteti realurad ar Selaxula. ufro metic,
vinaidan kurapalatoba jer kidev iTvleboda did pativad da garkveul
upiratesobas aniWebda mis mflobels rogorc saerTaSoriso arenaze, ise
qveynis SigniTac (kerZod, kurapalatis titulis miniWebiT bizantiis imperia
amtkicebda am titulis mflobelis memkvidreobiT uflebebs tao-
klarjeTSi), am titulis miReba bagrat III-Tvis momgebianic ki iyo. amrigad,
1001 wlis SeTanxmeba, garkveulwilad, qarTuli diplomatiis warmateba iyo.

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am SeTanxmebiT bagrat III-m SeaCera basili keisris Semdgomi winslva qveynis
siRrmeSi.
da mainc, krizisi qarTul-bizantiur urTierTobebSi amiT bolomde ar
amowurula. imave 1001 wels bagrat III-is mamam, gurgen magistrosma Seutia
bizantielebs da imiertaos calkeuli olqis (olTisis cixe da sxv.)
Semomtkiceba ganizraxa. gurgenis es demarSi gamiznuli iyo bizantiis eqs-
pansiis SesaCereblad. amave dros is iyo erTgvari protesti basili II-is
mier imiertaos qarTuli miwebis mitacebis gamo. bagrat III-s, romelsac,
rogorc gardacvlili kurapalatis Svilobils, meti pretenzia hqonda
mamobilis memkvidreobaze, ar miuRia monawileoba am kampaniaSi. es
gamowveuli iyo imiT, rom taoSi dadebuli SeTanxmebis Tanaxmad man
`nebayoflobiT~ uari Tqva Tavis memkvidreobiT uflebebze imperatoris
sasargeblod da, amdenad, misi mxridan aqtiurobis gamoCena sazavo
xelSekrulebis darRveva iqneboda. gurgenma ki sababad gamoiyena misTvis
mxolod magistrosis titulis miniWeba da diplomatiurad gaemijna basili
II-bagrat III-is SeTanxmebas. marTalia, qarTvelebma am dros verc olTisi
aiRes da verc sxva romelime cixe, magram gurgenis demarSma mainc miaRwia
garkveul mizans. man daafrTxo imperiis xelisufleba da basili keisarma
saswrafod afrina taos Tavisi sagangebo despani kanikl magistrosi, rom-
lis piriTac gurgens yvela misi survilis aRsruleba aRuTqva. amis Semdeg
gurgen `mefeT-mefesa~ da bizantielebs Soris zavi daido, romlis mixedviT
gurgens daviT kurapalatis memkvidreobidan nawili ergo.
amrigad, 1001 wels bagrat-gurgenTan dadebuli xelSekrulebebiT
bizantiis imperiam gansazRvra Tavisi damokidebuleba taosa da mTlianad
saqarTvelos mimarT. man cno axali wesrigi saqarTveloSi da aRiara aq
bagratis hegemonoba. bagrat mefisaTvis kurapalatis titulis boZeba ara
imdenad imperatoris qveSevrdomobaSi misi Sesvlis gamoxatuleba iyo,
ramdenadac imperiis mier `afxazTa~ samefos axal sazRvrebSi cnobisa da
bagrat III-is qarTuli politikuri samyaros erTpirovnul liderad
aRiarebis aqti. yvelaze mTavari monapovari ki is iyo, rom bizantiis
keisarTan SeTanxmebiT uzrunvelyofil iqna imperiis sruli neitraliteti
saqarTveloSi mimdinare procesebis mimarT, ramac xel-fexi gauxsna bagrat
III-s da misca mas saSualeba, warmatebiT daegvirgvinebina Tavisi didi
winapris _ daviT kurapalatis mier dawyebuli qveynis gaerTianebis saqme.
i) bagrat III-is samxedro-politikuri da diplomatiuri aqciebi kaxeT-
hereTsa da klarjeTSi. 1008 wels `mefeT-mefe~ gurgenis gardacvalebis
Semdeg bagrat III realurad daeufla mamiseul `qarTuelTa~ samefos. amave
xanebSi man daiwyo RonisZiebebis gatareba qarTlis im cixeebis
Semosamtkiceblad, romlebic kaxelebs ekavaT. am mizniT `wargzavna
mociquli kaxeTs~ da mosTxova daviT qorepiskoposs cixeebis dabruneba,
magram `afxazTa~ da `qarTuelTa~ mefis es diplomatiuri misia uSedegod
dasrulda, ris Semdegac bagrat III iZulebuli Seiqna, Zala gamoeyenebina.
laSqroba kaxeT-hereTs warmatebiT dasrulda, bagratma hereTi aiRo da iq
mTavrad abulali daayena. hereTSi misTvis sasurveli reJimis damyarebiT
bagrat III-m, faqtobrivad, fexi moikida qveynis ukidures aRmosavleTSi da
Seqmna erTgvari placdarmi kaxeTze Tavdasasxmelad. bagrat III-is am aqciebma
sagonebelSi Caagdo kaxeTis xelisufleba, romelsac mxarSi amoudgnen
axali reJimiT ukmayofilo hereTis didebulebi. maTi daxmarebiT daviT
qorepiskoposma hereTi aiRo. amas 1010 wels mohyva bagrat III-is axali

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laSqroba aRmosavleTSi, romlis drosac man kvlav daimorCila hereTi da
`daiWira dinar dedofali Tvisad~. hereTis dakavebisTanave, `afxazTa~ mefem
kaxeTs Seutia. axalma qorepiskoposma, kvirike III-m, ver gauwia mas
winaaRmdegoba da daTmo `sruliad hereTi da kaxeTi~.
kaxeT-hereTis Semomtkiceba kidev erTi wingadadgmuli nabiji iyo erTiani
qarTuli saxelmwifos Seqmnis gzaze. amis Semdeg bagrat III-m klarjeTs
mixeda, sadac mas upirispirdebodnen `klarjni xelmwifeni~. man fanaskertis
cixeSi `darbazobad~ moiwvia sumbat da gurgen bagrationebi `TВsni mamis-
diswulni~, Seipyra isini da Tmogvis cixeSi `patimar-yvna~, sadac orive Zma
gardaicvala. bagrat III-m mkacri represiebi gaatara maTi ojaxis wevrebis
mimarT. mis risxvas gadaurCnen mxolod `Ze sumbatisi bagrat da Ze
gurgenisi _ demetre~, romlebic gaiqcnen konstantinopolSi `basili mefesa
winaSe~.
klarjeTis saboloo SemomtkicebiT ZiriTadad dasrulda quTaisis
taxtis egidiT calkeuli qarTuli qveynis erTian saxelmwifoSi
gaerTianebis xangrZlivi procesi (mis farglebs gareT rCeboda imiertao da
Tbilisis saamiro) da Seiqmna erTiani qarTuli saxelmwifo, romelsac
sruliad axali rolis Sesruleba daekisra saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi.
k) erTiani qarTuli saxelmwifo saerTaSoriso arenaze. erTiani qarTuli
saxelmwifos warmoqmnam garkveulwilad Secvala ZalTa Tanafardoba
kavkasiasa da wina aziaSi. gaerTianebuli saqarTvelos saxiT maxlobeli
aRmosavleTis politikur arenaze gamoCnda sakmaod didi potencialis mqone
saxelmwifo, romelic imTaviTve iqca wamyvan politikur Zalad regionSi.
yovelive amas ar SeiZleboda ar gamoewvia garkveuli reaqcia mezobeli
saxelmwifoebis mxridan. pirveli, vinc daafrTxo erTiani qarTuli saxel-
mwifos Seqmnam, iyo ganZis saamiro.
ganZis saamiros ekava xelsayreli geografiuli mdebareoba mtkvar-
araqsis auzSi, rac SadadianTa mmarTvel dinastias saSualebas aZlevda,
kontroli daemyarebina amierkavkasiis mniSvnelovan savaWro-ekonomikur da
samxedro-strategiul raionebze. X saukunis 60-70-ian wlebis mijnaze
aRmocenebuli SadadianTa saxelmwifos dawinaureba imave saukunis
miwurulidan iwyeba da ukavSirdeba amira fadl ben muhamedis, imave
fadlonis (985-1031ww.) moRvaweobas. swored am periodSi miaRwia ganZam
Zlierebis zenits da gadaiqca amierkavkasiis erT-erT uZlieres
saxelmwifod. saqarTvelosa da ganZis saamiros interesebi erTmaneTs
Seejaxnen XI saukunis 10-ian wlebSi, mas mere, rac bagrat III-m kaxeT-hereTi
SemoierTa. amas ar SeeZlo ar gaeRizianebina ganZis amira fadloni,
romelic TviTon acxadebda pretenezias aRmosavlurqarTuli gaerTianebebis
dauflebaze. fadlonma ramdenime marbieli laSqroba moawyo hereT-kaxeTSi.
ganZis amiras am mimarTulebiT ufro Sors mimavali gegmebic hqonda da misi
mTavari mizani kaxeT-hereTSi `afxazTa~ da `qarTuelTa~ mefis
xelisuflebis moSla iyo.
bagrat III-m saTanadod Seafasa mosalodneli safrTxe da fadlonis
samagaliTo dasja gadawyvita. ganZis amiras winaaRmdeg martodmarto
gamosvla ramdenadme sarisko iyo, amitom gaerTianebuli saqarTvelos
liderma gadawyvita, dakavSireboda anisis mefes gagik I bagratuns ( -1017 ww.)
da misTvis ganZaze erToblivi laSqroba SeeTavazebina. am mizniT man anisSi
elCoba gagzavna, sadac molaparakebebi Sedga gagik mefesTan. somxurma
mxarem miiRo saqarTvelos mefis winadadeba da Zorakerts Sekrebilma

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qarTvelTa da somexTa gaerTianebulma Zalebma daamarcxes fadlonis jari.
bagrat III gamoedevna brZolis velidan gaqceul ganZis amiras, SeiWra mis
samflobeloSi da alya Semoartya Samqoris cixes. damfrTxalma fadlonma
saswrafod mociquli afrina gaerTianebuli saqarTvelos xelmwifesTan da
zavi iTxova. bagrats jer kidev hqonda Samqoris ieriSiT aRebis imedi,
amitom man pasuxi daayovna da mxolod mas Semdeg daTanxmda zavze, roca
daarwmunes, rom ZaliT qalaqis aReba gauWirdeboda. Sedga molaparakebebi
qarTul mxaresa da fadlons Soris, romelic sazavo xelSekrulebis
(werilobiT gaformda) dadebiT dasrulda. `dawerilis~ mixedviT, fadloni
aRiarebda bagrat III-is uzenaesobas da kisrulobda mis mxareze samxedro
ZaliT gamosvlas saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi.
ganZis amiraze mopovebulma gamarjvebam erTiorad aamaRla saqarTvelosa
da misi lideris avtoriteti amierkavkasiaSi. amis erTgvari gamoZaxilia
bagrat III-is sagareo-politikuri moRvaweobis Sefaseba XI s. qarTveli
istorikosis _ sumbat daviTis Zis mier, romlis mixedviTac, saqarTvelos
gamaerTianebeli mefe `yoveli kavkasiis~, `jiqeTiTgan vidre gurgenamde~
TviTmpyroblobiT mflobelad, xolo adarbadagani da Sarvani saqarTvelos
moxarke qveynebadaa gamocxadebuli.
fadlonze gamarjveba, gaerTianebuli qarTuli saxelmwifos samxedro
siZlieresTan erTad, mniSvnelovanwilad bagrat III-is moqnilma
diplomatiamac ganapiroba, kerZod ki _ anisis samefosTan samxedro-
politikuri blokis Sekvram. es iyo gagrZeleba qarTul-somxuri samxedro-
politikuri da diplomatiuri TanamSromlobisa, romelsac safuZveli
didma daviT kurapalatma jer kidev X saukunis 70-ian wlebSi Cauyara.
bagrat III-m gaagrZela Tavisi mamobilis politika somxuri erTeulebisa da,
pirvel rigSi, anisis samefos mimarT. amira fadlonis winaaRmdeg bagrat III-
isa da gagik I-is erToblivi warmatebuli gamosvla swored rom saqarTvelo-
somxeTis keTilmezobluri urTierTobebisa da TanamSromlobis aqts warmo-
adgenda da iyo Sedegi im intensiuri diplomatiuri kontaqtebisa, romelTac
adgili hqonda quTaissa da aniss Soris bagrat III-is moRvaweobis mTel
manZilze. amasTan, qarTul-somxur urTierTobebSi, rogorc daviT
kurapalatis, ise misi Svilobilis _ bagrat III-is drosac, ikveTeba qarTuli
mxaris prioritetuli mdgomareoba, qarTvel liderTa warmmarTveli roli
da maTi garkveuli gavlena somxur samyaroze, rac ase mkafiod gamovlinda
ganZis kampaniisas. swored saqarTvelos mefe iyo erToblivi laSqrobis
iniciatori da gaerTianebuli jarebis umaRlesi mTavarsardali, swored
amitomac mxolod mis winaSe, erTpirovnulad (da ara gagik I-Tan erTad)
moxda fadlonis kapitulacia.
amrigad, ganZis saamiroze mopovebulma gamarjvebam warmoaCina
saqarTvelos saxelmwifos hegemonisturi miswrafebebi mTeli kavkasiis
masStabiT. gaerTianebuli saxelmwifo XI s. 10-iani wlebis SuaxanebisaTvis
iqca uZlieres politikur erTeulad, xolo misi lideri yvelaze Zlier
xelisuflad kavkasiaSi, romlis SiSi TviT bizantiis imperatorsac `aqunda~.

$2. erTiani qarTuli saxelmwifos

samxedro-politikuri da diplomatiuri
brZola saerTaSoriso arenaze sruli
suverenitetis mopoveba-ganmtkicebisaTvis XI saukunis 20-80-ian wlebSi

83
 a) saqarTvelos samefo karis diplomatiuri samzadisi bizantiis imperiis
gavlenidan gamosvlisa da sruli suverenitetis mopovebisaTvis brZolis
dasawyebad. bagrat III-is gardacvalebis (1014 w.) Semdeg saqarTvelos samefo
karis umTavresi sagareo-politikuri amocana iyo poziciebis Semdgomi
ganmtkiceba kavkasiaSi da sruli suverenitetis mopoveba saerTaSoriso
arenaze, rac mTlianad damokidebuli iyo bizantiis imperiasTan
urTierTobis mowesrigebaze. miuxedavad rigi sagareo-politikuri
warmatebebisa, romlebic miRweul iqna bagrat III-is moRvaweobis periodSi,
saqarTvelo jer kidev rCeboda `bizantiis qveynad~ da gaerTianebuli
qarTuli saxelmwifos lideri oficialurad atarebda kurapalatis
bizantiur sakariskaco tituls. marTalia, es tituli didad ar zRudavda
qarTvel politikur moRvaweebs, piriqiT, ramdenadme ufro avtoritetulsac
ki xdida maT saerTaSoriso arenaze, magram qveynisaTvis, romelic mtkiced
daadga politikuri aRmavlobis gzas da TviTon apirebda sakuTari diqtatis
damyarebas regionSi, ukve miuRebeli iyo sxva saxelmwifos vasalis (Tundac
formaluri) rolSi darCena. aqedan gamomdinare, dRis wesrigSi dadga
bizantiasTan urTierTobis gadasinjvis sakiTxi. bizantias unda egrZno
saqarTvelos siZliere, erTxel da samudamod eRiarebina misi suverenoba da
Tanasworoba. amisaTvis ki, pirvel rigSi, saWiro iyo imperiasTan 1001 wels
dadebuli xelSekrulebis gadasinjva, rac gulisxmobda brZolis dawyebas
imiertaos mitacebuli teritoriebis dasabruneblad da konstantinopolis
proteqtoratidan qveynis gamosayvanad. amiT saqarTvelo gadawyvetda mTavar
sakiTxs: moipovebda erovnul suverenitets saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi.
swored am didi amocanis gadaWras Seudga gaerTianebuli saqarTvelos
meore _ mefe giorgi I (1014-1027 ww.).
giorgi I-is mefobis dasawyisi mniSvnelovani Sinapolitikuri
garTulebebiT aRiniSna. gaerTianebul samefos Camoscilda kaxeT-hereTi,
romlis yofilma mflobelebma, isargebles ra mefis mcirewlovanebiT,
agreTve imiTac, rom saqarTvelos samefo karis yuradReba am dros
mTlianad taosken iyo mipyrobili, moaxerxes dakarguli uflebebis aRdgena.
kaxeT-hereTis mmarTveli gaxda kvirike III (1010-1037 ww.), romelic `iwoda
mefed kaxTa~. saqarTvelos samefo karma ver SeZlo, xeli SeeSala `ranTa da
kaxTa~ samefos calke saxelmwifod formirebisaTvis. ufro metic, bizantiis
imperiisaTvis gadamwyveti dartymis miyenebis win giorgi I-ma taqtikuri
mosazrebiT droebiT gadado kaxeT-hereTis Semomtkiceba, oficialuradac ki
cno `ranTa da kaxTa~ samefos damoukidebeli statusi da Sekra masTan
samxedro-politikuri kavSiri. es gaerTianebuli saqarTvelos mefis
erTgvari diplomatiuri warmateba iyo. amgvari arCevani ganpirobebuli iyo
im dros Seqmnili xelsayreli saerTaSoriso viTarebiT, kerZod,
garTulebebiT balkaneTis naxevarkunZulze (basili keisris omi
bulgareTSi), romlebmac karga xans miipyro imperiis xelisufalTa
yuradReba. bunebrivia, saqarTvelos samefo kari Seecdeboda, xelidan ar
gaeSva es momenti da, pirvel rigSi, swored imiertaos problema gadaeWra.
marTlac, 1014-1016 ww. man miiRo gadawyvetileba daviT kurapalatis
memkvidreobis ukan dasabruneblad. am mizniT ganxorcielda saTanado
samxedro aqcia, romlis Sedegadac dakavebul iqna imiertaos zogierTi cixe.
saqarTvelos samefo karze kargad esmodaT, rom qarTvelebis am
gamoxdomas upasuxod ar datovebda bizantiis mrisxane keisari da imTaviTve
Seudgnen sagangebo samxedro da diplomatiur samzadiss. giorgi I-ma

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gadadga konkretuli nabijebi farTo masStabis antibizantiuri koaliciis
Sesaqmnelad. am mizniT is, pirvel rigSi, daukavSirda mezobel somxur
politikur erTeulebs, kerZod, anisis mefes, iovane-sumbats, romelic,
faqtobrivad, cnobda mis uzenaesobas. iovane-sumbati davalebuli iyo
giorgi I-gan, radgan man samefo taxti swored saqarTvelos mefis aqtiuri
diplomatiuri da samxedro mxardaWeris wyalobiT daikava. 1017 wlis axlo
xanebSi, gagik I-is gardacvalebis Semdeg, anisis samefo taxts erTmaneTs
gagikis Svilebi _ iovane-sumbati da aSoti ecilebodnen. giorgi I-ma
isargebla am viTarebiT da aqtiurad Caeria somxeTis saSinao saqmeebSi. man
gailaSqra somxeTSi da Seariga taxtisaTvis mebrZoli mxareebi. ufros Zmas
iovane-sumbats misca anisis cixe misi SemogareniT, xolo umcross `qveynis
Sida mxare~ arguna. teritoriebis amgvari ganawilebiT arc erTi mxare ar
iyo kmayofili. iovane-sumbatma daarRvia saqarTvelos mefisaTvis micemuli
piroba da Tavisi Zmis kuTvnili olqebis dakavebas Seudga. giorgi I gana-
risxa anisis axali mefis am saqcielma, jari daadevna iovane-sumbats da
Seapyrobina. es incidenti dasrulda imiT, rom giorgi I-ma sami cixe
CamoarTva somxeTis mefes da mxolod amis Semdeg gaaTavisufla is.
amrigad, giorgi I-ma faqtobrivad Seasrula erTgvari arbitris roli
mezobeli somxeTis gamwvavebul krizisSi da iq misTvis misaRebi
politikuri reJimi daamyara. saqarTvelos mefis samxedro-politikurma da
diplomatiurma RonisZiebebma ukmayofileba gamoiwvia konstantinopolSi.
imperiis xelisuflebas somxeTis taxtze Tavisi kandidati _ iovane-sumbatis
Zma _ aSoti hyavda. bizantia, bunebrivia, ver Seurigdeboda saqarTvelos
gavlenis damyarebas somxeTSi da yvelafers gaakeTebda giorgi I-is
mokavSiris _ iovane-sumbatis CamosaSoreblad. marTlac, basili keisarma
moamzada specialuri samxedro eqspedicia somxeTSi da daexmara aSots
anisis samefos calkeuli olqis dakavebaSi, ramac daafrTxo kidec misi
gvirgvinosani Zma. am garemoebam damatebiTi impulsebi SesZina iovane-
sumbatis kavSirs saqarTvelos mefesTan.
antibizantiur koalicias SemouerTda anisis samefos vasali vanandic.
giorgi I-is mokavSire iyo misi simamri vaspurakanis mefe seneqerim arwrunic.
vaspurakanis mefis gamosvla imperiis winaaRmdeg gamowveuli iyo imiT, rom
1015-1016 ww-Si bizantiis xelisuflebam mas daawerina `anderZi~, romlis
Tanaxmadac seneqerimis gardacvalebis Semdeg misi samefo imperatoris
mflobelobaSi gadadioda. amas ar SeiZleboda seneqerim arwrunis wyena ar
gamoewvia, romelic, bunebrivia, pirvelsave SemTxvevas gamoiyenebda basili
keisarTan dasapirispireblad. Tavisi simamris amgvari ganwyobileba marjved
gamoiyena giorgim da CarTo is antibizantiur koaliciaSi.
saqarTvelos samefo karis diplomatiuri saqmianobis farTo masStabze
am periodSi metyvelebs Soreul egviptesTan damyarebuli kontaqtebi.
egviptis fatimidi xalifebi didi xnis manZilze metoqeobas uwevdnen
bizantiis imperias da mniSvnelovnad asustebdnen konstantinopolis
poziciebs maxlobel aRmosavleTSi. giorgi I-is mTavrobam, romelic kargad
iyo informirebuli wina aziaSi mimdinare movlenebis Sesaxeb, sworad
ganWvrita bizantiis erT-erT mTavar metoqesTan kavSiris sargeblianoba da
diplomatiuri kontaqtebi daamyara kairosTan, raTa gaerkvia imperiis
winaaRmdeg erToblivi gamosvlis sakiTxi. moewyo specialuri elCoba,
romelmac kairoSi Caitana saqarTvelos mefis werili xalifa al-haqimTan.
masSi giorgi I egviptis mmarTvels sTavazobda, gaerTianebuliyvnen basilis

85
winaaRmdeg da TiToeul maTgans ganexorcielebina dartyma sakuTari
qveynidan.
amrigad, 1021 wlisaTvis saqarTvelos mefis egidiT farTo
antibizantiuri koalicia Seiqmna, romelSic Sediodnen egviptis fatimidi
xalifa al-haqimi, anisis mefe iovane-sumbati, misi Zma aSoti, vaspurakanis
mefe seneqerim arwruni da sxvani. giorgi I dakavSirebuli iyo agreTve
basili keisris winaaRmdeg mowyobil SeTqmulebasTan, romelsac
meTaurobdnen foka da qsife. swored amiT iyo gamowveuli is, rom basili II-
m mis winaaRmdeg ajanyebuli fokas mokveTili Tavi swored saqarTvelos
mefes gamougzavna. am antibizantiuri frontis sulisCamdgmeli da
organizatori saqarTvelos mefe iyo. giorgi mefe iyo pirveli qarTvel
moRvaweTa Soris, vinc Seecada saqarTvelos farTo saerTaSoriso asparezze
gayvanas.
b) saqarTvelo-bizantiis 1021-1022 ww. omi da misi diplomatiuri aspeqtebi.
miuxedavad aseTi aqtiuri diplomatiuri samzadisisa, giorgi I-ma mainc ver
SeZlo warmatebis mopoveba. amis mizezi iyo is, rom uSualod saqarTvelo-
bizantiis omis dawyebis win xalifa al-haqimi saeWvo viTarebaSi ugzo-ukv-
lod gaqra da egviptesTan erToblivi gamosvlis perspeqtiva CaifuSa. male
anisic CamoSorda qarTvelTa mefes. aseT viTarebaSi saqarTvelos mxedrobam
ver SeZlo jerovani winaaRmdegobis gaweva basili keisris jarisaTvis da
damarcxda. bizantiis imperatorma moaoxra artaani, javaxeTi, TrialeTi da
trapizonis maxloblad dabanakda gamosazamTreblad. basili II-m ar isurva
samxedro konfrontaciis ganaxleba da samSvidobo iniciativiT gamovida. man
sagangebo misiiT giorgi I-Tan elCi _ episkoposi zaqaria gamogzavna.
saqarTvelos mefem miiRo basili keisris mier wamoyenebuli sazavo pirobebi.
giorgi I-ma misca principuli Tanxmoba zavze, ris Semdegac imperatorma ukve
warmomadgenlobiTi delegacia gamogzavna `Tavisi warCinebulebisa da
iuristebis jgufis~ saxiT, romelTac `mtkice fici daadebines giorgi
afxazs, misi qveynis sasuliero meTaurs _ kaTalikoss, yvela episkoposs,
sxva warCinebul da maRali Tanamdebobis qveSevrdomT~. mogvianebiT
qarTulma mxarem daarRvia miRweuli SeTanxmeba da kvlav daiwyo omisaTvis
mzadeba. giorgi I-is es gadawyvetileba ukavSirdeba bizantiaSi
antisamTavrobo amboxis dawyebas.
1022 wels bizantiaSi basili II-is winaaRmdeg axalma ajanyebam ifeTqa,
romelsac nikifore foka da nikifore qsife meTaurobdnen. am ajanyebaSi
aqtiur monawileobas iRebdnen bizantiaSi moRvawe qarTveli didebulebi,
romelTa Soris iyo feris jojikis Ze. ajanyebis meTaurebTan uSualo
kavSiri hqonda giorgi I-s. saqarTvelos mefem Seqmna zavis imitacia, zviad
spasalars ki laSqris wina xazze gasvla da sruli sabrZolo mzadyofna
ubrZana.
miuxedavad giorgi I-is amgvari eSmakuri diplomatiuri svlebisa,
saqarTvelo mainc damarcxda bizantiasTan omSi. 1022 wlis miwuruls Sedga
sazavo molaparakeba da daido zavi, romlis mixedviTac basili keisarma
sabolood daakanona imiertaoze Tavisi `samamulo~ uflebebi. giorgi I
iZulebuli gaxda, eRiarebina imperatoris uzenaesoba da Tavisi loialobis
dasamtkiceblad konstantinopolSi sami wliT gaegzavna mZevlad samefo
taxtis memkvidre bagrat ufliswuli. aRsaniSnavia, rom bizantiis
imperatori Tavis adrindel moTxovnebze Sors ar wasula. basilis amgvari
`lmobiereba~, rasakvirvelia, misi didsulovnebiT ar iyo gamowveuli. mas,

86
etyoba, marTlac `SiSi didi aqunda saberZneTiT gandgomisa~ da amitom
Sekra saswrafod zavi saqarTvelos mefesTan.
amrigad, 1022 wlis zavi gaZlierebis gzaze mdgari erTiani qarTuli
saxelmwifosaTvis pirveli didi sagareo-politikuri marcxi iyo. bunebrivia,
am marcxs ver Seegueboda giorgi I da is Seecada kidec, pirvelive
xelsayreli SemTxveva gamoeyenebina am zavis pirobebis gadasasinjad. amgvari
SesaZlebloba mas mieca ukve 1025 wels, rodesac basili keisris winaaRmdeg
bizantiaSi kidev erTma ajanyebam ifeTqa. ajanyebis meTaurs _ nikifore
komnenoss uSualo kavSiri hqonda giorgi I-Tan da mis mxardaWeras eloda.
magram axalma imperatorma, konstantine VIII-m (1025-1028 ww.), romelic taxtze
basili keisris gardacvalebis Semdeg avida, SeZlo amboxis CaxSoba.
pirveli, rac konstantine VIII-m amis Semdeg gaakeTa, iyo is, rom man
samSobloSi mimaval bagrat ufliswuls, romelsac mZevlobis samwliani
vada Seusrulda, saswrafod mdevari daadevna da konstantinopolSi
mobruneba ubrZana. imperatoris despanma am davalebis Sesruleba ver
moaxerxa, vinaidan bagrats saqarTvelos sazRvarTan giorgi I-is mier
sagangebod gagzavnili jari Seegeba, bizantielebi ki moeridnen samxedro
Setakebas.
saqarTvelos xelisuflebas arc amis Semdeg auRia xeli revanSistul
miswrafebebze da energiulad ganagrZobda gzebis Ziebas axali
antibizantiuri frontis Sesaqmnelad. amis gamovlineba iyo saqarTvelos
Crdilouri diplomatiis gaaqtiureba. giorgi I dinastiuri qorwinebis
meSveobiT Seecada daaxloeboda oseTis samefo saxls da gamoeyenebina osTa
samxedro Zala bizantielTa winaaRmdeg, magram es gegmac CaiSala. mis
ganxorcielebas xeli SeuSala jer kidev sruliad axalgazrda giorgi
mefis ucabedma sikvdilma.
g) saqarTvelo-bizantiis urTierTobebis xelaxali gamwvaveba giorgi I-is
gardacvalebis Semdeg. giorgi I-is gardacvalebis Semdeg ukiduresad
daiZaba Sinapolitikuri viTareba saqarTveloSi. gaaqtiurda bizantiis
agentura. gansakuTrebiT didi samuSao am mimarTulebiT Caatara saWurisma
nikitam, romelic bizantiis xelisuflebis sagangebo `zedamxedvelis~
(rezidentis) funqciebs asrulebda aRmosavleTSi. swored nikitas
`qadagebis~ Sedegad datova samSoblo bevrma taoelma aznaurma da
imperators eaxla konstantinopolSi. bizantiis xelisufleba amasac ar
dasjerda da samxedro eqspediciac moawyo saqarTveloSi. imperiis
diplomatiam moaxerxa qarTuli politikuri wreebis gaxleCa. qveyana faqtob-
rivad or mtrul _ antibizantiur (giorgi I-is politikuri kursis
erTgulTa) da probizantiur (am kursis mowinaaRmdegeTa) _ banakad daiyo.
probizantiuri banaki ar miiswrafoda imperiasTan SeerTebisaken. mas sa-
qarTvelo `dawynarebul~, Tumca bizantiis erTgul da morCil saxelmwifod
esaxeboda. saimperatoro karic sjerdeboda saqarTvelos mefis mier
konstantinopolis uzenaesobis ubralo aRiarebas da taos miwebis saboloo
dapatronebas.
giorgi I-is sikvdilis Semdeg xelisuflebaSi jer kidev misi garemocva
rCeboda, romelic mzad iyo, ganegrZo gardacvlili mefis mtkice
antibizantiuri kursi. saqarTvelos samefo karma CaTvala, rom dadga
xelsayreli dro imiertaos cixe-simagreebis dasabruneblad da urCia
axalgamefebul bagrats Sesabamisi nabijebis gadadgma am mimarTulebiT.
berZnebis sapasuxo aqciebi saqarTvelosaTvis uaRresad mZime gamodga, Tumca

87
maTac ver SeZles `saqmis sisruleSi moyvana~. 1028 wels gardaicvala
konstantine VIII, xolo axalgamefebulma romanoz argvirosma ar ganaaxla
saomari operaciebi saqarTveloSi. saqarTvelo-bizantiis urTierTobis
normalizacia ki moxda 1030-1031 wlebSi, konstantinopolSi dedofal
mariamis vizitis dros. mxareebma miaRwies Tanxmobas da bizantiis
imperatorma `miscna ficni da simtkiceni erTobisa da siyvarulisaTvis,
mosca pativi kurapalatobisa, da mosca colad bagratisTvis elene
dedofali~. amrigad, mariam dedofalma bizantiasTan daamyara iseTi
urTierToba, romlis winaaRmdeg mTeli sicocxle ibrZoda misi
Tanamecxedre giorgi I. mariamis viziti konstantinopolSi axali
politikuri kursis dasawyisi iyo da es xelisuflebaSi probizantiuri
wreebis mosvlis uSualo Sedegs warmoadgenda. aqedan gamomdinare,
saqarTvelo-bizantiis 1030-1031 ww. samSvidobo xelSekruleba `erTobisa da
siyvarulisaTvis~ ufro probizantiuri Zalebis gamarjvebas niSnavda, vidre
saqarTvelos samefo karis diplomatiur warmatebas saerTod.
d) bagrat IV-is damoukidebeli mmarTvelobis dawyeba da samxedro-
politikuri konfrontaciis ganaxleba bizantiis imperiasTan. 1030-1031
wlebis zaviT bizantiasTan saqarTveloSi yvela ar iyo kmayofili. amitomac
aRmoCnda es zavi udReuri. sul male gardaicvala elene dedofali, riTac
gawyda is Zafi, romelic akavSirebda bagrat IV-s bizantiis imperiasTan. amis
Semdeg axalgazrda monarqma colad SeirTo osTa mefis, urdures, asuli
borena _ `dai dorRolelisi~. bagrat IV-is es nabiji udavod gamarTlebuli
iyo. osTa mefis saxiT is iZenda Zlier mokavSires, romelic gamoadgeboda
bizantiasTan mosalodneli Sejaxebis SemTxvevaSi. garda amisa, bagrat IV
axdenda Tavisi naxevarZmis _ demetres (giorgi I-isa da osTa mefis asulis,
aldes, vaJis) neitralizebasac, radganac tovebda mas Tavis os TanamoZmeTa
mxardaWeris gareSe. bagrati osebis gamoyenebas sxva politikur aqciebSic
apirebda da gamoiyena kidec. kerZod, oseT-kaxeTis konfliqti, romlis
drosac moklul iqna orive mefe: oseTisa _ urdure da kaxeTisa _ kvirike
III, inspirirebuli iyo bagrat mefis mier da miznad isaxavda `ranTa da
kaxTa~ samefos dasustebas. amiT `afxazTa~ da `qarTvelTa~ mefe niadags
amzadebda danarCen saqarTvelosTan kaxeTis SemoerTebisaTvis. yovelive
zemoaRniSnulis gaTvaliswinebiT, bagrat IV-is daqorwineba osTa mefis
asulze saqarTvelos samefo karis mniSvnelovani diplomatiuri warmateba
iyo.
oseTis Zlier samefosTan daaxloebam saqarTvelos mefes xel-fexi
gauxsna da saSualeba misca, ganeaxlebina brZola bizantiis imperiis mier
mitacebuli teritoriebis dasabruneblad. manac ar daayovna, romaelebTan
dadebuli zavi daarRvia da zogierTi cixe da qalaqi daikava. es iyo
bizantiis `mfarvelobidan~ Tavis daxsnisaTvis brZolis axali etapis
dasawyisi. konstantinopoli, rasakvirvelia, gulxeldakrefili ar
Sexvdeboda saqarTvelos mefis am demarSs da yovelnairad Seecdeboda,
sapasuxo zomebi gaetarebina mis mimarT, magram imperiis mesveurebma mxolod
is SeZles, rom gandevnes bagrat IV-is jari da mitacebuli qalaqebi ukan
daibrunes. bagrat mefis ufro mkacrad dasja bizantiam im xanebSi ver
SeZlo. ufro metic, am droidan imperiis diplomatiam erTgvarad Secvala
brZolis xerxebi da meTodebi, aqcenti bagrat IV-is winaaRmdeg feodaluri
opoziciis mier mowyobili gamosvlebis materialur da samxedro
uzrunvelyofaze gadaitana. XI saukunis 40-iani wlebis damdegidan bizantiis

88
mmarTvelma wreebma gadadges konkretuli nabijebi saqarTveloSi arsebuli
politikuri reJimis Secvlisa da urCi bagrat kurapalatis nacvlad samefo
taxtze maTTvis misaRebi kandidatis ayvanisaTvis. es roli maT daakisres
bagrat IV-is naxevarZmas _ demetre ufliswuls. demetre giorgis Ze
dedasTan, giorgi I-is `meore col~ aldesTan erTad jer kidev 30-ian wlebSi
gaiqca bizantiaSi da miiRo iq politikuri TavSesafari. demetre didi
SenaZeni iyo bizantiisaTvis, amitom imperatorma mas saswrafod uboZa magis-
trosis tituli. gaqceulma ufliswulma imperators Tavisi rezidencia _
anakofia gadasca. amiT bizantielebma Seqmnes mniSvnelovani placdarmi
saqarTveloze Crdilo-dasavleTidan Semotevis gansaxorcieleblad.
pirvel cdas demetre ufliswulis gamefebisa adgili hqonda 1041 wels,
rodesac bagrat IV-gan gamdgarma kldekaris Zlevamosilma erisTavma,
liparit baRvaSma, gamoiwvia bizantiidan demetre ufliswuli `berZenTa
mefisa laSqriTa~. liparitis es gamosvla mTlianad inspirirebuli iyo
imperator mixeil IV-is mier, magram am etapze bizantiis xelisuflebam
dasaxul mizans mainc ver miaRwia. bagrat IV wavida erTgvar daTmobebze
amboxebuli didgvarovanis mimarT, daezava mas da qarTlis erisTavoba
uboZa. demetre ufliswuli ki ukan, konstantinopolSi gabrunda. aman
saSualeba misca saqarTvelos mefes, ufro aqtiurad CarTuliyo
amierkavkasiaSi mimdinare procesebSi da gamosuliyo bizantiis metoqed
aRmosavleTSi. es gansakuTrebiT naTlad gamomJRavnda 40-iani wlebis
SuaxanebSi, e. w. `somxeTis sakiTxis~ gadawyvetis dros.
e) `somxeTis sakiTxi~ qarTul diplomatiaSi XI saukunis SuaxanebSi.
somxuri politikuri erTeulebis dapyroba bizantiis mesveurTaTvis didi
xnis sanukvar ocnebas warmoadgenda. XI saukunis 40-iani wlebis
damdegisaTvis imperias ukve hqonda garkveuli winsvla am mimarTulebiT,
kerZod, 966 wels bizantiam SeierTa taroni, 1022 wels ki _ vaspurakanis
samefo. imave 1022 wels gadawyda anisis samefos bedic. basili keisarma
aiZula ioane-sumbati, Seedgina anderZi, romlis mixedviTac, anisis mefis
sikvdilis Semdeg somexTa samefo romaelTa saxelmwifos SeuerTdeboda. 1041
wels gardaicvala ioane-sumbati da bizantiis xelisufleba Seudga anisis
samefos Semomtkicebas. aman uaRresad daZaba politikuri situacia somxeTSi.
antibizantiurad ganwyobilma somexma nahararebma, vahram pahlavunis
meTaurobiT, energiuli winaaRmdegoba gauwies bizantielebs, romlebic 1041
wels orjer SeiWrnen anisis samefos farglebSi. probizantiur orientacias
saTaveSi edga sargis haikazni, romelmac jer regentis Tanamdeboba Caigdo
xelSi, xolo Semdeg Tavisi Tavi mefedac ki gamoacxada, samefo saganZuri ki
saqarTveloSi gaxizna. vahram pahlavunim da misma momxreebma SeZles gagikis
_ ioane-sumbatis Zmiswulis _ taxtze dasma. gagikis koronacia bizantiuri
diplomatiis didi marcxi iyo, magram somxeTis saqmeebis mogvarebisaTvis
imperiam erTbaSad ver moicala da mxolod 1044 wels ganaaxla Seteva
somxeTis mimarTulebiT. Tavdapirvelad bizantiis xelisuflebam `dvinisa da
persarmeniis arqonti~ abulasvar Sadadiani miusia anisis mefes. yovelmxriv
Seviwroebuli gagik II iZulebuli Seiqna, daetovebina anisi da
konstantinopols gamgzavrebuliyo, qveynis mmarTveloba ki kaTolikos
petrosisaTvis Caebarebina. miuxedavad somex patriotTa calkeuli
warmatebisa, antibizantiurma frontma somxeTSi kraxi ganicada, Tumca
anisis mosaxleobis garkveuli fenebi imeds mainc ar kargavdnen da yovel
Rones xmarobdnen, raTa exsnaT qveyana bizantiis okupaciisagan. aseT

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viTarebaSi anisis samefos saqmeebSi bagrat IV Caeria. saqarTvelos mefesTan
gamocxadda somxeTis erT-erTi lideri _ sargis haikazni, romelmac 9 cixe
gadasca mas, xolo anisi somxebma uSualod bagratis dedas _ mariam
dedofals Caabares. saqarTvelos mefem gadadga konkretuli nabijebi som-
xeTis SemosaerTeblad. man anisSi gagzavna Tavisi didebulebi: abuseri
(artanujis erisTavi, xixaTa, cixis juarisa da awyuris cixis patroni), ivane
dadiani da guaram goderZis Ze (beWis cixis patroni) da maTi meSveobiT
qalaqi Caibara. saqarTvelos samefo karze kargad hqondaT
gaTviTcnobierebuli, rom `afxazTa~ da `qarTuelTa~ mefis mier anisis
dakavebas bizantiis imperia upasuxod ar datovebda. amdenad, somxeTis
SemoerTebis sakiTxi ar SeiZleboda mxolod diplomatiur doneze
gadawyvetiliyo. mas, uTuod, saTanado samxedro uzrunvelyofac
esaWiroeboda.
marTlac, imperiam umal aamoqmeda Tavisi agentura somxeTSi. gagik II-is
mier qveynis mmarTvelad datovebulma petros kaTolikosma, igrZno ra
saqarTvelos mefis mxridan momavali safrTxe, gadawyvita, saswrafod
moewvia bizantielebi da Caebarebina maTTvis qveyana, maT ki, TavianTi
mxridan, gaatares Sesabamisi RonisZiebebi anisis dasakaveblad. erT-erTi
aseTi RonisZieba liparit baRvaSis mier qarTvel didebulTa anisidan
`gamotyueba~ iyo, rac kldekaris erisTavma mTlianad bizantielTa karnaxiTa
da davalebiT gaakeTa.
saqarTvelos saxelmwifom somxeTSi sabolood mainc marcxi ganicada,
Tumca TviT is faqti, rom bagrat IV-m droebiT SeZlo anisze Tavisi
kontrolis damyareba, qarTuli politikisa da diplomatiis principuli
gamarjveba iyo. gansakuTrebiT sayuradReboa is, rom saqarTvelosTan anisis
SeerTebis iniciativiT gamovida bizantiis kaci _ sargis haikazni,
romelTanac saqarTvelos samefo kars karga xnis urTierToba unda hqonoda.
sargisis amgvari arCevani ganpirobebuli iyo imiT, rom bizantiis mTavrobam
sargis haikazns zurgi Seaqcia da somxeTSi mTlianad kaTolikos petrosis
avtoritets daeyrdno. yovelive aman ki aiZula sargisi calsaxad qarTuli
orientacia daekavebina da saqarTvelosTan anisis SeerTebis iniciativiT
gamosuliyo.
amgvarad, somxeTSi ganviTarebulma movlenebma erTiorad aamaRla
erTiani qarTuli saxelmwifos prestiJi da avtoriteti ara marto
kavkasiaSi, aramed mis farglebs gareTac. amis erT-erTi gamoxatuleba iyo
diplomatiuri kontaqtebis ganaxleba Soreul egviptesTan. 1047 wels
egvipteSi, nilosis arxis gaxsnis sazeimo ceremonialSi sxvadasxva qveynis
warmomadgenlebTan erTad monawileobas qarTuli delegaciac iRebda.
v) saqarTvelo-bizantiis urTierTobis mowesrigeba XI saukunis 50-ian
wlebSi _ bagrat IV-is diplomatiis triumfi. anisis ambebSi bagrat IV-is
aqtiurma Carevam kidev ufro daZaba urTierToba konstantinopolsa da
quTaiss Soris. imperiis xelisuflebam kvlav moindoma bagratis Camogdeba
taxtidan da mis nacvlad demetre ufliswulis gamefeba, risTvisac,
amjeradac, liparit baRvaSi aamoqmeda. bagrat IV-is winaaRmdeg farTo
fronti Seiqmna. liparits gverdSi amoudga taSir-Zoraketis mefe daviTi,
romelic Zlier daafiqra bagratis aqtiurobam somxeTSi. taSir-Zoraketis
mefeebs TviTon gaaCndaT sakmaod safuZvliani legitimisturi pretenziebi
anisis samefoze da, bunebrivia, daviTs ar moewoneboda bagratis metoqeoba
somxur politikur samyaroSi. garda amisa, mxedvelobaSia misaRebi is

90
garemoebac, rom saqarTvelos saxelmwifosa da kvirikian mefeebs Soris iyo
tradiciuli dapirispireba qvemo qarTlis gamo. saTanado diplomatiuri
samzadisi Caatara bagrat IV-mac. liparitis winaaRmdeg sabrZolvelad
bagratma gamoiyvana 3-aTasiani `varangTa~ (norman variagTa) razmi.
miuxedavad imisa, rom kldekaris erisTavma SeZlo bagrat IV-is
damarcxeba sasireTis WalasTan da aryis cixesTan brZolebSi, bizantiis
diplomatiam saboloo mizans mainc ver miaRwia. bagratma SeZlo taxtis
SenarCuneba, Tumca misi xelisufleba aRmosavleT da samxreT saqarTveloSi
nominaluri iyo. bagrat IV-is mdgomareoba erTgvarad gamosworda 1048 wels,
rodesac liparit baRvaSi tyved Cauvarda Turq-selCukebs. gaCnda
bizantiasTan urTierTobis normalizaciis simptomebi. imperiis mesveurebma
gaiTvaliswines ra selCukTa mowolis Sedegad aRmosavleTSi Seqmnili
sagangaSo viTareba da isic, rom maTi erTguli mokavSiris _ liparit
baRvaSis ganTavisuflebis sakiTxi gaWianurda, moindomes bagratis Semorige-
ba. xangrZlivi SinaomiT moqanculi saqarTvelos mefec ar gajiutebula da
gadadga sapasuxo nabiji Serigebis gzaze. ase momzadda berZen-qarTvelTa
erToblivi laSqroba ganZaSi, romelic warmatebiT dasrulda. aRniSnuli
aqtiT mainc ver moxerxda Semobruneba bizantia-saqarTvelos urTierTobaSi.
1051 wels tyveobidan ganTavisuflebulma liparitma kvlav ganaaxla brZola
bagrat IV-is winaaRmdeg. saqarTvelos mefem ver SeZlo gamklaveboda
Zlevamosil erisTavs. liparitma mas jer Tbilisi daatovebina, xolo Semdeg
esec ar ikmara: `warvida saberZneTs~, sadac audiencia hqonda imperatorTan.
am ukanasknelma mas didi laSqari gamoayola, romlis meSveobiT liparitma
SeZlo bagratis damarcxeba. Zlier Seviwroebulma bagrat mefem gadawyvita,
xleboda bizantiis imperators. bagrat IV-is es viziti konstantinopolSi
kraxi iyo im gamokveTili antibizantiuri politikuri kursisa, romelsac,
marTalia, drogamoSvebiT, magram mainc sakmaod Tanmimdevrulad atarebda
saqarTvelos samefo xelisufleba XI saukunis 10-iani wlebis meore
naxevridan.
rogorc movlenebis Semdgomma msvlelobam dagvanaxa, konstantinopolSi
bagrat IV-is Casvla sulac ar aRmoCnda bizantiis xelisufalTa imperiuli
politikis triumfis momaswavebeli. bagrat IV-m da misma amalam marjve
diplomatiuri svlebiT SeZles, kardinalurad SeecvalaT keisris
damokidebuleba saqarTvelos mefisadmi. amaSi mniSvnelovani wvlili Seitana
mariam dedofalma, romelsac bizantiis mmarTvel wreebSi didi avtoriteti
hqonda saqarTvelo-bizantiis `erTobis~ saqmeSi adre gaweuli Rvawlis gamo.
qarTuli diplomatiis warmateba ganapiroba, erTi mxriv, imperiis
Sinapolitikur cxovrebaSi Seqmnilma gamwvavebulma viTarebam, meore mxriv
ki, aRmosavleTSi selCukTa agresiis Semdgomi gaZlierebiT gamowveulma
sagareo-politikurma garTulebebmac. swored am garemoebebma misca
saSualeba bagrats, erTgvari ultimatumis formiT gamoexata Tavisi wyena
imperatorisaTvis da pirdapir moeTxova misgan, ar daeWira mxari liparit
baRvaSisaTvis. imperatorma gaiTvaliswina Seqmnili viTareba da saWirod
CaTvala bagratsa da liparits Soris mSvidobis Camogdeba. man Seariga isini
im pirobiT, rom bagrati iqneboda xelmwife mTeli iberiisa da abazgiisa,
xolo lipariti _ erTi nawilis, mesxeTis mTavari sikvdilamde da cnobda
bagrats `batonad da mefed~. saimperatoro karis am gadawyvetilebas
saqarTvelos mefisaTvis principuli mniSvneloba hqonda. amiT keisari
sabolood urigdeboda bagratis yofnas taxtze da wyvetda yovelgvar

91
mcdelobebs mis gadasayeneblad. bizantiis imperatoris es gadawyvetileba,
erTi SexedviT, gakvirvebas iwvevs, vinaidan imperiis xelisufleba TiTqmis
oci wlis ganmavlobaSi gegmavda bagratis moSorebas, axla ki mas,
liparitis aqtiuri mecadineobiT, gauCnda realuri Sansi, sisruleSi
moeyvana es gegma. amisaTvis yvelaferi gakeTda. bagrati konstantinopolSi,
faqtobrivad, sapatio tyveobaSi aRmoCnda, xolo mis mier `quTaiss mefed
samefosa zeda afxazeTisasa~ datovebuli mcirewlovani giorgi ufliswuli
liparitma aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi gadmoiyvana da demonstraciulad
ruisSi mefed akurTxa, riTac, TiTqos, ganaCeni gamoutana bagratis Semdgom
politikur karieras. erTi sityviT, aRsrulda bizantiis saimperatoro karis
didi xnis ocneba _ urCi bagrat IV-is nacvlad saqarTveloSi imperiisaTvis
sruliad misaRebi politikuri reJimi damyarda, romlis saTaveSi realurad
keisris uerTgulesi vasali _ liparit baRvaSi idga. yovelive amis Semdeg
gaugebari xdeba bizantiis mmarTveli wreebis zrunva faqtobrivad gada-
yenebuli bagratis xelisuflebis restavraciisaTvis saqarTveloSi.
bizantiis saimperatoro karis politikis amgvari Secvlis mizezi, erTi
mxriv, iyo is, rom bizantias ar hqonda Sorsmimavali miznebi da saqar-
Tvelos mefis mxridan konstantinopolis uzenaesobas sjerdeboda, meore
mxriv, am droisaTvis imperiaSi ramdenadme eWvis qveS dadga liparitis
saxlis sandoobis sakiTxi. cxadi gaxda, agreTve, rom liparit baRvaSs ar
Seswevda Zala bagrat IV-is erTguli dasavleTi saqarTvelo Tavis
kontrolqveS moeqcia. bizantiuri diplomatia rogorc iqna, mixvda, rom
selCukTa gaaqtiurebis pirobebSi mas aRmosavleTSi mokavSired Zlieri da
erTiani saqarTvelo sWirdeboda. amis uzrunvelyofa ki bagrat IV-s ufro
xelewifeboda, vidre liparit baRvaSs, amitom imperiam, yovelgvari yoymanis
gareSe, gawira Tavisi guSindeli mokavSire. aqedan gamomdinare,
konstantinopolSi miRweuli SeTanxmeba bagrat IV-is principuli
diplomatiuri gamarjveba iyo, rac male imaSic gamomJRavnda, rom liparit
baRvaSma arafrad Caagdo keisris gadawyvetileba, ar daemorCila bagrat
mefes da uwindeburad `zrdida bagratis Zesa giorgi mciresa saxeliTa
mefobisaTa~. magram liparitis Tavgasulobas male daesva wertili. mis
winaaRmdeg moewyo SeTqmuleba. bagrat IV-is momxreebma lipariti da misi
vaJi ivane Seipyres da mefes gadasces. am ukanasknelma ki gaaZeva lipariti
da kldekaris saerisTavoze sakuTari kontroli daamyara.
amrigad, liparit baRvaSis xangrZlivi brZola bagrat IV-is winaaRmdeg
samefo xelisuflebis gamarjvebiT damTavrda. liparit baRvaSis marcxi
umTavresad sagareo-politikurma faqtorebma ganapiroba, kerZod _ XI
saukunis SuaxanebSi maxlobel aRmosavleTSi Seqmnilma saerTaSoriso
viTarebam, romelmac gamoiwvia konstantinopolis kursis Secvla
saqarTvelos saxelmwifos mimarT. bizantiis imperiis mmarTvelma wreebma,
Turq-selCukTa mxridan sul ufro mzardi saSiSroebis viTarebaSi, aSkarad
dainaxes saqarTvelos samefosTan, aRmosavleTSi erTaderT qristianul
saxelmwifosTan, Semdgomi konfrontaciis sruli uperspeqtivoba da masTan
keTilmezobluri, samokavSireo urTierTobis damyareba amjobines, romelic,
mogvianebiT, dinastiuri qorwinebiTac (bagrat IV-is asulis _ marTa-mariamis
miTxoveba mixeil dukasaTvis) iqna ganmtkicebuli. marTalia, saqarTvelos
mefe Zveleburad atarebda bizantiur (amjerad kidev ufro maRal _
novelisimosisa da sevastosis) sakariskaco titulebs, es misi mxridan
konstantinopolis uzenaesobis mxolod formaluri aRiarebaRa iyo.

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faqtobrivad, bagrat IV bizantiis imperatoris Tanasworuflebian
partniorad gadaiqca da Sors ar iyo is droc, rodesac saqarTvelos
samefo bizantiis imperiisagan srul (e. i. iuridiulsac) damoukideblobas
miaRwevda. magram XI saukunis 60-iani wlebidan kvlav garTulda
saqarTvelos saxelmwifos sagareo-politikuri mdgomareoba. magram
gamowveuli iyo Turq-selCukTa agresiis gaZlierebiT, romlebic sul ufro
da ufro uaxlovdebodnen saqarTvelos samefos sazRvrebs. amieridan
bizantiasTan urTierTobis mogvarebis problemam ukana planze gadaiwia da
qarTuli diplomatiis mTeli yuradReba selCukTa winaaRmdeg saerTo-
kavkasiuri frontis organizebisaken gadaerTo.
z) selCukTa gamoCena saerTaSoriso arenaze da misi gavlena
saqarTvelos sagareo-politikur mdgomareobaze. bagrat IV-is samxedro-
politikuri da diplomatiuri aqciebi XI saukunis 60-ian-70-iani wlebis
damdegs. selCukebi amierkavkasiis farglebs pirvelad XI saukunis 30-ian
wlebSi moadgnen. marTalia, am periodSi ar hqonia adgili TurqTa uSualo
SemoWras saqarTvelos saxelmwifos teritoriaze, magram maTma gamoCenam
samxreTi amierkavkasiis misadgomebTan ramdenadme SezRuda bagrat IV-is
aqtiuroba. magaliTad, 1037-1038 ww-Si selCukebma xeli SeuSales
saqarTvelos mefes Tbilisis dakavebaSi. TbilisisaTvis brZola
saqarTvelos xelisuflebis erT-erT gadaudebel amocanad rCeboda 40-50-ian
wlebSic. am periodSi bagrat IV orjer (1045-1046 da 1048-1051 wlebSi)
daeufla kidec qalaqs, magram sxvadasxva mizeziT verc erTxel ver SeZlo
misi SenarCuneba. aRsaniSnavia, rom orivejer es moxda ara Zalismieri gziT,
aramed moqnili diplomatiis wyalobiT. 1062 wels bagrat IV-m kvlav
moaxerxa Tbilisis dakaveba, amjerad mas qalaqi `tfilelma berebma~ ki ar
Caabares, rogorc es moxda 1045 da 1048 wlebSi, aramed man `didi Tanxis
fasad~ iyida is ranTa da kaxTa mefis, aRsarTan gagikis, Zisagan.
saqarTvelos mefis mier Tbilisis Semomtkicebam muslimuri samyaros
SeSfoTeba gamoiwvia. isini gansakuTrebiT daafiqra bagrat IV-is mier
TbilisSi gatarebulma RonisZiebebma, kerZod, mTebSi gzebis wesrigSi
moyvanam, rac gamiznuli iyo `islamis qveynebSi~ gadasasvlelad. am
RonisZiebebSi selCukTa mmarTvelma wreebma savsebiT realurad dainaxes
Tadarigis daWera saqarTvelos mefis mxridan axali samxedro aqciebis
gansaxorcieleblad. cxadi gaxda, rom am droidan selCukebis mTavar
metoqed amierkavkasiaSi gabatonebis gzaze swored saqarTvelos saxelmwifo
iqca. aman ki gardauvali gaxada omi saqarTvelosa da selCukTa sasulTnos
Soris. 1064 wels selCukTa Zlevamosilma sulTanma alf-arslanma moawyo
kidec pirveli didi laSqroba saqarTveloSi, romlis drosac man mxolod
samxreTi saqarTvelos zogierTi olqis darbeva da axalqalaqis aReba
moaxerxa, ufro metis gakeTeba sulTanma ver SeZlo, vinaidan is daafrTxo
qarTvelTa winaaRmdegobam da amjerad saqarTvelos dapyrobaze xeli
aaRebina. ufro metic, alf-arslani TviTon gamovida samSvidobo
iniciativiT. man axalqalaqidan mociquli gamougzavna bagrats, danaTesaveba
SesTavaza da `sTxova diswuli colad~. sxva raime valdebulebis Sesruleba
sulTans bagratisaTvis ar daukisrebia. rac Seexeba Tavisi diswulis
gaTxovebas sulTanze, es ufro bagrat IV-is mier gadadgmuli marjve
diplomatiuri nabiji iyo, vidre iZulebiTi aqti, vinaidan bagrat IV-m am
dinastiuri qorwinebis organizeba moxerxebulad gamoiyena Tavisi gavlenis

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dasamyareblad taSir-Zoraketis somxur samefoze _ daipyro samSvilde,
`iurva saxlad~ da daimorCila taSir-Zoraketis mosaxleoba.
garda imisa, rom taSir-Zoraketis samefoze xelis dadeba TavisTavad
mowmobda `afxazTa~ da `qarTvelTa~ mefis poziciebis ganmtkicebas am
regionSi, es aqcia selCukTa TvalSi saqarTvelos samefos samxedro
Zlierebis erTgvari demonstracia iyo, romelsac ar SeiZleba sagonebelSi
ar Caegdo selCukTa mmarTveli wreebi. amitomac sulTanma ganaxorciela
sapasuxo dartyma, rac imaSi gamoixata, rom man TbilisSi politikuri
reJimi Secvala, kerZod, 1065 wels, da iq `Tbilisis memamule~ jafaridi
amiras xelisufleba aRadgina. bagrat `afxazTa~ da `qarTuelTa~ mefis
Semdgomi eqspansiis aRkveTas isaxavda miznad abul-asvaris laSqrobac
saqarTveloSi, romelsac bagratma (1067-1068 ww.) bardavze TavdasxmiT
upasuxa. bardas, rogorc `muslimTa erT-erT qveyanaTagans~, xels adebda
selCukTa sulTani da is, rasakvirvelia, ver moiTmenda saqarTvelos mefis
am gamoxdomas, amitom man gadawyvita, moewyo `afxazTa qveyanaze galaSqreba~.
es iyo selCukTa meore mosvla saqarTveloSi. amrigad, 1064-1068 ww.,
selCukTa pirvel da meore laSqrobebs Soris periodSi, bagrat IV sulac
ar cdilobda garkveul kompromisze wasvlas, piriqiT, saqarTvelos
xelisufleba am periodSi selCukebis mimarT aSkara konfrontacias ar
erideboda da TavgamodebiT zrunavda Tavisi poziciebis gamagrebisaTvis
amierkavkasiaSi. amaze metyvelebs Tundac isic, rom swored saqarTveloSi
alf-arslanis meored mosvlis win bagrat IV dakavebuli iyo kaxeT-hereTis
SemoerTebiT. selCukebma kaxeTis mefes, aRsarTan gagikis Zes, `sulze
mouswres~ da aiZules bagrati, daetovebina iqauroba. selCukTa aseTi
operatiuli gamoCena kaxeTis mefis iniciativiTac moxda. aRsarTani
saswrafod eaxla sulTans da Tavisi loialoba mahmadianuri sarwmunoebis
miRebiT daudastura. amis Semdeg alf-arslani `warmoemarTa afxazTa mefesa
zeda~. aRsaniSnavia, rom sulTnis banakSi aRsarTanTan erTad Tbilisis
amira da taSir-Zoraketis mefe kvirikec imyofebodnen, e. i. is politikuri
Zalebi, romlebsac mudam aSinebdaT bagrat IV-is aqtiuroba saqarTvelosa
da amierkavkasiaSi hegemonobis mosapoveblad brZolaSi. es ki imas niSnavda,
rom erTaderT realur Zalas, romelic aSkarad upirispirdeboda Turq-
selCukebs amierkavkasiaSi, saqarTvelos samefo warmoadgenda da rom
bizantiis Semdeg swored erTiani qarTuli saxelmwifo iyo selCukTa
mTavari mowinaaRmdege aRmosavleTSi.
bagrat IV-m ver SeZlo jerovani winaaRmdegobis gaweva mrisxane
mtrisaTvis da iZulebuli gaxda, zavi eTxova. man sulTans mociqulad ivane
liparitis Ze aaxla. sulTani mSvidobis sanacvlod xarajas iTxovda, magram
samSvidobo molaparakeba faqtobrivad CaiSala, rac saqarTvelodan sulTnis
naCqarevi wasvliT iyo gamowveuli, da bagrat IV-m amjeradac SeZlo TurqTa
xarajisagan Tavis daxsna. miuxedavad amisa, selCukTa am laSqrobas
uaRresad mZime Sedegebi mohyva saqarTvelosaTvis. garda imisa, rom aaoxra
qarTli, alf-arslanma Tbilisic miitaca da amiT sakmaod myarad `Cadga
fexi~ amierkavkasiis SuagulSi. niSandoblivia is garemoeba, rom Tbilisi
sulTanma ganZis patrons, fadlons, gadasca, riTac man bagrat IV-s axali
Zlieri metoqe daupirispira da amiT kidev ufro daZaba situacia
amierkavkasiaSi. bagrat mefes kargad esmoda, Tu ras niSnavda sulTnis es
nabiji da saswrafod miiRo zomebi fadlonis `ampartavnebis~ asalagmavad.
man moawyo samxedro esqpedicia ganZis amiras winaaRmdeg da gaaqcia is

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Tbilisidan. gaqceuli fadloni kaxeTis mefes, aRsarTans, Cauvarda xelSi.
kaxeTis mefem sworad gansaja, rom fadlonisaTvis TavSesafris micema
misTvis arc ise uxifaTo iyo, `rameTu afxazTa mefisagan eSinoda ukana
Cadgomisa~. garda amisa, is ganawyenebulic iyo ganZis amiraze imis gamo, rom
es ukanaskneli daepatrona kaxeTis mefis kuTvnil zogierT teritorias
(xornabujisa da aradeTis sanapiro olqebs). amrigad, ganZis amirasTan
tradiciulma mtrobam, romelic mudam akavSirebda erTmaneTTan qarTvel da
somex politikur moRvaweebs (SemTxveviTi araa, rom am movlenebSi arsad
Cans kvirike somexTa mefe, romelic ganZis amirasTan am konfliqtSi bagrat
IV-Tvis sasargeblo neitralitets icavda), amjerad Seariga bagrat IV da
aRsarTan I. intensiuri diplomatiuri kontaqtebis Semdeg maT miaRwies
SeTanxmebas da bagratma `wamoiyvana fadlon~.
fadlonis Sepyrobam saqarTvelos mefes gza gauxsna Tbilisisaken.
marTalia, man amjerad ver moaxerxa qalaqis `Tavisad daWera~ da iZulebuli
gaxda, garkveul kompromisze wasuliyo, rac `dmaniss datovebuli~ vinme
siTlarabisaTvis Tbilisis gadacemaSi gamoixata, magram bagratma ZiriTadad
mainc daamyara kontroli qalaqze. garda amisa, man aiRo rusTavi da qvemo
qarTlis is cixeebi, romlebic Tbilisis sasazRvro raions Seadgendnen da
romlebic adre alf-arslanma fadlons gadasca. es ukve didi gamarjveba
iyo. amiT bagrat IV-m kvlav xelSi Caigdo iniciativa da Tanmimdevrulad
Seudga Tavisi poziciebis ganmtkicebas aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi.
saqarTvelos mefis mier fadlonis Sepyroba da Tbilisis dakaveba mZime
dartyma iyo alf-arslanisaTvis da is, bunebrivia, upasuxod ar datovebda
am gamowvevas, magram amjerad sulTanma bagratTan morigeba amjobina. man
`mogzavna~ specialuri despani `sarangi alxazi, da misiTa SuamdgomlobiT
da sityviTa sultanisaTa~ bagratma gaaTavisufla fadloni. sarangis
diplomatiuri misiis warmateba ganapiroba iman, rom fadlonis sanacvlod
bagrat IV-s gagis cixe gadasces. alf-arslanis mier gamoCenili aseTi
lmobiereba gamowveuli iyo maxlobel aRmosavleTSi im dros Seqmnili
samxedro-politikuri situaciiT. kerZod, bizantiis winaaRmdeg generaluri
Setevis (romelic 1071 wlis 24 agvistos manazkertis Zlevamosili epopeiT
dasrulda) mzadebis periodSi alf-arslanma ar CaTvala mizanSewonilad
Zalebis gafantva da Segnebulad ar gaamwvava urTierToba bagrat IV-Tan.
garda imisa, rom saqarTvelos mefis dasja, TavisTavad, maincdamainc ioli
ar iyo, es selCukTa sulTnis mxridan arc taqtikuri mosazrebiT iqneboda
gamarTlebuli. alf-arslani, rogorc gamWriaxi politikosi,
iTvaliswinebda selCukTa winaaRmdeg qarTvelTa da bizantielTa erToblivi
gamosvlis SesaZleblobas, miT umetes, rom saqarTvelosa da bizantias
Soris urTierToba am dros aSkarad keTilmezobluri partniorobisa da
urTierTTanamSromlobis principebze iyo agebuli.
mas Semdeg, rac bagrat IV-m moagvara damokidebuleba bizantiis
imperatorTan da taxti daibruna, saqarTvelo-bizantias Soris
keTilmezobluri, samokavSireo urTierToba damyarda, rac dinastiuri
qorwinebiTac ganmtkicda. imperator konstantine X dukas vaJi mixeili
daqorwinda bagrat IV-is asul marTaze (mariami). saqarTvelo-bizantiis
kavSirSi principuli cvlilebebi ar momxdara roman diogenis (1068-1071 ww.)
xelisuflebaSi mosvlis Semdegac. axali imperatorisaTvis, bunebrivia,
naklebad mosawoni iyo dukaTa sagvareulos dinastiur-naTesauri kavSiri
bagrationTa samefo saxlTan, magram selCukTa winaaRmdeg erTiani brZolis
interesebi aiZulebda mas, Tavi Seekavebina raime antiqarTuli aqciebisagan
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da ar gaerTulebina urTierToba Tavis potenciur mokavSiresTan. Tavis
mxriv, amas Seecdeboda selCukTa sulTani, romelsac araviTar SemTxvevaSi
ar awyobda saqarTvelo-bizantiis samxedro-politikuri blokis Seqmna.
bagrat IV-Tan SerigebiT cbieri sulTani, albaT, cdilobda bizantiasTan
momaval did omSi saqarTvelos mefis mxridan neitralitetis
uzrunvelyofas.
saqarTvelosa da selCukTa sasulTnos urTierTobis normalizaciam
bagrat IV-s misca aRmosavleT amierkavkasiaSi ufro Tavisufali moqmedebis
saSualeba, risi gamovlinebac iyo didi laSqroba ganZaSi, romelSic saqar-
Tvelos mefem CarTo Tavisi colisZma, oseTis mefe dorRoleli `ormociTa
aTasiTa kaciT ovsiTa~. ganZis Zlevamosilma kampaniam erTiorad aamaRla
saqarTvelos samefos avtoriteti mis mezoblebSi. bagrat IV-m am aqciiT ara
marto gadaWra fadlonis problema, aramed aSkara gaxada saqarTvelos
saxelmwifos pretenziebi politikur hegemonobaze saerTo-kavkasiuri
masStabiT. amis gamoxatuleba iyo CrdiloeT kavkasiis yvelaze Zlieri
politikuri erTeulis _ oseTis samefos _ CarTva saqarTvelos
saxelmwifos sagareo-politikuri interesebis realizaciis saqmeSi.
amrigad, 70-iani wlebis dasawyisisaTvis erTiani qarTuli saxelmwifos
sagareo-politikuri mdgomareoba mniSvnelovnad gamosworda, miuxedavad
imisa, rom alf-arslani ase advilad ar exsneboda bagrat IV-s, mociquls
mociqulze gzavnida masTan da xarajas iTxovda. Tavis mxriv, bagratic
awyobda sapasuxo elCobebs sulTnis karze da amiT aRwevda imas, rom `iyo
maT Soris sityviT siyvaruli~. amrigad, saqarTvelos mefem moxerxebuli
samxedro da, rac mTavaria, diplomatiuri svlebiT met-naklebad SeZlo ase
Tu ise uvneblad gamosvla mZime politikuri situaciidan da Tavi daaRwia
selCukTa diqtats. magram amgvari viTareba didxans ar gagrZelebula.
bagrat IV-is gardacvalebisTanave, saqarTvelos saxelmwifo waawyda
seriozul saSinao da sagareo garTulebebs, romlebmac erTbaSad
gaauareses qveynis sagareo-politikuri mdgomareoba.
T) saqarTvelos saxelmwifos sagareo-politikuri mdgomareoba XI
saukunis 70-80-ian wlebSi. giorgi II-is diplomatia. XI saukunis 70-iani
wlebis damdegs bizantiisa da selCukTa sasulTnos frontze ganviTarebul-
ma movlenebma sruliad axali politikuri klimati Seqmnes maxlobel
aRmosavleTSi. 1071 wels manazkertTan gancdilma katastrofam sabolood
gatexa welSi bizantiis imperia. amieridan konstantinopoli ukve ver
aCerebda selCukTa Semdgom winsvlas dasavleTis mimarTulebiT da maT sul
mokle xanSi xmelTaSua da marmarilos zRvebis sanapiroebsac miaRwies. amave
periodSi dasrulda somxeTis dapyrobac da samxreTi da samxreT-
dasavleTis mxridan saqarTvelos uSualod selCukTa sasulTno
gaumezoblda. paralelurad selCukebma ganimtkices poziciebi aRmosavleT
amierkavkasiaSic, daamyares ra kontroli Sarvan-darubandze. aseT mZime
sagareo-politikur viTarebaSi giorgi II-is winaaRmdeg mTeli ZaliT
amoqmedda feodaluri opozicia da, pirvel rigSi, baRvaSTa saxli. swored
ivane liparitis Zis mecadineobiT dakarga giorgi mefem gagis cixe, romelic
kldekaris erisTavma `mihyida fadlons, ganZis patronsa~. saqarTveloSi
mimdinare procesebs fxizlad adevnebda Tvals selCukTa axali sulTani
maliq-Sahi (1072-1092 ww.), romelic mxolod Sesaferis momentsRa eloda
saqarTvelos mefis winaaRmdeg brZolis gasaaxleblad. aseT momentad ki
maliq-Sahma giorgi II-sa da ivane lipartis Zes Soris amtydari konfliqti

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CaTvala. selCukTa sulTani Caeria am konfliqtSi da samSvilde daikava.
amis Semdeg maliq-Sahma ganZa waarTva fadlons da uSualod Tavis
xelqveiTs _ sarang sivTegins Caabara. sarangis daniSvna ganZaSi saqar-
Tvelos winaaRmdeg agresiis gaZlierebis saWiroebiTac iyo gamowveuli. mas
sulTnisagan specialurad hqonda davalebuli saqarTvelos dalaSqvra.
sarangma marTlac ilaSqra saqarTveloSi, magram `afxazTa~ da `qarTuelTa~
mefem aRsarTan kaxTa mefe moiSvelia da sastikad daamarcxa selCukTa
sardali `farcxisis quemoT~. 1074 wels farcxisTan qarTvelTa mier
mopovebul gamarjvebas didi mniSvneloba hqonda saqarTvelos samefos
uSiSroebis ganmtkicebisaTvis. amiT garkveuli droiT SeCerebul iqna
selCukTa eqspansia ganZa-aranis mxridan da giorgi II-m sxva sagareo-
politikur problemebis mosagvareblad moicala. am periodSi moxda
anakofiis ganTavisufleba da klarjeTis, SavSeTis, javaxeTisa da artaanis
mravali cixis dabruneba, agreTve karis, vanandisa da karniforis simagreTa
aReba.
samxreTis zogierTi teritoriis SemomtkicebaSi mniSvnelovani roli
Seasrula bizantiis imperiis didmoxelem, qarTvelma grigol bakurianis Zem,
romelmac konstantinopolis sanqciiT giorgi II-s gadasca `karis cixe da
mimdgomi qveyana~, magram es ar niSnavda imas, rom giorgi II-s uomrad ergo
berZenTa mier `naboZebi~ miwa-wyali. bizantias es teritoriebi 1074 wlis
Semdeg, faqtobrivad, dakarguli hqonda, mas mxolod garegnuli iuridiuli
uflebebi SerCenoda. imperia, sinamdvileSi, saqarTvelos mefisadmi mxolod
am uflebebis (mxolod droebiT) delegirebas axdenda da mas `naboZebi~
teritoriis brZoliT gamoxsnis uflebasRa aZlevda. `boZebis~ amgvari forma
tradiciuli iyo konstantinopolis diplomatiisaTvis, ris naTel
magaliTsac warmoadgens Tavis droze daviT kurapalatisaTvis e. w. `zemo
qveynebis~ `boZebis~ faqti. es iyo erTgvari xerxi aRniSnul teritoriebze
bizantiis uflebebis SenarCunebisa, vinaidan imperiis xelisuflebis TvalSi
saqarTvelos mefe jer kidev rCeboda imperatoris vasalad. amasTan, berZenTa
mier saqarTvelos mefisaTvis karisa da vanandis teritoriebis gadacema
warmoadgenda im pirvel realur nayofs bizantia-saqarTvelos samxedro-
politikuri daaxloebisa da urTierTTanamSromlobisa, romelic Turq-
selCukTa mozRvavebuli agresiis pirobebSi miznad isaxavda ori mezobeli
qveynis Zalebis gaerTianebas saerTo mtris winaaRmdeg.
am TvalsazrisiT, gansakuTrebiT sayuradReboa, rom aRniSnul movlenebs
adgili hqonda im dros, rodesac keisris taxtze ijda saqarTvelos mefis
siZe mixeil VII duka, romlis meuRle mariam dedofali saTaveSi edga
erTgvar `qarTul partias~ bizantiis saimperatoro karze. am `partiis~ erT-
erTi yvelaze aqtiuri wevri iyo grigol bakurianis Ze, romlis namdvili
aRzeveba mixeil dukas mefobis periodSi daiwyo. swored maSin (1072 w.)
daikava man `iberiis~ Temis mmarTvelis Tanamdeboba. `qarTuli partiisa~ da,
kerZod, mariam dedoflis aqtiuri mecadineobiT moxda saqarTvelos
mefisaTvis umaRlesi sakariskaco titulis _ kesarosis miniWebac. erTi
sityviT, XI saukunis 70-80-iani wlebi konstantinopolSi qarTuli
diplomatiis gansakuTrebuli warmatebebis periodi iyo, rac, pirvel rigSi,
ganapiroba iman, rom samefo taxtze ijda mariam dedofali, jer rogorc
mixeil VII dukas (1071-1078 ww.) Tanamecxedre, Semdeg ki imperator nikofore
botaniatis (1078-1081 ww.) meuRle. momdevno imperatori _ aleqsi komnenosic
mariam dedoflisa da grigol bakurianis Zis aqtiuri mxardaWeris Sedegad
daeufla taxts. Tavdapirvelad aleqsi komnenossac surda mariam
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dedofalze daqorwineba, magram es Semdeg gadaifiqra. samagierod, momavali
imperatorisa da mariamis aliansi sxva formiT ganxorcielda. mariam
dedofalma `iSvila~ aleqsi komnenosi. am garigebis safuZvelze mariamis
vaJi konstantine duka dainiSna aleqsi komnenosis asulze _ anaze da
gamocxadda imperatoris TanammarTvelad da memkvidred.
amrigad, mariam dedofali da `qarTuli partia~ 1081 wlis Semdegac
asrulebdnen garkveul rols imperiis politikur cxovrebaSi, magram mas
mere, rac grigol bakurianis Ze paWanikebTan SetakebaSi (1086 w.) daiRupa,
mariamisa da `qarTuli partiis~ gavlenac seriozulad Seirya. mogvianebiT
sabolood Catyda xidi mariamsa da aleqsi komnenoss Soris. 1094 wels eqs-
dedofalma monawileoba miiRo imperatoris winaaRmdeg nikifore diogenis
mier mowyobil SeTqmulebaSi, romelic marcxiT damTavrda. dasjilTa Soris
iyo mariam dedofalic, romelic pinkripos kunZulze gadaasaxles, xolo
misma Zem _ konstantine dukam sabolood dakarga saimperatoro taxtis
miRebis imedi. es ukve `qarTuli partiis~ kraxs warmoadgenda. aman
ramdenadme gaauaresa saqarTvelo-bizantiis urTierToba. am TvalsazrisiT
uaRresad niSandoblivia is garemoeba, rom daviT aRmaSenebelma swored XI
saukunis 90-ian wlebSi Tqva uari bizantiur sakariskaco titulebze. es iyo
Taviseburi reaqcia bizantiis xelisuflebis mier mariam dedoflisa da
`qarTuli partiis~ mimarT gatarebul represiebze. daviT IV-m
diplomatiurad gamoiyena es faqti formalur sababad da gadadga
konkretuli nabijebi bizantiis imperatoris iuridiuli uzenaesobidan Tavis
dasaRwevad. qarTuli mxaris es reaqcia sruliad bunebrivi iyo, vinaidan
saqarTvelos samefo karisaTvis ar iyo meorexarisxovani, Tu vin daikavebda
imperatoris taxts aleqsi komnenosis Semdeg. konstantine duka daviT mefis
saxlikaci (mamidaSvili) iyo da misi gamefeba konstantinopolSi, udavod
saxavda axal perspeqtivebs ori mezobeli qveynis urTierTkavSirisa da
TanamSromlobis saqmeSi. amdenad, saqarTvelos xelisufleba usaTuod
iqneboda dainteresebuli konstantine ufliswulis poziciebis gamagrebiT.
samxreTis teritoriebis SemoerTeba ukanaskneli warmateba iyo giorgi II-
is sagareo-politikur saqmianobaSi. XI saukunis 70-iani wlebis
miwurulisaTvis selCukebma mkveTrad gaaxSires Tavdasxmebi saqarTveloze,
xolo 1080 wlidan qveyanaSi `didi Turqoba~ daiwyo. saqarTvelos
xelisuflebam ver SeZlo aqtiuri Tavdacvis organizeba da konfliqtis
mSvidobiani gzebiT mogvarebas Seudga. giorgi II-m naxa, rom sxva gamosavali
ar iyo da gadawyvita xleboda sulTans ispahanSi, raTa ecno misi
uzenaesoba. am droisaTvis selCukebi mTlianad iyvnen gabatonebulni
anatoliaSi, bizantiisa da somxeTis teritoriebze, sadac ukve warmoiqmnen
Turquli politikuri erTeulebi. aseT viTarebaSi saqarTvelos saxelmwifo
praqtikulad izolirebuli aRmoCnda qristianuli samyarosagan da
martodmarto mouxda brZola selCukTa Semosevebis winaaRmdeg. miuxedavad
amisa, qarTuli diplomatia yvelafers akeTebda imisaTvis, rom gamoenaxa
saerTo ena zogierT mezobel mmarTvelTan. amis gamoxatulebaa is, rom
giorgi II maliq-SahTan marto ki ar wavida, aramed masTan erTad iq Cavidnen
taSir-Zoraketis mefe kvirike da somexTa kaTolikosi barseRi.
giorgi II-is viziti ispahanSi, molaparakebebi maliq-SahTan, erTi
SexedviT, sakmaod warmatebiT dasrulda. saqarTvelos mefem sulTnisagan
araTu miiRo selCukTa TareSis Sewyvetis garantia, aramed mas (Tumca maliq-
Sahis droSis qveS) saqarTvelosa da amierkavkasiaSi Tavisi poziciebis
ganmtkicebis (kaxeT-hereTis SemoerTebis Sedegad) Sansic ki mieca. magram
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rogorc movlenebis Semdgomma ganviTarebam gviCvena, yovelive es `qaRaldze
darCa~ da aRniSnulma vizitma realurad veraferi sargebloba moutana
saqarTvelos. giorgi II-m verc kaxeT-hereTis SemoerTebis sakiTxi gadawyvita
dadebiTad da verc `zedamarbevelTa~ TareSi aRkveTa. maliq-Sahma ki
`afxazTa~ da `qarTuelTa~ samefos kaxeT-hereTic miayola. aRsarTan kaxTa
mefe eaxla sulTans, `dauteva qristianoba~ da sruli morCileba
gamoucxada mas. amiT maliq-Sahma mTel saqarTvelosa da amierkavkasiaze
Tavisi sruli politikuri diqtati daamyara da regionis saerTo
mmarTveloba Tavis biZaSvils _ yoTb ed-din ismails Caabara. yovelive aman
mwvave Sinapolitikuri krizisi gamoiwvia saqarTveloSi, rac saxelmwifo
gadatrialebiT dasrulda. jer kidev sakmaod axalgazrda giorgi mefe
iZulebuli gaxda, politikuri asparezidan wasuliyo da taxti Tavisi
Teqvsmeti wlis vaJisaTvis daeTmo.
amrigad, XI saukunis 80-ian wlebSi saqarTvelos saxelmwifom seriozuli
sagareo-politikuri marcxi iwvnia. is ver gaumklavda Turq-selCukTa
agresias da sulTnisadmi daqvemdebarebul qveynad iqca. am droidan
qarTuli diplomatiis umTavres amocanas Turq-selCukTa batonobis
uRlidan gamosvlisaTvis zrunva warmoadgenda, rac ganxorcielda kidec XII
saukunis I meoTxedSi.

$3. saqarTvelos saxelmwifos sagareo-

politikuri urTierTobebi XI s-is miwurulsa da XII s-is I meoTxedSi. daviT
aRmaSeneblis diplomatia

daviT aRmaSeneblis politikaSi diplomatias udidesi adgili ekava. igi

Tavad uSualod axorcielebda diplomatiur misiebs sxvadasxva saxelmwifos
meTaurebTan. atarebda aqtiur diplomatiur politikas. daviT aRmaSeneblis
mSvidobiani sagareo-politikuri RonisZiebebi, faqtobrivad, axali
diplomatiis damkvidrebas moaswavebda.
daviT aRmaSeneblis moRvaweoba samxedro saqmianobiT, omebiTaa aRsavse.
is didi gamarjvebebi, romlebsac qarTuli laSqari aRwevda misi
meTaurobiT, ramdenadme afermkrTalebda diplomatiis rols. omSi xmali
wyvetda saqmes, diplomatiis miRwevebi ki moralur, fsiqologiur da
politikur zemoqmedebas axdenda partniorebsa da mowinaaRmdegeebze.
saqarTvelos saerTaSoriso urTierTobebi XI saukunis miwurulsa da XII
saukunis pirvel meoTxedSi metad farTo iyo. igi efuZneboda sxva qveynebTan
politikuri, kulturuli da ekonomikuri daaxloebisken swrafvas.
a) saqarTvelo da CrdiloeTis mezoblebi. daviT aRmaSeneblis sagareo-
politikur TvalsawierSi mniSvnelovani adgili ekava CrdiloeTis qveynebsa
da xalxebs, amitom, maTTan urTierToba intensiurad warimarTa. Crdilo
kavkasiis xalxebSi daviT aRmaSenebeli xedavda mniSvnelovan Zalas,
romelsac Turq-selCukTa winaaRmdeg brZolasa da amierkavkasiis xalxTa
konsolidaciis saqmeSi mniSvnelovani rolis Sesruleba SeeZlo.
saqarTvelosa da ruseTis urTierTobis saTave uxsovar droSia
Cakarguli. am ori Zveli xalxis nacnoboba, sul cota, aT saukunes mainc
moiTvlis, X-XI ss-Si ruseTi aRmosavleTi evropis msxvil politikur
erTeuls warmoadgenda. jer kidev IX saukunis Suaxanebidan kievis ruseTi
aRmosavleTi evropisa da maxlobeli aRmosavleTis politikur movlenaTa
orbitaSi moeqca. bizantiis imperia yovelmxriv cdilobda, winaaRmdegoba

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gaewia axali, winmimavali saxelmwifos gaZlierebisaTvis, Tanac mis Tvalsa-
wierSi (gansakuTrebiT arabebisagan Seviwroebis Semdeg) gansakuTrebuli
fasi daedo Savi zRvis CrdiloeTiT mdebare miwebs. ruseTis saxelmwifo,
Tavis mxriv, iswrafoda didi savaWro-ekonomikuri mniSvnelobis samdinaro
Tu sazRvao gzebis xelSi Casagdebad.
rac Seexeba saqarTvelos feodalur monarqias, rogorc cnobilia, igi XI
saukunidan aRmavlobis gzaze iyo da, saWiro SemTxvevaSi, garkveuli
urTierToba hqonda mezobel qveynebTan. am urTierTobas umeteswilad
diplomatiuri interesebi gansazRvravda da kievis ruseTTan urTierTobasac
amgvari mizani unda hqonoda.
qarTuli naratiuli wyaroebis uZvelesi cnobebi rus-varangebisa da
qarTvelebis kontaqtis Sesaxeb XI saukunes ganekuTvneba (sumbat daviTis Zis
Txzuleba `cxovreba da uwyeba bagratonianTa~ da ucnobi avtoris `matiane
qarTlisa~). sagulisxmoa, rom rus-qarTvelTa Sexvedris erT faqts aRwers
somexi istorikosi stefanos taronaci (asoRiki). zemoxsenebuli cnobebi XI
saukunisaa, magram qarTvelTaTvis cneba `rusi~, ise rogorc rusi xalxi,
adrec ar yofila ucnobi; sumbat daviTis Ze `russ~ yovelgvari komentaris
gareSe ixseniebs, rac adasturebs, rom es cneba XI saukunemdec ar iyo ucxo
qarTvelTaTvis. `rusis~ badali terminebia qarTul matianeebsa da sabuTebSi
moxseniebuli `varangi~ (variagi) da `skviTi~. qarTuli wyaroebi icnoben
termin `sklavsac~ (slavi). es termini zog SemTxvevaSi `borRalTan~
(bulgareli) aris gaigivebuli.
qarTvelTa da varangTa urTierTobis Sesaxeb metad saintereso cnobaa
daculi `matiane qarTlisaSi~. TxzulebaSi, iq, sadac laparakia
saqarTvelos mefe bagrat IV-sa da kldekaris erisTav liparit baRvaSs
Soris urTierTobis gamwvavebaze, aRniSnulia, rom maT brZolaSi
monawileobda sami aTasi `varangni~ (variagebi). istorikosTa Soris ar aris
azrTa erTianoba imis Sesaxeb, Tu vis mxareze ibrZodnen varangni. erTni (n.
mari, n. berZeniSvili da sxv.) miiCneven, rom isini iyvnen liparitis mxares,
meoreni (m. janaSvili, d. baqraZe, v. vasilevski, i. cincaZe da sxv.) Tvlian,
rom varangni bagrat IV-Tan iyvnen.
am konkretul SemTxvevaSi principuli mniSvneloba ara aqvs am faqts.
Cveni dakvirvebiT, isini swored saqarTvelos mefes umagrebdnen mxars. ase
esmoda es faqti vaxuSti bagrationsac, romelic aRniSnavda: `xolo bagrats
moerTnen sami aTasi varangni; moiyvana mefeman Svidasi maTgani da Sida
qarTvelni..,~ da a. S. niSandoblivia, rom varangebi Savi zRviTa da mdinare
rioniT movidnen baSamde (rogorc Cans, baSi mniSvnelovani punqti iyo
rionis sanaosno magistralze), romelic mefesa da mis administracias
emorCileboda (bagrat IV-is sataxto rezidenciac dasavleT saqarTveloSi _
quTaisSi iyo).
amgvarad, `matiane qarTlisa~ naTelyofs, rom ukve XI saukunis Sua
wlebSi qarTvelebsa da varangebs ara mxolod Soreuli nacnoboba, aramed
axlo urTierToba hqondaT.
`rusi~ berZnulidan qarTul enaze gadmoRebul araerT nawarmoebSi
gvxvdeba: `cxovreba andria salosisa~ (Targmnilia 1040 wlamde) gvamcnobs:
`me vityodi, rom naTesavni mwiTurTa movals, romelsa hqvian rusni~; giorgi
mTawmindelis mier berZnulidan Targmnil TxzulebaSi _ `RvTismSoblis
mier saswaulebrivi xsna konstantinepolisa, sparsTa da skviTTa
zedamosvlisagan~ (moTxrobilia 62 wels skviTebisa da avarebis mier
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konstantinopolis garemocvis ambavi) aRniSnulia, rom herakle keisari iyo
Semusvrili `mravalgzis sparsTa mier da skviTTa, ese igi ars rusTa~. aq
gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba aqvs `skviTis~ ganmartebas (`ese igi ars
rusTa~).
XII saukunis dasawyisidan, daviT aRmaSeneblis mefobis dros, rusebsa da
qarTvelebs Soris urTierToba kidev ufro gamyarda. yuradsaRebia XVII
saukunis erTi cnoba, romelic daculia antioqiis patriarqis, makariosis
Svilis _ pavle alepoelis TxzulebaSi. ruseTis samefo administraciis
davalebiT pavle alepoels Seusrulebia `saqarTvelos aRweriloba~ da sai-
dumlo sagangiosaTvis miuwodebia. `aRwerilobaSi~ ara mxolod XVII
saukunis saqarTvelozea saubari, aramed mis warsulzec.
cnobaSi mocemulia daviT aRmaSenebelsa da vladimer monomaxs (1113-1125
ww.) Soris politikuri urTierTobis garkveuli aRnusxva, romelic
dakavSirebuli unda iyos saqarTveloSi yivCayTa gadmosaxlebasTan. am
wyaros mixedviT, daviT aRmaSenebeli ruseTSi Casula daxmarebis saT-
xovnelad. daviTis `sarwmuno kacTa~ misvla kievis mTavarTan, saqarTveloSi
yivCayTa gadmosaxlebis Sesaxeb cnobis miwodebisa da misi SeTanxmebis
mizniT aucilebelic iyo.
pavle alepoelis cnoba avtoris drois garsSia gaxveuli. kerZod, is
viTarebaa daxatuli, romelic XVII saukunis saqarTvelosTvis iyo
damaxasiaTebeli, roca saqarTvelos mefeebi ruseTis samefo karisagan
marTlac iTxovdnen daxmarebas. pavle alepoelis cnobiT, daviT
aRmaSeneblisaTvis didi daxmareba aRmouCeniaT ruseTSi, damxmare Zala
miuciaT, romelTa saSualebiTac mteri unda ganedevnaT. am ZalaSi yivCayebi
unda igulisxmebodes. am kategoriul cnobaSi unda davinaxoT is faqti, rom
kievis didma mTavarma marTlac miiRo monawileoba yivCayTa gadmosaxlebaSi.
es `monawileoba~, Tavis mxriv, daviT aRmaSenebelsa da vladimer monomaxs
Soris molaparakebas unda gulisxmobdes. niSandoblivia, rom ruseTSi
scodniaT daviT aRmaSeneblis mier `uwmindurTa gandevnis Sesaxeb~ (“изгна
нечистивых от места своего и освободи от них”). daviT aRmaSeneblis gamarjvebebma da
winsvlam, bunebrivia, kidev ufro ganamtkica kavSiri ruseTTan (gaZlierebul
saqarTvelosTan kavSiri, ra Tqma unda, Zveli ruseTis interesebSic iyo).
sainteresoa XII-XIII saukuneebis qarTvel mefeTa da saxelmwifo
moRvaweTa mimowera maxlobeli aRmosavleTis sulTnebTan, romelSic
qarTvel mefeTa titulaturebi sainteresodaa mocemuli. `abxazis patronad~
saxeldebul mefe daviTisadmi gamogzavnil werilSi vkiTxulobT: ` ...
qristes mowafeTa gvirgvinisa; taxtTa da gvirgvinTa memkvidreobiT
mpyrobelisa; aRmosavleTisa da dasavleTis stefanosisa, qristes
sarwmunoebis mcvelisa; abxazis, Saqis, alanisa da rusis mefeTa-mefisa~ da a.
S.; asevea misadmi gamogzavnil sxva werilSic: ` ... abxazTa mefeTa-mefis,
rumisa da rusis marzbanis; qristes sarwmunoebis Semwis (dRegrZelimc hyos
allahma meufeba misi da maradi hyos samefo misi)...~ an kidev ` ... qveyanaTa
mfarveli, gurjis, abxazis, alanis, Saqisa da xazaris mefeTa mefe...~ pirvel
or SemTxvevaSi `abxazi~ niSnavs sruliad (aRmosavleT da dasavleT)
saqarTvelos. es `aRmosavleTi~ sxva avtorebTanac kargad Cans. magaliTad,
xayani Sirvani (XII s.) gvamcnobs, rom `abxazs mosaxle gavxdi da qarTulad
molaparakeo~. mesame werilSi abxazi da gurji erTadaa naxsenebi. e. i.
abxazi ar aris naxmari sruliad saqarTvelos mniSvnelobiT
(savaraudebelia, igi dasavleT saqarTvelos gulisxmobdes). werilebis

101
adresati daviT aRmaSenebelia. sainteresoa misi `rusis mefeT-mefed~ an
`rusis marzbanad~, an kidev `xazaris mefeTa-mefed~ moxsenieba. rac Seexeba
am ukanasknels, aq `xazari~ Cans `rusis~ badali.
damtkicebulia, rom `rusi~, sakuTriv ruseTs garda, amierkavkasiaSi
dafuZnebul garkveul erTeulsac (rusTa erT garkveul Stos) aRniSnavda
da amave mniSvnelobiT iyo naxmari es termini qarTveli adresatebisadmi
gamogzavnil werilebSi. es rusi mowyvetili iyo pirvandel sacxovriss da
CrdiloeTidan emezobleboda saqarTvelos. es erTeuli bagrationTa samefo
saxlis gavlenis qveS moqceula XII saukuneSi, rac, Tavis mxriv, qarTvel
mefeTa titulaturaSic asaxula. daviT aRmaSenebels (`mefe afxazTa,
qarTvelTa, ranTa, kaxTa da somexTa~) emorCileboda `erni tomni da enani,
mefeni da xelmwifeni oseTisa da yivCayeTisani, somxeTisa da frangeTisani,
Sarvanisa da sparseTisani~. misi samefo xom gadaWimuli iyo `nikofsiidgan
darubandisa zRuadmde da oseTidgan soerad da aregawadmde~. giorgi III-sac
`ovsTa da yivCayTa raodeni aTasi kaci ubrZanis, movidian. egreve Sarvanis
saxli~, Tamarsac morCileben `ovsni da yivCayni~
gaZlierebul saqarTvelos samefosTan kavSirs ruseTi TviTon
eswrafoda, miT ufro, rom daviT aRmaSeneblis dros yivCayebi da osebi ukve
saqarTvelos ymadnaficebi iyvnen. yivCayTa Tavdasxmebis Tavidan acileba da
samxreT-dasavleT sazRvarze mSvidobianobis uzrunvelyofa saqarTvelosTan
keTilmezobluri urTierTobis damyarebiT iyo SesaZlebeli.
daviT aRmaSenebeli gansakuTrebul yuradRebas aqcevda Crdilo kavkasiis
xalxebTan, gansakuTrebiT osebTan da yivCayebTan, urTierTobas. osebi
(alanebi) gamoirCeodnen sxva Crdilokavkasieli eTnikuri elementebisagan
Tavisi socialur-ekonomikuri da politikuri ganviTarebis doniT. alanTa
samefos mniSvnelovani teritoria ekava kavkasiis centralur da dasavleT
nawilSi.
oseTTan saqarTvelos urTierToba intensiuri xdeba XI saukunidan, roca
feodaluri saqarTvelos gaerTianebis saqmeSi am politikurma erTeulma
garkveuli mniSvneloba SeiZina. amiT arsebiTad ganisazRvra feodaluri
saqarTvelosa da oseTis urTierTobis keTilmezobluri xasiaTi. giorgi I-ma
da bagrat IV-m osebTan damoyvrebiT kidev ufro ganamtkices es urTierToba.
daviT aRmaSeneblis dros, roca saqarTveloSi yivCayTa Camosaxlebis
sakiTxi daisva, osebTan urTierTobamac axleburi midgoma moiTxova. saqme
isaa, rom yivCayebs mtruli damokidebuleba hqondaT osebTan da sa-
qarTvelos mefes qmediTi RonisZiebebis gatareba dasWirdeboda yivCayTa
Camosayvanad, radgan yivCayeTidan saqarTvelomde oseTi iyo gamosavleli.
saqarTvelos mefem droulad izruna am sakiTxze. sagulisxmoa, rom daviT
aRmaSeneblis erT-erTi qaliSvili oseTSi yofila gaTxovili.
oseTTan urTierTobis ganmtkicebis mniSvnelobis damadasturebelia is
faqti, rom TviT daviT aRmaSenebeli da misi vaziri giorgi Wyondidel-
mwignobarTuxucesi `waremarTa oseTs~. daviT aRmaSeneblis gadasvla oseTSi
mxolod yivCayTaTvis gzis uzrunvelyofa ar yofila. arsebiTi iyo Crdilo
kavkasiisa da saqarTvelos damakavSirebeli sauReltexilo gzebis dakaveba.
imxanad darialsa da sxva uReltexilebze kontrols osebi axorcielebdnen.
Zlieri feodaluri saqarTvelosaTvis aucilebeli Seiqna aRniSnuli gada-
sasvlelebis daufleba da daviT aRmaSeneblis misiac amas isaxavda miznad.
oseTSi Sesul daviT aRmaSenebels `moegebnes mefeni oseTisani da yovelni
mTavarni maTni, da viTarca monani dadges winaSe missa~. sagulisxmo

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momentia, rom daviT aRmaSenebelma mZevlebi CamoarTva rogorc osebs, ise
yivCayebs da `esreT advilad SeaerTna ornive naTesavni~. daviT aRmaSenebels
Tan axlda garkveuli samxedro Zalac. Semdegi etapi daviT aRmaSeneblis
moqmedebisa is aris, rom man aiRo da daikava `cixeni darialisa da yovelTa
karTa oseTisaTa da kavkasiisa mTisaTani~. kavkasiis uReltexilebis dakaveba
saqarTvelos mier udidesi mniSvnelobis politikuri aqti iyo. amasTan, am
periodidan, Tu ufro adre ara, oseTi saqarTvelos ymadnafici qveyana
xdeba.
saerTod unda aRiniSnos, rom Crdilo kavkasiis xalxebisgan osebi
gamoirCeodnen saqarTvelosTan mWidro urTierTobiT. isini kulturuli da
socialur-ekonomikuri TvalsazrisiTac sxvebze maRla idgnen, raSic
garkveuli roli Seasrula qristianuli religiis gavrcelebam (X s.).
niSandoblivia, rom oseTSi gadasvlisas daviT aRmaSenebels Tan axlda
giorgi Wyondidel-mwignobarTuxucesi. am aqtSi qristianuli religiis
gavrceleba-ganmtkicebisaTvis zrunva moCans.
faqtia, rom daviT aRmaSenebelma Tavisi energiuli moqmedebiT xelSi
Caigdo kavkasiis gadasasvlelebi, romelTac didi strategiuli mniSvneloba
hqondaT, da oseTi mtkiced Semoiyvana Tavis morCilebaSi ymadnaficobis
pirobaze. amieridan, sxva xalxebTan da qveynebTan erTad, daviT
aRmaSeneblis `aCrdilsa Sekrebil iyvnes erni, tomni da enani, mefeni da
xelmwifeni oseTisa...~
daviT aRmaSeneblis drois saqarTvelos urTierToba hqonda CaCneT-
inguSeTTan (qarTuli wyaroebis ZurZukebi, kavkasioni), daRestnis xalxebTan,
adiResTan (jiqni-qaSagni). am ukanasknelTan urTierTobaSi damakavSirebel
rgols afxazeTi warmoadgenda.
saqarTvelosa da qarTuli kulturis gavlena Crdilo kavkasiis
xalxebze udavoa. qarTvelebisa da CrdiloeTi kavkasiis xalxTa
urTierTobam Tavisi kvali datova. araerTi qarTuli sityva Sevida
Crdilokavkasieli xalxebis leqsikur fondSi, gavrcelda qarTuli
damwerloba, xSiria qarTuli warwerebi (daRestanSi ocamde qarTuli
warweraa damowmebuli), SeimCneva qarTuli stilis gavlena arqiteqturaSi.
daviT aRmaSeneblis sagareo politikaSi mniSvnelovani iyo darubandis
sakiTxi (misi samflobelo xom nikofsiidan darubandamde iyo gadaWimuli).
geografiulma garemom, eTnikurma, socialurma da politikurma viTarebam
Seqmna is baza, romelzec Camoyalibda darubandis qalaqi-saxelmwifo.
darubandze gamavali saqaravno gzis mimarT ar iyvnen qarTvelebi
gulgrilni. daviT aRmaSenebeli didad afasebda kaspiis karis strategiul
mniSvnelobas da yovelnairad cdilobda iq Tavisi gavlenis gavrcelebas.
1124 wlis aprilSi daviTis molaSqreebi `daesxnes Saburans, darubandelsa,
da moswyvdnes qurdni, lekni da yivCayni darubandelisani da aRixunes
Sarvanisa cixeni Rasanni da xozoondi da mimdgomi maTi qveyana~. SemdgomSi
daviT aRmaSenebelma darubandic xelT igdo.
erTi sityviT, Crdilo kavkasiis qveynebi da xalxebi feodaluri
saqarTvelos samefo karis sagareo politikaSi mniSvnelovan adgils
ikavebdnen. daviTi CrdiloeTis qveynebTan urTierTobis damyarebisas
mxolod Tavdacvis uzrunvelyofaze ar fiqrobda. garkveul SemTxvevaSi
saqarTvelos samefo kari SeteviT operaciebsac atarebda da am gziTac
(mSvidobian molaparakeba-diplomatiasTan erTad) eufleboda CrdiloeTiT
mdebare qveynebs. Crdilo kavkasiis xalxTa qristianizacia-feodalizaciac

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mTlad mSvidobiani gziT ar xdeboda da aqac Zala gamoiyeneboda (es
Semdgom saukuneebSic grZeldeboda).
politikurad, ekonomikurad da kulturulad zeaRmavali saqarTve-
losTvis, romlis saSinao da sagareo gegmebi sul ufro mzardi da
mravlismomcveli iyo, aucilebeli xdeboda laSqris gamravlebaze qmediTi,
gonivruli zrunva. saxelmwifosa da misi mefis mier dasaxuli didi
amocanebis gadasawyvetad sakmarisi ar iyo is RonisZiebebi, romlebic daviT
aRmaSenebelma Tavisi mefobis pirvel etapze samxedro saqmis organizaciis
mizniT gaatara. laSqris simravle gansakuTrebiT saWiro gaxda mas Semdeg,
rac daviT aRmaSenebelma zedized aiRo mravali cixe-qalaqi. ra Tqma unda,
gamudmebulma brZolebma qarTuli laSqari daRala da ricxobrivad
Seamcira. amasTan, mopovebuli gamarjvebebis ganmtkicebis mizniT, laSqris
erTi nawili `qalaqTa da cixeTa Sina mdgomad da damWirvelad~ iqna
ganwesebuli.
saqarTvelos samefos gazrdili moTxovnebis dasakmayofileblad ar iyo
sakmarisi qarTuli laSqari. amocana didi da mniSvnelovani iyo _ laSqari
ricxobrivad ise unda gamravlebuliyo, rom qveynis zeaRmavali ekonomikis
ganviTareba ar Sewyvetiliyo, e. i. materialuri dovlaTis mwarmoebeli masa
ar unda moswydomoda Tavis ZiriTad samuSaos.
daviT aRmaSenebelma da saqarTvelos samefo karma qveynis feodaluri
laSqris gamravleba araqarTuli warmoSobis molaSqreTa gadmosaxlebis
gziT gadawyvites.
XII saukunis pirvel meoTxedSi, roca saqarTvelo esoden gaZlierebis
gzas adga, bunebrivia, droebiTi daqiraveba jarisa ver daakmayofilebda
qveynis moTxovnebs. dRis wesrigSi dgeboda saWiro resursebis gamonaxvisa
da mudmivi jaris Seqmnis sakiTxi. saqarTvelos saxelmwifos mesveurebma
yivCayTa gadmosaxlebisaken aiRes gezi.
ratom maincdamainc yivCayebis gadmoyvana da maTgan mudmivi laSqris
Seqmna gadawyda?
yivCayebis yofa-cxovrebaSi saqarTvelos mefem da samefo karma SeniSnes
is faqtorebi, romlebmac ganapirobes, rom swored yivCayebisaken (da ara
sxva xalxisaken) aeRoT gezi. yivCayebi kavkasionis CrdiloeTiT, md. donidan
mokidebuli kaspiis zRvis napirebamde cxovrobdnen. isini ganviTarebis
dabal safexurze idgnen. maTSi XII saukuneSi jer kidev gvarovnuli
wyobileba iyo da tomebad cxovrobdnen. yivCayebi cnobilni iyvnen kargi
brZolisunarianobiT, amasTan nebis damyolni da upretenzioni iyvnen. daviT
aRmaSenebelmac kargad `uwyoda keTilad yivCayTa naTesavisa simravle, da
wyobaTa Sina simxne, sisubuqe da mimoslva, sificxe mimarTebisa, advilad
dasamWirveloba da yovliTurT momzavebloba nebisa Tvisisa~.
yivCayebTan msoflios araerTi xalxisa da saxelmwifos (bizantia, Zveli
ruseTi, bulgareTi, ungreTi, poloneTi da sxv.) warsulia dakavSirebuli.
centraluri da Sua aziis velebidan mosul am momTabare tomebs wilad
xvdaT teritoriulad mocilebul sxvadasxva xalxTan urTierToba, zogTan
_ mtruli, zogTanac _ keTilmezobluri.
yivCayTa gadmosaxlebas saqarTveloSi xeli Seuwyo im garemoebamac, rom
isini Zalze Seviwroebulni iyvnen kievis didi mTavris _ vladimer
vsevolodis Ze monomaxisagan da mas qmediT winaaRmdegobas veRar uwevdnen.
saqarTvelos samefo karis mier swored yivCayebis gadmosaxlebaze gezis
aRebis mizezi, maT karg sabrZolo TvisebebTan, `advilad dasamWirvlobasa~

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da `yovliTurT momzaveblobasTan~ erTad ganviTarebis dabali done iyo,
rac yivCayebis umtkivneulod Camosaxlebisa (amasTan `uadviles iyvnes
moslvad maxlobelobiTaca da upovarebiTa~) da maTze zegavlenis moxdenis
saSualebas iZleoda.
yivCayTa dabali ganviTarebis safexurze yofna sasargebloc iyo sa-
qarTvelos saxelmwifosaTvis da ai ratom: rogorc zemoT aRiniSna,
saqarTvelos samefo kars gadawyvetili hqonda ara droebiTi daqiraveba
jarisa (am SemTxvevaSi mniSvneloba ara aqvs dasaqiravebeli xalxis
ganviTarebis dones), aramed mudmivi jaris Seqmna, rac gadmosaxlebuli
xalxis bazaze unda momxdariyo. aseT SemTxvevaSi dabali ganviTarebis
xalxis (miT umetes iseTis, romelic TiTqmis momTabarul cxovrebas eweoda)
gadmoyvana imitom iyo xelsayreli, rom isini advilad Seeguebodnen axal
garemos; garda amisa, rogorc wesi, moeqceodnen maTze gacilebiT ufro
maRali kulturis mqone xalxis (qarTvelebis) gavlenis qveS da TviTonac
gaqarTveldebodnen, e. i. saqarTvelo am xalxisTvis samSoblo gaxdeboda da
maTi erTgulebac am qveynisadmi didi iqneboda.
rac Seexeba daviT aRmaSeneblisa da yivCayTa mTavris moyvrobis sakiTxs,
ukeTes SemTxvevaSi, am faqtors katalizatoris rolis Sesruleba SeeZlo.
daviT aRmaSeneblis istorikosi im mizezebTan erTad, romelTa gamo
saqarTvelom arCevani yivCayebze SeaCera, yvelaze bolos ixseniebs saqarTve-
los mefis naTesaur kavSirs yivCayTa mTavrisadmi (jer maT sabrZolo
Tvisebebs asaxelebs). `... da amaT Tana uadviles iyvnes moslvad
maxlobelobiTaca da upovarebiTa da rameTu pirvel mravalTa welTasa mier
moeyvana sanatreli da yovlad ganTqmuli sikeTiTa guranduxt dedofali,
Svili yivCayTa umTavresisa aTraqa SaraRanis Zisa, sjulierad meuRled
TВsad da dedoflad yovlisa saqarTvelosa~. saqarTvelos samefo kars
yivCayTa Tanxmoba garantirebuli hqonda imiTac, rom ruseTis mTavrebisgan
Seviwroebuli da darbeuli, TavianTi sacxovreblidan gamodevnili
yivCayebisaTvis saqarTveloSi gadmosaxleba Svela iyo.
rogorc davinaxeT, yivCayTa Camosaxleba, maTgan mudmivi laSqris Seqmnis
mizniT, saqarTvelos samefo kars Rrmad hqonda awon-dawonili, radgan mis
gatareba-Sesrulebas didi windaxeduleba da dakvirveba sWirdeboda.
daviT aRmaSenebelma yivCayTa mosawvevad gagzavna `kacni sarwmunoni~.
isini sixaruliT Sexvdnen am mowodebas, saqarTvelos mefes gadmosaxlebaze
Tanxmoba SemouTvales da moiTxoves oseTze usafrTxod gamovlis uzrun-
velyofa (`gza mSvidobisa yivCayTaTvis~).
daviT aRmaSenebeli TviTon gaemgzavra oseTs. rogorc viciT, igi
yivCayTa CamosaxlebasTan erTad did mniSvnelobas aniWebda oseTTan
urTierTobas da ar aris SemTxveviTi (da zemoTac aRvniSneT), rom man Tan
gaiyola giorgi Wyondidel-mwignobarTuxucesi. saqarTvelos Zlieri mefis
stumroba osTaTvis didi movlena iyo. Sevida Tu ara daviTi oseTSi,
`moegebnes mefeni oseTisani da yovelni mTavarni maTni, da viTarca monani
dadges winaSe missa.~ daviT aRmaSenebelma osebi da yivCayebi SeaTanxma da
`yo Soris maTsa siyuaruli da mSВdoba viTarca ZmaTa~. am SeTanxmebis
simtkicis sawindrad man mZevlebi CamoarTva orive mxares, TviTon ki
„aRixuna cixeni darialisa da yovelTa karTa oseTisaTa da kavkasiisa
mTisaTani. da Seqmna gza mSВdobisa yivCayTaTВs~.
aRniSnul faqts uaRresad didi mniSvneloba hqonda. jer erTi, amieridan
CrdiloeTis yvela gadasasvlelis cixeebi saqarTvelos samefos xelSi iyo.

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meore, osebisa da yivCayebis Serigeba da pirvelTa saqarTvelos
ymadnaficoba (osebis mTavrebi daviTis winaSe `viTarca monani dadges~)
qveyanas zurgs umagrebda, CrdiloeTidan mSvidobas uzrunvelyofda. daviT
aRmaSenebels saSualeba eZleoda, saqarTvelos SeerTebuli mxedroba
samxreT-aRmosavleTisa da samxreT-dasavleTisaken miemarTa.
saqarTvelom gadmoyvanili yivCayebidan miiRo `wyobad ganmavali rCeuli
ormoci aTasi~ molaSqre. daviT aRmaSenebelma yivCayebi razmebad (`guarad-
guarad~) dayo da dauniSna spasalarni da mmarTebelni, amasTan, uzrunvelyo
isini saWurvliTa da cxenebiT. yivCayebi swrafad asimilirdnen qarTvelebSi,
pirvel yovlisa, gaqristiandnen: `umravlesni qristiane iqmnebodes dRiTi-
dRe, da simravle uricxВ SeeZineboda qristesa~. amaT garda daviT
aRmaSenebels xuTi aTasi kaci monaspaSi hyavda `yovelni qristiane qmnulni,
misandoni da gamocdilni simxniTa~.
amgvarad, daviT aRmaSenebels yoveli SemTxvevisaTvis mzad hyavda 45
aTasi gawvrTnili cxenosani molaSqre, xolo saWiroebisas mefes SeeZlo
Seeyara `TВsisa samefosa spani, rCeulni da mokazmulni, cxen-keTilni da
pirSeuqcevelni~. amdenad, saqarTvelos samefo XII saukunis ociani
wlebisaTvis samxedro TvalsazrisiT sakmaod Zlieri saxelmwifo iyo.
1120 wlisaTvis saqarTvelos Zlieri laSqari srul saomar mzadyofnaSi
iyo. mudmivi laSqris Seqmnam, rac samefos moqnili diplomatiiTac iyo
ganpirobebuli, sagangebo gawvrTnam da mkacri disciplinis SemoRebam didi
sargebloba moutana saqarTvelos: qveyana gaamagra, gaaZliera, gareSe mtrebs
ki Tavzari dasca.
b) samxreT-aRmosavleTis mezoblebi. saqarTvelos msgavsad, misi samxreT-
aRmosavleTis mezoblebi _ somxeTi da Sirvani (masTan erTad aranic) didad
daaziana Turq-selCukTa Semosevebma XI saukunis meore naxevarSi.
bizantiis imperiis uxeSma Carevam somxeTis saSinao saqmeebSi da-
mangreveli gavlena iqonia. somxeTma dakarga saxelmwifoebrioba da
mosaxleobis mniSvnelovani nawili, is nawili, romelic bizantielebma
mSobliuri miwidan ayares da imperiis sxvadasxva mxareSi Caasaxles. aseTi,
faqtobrivad damcrobil-daCaCanakebuli, sakuTar xelisuflebas moklebuli
somxeTis dapyroba selCukebs ar gasWirvebiaT. Turq-selCukTa mier somxeTis
oTxgzis damangreveli dalaSqvris Semdeg, es ukanaskneli ekonomikur-
kulturuli dacemisa da eTnikuri gadaSeneba-gaqrobis safrTxis winaSe
dadga. calkeuli somxuri samefoebi (lore, sivnieTi) ubrZolvelad Cabarda
Turq-selCukebs da maT morCilebaSi iyo. warmoiqmna dvinis, anisisa da Sah-
armenebis muslimanuri saamiroebi. Turq-selCukTa agresiisaTvis amier-
kavkasiaSi mniSvnelovan placdarmad iqca q. ganZa, romelic 1068 wlidan maTi
gavlenis qveS iyo. swored aqedan daiwyo maTi laSqrobebi somxeTisa da
saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg. ganZis dapyrobam, faqtobrivad, ganapiroba Turq-
selCukTa gabatoneba mTel iranSi. SirvanSahma, faraburz I-mac, iZulebiT
selCukTa sasargeblod xarki ikisra da realurad gadamTieli mtris
uRelqveS aRmoCnda.
somxeTisa da Sirvan-aranis dapyroba selCukTa mier didi danaklisi iyo
saqarTvelosaTvis. amieridan samxreTiTa da samxreT-aRmosavleTiT moZme
xalxebis nacvlad mas dampyrobeli gaumezoblda. es imas niSnavda, rom
samxreTi sazRvari faqtobrivad morRveuli iyo.
daviT aRmaSeneblis Zlevamosili brZolebisa da saqarTvelodan Turq-
selCukebis garekvis Semdeg pirveli didi RonisZieba, romelic somxeTis

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mimarT iyo gatarebuli daviT aRmaSeneblis mier, lores aReba, taSir-
Zoragetis samefos gauqmeba da saqarTvelosTvis mierTeba iyo. vardan
barZberdeci gadmogvcems, rom daviT aRmaSenebelma saqarTvelos SemouerTa
gagi, terunakani, kaini, kaiwoni, tavuSi, mahkanaberdi da sxv.
udidesi mniSvneloba hqonda daviT aRmaSeneblis mier Siraqis samefos
dedaqalaqis _ anisis ganTavisuflebas da saqarTvelosaTvis SemoerTebas.
somexi xalxis kursis aReba daviT aRmaSenebelze ar iyo SemTxveviTi.
saqarTvelos mefe XII saukunis ocian wlebSi Zlevamosili iyo da
ganuzomeli avtoritetiT sargeblobda. daviTis winamZRolobiT qarTveli
xalxis warmatebebi aRafrTovanebda somxebs da rwmenas unergavda, rom
saqarTvelos daxmarebiT TviTonac SeZlebdnen momxduri mtris
batonobisagan Tavis daxsnas. ar aris gamoricxuli, rom anel TavadTa
orientacia saqarTvelos mefeze winaswari SeTanxmebis Sedegi iyos.
marTebuli gveCveneba varaudi, rom samxreTiT dainteresebuli daviT
aRmaSenebeli gaiTvaliswinebda aneli qristianebis ganwyobas, maT siZul-
vils Sedadianebisadmi da garkveul RonisZiebasac gaatarebda saqarTvelos
samefosadmi keTilad gansawyobad. daviT aRmaSeneblis moqmedeba
TanagrZnobasa da mowonebas poulobda somex xalxSi imitom, rom
saqarTvelosa da somxeTs Soris religiuri, socialur-ekonomikuri da
kulturuli siaxlove iyo, Tanac saqarTvelos mefe ebrZoda somexi xalxis
dampyroblebs. aqedan gamomdinare, sruliad bunebrivia, rom somexma
istorikosebma didebis SaravandiT Semoses saqarTvelos mefe.
saqarTvelo-somxeTis urTierTobaSi metad saintereso movlenaa
saqarTvelos mesveurTa mcdeloba somxeTis eklesiis qarTulTan
gaerTianebisa, ramac gansakuTrebulad iCina Tavi daviT aRmaSeneblis
moRvaweobis periodSi. saqarTvelos mefe, romelic udides pativs scemda
somxuri sarwmunoebis aRmsareblebs, cdilobs somexTa da qarTvelTa
sarwmunoebrivad gaerTianebas. aRniSnuli problemis gadasaWrelad
sagangebo kreba gaimarTa. diskusiaSi saqarTvelos mefis mowveviT
monawileobdnen: ioane qarTlis kaTolikosi, im drois gamoCenili mecnieri
arsen iyalToeli (ganmanaTlebeli yovelTa eklesiaTa), episkoposebi,
meudabnoeni, mecnierni da sxvani. kamaTi dilaadrian dawyebula da `cxra
Jamamde~ gagrZelebula, magram saboloo daskvnamde ver misulan. maSin TviT
daviT aRmaSenebeli Careula paeqrobaSi. saqarTvelos mefis sityvas didi
STabeWdileba mouxdenia sazogadoebaze. somxebs damarcxebulad ucvniaT
Tavi (`aRiares cxadad Zleuleba TВsi~) da darcxvenilebi wasulan.
faqtia, rom saqarTvelos samefo xelisuflebam ver moaxerxa somxeTis
da qarTuli eklesiebis gaerTianeba. marTalia, somxeTis teritoriis
SemoerTebis Semdeg qarTuli eklesia iwyebs zrunvas somxebis marTl-
madideblobaze mosaqcevad, magram krebis mowvevis faqtSi ar Cans daviT
aRmaSeneblis mier raime Zaladobis aqciis gatareba. piriqiT, saeklesio
kreba sakmaod demokratiulad mimdinareobda, es faqtobrivad diskusia iyo
im mizniT, rom gamoCeniliyo TiToeuli mimdinareobis (qarTuli
marTlmadidebloba, somxuri grigorianoba) dadebiTi da uaryofiTi mxareebi.
miuxedavad krebis Sedegisa (saqarTvelos samefos survili ver gan-
xorcielda, somxuri eklesiis SemoerTebis sakiTxi ki daviT aRmaSeneblis
Semdeg xanaSic idga), qarTvel-somexTa urTierToba megobruli da keTili
iyo, somxuri teritoriebi ki, daviT aRmaSeneblis droidan mokidebuli,
saqarTvelos uSualo SemadgenlobaSi iyo.

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 daviT aRmaSenebeli did yuraRdebas uTmobda SirvanTan urTierTobis
sakiTxs mas Semdeg, rac kaxeT-hereTi SemoerTebul iqna, Sirvani
saqarTvelos uSualo mezobeli gaxda da SirvanSahTan urTierT-
damokidebulebas ufro didi mniSvneloba mieca. garkveuli politikuri
Sinaarsi iyo Cadebuli daviT aRmaSeneblis asulis _ Tamarisa da
SirvanSahis memkvidris qorwinebaSi. 1116 wels mefem `asuli TВsi kata
gagzavna saberZneTs sZlad berZenTa mefisad. rameTu pirvel amissa pirmSo
asuli TВsi Tamari gaegzavna dedoflad Sarvanisa, raTa viTarca orni
mnaTobni _ erTi aRmosavleTs, xolo meore dasavleTs _ ciskrovan hyofden
sferosa, mamisagan mimRebelni mzeebrTa SaravandedTani~. Tamaris qorwineba
1105-06 wlebSia savaraudebeli. daviT aRmaSeneblis mier gadadgmuli es
nabiji gamiznuli iyo SirvanSahTan keTili damokidebulebis dasamyareblad
da mis Casabmelad Turq-selCukTa winaaRmdeg brZolaSi. daviTis asuli,
Tamari daqorwinebulia afridun SirvanSahis Zeze _ manuCehr II-ze.
qorwinebis aqtma daviT aRmaSeneblis molodini ar gaamarTla da
saqarTvelos mefe aqtiur politikur moqmedebaze gadavida Sirvanis mimarT.
man ramdenjerme dalaSqra es qveyana. Sirvanis cixe-qalaqebSi Tavisi
garnizonebi Caayena, saqmeTa gamgeblad ki vaziri svimoni _ Wyondidel-
mwignobarTuxucesi, bediel-alaverdeli mTavarepiskoposi daniSna. aqedan
mokidebuli, Sirvani vasalur damokidebulebaSi iyo feodaluri
saqarTvelos monarqiasTan. swored am droidan (XII saukunis ociani wlebi)
atarebdnen qarTveli mefeebi `SirvanSahis~ tituls, rac erT-erTi
maCvenebelia Sirvanis ymadnaficobisa saqarTvelos mimarT.
yuradReba unda mieqces im garemoebasac, rom Sirvanis gamgeblad
saqarTvelos samefo karis pirveli vaziris daniSvna imis maniSnebelia, rom
daviT aRmaSeneblis politika SirvanSi ara mxolod samxedro okupacias,
aramed samoqalaqo-administraciuli RonisZiebebis gatarebasac isaxavda
miznad.
daviT aRmaSeneblis memkvidreebis dros Sirvanis aRmosavleT nawilSi
aRdgenil iqna SirvanSahis xelisufleba vasaluri damokidebulebis
pirobiT, dasavleTi nawili ki saariSianos SemouerTda, e. i. sakuTriv
saqarTvelos sazRvrebSi Semovida. saqarTvelo-Sirvanis amgvari
damokidebuleba monRolTa Semosevebamde gagrZelda. mTeli XII saukunis
ganmavlobaSi saqarTvelo da Sirvani erTmaneTis mxardamxar ibrZodnen
saerTo mtris winaaRmdeg.
g) urTierToba bizantiasTan da jvarosnebTan. daviT aRmaSeneblis
diplomatiam, misma aqtiurma sagareo politikam bizantiasTan urTierTobis
problemebic moicva. XI saukunis TiTqmis mTel sigrZeze saqarTvelo
bizantiis gavlenas ganicdida. 1071 wlis agvistoSi manaskertis brZolaSi
mZime marcxis Semdeg bizantiis imperiis roli da gavlena TandaTan klebu-
lobs, ganuxorcielebeli darCa amierkavkasiaSi Semosvlisa da saqarT-
veloze Tavisi uzenaesobis ganmtkicebis gegmac. daviT aRmaSenebeli erTiani
saqarTvelos mefeTagan pirveli iyo, romelmac uaryo bizantiuri
sakariskaco titulebi. niSandoblivia, rom XI saukuneSi saqarTvelos yvela
mefe atarebda kurapalatis, novelisimosis, sevastosis Tu kesarosis
titulebs. TviT daviT aRmaSenebeli jer kidev gamefebamde atarebda
`sevastosisa~ da `panipersevastosis~ titulebs. faqtia, rom daviT
aRmaSenebelma garkveuli politikuri da ekonomikuri warmatebebis miRwevis
Semdeg uaryo bizantiuri titulebi. swored amitom, XI saukunis oTx-

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mocdaaTiani wlebidan mokidebuli, igi arc erT wyaroSi bizantiuri
sakariskaco tituliT aRar moixsenieba. es sruliad garkveviT miuTiTebs im
faqtze, rom saqarTvelo amieridan Tavs bizantiis imperiis Tanatol qveynad
Tvlida.
daviT aRmaSenebeli, romelic amierkavkasiidan Turq-selCukTa gan-
devnisaTvis ibrZoda, kargad grZnobda, rom bizantiis imperiasTan
urTierToba Tanabar viTarebaSi aucilebeli iyo. swored bizantiasTan
urTierTobis ganmtkicebis interesma gadaadgmevina saqarTvelos mefes
nabiji dinastiuri qorwinebisaken, roca Tavisi qaliSvili kata 1116 wels
`gagzavna saberZneTs sZlad berZenTa mefisad~. igi misTxovebia bizantiis
imperatoris, aleqsi komnenosis, umcros Zes _ isaks, aseTi damoyvrebis
Semdeg saqarTvelos mefisaTvis `mefe berZenTa~ gaxda `viTarca saxleuli
Tvisi~. bizantiasTan urTierTobis keTilmezobluri politika ar Secvlila
daviT aRmaSeneblis mefobis bolo wlebamde (daviTi ar Careula Tavisi
siZis, isakisa, da aleqsi komnenosis ufrosi vaJis _ ioanes Soris atexil
uTanxmoebaSi), riTac saqarTvelos samefom uzrunvelyo samxreT-dasavleTi
sazRvrebis usafrTxoeba.
daviT aRmaSeneblis droindel saqarTvelos garkveuli urTierToba
hqonda jvarosnebTan. es sruliad bunebrivi movlena iyo. jvarosnebma
mniSvnelovani gavlena iqonies evropisa da wina aziis qveynebsa da xalxebze,
saerTod mTel msoflioze. niSandoblivia daviT aRmaSeneblis istorikosis
sityvebi: `amas Jamsa gamovides frangni, aRiRes ierusalimi da antioqia, da
SewevniTa RmrTisaTa moeSena queyana qarTlisa, ganZlierda daviT da
ganamravlna spani da arRara misca sultansa xaraja, da Turqni verRara
daizamTrebdes qarTls~. `frangniT~ daviTis istorikosi evropel
jvarosnebs aRniSnavs. ase uwodebdnen maT im dros ara marto saqarTveloSi,
aramed mTel maxlobel aRmosavleTSic. jvarosanTa gamoCena TavisTavad
udidesi mniSvnelobis movlena iyo. maTi yoveli nabiji `qristes saflavis
gasaTavisufleblad~ mxedvelobidan ar eparebodaT Tanamedroveebs (daviT
aRmaSeneblis istorikosic, imisTvis, rom qronologiuri damajerebloba
Seitanos Tavis monaTxrobSi, iseT mniSvnelovan movlenebs, rogoric Turq-
selCukebisaTvis xarkis Sewyveta da qveynis moSeneba-gaZliereba iyo,
ierusalimisa da antioqiis aRebas ukavSirebs).
jvarosanTa gamoCenam, maTma warmatebebma maxlobel aRmosavleTSi, daviT
aRmaSeneblis politikis gatarebas Seuwyo xeli. Tavis mxriv, saqarTvelos
mefis warmatebuli brZola Turq-selCukebis winaaRmdeg jvarosnebis
wisqvilze asxamda wyals. amitom iyo, rom jvarosnebis mier axaldaarsebuli
samTavroebi Turq-selCukTa gandevnisa da damoukideblobisaTvis mebrZol
saqarTvelos TavianT megobrad Tvlidnen. saqarTvelo im aRmosavleTis erT
nawils Seadgenda, romlis dapyrobac miznad hqondaT dasaxuli jvarosnebs.
am ukanasknelTagan arc xsnasa da Svelas moeloda saqarTvelo; arc saWi-
roebda am dros maT daxmarebas da arc fiqrobda maTTan kavSirze. misi
politikuri mizani sxva iyo. saqarTvelo damoukideblobisaTvis brZolas
TviTon awarmoebda da aravis imedze ar yofila, arc sxvaTa mizans
Seadgenda saqarTvelos ganTavisufleba Turq-selCukTa Zalmomreobisagan,
magram faqtia, rom jvarosanTa brZolebma obieqturad dadebiTi gavlena
iqonies qarTvelTa gamaTavisuflebeli brZolis warmatebaze. jvarosnebisa
da saqarTvelos moqmedeba, erTmaneTisagan sruliad damoukideblad,
urTierTsasargeblo iyo. magram arsebiTi gansxvaveba iyo maT miznebSi.

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`qristes saflavis~ `uwmindurTagan~ ganTavisuflebis droSiT mosili jva-
rosnebis namdvili, dampyrobluri zraxvebi male gairkva, isini Jletdnen
aRmosavleTis mosaxleobas da didZal nadavls miezidebodnen, qristianTa
sisxlis Rvrasac ar eridebodnen, arc is iyo gamoricxuli, rom saWiro da
SesaZlebel SemTxvevaSi saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg gamoelaSqraT. erTi
sityviT, jvarosnebi `wminda adgilTa~ daxsnis lozungiT dampyroblur po-
litikas axorcielebdnen.
saqarTvelosa da jvarosnebs sxvadasxva mizani hqondaT. qarTveli xalxi
muslimanobis ki ara, saqarTvelos dapyroba-amogdebis mosurne Turq-
selCukebis winaaRmdeg TviTmyofadobis gadarCenisaTvis ibrZoda. daviT aRma-
Senebels, romelic aRmosavleTSi qristianobis damcvelad, `mesiis max-
vilad~ iwodeboda, muslimanebis mimarT Semwynarebluri politika, xolo
muslimanur samyarosTan mWidro kavSiri hqonda, rac saSinao da sagareo
viTarebiT iyo ganpirobebuli. amdenad, feodaluri saqarTvelosa da
jvarosnebis kavSiri droebiTi, garkveuli momentisaTvis Seqmnili
politikuri viTarebiT iyo gamowveuli.
SemorCenilia cnobebi, romlebic pirdapir migvaniSneben, rom daviT
aRmaSeneblis laSqari jvarosnebTan erTad ibrZoda ierusalimisaTvis:
`viTar laSqarni axlisa daviTisani wyobaTa daviTisTa ierusalims
erTobdes~ (`istoriani da azmani SaravandedTani~), e. i. daviT aRmaSeneblis
molaSqreebi ierusalimSi daviT winaswarmetyvelis razmebTan
gaerTianebulni iyvnen. bunebrivia, daviT winaswarmetyvelis razmebSi
igulisxmebian jvarosnebi, romelTac ierusalimis (daviT winaswarmetyvelis
sataxto qalaqis) ganTavisufleba ewadaT.
ierusalimis mefe bolduin II-s (1119-1131) urTierToba hqonda daviT
aRmaSenebelTan. saqarTvelosa da jvarosnebis kavSiri, garkveul viTarebaSi,
urTierTsasargeblo iyo. jvarosnebs qristianuli saqarTvelo Turq-
selCukTa winaaRmdeg brZolaSi daexmareboda, daviT aRmaSenebels ki
jvarosnebis es brZola dampyrobelTa gandevnas da maTze gamarjvebas uadvi-
lebda. SeiZleba gazviadebuli iyos, magram SemTxveviTi ki ara, rom daviT
aRmaSeneblis istorikoss im mefeTa da xelmwifeTa Soris, romelnic
saqarTvelos mefis `aCrdilsa Sekrebil iyvnes~ dasaxelebuli hyavs `mefeni
da xelmwifeni frangeTisani~. istorikosi `frangebSi~ jvarosnebs
gulisxmobs.
daviT aRmaSenebeli metad cnobili pirovneba iyo jvarosanTa Soris.
SemorCenilia ierusalimis wminda saflavis mefsalmunis _ anselusis
werili, romelSic moTxrobilia Zeli cxovelis nawilebisagan gakeTebuli
jvris SeZenisa da parizSi gagzavnis ambavi. anselusis werili bevr
saintereso cnobas gvawvdis daviT aRmaSeneblis drois saqarTvelos Sesaxeb,
xazgasmulia misi mniSvneloba rogorc kaspiis karis damcvelisa da Turq-
selCukTa winaaRmdeg brZolaSi jvarosanTa `wina burjisa~. SemTxveviTi ar
aris, rom anselusi saqarTvelos uwodebs `wina burjs~. es faqti aSkarad
migvaniSnebs, rom saqarTvelosa da jvarosnebs Soris axlo urTierToba
arsebobda. saqarTvelo jvarosnebisaTvis gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovani gaxda
mas Semdeg, rac man Turq-sulCukebi arsebiTad Tavisi qveynis sazRvrebs
gareT gareka.
anselusis werilidan Cans, rom jvari saqarTvelos mefis _ daviT
aRmaSeneblisaa, romlis qvrivmac igi ierusalimSi Caitana. anselusi swiravs
am jvars parizis RvTismSoblis taZars da vedrebiT iTxovs, daiweros misi

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wvlilis Sesaxeb jvris gamogzavnaSi, amasTan _ gardacvalebis Semdeg
locvebSi moixsenion.
niSandoblivia, rom ierusalimidan parizSi Casulma jvris mimtanebma
episkopos galons fontenidan acnobes dabrunebis Sesaxeb. episkoposi mTeli
krebuliT wamosula jvris Sesaxvedrad, romelic uricxvi xalxis
TandaswrebiT zeimiT miitanes da daasvenes parizis RvTismSoblis taZarSi.
anselusis werilebSi gadmocemuli e. w. daviT aRmaSeneblis jvris mTeli
odisea naTlad gviCvenebs XII saukunis pirveli meoTxedis saqarTvelosa da
misi mefis uaRresad did avtoritets mTel jvarosnul samyaroSi.
saqarTvelosa da jvarosnebis urTierTobas metad sainteresod ga-
moxatavs am ukanasknelTa damokidebuleba ierusalimis qarTvelTa jvris
monastrisadmi. jvarosnebis mier 1099 wels ierusalimis aRebis Semdeg
daarsda dasavleTevropuli tipis Zlieri samxedro-feodaluri saxelmwifo,
romelsac ierusalimis samefo ewoda. am droidan mokidebuli, samefos
teritoriaze arsebuli marTlmadidebluri taZrebi laTinebma daisakuTres,
magram qarTvelTa jvris monasters xeli ar axles. jvarosanTa es moqmedeba
ganapiroba im samxedro-politikurma urTierTobam, romelic qarTvelebsa da
jvarosnebs Soris iyo. jvarosnebi, Turme, bevr simdidres swiravdnen
qarTul monastrebs, ris gamoc sagangebod moixseniebian aRapebSi.
rogorc vnaxeT, daviT aRmaSeneblis drois saqarTvelos farTo
masStabis politikuri da kulturuli urTierToba hqonda Crdilo kavkasiis
(osebi, yivCayebi, daRestnis xalxebi da sxv.) xalxebTan, Zvel ruseTTan,
somxeTTan, SirvanTan, bizantiasTan da jvarosnebTan. daviT aRmaSeneblis
diplomatia, misi sagareo politika aqtiuri iyo da feodaluri
saqarTvelos progresis _ politikuri, ekonomikuri da kulturuli
winsvlis saqmes emsaxureboda.
XII saukunis damdegs saqarTvelos saxelmwifo politikaSi mniSvnelovani
adgili daikava qveynis saboloo Semomtkicebis sakiTxma. daviTma
saqarTvelos erTian samefos SemouerTa samSvilde (1110 w.), rusTavi (1115 w.),
giSi (1117 w.), lore (1118 w.). marTalia, mteri TiTqmis mTlianad gandevnil iq-
na, magram vidre amierkavkasiis aRmosavleTi (Sirvani da rani) da samxreTi
(somxeTi) Turq-selCukTa xelSi imyofeboda da saqarTvelosTan mimdebare ya-
bala-ganZa-anisSi Turq-selCukebi batonobdnen, safrTxe mainc mosalodneli
iyo. saqarTvelos uSiSroebis dacvis saqme moiTxovda omis gadatanas qveynis
sazRvrebs gareT. kavkasiis moZme xalxebi TviTonac ebrZodnen momxdur
Turq-selCukebs da yovelTvis mzad iyvnen, mxarSi amosdgomodnen mebrZol
qarTvelebs saerTo mtris winaaRmdeg gasalaSqreblad. amierkavkasiis
xalxebs erTi mosazreba amoZravebdaT _ ganedevnaT selCuki dampyroblebi
TavianTi miwa-wylidan, rasac amierkavkasiis politikuri gaerTianeba
mohyveboda.
saqarTvelos samefo karis RonisZiebebma qveyana gaamagra da gaaZliera.
samefo xelisuflebis avtoriteti ganuzomlad gaizarda. daviT
aRmaSenebelma qveynis cxovrebis yvela mxare Tavis Zalauflebas
daumorCila da xelisuflebis sruli koncentrireba moaxdina: saqarTvelos
mefe TviTmpyrobeli gaxda.
qarTveli eris samarTliani brZolebis istoriaSi erT-erTi yvelaze
mniSvnelovani adgili ukavia didgoris oms. cnobebi am brZolis Sesaxeb,
agreTve misi Sefaseba gvxvdeba rogorc qarTvel, ise ucxoel istorikosTa
naSromebSi.

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 farTo masStabis energiuli RonisZiebebis Semdeg saqarTvelos samefo
kari aqtiuri brZolis taqtikas irCevs momxduri mtris dasamarcxeblad da
saqarTvelos sabolood Semosamtkiceblad (saqarTvelos dedaqalaqi
Tbilisi jer kidev ar iyo SemoerTebuli). bunebrivia, saqarTvelos
saxelmwifos gaZlierebiTa da gaaqtiurebiT SeSfoTebuli iyvnen
mahmadianuri mflobelebic da saTanado moments ucdidnen mis winaaRmdeg
gasalaSqreblad...
mahmadianTa gaerTianebuli laSqris Tavdasxmis organizatori da
wamomwyebi Cans erayis selCukianTa gamgebeli, sulTani mahmud muhamedis Ze
(1118-1131). man mimarTa mahmadianebs _ vinc ki sadme iyo, damaskodan da
alepodan mokidebuli, yvelas, molaSqreobis SemZlebels, monawileoba mieRo
saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg omSi.
Turq-selCukebis koaliciur jarsa da daviT aRmaSeneblis laSqars
Soris generaluri brZola didgorTan gaimarTa. saqarTvelos jari daviT
aRmaSenebelma mis midamoebSi ganalaga. brZolis dawyebis win mgznebare
mowodebiT mimarTa Tavis laSqars: ` ... meomarno qristesano! Tu RvTis
sjulis dasacavad wesierad vibrZviT, aramc Tu eSmakis uricxv mimdevarTa,
aramed TviT eSmakebsac advilad davamarcxebT. da erTs rasme girCevT, rac
Cveni patiosnebisa da sargeblobisaTvis kargi iqneba _ esaa, rom Cven yvelam,
xelTa cisadmi aRpyrobiT, Zlier RmerTs aRTqma mivceT, rom misi siyvaru-
lisaTvis am brZolis velze ufro movkvdebiT, vidre gaviqceviT. da rom ar
SegveZlos gaqceva, romc movindomoT, am xeobis Sesavali, romliTac Sevsul-
varT, xeTa xSiri xorgebiT SevkraT da mtrebs, roca mogviaxlovdebian
Cvenze ieriSis mosatanad, mtkice guliT sastikad SevutioT~.
daviT aRmaSeneblis sityvidan aSkara xdeba, rom qarTuli laSqari idga
xeobaSi, romlis Sesasvlelic saguldagulod CauxergavT. es, rasakvirvelia,
sagangebo RonisZieba iyo. qarTvel molaSqreTa winaSe idga erTi amocana _
an gamarjveba, an zurgSeuqceveli sikvdili.
1121 wlis 12 agvisto, RvTismSoblis marxvis xuTSabaTi...
saqarTvelos laSqris sardlobis mier gatarebuli strategiuli da
taqtikuri siaxleebisa da mebrZolTa Tavganwiruli SemarTebis wyalobiT,
didgoris brZola sam Jams (saaTs) gagrZelebula... mteri sastikad da-
marcxda. qarTvelTa laSqris da misi sardlobis damsaxureba is iyo, rom
gaqceul mters SekavSirebisa da gaerTianebis saSualeba ar misca,
kontrSetevis yovelgvari saSualeba mouspo da misi sruli marcxi ga-
napiroba. amrigad, qarTvelma molaSqreebma 1121 wlis 12 agvistos
mahmadianur koaliciur jarebTan metad rTul da, amave dros, arsebiTad
gadamwyvet brZolaSi brwyinvale gamarjveba moipoves.
didgoris brZolis warmatebiT mogebis Semdeg saqarTvelos samefosTvis
Tbilisis SemoerTebas win aRaraferi edga. saqarTvelos Zveli dedaqalaqisa
da sxva qalaqebis damorCileba, faqtobrivad, didgoris brZolis gagrZeleba
iyo. Tbilisi 1122 wels iqna SemoerTebuli da saqarTvelos sataxto qalaqi
kvlav aq gadmoitanes.
daviT aRmaSenebelma gaaTavisufla Sirvani (1123 w.), dmanisi (1124 w.) da
anisi (1124 w.). misma gegmazomierma saqmianobam `daamSvida qveyana... ganavso da
aRaSena yoveli oxer-qmnili~. didi warmatebebi iqna mopovebuli
saerTaSoriso arenaze. saqarTvelos mefem `... sultani dasua moxarked TВsa,
xolo mefe berZenTa viTarca saxleuli TВsi: dascna warmarTni, mosrna
barbarozni, mrwemad moiyvanna mefeni, xolo monad xelmwifeni; meotad wariq-

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civna arabni, iavarad ismaitelni, mtuerad dasva sparsni, xolo glexad
mTavarni maTni~.
daviT aRmaSeneblis dros erTiani da ekonomikurad Zlieri saqarTvelos
winsvla mis ganaTleba-kulturaSic gamoixata. aq moxda qristianuli
(bizantiuri) da mahmadianuri kulturebis Sexvedra-Serwyma. ganviTarda
saero literatura, aSkarad SeimCna mxatvrobis, oqromWedlobisa da
xuroTmoZRvrebis aRmavloba.
daviT aRmaSeneblis mier gatarebulma mravalmxrivma RonisZiebebma (aq
mniSvnelovani roli diplomatiasac ekuTvnis) ganapiroba warmatebebi qveynis
politikuri dawinaurebisa da ekonomikuri momZlavrebis saqmeSi.

$4. saqarTvelos saxelmwifos sagareo

politika da diplomatia XII s-is 30-80-iani
wlebis damdegs. demetre I-isa da
giorgi III-is diplomatia

daviT aRmaSeneblis Zis _ demetres mefobis dros (1125-1156) mahmadianuri

saxelmwifoebi cdilobdnen, xelT egdoT amierkavkasiis miwebi. qarTvelebi
iZulebulni xdebian, zogi adgili dauTmon mters (mag., anisi kvlav
muslimani mflobelis xelT gadavida ymadnaficobis pirobiT). 1138-1139
wlebSi qarTvelebma ganZa aiRes, magram ver SeinarCunes da es qalaqi
didxans darCa muslimanTa sayrden punqtad saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg
brZolaSi.
daviT aRmaSenebelma Tavisi reformebiT laxvari Casca didgvarovan
feodalTa aRviraxsnilobas, magram didaznaurobis socialur-ekonomikuri
safuZvlebi, cxadia, xeluxlebeli datova. amitom iyo, rom SemdgomSi kvlav
cdilobdnen isini TavianTi socialur-ekonomikuri mdgomareobis Sesaferisi
politikuri uflebebis mopovebas, yvela xerxs mimarTavdnen mefis Zalauf-
lebis dasamcrobad da dasasusteblad. swored did feodalTa jgufis
mxardaWeris Semdeg iyo is, rom demetre mefes taxts ecilebodnen jer misi
Zma vaxtangi, xolo Semdeg ufrosi Svili daviTi. am ukanasknelma mamas
mefobaze xeli aaRebina da TviTon miitaca samefo gvirgvini. daviTs erTi
welic ar umefia, igi gardaicvala. taxti kvlav demetrem daikava da 1156
wels taxtze Tavisi Svili _ giorgi (mefobaSi giorgi III-d wodebuli)
aiyvana.
giorgi III-is politikis ZiriTad xazs CrdiloeTi somxeTisaTvis brZola
Seadgenda. XII s-is 60-70-ian wlebSi am mimarTulebiT saqarTvelos samefos
upirispirdebodnen: eldiguzianTa mZlavri saaTabago (romelmac
faqtobrivad daiqvemdebara erayis selCukTa sasulTno), Sah-armenTa
saxelmwifo (romlis birTvic iyo vanis tbis regioni) da mcire Turquli
(ahdabianTa, arTukianTa, yarsis, surmarisa da arzrumis) saamiroebi,
romlebic warmoiqmna selCukTa saxelmwifos rRvevis procesSi. giorgi III-m
araerTxel sastikad daamarcxa mezobel muslimanTa koaliciuri Zalebi,
axorcielebda marbiel laSqrobebs maT samflobeloebze; ramdenjerme
daikava CrdiloeTi somxeTis umniSvnelovanesi qalaqebi anisi (1161, 1164, 1174
ww.) da dvinic (1162 w.), magram maTi SenarCuneba ver SeZlo. saqarTvelos
mezobelma Turqulma saxelmwifoebma, romlebic vrcel teritoriebs
flobdnen da saomari operaciebisaTvis didZali cocxali Zalebi gaaCndaT,
Seqmnes Tavdacvis efeqturi sistema, romlis daZlevac im xanebSi ar

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moxerxda. dvini Sevida eldiguzianTa saaTabagos SemadgenlobaSi, anisSi ki
XII s-is miwurulamde gaxangrZlivda qurTuli warmoSobis SadadianTa
batonoba. magram imave Turqul saxelmwifoebTan brZolebSi giorgi III-m
daicva saqarTvelos samefos teritoriuli mTlianoba. misi Sida raionebi
arasodes daurbevia mters da qveyana saimedod iyo daculi momTabareTa
TareSisagan. giorgi III akontrolebda did sivrces nikofsiidan daru-
bandamde. misi yuradRebis centrSi iyo aRmosavleTi amierkavkasiac, kerZod
ki, Sirvani, romelsac ganagebda misi diswuli da ymadnafici aRsarTani. 1173
wels, rodesac Sirvan-Sahi `daWirvebuli darubandel xazarTagan~ Svelas
Seexvewa saqarTvelos mefes, giorgi mas jariT daexmara. qarTvelTa
mxedroba mivida darubandis karamde, moarbia muskurisa da Sarabamis
mxareebi da aiRo q. Saburani, romelic saqarTvelos mefes aRsarTanisTvis
uwyalobebia.
Sarvanze gavlenis ganmtkiceba saqarTvelos pirdapir interesebs
emsaxureboda. abreSumiT mdidari Sarvani Semosavlis wyaro iyo
saqarTvelosaTvis. Sarvanidan qarTvelebi safrTxes uqmnidnen ganZas,
romelic Turqebis mTavari dasayrdeni iyo aRmosavleT amierkavkasiaSi da,
bolos, saqarTvelo Tanmimdevrulad atarebda qristianuli qveynebis
Semokrebisa da maT erT saxelmwifod gaerTianebis politikas.
mwvave samxedro-politikur dapirispirebasTan erTad saqarTvelos samefo
kari da mezobeli muslimani gamgeblebi erTmaneTTan urTierTobaSi farTod
iyenebdnen diplomatiis enasac. aqtiuri iyo diplomatiuri kontaqtebi
eldiguzianebTan. am dros elCebi mstovarTa funqciebsac asrulebdnen.
daaxloebiT 1164 wels anisisaTvis brZolis dros saqarTvelos samefosa da
eldiguzianTa dazavebaSi didi roli Seasrula demetre I-is asulma
rusudanma.
saerTod, bevri movlena imdroindel amierkavkasiaSi giorgi III-is
saxelTan iyo dakavSirebuli. 1173 wlis Sirvanis ambebTan dakavSirebiT akad.
v. bartoldi werda: `Сын и преемник Менучехра II Ахситан пожалуй должен был быть
обязан своей победой над русским флотом под Баку, а также отвоеванием Ширвана и Дербента
своему могущественному родственнику, союзнику и верховному повелителю – царю Георгию III. es
epiTeti _ `могущественный верховный повелитель~ _ savsebiT Seesabameba
saqarTvelos da misi mefis avtoritets XII s-is wina aziasa da kavkasiaSi.
sagulisxmoa qarTveli mematianis miTiTebac: giorgis `sZRunobdes da
sZmobdes... mefeni berZenTani, ierusalims almanTani, da hromTani, da
hindoTani da xonelni da egreTve sultanni xorasnisa, babilovnisa, Samisa,
ptisa da ikoniisani hmonebdes da Semdgomni amaTni skВTni, xazarni, alanni,
xuarasani da xuarazmSa, Suamdinarelni da yovelni enani da naTesavni
maSriyiT maRribamde~. miuxedavad garkveuli gazviadebisa, es cnoba
miuTiTebs giorgi III-is avtoritetze da mis kontaqtebze saerTaSoriso aspa-
rezze.
amrigad, XII saukunis meore naxevris saqarTvelo politikurad Zlieri
qveyanaa. mas sakmaod didi gavlena da avtoriteti aqvs mopovebuli
saerTaSoriso masStabiT. saqarTvelos mefe Zlieri da pativcemulia.
giorgi III sagareo saqmeebSi ganagrZobda daviT aRmaSeneblis politikas.
Tu demetre I umeteswilad daviT aRmaSeneblis memkvidreobis damcvelad
gvevlineba, giorgi III axal qmediT zomebs iRebs saqarTvelos sazRvrebis
gafarToebisaTvis.

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 giorgi III-s colad hyavda osTa mefis _ xudanis asuli burduxani. es
qorwineba XII saukunis 50-ian wlebSi moxda da mas garkveuli politikuri
mizanic hqonda _ CrdiloeTis mezoblebTan kavSiris ganmtkiceba. TavisTavad
burduxani gamorCeuli qali yofila. mas gansakuTrebuli pativiscemiT
moixseniebs da maRal Sefasebas aZlevs basili ezosmoZRvari. burduxani
Rirseulad umSvenebda mxars saqarTvelos mefes. Tamari im droisaTvis
saTanado aRzrda-ganaTlebas iRebda. mas gansakuTrebulad mzrunvelobda
mamida rusudani (demetre I-is asuli, giorgi III-is da), erayis sulTnis _
masudis, mere ki suleiman-Sahis colyofili, romelic daqvrivebis Semdeg
saqarTvelos dabruneboda. rusudani politikuri moRvawe da diplomati iyo;
igi aqtiurad monawileobda saxelmwifos marTva-gamgeobaSi; mniSvnelovani
diplomatiuri misia Seasrula eldigez aTabagTan giorgi III-is SeTanxmebaSi
q. anisis gamo (daaxloebiT 1164 w.). faqtobrivad Tamari Tavis dasTan,
rusudanTan (giorgi III-is ukanono Svili) erTad mamidis karze izrdeboda.
bunebrivia, Tamaric aqtiurad adevnebda Tvals politikur cxovrebas, im
did saSinao Tu sagareo duRils, agrerigad rom moicva saqarTvelo. Tamars
Tavisi gonierebiT adreve miuqcevia TanamedroveTa yuradReba. xazgasmiT
aRuniSnavT Tanamedroveebs, rom Tamari, mcire asakis miuxedavad,
gamoirCeoda `gonebiTa ara yrmebriviTa, aramed mecnierebiTa, cnobierebiTa,
gonieriTa da SuenieriTa~. amitomac iyo, rom orbelTa amboxebis CaxSobis
Semdeg giorgi III-m Tamari TanammarTvelad gaixada... es iyo 1179 wels. giorgi
III-m Tavad daadga Tamars `gВrgВni oqrosa Tavsa missa~. mefem didebulebs
daafica Tamaris erTgulebaze. am didi zeimis Semdeg saxelmwifoSi
cxovreba Cveuli wesiT midioda. giorgi III kvlav aqtiurad monawileobda
qveynis marTva-gamgeobaSi.
mama-Svilis mcdeloba (1179 wels mowveul iqna sagangebo sakanonmdeblo
kreba), moespoT qveyanaSi gaxSirebuli qurdoba da yaCaRoba, warmatebiT
mimdinareobda. krebam mekobreebis mimarT daawesa sasjelis umaRlesi zoma _
CamoxrCoba. Tanac igi ganurCeveli iyo yvela damnaSavisaTvis, ra socialuri
fenisac ar unda yofiliyo is. mkacr zomebs Tavisi Sedegi mohyolia _
vardanis cnobiT, es borotmoqmedeba erTxans aRmofxvrila saqarTveloSi.
1184 wlis 27 marts, vnebis kviris samSabaTs, kaxeTSi gardaicvala giorgi
III _ `brZanebiTa mpyrobeli aRmosavleTisa da dasavleTisa, Crdilosa da
samxrisa~. giorgi III `Jamisa siZnelisagan~ mcxeTaSi daumarxavT da imave
wels gadausvenebiaT saqarTvelos mefeTa tradiciul saZvaleSi _ gelaTSi.
metad mniSvnelovani iyo giorgi III-is mier gatarebuli politikuri
RonisZiebebi didgvarovan feodalebTan brZolis saqmeSi. mefem sruli
gamarjveba moipova da didi nabiji gadadga qveynis centralizaciisaken.
didgvarovani feodalebi, marTalia, daTrgunvilni iyvnen, magram
brZolas sabolood wagebulad ar Tvlidnen da xelsayrel dros ucdidnen,
raTa samefo xelisuflebis sawinaaRmdego zraxvebi ganexorcielebinaT.
aseTi dro giorgi III-is gardacvalebis Semdeg dadga. miuxedavad imisa, rom
Tamari jer kidev mamis sicocxleSi iyo gamefebuli (1179 w.), didgvarovanma
feodalebma, rogorc Cans, ar miiCnies es sakmarisad da xelaxla mefed
kurTxeva gadawyvites. es ukve faqtobrivi protesti iyo giorgi III-is namoq-
medaris, misi politikis mimarT: amasTanave, xazgasmulad unda war-
moCeniliyo feodalTa didi uflebebi. amgvarad, erTxel ukve faqtobrivad
gamefebuli Tamari meored akurTxes mefed.

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 mefed kurTxevis ceremoniali ise Sesrulda, rom xazgasmul iqna
didgvarovanTa uflebebi. `aRmyvanelTa saydarTa da sajdomTa mama papeulTa
aRsues mze igi... da moiRes gВrgВni...~ `aRmyvanelni~, romelTac Tamari
`aRsues~ da gvirgvini `moiRes~, didgvarovani feodalebi arian. amgvarad, es
didgvarovnebi Canan upirveles planze Tamaris gamefebisas da yvela detali
mefed xeldasxmisa maTi nebiT sruldeba. `vinaTgan lixT-imeriTgan iyo wesi
dadgmad gВrgВnisa Tavsa sameufosa, awВes... mTavarepiskoposi quTaTeli
antoni saRiris-Ze, miRebad gВrgВnisa~. istorikosi gamoyofs Tamar
mefisaTvis, rogorc laSqris mTavarsardlisaTvis, xmlis gadacemis
simbolur ceremonials: `da calis-kerZisa kaxaberi, erisTavi raWisa da
Takuerisa, da srul yves moxeleTa sВanTa da didebulTa vardanisZeTa,
saRiris-ZeTa da amanelis-ZeTa miReba da dadeba xrmlisa~. rogorc Cans, am
didebulebs ufleba hqondaT `srul yofisa~ da xeldasxmisa. `Tayuanisces,
daloces da adides spaTa SВdisave samefosaTa. da daipyra Jamierad
TВToeulman TВsi adgili~. aq `istoriani da azmani SaravandedTani~
gvaZlevs cnobas imis Sesaxeb, rom mefis Zalauflebis srulyofisaTvis
saWiroa `SВdsave samefosaTa~ warmomadgenlebis `dalocva~ da `dideba~.
aqedan faqtobrivad daiwyo didgvarovanTa protesti arsebuli (jer
kidev giorgi mesamiseuli) samefiskaro politikis winaaRmdeg. es protesti
SemdgomSi ufro gaizarda da gamZafrda. feodalebma `imierTa da amierTa~
erTxmad gamoacxades, rom giorgi III-is dros dawinaurebul ugvaro
moxeleebs aRar daemorCilebodnen: maTi moTxovnebidan naTelia, rom Zveli
wodebrivi upiratesobis aRdgenis survili amoZravebdaT. sagulisxmoa, rom
mefis politikis mowinaaRmdegeebs yvela `ugvaro~ moxelis gadayeneba ki ar
mouTxoviaT, aramed mxolod ramdenimesi, albaT, samefo xelisuflebis
yvelaze erTguli pirebisa. aseTebad miCneul iqnen amirspasalari yubasari
da msaxurTuxucesi afridoni.
rTulma politikurma mdgomareobam, agreTve gaficulTa simtkicem da
siZlierem ganapiroba saqarTvelos samefo karis wasvla daTmobaze da mefis
erTguli moxeleebis saxelmwifo mmarTvelobidan CamoSoreba. amdenad,
gaficulma didgvarovnebma axali gamarjveba izeimes.
feodalTa Soris axali problemebi warmoiSva _ vis unda Caegdo xelT
ganTavisuflebuli adgilebi `da brZolamyofTa xelisuflobisa da
didebisaTvis urTierTs dauwyes zidva~. Tamaris istorikosis es sityvebi
saocari sizustiT axasiaTebs ara mxolod garkveul konkretul momentSi
Seqmnil viTarebas, aramed, saerTod, politikur urTierTobebs imdroindel
saqarTveloSi.

$5. saqarTvelos saxelmwifo saerTaSoriso arenaze XII s-is miwurulsa da XIII s-is
damdegs. Tamar mefis diplomatia

a) Sinapolitikuri krizisi saqarTvelos samefo karze XII saukunis 80-

iani wlebis II naxevarsa da 90-iani wlebis damdegs. diplomatiuri aspeqtebi.
Tamaris gamefebisas didgvarovan feodalTa moTxovnebTan uSualo, organul
kavSirSia samefo xelisuflebis winaaRmdeg ajanyeba yuTlu-arslan
meWurWleTuxucesis xelmZRvanelobiT. ajanyebas mkveTrad Camoyalibebuli
programa da mtkiced gansazRvruli politikur-organizaciuli gegma hqonda.
yuradRebas imsaxurebs Tamaris diplomatia. Tamaris brZanebiT Seipyres
yuTlu-arslani. misi dasis wevrebma (`TanaSeficulebma~) am faqts Sesabamisi
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reaqciiT upasuxes _ ajanydnen da `ukuagdes Tamars~, moiTxoves TavianTi
beladis gamoSveba (ganTavisufleba).
SemTxveviTi ar aris, rom Tamari sisxlis Rvras moerida da maTTan
Sebmas mSvidobiani molaparakeba arCia. albaT, aq angariSi gaewia yuTlu-
arslanis dasis siZlieres da am rTul viTarebaSi saqarTvelos mefem
sakiTxis mogvareba diplomatiuri gziT arCia: ajanyebulebs ori sapatio
`diofali~ gaugzavna mociqulad. eseni iyvnen: qarTlis erisTavT-erisTavis _
ratis deda xuaSaq coqali da didgvarovani feodalebis _ samZivarTa deda
kravai jayeli. Tamarma kargad gaiTvaliswina, rom qalis Suamavlobas
gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba eqneboda, amitomac gadadga amgvari nabiji.
mandilosnebma molaparakeba gamarTes ajanyebulebTan. diplomatiuri misia
dadebiTi SedegiT damTavrda. Tumca mematiane aqve SeniSnavs, rom
gaficulebma mefisagan fici aiRes (`aRiRes fici patronisagan~), xolo,
Tavis mxriv, `misces piri erTgulebisa da nebis-myofelobisa~. es `fici~,
albaT, maTi uvneblobisa da xelSeuxeblobis dasturi iyo. amasTan,
safiqrebelia, rom saqarTvelos mefe garkveul daTmobebzec wavida. mas
sakanonmdeblo uflebebi xelidan ar gauSvia. rogorc miiCneven, mxolod
darbazs gaezarda erTgvari uflebamosileba.
ase rom, Tamaris mier gadadgmuli diplomatiuri nabiji warmatebiT
damTavrda.
zar-zeimiT mefed kurTxevis Semdeg, rac maRali donis ceremonialiT
Catarda, axalgazrda mefe-qalma mtkiced mohkida xeli saxelmwifos marTva-
gamgeobas. misi mizani iyo, Seeqmna Zlieri feodaluri monarqia da
saxelovnad ganegrZo didi papis _ daviT aRmaSeneblisa da saxelovani mamis
_ giorgi III-is sagareo da saSinao politika. Tamari mtkice nebisyofiT,
maRali politikuri niWiTa da Sorsgamiznuli diplomatiuri gamWriaxobiT
iyo dajildoebuli.
yuTlu-arslanis politikuri dasis gamosvlis daSoSminebis Semdeg
saqarTvelos mefem mniSvnelovani politikuri xasiaTis gadawyvetilebebi
miiRo. Tamaris brZanebiT mwignobarTuxuces-Wyondidlisa da vaziris
Tanamdebobebi antonma miiRo. igi brZeni da gonieri, amasTan, patronTa
erTguli iyo.
amirspasalarad dainiSna sargis mxargrZeli, romelic Wabukobidanve
monawileobda laSqrobebSi da Tavic mravalgzis gamoiCina. mefem sargiss
`uboZa lore saTavado da samTavro somxiTsa Sina, da wyaloba yo Zisaca mi-
sisa zaqarias dalocviTa~. umcrosi Svili ivane ki `iTayuana darbazis ymad~.
mandaturTuxucesad dainiSna Wiaberi (`da misca argani oqrosa xelTa
misTa~), romelsac Caacves skaramangi (Zvirfasi mooqrovil-momargalitebuli
samosi) da `dasues selebiTa oqro-WediliTa romelnime marjueniT missa da
romelnime marcxeniT~.
mefe Tamarma meWurWleTuxucesis Tanamdeboba uboZa didsa da gvarian
kacs _ kaxaber vardanis Zes. msaxurTuxucesad dainiSna vardan dadiani;
CuxCarexad _ maruSiani Ze CuxCarexisa. amilaxoroba eboZa gamrekel Torels,
romelic sargis mxargrZelis Semdeg amirspasalaradac dainiSna.
vin arian Tamaris drois erisTavni?
svanTa erisTavi _ baram vardanis Ze, raWisa da Takueris erisTavi _
kaxaber kaxaberis Ze, cxumis erisTavi _ oTaRo SarvaSis Ze, argueTis
erisTavi _ amanelis Ze, odiSis erisTavi _ bediani, qarTlis erisTavi _
rati surameli, kaxeTis erisTavi _ bakur-yma Zaganis Ze, hereTis erisTavi _
asaT grigolis Ze, samcxis erisTavi _ boco jayeli.
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 saqarTvelos saxelmwifos politikas zurgs umagrebda samefo karis
momxre feodalTa didi armia, magram, amasTanave, iyvnen rigi feodalebi,
romlebic Tavisi uflebebis gazrda-gafarToebaze fiqrobdnen. am miznis
misaRwevad isini araviTar xerxsa da Zalas ar iSurebdnen da maSin, roca
saqarTvelos mefe-qalis _ Tamaris saxlobis sakiTxi dadga, aSkara gaxda is
mwvave brZola, romelic didgvarovan feodalTa sxvadasxva dass Soris
arsebobda. amjerad es brZola TiToeuli am dasisaTvis Tamaris qmrad
sasurveli kandidatis moZebnas gadaejaWva. es gza, bunebrivia, saqarTvelos
samefo karze gavlenis gazrdis realur Sansad isaxeboda. `Seiyarnes
SemWirneni da zraxva yves Zebna waRmarTisa da moyvana qmrisa~. am
darbazobis dros winadadeba, albaT, araerTi iqneboda, magram
gansakuTrebul yuradRebas mainc iqcevs qarTlisa da Tbilisis amiras,
abulasanis, mier wamoyenebuli mosazreba _ TamarisaTvis rusi ufliswulis,
andria bogoliubskis Svilis, iuris (imave giorgis) SerTvis Sesaxeb.
rogorc Cans, zogierTi didebuli, romelic winaaRmdegi iyo iuri
andrias Zis mowvevisa, dabejiTebiT moiTxovda Tamaris daqorwinebas
bizantiel imperatorTa sagvareulos _ komninosTa Rirseul
warmomadgenelze _ aleqsize. albaT, ufro Zlieri iyo rusi ufliswulis
Camoyvanis momxreTa dasi da maT gaimarjves kidec.
ratom SeCerda darbazis wevrTa umravlesoba abulasanis winadadebaze.
iyo Tu ara winaswar Semzadebuli es winadadeba da ram ganapiroba swored
rus ufliswulze gezis aReba?
giorgi (iuri) ufliswuli rostov-suzdalis didi mTavris, andrias,
Svilia. andrias 1172 wels Tavisi Svili giorgi (iuri) novgorodis mTavrad
gaugzavnia riurikis nacvlad.
iuris uflebebi sxvadasxva mizezis gamo (aq SeiZleba misi mcirewlo-
vanebac ar aris boloxarisxovani momenti) metad SezRuduli iyo. mTavris
daniSnulebad im drois novgorodSi ZiriTadad laSqris xelmZRvaneloba
iTvleboda, sxva saqmeebis gamgebloba umeteswilad posadnikisa da veCes
xelSi iyo.
iuri andrias Zes, mematianeebis cnobiT, laSqrobebSic miuRia
monawileoba, magram aq misi xelmZRvaneloba mxolod formalur xasiaTs
atarebda, faqtobrivad ki laSqris Tavkacebad msxvili boiarebi Canan.
andria bogoliubskis gardacvalebis Semdeg novgorodis samTavroSi
mdgomareoba arsebiTad Seicvala. rostov-suzdalis samTavroSi Seqmnili
Sinauri aSliloba, Tavis mxriv, ganapirobebda iuris novgorodidan
gaZevebis aucileblobas da asec moxda 1175 wels.
1176-77 wlebSi andria bogoliubskis Zmam, vsevolodma (qarTuli
wyaroebiT salavaTi), mTlianad daipyro andrias samflobelo da Tavis
uflebebSi mocile aRaravin gaaCera suzdalis samTavroSi. am moqmedebis
Sedegi iyo TviT iuri ufliswulis eqsoriaqmna misi samTavrodan. es
ukanaskneli amis Semdeg CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi aRmoCnda.
qarTvel didvaWarTa mier yivCayeTSi aRmoCenili rusi ufliswuli
saqarTvelos didgvarovan feodalTa erTi nawilisa da moqalaqeTa
zedafenisaTvis misaRebi unda yofiliyo, darbazis wevrebisaTvis
mniSvneloba hqonda im faqts, rom iuri andrias Ze didgvarovani feodali,
qristiani iyo, Tanac marTlmadidebeli. am mxarem sakiTxis gadaWraSi
arsebiTi roli Seasrula. Tumca didebulebs, roca isini upiratesobas
iuris aniWebdnen, am debulebiT ar unda exelmZRvanelaT. maTTvis ufro
saintereso iyo is garemoeba (garda zemoTqmulisa), rom igi gadmoxvewili
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iyo, eqsoriaqmnili, da Tavisi dasayrdeni Zalebic saqarTvelos samefos ma-
Ral wreebSi unda eZebna. es ki didebulTa garkveul nawils uqmnida Sanss
axal viTarebaSi Tavis gamoCenisa da gavlenis sferoTa gafarToebisaTvis.
iuri andrias Ze (romelic imxanad yivCayeTSi imyofeboda) saqarTvelos,
kerZod, Tbilisis didvaWrebisaTvis, kargad unda yofiliyo cnobili. ar
aris gamoricxuli, rom TamarisaTvis qmrad SerTvis sakiTxze raime
winaswari molaparakebac yofiliyo gamarTuli masTan. safiqrebelia, rom
maT iurisagan ukve garkveuli dasturic hqondaT miRebuli; da kidev, TviT
sasiZos aseTi swrafi, vadaze adre Camoyvana (`uwinares paemnisa moyme saxe-
kekluci, sruli anagebiTa da mWvretTagan saCeni guarisSvilad~) swored
zemoTqmuls (am sakiTxis irgvliv iuri ufliswulis saqmis kursSi yofnas)
adasturebs. Tamaris pirveli istorikosis sityviT, `patriarqman,
didebulman, vazirTa da spaTa _ moaxsenes Tamars, da maTgan neba-daurTavi
ganamzades qorwili~. aq CamoTvlil saeklesio (miqael patriarqi orive
istorikoss ufliswulis mowvevis momxred hyavs gamoyvanili, arc is iyo
SemTxveviTi, rom darbazi aRniSnuli sakiTxis gadasawyvetad saeklesio
krebis Semdgom, am krebis monawileTa saero pirebiT Sevsebis Semdeg
Seikriba) Tu saero pirebisa da, ufro metic, wreebis pozicia garkveulia.
yuradRebas ipyrobs is garemoeba, rom TviT saqarTvelos mefe Cans am
saqmis winaaRmdegi. `cxovreba mefeT-mefisa Tamarisi~ gadmogvcems Tamaris
pasuxs SeTavazebul winadadebaze: `kacno, viTar Rirs ars Seutyuebeli ese
qmnad? ara viciT kacisa amis ucxosa qceva da saqme, arca mxedrobisa, arca
bunebisa, da arca qcevisa. macaleT, vidremdis ganicadoT yovelTa sikeTe,
gina sidrkue misi~.
Tamaris meore istorikosi xazs usvams, rom Tamaris saxlobis sakiTxi
darbazma `ese vera keTilad ganages~. igi ukmayofiloa sasiZos Camosayvanad
gagzavnili mociqulis donisa (aq pirveli istorikosis mixedviT Tbiliseli
didvaWari zanqan zorababelia mxedvelobaSi) _ `rameTu arca kaci igi Rirsi
saqmisa waravlines~, amasTanave, `arca missa mecnier iyvnes, romelsa igi moi-
yvanebdes~. istorikosi gvarianobasa da Sesaxedaobas ver uwunebs Camoyvanil
iuri andrias Zes, Tumca mainc aRniSnavs _ `rameTu arars mecnier iyvnes
CveulebisaTВs misisa~.
iuri ufliswulTan zanqan zorababelis gagzavnis metad saintereso
interpretacia aqvs mocemuli f. holdaks. man icis qarTveli mematianis
mosazreba _ gagzavnil mociquls igi `uRirs pirad~ miiCnevs. germaneli
mecnieri TiTqos eTanxmeba Tamaris meore istorikoss imaSi, rom metad
sapatio misiis (Tamaris saxlobis sakiTxis mogvarebis) aRmsrulebeli mas
Seufereblad miaCnia am saqmisaTvis, Tumca fiqrobs, rom saqarTvelos
saxelmwifo darbazis, didebulebis mier gadadgmuli es nabiji ramdenadme
winaswarganzraxulad da sagangebod mofiqrebulia. f. holdaki Tvlis, rom
Tuki zanqan zorababeli im principiT iyo SerCeuli, rogorc gzisa da rusi
ufliswulis adgilsamyoflis mcodne, es veraferi gamarTlebaa, radgan
aseT SemTxvevaSi masze megzuris movaleobis dakisreba ufro umjobesi iqne-
boda, vidre misiis meTaurisa. am SemTxvevaSi germanel mecniers saqmis viTa-
reba ise aqvs warmodgenili, rom didebulebis mier miRebuli gadawyve-
tileba, Tamar mefisaTvis iuri andrias Zis SerTvis Sesaxeb, ucnobi iyo
rogorc saqarTvelos mefis, aseve rusi ufliswulisaTvis, amitom
mosalodneli marcxis SemTxvevaSi (es gamoricxulad ar miaCndaT
didebulebs, f. holdakis mixedviT), saxelmwifo darbazis wevrebi, rogorc
ityvian, xels daibandnen. raki f. holdaki aseT Sefasebas aZlevda Tamaris
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saxlobasTan dakavSirebul saqmis viTarebas, is rTuli situacia, romelic
am periodSi saxelmwifo samefo karze Seiqmna, mecniers, misi azriT, aZlevda
uflebas, ganecxadebina, rom `saqarTvelos samefo karze diplomatiuri
cbiereba maRal safuxurze idga~. rogorc Cans, garkveuli winaaRmdegobani
imTaviTve gaCnda iuri andrias Zis momxreTa da mowinaaRmdegeTa dasebs
Soris, magram pirvelni metad aqtiurni Canan da daJinebiT moiTxoven saqmis
bolomde miyvanas: `awuevdes qorwinebasa da swrafobdes amis pirisaTВs~.
Tamaris uarze, `igini winaaRudgebodes uSvilobasa moaxsenebdes, saxlisa
misisa unayofobasa drtВnvides, winamZRuarsa spaTasa iTxovdnen da
yovliTurT Seaiwrebdes sulsa missa... esoden mZimesa saqmesa subuqad
Seexebodes~. aseTi mcdelobis Semdeg iuri andrias Zis momxreTa dasma
gaimarjva da Tamari `aiZules qmnad... da viTar iyo xuedri... egreT iqmna
qorwili~.
iuri andrias Zes cudi Tvisebebi aRmoaCnda, ris gamoc (aq sxva
garemoebebic araa gamoricxuli) igi gaaZeves saqarTvelodan.
rusis gaZevebis umal gamoCndnen Tamaris qmrobis msurvelni. eseni iyvnen
sxvadasxva qveynis mefeTa Svilebi, qristiani Tu muslimani ufliswulebi.
bevri kandidati qmrobisa uariT gaistumres. Tamaris pirveli istorikosi
gadmogvcems, rom Tamaris qmrobis monatrebulma, arzrumis amiras vaJma _
mutafradinma (`salduxis Zis Zeman~), mSoblebis winaaRmdegobis miuxedavad,
`damgdebelman muhamedisaman, sjulisa tkbilisaman~ TavSeukavebeli saqcieli
Caidina _ TviTon movida saqarTveloSi, raTa saqme Tavad gaerigebina. mas
Tan axldnen mravali didebuli, xojebi da saWurisebi, monebi da mxevlebi.
mutafradinma mdidruli ZRveni Camoitana `Tualisa da margalitisa,
saWurWleTa da larTa Tana avazebisa da taiWebisa simravliTa~. qmrobis
kandidati didebulebs pativiT miuRiaT. igi saqarTveloSi sakmao xans
darCenila. nadiroba da drostareba ar daukliaT, magram Tamaris Rirsad ar
miuCneviaT da Tamaris magier mutafradins SerTes giorgi III-is ukanono
Svili (rusudani) _ `erTi xarWTaganisa naSobi, reca saxeldebuli Svilad
mefisa~.
mutafradinis gastumrebis Semdgom saqarTveloSi Camovida aRsarTan
SirvanSahi, romelic Tamaris qmrobis Rirsad CaTvlis SemTxvevaSi `rjulis
dagdebis~ mzadyofnaSi iyo. igi didi ZRvniT Camovida. pativis migeba arc
aRsarTanisTvis daukliaT. Tamars ki mtkice uariT upasuxebia: `aRara
SesZined ese viTarTa Tqmad~.
mefe Tamaris motrfiale ucxoel ufliswulTa Soris berZenTa mefis _
manoelis Svilicaa dasaxelebuli. zepirsityvierebam Tamaris qmrobis
mosurne kidev bevri ufliswulis ambavi Semoinaxa...
Tamars qmrad mohgvares oseTis bagrationTa Stos warmomadgeneli daviT
soslani. amieridan mefe Tamari da daviT soslani SeTanxmebulad ganagebd-
nen qveynis saSinao da sagareo saqmeebs: maTi mizanswrafuli moqmedebiTa da
gonivruli mcdelobiT qveyanaSi mSvidobiani cxovreba damkvidrda, gadaiWra
bevri saSinao problema da sagareo urTierTobebis damyarebac
moxerxebulad mogvarda.
Tamaris sagareo politika aqtiuri iyo. misi brZolebi samarTlian
xasiaTs atarebda. isini sruliad saqarTvelos siZlieresa da qveynis
simtkices emsaxurebodnen. obieqturad am brZolebiT saqarTvelos
saxelmwifosa da misi SeiaraRebuli Zalebis demonstrirebac xdeboda.
saqarTvelom izeima Samqorisa (1195 w.) da basianis (1202 w.) brZolebSi
mopovebuli didi gamarjvebebi. samefo xelisuflebis gonivrulma politikam
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da qveynis samxedro Zlierebam faqtobrivad uzrunvelyo samxreTis sazRvris
sruli usafrTxoeba.
erTi detalic. roca basianis brZolaSi gamarjvebuli Tamari dabrunda,
mas zeimiT Sexvda sruliad saqarTvelos dedaqalaqi Tbilisi.
sadResaswaulod momzadebul dedaqalaqSi `Sevida Tamar da daviT viTarca
mzisa Saravandedi mifeniTa, da SeiRes droSa nuqardinisi~. am droSis
Semotana mtris ganadgurebis simbolo iyo. Semdeg SemouyvaniaT warCinebuli
tyveebi, pirvelad ezinkeli (arzinjaneli) amira, Semdeg _ sxva warCinebulni.
mefe Tamarma warCinebuli tyve amirebi piradad miiRo, daapura, daasaCuqra
da saqarTvelos sxvadasxva cixeSi miusaja tyveobis moxda. gamonaklisi iyo
ezinkeli amira. igi Tamarma erTxans TbilisSi datova patimrad, Semdeg ki
mis dasamcireblad cxenis nalad gayida.
b) trapizonis samefos Seqmna. mefe Tamaris saxelTanaa dakavSirebuli
trapizonis samefos Seqmna. Zlieri saqarTvelos samefo Tavis gavlenas
avrcelebda samxreTiT, Savi zRvis samxreT sanapiroze.
XIII saukunis dasawyisidan bizantiis imperiaSi didi Sinapolitikuri
brZolebi mimdinareobda. qveyana ekonomikurad dasustda. 1202 wels isak II
angelosi SeTqmulebma saimperatoro taxtidan Camoagdes. misi Svili aleqsi
romis papTan wavida da taxtis dabrunebaSi Semweoba sTxova. sanacvlod
jvarosnul omSi monawileobasa da bizantiis eklesiis romisadmi daqvemde-
barebas kisrulobda. Semdeg aleqsi Tavis siZes (dis qmars) _ filipe
Svabels miadga. am ukanasknelis meSveobiT jvarosnebma Tavs ides daxmarebis
misia da, marTlac, 1203 wlis ivnisSi isaksa da aleqsis taxti daubrunes.
magram es aqti ar aRmoCnda stabiluri. 1204 wlis ianvarSi ajanyebulma
konstantinopolis mosaxleobam kvlav gadaayena imperatori, daamxo
saimperatoro Zalaufleba.
mdgomareobis saerTo garTulebis pirobebSi jvarosnebma kvlav miitanes
ieriSi bizantiis imperiaze. 1204 wlis 13 aprils maT aiRes bizantiis
dedaqalaqi konstantinopoli, sastikad gauswordnen mosaxleobas, daangries
arqiteqturuli Zeglebi.
rogorc Cans, bizantiis imperiis dasustebiT moxerxebulad isargebla
saqarTvelos samefo karma, Tanac sababad gamoyenebul iqna erTi garemoeba:
basili ezosmoZRvris cnobiT, `moiwines odesme Cveulebisamebr qvelis-
moqmedebaTaTВs amisTa monazonni Savisa mTisa, antioqiiT da kviprisa
WilakiT, egreTve mTawmidiT adgilTaT~. mefe Tamars didi pativiT miuRia
isini, Seuwynarebia `viTar angelozni~, didxans TavisTan dautovebia, Semdeg
ki `miscna yovelTa diadi, da aRavsna yovlisa saxmriTa... ufro SorielTa
misca didZali oqro, TВT maTTВs da yovelTa monasterTa gansayofelad~.
ukan gabrunebul monazvnebs, romlebmac konstantinopolamde miaRwies,
bizantiis imperatoris, aleqsis, kacebi dauxvdnen da gaZarcves.
Seityo Tu ara mefe Tamarma aleqsis aseTi saqcielis Sesaxeb, `nacvlad
sxua ufrosi wargzavna maT wmidaTa mimarT, da amiT umetes arcxВna eSmaki~.
ganrisxebulma saqarTvelos mefem jari Seyara (`mciredni vinme lixT-
iqiTni~) da faqtobrivad omi gamoucxada bizantiis imperias. konkretulad
saomari operaciebi Savi zRvis samxreT-aRmosavleT napirze daiwyo.
saqarTvelos laSqris aqtiuri sabrZolo moqmedebis Sedegad aRebul iqna
lazia, trapizoni, limoni, samisoni, sinopi, kerasunti, kotiora, amastria,
eraklia, da `yovelni adgilni feblaRonisa da pontosani~. es mniSvnelovani
teritoria iyo. mefe Tamarma dapyrobili mxareebisagan Seqmna erTi
saxelmwifo, romlis saTaveSi Caayena bagrationTa naTesavi (mefe Tamari
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misTvis mamidad iTvleboda), aleqsi komnenosi. ase Seiqmna trapizonis
samefo 1204 wels.
qarTvelTa mier mcire aziaSi bizantiis damarcxebasa da buferuli
saxelmwifos Seqmnas didi gamoZaxili hqonia jvarosnebSi _ igi am
ukanasknelTa Semdgomi gaaqtiurebis safuZveli gamxdara. niSandoblivia,
rom bulgarelTa mefesac (aleqsis siZes) scodnia aleqsis angarebis ambavi,
Seuyvania erT cixe-darbazSi, oqro daufenia mis wina da uTqvams: `aha aleqsi
gulis-saTqmeli igi Seni; oqro ese miiRe, TВnier sxВsa romlisame sazrde-
lisa, da wylisa wil, rameTu amisTВs warswymide saxli samefo qristianTa,
da daxsen TviTmpyrobeloba berZenTa~. aleqsi iqve gardacvlila.
trapizonis samefos daarseba saqarTvelos samefo karis mier
warmoebuli aqtiuri politikis Sedegi iyo.
ratom aiRo saqarTvelos samefo karma gezi trapizonis samefoSi
komnenosTa gamefebaze? saqarTvelos mfarveloba da aqtiuri daxmareba
komnenosebisadmi asaxsnelia im garemoebiT, rom am ukanasknelTa sami Taoba
saqarTveloSi cxovrobda da naTesaobda qarTul samefo saxlTan. rogor
moxvdnen komnenosebi saqarTvelos samefo karze? ra dinastiuri kavSiri iyo
maT Soris? kerZod, qarTvel bagrationebsa da komnenosebis umcros Stos
Soris? 1185 wels bizantiis imperatori andronike komnenosi taxtidan
Camoagdes da mokles. samefo angelosTa sagvareulos warmomadgenlebma
daikaves, isaki mefed ekurTxa. komnenosebidan mokles imperator andronikes
Svili manoelic. gadarCnen manoelis vaJebi _ aleqsi da daviTi, romlebmac
TavSesafari qarTveli mefis _ Tamaris karze poves.
rac Seexeba naTesaobas, aq saWiroa gavixsenoT daviT aRmaSeneblis asuli
katai, romelic saberZneTSi iyo gaTxovili. `amasve welsa demetre mefe
mokuda, da da demetresi Tamar, TiRВsa aRmaSenebeli, igica Semonazonebuli
gardaicvala da da misi kata dedofali saberZneTs gaTxovili iyo~ (laSa-
giorgis droindeli mematiane). katai misTxovda aleqsi I-is Svils _ isak
komnenoss. maTi Svili iyo andronike, giorgi III-is mamidaSvili, e. i.
demetres diswuli, xolo TviT demetre alali Zma iyo kataisi (es faqti
dadasturebuli aqvs bizantiel istorikoss miqael panaretossac). qarTul
wyaroSi moxseniebuli aleqsi komnenosi andronikes SviliSvili iyo. swored
igi gaxda trapizonis imperiis pirveli mefe.
trapizonis imperia saqarTvelos qveSevrdomi, misi ymadnafici qveyana iyo.
saqarTvelos cxovrebaSi man mniSvnelovani ekonomikuri, strategiuli da
politikuri roli Seasrula. mis arsebobas gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba
hqonda dasavleTidan bizantielTa da samxreT-dasavleTidan rumis TurqTa
sasulTnos SemotevaTa ukusagdebad.
aleqsi komnenosi saqarTvelos samefo karis dasayrdeni iyo mis sagareo
politikaSi, gansakuTrebiT bizantiasTan urTierTobis saqmeSi. Savi zRvis
napirze mosaxle berZenTa mniSvnelovani nawili imedis TvaliT uyurebda
trapizonSi gamefebul komnenosebs. maT, uTuod, didi saxeli hqondaT da
Tanamemamuleebs ar gahqrobodaT iluzia maTgan mamapapeuli taxtis
aRdgenisa. gamovidnen Tu ara samoRvaweo asparezze, saqarTvelos samefo
karis meoxebiT, aleqsi da daviT komnenosebi iZulebulni gaxdnen, mcire
aziaSi arsebul urTules politikur duRilSi Cabmuliyvnen.
aleqsi komnenosis mefobis bolo wlebSi saqarTvelos mTavroba
bizantiis Sinapolitikuri cxovrebis saqmis kursSi iyo da zogjer
aqtiuradac ereoda mis politikur ambebSi.

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 trapizonis imperiis arsebobis manZilze (1204-1461 ww.) mis samefo karze
ori politikuri orientacia da kulturuli tendencia gamoikveTa _
qarTuli da bizantiuri. komnenosebi saqarTvelos, misi samefo karis,
qarTveli mefeebis erTgulebi iyvnen. es gansakuTrebiT naTlad Canda
saqarTvelos Zlierebis periodSi. monRolTa Semosevebisa da saqarTvelos
dasustebis Semdeg viTareba ramdenadme Seicvala da qarTulma orientaciam
arastabiluri xasiaTi miiRo.
amgvarad, mefe Tamaris zeobis dros saqarTvelos mezoblad ZiriTadad
qarTveli tomebiT dasaxlebuli da qarTuli orientaciis mqone didi
imperiis Seqmna, uTuod, mniSvnelovani movlenaa, es iyo gamarjveba
saqarTvelos politikisa, diplomatiis, rac eyrdnoboda saqarTvelos
Zlierebasa da im saerTaSoriso viTarebis gaTvaliswinebas (jvarosanTa IV
laSqroba, bizantiis imperiis dasusteba), XIII saukunis dasawyisSi rom
arsebobda.
didi warmatebebi, romlebic saqarTvelos samefo karma, mefe Tamarma da
misma uZlevelma laSqarma moipoves, sagareo-politikur dawinaurebasTan
erTad, keTilismyofel gavlenas axdenda qveynis saSinao mdgomareobaze, mis
ekonomikur ganviTarebaze. saqarTvelos mefe gamorCeuli iyo RvTismosaobiT
da qveynis warmatebebis Sesabamisad `Seumatebda RmrTismsaxurebasa~; Tamari
mTeli ZaliT iyo mowadinebuli eklesiaTa da monasterTa kazmasa da
Senebaze; zrunavda oblebsa da qvrivebze, Seiwyalebda da samarTalsa
`hfenda~ maT. Tamaris pirveli istorikosi sagangebod mianiSnebs, rom xalxi
bednieri iyo, `iSuebdes da ixarebdes~... `istoriani da azmani Saravan-
dedTanis~ avtori guliswuxiliT aRniSnavs, rom `esreT sixarulsa SeuTqs
mwuxarebao~. mizezi sayovelTao mwuxarebisa daviT soslanis gardacvaleba
iyo.
didad iglova saqarTvelom daviT soslani. mas ori Svili darCa _ laSa-
giorgi da rusudani. mamis gardacvalebis Semdeg laSa-giorgi Tamaris
Tanamosaydre gaxda.
saqarTvelos sagareo politikaSi XIII s-is damdegs erT-erTi ZiriTadi
mimarTuleba iyo md. araqsis samxreTiT mdebare somxuri teritoriebi,
romlebic Sah-armenTa saxelmwifos SemadgenlobaSi Sedioda. anisis da
dvinis SemoerTebis (1199 da 1203 ww.) Semdeg saqarTvelom Seqmna moxerxebuli
samxedro placdarmi CrdiloeT somxeTSi vanis tbis regionisaken Setevis
gansaxorcieleblad. 1204-1206 wlebSi qarTvelebma daarbies Sah-armenTa samf-
lobeloebi (maT Soris manaskerti da xlaTis mxare). mzaddeboda pirobebi
Tavad xlaTis _ Sah-armenTa sataxto qalaqis asaRebad. Sah-armenTa
saxelmwifo, romelic mwvave Sidapolitikur kriziss ganicdida, albaT, ver
SeZlebda, winaaRmdegoba gaewia saqarTvelosTvis, magram am regionis
dauflebaze pretenzia ganacxada axalma Zalam _ aiubianTa Zlierma
saxelmwifom.
salah ad-din aiubis (1171-1193) mier Tavdapirvelad egvipteSi Seqmnili
aiubianTa sasulTno im periodSi ukve moicavda mTel sirias da CrdiloeTi
mesopotamiis nawilsac. salah ad-dinisa da misi memkvidreebis mzera
mimarTuli iyo xlaTiskenac, romlis aneqsiac aiubianTa umniSvnelovanes
samxedro-strategiul amocanas warmoadgenda. 1207-1208 wlebSi aiubianTa
sulTnis _ al-adilis (1200-1218) vaJma, q. maiafarikinis (diar-baqrSi)
gamgebelma al-avhadma xelT igdo xlaTi da masTan erTad Sah-armenTa
saxelmwifos mniSvnelovani nawili araqsis samxreTiT.

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 am dromde saqarTvelos samefo karsa da aiubianTa Soris mSvidoba
sufevda da diplomatiuri kontaqtebi arsebobda. cnobilia Tamaris ori
elCoba salah ad-dinis karze 1192 wels jvarcmis jvris gamosyidvisa da
palestinaSi droebiT dakarguli qarTuli monastrebis dabrunebis mizniT.
Semonaxulia Tamaris e. w. `abxazis ficis wigni~ salah ad-dinisadmi, es
dokumenti, romelic 1185 wels aris Sedgenili, unda asaxavdes aiubianTa
sasulTnosa da saqarTvelos samefos interesTa dapirispirebas Sah-armenTa
saxelmwifos memkvidreobis danawilebasTan dakavSirebiT. wyaroebma
Semogvinaxes agreTve cnoba al-adilis elCobis Sesaxeb saqarTvelos samefo
karze 1203 wels.
aiubianTa mier xlaTis dauflebis Semdeg or saxelmwifos Soris
Tvisebrivad axali urTierToba daiwyo. saqarTvelos samxreT sazRvrebTan
dauZlurebuli Sah-armenTa saxelmwifos nacvlad damkvidrdnen Zlieri
aiubianebi. saqarTvelos samefo kari ver Seurigda am viTarebas da 1208-1209
wlebSi ganaxorciela axali mZlavri Seteva xlaTis aiubianTa
samflobeloze. aRebul iqna q. arWeSi. 1210 wlis Semodgomaze qarTvelTa
jarma, ivane mxargrZelis meTaurobiT, alya Semoartya xlaTs. qalaqis
dacemas bevri araferi uklda, magram ivane mxargrZeli windauxedaobis
msxverpli gaxda da 1210 wlis 10 oqtombers tyved Cauvarda xlaTelebs. sa-
qarTvelos samefo kars Zvirad daujda Tavisi mxedarTmTavris ganTavisuf-
leba. mis dasaxsnelad gadaixades 100 aTasi dinari, gaaTavisufles ramdenime
aTasi tyve, daabrunes adre dakavebuli 27 cixe. ivane mxargrZeli iZulebuli
iyo, al-avhadisTvis colad mieTxovebina Tavisi asuli TamTa (romelic al-
avhadis sikvdilis Semdeg misi Zmis, al-aSrafis, meuRle gaxda). qarTvelebma
piroba dades, rom amieridan ar miayenebdnen zians xlaTis olqs da
iqnebodnen al-avhadis Semwe mis mtrebTan brZolebSi. aiubianebsa da
saqarTvelos Soris daido 30-wliani zavi. am zavma droebiT SeaCera
saqarTvelos winsvla araqsis samxreTiT da, amasTan, daasrula aiubianTa
eqspansia CrdiloeTisaken. or saxelmwifos Soris bunebrivi sazRvari gaxda
md. araqsi. imave zavis pirobebiT saqarTvelom moipova mniSvnelovani
privilegiebi da SeRavaTebi palestinaSi.
XIII saukunis pirveli aTwleulis saqarTvelos sagareo politikis meore
ZiriTadi mimarTuleba iyo aran-azerbaijani. marbieli laSqrobebi,
romlebsac saqarTvelos samefo kari axorcielebda (garda imisa, rom maT
didi Semosavali mohqondaT qveynisaTvis), asustebdnen eldiguzianTa
saxelmwifos da SeuZlebels xdidnen mis uwindel samxedro kavSirs xlaTis
gamgeblebTan. sapasuxo mtruli aqciebi azerbaijanidan dausjeli ar
rCeboda. rodesac ardavelis sulTanma Seityo, rom mefe Tamari geguTs iyo
(`rameTu iyo wminda marxvani~), Sekriba laSqari, gamoemarTa anisisken,
moaoxra igi (`rameTu icoda mxargrZelTa Sina-umyofloba~) da didi alafiT
ukanve gabrunda.
anisis mooxrebis ambavi geguTs Seityves. zaqaria da ivane mxargrZelebi,
mtris TavxedobiT gabrazebulni, sabrZolvelad gaemzadnen.
jer mxargrZelebi wamovidnen anisisken. Semdeg kaci gamougzavnes Tamars
da laSqris gagzavna sTxoves. mefem brZaneba gasca da salaSqrod gaemarTnen
mesxni, Torelni, Tmogvelni, her-kaxni da somxiTarni. anisSi Seikribnen da
ardavelisken gaemarTnen. gaiares gelaquni, ispiani, xuafridis xidze
gadavidnen da miadgnen ardavels. aidi (muslimanuri aRdgomis msgavsi
dResaswauli) Tendeboda (`romel ars aRvseba maTi~). rogorc ki qadageba
daiwyo, Seuties qarTvelebma da ubrZolvelad Caigdes xelT qalaqi. Zalze
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didi alafi wamoiRes. ardavelis sulTani mokles. misi col-Svili ki tyved
wamoiyvanes. Tormeti aTasi kaci mizgiTSi mouklavT. igive gza gamoiares da
Zlevamosili qarTveli molaSqreebi anisSi movidnen. Semdeg mividnen `mefeT-
mefesa da mzeTa-mzesa da dedofalT-dedofalsa winaSe~, miarTves didi
ZRveni da armaRani, Tavis mxriv mefem uxvad daasaCuqra mxargrZelebi.
win axali saqmeebi iyo.
1210 wels qarTvelTa laSqari Tamaris dalocviT waremarTa `sparseTad~.
Caiares naxWevanis piri, gavidnen juRas da raxssa, `aRvides marandsa~.
marandelebma kldeebs Seafares Tavi. roca qarTvelebi mividnen, marandi
daclili iyo. SearCies xuTasi rCeuli mxedari Tayaidin Tmogvelis
meTaurobiT, romelTac marandis aRmarTi aiares da mis Tavze, vakeze
dadgnen. marandelebs ecotavaT molaSqreni, gamovidnen safrebidan da Seebr-
Zolnen qarTvelebs. cxare brZola qarTvelTa gamarjvebiT damTavrda. arc
erTi qarTveli ar daRupula am omSi. Semdeg aiRes TavreJi (Tavrizi), miana,
zenjani da yazvini. qarTvelTa laSqari iranis Suagulamde _ rom-guramde
mivida da didi alafiT datvirTuli gamarjvebuli ukan dabrunda.
amgvarad, XIII saukunis aTiani wlebis bolos Zlieri saqarTvelos
samefos ymadnaficebi iyvnen: erzinkisa da xlaTis sasulTnoebi, arzrumis
saamiro da sxva mravali Turquli samflobelo amierkavkasiasa da
sparseTis azerbaijanSi.
g) damokidebuleba CrdiloeTis xalxebTan. XI-XIII saukuneebSi
saqarTvelo CrdiloeTiTac gafarTovda. saqarTvelos ZvelTaganve mWidro
urTierToba hqonda kavkasiis mTianeTisa da amierkavkasiis mTiswina
qveynebTan. sruliad saqarTvelos mefeebi mWidro samxedro-politikursa da
kulturul urTierTobas amyarebdnen CrdiloeTis mezoblebTan. Cerqez-osebi
da durZuk-RunZebi aqtiurad monawileobdnen kavkasiis erTiani didi
feodaluri samyaros warmoqmnaSi, da, cxadia, isini ver darCebodnen im
samyaros gareT, romelic xsenebuli procesis Sedegad saqarTvelos
moTaveobiT warmoiqmna. Tamaris mefobis bolo periodSi imierkavkasieli
mTielebi saqarTvelos mefis ymadnaficTa Soris imyofebodnen da feo-
dalizaciis garda erTiani saqarTvelos Zlier kulturul gavlenas
ganicdidnen.
daviT aRmaSeneblis istorikosi aRniSnavs, rom saqarTvelos mefis
`Crdilsa Sekrebul iyvnes erni, tomni da enani, mefeni da xelmwifeni,
oseTisa da yivCayeTisani, somxeTisa da frangeTisani, Sarvanisa da
sparseTisani~. `istoriani da azmani SaravandedTani~ gvauwyebs, rom giorgi
III-s `sZRunobdes da sZmobdes... mefeni berZenTani, ierusalims alamanTani, da
hromTani, da hindoTani, da xonelni; da egreTve sulTanni xorasnisa,
babilovnisa, Samisa, egВptisa da ikoniisani hmonebdes, da Semdgomni amaTni
skВTni, xazarni, alanni, xuarasani da xuarazmSa, da bereTelni, abaSni, arab-
ni, midni, elamitelni da Suamdinarelni, da yovelni enani da naTesavni
maSriyiT maRribamde~.
XII saukunis dasawyisSi saqarTvelos SemadgenlobaSi, sakuTriv qarTuli
teritoriis garda, sxva mosaxleoba (araqarTuli) da miwebic Sedioda
centralur xelisuflebaze (sxvadasxvagvari) damokidebulebiT. Tu daviT
aRmaSeneblis dros saqarTvelos samefo vrceldeboda `nikofsiidgan
darubandisa zRuadmde da oseTidgan soerad da aregawamde~, Tamaris dros
samefos SemadgenlobaSi Sedioda TiTqmis mTeli kavkasia _ `zRviT
pontosiT zRvamde gurganisad da speriTgan darubandamdis da yovelni kavka-
siisa imerelni da amerelni xazareTamdis da skВTTamdis~. am dros
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saqarTvelos ymadnafici iyo Crdilo kavkasiis TiTqmis yvela qveyana:
qaSageTi, oseTi, ZurZukeTi, didoeTi, RunZeTi, lekeTi da darubandi.
CrdiloeTi kavkasia Tavisi xelsayreli geografiuli mdebareobisa da
ekonomikuri mdgomareobis gamo (amasTan, oseTisa da ZurZukeTis
teritoriaze gadioda kavkasiis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani gza) garkveul
rols asrulebda amierkavkasiis saxelmwifoTa istoriaSi. amdenad,
CrdiloeTi kavkasiis xalxebze gavlenis gavrceleba mniSvnelovani momenti
iyo saqarTvelos saxelmwifosaTvis.
Crdilo kavkasiis sxvadasxva xalxi CvenTvis saintereso periodSi
ganviTarebis sxvadasxva doneze iyo.
saqarTvelos samefo Tavis uflebebs avrcelebs kavkasiis mTis
mosaxleobaze, maT Soris didoelebze, fxovelebsa da ZurZukebze. maTi
damokidebuleba siuzerenisa da vasalis urTierTobiT ganisazRvreba.
amasTan, es damokidebuleba ymadnafici xalxebis erTgulebiT ar gamoirCeva
yovelTvis. ase magaliTad, Tu XII saukunis 20-ian wlebSi daRestnis zo-
gierTi xalxi daviT aRmaSenebelTan erTad ibrZvis SirvanSi selCukTa
winaaRmdeg, risTvisac `aRavsna keTiliTa da saboZvariTa qurdni, lekni da
Tarasni~, 1177-78 ww. demna ufliswul-ivane orbelis ajanyebisas, giorgi III-is
winaaRmdeg meamboxeTa mxares arian `yovelni herni sruliTa lekiTa da
kavkasiTa~. sagulisxmoa, rom Cerqezebic, iuri andrias Zis ajanyebis dros,
Tamaris winaaRmdeg meamboxeTa mxareze Canan. ase rom, XIII saukunis dasawyis-
Si mTielTa gamosvlas win uZRoda am ukanasknelTa mxridan msgavsi
gamovlinebebi. saqme isaa, rom XIII saukunisaTvis mTielebi ukve karga xnis
ymadnaficebi iyvnen. saqarTvelos morCilebaSi yofna ara mxolod
ekonomikuri, aramed socialuri da kulturuli damokidebulebiTac
gamoixateboda. es ki Tavisebur sirTuleebs uqmnida socialurad da
kulturulad gansxvavebul safexurze mdgom mTis mosaxleobas; amasTan,
ymadnafici qveynis valdebulebebi (xarki Tu samxedro ZaliT daxmareba)
metad mZime iyo da amitom, bunebrivia, mTielebs, rogorc ki miecemodaT
ymadnaficobidan Tavis daRwevis sul mcire rwmena, maSinve centraluri
xelisuflebis winaaRmdeg gamodiodnen (ase iyo demna ufliswul-ivane
orbelis Tu iuri andrias Zis gamosvlebisas). didoelebisa da fxovelebis
ajanyebac ymadnafici qveynis mosaxleobis moZraobaa, magram
zemodasaxelebuli gamosvlebisagan ramdenadme gansxvavebuli, jer erTi,
esaa damoukidebeli moZraoba, romelsac garkveuli mizezebi da konkretuli
amocanebi hqonda, meorec, xasiaTis mixedviT antifeodalur da
antiqristianul elfers atarebda.
saqarTvelosa da qarTuli kulturis gavlena Crdilo kavkasiis
xalxebze udavoa. qarTvelebisa da CrdiloeTi kavkasiis xalxTa
urTierTobam Tavisi kvali datova. araerTi qarTuli sityva Sevida
Crdilokavkasieli xalxebis leqsikur fondSi, gavrcelda qarTuli
mwerloba, xSiria qarTuli warwerebi, SeimCneva qarTuli stilis gavlena
arqiteqturaSi.
saqarTvelosa da CrdiloeTi kavkasiis xalxebs Soris urTierTobaSi
erTob mniSvnelovani momentia mcdeloba am ukanasknelTa gaqristianebisa.
didoelebisa da ZurZukebis, ise rogorc sxva tomebis gaqristianebisaTvis
brZola dakavSirebulia Tamar mefis saxelTan. qarTuli naratiuli
wyaroebis xazgasmiT miTiTeba CrdiloeTi kavkasiis xalxebis (didoelebi,
fxovelebi) araqristianobaze SemTxveviTi ar unda iyos. `istoriani da
azmani~ ar asaxelebs XIII saukunis dasawyisSi samefo xelisuflebis
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winaaRmdeg gamosvlis mizezebs; Tavis mcire cnobaSi avtori adgils
poulobs imisaTvis, rom aqcenti gaakeTos didoelTa religiur rwmenaze.
saqarTvelos samefo, rogorc Cans, Zal-Rones ar iSurebs daRestnis
gaqristianebisaTvis. am procesTan, aseve sxva kulturul kontaqtebTanaa
dakavSirebuli daRestanSi qarTuli damwerlobis gavrceleba. SemTxveviTi
ar aris, rom daRestanSi aRmoCenili bevri qarTuli warwera, romelTagan
zogierTi bilingvas warmoadgens, Sesrulebulia qarTul da avariul enebze.
qarTuli qristianuli arqiteqturis gavlenis daRi azis bevr nagebobasac.
bunebrivia, qristianobis gavrcelebas mTieli mosaxleoba garkveuli
winaaRmdegobiT xvdeboda, ar iRebda axal religias.
aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom mTielTa masa jer kidev ar iyo mTlianad
Cabmuli feodalur urTierTobaSi. mTis mosaxleobis ekonomikuri
saSualebebi ramdenadme SezRuduli iyo, rac xSirad baris mosaxleobis
mimarT antagonizms warmoSobda. amis Semdeg iyo is Tavdasxmebi, romlebsac
mTielebi baris mosaxleobis mimarT axorcielebdnen. yovelive es
ganapirobebda mTielTadmi mtrul damokidebulebas, erTi mxriv, feodaluri
zedafenisa, romelic mTielTa feodalur uRelSi Sebmas eswrafoda, meore
mxriv _ baris mwarmoebeli mosaxleobisa, romelic mTielTa Tavdasxmebis
obieqti xdeboda. Tamaris dros, rogorc Cans, mTielTa am Tavdasxmebis
asalagmavadac gatarda RonisZiebebi. laSa-giorgis droindeli mematiane
sagangebod aRniSnavs, rom `ovsman, mTiulman da yivCayman, da suanman ver
ikadrian parva~.
amgvarad, saqarTvelos feodaluri monarqiis swrafva mTielTa feo-
dalizaciisa da gaqristianebisaken TiTqmis erTdroulad mimdinareobda, XIII
saukunis dasawyisSi didoelTa da fxovelTa ajanyeba swored am procesis
sawinaaRmdego reaqcia iyo.
sagulisxmoa, rom feodaluri saqarTvelos samefo xelisuflebam mTeli
seriozulobiT Seafasa mTielTa mxridan mosalodneli safrTxe da
gansakuTrebiT yuradRebiT moekida maT winaaRmdeg galaSqrebas. mefe
Tamarma damsjeli eqspediciis saTaveSi ivane aTabagi Caayena. niSandoblivia,
rom samefo xelisuflebam ajanyebul mTielTa winaaRmdeg swored mTielebi
gamoiyena. `mouwoda mefeman... yovelTa mTiulTa: dvalTa, cxrazmelTa,
moxeveTa, kadelTa, cxavatelTa, WarTalTa, erwo-TianelTa~ da ivane aTaba-
gis sardlobiT wargzavna ajanyebulTa winaaRmdeg. didoelebisa da
fxovelebis 1212 wlis ajanyeba damarcxda. Tamaris gavlenis sferoebi
CrdiloeTi kavkasiis mTiel mosaxleobaze kvlav uryevi darCa.
d) saqarTvelos saxelmwifo sazRvrebi. 1188 wels gelaTisadmi gacemul
Sewirulobis sigelSi mefe Tamari ase warmogvidgeba: `q. saxeliTa
RmrTisaБTa me, Tamar bagratunianman, nebiTa RmrTisaБTa afxazTa da
qarTvelTa, ranTa, kaxTa da somexTa mefeman da dedofalman, SarvanSa da
SahanSa da yovelisa aRmosavleTisa da dasavleTisa TviTmflobelman
vinebe...~ qarTvel mefeTa titulaturebis Sinaarsi metad mniSvnelovania. igi
naTel warmodgenas gvaZlevs qveynis politikur mdgomareobaze, kerZod,
mflobelobis areze (sazRvrebze). zemoT moyvanil titulaturaSi swored
qarTveli mefis mflobelobaSi myofi qveynebia CamoTvlili: afxazTa,
qarTvelTa, ranTa, kaxTa, somexTa (taSir-Zorageti), SarvanSa (Sarvani) da
SahanSa (Sirakis samefo) _ sul Svidi samefoa, romelnic mefe Tamaris
gamgeblobaSi Semodioda. niSandoblivia, rom qarTul wyaroebSi araerTgzi-
saa swored `Svidi samefo~ moxseniebuli da araferia uCveulo, rom mefe

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Tamaris titulatura da istoriuli wyaroebis (`istoriani da azmani
SaravandedTani~) monacemebi erTmaneTs Tanxvdeba.
sruliad saqarTvelos mefis _ Tamaris titulaturaSi realurad aisaxa
XII saukunis miwurulisa da XIII saukunis dasawyisis saqarTvelos
politikuri siZliere da geografiuli sidiade. marTlac, am drois
saqarTvelo vrceli da mravalerovani saxelmwifoa, romelSic, sakuTriv
qarTuli teritoriebis garda, sxva miwebic Sedioda da araqarTuli
mosaxleobac mravlad iyo. saqarTvelos saxelmwifo, samefo kari
dapyrobili Tu SemoerTebuli qveynebis mimarT erTxazovan politikas ar
atarebda. aq mravali politikuri faqtori moqmedebda, didi adgili ekava
diplomatiasac. mefe Tamaris SorsmWvreteluri politikis (es arc mis
winamorbed mefeebs akldaT) wyalobiT, saqarTvelos saxelmwifo zog
qveyanas uSualod ierTebda _ `samefod iWerda~. es upiratesad im
SemTxvevaSi xdeboda, roca dapyrobil an SemosaerTebel qveyanaSi
qristianuli mosaxleoba sWarbobda. aseT qveyanaSi mmarTvelobis iseTive
sistema myardeboda, rogoric TviT saqarTvelos saxelmwifoSi iyo. is
qveynebi, sadac mosaxleoba araqristiani, upiratesad muslimanuri
sarwmunoebis mimdevari iyo, saqarTvelos saxelmwifosTan sxva
damokidebulebaSi iyvnen. am ukanasknels erCia, rom aseTi tipis damokidebu-
li qveynebi `ymadnaficobis~ pirobiT yofiliyvnen saxelmwifos
SemadgenlobaSi, e. i. vasaluri damokidebuleba hqonodaT saqarTvelos
mefesTan. amasTan, es qveynebi garkveuli odenobis xarks uxdidnen saqarT-
velos.
XII saukunis saqarTvelos moxarke da ymadnafici qveynebi meti hyavda,
vidre `samefod daWerili~, SemoerTebuli miwebi.
qveynebis `samefod daWera~, e. i. miwebis uSualod saqarTvelos
sazRvrebSi moqceva intensiurad daviT IV aRmaSeneblis dros daiwyo, XII
saukunis pirvel meoTxedSi da Semdgom xanaSi ki ufro gafarTovda. XIII
saukunis dasawyisisaTvis `samefod daWeril~ miwaTa rigSi iyo Sirvanis
dasavleTi nawili da CrdiloeTi somxeTi. rogori iyo sasazRvro xazi,
romelic saqarTvelosa da masze uSualod SemoerTebul araqarTul teri-
toriebsa da ymadnafic an moxarke qveynebs Soris gadioda?
`Cavyare zRvaSi samnebi,
xmeleTi Cemsken mavigde~ _
xmamaRla acxadebs erT xalxur leqsSi mefe Tamari. marTlac, farTo,
vrceli iyo Tamaris drois saqarTvelo. saqarTvelos saxelmwifos
aRmosavleTis sazRvari, JamTaaRmwerlis mixedviT, CaRanusunze, anu TeTr
wylebze gadioda: `warvida yaeni qveynad SarvanSasa, sazRvarTa
saqarTvelosaTa, adgilsa, romelsa uwodian CaRanusuni, ese igi ars TeTri
wyali~. TeTri wylis aRmosavleTiT saqarTvelos ymadnafici Sirvani
mdebareobda. arsebobs JamTaaRmwerlis sxva cnoba, romelic kidev ufro
azustebs saqarTvelos saxelmwifo sazRvars aRmosavleTiT _ rom igi
gadioda TeTr wyalsa da Samaxiis mTis Ziras (TeTri wyali Samaxias mTis
dasavleT ferdobs Camoudis). sakuTriv saqarTvelos eTnikuri sazRvari ki,
rogorc iv. javaxiSvili miiCnevs, ufro dasavleTiT _ giSis wyalze
gadioda. adgils, romelic saqarTvelos saxelmwifo da eTnikur sazRvrebs
Sua iyo, yabala erqva.
dasavleTis sazRvari `yoveli imeri samefo~ iyo, e. i. mTeli dasavleTi
saqarTvelo sruliad saqarTvelos saxelmwifos SemadgenlobaSi Sedioda.

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ase rom, saqarTvelos saxelmwifo sazRvari dasavleTiT Sav zRvamde
aRwevda.
samxreTi sazRvrispira qveynebia: yoveli somxiTi, SanSesa da avagis
mamuli da samcxe-javaxeTi karnu qalaqamde. garkveulia, Tu ra teritorias
moicavda `yoveli somxiTi~ (varam gagelis sagamgeo) da SanSes sagamgeo
mamuli, romelsac avagis mamulic SeuerTda. `yoveli somxiTi~, romelic
`varam gagelsa xelT udevs~, qurdvaWris iqiTa (aRmosavleTi) mxarea (basili
ezosmoZRvari), romelSic igulisxmeba kaenisa (md. aRstevis xeobaSi) da
kaiwonis (md. qurdvaWris _ debedis marjvena mxares) cixeebi. ufro rom
davazustoT, esaa gardabani, e. i. teritoria, romelic qurdvaWris (md.
debeda) xevsa da md. aRstevs Soris mdebareobda (JamTaaRmwereli). imave
varam gagelis samflobelo iyo `gagi vidre ganZamdis~ (ganZa-ranis qveyana)
da `Sanqori da misi mimdgomni qveyanani~. amgvarad, Samqoris mimdgomi qveyana
saqarTvelos saxelmwifos aRmosavleTiT mdebare sazRvrispira mxare
yofila. am mxareSi nagulisxmevia gelaqunis tbasa da md. mtkvars Soris
mdebare teritoria. saqarTvelos ymadnaficebi iyvnen agreTve aRmosavleTi
Sirvani da rani.
SanSe mandaturTuxucesis (igi zaqaria mxargrZelis Svili iyo) mamuli _
esaa anisis mxare. mas samxreTiT azerbaijani esazRvreba. saerTod,
mxargrZelTa sagamgeo qveyana dvinisa da anisis mxarea. dvini, rogorc
cnobilia, airaratis provinciis centri iyo. airaratis provincia adarbada-
gans esazRvreboda da saqarTvelos samxreTi sazRvaric iyo. dvini ivane
mxargrZelis sagamgeo qveyana iyo, misi gardacvalebis Semdeg ki mis vaJs,
avags, darCa. avagis saxlad iwodeba bijnisic (mdebareobda md. razdanze,
gelaqunis TemSi). saqarTvelos samxreTi sazRvari Cans md. raxsi da
naxWevani. Tamaris droindeli saqarTvelos samxreT-dasavleTi sazRvari spe-
ria (`javaxeTiT speramdis~). aRmosavleTiT mefe Tamaris mier `daWerili~
teritoria gagsa da ganZas Soris mdebareobda. gagi md. debedis qvemo welze
agebuli cixea. amgvarad, md. debeda Cans is samani, romlis samxreTiTa da
aRmosavleTiT Tamaris mier SemoerTebuli miwebia. am teritoriis ukiduresi
mijna aRmosavleTiT aris ganZa (ganZis saaTabago, rani), samxreTiT _ mdinare
arezi, anu raxsi, xolo samxreT-dasavleTiT _ Woroxis zemo welze mdebare
provincia _ speri (speri da misi mimdebare WaneTi).
XIII saukunis aTiani wlebis saqarTvelos CrdiloeTi sazRvari gadioda
kavkasionis mTavari qedis gaswvriv. Crdilo-dasavleTiT ukiduresi wertili
nikofsia iyo, Crdilo-aRmosavleTiT ki _ Samaxiis mTa. kavkasionis (e. i.
saqarTvelos CrdiloeTi sazRvris) miRma mdebareobda saqarTvelos
ymadnafici (vasaluri) qveynebi: qaSageTi, oseTi, durZukeTi, didoeTi,
RunZeTi, lekeTi, darubandi. saqarTvelos ymadnaficebi iyvnen agreTve
aRmosavleTi Sirvani da rani.
saqarTvelosTan gansakuTrebuli damokidebuleba hqonda trapizonis
samefos _ es iyo Tamaris mier Seqmnili, saqarTvelos saxelmwifos gavlenis
sferoSi myofi imperia.
amgvarad, XII-XIII saukuneebis saqarTvelos Sors gadaWimuli sazRvrebi
realurad metyvelebda saxelmwifos Zlierebaze.

$6. diplomatiuri samsaxuri da etiketi XI-XII ss-is saqarTveloSi

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 XI-XII saukuneebis saqarTvelos aqtiuri sagareo-politikuri kavSirebi
TavisTavad xels uwyobda diplomatiuri etiketisa da samsaxuris
formirebas. am periodis diplomatiuri urTierTobebis areali sagrZnoblad
gaizarda. igi moicavda aziisa da evropis sakmaod did sivrces.
amierkavkasiaSi dominirebuli mdgomareobis mopovebam sagrZnoblad
gazarda qveynis saerTaSoriso avtoriteti. amieridan saqarTvelo msoflio-
politikuri procesebis aqtiuri monawile da erT-erTi warmmarTvelia.
bunebrivia, axali politikuri koniunqtura aisaxeboda qveynis diplomatiis
Teoriul Tu praqtikul mxareze.
elCobaTa gacvla am drois saqarTveloSi Cveulebrivi
saxelmwifoTaSorisi urTierTobis norma iyo. ama Tu im globaluri
sakiTxisa Tu calkeuli problemis gadasawyvetad dainteresebuli mxareebi
awarmoebdnen molaparakebas, cvlidnen elCebs, debdnen xelSekrulebebs. es
periodi qarTuli diplomatiis ayvavebis xanaa.
XI-XII saukuneebis saqarTveloSi klasikuri formis mudmivi
diplomatiuri warmomadgenloba da profesional diplomatTa instituti ar
arsebobda. am periodis msoflio-diplomatiur urTierTobebSi aseTi
praqtika jer kidev ar iyo damkvidrebuli. mxolod XV saukuneSi bizantiam
da italiis qalaq-respublikebma SemoiRes mudmivi diplomatiuri
warmomadgenlobebi sazRvargareT.
qveynis sagareo politikas saxelmwifos meTauri _ mefe ganagebda. is
niSnavda elCebs da aRWuravda maT Sesabamisi uflebamosilebiT. am procesSi
aqtiurad iyo Cabmuli mefis piradi kabineti _ sawoli da darbazi. samefo
karze arsebobda moxeleTa garkveuli Stati, romelTac evalebodaT
elCebisaTvis werilebisa da instruqciebis momzadeba, ucxo saxelmwifoTa
warmomadgenelTa daxvedra-dabinaveba.
diplomatiuri misiis Semadgenloba sagangebod ganisazRvreboda samefo
karze. elCobas yovelTvis ganswavluli da xelisuflebasTan daaxloebuli
piri edga saTaveSi. gamonaklis SemTxvevaSi diplomatiur misias TviT mefe
an samefo ojaxis romelime wevri xelmZRvanelobda. es damokidebuli iyo
imaze, Tu ra sirTulis davaleba hqonda dakisrebuli am elCobas.
diplomatiuri misiis saxes gansazRvravda aseve akreditebis saxelmwifos
(mimRebi saxelmwifos) saerTaSoriso avtoriteti.
saqarTvelos sagareo-politikur urTierTobebs meore saxelmwifosTan
mociquli anu despani axorcielebda. sityva `elCi~ mxolod XIII saukuneSi
Semodis xmarebaSi. am dros diplomatiuri warmomadgeneli SeiZleba
yofiliyo rogorc saero, aseve sasuliero piri. giorgi mTawmindelis mama
iakobi, romelic giorgi I-is davalebiT elCad imyofeboda `sparseTSi~,
saero piri iyo. 1029-1030 wlebSi bizantiis imperiaSi gamgzavrebul
saqarTvelos samefo karis delegacias bagrat IV-is deda _ mariam
dedofali xelmZRvanelobda, masTan erTad imyofeboda kaTolikos-patriarqi
melqisedeki. ucxour wyaroebSi sagangebodaa aRniSnuli am ori sapatio
piris konstantinopolSi viziti. sasuliero pirebi _ beri petre patrik-
yofili, ioane bedieli mTavarepiskoposi da svingelozi _
xelmZRvanelobdnen 1065 wels bizantiaSi Casul saqarTvelos samefo karis
diplomatiur misias, romelsac marTa bagratis asulis konstantinopolSi
Cayvana evaleboda.

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 mociquli, anu despani maRal wodebas ekuTvnoda. diplomatiuri misiis
Sinaarsidan gamomdinare, SeiZleboda es funqcia didvaWarsac Seesrulebina
(mag., zanqan zorababeli).
Zvel qarTulSi elCis gagzavnas `mivlena~ an `warvlena~ ewodeboda.
qarTveli elCebi ucxo saxelmwifoSi Casvlisas valdebulni iyvnen
warmoeTqvaT patara misasalmebeli sityva da mimRebi saxelmwifos
meTaurisaTvis gadaecaT saqarTvelos mefis werili Tu mimarTva.
ucxo qveynebSi gamgzavrebul elCs, rogorc miRebuli iyo, hqonda `sityva
saero~ da `sityva saidumlo~. am terminebidan pirveli aRniSnavs sajaro
audienciaze warmosaTqmel sityvas, xolo meore ki maspinZeli saxelmwifos
monarqisadmi piradad gadasacem danabarebs, romelSic, xSir SemTxvevaSi,
gadmocemuli iyo misiis dedaazri.
aqtiurma saerTaSoriso urTierTobebma, diplomatebis gacvlam qveynis
winaSe daayena diplomatiuri `oqmis~ _ `protokolis~ arsebobis
aucilebloba.
ucxo saxelmwifos elCis miRebis wesebi saqarTveloSi uZvelesi droidan
arsebobda, magram XI-XII saukuneebSi man ufro srulyofili saxe miiRo. am
periodis saqarTvelos samefos diplomatiur etiketSi unda gavarCioT
miRebis ori wesi:
a) rodesac qveyanas ewveoda meore saxelmwifos meTauri anda gamoCenili
moRvawe;
b) rodesac saqarTveloSi Camovidoda ucxo saxelmwifos meTauris mier
gamogzavnili misia sagangebo rwmunebiT aRWurvili elCis meTaurobiT.
Sesabamisad, stumris statusidan gamomdinare, ganirCeoda diplomatiuri
etiketis forma. maRali rangis stumars gacilebiT rTuli ceremonialiT
xvdebodnen, vidre ubralo despans anda mociquls.
XI-XII saukuneebis saqarTveloSi miRebuli iyo ucxo saxelmwifos
meTaurisa Tu elCis Segebeba, misi miyvana samefo karze. stumrebs
uzrunvelyofdnen biniTa da kvebiT. mefesTan audienciis Semdeg imarTeboda
nadimi. elCebs samefo karze sagangebod daasaCuqrebdnen da ase istumrebdnen
ukan.
mefis adgilsamyoflidan moSorebiT ucxo qveynis elCis daxvedris
ceremoniali uZvelesi droidan arsebobda. am etiketis Canasaxi SeiZleba
vipovoT aRmosavleTSi. romis imperiaSi sapatio stumars romidan moSorebiT
xvdebodnen da miacilebdnen qalaqamde. bizantiaSic elCs sazRvarTan
egebebodnen da sagangebod SerCeuli gziT mihyavdaT konstantinopolSi.
saqarTveloSic araerTi faqtia cnobili, romelic adasturebs
diplomatiuri etiketis am detalis arsebobas. damxvdurTa Semadgenloba da
raodenoba ganisazRvreboda imis mixedviT, Tu ra statusis piri Camodioda
qveyanaSi.
XI saukunis 60-iani wlebis miwuruls saqarTvelos ewvia osTa mefe
dorRoleli. samefo karma mas giorgi ufliswuli miageba, romelsac
sapatio stumari bagrat IV-Tan unda mieyvana. es gamonaklisi unda yofiliyo,
vinaidan aseT misias, Cveulebriv, ufliswulebi ar asrulebdnen. magram osTa
mefe bagrat IV-is colisZma iyo da amitom etiketiT gaTvaliswinebul
normebSi samefo karma garkveuli koreqtivi Seitana.
gansakuTrebulad sapatio stumrebs warmomadgenlobiTi delegacia
miegebeboda, maSin roca Cveulebriv despans SedarebiT mokrZalebulad
xvdebodnen.

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 diplomatiuri etiketis es detali sakmaod naTlad Cans arzrumeli
ufliswulis _ mutafradinis saqarTveloSi vizitis aRwerisas. stumars
samefo karma sasaxlidan karga moSorebiT didebulebi miageba. es gaakeTes
`wesisaebr saxlisa saxelmwifosa~.
mefesTan audienciaze momaval gansakuTrebulad sapatio stumrebs bukTa
kvriT xvdebodnen. iSviaT SemTxvevaSi monarqi Tavisi adgilsamyoflis gareT
egebeboda stumrebs. dorRolelis vizitisas bagrat IV tinisxidis WalaSi,
nadarbazevTan idga. sapatio stumrebis mosvlisTanave igi miegeba maT da
didi zeimiT mefeTa adgilsamyofelSi miiyvana.
samefo karze misul diplomatiur misias mefe sagangebo miRebas uwyobda.
am SemTxvevaSic diplomatiuri etiketi gansxvavebuli iyo imisda mixedviT,
Tu vin iyo qveyanaSi Camosuli. ucxo qveynis warmomadgenels mefe saero da
sasuliero pirTa dasis TanxlebiT xvdeboda. amasTanave, TiToeul
diplomatiur misias cal-calke waradgendnen mefesTan. samefo darbazi,
sadac miReba mimdinareobda, sagangebod iyo mowyobili. audienciisas
gaTvaliswinebuli iyo stumris dgomisa da jdomis wesebi. im SemTxvevaSi,
Tu saqarTveloSi Camosuli iyo meore saxelmwifos monarqi an didi rangis
politikuri moRvawe, mas mefis axlos svamdnen. andronike komnenosis
vizitisas, giorgi III-is brZanebiT, stumars mefis siaxloves daudges taxti,
Sarvanis gamgeblis, aRsarTanis, pirispir.
audienciis dasrulebis Semdeg imarTeboda puroba da nadimi. sadilze
didi mniSvneloba hqonda, sad dasvamda mefe ucxoel stumrebs, TavisTan
axlos Tu odnav moSorebiT. am niuanss odiTganve aqcevdnen yuradRebas
diplomatiur praqtikaSi. 963 wels konstantinopols ewvia germaniis mefis,
oto I-is, elCi liutprandi. bizantiis imperatorma nikifore fokam elCi
cudad miiRo. erT-erTi gamovlena aseTi daxvedrisa iyo is, rom oficialur
nadimze liutprandi me-15 adgilze dasves. es metad damamcirebeli iyo
elCisaTvis.
diplomatiuri etiketis meSveobiT Zalis demonstrireba ucxo ar iyo
imdroindeli msofliosaTvis. bizantiis Zlevamosilebis sailustraciod
imperatorebi ucxo qveynis elCebis pativsacemad sagangebo aRlumebs
awyobdnen. am xerxs mimarTavdnen saqarTveloSic. SarvanSa aRsarTanisa da
amir-mirmanis saqarTveloSi yofnisas, vidre stumrebi mefes warudgebodnen,
maT gzaSi saqarTvelos laSqari Seagebes. saqarTvelos mxridan Tavisi
samxedro potencialisa da siZlieris demonstrireba TavisTavad kargad
gaTvlili politikuri xerxi iyo.
saqarTveloSi maRali rangis saxelmwifo moRvawis vizitisas imarTeboda
nadiroba da sportuli sanaxaobebi. konkretul, saCqaro saqmeze mosul
mociquls diplomatiuri etiketis es detali ar unda Sexeboda. qarTuli
wyaroebis mixedviT, nadirobasa da sportul Sejibrebebs, umetes
SemTxvevaSi, im stumrebs uwyobdnen, romelnic ramdenime xniT rCebodnen
qveyanaSi. mag., mutafradins `aCuenes sayofni sanadironi, mindorni, moedanni
da quemori kaxeTisani da ranisani~. aRsarTanisa da amir-mirmanis
pativsacemad samefo karma nadiroba da burTaoba gamarTa.
saqarTveloSi Camosul ucxo saxelmwifos delegacias samefo kari
sagangebod asaCuqrebda. esec diplomatiuri etiketis erT-erTi nawili iyo.
bagrat IV-m `misca niWi da saboZvari~ osTa mefesa da mis didebulebs.
sagangebod daasaCuqra giorgi III-m andronike komnenosi. Tamar mefemac didi
simdidre uwyaloba mutafradinsa da mis mxleblebs. Zvirfasi Sesamosebi

132
uboZes aRsarTansa da amir-mirmans, maTi didebulebi da laSqari ki
Sesabamisad daasaCuqres. es wesi imdenad mtkiced iyo damkvidrebuli
diplomatiur etiketSi, rom samefo kari valdebuli iyo, TviT mtris elCic
ki daesaCuqrebina. ruqnadinis elCi `Semoses da niWi uboZes~. am dros samefo
karze Camosul ucxo qveynis warmomadgenlis mier saqarTvelos mefisaTvis
saCuqrebis gadacemas `ZRunoba~ ewodeboda, xolo rodesac qarTveli monarqi
Cuqnida rames, mas `boZeba~ erqva.
qarTul diplomatiur praqtikaSi gamokveTilad iyo Camoyalibebuli is
privilegiebi da imunitetebi, romlebic ucxo saxelmwifos warmomadgenels
eniWeboda qveyanaSi yofnisas. amis sailustraciod karg magaliTad
gamodgeba ruqnadinis elCis viziti Tamaris karze. rumis sasulTnos elCma
saqarTvelos samefo kars warudgina sulTnis damamcirebeli werili. garda
amisa, man darbazis winaSe ruqnadinis piradi danabarebi gadasca Tamars,
romelic mefis prestiJis Semlaxveli iyo. zaqaria amirspasalarma ver
moiTmina da ampartavan elCs iseTi siZlieriT gaawna sila, rom igi ugonod
daeca. rodesac mosulierda, zaqariam mkacrad gaafrTxila: `Tu mociquli
ar iyav, pirvelad enisa aRmokueTa iyo Seni samarTali da mermeRa Tavisa,
kadnierad kadrebisaTВs. aw ara ars sityua~. TviT is faqti, rom mematianes
sagangebod aqvs aRniSnuli es incidenti, miuTiTebs, rom aseTi ram
warmoudgeneli iyo saqarTvelos samefo karze. es aris erTaderTi cnobili
SemTxveva XI-XII saukuneebis saqarTveloSi, rodesac elCis privilegia da
imuniteti Seilaxa.
saqarTveloSi Camosuli elCi Tu ucxo saxelmwifos delegacia qveynis
stumrad iTvleboda, isini biniTa da kvebiT uzrunvelyofilni iyvnen.
diplomatiuri misiis samSobloSi dabrunebisas gaTvaliswinebuli iyo
stumrebis sapatio gacilebac.
aRsaniSnavia aseve is faqtic, rom ara marto diplomatiur misias, aramed
qveyanaSi myof ucxoelebsac garkveuli privilegiebi gaaCndaT, romlebic
saxelmwifos mxridan maTi uflebebis dacvaSi gamoixateboda.
amdenad, XI-XII saukuneebis saqarTveloSi sakmaod rTuli diplomatiuri
etiketi arsebobda. igi klasikuri evropuli diplomatiis doneze idga da
mkacrad reglamentirebuli iyo.

133
 bibliografia
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yauxCiSvilis mier. Tb. 1959
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mefeTasa, Tu sadaT moiwivnes amas queyanasa igini, anu romliT JamiTgan
upyries maT mefoba qarTlisa, romeli aRwera sumbat Zeman daviTisman.
teqsti gamosacemad moamzada, gamokvleva, SeniSvnebi da saZieblebi
daurTo goneli araxamiam. Tb. 1990.
5. qarTuli diplomatiis istoria (qrestomaTia). Tb. 2004.
6. cxovreba mefeT-mefisa daviTisi. wg. qarTlis cxovreba. I. teqsti
dadgenili yvela ZiriTadi xelnaweris mixedviT s. yauxCiSvilis mier.
Tb. 1955

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3. pavle Tofuria. aRmosavleT amierkavkasiis politikuri erTeulebi XI-
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970-1070 wlebSi. Tb. 1969.
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meoTxedSi. daviT IV aRmaSenebeli. wg. saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebi.
III. saqarTvelo XI-XV saukuneebSi. Tb. 1979.
6. mariam lorTqifaniZe. saqarTvelos sagareo da Sinapolitikuri viTareba
XII s. meore meoTxedidan 80-iani wlebis dasawyisamde. wg. saqarTvelos
istoriis narkvevebi. III. saqarTvelo XI-XV saukuneebSi. Tb. 1979.
7. mariam lorTqifaniZe. saqarTvelos Sinapolitikuri da sagareo viTareba
X s. 80-iani wlebidan XI s. 80-ian wlebamde. wg. saqarTvelos istoriis
narkvevebi. III. saqarTvelo XI-XV saukuneebSi. Tb. 1979.
8. mariam lorTqifaniZe. qarTuli feodaluri monarqiis Seqmna. wg.
saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebi. II. saqarTvelo IV-X saukuneebSi. Tb.
1973.
9. mariam lorTqifaniZe, zurab papasqiri. erTiani qarTuli saxelmwifos
warmoqmna da misi diplomatiuri uzrunvelyofa. wg. qarTuli
diplomatiis istoriis narkvevebi. I. Tb. 1998.
10. mariam lorTqifaniZe, zurab papasqiri. saqarTvelos saxelmwifos
sagareo politika da diplomatia XI saukuneSi. wg. qarTuli
diplomatiis istoriis narkvevebi. I. Tb. 1998.
11. roin metreveli. daviT IV aRmaSenebeli; mefe Tamari. Tb. 2002.
12. roin metreveli. saqarTvelos saxelmwifos sagareo politika da
diplomatia XII s-is 30-80-iani wlebis damdegs. demetre I-isa da giorgi

134
 III-is diplomatia. wg. qarTuli diplomatiis istoriis narkvevebi. I. Tb.
1998.
13. roin metreveli. saqarTvelos saxelmwifos sagareo politikuri
urTierTobebi XI saukunis miwurulsa da XII saukunis I meoTxedSi.
daviT aRmaSeneblis diplomatia. wg. qarTuli diplomatiis istoriis
narkvevebi. I. Tb. 1998.
14. roin metreveli. saqarTvelos saxelmwifo saerTaSoriso arenaze XII
saukunis miwurulsa da XIII saukunis damdegs. Tamaris diplomatia. wg.
qarTuli diplomatiis istoriis narkvevebi. I. Tb. 1998.
15. roin metreveli. zogierTi qarTuli diplomaturi terminis Sesaxeb
(mociquli, elCi, despani). weliwd. qarTuli diplomatia. II. Tb. 1998.
16. roin metreveli, mamisa berZniSvili, SoTa mesxia. Tavi I. socialur-
ekonomikuri ganviTareba da klasobrivi brZola. wg. saqarTvelos
istoriis narkvevebi. III. saqarTvelo XI-XV saukuneebSi. Tb. 1979.
17. roin metreveli, jaba samuSia. mefeT-mefe giorgi II. Tb. 2003.
18. zurab papasqiri. erTiani qarTuli feodaluri saxelmwifos warmoqmna
da saqarTvelos sagareo - politikuri mdgomareobis zogierTi sakiTxi.
Tb. 1990.
19. zurab papasqiri. Sua saukuneebis saqarTvelo saerTaSoriso arenaze
(saqarTvelos saxelmwifos sagareo-politikuri mdgomareoba XI s. 60-80-
ian wlebSi). Tb. 1991.
20. Tengiz papuaSvili. ranTa da kaxTa samefo. Tb. 1982.
21. beniamin silagaZe. arabTa batonoba saqarTveloSi. arabuli cnobebis
mixedviT. Tb. 1991.
22. jemal stefnaZe. saqarTvelos politikuri urTierToba kavkasiis
xalxebTan XI saukuneSi. Tb. 1974.
23. jemal stefnaZe. ucxoel mefe-mTavarTa da diplomatTa miRebis wesebi
(etiketi) XII saukunesa da XIII saukunis dasawyisis saqarTveloSi.
qarTuli diplomatia. weliwdeuli. 6. Tb. 1999
24. nodar Sengelia. saqarTvelos sagareo politikuri urTierTobani
Tamaris mefobaSi. wg. saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebi. III. saqarTvelo
XI-XV saukuneebSi. Tb. 1979.
25. nodar Sengelia. selCukebi da saqarTvelo XI saukuneSi. Tb. 1968.
26. ivane javaxiSvili. qarTveli eris istoria. II. Txzulebani Tormet
tomad. II. Tb. 1983.
27. goCa jafariZe. saqarTvelo da maxlobeli aRmosavleTis islamuri
samyaro XII-XIII s-is pirvel mesamedSi. Tb. 1995.
28. Метревели Р. В. Некоторые вопросы внешней политики Грузии в средние века
(XII век). Тб. 1995.
29. Папаскири З. В. У истоков грузино-русских политических взаимоотношении. Тб.
1982.
30. Папаскири З. В. От Давида до Давида. Из истории международных отношений Грузии.
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 T a v i V I
saqarTvelos sagareo-politikuri
mdgomareoba da diplomatia
XIII-XV ss-Si

$1. qarTuli diplomatia XIII saukuneSi

a) saqarTvelos dapyroba monRolTa mier. giorgi IV laSas mefobis

dasawyisi mniSvnelovani momentebiT aRiniSna. 1210 wels mimdinare movlenebis
garSemo warmarTuli saqmianoba qarTuli diplomatiis erT-erT aqtiur
xanaze laparakobs. upirveles yovlisa, aRsaniSnavia 1210 wlis saqarTvelo-
xlaTis 30-wliani zavi, romelic samefo karis mier kargad Camoyalibebuli,
winaswar gansazRvruli axloaRmosavluri politikis erT-erTi
gamovlinebaa. saqarTvelos iranidan levantisaken mimaval savaWro gzaze
gasvla da misi daufleba ainteresebda. qarTuli diplomatiis CanafiqriT,
saqarTvelos dasavleTisa da aRmosavleTis savaWro urTierTobebSi
Suamavlis roli unda ekisra. am gegmaSi xlaTs mniSvnelovani roli
eniWeboda. saqarTvelosa da aiubianebs Soris dadebuli 30-wliani zavi
urTierTsasargeblo pirobebs Seicavda; maT Sorisaa mahmadianur qveynebSi
qristianTa mdgomareobis gaumjobeseba, aiubianTa qalaqebsa da TviT ieru-
salimSi gadasaxadebisagan ganTavisufleba, sxva mniSvnelovani privilegiebi
da a. S. swored laSa-giorgis mefobis xanaSi, kerZod, 1217 wlisaTvis
qarTvelebs ufleba miecaT, Sesuliyvnen wminda qalaqSi gaSlili droSebiT
da aravis gadaexada xarki. sarkinozebi ver bedavdnen maT Sewuxebas, rameTu
eSinodaT, Sin dabrunebulT Suri ar eZiaT Tavis mezobel sarkinozebze.
ocdaaTwlianma zavma SeaCera saqarTvelos samefos winsvla samxreTiT,
xolo aiubianebisa _ CrdiloeTis mimarTulebiT. aiubianebi mniSvnelovnad
upirispirdebodnen rumis selCukianebs, amdenad, dainteresebulni iyvnen
saqarTvelosTan kargi damokidebulebis SenarCunebiT. diplomatiuri
urTierTobis saintereso faqtia is, rom egviptis sulTans, al-adils,
keTili ganwyobis niSnad, saqarTvelos mefisaTvis (e. i. laSa-giorgisaTvis)
1213 wels saCuqrad spilo gamougzavnia. aseTi xangrZlivi zavis dadebac
gansakuTrebuli interesebis arsebobiT SeiZleba aixsnas. islamuri samyaros
praqtikaSi xangrZlivi dazaveba aramuslimebTan iSviaTad gvxvdeba. yoveli
zavi aramuslimebTan ganixileboda rogorc droebiTi da ar unda gagrZele-
buliyo 10 welze met xans. XIII s-is II aTwleulSi saqarTvelosa da xlaTs
Soris samxedro konfliqti ar warmoqmnila. salah ad-dinis didi
eqspansionisturi gegmebi misi memkvidreebisaTvis bolomde
ganuxorcielebeli darCa.
saqarTvelo-xlaTis zavis pirobebs mtkiced icavdnen; surmaris cixis
gamgeblis mier 1223 wlis provocirebuli konfliqtis Semdeg mosalodneli
iyo misi darRveva, magram saqarTvelos xelisuflebisa da qarTuli
diplomatiis mcdelobam, kerZod, al-aSrafisaTvis wayenebulma moTxovnam
zavis darRvevis SesaZlebloba aRkveTa. saqarTvelos xelisuflebam
pirdapir al-aSrafs mimarTa: `Tu zavi gvaqvs, maSin gvsurs, Cveni TanamebrZo-
lebis tyveobidan ganTavisufleba. da Tu Cven Soris zavi dairRva _ Segva-
tyobineT, raTa zomebi miviRoT~. al-aSrafma surmaris amiras tyveebis
ganTavisufleba da zavis ganaxleba ubrZana _ saqarTvelosa da aiubianebs
Soris `ganmtkicda mSvidobis safuZveli~.
136
 laSa-giorgi da saqarTvelos samefo taxti am zaviT bolomde
kmayofilni ar darCenilan, isini ver Seurigdebodnen qveynis
samxreTiT_somxur teritoriebze aiubianTa mezoblobas. zavis darRveva
saqarTvelos samefo karis mxridan mxolod garkveuli garantiebisa da
xelsayreli saerTaSoriso viTarebis pirobebSi iyo SesaZlebeli. aseTi
momenti mexuTe jvarosnuli laSqrobis dros dgeba: jvarosanTa mTavar
dapirispirebul Zalas siria-palestinaSi aiubianTa sasulTno warmoadgenda,
romelsac CrdiloeTidan swored saqarTvelo esazRvreboda. 1217 wels
dawyebuli mexuTe jvarosnuli laSqrobisas saqarTvelos faqtorma
gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba SeiZina da igi evropis xelisufalTa
interesebis centrSi moeqca. laSa-giorgi seriozulad emzadeba
laSqrobisaTvis, magram am dros pirvelad gamoCndnen monRolebi, ramac
saqarTvelos samefo karis diplomatiuri gegmebi radikalurad Secvala.
laSa-giorgis mefobis pirvel periodSi kidev erTi mniSvnelovani faqti
moxda: trapizonis imperia, romelic saqarTvelos didi monawileobiT
Seiqmna da misi gavlenis sferod unda qceuliyo, 1214 wels ikoniis
sasulTnos vasali gaxda. es mniSvnelovani cvlileba iyo, razec qarTul
diplomatias aucileblad unda epasuxa. Cvenamde moaRwia dokumentma _
`pasuxi mefe daviTs, abxazis patrons~: `daviTSi~ laSa-giorgi igulisxmeba.
am saintereso istoriuli sabuTiT Cans, rom laSa-giorgis xSiri
diplomatiuri urTierTobebi hqonda mahmadian mbrZaneblebTan. masSi
laparakia ikoniis sulTnis dasturze, romelic raRac SeTavazebul
TxovnasTanaa dakavSirebuli. danarCens elCi zepirad moaxsenebda mefes.
albaT, swored trapizonis sakiTxi warmoadgenda saqarTvelos mefisa da
ikoniis sulTnis am diplomatiur urTierTobaTa erT-erT sagans.
calke Temaa ganZis sakiTxi: `da iwyes ganZiT gandgoma. arRara mosces
mefes xarki~, rasac saqarTvelos mxridan Sesabamisi reaqcia mohyva.
saqarTvelos laSqari, romelsac winaaRmdegoba ver gauwies ganZelebma,
SeiWra qveyanaSi, moaoxra igi da miadga qalaq ganZas. mdgomareoba Zalze
principuli da mniSvnelovani iyo, radgan aq ara marto ganZis, aramed
saqarTvelos sxva ymadnafici qveynebis saqmec wydeboda. ganZis sakiTxis
mogvarebis didi mniSvneloba kargad Cans laSa-giorgis sityvebSi ivane
aTabagisadmi: `da axla Гaraja ar moucia da aTabagi eranisa didis
laSqriTa moSvelebia ganjelTa. da awe me minda maTzed galaSqreba, Suris
mogeba siaxlobis urCobisaTvis, amisaTvis rome, Tu amaT ar
gardavaxdevinoT, Soreulni gaigoneben da isinic aRar mogvcemeno~.
xangrZlivi garemocvis Semdeg ganja danebda, xolo misma aTabagma
Zveleburad xarkis gadaxda ikisra da saqarTvelos ymadnaficobis piroba
dado.
samefo karma sxva ymadnaficTa sakiTxic warmatebiT gadaWra. 1219 wels
qarTvelebma aiRes orotni da misi mimdgomi cixeebi, vidre naxiCevanamde, da
daimorCiles karnu-qalaqi, keCrori... am periodSi saqarTvelos sazRvrebTan
monRolebi pirvelad gamoCndnen.
Cingiz-yaenis mier warmovlenil laSqars, romelsac jebe da subudai
sardlobdnen, ufro informaciul-diplomatiuri davaleba hqonda, vidre
dapyrobiTi. da, ai, saqarTvelos jeric dadga. 1220 wlis zamTars monRolebi
azerbaijanSi gamoCndnen, aTabagma uzbegma Tavi Tavrizs Seafara, xolo
Semdeg, didi fulisa da saqonlis gaRebis fasad, monRolebs dauzavda.
monRolebma md. araqsi gadmolaxes da saqarTvelos sazRvars moadgnen. pir-

137
velive brZola qarTvelebisaTvis warumatebeli gamodga, Tumca monRolebma
winsvla aRar gaagrZeles da zamTris gasatareblad muRanSi gaCerdnen.
laSa-giorgim realurad Seafasa moaxloebuli safrTxe da Zalebis
sruli mobilizacia moaxdina. samefo karma diplomatiur RonisZiebebs
mimarTa da antimonRoluri koaliciis Sekvra gadawyvita. saqarTvelom
kavSiri SesTavaza azerbaijanisa da aranis gamgebels, ildegizian aTabag
uzbegs, aseve xlaTisa da al-jaziras mflobels _ al-maliq al-aSrafs,
egviptis aiubianTa sulTnis _ al-maliq al-adilis vaJs. saqarTvelos
samefo kars Tavisi nabijebi gamozamTrebaze hqonda gaangariSebuli;
fiqrobdnen, rom monRolebi zamTars muRanSi gaatarebdnen, magram isini,
piriqiT, swored am dros moadgnen qveynis sazRvrebs. amdenad, samefo monRo-
lebTan meore brZolas (1220 wlis dekembris bolo _ 1221 wlis ianvari)
moumzadebeli Sexvda da kvlav damarcxda. ar aris gamoricxuli, rom
monRolebma Seityves koaliciis mzadebis Sesaxeb, gaiTvaliswines
mosalodneli saSiSroeba da daaswres mowinaaRmdeges. jebe noinsa da
subudai baRaTurs megzuroba aTabag uzbegis erTma Turqma mamluqma _
akuSma gauwia.
sainteresoa savaraudo mokavSireTa pasuxi saqarTvelos mier
SeTavazebul winadadebaze koaliciis Sesaxeb: laSa-giorgisa da aTabag
uzbegs Soris SeTanxmeba miRweul iqna, xolo al-aSrafs qarTvelTa
winadadeba ar miuRia da koaliciaSi monawileobaze uari ganucxadebia.
saqarTvelos mxare imedovnebda, rom 30-wliani zavis pirobebidan
gamomdinare, xlaTi da al-aSrafi daexmarebodnen laSa-giorgis monRolebis
winaaRmdeg brZolaSi da antimonRolur koaliciaSi Semovidodnen.
saqarTvelos mefem mociqulebi gaugzavna aTabag uzbegs da `zavi~ da
`kavSiri~ SesTavaza. aTabagTan miRweul diplomatiur SeTanxmebas realuri
Sedegebi ar mohyolia, saamisod uzbegi windauxedavi mmarTveli aRmoCnda.
koaliciaSi Semosvlis mizniT, saqarTvelos samefo karma elCebi
gaugzavna al-aSrafs, romelTac misTvis ucnobebiaT: `Tu ki ar
SevTanxmdebiT am xalxis winaaRmdeg sabrZolvelad da Cveni qveynidan maT
ukusagdebaT, Tu ki ar moxvalT Tqven, Tqveni laSqriTurT am mniSvnelovani
saqmisaTvis, icodeT, Cven TviTon SevuTanxmdebiT maT Tqvens winaaRmdeg~.
saqarTvelos mefis elCebi al-aSrafTan maSin misulan, roca xlaTSi
emzadebodnen egvipteSi wasasvlelad jvarosnebis winaaRmdeg salaSqrod. am
dros egviptis sulTani iyo al-maliq al-adilis meore vaJi (al-maliq al-
aSrafis Zma) _ al-qamili (1218-1238). jvarosnebis mier ukve aRebulia q.
damieta da kairos emuqrebian, amitom sulTanma al-aSrafi dasaxmareblad
ixmo. al-aSrafma qarTvel elCebs auxsna, rom maTi wasvla jvarosnebis
winaaRmdeg da egvipteSi gamgzavreba aucileblobas warmoadgenda.
aiubianebisaTvis jvarosnebis mxridan saSiSroeba realuri iyo,
mosalodneli iyo egviptis dacema, monRolebi ki jer kidev Sors iyvnen.
amdenad, al-aSrafma ar miiRo saqarTvelos samefo karis winadadeba
antimonRoluri koaliciis Seqmnis Taobaze.
al-aSrafi Seecada aradiplomatiuri pasuxi ar gamosvloda da qarTvel
elCebs ganucxada: `xlaTis olqi me Cems Zmas miveci samflobelod (iqta),
gamovgzavni aq, rom Tqvens axlos iyos, davutoveb mas jarebs da roca
dagWirdebaT, is dagexmarebaT TaTrebis winaaRmdeg~. al-aSrafis sityvebi
diplomatiuri Jesti iyo, maTi ganxorcieleba realurad ar momxdara. al-
aSrafs jer kidev ver warmoedgina, rom monRolTa Semosevebi aseT did sa-

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SiSroebad iqceoda, miT umetes, am dros isini aiubianebs uSualod ar
emuqrebodnen, jvarosnebTan omi ki ukve mimdinareobda da aiubianebisTvis
sakmaod warumatebladac; arsebobda meore momentic _ xlaTisaTvis Zalze
momgebiani iyo monRolTa mier Zlieri saqarTvelos damarcxeba da zurgSi
susti mezoblis yofna. 1221 wlis Teberval-martSi al-aSrafi egvipteSi
gaemgzavra. aiubianebma laSa-giorgis samxedro daxmareba ar aRmouCines.
laSa-giorgi sxva mezobeli saxelmwifoebis darazmvasac cdilobs.
saqarTvelos samefo karma daxmarebisaTvis arzrumis saamiros mimarTa.
aseTi urTierToba Semdgom xanebSic gagrZelda: egviptis sulTanma al-
qamilma, aiubianTa saxelmwifos CrdiloeTi sazRvrebis usafrTxoebis
uzrunvelyofis mizniT, Tavisi ZmisTvis _ RazisaTvis laSa-giorgis dis _
rusudanis xeli iTxova, rasac ganxorcieleba ar ewera. rusudani arzrumis
amiras, muRis ad-din tuRril-Sahis, vaJs _ axalgazrda Rias ad-dins mihyveba,
romelic gaqristianda da dimitri ewoda. es qorwineba qarTul mxares imeds
usaxavda, tuRril-Sahis gardacvalebis Semdeg, gamwvavebisa Tu sirTuleebis
gareSe, arzrums daufleboda. muRis ad-dinma qarTveli mefis mier gag-
zavnili sapatio samosi Caicva da aRmarTa droSa, romlis zemoTac jvari
iyo gakeTebuli.
koaliciis Sekvris pirveli cda uSedegod dasrulda. antimonRoluri
koaliciis Seqmnis sakiTxSi warumateblobas 1221 wlis miwurulSi
monRolTa mier saqarTvelos laSqris mesame damarcxeba mohyva. amis Semdeg
isini toveben saqarTvelos da CrdiloeTSi gadadian. monRolebi
saqarTveloSi aRar SemoWrilan. maT naxes, rom qarTvelebi flobdnen did
Zalebsa da xevebiT daseril qveyanas, romlis dasapyrobad xangrZlivi
brZola iyo saWiro, amitom siRrmeSi aRar SeiWrnen da wavidnen. albaT, amas
gulisxmobda saqarTvelos samefo taxti, roca monRolebTan brZolis
Sedegebs afasebda. rusudani (analogiurad ivane aTabagic) Tavis werilSi
romis papisadmi aRniSnavs: `ocdaxuTi aTasi kaci gavwyviteT, bevri
davatyveveT da danarCeni maTi mxedroba Cvenis qveynidan gavdevneT~. qarTvel
xelisufalTa am gadametebul TviTSefasebas garkveuli diplomatiuri da-
tvirTvac hqonda. igi dasavleT evropasTan urTierTobis gacxovelebis cdas
warmoadgenda _ daenaxvebinaT misTvis, rom aRmosavleTSi kvlav aris Zlieri
qristianuli qveyana, romelTanac kavSiri dasavleTs Zalze sWirdeba.
jebesa da subudais yvelaze ufro saqarTveloSi gauWirdaT. laSa-
giorgim organizebuli samxedro Zala daupirispira mters, jebesa da
subudais pirvelad daxvda ara cixe-qalaqebs TavSefarebuli mosaxleoba,
aramed organizebuli samxedro Zala. marTalia, marcxi mZime iyo, magram
qarTvelTa samefo sakmaod brZolisunariani aRmoCnda, diplomatiurma
RonisZiebebmac garkveuli Sedegebi gamoiRo. monRolebma ver ganaviTares
TavianTi warmateba da arc erTi qalaqi saqarTvelos saxelmwifoSi ar
auRiaT.
XIII s-is damdegisaTvis mTel muslimur aRmosavleTSi yvelaze vrcel
politikur erTeuls xorezmSahis saxelmwifo warmoadgenda. muhamed
xorezmSahis (1200-1220) dros misi teritoria kidev ufro izrdeba, man
xuzisTanis garda TiTqmis mTeli irani gaaerTiana. muhameds surda
Tbilisze salaSqrod wamosuliyo da is Tavisi saxelmwifos dedaqalaqad
gadaeqcia, saidanac iganmgeblebda rumis, yivCayTa, iranisa da dasavleTis
danarCen qveynebze. 1217-1218 ww. muhamedma Semoimtkica sparseTis erayi, xolo
azerbaijanis aTabagi aiZula, mis vasalad eRiarebina Tavi. bunebrivia, dgeba

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saqarTvelos samefosTan urTierTobis sakiTxic: azerbaijanis gamgebeli
uzbegi Tavis siuzerenTan _ xorezmSah ala ad-din muhamedTan Civis
qarTvelTa Tavdasxmebis Taobaze da daxmarebas iTxovs. xorezmSahi
azerbaijanis aTabagis Txovnas uyuradRebod ver datovebda. muhamedma,
romelic xalifas winaaRmdeg salaSqrod emzadeboda, uzbegis werilis miRe-
bisTanave saqarTvelos samefo kari gaafrTxila, rom SeewyvitaT azer-
baijanze Tavdasxmebi. sapirispiro SemTxvevaSi 50 000 meomriT saqarTveloze
laSqrobiT imuqreboda. man specialurad Tavisi elCi gamogzavna qarTvelTa
mefis karze Sesabamisi moTxovnebiT. muhamedi xazgasmiT aRniSnavda, rom
azerbaijani xorezmelebisaa, sadac xorezmSahze loculoben da mis saxelze
fulis niSnebs Wrian.
xorezmSahis elCi TbilisSi laSa-giorgis winaSe wardga da mefes Sahis
werili gadasca. pasuxis molodinSi elCi TbilisSi rCeba. sabolood, igi
didi pativiT gaistumres da TavianTi warmomadgenelic gaayoles. mas
muhamedTan saqarTvelos mefis werili da Zvirfasi saCuqrebi wauRia.
muhamedi saqarTvelos mefis weriliT ukmayofilo ar rCeba. jalal- edinis
elCis saCuqrebiTa da ZRvniT gastumreba saqarTvelos samefo karisa da
qarTuli diplomatiis mier arsebuli saerTaSoriso viTarebis saRad
Sefasebis niSania. konfliqti ar warmoqmnila, didTovlianobam iranSi xo-
rezmSahs didi zarali miayena, igi baRdadze warumatebeli laSqrobis
Semdeg xorezmSi brundeba.
informacia monRolTa warmatebebis Sesaxeb CineTSi aziis qveynebSi
swrafad vrceldeba. gaCnda Cingiz-yaenze arsebuli cnobebis realobis
Semowmebis interesi _ 1216 wels Sedga xorezmelTa elCobis audiencia
Cingiz-yaenis winaSe. did xans xorezmSahi didi pativiT mouxseniebia da
ganucxadebia, gadaecaT misTvis, rom Sahs Tvlis dasavleTis, xolo Tavis
Tavs aRmosavleTis mpyrobelad.
xorezmelTa damokidebuleba monRolebisadmi gamokveTilad mtruli
xdeba. Cingiz-yaeni TiTqos cdilobs urTierTobebis diplomatiuri gzebiT
mogvarebas, magram 1218 wels, roca xorezmSahma monRoli elCis mokvla
brZana, omi gardauvali gaxda. 1219 wels brZola muhamedis jaris sruli
ganadgurebiT dasrulda. 1220 wlis maisisaTvis monRolebs ukve mTeli Sua
azia hqondaT dapyrobili mdinare amu-dariamde. `moisarTa tomis~ jarebi
indoeTSi, kavkasiasa da samxreTi ruseTis stepebzec gamoCndnen. muslimani
sulTnebis da wina aziis emirebis samflobeloebis gaerTianebas da
monRolTa winaaRmdeg brZolas muhamed xorezmSahis vaJi _ jalaledini
Seecada.
jalaledinma, rogorc politikosma, saxelmwifo xelisuflebis
umaRlesma warmomadgenelma da rogorc diplomatma, saerTo ena ver gamonaxa
verc mahmadianebTan da verc qristianebTan. yvelani sabolood gadaikida da
es saerTo mtris _ monRolTa arsebobis pirobebSi gaakeTa. jalaledini
oficialurad acxadebda, rom mis ZiriTad amocanas monRolebis winaaRmdeg
brZola warmoadgenda, realurad ki misi moqmedeba amierkavkasiisa da mcire
aziis qveynebis winaaRmdeg iyo mimarTuli. man gadaimtera am regionis
qristiani Tu muslimani mosaxleoba. qarTvelebSi xorezmelebs meti
siZulvili daumsaxurebiaT, vidre monRolebs. isini saqarTvelos 1225 wels
Semoesivnen, rasac garnisis brZola mohyva. qarTvelTa mxedarTmTavrobaSi
uTanxmoeba Camovarda. brZola marcxiT dasrulda.

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 garnisis brZolis Semdgom periodSi adgili hqonda jalaledinisa da
bijniss myofi avag aTabag-amirspasalaris Sexvedras: sulTanma `ineba naxva
misi, mouvlina mociquli da rqua: `Sen xar vazirTuxucesi, da iTualav
saqarTvelosa. TВToTa kaciTa SevkrbeT, rameTu mnebavs sityuad Sen Tana~.
Sexvedraze jalaledinma ganacxada: `ara moved me rbmevad saqarTvelosa,
aramed zavisa da mSВdobisaTВs. garna Tquen mswrafl saomrad aRiWureniT
da ficxla SemebeniT, da ara iqmna mSВdoba~; Semdeg sulTans Tavisi samefos
`sidide~ da `simravle~ ganucxadebia da aRmosavleTSi monRolTa _ `kacni
vinme sakВrvelni~-s gamoCena aRuniSnavs, romelTac `yoveli aRmosavleTi
daimorCilnes da mravalni Гelmwifni mosrnes~; ar daumalavs Cingiz-yaenis
mier xorezmelTa damarcxebac. xorezmSahs kvlav gaumeorebia, rom
`warmovel saqarTvelosa mSВdobisa da zavis yofad~. jalaledini
qarTvelebs TiTqos Zalebis gaerTianebas sTavazobs da aRniSnavs, rom
TaTarni ukve mosulni arian da xorezmelTa Zalebis gareSe saqarTvelo maT
ver gaumklavdeba. avag aTabagi mciresityviani aRmoCnda: `vauwyeb Tqmulsa
magas mefesa da vazirTa misTa~.
saqarTvelos samefo karze `ixiles wigni~, ris Semdegac `gankВrda mefe
da ucxo-uCnda saqme ese~. saqarTvelos xelisuflebis gadawyvetileba
kategoriulad uaryofiTi iyo, rasac jalaledinis Tbilisze wamosvla da
misi aoxreba mohyva. monRolTagan aSkara saSiSroebis viTarebaSi
jalaledini TiTqos erTiani antimonRoluri koaliciis Seqmnas cdilobs.
Tu gaviTvaliswinebT im periodis saerTaSoriso ZalTa ganlagebasa da
saerTo viTarebas, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom jalaledinis mcdeloba koaliciis
Seqmnis Taobaze winaswar ganwiruli iyo. mis nabijebSi muslimi mflobelebi
xedaven imis saSiSroebas, rom igi dakarguli ganusazRvreli mbrZaneblis
Zalauflebis dabrunebas cdilobs. istoriul wyaroebSi daculi am perio-
dis mimarTvani monRolebisagan gamoqceul-damarcxebul jalaledins
ekuTvnis, romelSic momavlisaTvis (gamoricxuli ar aris) sxva zraxvanic
iyo Cadebuli. muslim mmarTvelebs meore _ mrisxane jalaledinic axsovT,
amitom isini erTmaneTSi da sxva sarwmunoebis xalxebTanac ki erTiandebian
_ xorezmi maTi saerTo mteria.
xvarazmSahs qarTvelebi winaswar gaufrTxilebia Tavisi ganzraxvis
Sesaxeb maTTan omis dawyebis Taobaze, razec saqarTvelodan Sesaferisi
pasuxic miuRia. am dros qarTuli diplomatia aTabag uzbegs mimarTavs
jalaledinis winaaRmdeg erTiani brZolis dawyebis Taobaze. jalaledinis
gafrTxileba yurad ar iRes saqarTvelos samefo karze. igi TbilisisaTvis
brZolas iwyebs da 1226 wlis 9 marts qalaqs sastikad aoxrebs. xorezmSahis
moqmedebas mudam etyoba monRolTa faqtoris arseboba. axlac, igi tovebs
Tbiliss imis gamo, rom qermanis gamgebelma baray hajibma monRolebTan
gaaba molaparakeba da erayis dasapyrobad emzadeba. jalaledini TbilisSi
1226 wlis seqtemberSi mobrunda. 1227 wels, rodesac jalaledini
xlaTisaTvis brZoliT iyo dakavebuli, qarTvelebma mcire xniT daibrunes
dedaqalaqi, magram ukanmobrunebulma xorezmSahma igi kvlav aiRo. 1228 wels
jalaledins ramdenime Setakeba hqonda monRolebTan, magram yvela marcxiT
damTavrda. Sahi iZulebulia, koalicia Sekras maT winaaRmdeg da mimarTavs
baRdadis xalifas, xlaTis sulTans, sxva xelisufalT, magram uSedegod.
xorezmSahma verc diplomatiiT, verc samxedro ZaliT muslimuri samyarosa
da saqarTvelos gaerTianeba antimonRolur frontSi ver SeZlo.
xorezmelebTan dapirispirebis pirobebSi verc saqarTvelosa da aiubianTa

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Zalebis SekavSireba moxerxda maSinac ki, roca mteri xlaTs daemuqra.
jalaledinis Semosevebis xanaSi saqarTvelos samefo faqtobrivad
izolaciaSi aRmoCnda.
1228 wlis bolosa da 1229 wlis damdegisaTvis saqarTvelo-xorezms
Soris bolnisTan erT-erTi gadamwyveti brZola moxda. rusudanma
Crdilokavkasieli xalxebis gamoyeneba scada, magram esec nagvianevi nabiji
aRmoCnda. bolnisis brZolaSi marcxis Sedegad saqarTvelos samxedro Zalis
organizacia mniSvnelovnad moiSala. momavalSi amanac ganapiroba
qarTvelebis damarcxeba monRolebTan brZolaSi.
jalaledini xlaTis sakiTxis gadaWras cdilobs, miadga qalaqs da 1230
wlis 14 aprils sastikad aaoxra. al-aSrafs sapirispiro nabiji unda
gadaedga, igi arzrumidan xlaTisaken miemarTeboda, roca manaskertSi
jalaledinis mier xlaTis datoveba gaigo. am faqts saqarTvelos
samefodanac hqonia reaqcia: ivane aTabagma al-aSrafs xmali gaugzavna,
radganac qarTvelebs wesad hqondaT, Tuki mezobeli gaimarjvebda, misTvis
maxvili unda gaegzavnaT. Semdeg daiwyo sazavo molaparakeba al-aSrafsa da
jalaledins Soris, romelic garkveuli SeTanxmebiT dasrulda.
1230 wels iasi-CimenTan brZolaSi al-aSrafisa da rumis sulTnis, qai-
yubadis, gaerTianebulma Zalebma jalaledini daamarcxes, rac
saqarTvelosaTvis dadebiTi movlena iyo; magram, amave dros, am brZolam
qarTvelTa samefos samxreT sazRvrebTan ZalTa Tanafardoba maTTvis
sazianod Secvala: gaZlierda rumis sasulTno, al-aSrafma xlaTze
batonoba kvlav aRadgina, aneqsirebul iqna arzrumis saamiroc. aiubianTa da
mcire aziis selCukTa aseTi gaZliereba saqarTvelosaTvis saxifaTo iyo.
1229 wels Sedga yurulTai, romelzec ugedei xanad iqna arCeuli. 1230
wels monRolebi SeteviT moqmedebebze gadavidnen, warmatebebiT daasrules
dapyrobiTi operaciebi CineTSi, SeiWrnen wina aziaSi da yvela muslimi
mbrZanebeli daimorCiles, garda baRdadis xalifisa. 1230 wlis zamTarSi
CormaRanis laSqris avangardi pirvelad gamoCnda aranSi. yovelive
jalaledinis kraxis moaxloebaze laparakobda: monRolebma xorezmSahs
`devna uyves~ da 1231 wlis agvistoSi misi razmebi gaanadgures; male
jalaledini maifarikinis maxloblad mTebSi mokles. saqarTvelom
xorezmelebisa da monRolebis dapirispirebisas, pirvelTa marcxSi erT-erTi
gadamwyveti roli Seasrula. jalaledins qarTvelebis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi
didi droisa da Zalebis daxarjva dasWirda. man tempi da iniciativa
dakarga, xolo monRolebma dapyrobil teritoriebze mtkiced moikides fexi.
1231 wlis oqtomberSi monRolebma azerbaijani daipyres. qarTuli
diplomatia kargad xedavs monRolTagan moaxloebul saSiSroebas, amitom
1231-1232 wlebSi saqarTvelos xelisufleba al-aSrafsa da egviptis sulTan
al-qamils elCebs ugzavnis antimonRoluri koaliciis Sekvris mizniT,
Tumca am diplomatiur cdas Sedegi ar mohyolia.
1232 wels al-qamils damaskoSi acnobes, rom monRolebi xlaTis mxareSi
SeiWrnen. sulTans sxvadasxva despani eaxla, maT Soris iyo saqarTvelos
mefis elCic. saqarTvelos samefo taxti aiubianebisagan monRolTa
winaaRmdeg mxardaWeras iTxovda. rogorc laSa-giorgis dros, axlac
antimonRoluri frontis Seqmna warumateblad dasrulda da es ukanaskneli
Sansic xelidan iqna gaSvebuli. male Tavad islamur samyaroSic, kerZod,
aiubianebsa da mcire aziis selCukTa Soris, miuxedavad saerTo mtris _
monRolTa arsebobisa, dapirispireba moxda, ris Sedegadac muslimanebi

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`moisarTa toms~ gaTiSulni daxvdnen. saqarTvelo, sparseTi da rumis
sasulTno erTmaneTSi atexili brZolebiT dasustebulni monRolTa momaval
batonobas gzas umzadebdnen.
rusudanis samefo kars, selCukTa mwvave Semosevis gamo, garkveuli
RonisZiebisaTvis unda miemarTa. TaTbiris Semdeg, saqarTvelos
xelisuflebam problemis diplomatiuri gziT mogvareba amjobina _
gadawyda amir qemal ad-din qamiarTan molaparakebis gamarTva. rusudani
meore mxares Tavis diplomatebs ugzavnis sagangebo weriliTa da Zvirfasi
saCuqrebiT: igi selCukebs zavs sTavazobs da laSqrobis SeCerebas iTxovs;
gamoTqmuli iyo imedi, rom isini ukan gabrundebodnen, xolo dapyrobil
teritoriebs qarTvelebs daubrunebdnen. rusudani sTavazobs maT, rom `Tuki
igi (sulTani) gamoiCens mowyalebas da miiRebs mas, maSin gavamtkicoT igi
(zavi) qorwinebiTa da naTesauri kavSiriT. me msurs, Cemi ubiwo pirmSo,
selCukianebisa da daviT mefis STamomavali, daqorwindes islamis xelmwife
yias-ad-din qeixusrevze~. qemal ad-din qamiari keTilganwyobiT Sexvda
dedoflis Txovnas da laSqari ukan gamoabruna.
amdenad, saqarTvelom, gaiTvaliswina ra amierkavkasiasa da mcire aziaSi
Seqmnili saerTaSoriso viTareba, sapasuxo laSqrobaze uari Tqva da am
sakiTxis mSvidobianad mogvareba airCia. qarTul diplomatias monRolTa
faqtoric unda ubiZgebdes aqeTken, radganac selCukebTan omis SemTxvevaSi,
maT, SesaZlebelia, or frontze mosweodaT brZola _ erT mxares, selCukebi,
meore mxares ki monRolebi.
zavis Sedegad selCukebma samxreT saqarTvelodan TavianTi laSqari
gaiyvanes. danaTesaveba Sedga da Tamari qai-yubadis vaJze _ qai-xusrauze
daqorwinda. saqarTvelos xelisuflebas selCukTa mxareze Tavisi samxedro
Zalebi unda gamoeyvana. am periodis ala ad-din qai-yubadis laSqrobebSi
qarTvelebi kidec monawileoben.
saqarTvelom da mcireazielma selCukebma (aseve aiubianebmac) saerTo
mtris _ monRolTa winaaRmdeg gaerTianebis magivrad sakuTari Zalebi
daqsaqses da daasustes. qarTul diplomatias unda gaeTvaliswinebina
monRolTa moqmedebis gegma, romelSic aSkarad saqarTvelos dapyrobac
Sedioda, agreTve isic, rom selCukebis Semdeg `moisarTa tomi~ saqarTvelos
moadgeboda. aseT viTarebas ki rusudanis samefo taxti moumzadebeli
Sexvda. faqtia, ganviTarebuli movlenebis gamo, Sedegi saqarTvelos
saxelmwifosaTvis savalalo aRmoCnda.
saqarTvelos politikuri Tu samxedro izolacia saxeze iyo. umZimes
mdgomareobaSi Cavardnili samefo taxti, romelmac aRmosavleTSi
mokavSireebis Zebnis sakiTxSi fiasko ganicada, xsnas evropaSi xedavs.
dasavleTi jvarosnuli laSqrobebis warumateblobis gamo igi uimedobam
moicva, amitom rusudani sxvadasxva diplomatiur xerxs mimarTavs maTi
dainteresebis mizniT, mag., dasavleTisa da saqarTvelos eklesiebis
gaerTianebas sTavazobs da sxv. saqarTvelos xelisuflebis moqmedebani
dagvianebuli Cans.
orientaciisa Tu mokavSiris problemasTan dakavSirebiT aRvniSnavT, rom
xorezmelebisa da monRolebis Semosevebis xanaSi qarTuli diplomatia
mudam mokavSiris ZebnaSia da am sakiTxSi garkveulwilad dabneuli; xolo
sul male, monRolebis mier saqarTvelos dapyrobis Semdeg, es Zebna
gadarCena-gaZlebis diplomatiiT Seicvala.

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 ZiriTadad gaziarebulia mosazreba, rom saqarTveloSi monRolTa meore
gamoCena da dapyrobis procesis dawyeba 1235 w. xdeba. am mniSvnelovan faqts
ufro adre hqonda adgili: iranis, amierkavkasiisa da mcire aziis
dasapyrobad didi yaenis mier gamogzavnili monRoli sardali _ jurmaRun
(CormaRani) noini aqtiurad ukve XIII s. 30-iani wlebis dasawyisSi moqmedebs.
1231 w. dakavebulia azerbaijani, aRebulia ganZa _ `da meoresa welsa
warvides bardavs, ganZas da muRans da mun iwyes rbevad da oГrebad
saqarTvelosa~. azerbaijanis dapyrobis meore wels monRolebs saqarTvelos
samefos `oГreba~ dauwyiaT, anu meored 1232-1233 ww-Si mosulan.
1232 wels qveynis dapyrobis procesi daiwyo, xolo 1235/36 wlebSi, am
Semosevebisa da dapyrobebis epopeaSi, garkveuli gardatexa moxda. am wels
calkeul cixesimagreSi gamagrebulma qarTvelma didebulebma Sewyvites mon-
RolTa mimarT winaaRmdegobis gaweva.
samefo karze Tvlian, rom monRolebs jer kidev win aqvT mTavari
brZolebi aiubianebTan Tu rumis saxelmwifosTan da, rogorc Cans, ar
gamoricxaven monRolTa damarcxebis SesaZleblobas. centraluri
xelisufleba lixs iqiT gadadis, Seqmnil rTul viTarebaSi quTaisis samefo
taxti zavze ar Tanxmdeba, magram amave dros srul uunarobas iCens. Tavisi
roli Seasrules qarTulma samamule sistemam da samTavro-senioriebis
bunebamac, rac monRolebma SesaniSnavad gamoiyenes. maTi uaryofiTi SesaZ-
leblobebis gamovlineba monRolTa diplomatiuri moqnilobisa da kargad
mofiqrebuli taqtikuri gegmis Sedegi iyo. qarTveli didebulebi TavianT
cixesimagreebSi Caiketnen, xolo saqarTvelos samefo karma generaluri
brZolis gamarTva ver moaxerxa. aseTi saxelmwifo politika SeiZleba
Sefasdes rogorc `arc omi da arc zavi~.
samefo taxtis dasavleT saqarTveloSi gadatanis gamo aRmosavleTSi
darCenili qarTveli didebulebi mZime da gaurkvevel mdgomareobaSi
aRmoCndnen. senioriulma saxlebma, mefis nebadaurTvelad, monRol noinebTan
xelSekrulebebis gaformeba daiwyes. mas Semdeg, rac ar moxerxda monRolTa
winaaRmdeg erTiani ZaliT gamosvla, saqarTvelos didebulTa erTi nawili
dampyroblebTan individualur molaparakebas awarmoebs. am mxriv, erT-erTi
pirveli aTabag-amirspasalari avag mxargrZelia, romelic kaenis cixeSi
idga, amitom am regionisa da cixesimagris damorCilebas mteri
gaorkecebuli energiiT cdilobda, elCobebs gzavnida cixesimagreSi
danebebis moTxovniT. avags hqonda garkveuli diplomatiuri cdebi viTarebis
Sesamsubuqeblad _ monRolebis guli rom moego, Tavisi qalic ki misca,
didi ZRvenic gaugzavna, magram maT kidev ufro mtkiced mosTxoves qveynis
mxedarTmTavars danebeba. radgan amirspasalari `borotsa xedvida~, amitom
zavze molaparakebis gamarTva gadawyvita. avagis am nabijs da mis elCobas
win uZRoda mosamzadebeli misia, roca mis mier wargzavnilma mociqulebma
Sesabamisi niadagi moamzades molaparakebisaTvis. jurmaRunTan (CormaRani)
avagi elCad Tavis saxlTuxucess, grigols, gzavnis. am faqts monRolebi
Zalze gauxarebia, noins ki avagis masTan gamocxadeba ubrZanebia. avagi `fics
da simtkices~ iTxovda. monRolebs am mxriv Tavisi wesi hqondaT: `xolo
ficTa simtkiced oqro wmida samjer wyalsa Cayon da ganavlon igi, da
Seasuan, da mindobilni Seiwynaron. da amas ficsa ra daamtkiceben, ara
ecruvnen~. grigoli rom daerwmunebinaT, maT `amiT oqroTa saficriTa
daumtkices mociqulTa avagisTa fici, romliTa dajerebul iqmna amisTВs,
romel ara iyo tyuvili, arca sicruve ficTa maT Soris~.

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 avagi jurmaRun noinTan gamocxadda, yovelive SeTanxmebiT dasrulda,
romelsac JamTaaRmwerelma `zavi avagisi~ uwoda. es iyo saqarTvelos
mxridan monRolebTan dadebuli erT-erTi pirveli zavi. SemdgomSi, zavis
sabolood dasamtkiceblad, avags yaenTan gamgzavreba mouxda.
`zavi avagisi~ niSani aRmoCnda. sabolood, `WirTagan Seiwrebulni
mTavarni saqarTvelosani yovelni miendvnes TaTarTa, her-kaxni da
qarTvelni, Toreli gamrekeli, Tmogueli sargis~... dazavebis es xana 1235/36
wlebze modis.
rusudanis taxti verc lixs iqiT axdens Tavisi Zalebis srul
mobilizacias da arc Sesabamisi diplomatiuri saqmianoba Cans. piriqiT,
qarTvelebi iZulebulni arian, monRolTa laSqarSi TavianTi potenciuri
mokavSiris _ rumis sasulTnos winaaRmdeg brZolaSi miiRon monawileoba;
saqarTvelo-rumis antimonRoluri SekavSireba SeuZlebeli aRmoCnda, rasac
xeli Seuwyo bizantiis faqtoris srulma gamouyeneblobamac: monRolebma
mniSvnelovnad gadainacvles bizantiisa da trapizonis imperiis sazRvreb-
isaken. bizantia aSkara saSiSroebas unda xedavdes, magram qristianuli
saqarTvelosaTvis igi aqtiur mxardaWeras ver avlens, bunebrivia, monRolTa
SiSiT. saqarTvelo srul izolaciaSi aRmoCnda.
monRolebi gabatondnen kilikiaSi, xlaTSi, dadga rumis sakiTxic. rumis
sulTnis _ Rias ed-din qeihusrev II-is daqorwinebas rusudanis asul Ta-
marze didi politikuri mniSvneloba hqonda. amiT iqmneboda garkveuli
aliansis SesaZlebloba saqarTvelo-rums Soris, magram selCukebma, sanam
monRolebi uSualod maT ar daupirispirdnen, raime realuri nabijebis
gadadgma qarTvelTa samefos mimarT ver SeZles. im periodSi, roca `moi-
sarTa tomma~ maT ukve uSualod Seutia, saqarTvelos samefo taxtze
monRolebTan dazavebis sakiTxi gadawyda _ rusudanma maT sardlebs
Sesabamisi winadadebiT mimarTa, magram dazaveba ar Sedga, monRolebi
bolomde ver endobian rusudans, sanam misi siZe, rumis sasulTno
daumarcxebelia da maT Soris faruli urTierTobebi gamoricxuli ar aris.
rumis sasulTnos damarcxebamde rusudanma monRol xelisufalT Tavisi
mociqulebi gaugzavna: man `ganizraxa, raTa warmoavlinos Ze TВsi, daviT, da
moandos TaTarTa, da aiRos simtkice uvneblobisa. da waravlines
mociqulad TaTarTa SanSe, da avag, da varam, da hereTis erisTavi SoTai~...
dazaveba am etapze ar moxerxda. rusudanTan diplomatiuri kontaqtebis
damyarebis mizniT dampyroblebi aTabag-amirspasalar avag mxargrZels
iyeneben.
daaxloebiT 1239 wels gaigzavna avagis elCoba yarayorumSi ugedei-
yaenTan, sadac man xans morCileba gamoucxada. didma yaenma avagi pativiT
miiRo, colad TaTari SerTo da samSobloSi gamoistumra. Tavis
xelqveiTebs avagisaTvis samflobeloebis dabruneba ubrZana. saqarTveloSi
dabrunebul avags konfliqti mouxda da urTierToba gaufuWda adgilobriv
monRol moxeleebTan, ris gamoc igi lixs iqiT saqarTveloSi, rusudanTan
gadavida. saqarTvelos aTabag-amirspasalari did yaens weriliT atyobinebs
amis Sesaxeb. didi yaenisagan avagi Rebulobs saCuqrebs da werils,
romelSic aRniSnuli iyo, rom mas safrTxe ar emuqreba da uSiSrad SeuZlia
yarayorumSi gamocxadeba. urTierTobis mowesrigebis Semdeg igi aRmosavleT
saqarTveloSi brundeba. swored am dros avagi gadasaxadebis amkref
tonRuz-aRasTan erTad mosalaparakeblad rusudanTan igzavneba. misia 1242
wlis gazafxulis miwuruls unda ganxorcielebuliyo da es iniciativa,

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SesaZloa, monRolebis arzrumze laSqrobis samzadisTan iyos
dakavSirebuli. molaparakebis Sedegad gamoikveTa garkveuli sazavo
pirobebi: rusudani da misi Tanamosaydre daviTi morCilebas acxadeben,
kisruloben TavianTi valdebulebebis Sesrulebas, oRond monRolTa
mxaremac ar unda daarRvios xelSekruleba.
zavis sakiTxi monRol noinTa doneze ver gadawydeboda da iuridiuli
Zala ver miecemoda. xelSekruleba yarayorumSi unda damtkicebuliyo.
rusudanis samefo kars yaenTan Tavisi elCi hyavs gagzavnili, rac Seexeba
monRolebTan mis piradad xlebas, igi uars acxadebs. misi pasuxia: `ar
SemiZlia gamovcxadde TqvenTan, vidre xakanTan, Tqvens mefesTan gagzavnili
Cemi mociquli ar dabrunebula~. saqarTvelos elCis gagzavna qose-daRis
brZolamde (1243 w. 3 ivlisi) xdeba, mas monRol moxeleebTan erTad
yarayorumSi zemoaRniSnuli `sazavo xelSekruleba~ unda waeRo. bunebrivia,
pasuxis motanac amave mociquls hqonda davalebuli. es iyo saqarTvelos
samefo taxtis mier did yaenTan gagzavnili erT-erTi pirveli
diplomatiuri misia.
mTavrobis Tavmjdomare arseni oqros urdoSi gagzavnes. es
diplomatiuri misia 1242 wlis ivlisamde Sedga. yarayorumSi elCoba 1242
wels igzavneba. baiCu-noinis mier yarayorumSi gagzavnil sazavo pirobebs
rusudanma Tan gaayola Tavisi elCi _ hamadola, romlis saxels ukavSir-
deba ivane aTabagis asulis _ TamTas tyveobidan ganTavisufleba.
saerTaSoriso movlenebis ganviTarebam monRolebisa da rumis sa-
sulTnos dapirispireba gardauvali gaxada. mTavari Sejaxeba 1243 wlis 3
ivliss, qose-daRis (kiosedaRi) brZolaSi moxda. qarTvelTa ZiriTadi Zalebi
monRolTa droSis qveS ibrZodnen, kerZod, avag amirspasalari, SanSe
mandaturTuxucesi, varam gageli... monRolebma mniSvnelovan gamarjvebas
miaRwies, rusudanis taxts erTaderTi SesaZlo saerTaSoriso mokavSire _
rumis sasulTnoc gamoecala. monRolebs damorCilda kilikiis somxeTis
mefe heTum I. gamarjvebulebma ukan mobrunebisas xlaTic dalaSqres.
monRolebs dasavleTi saqarTvelos sakiTxi hqondaT gadasawyveti. baiCu-
noinma laSa-giorgis vaJis _ daviTis ganTavisufleba gadawyvita. rumidan
daviTis Camoyvanis misias angurag mociquli xelmZRvanelobs, romelsac Tan
`warhyves~ varam gageli da sargis Tmogveli. davaleba warmatebiT iqna
Sesrulebuli. daviTi monRolebma rusudanis sapirispirod TbilisSi dasves
da misi kurTxeva qristianuli wesiT brZanes, rac kaTolikosma mcxeTaSi
ganaxorciela kidec. rumidan daviTis Camoyvana baiCu-noinma varam
gagelisave piriT, misi elCobis saSualebiT, yarayorumSi did yaens acnoba.
rumidan Camoyvanili daviT ufliswuli monRolma noinebma mefobis
dasamtkiceblad `waravlines didsa baTo yaenissa~ da Tan gaayoles SanSe
mxargrZelis vaJi _ zaqaria, da varam gagelis Ze _ aRbuRa. baTom Seiwynara
daviT mefe, sargis TmogvelTan erTad yarayorumSi waravlina, xolo zaqaria
da aRbuRa `TВsad daimWirna~. bunebrivia, movlenebis aseT ganviTarebaze
rusudans mwvave reaqcia hqonda. viTareba misTvis mkveTrad arasasikeTod
icvleba _ Tanamosaydre Ze _ daviTi, SesaZloa, taxtis gareSe darCes. aseT
wamgebian mdgomareobaSi iwyeba molaparakeba monRolebsa da rusudanis
samefo kars Soris zavis Taobaze. monRolebs dro SemTxveviT ar unda
SeerCiaT. isini rusudanTan elCebs erTimeoreze intensiurad gzavnian.
monRolma sardlebma `waruvlines mociquli mefesa rusudans, raTa zavi
iqmnas maT Soris, da mosces Ze misi, daviT, da misces mefoba, da tfilisi da

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yoveli saqarTvelo~. iseve, rogorc laSa-giorgis Ze _ daviTi, rusudanis
vaJic monRolma noinebma baTo-yaenTan gagzavnes. sabolood, orive daviTi
yarayorumSi aRmoCnda.
rusudanis taxtsa da adgilobriv monRol xelisufalTa Soris dazaveba
am noinebis mniSvnelovani diplomatiuri warmateba iyo _ amis Sesaxeb maT
baTo-yaens Seatyobines. diplomatiur misias baTosTan avag aTabag-
amirspasalari da ivane axalcixelis vaJi _ daviTi asruleben, romelnic
`warvides ucnaursa da yovladve qarTvelTa naTesavisagan uvalsa gzasa~.
rusudanis taxtis mier volgispireTSi umniSvnelovanesi diplomatiuri
misiis Sesasruleblad gagzavnil vazirTagan upirveless _ mTavrobis
Tavmjdomares arsen mwignobarTuxuces-Wyondidels elCobaSi Tan axlavs
mgela abulaxtari. did yaenTan gagzavnilma elCma _ hamadolam daigviana,
monRolTa dapyrobebis gamo ki aucilebeli gaxda saqarTvelo-monRolebs
Soris urTierTobebis garkveuli kuTxiT mogvareba. upirveles amocanad
baTo-yaenTan SeTanxmebis pirobebis ganxilva da `mindobilobis simtkicis~
Txovna daisaxa. saqarTvelos ganTavisuflebis SesaZlebloba im droisaTvis
amowurulad iqna cnobili da mTavrobam isev monRolebTan SeTanxmeba da
dazaveba amjobina.
arsen mwignobarTuxuces-Wyondidlis oqros urdoSi diplomatiuri
mecadineobis Sedegad orive mxare dazavebaze midis _ moxerxda
urTierTdamokidebulebis ganmsazRvreli pirobebis SeTanxmeba-dazusteba.
arsenis dabrunebam volgispireTidan baTo-yaenis pasuxiT SesaZlebeli
gaxada saqarTvelosa da monRoleTs Soris sazavo xelSekrulebis dadeba.
dazaveba monRolTa mier rumis sulTnis _ Rias ed-dinis damarcxebis Semdeg
moxda _ 1243 wlis 3 ivliss, qose-daRis brZolis momdevno periodSi. swored
am wlidan qarTuli diplomatia iZulebuli gaxda, angariSi gaewia Cingiz-
yaenis SviliSvilisaTvis (baTo yaeni). arsenis diplomatiuri misia da
saxelmwifoTa Soris zavi 1243 wliT TariRdeba.
monRolTa imperiaSi arsebuli wesiT, baTo-yaens saqarTvelos mefis elCi
zavis pirobebiT saboloo sanqciisaTvis did yaenTan unda gaegzavna _ aseTi
sakiTxebi, rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, bolos yarayorumSi wydeboda. rusudanis
elCi (hamadola) yarayorumidan ar Cans, Tan didi yaenic gardacvlilia, ami-
tomac rusudanis diplomatiurma misiam monRolTa uzenaes gamgebelTan
Tavisi ZiriTadi mniSvneloba dakarga. aseTi diplomatiuri datvirTva arsen
mwignobarTuxuces-Wyondidlis elCobam Seasrula, xolo zavma baTosTan
saboloo iuridiuli Zalis mqone dokumentis funqcia SeiZina. didi yaeni
aRar aris da oqros urdosTan molaparakebas sxva iuridiuli mniSvneloba
eniWeba. monRolTa umaRles wreebSi gadawyda saqarTvelos uSualo
damorCileba CrdiloeTis ulusisadmi. baTosTan miRweuli SeTanxmeba
saqarTvelo-monRoleTs Soris saxelmwifoTaSorisi zavis mniSvnelobas
iZens. saqarTvelo oqros urdos uRelqveS moeqca da mas damorCilda.
monRoleT-saqarTvelos 1243 wlis zavis pirobebi aseTia:
1. saqarTvelos mTavrobam monRolTa sayaenos uzenaesoba cno.
2. mefis xelisufleba da samefo taxti xeluxlebeli darCa.
3. qveynis erTianoba _ `yoveli saqarTvelo~ SenarCunda.
4. mmarTvelobis sistemaSi mniSvnelovani cvlilebebis Setana ar moxda.
5. qveynis dedaqalaqi kvlav Tbilisia, rusudani TbilisSi brundeba.

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 6. saqarTvelos ubrundeba sxva mniSvnelovani punqtebic _ monRolebma
`pativi uyves mefesa da mTavarTa saqarTvelosaTa, misces yoveli
saqarTvelo, tfilisi, samSvilde~...
7. saqarTvelos taxtze pretendents mefobis ufleba monRolebisagan
eZleva da yaenis mier mtkicdeba.
8. dasavleTi saqarTvelo, romelic monRolebs uSualod ar daupyriaT,
monRolTa imperiis SemadgenlobaSi iqna Seyvanili; igi, rogorc monRolTa
uzenaesobis nebayoflobiT mcnobeli, monRolTagan Tavisufali rCeba; Tavi-
sufalSi is igulisxmeba, rom monRolTa umaRlesi moxele da maTi jari
dasavleTSi Cayenebuli ar iyo, magram, rogorc saqarTvelos samefos
nawils, rusudanis mmarTvelobis dros, lixs iqiTa saqarTvelos
sayaenosaTvis xarki unda gadaexada.
9. saqarTvelos daekisra xarki _ 50(40) aTasi `perpera~ (oqros fuli).
10. saqarTvelos samefos samxedro Zalis gamoyvana da monRolTa droSis
qveS laSqrobebSi monawileoba daevala.
1245 wels rusudani gardaicvala. orive daviTi mefed dasamtkiceblad
did yaenTanaa gagzavnili. monRolebs ukeTesi pirobebi eqmnebaT dapyrobil
qveyanaSi TavianTi administraciuli wyobis dasanergavad. saqarTvelo maT
dumnebad dayves, anu iseT administraciul-teritoriul erTeulebad, rome-
lTa mosaxleobasac aTi aTasi meomris gamoyvana evaleba. moqnilma
monRolurma diplomatiam maT meTaurebad qarTveli mTavrebi daniSna _ am
gadawyvetilebaSi Sors mimavali gegmebi iyo Cadebuli. TiToeuli qarTuli
dumani monRolTa noinebs daeqvemdebara.
umefoba 1247 wels dasrulda, roca mefobadamtkicebuli ufliswulebi
TbilisSi dabrundnen. 1243 wlis zavis Sedegad saqarTvelo da monRolTa
mier dapyrobili wina azia 1256 wlamde oqros urdos daeqvemdebara.
monRolTa imperiaSi saqarTvelo samxedro-administraciuli erTeulis _
`gurjistanis vilaieTis~ saxelwodebiT Sevida, romelic TviT saqarTvelos
da somxeTis centralur da Crdilo-aRmosavleT teritoriebs moicavda.
somxeTis es regionebi dapyrobamde saqarTvelos samefos Semadgenel,
organul nawils warmoadgendnen, aseTi viTareba monRolebs arc Semdeg
SeucvliaT _ somxuri Temebi kvlavindeburad Zvel farglebSi darCa.
XIII s-is 60-iani wlebidan monRolTa saxelmwifos daSla Seuqcevad
procesad iqca _ hulagum (1256-1265) monRolTa mexuTe ulusi Seqmna,
romelic ilxanTa saxelmwifos saxelwodebiTaa cnobili. 1256 wlidan sa-
qarTvelo hulaguidebis vasali gaxda.
b) saqarTvelo-evropis diplomatiuri kontaqtebi XIII saukunis I
naxevarSi. laSa-giorgis evropasTan diplomatiuri urTierTobebis damyareba
gamefebisTanave mouxda. 1210 wels ierusalimis samefosa da aiubianTa
saxelmwifos Soris dadebuli eqvswliani zavi dasrulda. jvarosnebi zavis
ganaxlebaze uars amboben, rasac palestinaSi saomari moqmedebebis dawyeba
mohyva. ierusalimis mefe ioane de brieni evropis daxmarebis gareSe
verafers gaxda, amitom Svelas iTxovs. IV jvarosnuli laSqrobis
iniciatori romis papi inokenti III (1198-1216), romlis drosac vatikanma did
siZlieres miaRwia, kargad xedavs jvarosanTa umZimes mdgomareobas da
yvelafers akeTebs erTiani jvarosnuli laSqrobis mosawyobad. papis
qadagebam evropis xelisufalTa mxridan Sesabamisi gamoxmaureba ver pova.
kvlav axali eqvswliani zavi daido.

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 aseT viTarebaSi romis papma yuradReba miapyro Zlieri qristianuli
qveynis _ saqarTvelos samefosaken, romlis mefesac inokenti III-m 1211 wlis 7
ivnisiT daTariRebuli werili gamougzavna saTauriT _ `saqarTvelos
brwyinvale mefes-mowodeba wminda miwis dasacavad~. rogorc inokenti III-is
epistoledan Cans, igi warmoadgens pasuxs romis papisadmi gagzavnil
saqarTvelos mefis werilze. papi inokenti III, jvarosanTa saerTo SeWirvebis
periodSi, 1211 wels saqarTvelos mefes sTavazobs SeTanxmebas erTiani
jvarosnuli laSqrobis mowyobaze muslimanTagan `wminda adgilebis~
ganTavisuflebis mizniT.
monRolTa gamoCenam qarTuli diplomatiis winaSe dRis wesrigSi
sagareo-politikuri kursis gadasinjvis sakiTxi daayena: bizantiis
imperiasTan mokavSireoba qristianul aRmosavleTs da qarTul saxelmwifos
veraviTar garantiebs ver uqmnis _ igi Turq-selCukebisagan damarcxebul da
jvarosanTagan daZabunebul politikur erTeuls warmoadgens, amitom
qarTuli diplomatia orientacias ufro dasavleTze, kerZod, jvarosnebze
akeTebs.
saqarTvelos Zlier qristianul samefos mniSvnelovani misia unda ekisra
aRmosavleTSi _ saqarTvelos mefe mahmadianebTan brZolaSi `mesiis
maxvilia~, qristianobis burjia, rogorc qarTvelebisaTvis, ise sxva
qristiani xalxebisaTvis. jvarosanTa xSiri warumateblobiT gamowveul
uimedobas gaqarwyleba sWirdeboda, dasavleTis riTime daimedeba aucilebe-
li iyo. aRmosavleTSi aseTi qristianuli qveyana rom ar arsebuliyo, igi
unda gamoegonebinaT. kaTolikuri samyaros mesveurTaTvis kargad iyo
cnobili maxlobel aRmosavleTSi qristianuli saqarTvelos siZliere da
misi roli mahmadianTa winaaRmdeg brZolaSi. saWiro iyo aseTi qristianuli
saxelmwifos arsebobis propaganda dasavleTSi da misi jvarosnebTan
mokavSireoba. iqneb, amas mainc gaeRviZebina jvarosnuli suli da `wminda
adgilebis~ ganTavisuflebis imedi Caesaxa misTvis.
aRmosavleTSi SeWirvebaSi myof jvarosanTa mxridan dasavleT evropaSi
imedis gaRviZebis erT-erT cdad moCans XIII s-is damdegs mcxovrebi frangi
raindis _ de buas 1211 wels gagzavnili werili bezansonis arqiepiskoposis
_ amede de tramlesadmi (1145-1220). werilSi saubaria ara siria-palestinis
ambebze, aramed ZiriTadad saqarTvelosa da mis siZliereze, moTxrobilia
qarTvelTa Zlevamosili laSqrobis Sesaxeb urwmunoTa winaaRmdeg.
aRniSnulia, rom qarTvelTa 16 wlis mefes, `ZaliT~ da `sikeTiT~ msgavss
aleqsandre makedonelisa, dedis anderZis Tanaxmad, moaqvs `uZlieresis~
Tamaris Zvlebi, raTa igi `wminda qalaqSi~ _ ierusalimSi, uflis saflavTan
dakrZalos: ` ... iveriiTgan vinme qristianeni, giorgenebad wodebulni,
uricxvi mxedrobiT da qveiTi jariT... wmida ierusalimis miwis saxsnelad
movlen da mTel sawarmarTos daimorCileben~. ai, ra did imedebs
amyarebdnen dasavleTSi saqarTveloze. es agitaciuri xasiaTis dokumenti
kargad laparakobs maSindel saqarTvelos saerTaSoriso avtoritetze. am
periodidanve unda eyrebodes safuZveli axal Sexedulebas legendarul
ioane presviterad laSa-giorgis pirovnebis miCnevis Sesaxeb, rac meore
etapze _ damietas ambebis Semdgom periodSi, kidev ufro Rvivdeba.
1217 wels iwyeba V jvarosnuli laSqroba (1217-1221). 1218 wels laSa-
giorgi did laSqrobas awyobs naxWevanis, xlaTisa da karnu-qalaqis
winaaRmdeg ymadnaficobis pirobiT maT Semosamtkiceblad. V jvarosnulma
laSqrobam laSa-giorgis sagareo politikaSi mniSvnelovani adgili daikava:
saqarTvelos samefo kars Tavidanve ganuzraxavs jvarosnul moZraobaSi
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monawileoba. 1219 wels es gadawyvetileba ukve miRebulia. 1219 w. noemberSi
damieta aRebul iqna, idga kairos jeri. swored am dros adgili aqvs
saqarTvelosa da jvarosanTa Soris diplomatiur kontaqtebs: damietaSi
erTmaneTs xvdebian laSa-giorgisa da romis papis _ honorius III-is mier
warmogzavnili elCebi. rusudani romis papisadmi gagzavnil werilSi aRniS-
navs, rom `damietSi myofis Tqvenis elCisagan miviReT Tqveni didebuli rCeva
da brZaneba, rom Cemi Zma wasuliyo qristianebis Sesawevnad. isic am zraxvasa
da wasvlis mzadebaSi iyo~... meore cnobiT, pirdapir aris aRniSnuli, rom
`im dros, rodesac damaskos mTavarma qalaq damietas alya Semoartya, masTan
qarTvelebi mividnen, raTa saRvTo omSi monawileoba mieRoT, omSi,
romelSic qristianTa didi nawili iyo Cabmuli~. qarTveli elCebis mier
damietasTan warmatebis Sesaxeb informaciisa da romis papis mowodebis
samefo karze mitanis Semdeg laSa-giorgis sabolood unda gadaewyvita
jvarosnul laSqrobaSi monawileobis sakiTxi. rusudanis werilSi
xazgasmulicaa misi Zmis aseTi `zraxva~ da `wasvlis mzadeba~. am
diplomatiur nabijs jvarosnul moZraobaSi didi gamoxmaureba mohyolia:
`sarkinozebi SeSindnen. qristianebis ZlierebaSi yvela darwmunda.
qarTvelebma sulierad imdenad gaamxneves jvarosnebi, rom maT damaskoc ki
gaaTavisufles~. jvarosnebi da im periodis evropeli damkvirveblebi xazs
usvamen maT mokavSireobas da gansakuTrebiT gamoyofen qarTvelTa, maTi az-
riT, ukve TanamebrZolTa, Zlierebas, `isini arian friad medgarni da mamacni
brZolaSi, Zlierni sxeuliT da Zlevamosilni mxedarTa uricxvi
raodenobiT. maT sastikad daSinebuli hyavT sarkinozebi, TavianTi
TavdasxmebiT xSirad ayeneben zians sparselebs, midielebs da asirielebs,
romelTac esazRvrebian, mTlianad garSemortymulni urjulo xalxiT. maT
ewodebaT georgianebi~... isic cnobilia, rom qarTvelebs, aRSfoTebulebs
ierusalimis dangreviT, damaskos sulTnisaTvis muqara SeuTvliaT.
`aRmosavleTis jvarosnebis~ _ qarTvelebis gamoCenisa da maTgan
daxmarebis SesaZleblobam imedgacruebis gzaze mdgar `frangebSi~ didi
imedebi Casaxa. swored am dros, V jvarosnuli laSqrobis periodSi,
xelaxla gaisma legendaruli ioane presviteris saxeli. `1221 w. mTel
saqristianoSi gavrcelda xma: daviT mefem, romelic iovane mefe-mRvdlad
iwodeba da romelic indoeTidan didi mxedrobiT wamovida, gaanadgura
midielebi da sparselebi~. es mefe, ioane-daviTi, aRmosavleTSi myof jva-
rosanTa dasaxmareblad moemarTeba da am gzaze did warmatebebsac aRwevs.
gadmocema ioane presviterze adre, XII s-is SuaxanebSi, daviT aRmaSenebelsa
da demetre I-ze gavrcelebuli cnobebis gaazrebis gziT Seiqmna, xolo axla
_ V jvarosnuli laSqrobis periodSi es legendaruli piri giorgi IV
laSasTan asocirdeba. daviT-ioanes Sesaxeb xmebis ase intensiuri gavrcele-
ba ganpirobebuli unda yofiliyo laSa-giorgis sayovelTao mowonebiT, misi
saerTo-politikuri warmatebiTa da TanxmobiT V jvarosnul laSqrobaSi
monawileobis Sesaxeb, rasac `frangebSi~ didi imedebi aRuZravs.
am periodis erT-erT qristianul winaswarmetyvelebaSi aseTi azria
gatarebuli: `rodesac movlen daviT mefe aRmosavleTidan, imperatori
fridrixi dasavleTidan, gamxmari xe isev amwvandeba~. es winaswarmetyveleba
ver asrulda _ dasavleTisa da aRmosavleTis jvarosnebs ganzraxuli
Sexvedris saSualeba ar miecaT. saqarTvelos samefo jari `wminda
adgilebisaken~ ver daiZra. saqarTveloSi dampyroblebi gamoCndnen, da-
savleTisa da aRmosavleTis jvarosanTa gegmebi CaifuSa, ris gamoc,

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`gamxmari xe~ veRar `amwvanda~. monRolTa Semosevis gamo, rusudanis
werilis sityvebiT, qarTvelebi `aq davrCiT da Tqvenis (romis papis) elCis
brZanebisamebr ver wamovediT~.
rusudanis samefo karis diplomatia did yuraRdebas uTmobs da-
savleTTan urTierTobis sakiTxs, kerZod, kontaqtebs romis papTan.
saqarTvelos samefo taxtisaTvis pirvelad honorius III-s miumarTavs. 1223
wliT daTariRebul rusudanis werilSi papis _ honorius III-sadmi
aRniSnulia, rom laSa-giorgi jvarosnuli laSqrobisaTvis mzadebaSi iyo,
roca `TaTarni~ saqarTveloSi Semovidnen, `Cven maT ar vufrTxildebodiT,
radgan qristianebi gvegona; magram rodesac vcaniT, rom kargi qristianebi
ar iyvnen, maSin SevkribeT yoveli Cveni Zala da win aRvudeqiT...~ aqve igi
atyobinebs paps, rom saqarTvelos samefo mzad aris, miiRos monawileoba
`wminda saflavis~ gasaTavisufleblad mowyobil jvarosnul laSqrobaSi.
cnobilia rusudanis elCis vinaoba _ daviT anisis episkoposi. imave dros
igzavneba papTan ivane aTabagis werilic.
1224 wels papi hinorius III sapasuxo werilSi rusudanisadmi
kmayofilebas gamoTqvams amis gamo da samefo kars atyobinebs momavali
jvarosnuli laSqrobis SesaZlo TariRs. papis epistoledan naTlad Cans,
rom dasavleTSi kargad esmiT saqarTvelos roli `urjuloebTan~ `wminda
miwebisaTvis~ omSi. rac Seexeba raime realur daxmarebas, papi verafers
hpirdeba. am diplomatiur urTierTobebs honorius III-Tan realuri Sedegebi
ar mohyolia. saerTaSoriso viTarebaSi momxdari mniSvnelovani cvlilebebis
gamo saqarTvelo-evropis urTierToba sxva mimarTulebiT warimarTa, igi
Sesustda, garegnulad religiur safarvelSi gaexvia da misioneruli
moRvaweobiT Semoifargla.
romis papTan urTierTobis Semdgomi etapi grigol IX-is (1227-1241)
papobis xanasTanaa dakavSirebuli. swored mis dros, XIII s-is 20-iani wlebis
bolosa da 30-iani wlebis dasawyisSi, saqarTveloSi Cndebian pirveli
misionerebi, kerZod, franciskelTa ordenis wevrebi, e. w. minoritebi
(morCili Zmebi). grigol IX-s rusudanisa da misi Zis _ daviTisaTvis (daviT
VI narini) ori `wigni~ mouweria. 1233 wlis aprils gamogzavnili weriliT
papi samefo kars sTxovs saqarTveloSi minoritebis ordenis wevrTa
mfarvelobas. 1229-1230 wlebSi saqarTveloSi mosuli franciskelebi, mRvdel-
monazon iakob rogsanelis (iakob de rosano) xelmZRvanelobiT, 1233 wels
TbilisSi Tavis salocavs aarseben. grigol IX-is meore weriliT naTeli
xdeba, rom rusudansac miuweria papisaTvis `wigni~, romelSic monRolebis
winaaRmdeg brZolaSi daxmareba uTxovia. papis sapasuxo werilSi, romelic
1240 wlis 13 ianvriT TariRdeba, diplomatiuri eniT, qarTvelTa Txovnaze
faqtobrivi uaria gancxadebuli. papi sxva ordenis misionerebsac gzavnis
saqarTveloSi _ grigol IX-is saxels ukavSirdeba, kerZod, dominikelTa
ordenis wevrebis gamoCena, ase rom, 10 wliT adre mosul franciskelTa
ordenis misionerebs XIII s-is 40-ian wlebSi dominikelTa ordenis wevrebic
mohyvnen, romlebic TbilisSi 1240 wels TavianT kaTolikur monasters
aarseben. SemdgomSi jer papi inokenti IV (1243-1254), mere ki papi aleqsandre
IV (1254-1261) did yuradRebas uTmoben saqarTveloSi samisionero saqmianobas.
1247 wels inokenti IV-is dros franciskel andrea da perujas, aseve am
ordenis sxva misionerebsac davalebuli hqondaT qarTuli eklesiis
dakavSireba romTan, qadageba gaerTianebul Temaze. amave sakiTxebze muSaobs

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1258 wels papi aleqsandre IV-is mier saqarTveloSi gamogzavnili
dominikelTa da franciskelTa sakmaod didi jgufi.
amdenad, XIII s-is I naxevarSi evropasTan saqarTvelos xelisuflebis
diplomatiuri urTierTobebis mowesrigebis cdebs raime saxarbielo Sedegi
ar mohyolia; rogorc Cans, saerTaSoriso politikur ZalTa zemoaRniSnuli
ganlagebis pirobebSi, ukeTesi rezultatis miRweva arc iyo mosalodneli.
g) winaaRmdegoba monRolTa saxelmwifoebs (ulusebs) Soris da
saqarTvelo XIII saukunis II naxevarSi. monRolTa imperiaSi mimdinare
daSlis procesis Sedegad 1256 wels hulagu-yaenma (1256-1265) safuZveli
Cauyara monRolTa axal saxelmwifos, mexuTe uluss, romelsac
damaarseblis saxelis mixedviT hulaguidTa _ ilxanTa saxelmwifo ewoda.
mis daqvemdebarebaSi Sevidnen xorasani, iranis erayi, CrdiloeTi iranis
nawili, amierkavkasia, mcire aziis aRmosavleTi nawili. igi didma yaenma 1261
wels cno. Tavdapirvelad saqarTvelo juCis uluss (oqros urdos) emorCi-
leboda, 1256 wlidan ki ilxanTa monRolur saxelmwifos daeqvemdebara.
amave xanidan monRolur saxelmwifoebs _ ilxanTa da oqros urdos Soris
mwvave dapirispireba da urTierTbrZola iwyeba. aseTi viTareba qarTul
samefoze mniSvnelovan gavlenas axdens. saqarTvelo am ori Zlieri
monRoluri qveynis interesebis sferoSi eqceva, mimdinareobs maT Soris
brZola am regionSi gavlenis mosapoveblad. iranis teritoriaze Camoyalibe-
bulma ilxanTa monRolurma saxelmwifom Tavis politikur centrad
azerbaijani aqcia. CrdiloeTis ulusi samxreTisaken saZovrebisa da
mniSvnelovani savaWro gzebis xelSi Cagdebas cdilobs, ilxanTa
sapirispiro moqmedebani ki oqros urdos azerbaijanze uflebebs uspobs,
rasac baTo-yaenis Camomavalni, TavianTi strategiuli miznebidan
gamomdinare, advilad ver Seeguebodnen.
oqros urdosa da ilxanebs Soris winaaRmdegobam saqarTvelos isedac
rTuli mdgomareoba kidev ufro daamZima. qarTul diplomatias lavirebis
saocari unaris gamovlineba sWirdeba, saqarTvelos xelisufleba
cdilobda, droebiT, erT misTvis sasargeblo mxares gadaxriliyo, magram
momavlis perspeqtiviT arc meore mxaresTan moeWra misasvleli gzebi.
qarTuli diplomatia `ormag TamaSs~ eweva, monRolTa Soris mwvave
dapirispirebas moxerxebulad iyenebs, xSirad mimarTavs xerxs _ ilxanebs
darialanis karis gaxsniT emuqreba (an gaxsnis SesaZleblobiT), riTac
samefo kari garkveul Sedegebsac aRwevs. ganuwyveteli mtroba da dapiris-
pireba, rogorc pirveli, ise meore monRoluri saxelmwifos xelisuflebas
aiZulebs, TavianT politikasa da diplomatiur gegmebSi yovelTvis
gaeTvaliswinebinaT saqarTvelos interesebi. mravalsaukunovanma
koniunqturam gamoiwvia iseTi xerxebis gamoyenebis aucilebloba, rogoricaa
e. w. `aziuri eSmakoba~, orientaciis monacvleoba, ucxo Zalis xSiri mozidva
da sxv. qarTuli diplomatia sakmao warmatebebsa da dampyrobelTagan gar-
kveul kompromisebs aRwevs.
XIII s-is saqarTveloSi `ormefobis~ warmoSobisa da daviT narinis
dasavleT saqarTveloSi gadasvlis Sedegad, iuridiulad jer kidev erTian
saqarTveloSi realurad ori politikuri organizacia Camoyalibda. orive
samefo taxti Tavis damoukidebel diplomatias awarmoebs monRolebis
winaaRmdeg. CrdiloeTis ulussa da ilxanebs Soris atexil brZolebSi Ziri-
Tadad aRmosavleTi saqarTvelo da misi mefeebi arian CaTreulni.

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 pirvel rigSi, aseT dapirispirebaSi daviT ulu aRmoCnda: daviT VII-is
(ulus) intensiuri urTierToba jer kidev baTo-yaenTan hqonda.
diplomatiuri TvalsazrisiT, sainteresoa is pativi, romelic daviT ulum
baTo-yaenisagan miiRo: `maSin Seiwyala yaenman daviT mefe, da mosca suquri
saCrdilobeli, romeli sxuasa aravis aqundis, TВnier yaenTa da naTesavTa
maTsa~... baTosagan dabrunebuli daviT ulu axla ukve ilxanebTan midis.
ilxanebsa da oqros urdos Soris dapirispirebam gansakuTrebiT mwvave
xasiaTi berqa (1255-1266) da hulagu (1256-1265) yaenebis dros miiRo. cnobilia,
mag., rogori brZola dasWirda saqarTvelos samxreT sazRvrebTan momTabare
CrdiloeTis ufliswulis erT-erT urdos (vinme alaTemuris meTaurobiT),
raTa ukan dabrunebuliyo. moxda hulagu-yaenis TaTar-qarTvelTa jarisa da
alaTemuris Setakeba, rasac Sedegad saqarTvelos sxvadasxva regionis
aoxreba mohyva. sabolood, man ZaliT gaikvlia gza da CrdiloeTis ulusSi
SeZlo gadasvla.
ilxanebs, da, kerZod, hulagu-yaens, mwvave dapirispireba hqondaT maT
upirveles mterTan _ egviptesTan. daviT VII-s, yaenis moTxovniT, monRolTa
droSis qveS, mamluqTa winaaRmdeg mimarTul laSqrobebSi uxdeba
monawileobis miReba. rac dro gadis, ilxanTa moTxovnebi, maT operaciebSi
qarTvelTa monawileobis Sesaxeb, ufro da ufro intensiuri xdeba. daviT
ulus samefo taxts isedac autaneli mdgomareoba hqonda Seqmnili, amitom
1260 wels igi ajanyda da dasavleT saqarTveloSi gadavida. daviT ulusa da
daviT narinis Tanamefoba dasavleT saqarTveloSi mcire xniT gagrZelda _
qarTulma saSinao diplomatiam ver uzrunvelyo ori mefis TanxmobiT
cxovreba. daviT VII ulu Seqmnil viTarebaSi iZulebuli gaxda, ilxanebTan
Serigeba ecada. man swori diplomatiuri nabiji gadadga da aSkara brZola-
dapirispirebas molaparakebis gza amjobina. urTierTobis mowesrigebaSi
ilxanTa iranic dainteresebuli iyo. `ineba kualad yaenman zavi mefisa~,
magram vidre `zavis yofa~ moxdeboda, winaswar saTanado diplomatiuri sa-
muSaos Catareba da Sesabamisi garantiebis miReba iyo saWiro_am dros
dedofali gvanca da mefis Ze demetre monRolebs ukve urdoSi hyavdaT.
iwyeba mociqulTa gacvla zavis sakiTxze. diplomatiuri molaparakebis
erT-erTi organizatoria im periodis gamorCeulad aqtiuri figura enuq
arquni, romelic mopirispire mxareebs Soris _ `Sua~ Tavdebad Cadga. enuq
arquni, diplomatiaSi sakmaod gawvrTnili moRvawe, Semdegac araerTxel Cans
daviTsa da ilxnebs Soris warmoebuli molaparakebebis dros. enuqi TviTon
mivida daviT ulusTan da usafrTxoebis fici misca mefes. daviT ulu Tavs
ikavebs ilxanTa centrSi wasvlaze da mizezad sxvadasxva garemoebas
asaxelebs. aq kargad warmoCnda darialanis karis mniSvneloba, naTelia, Tu
rogor muSaobs misi fenomeni, rogor eSiniaT ilxanebs misi `gaxsnisa~ da
ramdenad axdens igi gavlenas diplomatiur urTierTobaTa ganviTarebaze. sa-
kiTxis aseTi kuTxiT dasmis Semdeg ilxanTa pozicia Seicvala, yaeni
daTmobebze wavida da garantiebis Sesrulebazec piroba ganacxada. enuq
arquni TbilisSi midis, misi da lixTimereTidan gadmosuli daviT mefis
Sexvedra `surams Sua~ xdeba. daviT ulus `wigni ficisa~ gadaeca. enuqTan
molaparakebis Semdeg mefe urdoSi wasvlaze Tanxmdeba. TbilisSi daviT
ulus yofnisas yaenisagan kvlav elCi igzavneba, romelic mis sityvebs
gadascems mefes: `mefesa movindob, xolo papa sargiss ara movindob~,
miuxedavad amisa, sargis jayeli mefesTan erTad yaenis karze mainc
gamocxadda.

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 daviT ulus hulagum umZimesi braldeba wauyena, `arRara aqunda pasuxi
migebad mefesa~. daviT ulus exmarebian sargis jayeli, sadun mankaberdeli,
romelic am dros Targmnida maT sityvebs, da enuq arquni.
daviT ulu gadarCa. erTi SexedviT ise Cans, TiTqos, mis momxreTa
argumentebma gaWres, sinamdvileSi saqme sul sxva viTarebam Semoatriala. ra
paradoqsulic ar unda iyos, aRmosavleTi saqarTvelos mefe CrdiloeTis
monRolebma gadaarCines. oqros urdosa da ilxanTa winaaRmdegoba
kulminacias aRwevs, daviT ulus sakiTxis garCevisas hulagu-yaenTan mivida
misi moxele, romelmac moaxsena yaens, rom `SeiZra ulusi didi didisa
yaenis baTosi, da Svili misi, yaeni didi berqai, movalis gzasa
darubandisasa...~
oqros urdos samxreTis gzebze gabatonebisaTvis miswrafebas Sedegad
1262 wels berqa-yaenis laSqroba (aseve iyo momdevno periodis
laSqrobebisas) mohyva. 1262 wels darubandTan moxda mZime brZola, romlis
erT-erTi aqtiuri monawileni daviT VII ulu da sargis jayeli iyvnen.
amieridan hulagu-yaenisaTvis aRmosavleTi saqarTvelos mxardaWera da
darialanis dacvis sakiTxi maTTvis sasikeTod unda gadaWriliyo. oqros
urdos gaaqtiurebis gamo, dacvis uzrunvelsayofad, ilxanTa mxarem
qarTvel xelisufalT (kerZod, daviT ulus) da mosaxleobas CrdiloeTis
ulusis mosalodnel SemosevaTa Sesakaveblad sibaze dgoma daakisra
(hulagu-yaenis mier Sarvanis sazRvarTan agebuli TavdacviTi nageboba).
1265 wels adre gazafxulze `didi yaeni~ berqa darubandis gavliT
meored SemoiWra amierkavkasiaSi. ilxanebs ukve axali xani _ abaRa-yaeni
(1265-1282) hyavdaT. daviT ulus samefo diplomatias orientacia kvlav
ilxanebze aqvs. abaRa da berqa yaenebis brZolis poligonad saqarTvelo
iqca, risi acdenac daviT VII ulum ver SeZlo. am laSqrobis dros `Seedva
salmoba rame berqas, da mokuda~, rasac misi jaris ukan gabruneba mohyva.
misma laSqrobebma umZimesi kvali daamCnies saqarTvelos.
Semdgomi etapia ilxani abaRa-yaenisa da CrdiloeTeli ufliswulis _
Tegudaris dapirispireba da maT Soris amtydari omebis xana. am umZimes
brZolaSi saqarTvelo kvlav CarTuli aRmoCnda, man qveynis mTeli samxreTi
regionebi moicva da mxolod 1269/70 wlebSi dasrulda. monRolTa Soris
arsebuli es dapirispireba, romelsac qarTuli teritoriebis aoxrebac mo-
hyva, Tegudaris dapatimrebiT damTavrda.
daviT ulu yovelTvis cdilobda gareSe Zalebi rogorme saqarTvelos
sasikeTod gamoeyenebina, magram amas, Seqmnili viTarebidan gamomdinare,
mxolod zogjer Tu aRwevda. miuxedavad zogierTi warmatebisa, daviT VII
ulus karis diplomatiam ver uzrunvelyo qveynis politikuri da socialur-
ekonomikuri viTarebis gamosworeba.
daviT VII ulus mefobis xanaSive adgili hqonda umZimes faqts: monRolTa
mier kargad mofiqrebuli politikis Sedegad 1266 wels qarTul samefos
garkveuli xniT gamoeyo samcxe, romelic `xas-injud~ iqca da uSualod
yaens daeqvemdebara. es iyo XIII s-is qarTuli diplomatiis erT-erTi udidesi
marcxi.
1270 wels samefo taxtze demetre II Tavdadebuli adis. misi mcire-
wlovanebis gamo abaRa-yaenma mefes meurved sadun mankaberdeli dauniSna.
monRolTave gadawyvetilebiT, demetrem mas aTabagoba uboZa. qveynis
faqtobrivi gamgebeli niWieri, gaqnili politikosi da moxerxebuli
diplomati _ sadun mankaberdeli xdeba. misi aseTi gadidkaceba monRoluri

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diplomatiis nayofi iyo da maTsave wisqvilze asxamda wyals. monRolebi,
rogorc sxva periodebSi, axlac dapyrobil qveynebSi maT mier aRzevebul
medroveebs eyrdnobian da marjved iyeneben TavianTi politikis
gasatareblad. sadunis aTabagoba-amirspasalarobam da am kuTxiT monRolTa
zewolam mniSvnelovnad gansazRvra demetre Tavdadebulis politika da misi
diplomatiis ZiriTadi mimarTulebani. mamluqTa egviptisa da ilxanTa irans
Soris arsebuli dapirispirebis periodSi hulaguianTa vasali demetre II
iZulebulia yaenis mier egviptis sasulTnos winaaRmdeg warmoebul
brZolebSi mudmivad miiRos monawileoba.
demetre II im diplomatiuri xazis gamtarebelia, romliTac prioriteti
eZleva ara aSkara brZolasa da daumorCileblobas, aramed erTgvarad
pasiur, morCil politikas da aseT viTarebaSi, lavirebis saSualebiT,
garkveuli SeRavaTebisa Tu kompromisebis miRwevas. monRolTa batonobis
periodis qarTuli diplomatiis es xazi saqarTvelos samefo karis
diplomatiuri saqmianobis meore mimarTulebas upirispirdeba, rodesac
prioriteti orientaciis monacvleobas da mopirispire Zalaze dayrdnobas
eZleva, mag., egviptis sasulTnos Tu oqros urdos gamoyenebas ilxanTa
batonobis winaaRmdeg da sxv. ra Sedegi SeiZleba moetana demetres
politikas: es iyo cda, rom erTgulebisa da Tavganwirvis safasurad
saqarTvelos xelisufalT ilxanebisagan qveynisaTvis garkveuli
kompromisebi mainc moepovebinaT.
ilxanebisa da oqros urdos mwvave urTierTdapirispirebis pirobebSi
abaRa-yaeni iZulebulia diplomatiuri saqmianoba gaaaqtiuros da
mokavSireebi eZebos. man axali kuTxiT daayena hulaguianebisa da
qristianuli samyaros damokidebulebis sakiTxi. aseT viTarebaSi bunebrivi
Cans hulaguianTa cdebi qristianul evropasTan diplomatiuri kavSiris
damyarebisaTvis. 1276-1277 wlebSi adgili hqonda saintereso faqts
diplomatiur urTierTobaTa istoriis TvalsazrisiT: ilxanebisa da
egviptis mwvave dapirispirebis gamo da monRolTa mier dasavleTSi
mokavSireebis Zebnis mizniT, 1276 wels evropaSi abaRa-yaenis qarTveli
elCebi _ Zmebi ioane da iakobi Cadian. am diplomatiuri misiis mizans
monRolebsa da dasavleT evropas Soris kavSiris Sekvra warmoadgenda,
rasac erTiani laSqrobis momzadeba da ganxorcieleba unda mohyoloda
mamluqTa sasulTnos winaaRmdeg.
1276 wlis Semodgomaze qarTvelma elCebma romis paps abaRa-yaenis werili
Cautanes, rac manamde romis papis mier yaenisadmi gagzavnili diplomatiuri
misiidan gamomdinare pasuxs warmoadgenda. qarTvel elCebs davalebuli
hqondaT papisaTvis gadaecaT, rom monRolTa didi yaenis _ yubilais
survilia monRoleTSi misionerebis gagzavna qristianuli religiis propa-
gandis mizniT. monRolTa mier elCebad qarTvelebis _ ioanesa da iakobis
arCeva SemTxveviTi ar unda yofiliyo.
1277 wels abaRa-yaenis qarTveli elCebi audienciaze warsdgnen saf-
rangeTis mefis _ filipe III-isa da inglisis mefis _ eduard I-is winaSe.
isini didi pativiT miiRes. radgan palestinaSi inglisTan erTad
Cafiqrebuli erTiani operaciis Sesrulebisas monRolebma ipasiures, amitom
abaRa-yaeni, qarTveli elCebis saSualebiT, bodiSs uxdis inglisis mefes da
xelmeored gaerTianebas sTavazobs saerTo mtris winaaRmdeg. am
diplomatiur misias realuri Sedegebi ar mohyolia _ diplomatiuri
urTierToba imiT damTavrda, rom eduard I-ma miminoebi gaugzavna abaRa-

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yaenis Zes, arRun-yaens, xolo am ukanasknelma leopardi ufeSqaSa inglisis
mefes.
demetreseuli `TamaSis~ STambeWdavi magaliTia mefis `diplomatiuri~
qorwinebani: misi pirveli Tanamecxedre trapizonis keisris asuli iyo,
riTac man berZnul qristianul samyarosTan urTierTobis sakiTxi moagvara;
meore _ monRolTa erT-erTi noinis qaliSvili _ solRari, amiT igi
cdilobs monRolTa samefo karisadmi damokidebulebis mowesrigebas, anu
monRolTa sakiTxis `ganeitralebas~ da urdodan garkveuli mxardaWeris mi-
Rebas; mesame _ samcxis mTavris _ beqa I jayelis asuli _ naTela, riTac
imedovnebs samefo taxtis samsaxurSi mesxeTis Cayenebas.
1281 wels, sadun mankaberdelis gardacvalebis Semdeg, demetre II-m
aTabagoba Tavis aRmzrdels _ tarsaiW orbels gadasca, riTac sadunis
memkvidre _ yuTlu-buRa gadaimtera. mefis es nabiji tragikuli aRmoCnda.
amas Tan daerTo urdoSi gaxSirebuli dinastiuri uTanxmoebani,
SeTqmulebebi da gadatrialebani, raSic demetre mefec aRmoCnda CaTreuli:
mefes megobruli damokidebuleba hqonda ilxanTa pirvel emir buRasTan,
romelic urdos faqtobrivi gamgebeli iyo. igi yaenis karze saqarTvelos
mefes uWerda mxars sxvadasxva mniSvnelovani sakiTxis gadawyvetisas. 1288
wels arRunis (1284-1291) winaaRmdeg gamJRavnebuli SeTqmulebis xelmZR-
vaneloba buRas dabralda, ris gamoc igi sikvdiliT dasajes. demetre II
yaenis karze daibares. urdoSi wasvlis win darbazobaze man monRolebTan
misi gamocxadebis aucilebloba daasabuTa da brZolis _ dapirispirebis
gza uaryo. es sityva saprogramo dokumentia, romelic, sxva faqtebTan
erTad, xazs usvams demetre II-is diplomatiis kursis mTavar niSnebs.
umTavresi meTodia, sakuTari TviTSewirvisa Tu daTmobis fasad, didi sa-
xelmwifoebrivi problemebis gadawyveta. aseT kritikul momentSi demetre II-
s yaenisaTvis misaRebi politikuri programa ar aRmoaCnda. igi 1289 wels si-
kvdiliT dasajes.
d) dasavleTi saqarTvelos diplomatiuri kontaqtebi XIII saukunis II
naxevarSi. daviT VI narinis dasavleT saqarTveloSi gadasvliT,
`Tanamefoba~ `ormefobiT~ icvleba, iuridiulad jer kidev erTian qveyanaSi
ori damoukidebeli samefo taxti yalibdeba Tavisi Sesabamisi saSinao Tu
sagareo politikiTa da sammarTvelo aparatiT. politikurma sinamdvilem
saqarTvelo or calkeul erTeulad aqcia. 1256 wels aRmosavleTi
saqarTvelo ilxanTa monRolur saxelmwifos damorCilda. gansaxilvelia,
Tu rogor gadawyda lixsiqiTuri, agreTve daviT narinis statusisa da
dasavleTi saqarTvelos ilxanebTan damokidebulebis sakiTxebi.
monRolebs daviT narinTan zavi ar daudviaT. es misi statusiTa da
ilxanTa diplomatiisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli wesebiT iyo ganpirobebuli.
plano karpini xazgasmiT aRniSnavs, rom `isini aravisTan ar hkraven zavs
imaT garda, vinc maT emorCileboda~. swored aseTi politikis gamtarebelia
daviT narini, rac dasavlur wyaroebSi aisaxa kidec.
saqarTvelos orad gayofis Sesaxeb icodnen evropaSic. iq arsebuli
informaciiT, saqarTvelo gayofilia or samefod, romelTagan erTi aziis
imperators eqvemdebareba, xolo `meores (samefos) ewodeba afxazeTi (anu
das. saqarTvelo), romelic TaTrebs ar emorCileba~.
1243 wlis zavis mixedviT, dasavleTi saqarTvelo, rogorc monRolTa
uzenaesobis nebayoflobiT mcnobeli, ilxanTagan garkveulad Tavisufali
rCeba, radgan igi jer kidev erTiani politikuri erTeulis nawilia.

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rusudan mefis dros lixTimereTic ixdis xarks didi yaenisaTvis, magram
monRolTa umaRlesi moxeleebi da maTi laSqari iq Cayenebuli ar iqna.
viTareba Seicvala daviT narinis lixsiqiTuri mefobis xanaSi.
daviT narinis dasavleT saqarTveloSi mmarTvelobis xasiaTi da mis mier
warmoebuli politika gviCvenebs, rom misi iq mefobiT qveynis am meore
nawilis monRolebisadmi daqvemdebarebas bolo moeRo _ monRolTa
ymadnaficobisagan ganTavisuflda da damoukidebel saxelmwifod
Camoyalibda. daviT narinis ajanyebisa da dasavleT saqarTveloSi
gadasvlis Semdeg, lixTimereTis is politikuri damokidebuleba, romelic
monRolTa sayaenosTan rusudanis dros dadebuli zavis dros damyarda,
Sewyda. dasavleTi saqarTvelo monRolTa ymadnaficobisagan ganTavisuflda
da sruli damoukidebloba moipova.
monRolebi daviT narinis dros dasavleT saqarTveloSi TavianTi
uflebebis aRdgenas cdiloben da, bunebrivia, misi gardacvalebis Semdeg
kidev ufro aqtiurdebian. am periodSi (XIII saukunis miwuruli da XIII-XIV
saukuneTa mijna), arsebuli realobebis gaTvaliswinebiT, savaraudoa, rom
dasavleTi saqarTvelo cnobs ilxanTa uzenaesobas da ixdis gadasaxads,
oRond sapirispiro pirobiT: monRolTa laSqari da ilxanTa maRali
moxeleebi lixTimereTis samefoSi ar unda Sevidnen.
`quTaisis taxtidan~ daviT narinis mier warmoebuli diplomatiuri
saqmianoba gviCvenebs, rom igi moxerxebuli, frTxili politikosia da
kargad sargeblobs lixsiqiTuri originaluri mdgomareobiT. daviT narinis
pirveli safiqrali ilxanebia, romelTac igi aujanyda. mefe garegnulad
yovelmxriv cdilobs, ar gaaRizianos TaTrebi da zogjer garkveul
Tanxmobasac miaRwios (mag., Tegudaris SemTxvevaSi); samagierod, monRolebma
kargad ician daviT mefis fasi da iZulebulni arian, aseTi mdgomareobis
miuxedavad, daTmobaze wavidnen.
ilxanebTan aseT damokidebulebaSi myofi daviT narinis samefo karis
diplomatia ZiriTadad orientacias im qveynebze iRebs, romlebsac Tavad
hqondaT hulaguianebTan mtruli urTierToba. ilxanebs samxedro konfliqti
aqvT egviptis mamluqTa saxelmwifosTan, aqtiurad muSaobs maTTan dapiris-
pirebuli berqa-yaenis faqtoric; amitom daviT narinisaTvis maT ar scaliaT.
qarTvel mefes xelsayreli dro xelidan ar unda gaeSva da Seqmnili saer-
TaSoriso viTareba sworad gamoeyenebina. aqedan gamomdinarea daviT narinis
diplomatiuri saqmianoba egviptesa da oqros urdosTan keTilganwyobili,
urTierTsasargeblo kavSirebis damyarebis mizniT. daviT narini ramdenime
mniSvnelovani sakiTxis mogvarebas cdilobs: axalwarmoqmnili
saxelmwifosaTvis upirveles amocanas warmoadgenda izolaciis Tavidan
acileba, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, amas, SesaZloa, mtris pirispir marto
darCena mohyoloda. am diplomatiur kontaqtebsa Tu kavSirebs daviT
narinis samefos damoukideblobisaTvis ufro mtkice garantiebi unda Seeqmna
da ukve sxva problemebis gadawyvetis safuZveli gamxdariyo _ maT Soris,
saqarTvelos politikuri gavlenis aRdgena Tu SenarCuneba trapizonis
imperiaSi da sxv.
izolaciis garRvevisaken pirveli nabiji egviptesa da oqros urdosTan
kontaqtebis damyareba iyo, miT umetes, am periodSi maTTan dakavSireba
SedarebiT gaadvilda: 1261-1262 wlebSi bizantiis imperators _ mixeil VIII
paleologsa da egviptis sulTans _ baibarss Soris daido xelSekruleba,
romlis mixedviTac xmelTaSua zRvispireTis muslimuri qveynebidan Savi

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zRva mxolod mamluqTa egviptisaTvis gaxda Ria. xelmeored aseTi xasiaTis
xelSekruleba 1281 wels daido, romelic garantirebuls xdida gadaad-
gilebis uSiSroebas egviptesa da CrdiloeT SavizRvispireTs Soris
bizantiaze gavliT. aseTi viTareba, sxva problemebis mogvarebasTan erTad,
elCebsac uadvilebda moZraobas.
amave periodSi, 1260 wels damyarda megobruli urTierToba da kavSiri
egviptesa da oqros urdos Soris, romelic Semdgom periodSic
grZeldeboda. aRricxulia, rom es saxelmwifoebi erTmaneTSi 50 elCobas
ukeTeben organizacias, rac diplomatiur urTierTobaTa maRal
intensivobaze metyvelebs. am saerTaSoriso molaparakebebSi saqarTvelos
sakiTxs saTanado adgili ukavia da daviT narini arsebuli viTarebiT
maqsimalurad sargeblobs.
mamluqTa sulTnis despanebi 1260-1263 wlebSi unda swveodnen
saqarTvelos SavizRvispireTs da daemyarebinaT diplomatiuri urTierToba
dasavlurqarTul saxelmwifosTan. Tu daviT V ulu iZulebulia monRolTa
droSis qveS egviptis winaaRmdeg laSqrobebSi miiRos monawileoba, daviT
narinis samefo kari, piriqiT, ilxanTa winaaRmdeg brZolisa da Zalebis
gaerTianebis imediT, specialur diplomatiur misiebs ukeTebs organizebas
da egviptis sulTan baibarsTan (1260-1277) gzavnis. daviT narinis elCebi
sulTnis karze didZali saCuqrebiT 1264-1265 wlebSi gamocxadebulan.
baibarsi qarTvelTa elCobam da maTma poziciam metad gaaxara, radgan didi
mniSvneloba hqonda, rom hulagu-yaenis mowinaaRmdege misi mokavSire
yofiliyo. lixTimereTisa da egviptis urTierTkontaqtebi megobrul xasiaTs
atarebdnen. 1268 wels qarTveli elCebi kvlav kairos swvevian da
baibarsisTvis TavianTi mefis werilic miurTmeviaT. daviT narinis elCebi
egvipteSi Savi zRviT Cavidodnen, am or saxelmwifos Soris XIII s-is 60-ian
wlebSi, diplomatiur urTierTobaTa Sedegad, pirdapiri sazRvao kavSiris
damyarebac unda momxdariyo. egviptis sulTans sxva miznebic hqonda _
gansakuTrebiT, igi tyveTa syidviT iyo dainteresebuli; tyveTa eqsporti
baibarsma daiwyo, rasac xeli Seuwyo 1261-1262 wlebisa da 1281 wlis egvipte-
bizantiis xelSekrulebebma. sulTani am sakiTxis mosagvareblad
SavizRvispireTSi Tavis specialur agentebsac ki gzavnis.
daviT narins kargad esmoda, rom ilxanTa Soreul mowinaaRmdegesTan _
egviptesTan kavSiris damyareba ver uzrunvelyofda misi qveynis
usafrTxoebas. amitom, man Tavisi moqmedebis erT-erT gzad monRolTa Soris
arsebuli winaaRmdegobisa da Sinauri dapirispirebis xelSewyoba da,
Sesabamisad, viTarebis Tavis sasikeTod gamoyeneba scada. arsebuli
saerTaSoriso ZalTa ganawilebidan gamomdinare, daviT narins intensiuri
urTierToba unda hqonoda CrdiloeTis ulusTan. oqros urdos yaenebi
TavianT mowinaaRmdege ilxanebs marto samxedro ZaliT ki ar ebrZodnen,
aramed maT mier migzavnili agentebisa da SeTqmulebebis mowyobis gziT.
erT-erTi aseTi monRolia Tegudari _ CrdiloeTis ulusis `erT
metomeTagani~, romelsac abaRa-yaenis taxtidan Camogdeba unda
ganexorcielebina da romelic daviT narinma didi pativiT miiRo. abaRa-yaeni
ver axerxebs Tegudaris xelSi Cagdebas, radgan saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi am
ukanasknels yovelTvis SeuZlia dasavleT saqarTvelos Seafaros Tavi,
sadac ilxanTa xans xeli aRar miuwvdeba. abaRam daviT narinTan
diplomatiuri molaparakeba amjobina da Tavisi elCebi miugzavna. sxva
viTarebaSi, safiqrelia, daviT narini ilxanebs uars SeuTvlida, magram

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qarTveli mefisaTvis cnobili xdeba Ralati Tegudaris mxridan, ris gamoc
maT Tanxmoba SeuTvala. amis Semdeg abaRa-yaensa da daviT mefes Soris urTi-
erTobis normalizebis momentebic gamoCnda, Tumca aseTi viTareba droebiTi
aRmoCnda daviT narinis mier dasavleT saqarTveloSi vinme RalRuris
miRebis gamo.
daviT narini ilxanTa mowinaaRmdege sxvadasxva Zalis erTiani frontiT
organizebis erT-erTi xelmZRvanelia. am mxriv, selCukebi sasurveli
mokavSireni unda yofiliyvnen. maTi erTi nawili kvlav agrZelebs brZolas
ilxanTa winaaRmdeg, amave dros taxtze ori wlis asakSi adis yias ad-din
qeihusrev III (1266-1283), ris gamoc rumis faqtobrivi gamgebeli muin ad-din
fervane xdeba. fervanes daviT narinis da _ Tamari (gurji-xaTuni) hyavda
colad. aqedan gamomdinare, muin ad-din fervanes politikisa da rumSi anti-
ilxanuri moZraobis ganviTarebaSi mis colisZmas _ daviT narins saTanado
wvlili udevs; masve mniSvnelovani roli unda Seesrulebina mcire aziis
selCukebisa da mamluqebis dakavSirebaSic.
qarTuli diplomatia yovelTvis gansakuTrebul yuradRebas uTmobda
bizantiaSi mimdinare movlenebs _ es iyo misi erT-erTi mTavari da
prioritetuli mimarTuleba. bizantiis Sinapolitikur brZolebsa da mis
dasustebas daemata XIII s-is damdegis qarTuli samefo diplomatiis erT-
erTi udidesi gamarjveba _ trapizonis imperiis Seqmna, romlis Semdegac
samefo karis mudmivi safiqrali es sakiTxic gaxda. miT umetes, ase iyo mis
uSualo teritoriul mezoblobaSi myofi lixTimereTis samefosaTvis. am
periodSi, kerZod, 1204-1261 wlebSi konstantinopoli e. w. `laTinTa imperiis~
dedaqalaqia. 1261 wels mixeil VIII paleologma konstantinopoli aiRo da
bizantiis imperia aRadgina. maSinve myardeba bizantia-saqarTvelos Soris
diplomatiuri urTierTobebi. amaze metyvelebs daaxl. 1267 wels daviT
narinis mier mixeil paleologis asulis colad SerTva, rac am
saxelmwifoebs Soris dadebuli xelSekrulebis erT-erT pirobad moCans.
saqarTvelos xelisuflebas sagangebo SeTanxmeba unda hqonoda dadebuli
bizantiis saimperatoro karTan, romelic konstantinopolis gziT
dasavleTisa da aRmosavleTis qveynebSi mimavali qarTvelebis uSiSroebas
daicavda.
daviT narinis politikis erT-erTi umTavresi sakiTxi trapizonis
imperiasTan urTierToba, iq Zveli qarTuli gavlenis aRdgena da SenarCuneba
iyo _ am SemTxvevaSi dasavleTi saqarTvelo samarTlianad gvevlineba
sruliad saqarTvelos warmomadgenlis rolSi. is didi daniSnuleba,
romelic trapizonis samefos unda Seesrulebina, bolomde ver
ganxorcielda. berZnul-Wanur niadagze aSenebuli sakeisro male viwro
CarCoebSi Camoyalibda da ase darCa bizantiis gverdiT. miuxedavad amisa,
trapizonis samefoSi, romelic ZiriTadad qarTveluri tomebiT iyo
dasaxlebuli, qarTuli saxelmwifoebriobis gavlenas principuli
mniSvneloba eniWeboda. daviT narini mudmivad adevnebs Tvalyurs iq
mimdinare procesebs da winandeli upiratesobis SenarCunebas cdilobs.
bizantia sapirispirod iyenebs yovel garTulebas, xan damoyvrebis, xanac
diplomatiuri Tu sxva gzebiT ibrZvis Tavisi gavlenis mosapoveblad.
imperator giorgi komnenosis (1266-1280) dros trapizon-saqarTvelos
Soris mWidro urTierToba arsebobda. keisari saqarTvelodan garkveuli
mxardaWeriTac sargeblobda. daviT mefesa da trapizonis imperators Soris
Tanxmoba iyo, xolo rizes mxare da md. Woroxis Senakadis _ murRulis

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xeoba, sadac korideTi mdebareobs, XIII s-is bolos saqarTvelos mefisa da
trapizonis imperatoris kondominiums warmoadgenda, rac niSnavs umaRlesi
xelisuflebis erTobliv ganxorcielebas garkveul teritoriaze ori an
meti saxelmwifos mier. igi emyareboda saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebas,
romelic warmoadgenda am regionze pretenziebis mqone saxelmwifoTaSoris
kompromiss. daviT narini am regions yovelTvis gamorCeul yuradRebas uT-
mobda _ Woroxis auzis did nawils qarTveli mefe ganagebda da es qarTuli
diplomatiis did warmatebad unda miviCnioT.
saerTaSoriso viTarebis arasaxarbielod ganviTareba TandaTanobiT
asustebs saqarTvelos gavlenas trapizonis sakeisroSi: monRolebs ikoniis
selCukiani sulTani, Tavisi mokavSireebiT, ukve damarcxebuli hyavs,
trapizonelebic iZulebulni arian, maTTvis xarkis gadaxda ikisron, Tavad
saqarTvelos mniSvnelovani nawili monRolTa mierve aris dapyrobili.
aseTi mdgomareobiT sargeblobs bizantia da mezobel trapizonis
saxelmwifoSi Tavisi gavlenis gavrcelebas da saqarTvelos poziciebis
srul mospobas cdilobs. qarTuli orientaciis dasi mniSvnelovan Seviwroe-
bas ganicdis. gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia imperatorebis _ mixeil VIII (1259-
1282) da andronike II (1282-1328) paleologebis mmarTvelobis xana. mixeil VIII-
m eSmakobiTa da ZaladobiT konstantinopolSi miityua keisari ioane II (1280-
1297) da iZulebiT daaqorwina, riTac saqarTvelos poziciebs mniSvnelovani
safrTxe Seeqmna. daviT narins ar SeeZlo reagirebis gareSe daetovebina
movlenebis aseTi kuTxiT ganviTareba. am agresiul qmedebaTa sapasuxo
nabijia 1282 wels, qarTuli gavlenis aRsadgenad, sakeisros sazRvrebSi
jaris Seyvana da dedaqalaqis alya. marTalia, daviT narinma qalaqi ver
aiRo, magram trapizonamde yvela teritoria daikava. amas, sakeisros am
teritoriaze, misi gavlenis gavrceleba mohyva. dasavlurqarTuli
saxelmwifos xelisufalni aseTi SedegebiT ar kmayofildebian da arsebul
dapirispirebaSi axali personaJi SemohyavT _ Tavad trapizonis imperatoris
da _ Teodora, romelic saqarTveloSi iyo gaTxovili. daviT narinis samefo
karis diplomatia yovelmxriv cdilobs bizantiuri orientaciis mqone
trapizonis keisris, ioane II-is, damarcxebas _ erT-erT gzad misi sakuTari
dis (Teodoras) masTan dapirispirebas miiCnevs.
1284 wels (an 1285 wels) Teodora qarTvelTa daxmarebiT trapizonis
sakeisroSi SeiWra da keisris taxti daikava, rasac iq saqarTvelos
politikuri gavlenis damyareba mohyva. male viTareba arasaxarbielod
Seicvala da xelisufleba kvlav ioane II-m daibruna.
trapizonTan saqarTvelos mWidro urTierTobisa da lixsiqiTuri
viTarebis Sedegad dasavlurqarTuli saxelmwifos teritoriaze,
trapizonuli fulis gverdiT, imave tipis adgilobrivi sakuTari monetebis
emisia iwyeba. dasavlurqarTuli vercxlis es fuli `kirmaneuli TeTris~
saxeliTaa cnobili. misi SemoReba garkveul diplomatiur RonisZiebad da
swor nabijad unda CaiTvalos: igi daviT narinis saxelTanaa dakavSirebuli
da lixTimereTis samefos arsebobidan gamomdinareobs. daviT narinma iq
gadasvlis Semdeg monRolTa batonobis qveS myof aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi
gavrcelebuli fuli, gasagebi mizezebis gamo, Tavis samefoSi ar moaWrevina.
aq saxelmwifo struqturebi axlidan ewyoba, amitom aseT pirobebSi
lixTimereTis politikosebs mezoblad mdebare, politikur da ekonomikur
urTierTkavSirSi myof trapizonis imperiis teritoriaze brunvaSi
fexmokidebuli fulis tipi SemoaqvT. `kirmaneuli TeTris~ SemoReba XIII s-is

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II naxevarSi metyvelebs ara marto trapizonTan, aramed dasavleT evropasa
da aRmosavleT aziasTan arsebul gacxovelebul urTierTobebze.
XIII s. miCneulia im periodad, roca Sav zRvaze vaWrobis axali ayvaveba
daiwyo. aman intensiuri gaxada saqarTvelo-venecia-genuis
urTierTkavSirebic: Sav zRvaze dasavleTi evropis qveynebidan yvelaze
Zlieri poziciebi Tavidan venecias eWira, romelmac 1261 wlidan pirveloba
genuis respublikas dauTmo. orive saxelmwifos warmomadgenlebi ukve
moRvaweoben trapizonis imperiasa da ilxanTa saxelmwifoebSi, genuelTa
gemebi kaspiis zRvaSic dacuraven. saqarTvelo aqtiurad CaerTo am sagareo
urTierTobebSi, gansakuTrebiT _ lixTimereTis samefo, romelic Savi zRvis
portebis saSualebiT kavSirebs amyarebs dasavleT evropasTan da TviT So-
reul CineT-indoeTTanac ki.
e) samcxis samTavros diplomatiuri kontaqtebi XIII saukunis II naxevarSi.
samefo taxtis mdgomareoba iqamdea misuli, rom mefem `mTavarni da
erisTavni ver scvalnis SiSisaTvis yaenisa~. intensiurad mimdinareobs
samefo taxtis erTgulTa gadabireba Sewyalebis saSualebiT. yovelive amas,
qveynis erTianobis sabediswerod, samcxe-saaTabagos `xas-injud~
Camoyalibeba mohyva.
daviT ulusa da sargis jayelis sanimuSo patronymuri urTierToba
sayaenos did siZneleebs uqmnida. monRoluri dampyrobluri politika
didxans ver aitanda aseT viTarebas. ilxanuri diplomatia ganxeTqilebis
Camogdebaze iwyebs zrunvas. daviT ulus ajanyebis dros mefes
gansakuTrebiT sargis jayelma uerTgula. Semdgom periodSi, berqas
winaaRmdeg brZolaSi damsaxurebisaTvis, yaenma `sargis jayelsa karnuqalaqi
da mimdgomi misi queyana uboZa ieralayiTa~, ramac pirveli bzari gaaCina
mefesa da erTgul vasals Soris. sabolood, Sedegi saqarTvelos erTia-
nobisaTvis savalalo aRmoCnda: 1266 wels samcxe-saaTabago `xas-injud~ iqca
da uSualod yaens daeqvemdebara. Seqmnili viTarebis Sesaxeb arsebobs JamTa-
aRmwerelis lakoniuri gamoTqma: samcxis mTavari `msaxurebdes yaans abaRas
da morCilebdes mefesa dimitris~. aq urTulesi viTarebaa xazgasmuli: `xasi~
feodali, romelic uSualod yaens emsaxureba, TandaTan eTiSeba
saqarTvelos samefo centrs. amave dros, samcxis mTavrebi saqarTvelos
mefis ymobidan ar gamosulan, saSinao saqmeebis mxriv maTi valdebulebani
centris mimarT Zveleburadve rCeba; Tumca mefis uflebebi vasalze Zalze
SezRudulia da nominalur xasiaTs atarebs.
`ulusianobidan~ gamomdinare, samcxis mTavarTa diplomatiuri saqmianoba
ZiriTadad ilxanebzea orientirebuli. maTTan urTierToba mSvidobian da
mowesrigebul xasiaTs atarebda, Tumca yovelTvis wynari ar yofila: mag.,
sargis da beqa jayelebis gandgoma da buRas Zmis _ aruxas (ariy buqas)
gamogzavna, rac 1280 wliT TariRdeba.
male abaRa-yaenma ineba `warslva egВpted~, 1282 wels laSqrobas damasko-
egvipteSi monRoli ufliswuli mangu Timuri xelmZRvanelobda. man garda
demetre Tavdadebulisa beqa jayelsac mouwoda, mieRo laSqrobaSi
monawileoba. gamdgari beqa SurisZiebis SiSiT monRolebisagan uvneblobis
fics iTxovs. diplomatiis istoriis TvalsazrisiT, daculia saintereso
faqti, Tu rogor xdeba uvneblobis ficisa da garantiis micema-gaformeba:
gaxarebulma da nasiamovnebma mangu Timurma `oqrosa wylisa Sesmisa Sehfica
da yoveli simtkice aRuTqua, da mosca beWedi, romeli ecua TiTsa missa,
rameTu ese iyo mtkice saficari. da auwyes mociqulTa ese yoveli beqasa~.

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beqa I jayeli marTlac eaxla ilxanebs da abaRa-yaenma mas `friad pativ-sca~
da `esreT warvides misreTs~.
beqa jayeli sul ufro Zlierdeba da samflobelo teritoriebsac
afarToebs. am periodSi, kerZod, 1284 wlis Semdgom, saSinao diplomatiis
TvalsazrisiT saintereso faqti xdeba: demetre II Tavdadebuli colad
irTavs beqa jayelis asuls. amas, TiTqos, unda moewesrigebina centrisa da
gamdgari vasalis urTierToba. amave dros, aseTi SeuRleba naTlad
metyvelebs samcxis statussa da misi mTavris mdgomareobaze.
XIII s-is bolos beqa jayelis mdgomareoba kidev ufro mtkicdeba da
`TВT arRara warvidis arca yaens winaSe da arca mefes Tana~...
am periodSi samcxis sagareo politikis erT-erTi mTavari mimarTulebaa
trapizonis imperiasTan urTierTobis sakiTxi:
1297 wels trapizonis taxtze qarTuli orientaciis mqone keisari aleqsi
II komnenosi (1297-1330) avida. mis saxelTanaa dakavSirebuli sakeisros
sagareo politikis kursis Secvla: bizantiis zedamxedvelobidan
ganTavisufleba, andronike paleologis meurveobis uaryofa da orientacia
sxva mezobel samefo-samTavroebze, romelTa Soris samcxe-saaTabagos
mniSvnelovani adgili ekava.
aleqsi II keisari samcxis mTavris _ beqa I jayelis asulze daqorwinda,
rac misi qarTuli orientaciis damadasturebelia da rasac didi
mniSvneloba hqonda trapizon-samcxes Soris diplomatiur urTierTobaTa
ganviTarebis TvalsazrisiT. bizantiel diplomatebSi amas didi
imedgacrueba gamouwvevia, magram samoqmedod erTi gza mainc gamounaxavT:
gadauwyvetiaT qorwinebis CaSla; am cdamac bizantiur mxares Sedegi ver
moutana.
beqasa da trapizonis imperators, aleqsis, Soris unda dadebuliyo
xelSekruleba, romlis erT-erT pirobad qorwineba da qarTvelTaTvis
WaneTis gadmocema moCans: `xolo WaneTi sruliad mosca berZenTa mefeman~
da `asuli beqasi colad moiyvana~. samcxe garkveul garantiebs aZlevs
sakeisros da Sesabamis daxmarebasac hpirdeba saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi;
sanacvlod, qarTulma samTavrom miiRo `trapizons aqaTi WaneTiTurT~. beqa I
jayeli trapizonSi qarTuli gavlenis gasaZliereblad ibrZvis da warmate-
bebsac aRwevs. is, rac beqa jayelma am SemTxvevaSi ganaxorciela, es iyo
saqarTvelos momxre dasis kidev erTi gamarjveba trapizonSi. bizantia
viTarebas ver cvlis da mxolod aleqsi II komnenosis gardacvalebis Semdeg
eZleva mas saSualeba qarTuli orientaciis dasis winaRmdeg aqtiuri
brZolisa.
aRniSnuli xelSekruleba Semdegac muSaobs: aleqsi II komnenoss 1301
wels ulaSqria osmalTa sulTnis, sasulTnos damaarseblis _ osman I-is
(1281-1324) winaaRmdeg, kerZod, kerasuntze. qalaqi auRia, xolo misi gamgebeli
Seupyria; am brZolaSi bevri Turqi gaJletila. masSi aqtiuri monawileoba
miuRia aleqsi keisris simamris _ beqa jayelis laSqars.
1308 wels beqa I-is gardacvalebiT dasrulda samcxis samTavros erTi
umniSvnelovanesi epoqa _ `ugvirgvino mefeebis~ _ sargis da beqa jayelebis
mmarTveloba.

$2. saqarTvelos sagareo politika da

diplomatia XIV s-Si

162
 a) `mravalmefianobis” xanis (1298-1318) qarTuli diplomatia.
`mravalmefianobis~ xanis qarTul diplomatias ramdenime ZiriTadi
mimarTuleba axasiaTebda: upirvelesia urTierToba ilxanTa iranTan, aseve,
diplomatiuri kontaqtebi oqros urdosTan, egviptesTan, bizantiasa da tra-
pizonis imperiebTan, selCukebTan, dasavleT evropasTan... diplomatiuri
saqmianoba mimdinareobda yvela aRniSnuli kuTxiT, magram iyo ramdenime
prioritetuli mimarTuleba:
politikurad saqarTvelo ilxanTa monRolur saxelmwifoze da-
mokidebul erTeulad rCeba `gurjistanis vilaieTis~ saxelwodebiT.
qarTvelTa am periodis yvela diplomatiuri nabiji monRolTa batonobis
prizmaSi ganixileba. ilxanebs gamudmebuli brZolebi hqondaT mezobel
saxelmwifoebTan, gansakuTrebiT, oqros urdosa da egviptis sasulTnosTan,
romlebSic qarTvelebic aqtiurad monawileobdnen. am periodis qarTuli
diplomatiis upirvelesi mimarTulebaa, erTi mxriv, ilxanebisa da oqros
urdos, meore mxriv, ilxanTa iranisa da mamluqTa egviptis urTierToba da
masSi saqarTvelos adgili.
`mravalmefianobis~ xanis qarTuli diplomatia demetre Tavdadebulis
Svilis _ daviT VIII-is (1293-1311) mefobiT iwyeba. am periodSi ilxanTa
monRolur saxelmwifos Tavisi qveynis didi reformatori _ yazan-yaeni (1295-
1304) ganagebda.
XIII s-is II naxevarsa da XIV s-is dasawyisSi ilxanebTan saqarTvelos
urTierTobis sferoSi gamoikveTa ori xazi: pirobiTad, pirvels SeiZleba
demetre II Tavdadebulis, xolo meores _ daviT VIII-is xazi vuwodoT.
pirvelSi igulisxmeba naklebi winaaRmdegoba, ajanyebebis formis uaryofa,
monRolTa gulis mosagebad, maT laSqrobebSi gamudmebuli monawileoba da
a. S. es iyo am formiT qveynis gadarCenis erT-erTi cda. aRniSnuli xazis
gamgrZelebelia demetre II-is meore vaJi _ vaxtang III (daviT VIII-is Zma).
daviT VIII-is xazi: garkveul periodSi es aris ajanyeba, aSkara brZola,
Seurigebeli winaaRmdegoba, xolo politikuri situaciis cvlilebebis
Sesabamisad, Sesaferisi gzebis Zieba, maT Sorisaa diplomatiuri
molaparakebebis formac. politikuri klimatis cvlilebis mixedviT, daviT
VIII xan ajanyebulia, xanac diplomati.
sailxanoSi dawyebuli anarqia 1295 wels dasrulda, roca taxtze yazan-
yaeni avida. arsebobda eWvi, rom daviT VIII yazanis mowinaaRmdegeTa banaks
TanaugrZnobda, amitom misi urTierToba yazan-yaenTan Tavidanve gamwvavda,
rac 1297 wels daviT VIII-is ajanyebaSi gadaizarda. swored am dros win
wamoiwia qarTvelTaTvis oqros urdosTan diplomatiuri urTierTobebis
gaaqtiurebis sakiTxma. daviT VIII mTiuleTSi gamagrebisTanave pirvel
diplomatiur misias swored oqros urdoSi gzavnis: `waravlina Zma TВsi
umrwamesi vaxtang elCad~. daviT VIII cdilobs, gamoiyenos oqros urdos
Zalebi yazanis winaaRmdeg sabrZolvelad. mis mier mowyobil pirvel
elCobas oqros urdoSi 1297 wels hqonda adgili.
yazan-yaeni sapasuxo RonisZiebas mimarTavs _ warmogzavna xutluSa,
romelic `dadga tfiliss~; yaens ganzraxuli aqvs daviT mefesTan dazaveba,
myardeba diplomatiuri kontaqtebi ilxanebsa da ajanyebul daviT VIII-s
Soris, igzavneba `mociquli~, iTxoven qarTvelTagan `kacni sarwmunoni
misandobelad~. daviT VIII gzavnis Tavis pirvel misias molaparakebis
sawarmoeblad, romlis SemadgenlobaSi iyvnen: kaTolikosi abrahami, ivane
burseli, tfileli yadi. maT monRolTagan `mZevalni~ iTxoves. ilxanebma

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sapasuxod `misces beWedi yaenisa da simtkice uvneblobisa~. daviT VIII ar
aris kmayofili miRebuli garantiebiT, Seqmnili politikuri situaciiT da
kvlav cdilobs mis xelT arsebuli mZlavri iaraRis gamoyenebas oqros
urdos saxiT. 1298 w. daviT mefe meore elCobas gzavnis oqros urdoSi:
`amisTВs waravlina Zma misi baidu didisa yaenisa ToTxTas winaSe~.
ilxanebma moaxerxes SuRlisa da mtrobis Camogdeba Zmebs _ daviT mefesa da
vaxtang batoniSvils Soris. vaxtangi `Zmisa misisa daviTisagan Sepyrobilca
iyo da patimruli cixesa Jinovanisasa~. Jinvalidan gamoparvisa da ivane
burselis mecadineobis Sedegad gamwvavebuli urTierToba Zmebs Soris
droebiT dacxra, magram vaxtangi urdoSi yazanTan mainc wavida; yazanma
vaxtangi `keTilad Seiwynara da mosca mefoba~.
vaxtang III orjer gamefda _ 1298 da 1302 wlebSi. mis pirvel gamefebas
sayaenoSi 1297 wlis bolos hqonda adgili, xolo TbilisSi gaxelmwifeba
1298 wlis dasawyisSi moxda. zustad am periodze modis daviT VIII-is mier
gagzavnili meore elCoba oqros urdoSi, romelic vaxtang III-is gamefebis
sapasuxod unda daCqarebuliyo. amitomac, mas daviTis meore Zma _ baidu
(baadur) xelmZRvanelobs. yazanma kargad icoda, rom daviT VIII-s SeeZlo
oqros urdosaTvis gza mieca da maT ilxanTa winaaRmdeg brZolaSic realu-
rad daxmareboda. politikuri viTareba iqamdec ki midis, rom oqros urdos
ganzraxvam _ daepyro amierkavkasiis teritoriebi, ilxanebi aiZula ufro
samxreTiT gadaetanaT dasavleT evropasTan damakavSirebeli savaWro gzebi.
yazan-yaens mTeli Tavisi diplomatiuri xelovnebis gamoyeneba dasWirda,
raTa daviT VIII-sa da oqros urdos Soris Camoyalibebuli es kavSiri
daerRvia. yazan-yaenma kvlav gamogzavna xutluSa. daviT VIII-m meore misia
gagzavna: kaTolikosi abrahami, tfileli yadi da ivane burseli. `kualadca
inebes TaTarTa zavis-yofa mefisa da gaugzavnes mociquli~_ mTavari
pirobaa, rom daviTma `ara misces gza baTos SvilisSvilsa didsa yaensa
ToxTas~. daviTis dayabuleba iman daaCqara, rom misi Zma _ vaxtang
batoniSvili mefisaTvis saSiS statuss iZens. daviTma xutluSasTan
`warmoavlina~ kaTolikosi abrahami, tfileli yadi da kvlav ivane burseli.
xutluSam Sehfica da yoveli saTxovneli aRusrula, ris Semdegac
gaxarebulma mefem `warmoavlina meuRle dedofali oljaT~ monRolebTan.
monRolebma mefes `misces piri simtkicisa, da beWedi yaenisa, da
Гelismandili, da aZlies xutluSas Svili sibuCi mZevlad~. xutluSam ol-
jaT dedofali TavisTan daitova, xolo kaTolikosi abrahami, ivane burseli
da tfileli yadi daviT mefesTan gagzavna.
daviTTan Serigebis SesaZlebloba mainc CaiSala, amitom monRolebma
oljaTi aRmosavleTi saqarTvelos samefo karze aRar daabrunes. daviT mef-
em, radgan `cna oljaTis arRara mosvla~, `mizez-yo~, kvlav ar gamocxadda
monRolebTan da igive ivane burseli, kaTolikosi abrahami da tfileli
yadi gagzavna xutluSasTan molaparakebis gasagrZeleblad. amjerad,
movlenebi aRar warimarTa daviT mefis Canafiqris mixedviT _ monRolebma
ukve vaxtangs meored daumtkices mefoba.
ilxanTa iranis diplomatia sakmarisad ar miiCnevs vaxtang III-is
gamefebas, radgan igi iSviaTad imyofeboda samefo karze monRolTa
laSqrobebSi monawileobis gamo. yazan-yaenma daviT VIII-s daupirispira misi
mcirewlovani Zma giorgi (momavali giorgi V brwyinvale). 1299 wels yrma
giorgi monRolebma daamtkices `mefed tfilisisa~.

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 vaxtang III 1299-1300 wlebSi yazan-yaenTan erTad ibrZvis egviptis
winaaRmdeg: gansakuTrebiT mwvave xasiaTisaa laSqrobebi siriisaTvis,
romelic am dros egviptis mamluqTa saxelmwifos SemadgenlobaSi Sedis.
yazan-yaenma 1299-1300 wlebSi siriaSi brZolebis Sedegad sulTan nasin
muhamedis jari daamarcxa da daikava alepo, damasko, siriis sxva qalaqebi;
1300 wels, ierusalimis aRebis Semdeg, mcire xniT, wminda qalaqi
qarTvelebis xelSic ki gadavida. sabolood, yazanis laSqrobebi marcxiT
dasrulda.
mcirewlovani giorgi nominalur `tfilisis mefed~ iqca. vaxtang III-c
iSviaTad imyofeba saqarTveloSi, amitom aRmosavleTi saqarTvelos
mosaxleoba daviT VIII-s miiCnevs kanonier xelisuflad.
radgan saTanado Sedegebi ver miiRes, monRolebma sxva xerxs mimarTes:
daviTs kvlav daupirispires Zma _ vaxtang III da 1302 wels ukve realuri Za-
lauflebiT xelmeored gaamefes: `daipyra tfilisi da yoveli somxiTi,
dmanisi da samSВlde~. 1302 wels mainc moxda garkveuli SeTanxmeba, ris
Sedegadac, Tu am wlamde daviT VIII `zafxul mTiuleTs iyvis da zamTar
qarTlsa~, 1302 wlidan igi gamoiyvanes ra `gueleTiT~, samflobelod misces
javaxeTi da alastani. 1302 wlidan iwyeba daviT VIII-is diplomatiis axali
xana, axali etapi.
saqarTvelos `mravalmefianobis~ xanis (1293-1318) diplomatiaSi erT-erTi
gamorCeuli adgili ukavia ierusalimis jvris monastris
gasaTavisufleblad mowyobil qarTvelTa elCobas. es diplomatiuri misia,
romelsac mniSvnelovani warmatebebi mohyva, ganxorcielda 1305 wels, xolo
misi organizatoria daviT VIII. 1301-1304 wlebSi egviptis sulTnis jarma sam-
jer daamarcxa yazan-yaenisa da vaxtang III-is gaerTianebuli laSqari.
TandaTan ikveTeba, rom ilxanebs aRar SeswevT siria-palestinis dapyrobis
Zala. daviT VIII-is karis diplomatia iTvaliswinebs am moments da egviptes-
Tan awarmoebs molaparakebas, romelTanac, garkveuli kontaqtebis Sedegad,
mniSvnelovani daaxloebac moxerxda.
daviT VIII-m am urTierTobebSi konstantinopolic CarTo: saqarTvelos
mefis despanebi jer bizantiaSi Casulan da imperatorisaTvis daviT VIII-is
wadili ucnobebiaT. imperator andronike II-s (1282-1328) Tavisi despanebic
gauyolebia qarTveli elCebisaTvis. aRniSnuli diplomatiuri misiis
saSualebiT saqarTvelom, jvris monastris ganTavisuflebis TxovnasTan
erTad, egviptis sulTans mokavSireobac aRuTqva.
1305 wels qarTvelTa elCoba warmatebiT dasrulda, egviptem daak-
mayofila daviT VIII-is Txovna da qarTvelebs daubruna wminda salocavi.
egviptis `swavluli xalxis~ gadawyvetilebis safuZvelze qarTvelebs
ierusalimis jvris monasteri gadaecaT da miecaT Tu aRdgenil iqna cxenze
sworad amxedrebis ufleba. es ukve diplomatiuri gamarjveba iyo.
1304 wels gardacvlili yazan-yaenis magivrad taxtze oljaiTu dajda,
romelTanac daviT VIII aqtiur molaparakebas awarmoebs da SeTanxmebasac
aRwevs. amis safuZvelze, monRolebma TavisTan miiwvies misi vaJi _ giorgi VI
mcire aRmosavleTi saqarTvelos samefo taxtze dasamtkiceblad. amis
miRweva sakmao siZneleebTan iyo dakavSirebuli, radgan arsebobda sxva
pretendentic: ilxanTa karze warsdga demetre Tavdadebulis Ze giorgi (mo-
mavali giorgi V brwyinvale), magram yaeni mas samefo taxts ar aZlevs, da-
viT VIII-s mociquls ugzavnis da mis Svils _ giorgi VI mcires iwvevs
sataxtoSi mefobis misaRebad. esec daviT VIII-is diplomatiis mniSvnelovani
gamarjveba iyo. ilxanebTan diplomatiur urTierTobaTa mogvareba 1304-1305
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wlebSi xdeba da giorgi VI mcires sailxanos karze gagzavnac amis Sedegia.
aRmosavleTi saqarTvelos mosaxleoba swored daviT VIII-s aRiarebs qveynis
kanonier xelisuflad, rac aZlevs mas SesaZleblobas, 1305 wlis
diplomatiuri misiis organizatorad mogvevlinos. 1305 wlis elCobidan
Cans, rom daviT VIII-s mowesrigebuli diplomatiuri urTierToba aqvs
bizantiasTan da mis imperator andronike II-Tan. 1305 wlis elCoba
warmatebiT dasrulda _ am diplomatiuri gamarjvebidan iwyeba saqarTvelo-
egviptis diplomatiuri urTierTobebis axali xana. xazgasasmelia, rom amas
qarTuli diplomatia saqarTveloSi monRolTa batonobis pirobebSi aRwevs.
am diplomatiuri warmatebis fonze yuradReba unda mivaqcioT imasac,
rom egviptis diplomatebi ganTqmulni iyvnen saqmis codniTa da moqnilobiT.
am TvalsazrisiT, saqarTvelos `mravalmefianobis~ xanis diplomatiis es
miRweva kidev ufro sagulisxmoa. palestinaSi, maSin rodesac sxva
qristianebs ierusalimSi misvla didad uWirdaT da maTi iq yofna xSirad
saSiSroebas Seicavda, qarTvelebisaTvis kari Ria iyo da isini sruliad
Tavisuflad grZnobdnen iq Tavs. yovelive es ver ganxorcieldeboda Tavad
saqarTvelos mcdelobisa da misi diplomatiis warmatebuli politikis
gareSe.
saqarTvelos `mravalmefianobis~ xanis diplomatiis erT-erTi saintereso
furcelia 1308 wliT daTariRebuli faqti, roca intensiuri diplomatiuri
kontaqtebis Sedegad SesaZlebeli gaxda qarTvelebis xelSi gadmosuliyo
erT-erTi upirvelesi qristianuli siwminde _ golgoTa.
`mravalmefianobis~ xana naTlad metyvelebs saerTaSoriso urTierTo-
bebis Sesaxeb dasavleTsa da saqarTvelos Soris. cnobilia, rom paps _
kliment V-s misionerTa mozrdili jgufi gamougzavnia saqarTveloSi;
franciskeli berebi saTanadod miuRiaT `mravalmefianobis~ xanis
saqarTveloSi, kerZod, daviT VIII-is karze.
1318 w. saqarTvelos samefo taxtze giorgi brwyinvalis asvliT `mraval-
mefianobis~ oci weli (1298-1318) dasrulda. am wlidan qarTul diplomatiaSi
erT-erTi yvelaze ufro gamorCeuli da aqtiuri xana iwyeba _ giorgi V
brwyinvalis diplomatiis epoqa.
b) giorgi V brwyinvalis diplomatia. giorgi V brwyinvale Tavidanve
movlenebis winaswar ganWvretis da kargi diplomatisaTvis damaxasiaTebel
Tvisebebs avlens da ukve 1308 wlidan mainc gezs mTavar emirTan _ Coban
noinTan urTierTobaze iRebs. maT adreve vxedavT erTmaneTis gverdiT. 1314-
1315 wlebSi rumSi momxdari yaramaniis sulTnis _ mahmud farvanes ajanyebis
CasaxSobad oljaiTu-yaeni Coban noinsa da giorgi V-s gzavnis. maT es misia
warmatebiT Seasrules, am periodidan isini sabolood unda
damegobrebuliyvnen. im periodis dasaxelebuli saqarTvelos mefe
`bartilma~ (brTlma), romelic Coban noinis `erTguli megobari da Tana-
moazrea~, amave dros, gamorCeuli da SesaniSnavi xelisufalia qristianTa
Soris, mxolod giorgi V brwyinvale SeiZleba iyos.
sailxanos faqtobriv gamgebel, Coban noinze aRebuli orientacia
marTebuli da Zalze momgebiani aRmoCnda. masTan megobrobas saqarTvelos
mefe moxerxebulad iyenebs da qveynisaTvis sasikeTo saqmeebs mtris xeliT,
mowinaaRmdegis gamoyenebiT axorcielebs. amis miRweva ki giorgi
brwyinvalis didi diplomatobisa da gonivruli politikis ganxorcielebis
Sedegad iyo SesaZlebeli.

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 1316 welsa da 1317 wlis dasawyisSi giorgi VI mciris xelisufleba sabo-
lood sustdeba, xolo giorgi V-is poziciebi ufro da ufro Zlierdeba.
swored am ukanasknelis iniciativiT, misi realuri mmarTvelobis sawyis
etapze, gaxda SesaZlebeli egviptis sulTnis karze ori mniSvnelovani
diplomatiuri misiis organizeba, kerZod, 1316/17 da 1320 wlebSi.
`Zegli erisTavTas~ mixedviT, `kliteni ierusalАmisani sparsTa
daipyres~, ris gamoc, mefe giorgim Salva erisTavis Ze pipaБ egviptis
sulTanTan wargzavna; mas Tan axlda dekanozi iovane bandaБsZe. sulTanma
misca `kliteni ierusalАmisani. mivida papaБ zeda saflavsa qristessa da
SeemTxВa, Jami awirva...~
qarTveli despanebi `gzasa ГmelTasa~ saSualebiT misulan `mravliTa
ZRueniTa~ `nisrelis~ winaSe. cnobilia, rom XII-XIV saukuneebSi
saqarTveloSi muslimanuri egviptis aRmniSvnelad qveynis arabuli
saxelwodeba `misri~ an `misreTi~ ixmareboda, xolo egviptis gamgeblisa _
`misreli~. elCobis Sedegad qarTvelTa xelSi gadmodis iseTi mniSvnelovani
siwminde, rogoric qristes saflavis salocavia.
1316-1317 wlebSi egviptis sulTans al maliq an naseris karze swvevian:
oqros urdos xanis _ uzbekis, uzbekis naTesavis _ ToRais, barselonis
xelmwifis, bizantiis imperatoris, nubiis xelisuflisa da qarTvelTa mefis
elCobani. swored am wlebze modis pipaБ qvenifnevelis elCoba. rogorc Cans,
qarTuli diplomatiis mxridan gamoyenebul iqna yvela SesaZlebloba, ris
Sedegadac saqarTvelos samefos elCma egviptis xelisuflebisagan miiRo
qristes saflavis `kliteni~ da `ierlayi SewyalebisaБ~. `klitenisa~ da
`ierlayi SewyalebisaБ~-s gadmocema saqarTvelosaTvis metyvelebs
saqarTvelo-egviptis saxelmwifoTaSoris SeTanxmeba-xelSekrulebaze, keTil,
mowesrigebul diplomatiur urTierTobaze, daviT VIII-is mier mogvarebuli
kontaqtebis gaRrmavebasa da maT urTierTdamokidebulebaSi axali etapis
warmoSobaze. yovelive es qarTuli diplomatiis moqnilobisa da maxlobel
aRmosavleTSi saqarTvelos saxelmwifos mier mopovebuli avtoritetisa Tu
prestiJis Sedegi iyo. am diplomatiur peripetiebSi pipaБ qvenifnevelis
gverdiT aqtiurad moRvaweobs dekanozi iovane (ioane) bandaБsZe, romelic
qristes saflavis taZris moZRvarTmoZRvari xdeba; es faqti ierusalimidan
maT qarTvelTaTvis specialuri weriliT ucnobebiaT _ `mouweres
samTavnelsa da erisTavsa virSelsa~.
am elCobas da `klitenis~ gamoxsnas zogjer ierusalimis jvris
monastris ganTavisuflebasTan aigiveben (rogorc aRiniSna, igi adre iqna
gamoxsnili); sinamdvileSi pipaБs elCoba `kliteni ierusalАmisanis~, anu wm.
saflavis kompleqsis qarTvelTaTvis gadmocemis faqtTanaa dakavSirebuli.
rac Seexeba 1320 wels giorgi brwyinvalis iniciativiT mowyobil
elCobas, Cans, rom es diplomatiuri misia, sxva sakiTxebTan erTad,
ierusalimis jvris monastris axlad Sekazmvis sakiTxTanaa dakavSirebuli.
am dros moxda monastris ara xelmeored daxsna, aramed misi ganaxleba
giorgi V brwyinvalis xelmZRvanelobiT. aRniSnul elCobas unda mohyoloda
da misi Sedegia sxva qarTuli salocavebis ganaxleba-mSeneblobac (wm. dimi-
tris, wm. iakobis monasteri).
aRniSnul elCobaTa Sedegebi STambeWdavi iyo: jer kidev ilxanTa
qveSevrdomi saqarTvelo axerxebs keTilganwyobili, dabalansebuli
urTierTobebis aRdgenas Tu SenarCunebas egviptesTan. es diplomatiuri kon-
taqtebi da mniSvnelovani monapovarni giorgi V brwyinvalis sagareo dip-

167
lomatiis pirvel warmatebul nabijebad unda CaiTvalos. es rom advilad
mosapovebeli ar iyo, kargad metyvelebs 1320 welTan dakavSirebuli is
momentic, rom qristiani mefis _ giorgi brwyinvalis am miRwevas _
ierusalimSi axali eklesiis agebaze nebarTvas, Zalze gauRizianebia oqros
urdos yaeni _ uzbeki (1312-1341), romlisTvisac egviptis sulTans qalaqSi me-
CeTis agebis ufleba ar miucia.
aseTi kontaqtebis damyareba ilxanTa mowinaaRmdege egviptesTan giorgi
brwyinvalis mxridan winaswar kargad mofiqrebuli saxelmwifo politikis
erT-erTi Semadgeneli nawili da drouli diplomatiuri nabiji Cans. igi ba-
lansirebuli politikis kargi magaliTia, roca qveyana or Zlier
saxelmwifos Soris aris moqceuli da diplomatiuri lavireba uxdeba. il-
xanTa mowinaaRmdege egviptis mxridan saqarTvelos mimarT Semxvedr nabijTa
motivaciac advilad asaxsnelia _ sasulTnosaTvis saqarTvelos faqtori
Zalze mniSvnelovani iyo ilxanebTan dapirispirebis pirobebSi. amas igi ise
axorcielebs, rom ilxanebisagan winaaRmdegobas ar awydeba.
1317 wlis april-maisSi yaenis taxtze mcirewlovani abu-saidi avida.
sailxanos realuri gamgebeli Coban noini xdeba, ramac giorgi V-s xel-fexi
gauxsna. Cobanma giorgi didi pativiT miiRo, `ganixara da Seitkbo viTarca
Svili da mosca yoveli saqarTvelo~. 1318 wels giorgi V brwyinvale
TbilisSi erTpirovnul mefed jdeba.
giorgi V brwyinvalis samefo taxtis diplomatiis mTavari kursi da
gansaxorcielebeli amocanebi iyo: monRolTa uRlis gadagdeba, jer kidev
danawevrebuli qveynis erTianobis aRdgena, centraluri xelisuflebis
ganmtkiceba da wesrigis damyareba, Sesaferisi mokavSireebis moZebna,
diplomatiuri urTierTobebis mowesrigeba da samefos saerTaSoriso
avtoritetisa Tu Zveli privilegiebis aRdgena.
am metad rTuli sakiTxebis gadasawyvetad saqarTvelos samefo taxtsa da
mis saWeTmpyrobels _ giorgi V brwyinvales frTxili politikisa da
moqnili diplomatiis gatareba sWirdeba. TiToeuli nabijis winaswar
ganWvreta da didi politikosisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli gegmazomiereba Tu
diplomatiuri lavireba iyo saWiro, raTa dasustebisa da agoniisaken
mimaval did imperias katastrofis morevSi Tan ar Caetana TandaTanobiT
Zveli potencialis dabrunebis gzaze myofi saqarTvelos samefo. giorgi V
kargad xedavs, rom monRolTa imperiis Zliereba daRmavlobis gzazea. mefe
saqarTvelos winaSe mdgari ZiriTadi problemebis gadaWras ilxanebTan
politikuri loialobis taqtikis gziT apirebs. amitomac, Tavdapirvelad,
giorgis samefo karma monRolebTan aSkara brZolasa da dapirispirebas
mSvidi da mozomili urTierTobis forma amjobina. didi diplomatia da
Sesabamisi politikis ganxorcieleba iyo saWiro, raTa monRolobis amosag-
debad saqarTveloSi dawyebuli cvlilebebi da arsebuli monRoluri
struqturebis ngreva ilxanebisaTvis TvalSi sacemi ar gamxdariyo.
pirdapiroba maTTan aSkara Setakebas gamoiwvevda, risTvisac saqarTvelo
jer kidev mzad ar iyo. im politikuri movlenebisa Tu Sida rRvevis
procesisaTvis, romlebic viTardeba monRolTa imperiaSi, qarTul
diplomatias ar unda gaeswro. TiToeul nabijs Sesabamisad momzadebuli
niadagi sWirdeboda, sxva SemTxvevaSi giorgi brwyinvalis samefo karis
Canafiqrs, SesaZloa, sapirispiro Sedegebi mohyoloda. bunebrivia, arc
drois dakargva SeiZleboda, dagvianebuli politika Sesabamis nayofs ver
gamoiRebda. Seqmnili viTareba samefo xelisuflebisagan did politikur

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gamocdilebasa da alRos Txoulobda, rac giorgi brwyinvalis samefo
karis diplomatiam yovelmxriv gamoavlina. giorgi brwyinvalem saqarTvelos
samefo moamzada monRolTa imperiis mosalodneli sikvdilisaTvis.
aseT viTarebaSi giorgi V brwyinvalis diplomatiis pirvel etapze
saWiro iyo ara dapirispireba, aramed Coban noinis megobrobis yovelmxriv
gamoyeneba, miT umetes, roca ilxanTa mTavar emirs, imperiaSi Seqmnili
viTarebidan gamomdinare, Tavad esaWiroeboda giorgi V brwyinvalisa da
saqarTvelos gverdze dgoma. Cobani giorgi mefesTan yvela mniSvnelovan
movlenaze saubrobda da Znelbedobis Jams daxmarebasac sTxovda. aseTi ur-
TierToba orive mxarisaTvis xelsayreli iyo. maT megobrobasac swored
arsebuli viTareba asazrdoebda: erTi mxriv, giorgis winaSe mdgari
problemebi da meore mxriv, Tavad Cobanis mdgomareoba _ igulisxmeba
saqarTvelos nacvlis, yurmiSis, ajanyeba, xorasnis ufliswulis _ iasavuris
gandgoma, oqros urdosTan urTierTobis gamwvaveba, misi yaenis _ uzbekisa
da egviptis sulTnis SeWra sailxanos teritoriaze. amdenad, Cobanisa da
giorgi brwyinvalis urTierTdamokidebuleba politikuri motivebiT
ganpirobebuli da orivesaTvis xelsayreli iyo.
CobanTan aseTi damokidebulebiT saqarTvelos samefo taxtma moaxerxa
saSinao viTarebis mowesrigebisaTvis Sesabamisi RonisZiebebis
ganxorcieleba, monRolTa Semosevebis Sewyveta da ekonomikuri momZlavreba.
XIV s-is 20-ian wlebSi qveynis SigniT ganxorcielebuli RonisZiebebis
Sedegad dasrulda `mravalmefianobis~ xana, aRikveca mtris TareSi, xolo
samefos socialur-ekonomikuri mdgomareoba gaumjobesda; paralelurad,
gamdgar samcxe-saaTabagoSi mefis gavlena gaizarda, giorgi V-m sargis II
jayels (Tavis biZas), rogorc mefis moxeles, aTabagobisa da
amirspasalarobis saxeloebi uboZa. centraluri xelisuflebis gaZlierebis
mizniT, mefem civis mTaze sadarbazod kaxeT-hereTisa da somxiTis urCi
erisTavebi moiwvia da amoxoca, riTac es regionebi samefo taxts
Semoumtkica. warmatebiT awarmova brZola Sida qarTlSi marbiel osTa
winaaRmdeg, gandevna saqarTvelodan da Tavisi samefo taxtis gavlena
CrdiloeTi kavkasiis garkveul regionebzec gaavrcela.
qveynis saSinao viTarebis mowesrigebasTan erTad, giorgi mefe aqtiur
diplomatiur saqmianobas awarmoebs dasavleT evropasTan. XIV s-is 20-30-ian
wlebSi mimdinareobs mimowera romis paps, ioane XXII-sa (1316-1334), da giorgi
brwyinvales Soris. romis papTan midis informacia giorgi brwyinvalis
moRvaweobisa da misi monRolTa winaaRmdeg brZolis Sesaxeb. gaxarebuli
papi Tavis misionerebs werils atans giorgisTan, romelSic eklesiaTa er-
Tianobis saWiroebaze saubrobs; papi iwvevs mefes da mis samefos
dasavleTTan SemosaerTeblad, igi didad wuxs, rom `petres saydars~
zogierTi misi nawili CamoSorebulia. papi saqarTvelos mefes msoflio
saeklesio krebis mowvevas hpirdeba... ioane XXII-is bulis mixedviT,
kaTolikuri saepiskoposo kaTedra smirnidan TbilisSi iqna gadmotanili.
papi iTvaliswinebs imdroindeli saqarTvelos mniSvnelobas da mzard saer-
TaSoriso avtoritets, romlis Sesaxeb avinionSi unda scodnodaT. papi
Tavis werilSi Tbiliss ase moixseniebs: `qarTvelTa samefos Suaguli
adgili, saukeTeso, metad SesaniSnavi, eriT savse, marjve da simdidriT uxvi
qalaqi~. aqve aRniSnulia papis gadawyvetileba _ `tfilisi gavxado
saepiskoposo qalaqad~. TbilisSi aSenda sakaTedro taZaric. papma es ar
ikmara da erTi wlis Semdeg msgavsi `gansakuTrebuli~ werili gamosca

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Tbilisis Sesaxeb. Tbilisma romis papisagan `saepiskoposo qalaqis~ rangi
miiRo. 1329 wels papi ioane XXII-is mier TbilisSi kaTolikeTa episkoposad
ioane florencieli iniSneba, xolo cxumSi (soxumi) _ petre geraldi.
Cvenamde moaRwia papis ramdenime sxva werilmac. petre geraldis 1330 wlis
weriliT kenterberis arqiepiskoposisa da inglisis episkoposebisadmi cxadi
xdeba, rom am dros Tbilisis garda kaTolikuri saeklesio kaTedra
cxumSic arsebobs; dasturdeba laTinTa, adgilobrivi mosaxleobisa da
mTavris intensiuri urTierToba, rac Seexeba cxums, qalaqSi am dros
ramdenime eTnikuri erTeuli cxovrobs _ qarTvelebi, laTinebi, mahmadianebi
da ebraelebi.
1327-1330 wlebi giorgi brwyinvalis saxelmwifo politikis Zalze aqtiuri
periodia: diplomatiuri kontaqtebi (ioane XXII, kaTolikuri kaTedra
TbilisSi, petre geraldi...), 1329 wels dasavleTi saqarTvelos SemoerTeba,
rasac samcxec mohyva, osTa gandevna, `darbazoba~ civis mTaze da didebulTa
dadreka... SemTxveviTia Tu ara am xanaSi saqarTvelos samefo taxtisa da
misi diplomatiis aseTi gaaqtiureba?!
texili 1327 wels ilxanTa mTavari emiris _ Coban noinis moRalatur
sikvdils ukavSirdeba. am rangisa da gavlenis mqone figuris politikuri
arenidan wasvlam, isedac daRmavlobis gzaze mdgar imperiaSi, SinaaSliloba
da sailxanos daSla daaCqara. saqarTveloSi giorgi mefes sapirispiro sa-
Sinao viTareba hqonda: monRolTa laSqrobebi Sewyda, qveyana ekonomikurad
moRonierda da gaerTianebis gzas daadga... giorgi brwyinvale, misi megobris
_ Cobanis gardacvalebis Semdeg, iTvaliswinebs ra sailxanos mdgomareobas,
cvlis Tavis kurss _ 1327 wlidan frTxili, mozomili politikuri kursisa
da diplomatiuri lavirebis taqtikidan aqtiur, Semtev politikaze gadadis.
abu-saidi axal situaciaSi veRar axerxebs ilxanTa uzarmazari saxelmwifos
Zvel kalapotSi moqcevas da amiT giorgi mefes SesaniSnav situacias uqmnis
Tavisi mTavari Canafiqris aRsasruleblad. ukve arsebobda yvela piroba
saqarTveloSi monRolTa uRlis gadasagdebad. 1327 wlis Semdgom `ica Jami
brwyinvaleman mefeman giorgi da ganasxna TaTarni saqarTvelosagan~... gior-
gi brwyinvalem ilxanebs xarki Seuwyvita, sapasuxo nabijebs sailxanos
centridan raime Sedegi ar mohyolia, xolo 1335 wels, abu-saidis
gardacvalebis Semdeg, monRolTa formaluri winaaRmdegobac Sewyda.
monRolTa aswlovan batonobas 1327-1335 wlebSi bolo moeRo. am periodidan
giorgi brwyinvalem saqarTvelos saxelmwifo politikas damoukidebeli
diplomatiuri xazi aRudgina. giorgi brwyinvalem qveynis gaerTianebis
procesi, romelic mis taxts kidev ufro aZlierebs, daamTxvia _ gadaajaWva
sailxanos daSlisa da misTvis xarkis Sewyvetis faqts.
XIV s-is 30-iani wlebis dasawyisSi giorgi V brwyinvales diplomatiuri
urTierToba hqonda safrangeTis mefesTan _ filipe VI valuasTan (1328-1350).
kvlav amotivtivda erTiani jvarosnuli laSqrobis mowyobis idea egviptis
sulTnis winaaRmdeg `wminda miwis~ gasaTavisufleblad. giorgi V
brwyinvales filipe VI valuas werilis warsadgenad 1332-1333 wlebSi
TbilisSi franciskeli misionerebi estumrnen. giorgi mefes elCebi ori
Tvis ganmavlobaSi didi pativiT miuRia, amis xazgasasmelad werili Sublze
miudia, `gulisyuriT~ mokidebia safrangeTis mefis winadadebas da
`keTilgonivruli pasuxi~ gaucia. giorgi brwyinvalis 1332-1333 wlis werilSi
filipe VI valuasadmi vkiTxulobT: `safrangeTis RvTaebrivi xelmwifeni
xSirad aRZraven aRmosavleTis mefeebs sarkinozTa winaaRmdeg sabrZolve-

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lad, magram saqme isaa, rom Semdeg isini aRar modian, stoveben ra
aRmosavleTis mefeebs am mtanjvel omSi martod~. giorgi brwyinvale
mouwodebs safrangeTis mefes, gadawyvitos, rogor da rodis gadalaxavs
zRvas da saqarTvelos laSqaric 30 000 kaciT iq miva `wminda miwis~
gamosaxsnelad.
diplomatiur urTierTobaTa TvalsazrisiT sainteresoa giorgi
brwyinvalis mier kargad mofiqrebuli formiT gakeTebuli Sexseneba, rom
aRmosavleTis xelisuflebas da uSualod saqarTvelos, xSirad,
dasavleTidan dapirebuli daxmareba ar miuRiaT, ris gamoc `urwmunoebTan~
omSi marto darCenilan.
miuxedavad sruli damoukideblobis mopovebisa, giorgi brwyinvalem
zarafxanebSi ilxanebis saxeliT monetebis moWra ar akrZala, riTac
saqarTvelo blokadasa da maxlobeli aRmosavleTis centrebTan ekonomikur
mowyvetas aacdina. giorgi brwyinvalisa da misi Zis saxeliT moWril
monetas, saerTaSoriso TvalsazrisiT, arc wona da arc gasavali ar
eqneboda, amitom, mefe giorgi rogorc saqarTvelos teritoriaze, aseve
CrdiloeT kavkasiaSic monetebs Tavisi yofili siuzerenis saxeliT Wris.
igi iseT monetas uSvebs, romelic mTeli aRmosavleTis regionSia
mimoqcevaSi, riTac qveyanas mosalodneli izolaciisagan icavs.
giorgi brwyinvalis sagareo politikis dasaxasiaTeblad sainteresoa is
faqtic, rom man monRolebi ara marto gandevna saqarTvelos teritoriidan,
aramed jer kidev abu-saidis sicocxleSi yofil ymadnafic qveynebSi _ ransa
da SirvanSic ilaSqra, `moxarke hyuna darubandamde~. qveynis gaerTianebis
Semdeg saqarTvelo uSualod gaumezoblda trapizonis imperias, rac kidev
ufro aRvivebs da aqtualurs xdis am or qveyanas Soris diplomatiuri
urTierTobis sakiTxs. 1341 wels saqarTvelo aqtiurad ibrZvis qarTuli
orientaciis dasis gasamarjveblad trapizonis imperiaSi. sakeisros
TurqTagan darbevis periodSi keisris _ aleqsi II (1297-1330) komnenosis
ufrosi asuli ana-anaxutlu tovebs monazvnobas da `lazeTSi~ midis. 1341
wlis 17 ivliss igi qarTuli laSqris daxmarebiT trapizonSi brundeba da
sakeisros taxtze adis; irine, bizantiis keisris andronike III paleologis
asuli, gadayenebul iqna. trapizonSi qarTuli orientaciis gamarjveba qar-
Tuli diplomatiis mniSvnelovani monapovari iyo. qarTuli dasis aseTi
moqmedeba da Sedegi SeuZlebelia giorgi V brwyinvalesTan SeTanxmebis
gareSe ganxorcielebuliyo. miuxedavad zemoaRniSnuli warmatebisa, 1343
wels viTareba Seicvala: amave wlis 4 seqtembers ana-anaxutlu konstan-
tinopolidan gamogzavnilma jarma taxtidan Camoagdo da sikvdiliT dasaja,
Tumca, miuxedavad amisa, qarTul da bizantiur dajgufebaTa brZola tra-
pizonis sakeisroSi gavlenis mosapoveblad kvlav grZeldeba.
giorgi brwyinvalis saxelmwifo politikisa da diplomatiis erT-erTi
mTavari sazrunavi saqarTvelos Zveli saerTaSoriso avtoritetisa da
`wminda miwaze~ qarTvelTa privilegiebis aRdgenis sakiTxi iyo. qveyanaSi
gatarebuli warmatebuli saSinao politika, samefo gaerTianeba,
centralizebuli xelisuflebis ganmtkiceba, monRolTa uRlis gadagdeba da
sruli damoukideblobis mopoveba giorgi V-s msoflio asparezze
qarTvelTa Zveli uflebebis aRdgenis saSualebas aZlevs. swored am dros
sagareo-diplomatiur wreebSi, da, saerTod, saxelmwifoTaSorisi urTier-
Tobebis TvalsazrisiT, kvlav unda momxdariyo saqarTvelos aRiareba
mniSvnelovan saerTaSoriso Zalad, ris Semdegac qveyana diplomatiur

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urTierTobebSi mniSvnelovan adgils ikavebs. saqarTvelos saxelmwifos
Zlierebis Sedegia Zveli uflebebisa da privilegiebis aRdgena
saerTaSoriso sarbielze, maT Soris, `wminda adgilebSi~. ucxouri wyaroebi
gadmogvcemen qarTvelTa uflebriv mdgomareobas ucxo qveynebSi, maTTvis
miniWebuli zogierTi upiratesobisa Tu gamonaklisis Sesaxeb mahmadianTa
mier; Tumca ki qristian qarTvelTa aseT mniSvnelovan privilegiebs
mahmadianuri samyaro iolad ver Seegueboda. igi giorgi brwyinvalis
diplomatiis gamarjveba da didi monapovari iyo.
g) saqarTvelos saxelmwifos sagareo-politikuri mdgomareoba XIV
saukunis II naxevarsa da XV saukunis damdegs. XIV s. II naxevarSi
Temurlengis xana dgeba _ mwvave dapirispirebebis, urTierTbrZolisa da
kataklizmebis periodi. mTeli mcire da Sua azia, aseve amierkavkasia
cecxlis alSi iyo gaxveuli. amave dros, es iyo saerTaSoriso kontaqtebisa
da diplomatiuri misiebis epoqa.
Temurlengis umTavresi mizani Cingiz-yaenis imperiis aRdgena,
aRmosavleTisa da dasavleTis msoflio savaWro-satranzito gzebsa da
saqaravno magistralebze erTpirovnuli batonoba iyo. misi am grandiozuli
gegmebis asrulebas ori Zlieri saxelmwifo uSlida xels: ToRTamiS-xanis
oqros urdo da aRmavlobis gzaze mdgomi osmaleTi.
pirvel etapze ToRTamiSis sakiTxi idga: Temurs oqros urdos
teritoriaze gamavali savaWro magistralis darRveva da misi samxreTiT,
Zvel gzaze gadatana, aRmosavleTsa da dasavleTs Soris vaWrobis saqmeSi
CrdiloeTis urdos rolis likvidacia da sabaJo gadasaxadebis (isini
ToRTamiSTan iyrida Tavs) Tavisken mozidva surda.
aseT viTarebaSi metad mniSvnelovania amierkavkasiis samxreT nawilSi
gamavali savaWro gzis roli _ Temurlengisa da ToRTamiSis Sejaxebis erT-
erT mTavar mizezs swored igi warmoadgenda. saqarTvelo am mwvave
urTierTbrZolaSi CarTuli aRmoCnda. aman moiyvana 1386 w. igi pirvelad
saqarTveloSi.
meore etapze Temurlengisa da, saerTod, msoflio diplomatiis
yuradReba ukve osmaleTis sulTnis _ baiazeTis (1389-1402) mimarT iyo
mipyrobili. man mcire aziis udidesi nawili daipyro, 1396 w. nikopolTan
poloneTis, ungreTisa da safrangeTis raindTa laSqari gaanadgura, xolo
1397 w. atikasa da peloponesSi SeiWra. 1400 w. man alyac ki Semoartya bizan-
tiis dedaqalaqs.
Turq-osmalTa gaZliereba da baiazeTis dapyrobebi dasavleTis
aRSfoTebas iwvevs; rogorc politikurad, ise ekonomikurad maT am regionSi
da, saerTod, aRmosavleTSi Zalze arasaxarbielo mdgomareoba eqmnebaT.
evropis xelisufalni da, gansakuTrebiT, espaneTisa da portugaliis
liderebi did yuradRebas uTmoben savaWro gzebis Ziebis saqmes. swored am
dros gamoCnda Temurlengi, romlis mizani _ Cingiz-xanis vrceli imperiis
aRdgena, saqaravno magistralebze erTpirovnuli batonoba, mcire aziis, si-
riisa da erayis umniSvnelovanesi punqtebis xelTgdeba _ iwvevs misi impe-
riis Sejaxebas osmalTa saxelmwifosTan. gaCnda imedi, rom swored es aris
is Zala da gamosavali im problemidan, romelic msoflio politikaSi
osmalTa imperiam Seqmna. am optimizms isic aRvivebs, rom Temurlengi Tavad
iCens did interess sxva qveynebTan savaWro urTierTobebis damyarebis mxriv
_ man am sakiTxze q. sulTanies episkoposis _ ioane halifontelis xeliT
werilic ki gaugzavna safrangeTis mefe Sarl VI-s; amave episkoposis xeliT

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misi werilebi Casdis dasavleTi evropis qveynebis yvela Zlier mbrZanebels;
Temurlengis am diplomatiuri kontaqtebis mTavari Tezaa _ `vaWrebi xels
uwyoben mSvidobis ayvavebas~. Sarl VI-is sapasuxo werilSi mefis Tanxmoba
iyo gancxadebuli. safrangeTis Semdeg ioane halifonteli ingliss swvevia
_ mefe henrix IV-is weriliT Temurisadmi irkveva, rom isic Tanaxmaa
damyardes Sesabamisi urTierTobebi or saxelmwifos Soris. amdenad,
osmalebTan Temurlengis brZolis mTavari mizania dasavleTsa da
aRmosavleTs Soris gamavali savaWro-satranzito gzebisa da teritoriebis
xelSi Cagdeba da das. evropasTan savaWro kavSiris Sekvra, rasac win
TurqTa `gegma~ eRobeba Sav zRvaze gabatonebis Taobaze. evropis qveynebic
Zalze dainteresebulni arian aseTi aliansiT. radgan maT Canafiqrs Turq-
osmalTa aRmavlobis gzaze mdgomi saxelmwifo gadaeRoba, Temurlengis
imperia dasavleTis xelisufalTa bunebriv mokavSired iqca.
aseT viTarebaSi bizantiis xelisufleba mas daxmarebas sTavazobs _
Temurlengsa da bizantias Soris antiosmaluri kavSiri myardeba: manueli
kisrulobs Temuris sasargeblod xarkis gadaxdas, xolo igi _ imperiis
dacvas osmalTagan. trapizonis imperatoric iZulebulia Temuris
uzenaesoba cnos.
gansakuTrebuli interesi Temurisadmi evropas ToRTamiSis ganadgurebis
Semdeg uCndeba, rodesac Temurlengis laSqarma osmalTa jari sastikad daa-
marcxa da sulTani baiazeTi tyved Caigdo.
saqarTvelos samefo aseTi uZlieresi imperiis winaSe pirispir aRmoCnda.
bagrat V _ giorgi VII-is samefo taxts unda gaeTvaliswinebina
zemoaRniSnul saerTaSoriso ZalTa ganlageba da SesaZlebeli mokavSireebi
eZebna, romlebTanac Sesabamis diplomatiur kontaqtebs daamyarebda.
qarTuli diplomatia asec iqceva da yvelasTan cdilobs urTierTobebis
mosinjvas, Tuki vinme gamodgeba am mrisxane mtris winaaRmdeg brZolaSi.
Temurlengis asparezze gamoCenisTanave, qarTulma diplomatiam gezi
gansakuTrebulad oqros urdoze aiRo. qarTvel politikosebs TavianTi
poziciis gasamagreblad da qveynis dasacavad isev CrdiloeTis ulusis
gamoyeneba gadauwyvetiaT. aseTi gadawyvetilebis miReba bunebrivic Cans: sa-
qarTveloSi Temurlengis pirveli Semosevebis mTavari mizezi oqros urdos
winaaRmdeg brZolaa da aseT situaciaSi ToRTamiSi qarTvelTa samefo karis
sasurveli mokavSire gamodis. Tavis mxriv, amiT Tavad oqros urdos xanic
aris dainteresebuli: Crd. iranis winaaRmdeg brZola mas kavkasionis
gadasasvlelebis mflobel saqarTvelos mefesTan kargi damokidebulebis
gareSe ar SeeZlo. zogjer cxadad, zogjer ki saidumlod qarTuli
diplomatia oqros urdos yaenTan TanxmobaSi moqmedebs. aqedan gamomdinare,
gasagebi xdeba, Tu ra adgils ikavebs saqarTvelos sakiTxi aziis didi
dampyroblis _ Temurlengis gegmebSi. Temurlengis uzarmazari imperiis
winaSe mdgari saqarTvelos samefo karis es mimarTuleba _ kavSiri oqros
urdosTan, aseT viTarebaSi savsebiT logikuric Cans.
Temurlengi arsebuli kavSirebis saSiSroebas kargad xedavs. mis erT-erT
upirveles miznad CrdiloeTis sazRvris oqros urdos Semosevebisagan
dacvis uzrunvelyofis sakiTxi iqca _ arsebobda ori gza: Temuris mier
kavkasionis gadmosasvlelebis uSualod Caketva an maTi mflobelebis
mokavSireebad Tu ymadnaficebad qceva. am mxrivac Temurlengma Tavisi
samxedro moqmedebani garkveulwilad moulodneli kuTxiT warmarTa: roca
saqarTveloSi Semovida, 1386 wlis gviani Semodgoma idga da amitom, Tovlic

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ido. amdenad, kavkasionis gadmosasvlelebi, amis gamo, ukve Caketili
iqneboda. saqarTvelo-oqros urdos Soris politikuri kavSiridan
gamomdinare, CrdiloeTis urdo, Temurlengis gamoCenis SemTxvevaSi,
qarTvelebs samxedro ZaliT unda daxmareboda, magram arsebuli mokavSireo-
ba aseT klimatur pirobebSi veraviTar realur Sedegs veRar moitanda.
miuxedavad diplomatiuri urTierTobebisa bizantiasTan, jalairianebTan,
TurqmanebTan Tu egviptesTan, gansakuTrebiT, oqros urdosTan, saqarTvelos
xelisufleba Temur-lengis pirveli SemosevisTanave umZimes mdgomareobaSi
aRmoCnda.
Temurma Tbilisi aiRo. datyvevebuli saqarTvelos mefe _ bagrat V
dampyrobelma yarabaRSi waiyvana. swored aq gamovlinda mefisa da
batoniSvilTa mxridan windaxeduleba da diplomatiuri alRoc: bagrat V-s
tyveobidan Tavdaxsnis araviTari saSualeba ar hqonda, amitom Temurlengs
uTxra, mieca misTvis mravalricxovani laSqari, raTa wasuliyo qarTvelTa
mxareSi, daepyro igi da maT rjulze moeqcia. adre Temuris mxridan
TbilisSi gakeTebul msgavs winadadebaze mefem uari ganacxada _ axla,
winaswar mofiqrebuli gegmidan gamomdinare, bagrat V-m es TviTon SesTavaza
da, Temurlengis Tvalis asaxvevad, Tavadac miiRo mahmadianoba.
Temurlengma bagrat mefes xalaTi aCuqa, misi samefos gamgeblobis
ufleba misca, saTanado iarliyi uboZa da jariT saqarTveloSi gamogzavna.
bagrat V-is wamosvla saqarTvelosaken Temuris jariT qarTvelTa mier
winaswar mofiqrebul-dagegmili iyo. bagratma saidumlod SeuTvala Tavis
Svilebs, rom farulad Segebebodnen da daxmarebodnen mas. mefe bagratma
Temurlengis laSqari viwro da ugzo adgilebSi Seiyvana, mas qarTvelma
batoniSvilebma gza gadauWres da mtris 12000-kaciani jari gawyvites. aseTi
rangisa da xasiaTis dampyrobeli motyuebasa da Tavisi laSqris gawyvetas
qarTvelebs ar apatiebda. qarTuli diplomatia iTvaliswinebs arsebul saer-
TaSoriso viTarebas da Tavisi gegmis ganxorcielebas misTvis momgebian
pirobebSi iwyebs: saqarTvelos samefo karma kargad icoda, rom am saqcielis
Semdeg Temurlengi urCi mefis winaaRmdeg aucileblad wamovidoda, amitom
yvela mosamzadebeli samuSao winaswar energiulad Catarda _ jari saomrad
momzadda, xolo mosaxleoba kavkasionis mTebSi iqna gaxiznuli. aseT
viTarebaSi qarTulma diplomatiam, albaT, ToRTamiSTanac gaaba kavSiri.
Temuri `warmoemarTa kualad qarTlad, ganZВnebuli friad~. simptomaturia,
rom saqarTveloSi Temurlengis derbendidan SemoWras ToRTamiSis laSqris
gamosvla daemTxva. 1387 wlis gazafxulze oqros urdos xanis gamoCenam
Temuris ukan gabruneba gamoiwvia. isedac, qveynis sruli dapyrobisaTvis
Temurlengs win jer kidev saqarTvelos cixeebis dasakavebeli Tu sxva
xasiaTis mniSvnelovani brZolebi hqonda gadasaxdeli. saqarTvelos samefo
kari iTvaliswinebs, rom 1387 wels Temurlengs sruli SesaZlebloba ar
hqonda, mTeli yuradReba mxolod saqarTveloze gadmoetana da qarTvelTa
mefes bolomde gasworeboda. mas saqarTvelosaTvis ar ecala, hulaguianTa
iranis didi nawili jer kidev dasapyrobi hqonda, amave dros, zurgSi iseTi
mowinaaRmdege hyavda, rogoric ToRTamiS-xania. amitomac, Seqmnili viTarebis
gamo, igi iZulebulia, saqarTvelos gaecalos. omebis e. w. `xuTwliani~
cikli, sadac amierkavkasiis sakiTxic dgas, mxolod 1392 wlidan iwyeba.
bagrat V-isa da, gansakuTrebiT, giorgi VII-is mefoba _ es aris aSkara
brZolis, dapirispirebisa da Temurlengis batonobisadmi Seurigeblobis
politikis xana. iyo Tu ara sxva gza: roca bagrat V-m moCvenebiT

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mahmadianoba miiRo, im periodSi TemurTan Sirvanis mbrZanebeli Seix ibrahim
derbendi gamocxadda da morCileba aRuTqva. man diplomatiuri moqnili
politika awarmova, ramac SirvanSahTa saxelmwifo aoxrebas gadaarCina,
xolo Tavad ibrahims Tavisi mflobeloba-mbrZaneblobac SeanarCunebina. man
moqmedebis meore gza airCia _ winaaRmdegobas morCileba arCia.
SeeZloT Tu ara msgavsi diplomatiiT emoqmedaT qristianuli sa-
qarTvelos mefeebs?! xom ar sjobda, qarTvel diplomatebs, SirvanSah
ibrahimis msgavsad, ara vinmeze, aramed Tavad Temurlengze aeRoT
orientacia, dro moegoT da garkvuli xnis Semdeg sxva gzebi eZebnaT?! aseTi
pirobebiT dazavebis SemTxvevaSi dgeboda sarwmunoebis sakiTxi _ qristia-
nobis daTmobis da mahmadianobis miRebis Sedegad, Tu amas samefo taxti
dauSvebda, qarTvelebi ideologiuri faris gareSe rCebodnen. amas qarTuli
diplomatia, miuxedavad Temur-lengTan uTanasworo brZolisa, miuReblad
miiCnevs. giorgi VII rjulis sakiTxs Samqoris zavis (1401 w.) pirobebis
SemuSavebisas gansakuTrebiT usvams xazs da Tavis rjulze darCenas
moiTxovs: `Tqven Tqveni rjuli gaqvT da me Cemi~, _ ambobs mefe giorgi VII.
qarTveli xelisufalni sxva nabijSi qarTuli saxelmwifoebriobis
gadaSeneba-gadagvarebis saSiSroebas xedaven. qristianobisaTvis brZolis
lozungiT, marTalia, didi danakargebis fasad, magram am periodis qarTuli
diplomatiis mTavari sazrunavi _ qarTvelobis gadarCena SesaZlebeli
gaxda.
saqarTvelos sakiTxiT msoflio dampyrobeli ukmayofilo rCeba,
amitomac 1393 wels igi qarTvelTa qveynisaken daiZra. 1394 w. Temurlengis
mZime laSqrobis mizezi aragvis xeobaSi am regionidan ToRTamiSis Semose-
vebis safrTxe da saqarTvelo-oqros urdos mokavSireobaa. axlac, rogorc
pirveli gamoCenisas, Temuris saomar moqmedebebs kvlav derbendidan oqros
urdos jaris gamosvla daemTxva.
magram ToRTamiSis faqtorma didxans ver imuSava. 1395 wels Temurlengma
SeZlo misi saboloo damarcxeba, rasac oqros urdos dedaqalaqis _ sarai
berqes aRebac mohyva. moxda aRmosavleTsa da dasavleTs Soris oqros
urdos rolis likvidacia. amieridan, savaWro operaciebi Temurlengis
samflobelo teritoriebze gavliT warmoebs da is sabaJo gadasaxadebi,
romlebzec adre oqros urdos yaenis xelSi iyrida Tavs, axla Temurisa da
misi amirebis xelSia. savaWro-satranzito gzam siria-iranisaken gadainacvla.
Temurlengma ukan dabrunebisas dalaSqra CrdiloeTi kavkasia, gansakuTre-
biT is xalxebi, romlebsac saqarTvelosTan hqondaT kavSiri.
giorgi VII kargad grZnobs, rom mxolod qveynis SigniT gatarebuli
RonisZiebebi sakmarisi ar aris, amitom igi aqtiuri sagareo politikis
warmoebas iwyebs _ ToRTamiSis damarcxebis Semdeg ukavSirdeba
jalairianTa mmarTvels, ahmeds, romelic brZolas kvlav agrZelebs.
jalairianebTan diplomatiuri kontaqtebi giorgis mamas _ bagrat V didsac
unda hqonoda, amdenad, giorgi VII-s masTan saerTo enis gamonaxva ar
gauWirdeboda. saqarTvelosa da jalairianTa saxelmwifos Soris po-
litikuri kavSiri ideba. ahmedi Temurlengisadmi erT-erTi yvelaze ufro
mwvaved dapirispirebuli mmarTvelia, romelic, miuxedavad gancdili
warumateblobisa, mainc ganagrZobda winaaRmdegobas; amis erT-erTi
magaliTia alinjis cixesTan dakavSirebuli cnobili epopea.
alinjis cixe qarTvelebma 1396 w. aiRes. amave wels unda momxdariyo
monetebis emisia giorgi VII-isa da sulTan ahmed jalairianis saxeliT, anu

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saqarTvelosa da jalairianebis saxelmwifoTa politikur-diplomatiuri
kavSiri Tbilisis zarafxanaSi moWril monetebzec asaxula. simptomuria,
rom jalairianebTan kavSiri 1396 wels ideba, anu ToxTamiSis kraxidan (1395
w.) axlo xanebSi. aseTi Zlieri mokavSiris dakargvis Semdeg giorgi VII-s
axlis Zebna dauwyia da aseTad ahmed jalairiani miuCnevia.
XIV s-is miwuruls dasturdeba saqarTvelo-trapizon-genuis
urTierTobis saintereso faqti: saqarTvelos mefis qveSevrdomTa da, maT
Soris, qarTvel vaWarTa interesebs, pirvel rigSi, saqarTvelos
xelisufleba icavda. roca kafis mmarTvelobis warmomadgenlebma miiRes
dadgenileba, romelic zRudavda qarTvel da trapizonel vaWarTa uflebebs,
saqarTvelos mefem _ giorgi VII-m da trapizonis keisarma SeTanxmebulad ge-
nuaSi protesti gaagzavnes. am sakiTxis gamo 1398 w. 10 aprils genuaSi
specialurad Seiqmna uxucesTa sabWo, romelmac kafis konsulsa da mis
sabWos daavala, SeeqmnaT organo ori iuristisa da ori vaWris
SemadgenlobiT. maT unda ganexilaT zemoaRniSnuli dadgenilebis miRebis
samarTlianoba. es oTxi piri arCeuli iyo 6 TviT da am periodSi maT sxva
Tanamdebobis dakavebis ufleba ar hqondaT.
XIV s. miwuruli didi dampyroblis triumfiT aRiniSna: Temurma 1398 w.
deli aiRo, xolo 1399 w. indoeTis dapyroba daamTavra; amave wels igi, xora-
sans misuli, yarabaRis gavliT saqarTvelosaken daiZra _ 1399 wels e. w.
`Svidwliani~ laSqrobis cikli iwyeba. erT-erTi Zlieri dartyma hereT-
kaxeTze (`ximSias xeoba~) gakeTda da sastikad iqna aoxrebuli. alinjasTan
warumateblobas Temurlengis mxridan Sesabamisi reaqcia mohyva: 1400 w.
Temuris jarma alinjis cixe alyaSi moaqcia da aiRo. jeri saqarTveloze
iyo.
1400 wlis gazafulze, yurulTais gadawyvetilebiT, Temurlengma
saqarTveloze axali laSqroba brZana. gegmaSia qarTvelTa samefos damxoba,
qristianuli religiis aRmofxvra, mosaxleobis islamis rjulze moqceva,
ris Sedegadac saqarTvelo Temuris imperias bunebrivad Seerwymoda.
saqarTvelos sazRvrebTan mosuli Temurlengi giorgi VII-s elCebs ugzavnis
da misTvis ahmed jalairianis Svilis _ Taheris gadacemas iTxovs. imave
mociquls TemurisaTvis giorgi mefis kategoriuli pasuxi miaqvs:
`mefiswuli, romelic CemTanaa TavSefarebuli, mtris xeliT rogor unda
gavce?~; aseTma pasuxma Temuri ganarisxa, rasac qarTuli miwebis sastiki
aoxreba mohyva. ramdenad gamarTlebuli iyo saqarTvelos karis mxridan Te-
murlengisadmi ase gaSiSvlebuli mtruli damokidebuleba?! giorgi VII-m
kargad icoda, rom Temuris axali laSqrobis realuri mizezi marto
Taheris xelSi Cagdeba ar iyo; magram mefe xedavda, rom aziis dampyrobeli
saqarTvelos Zvel statusSi ar datovebda, amdenad, Sejaxebas gardauval
faqtad Tvlida. aqedan gamomdinarea qarTuli samefo karis aseTi mkvaxe to-
ni da elCis `avad~ miRebac.
`daWril vefxvad~ wodebuli giorgi mefe medgar winaaRmdegobas uwevs
Semoseul mters, magram sabolood iZulebuli xdeba, aRmosavleTi
saqarTvelo datovos da lixs iqiT gadavides. saqarTvelos mniSvnelovani
nawili mterma kvlav sastikad aaoxra, Tumca giorgi VII-is Sepyroba ar mo-
xerxda, radgan maT dasavleT saqarTveloSi gadasvla ver SeZles.
saqarTvelos samefo taxts ahmed jalairianis Svilis _ Taheris mfar-
veloba ukve aRar SeeZlo. giorgi mefe fiqrobs, rom TemurTan urTierTobis
sxva formaa mosaZebni, amitom diplomatiuri molaparakebis gzas mimarTavs.

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elCad gamoiyenes vinme ismaili da Temurlengs morCileba SeuTvales;
giorgi mefe `saverisa~ da `jizias~ gadaxdas daTanxmda. batoniSvili Taheri
qarTuli diplomatiis aseTi kuTxiT Semobrunebas ar iziarebs (` ... friad
dauSala misvla da Serigeba lang-Temurisa Tana~), magram giorgi mefem `ara
usmina~, Taheri Tavidan moicila (man osmaleTs Seafara Tavi). mefem ismaili
TemurTan gagzavna da `sityua morCilebisa~ SeuTvala. giorgi mefis
mociqulis aseTma informaciam Temurlengi gaaxara, ismaili ukanve
gamoabruna da mefes SemouTvala: `ukeTu moxvide winaSe Cemsa da
Semomirigde, meca mipativebia danaSavebi Seni~.
molaparakebis Semdeg `zavi Seikra~, magram male mas Temuris mier jer
samcxis, Semdeg aragvis xeobisa da taos darbeva mohyva. amdenad, `zavSi~
saomari moqmedebebis mxolod mcire xniT SeCereba igulisxmeba.
1401 w. Temurlengi baRdads ikavebs, Semdeg Tavrizs midis, iqidan ki gezs
saqarTveloze iRebs. Tavisi elCis saSualebiT saqarTvelosagan saveris,
xarajis, jiziasa da baJis gadaxdas moiTxovs. Temurlengi SamqorSi idga,
roca mis mier giorgi mefesTan gamogzavnili elCebi ukan gabrundnen, rasac
saqarTvelos samefo elCoba mohyva giorgi mefis Zmis _ konstantine batoni-
Svilis (momavali mefe konstantine I) meTaurobiT. giorgi mefem `waravlina
Zma TВsi kostantine ZRuniTa mravliTa da miumcno sityva mdabali morCile-
bisa~, romelmac Temurlengs mefis bodiSi da sigeli gadasca. Temurlengma
elCis rangSi myofi konstantine batoniSvili kargad miiRo, daasaCuqra da
xalaTebi uboZa; zavis pirobebis SeTanxmebis Semdeg giorgi mefesTan
daabara, rom wyeninebas patiebda da samefos ar daarbevda, Tu dapirebas
Seasrulebda.
1401 wlis seqtemberSi SamqorSi saqarTvelos xelisuflebasa da Te-
murlengs Soris daido e. w. `Samqoris zavi~; romelic iTvaliswinebda:
1. saqarTvelo Temurlengis sasargeblod kisrulobda yovelwliuri
xarkis gadaxdas (`jizias~ gagzavnas);
2. garkveuli raodenobis jaris gamoyvanas da TemurianTa laSqrobebSi
monawileobas;
3. iRebda valdebulebas, rom samimosvlo gzebs ar Caketavda _ ar
daabrkolebda elCebisa da savaWro qaravnebis mimosvlas;
4. daculi unda yofiliyo muslimanTa statusi da xelSeuxebloba
qarTvelTa samflobeloebSi;
5. qarTvelebs ekrZalebodaT qristianuli religiis adaT-wesebis aSkarad
Sesruleba mahmadianur qveynebSi, anu izRudeboda maTi uflebebi muslimanur
samyaroSi;
6. Temurlengi sanacvlod saqarTvelos mcxovreblebs adgilobrivi
mmarTvelobis xelSeuxeblobasa da qristianobis SenarCunebas aRuTqvamda.
Samqoris zavi daido iseT dros, roca Temurlengi Tavisi erT-erTi mTa-
vari mowinaaRmdegis _ Zlieri osmaleTis imperiis winaaRmdeg generaluri
brZolisaTvis emzadeboda, masTan Setakebis wina periodia, amitom
TemurlengisaTvis didi mniSvneloba hqonda saqarTvelos sakiTxis
mowesrigebas, mis pozicias. am etapze igi kmayofili unda darCeniliyo. rac
Seexeba saqarTvelos, Seqmnil viTarebaSi, radgan sxva qveynebidan realurad
araviTari daxmarebis imedi ar Cans, qarTul diplomatias zavis pirobebi
damakmayofileblad miuCnevia da Tanxmobaze wasula.
1402 wlis gazafxulze Temuris laSqari yarabaRSi Seiyara da osma-
leTisaken daiZra. gzaSi mas moaxsenes, rom TorTumis cixeSi 200 qarTveli

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iyo gamagrebuli, ar ixdidnen xarks da muslimanebs Tavs esxmodnen. misi
brZanebiT, miuxedavad zavisa, TorTumze ramdenime sardlis meTaurobiT
jari gaigzavna. mwvave brZolis Semdeg Temuris es problemac likvidirebul
iqna. amdenad, Samqoris zavi dairRva.
ratom ar Sesrulda 1401 wels dadebuli zavis pirobebi?! ram ganapiroba
1403 wlis kampania?!
Samqoris zavis pirobebiT Temurlengi bolomde kmayofili araa,
saqarTvelo sabolood dapyrobili ar aris, magram saerTaSoriso viTarebis
Temurlengis sasikeTod Secvlis pirobebSi, igi saqarTvelosadmi icvlis
damokidebulebas da mis saboloo dapyrobas cdilobs. es sakiTxis erTi
mxarea, meore mxriv, istoriuli wyaroebi giorgi mefes erTxmad abraleben
zavis darRvevas.
saerTaSoriso viTarebis TvalsazrisiT umniSvnelovanesi sakiTxi
wydeboda _ sabolood gamwvavda Temurlengisa da Turq-osmalTa
urTierToba, baiazeT I-Tan Sejaxeba garduvali Canda. am mwvave
dapirispirebis xanaSi giorgi VII-is samefo taxtma da qarTulma
diplomatiam orientacia osmaleTze aiRes. saqarTvelos xelisuflebam
kargad icis, rom Temurlengi Samqoris zavs ar dayabuldeba, Seqmnil viTa-
rebaSi baiazeT ildirimi (1389-1402) saqarTvelos sasurveli mokavSire
gamodis.
aseTi orientacia TavisTavad Samqoris zavis darRvevas niSnavda. 1402
wels osmalTa sastikad damarcxebiT Zalze ukmayofilo da ganrisxebuli
Temurlengi kvlav saqarTvelosaken modis.
aseve SesaZlebelia, rom saqarTvelos samefo taxtisa da qarTuli
diplomatiis orientacia ar gaiziares konstantine batoniSvilma da ivane
aTabagma, romlebic TemurTan diplomatiuri urTierTobebis aqtiuri
monawileni arian, xolo Tavad batoniSvili 1401 wlis Samqoris zavis
sulisCamdgmeladac SeiZleba miviCnioT. zavis pirobebis Seusruleblobis
niadagze warmoiSva konfliqti Zmebs Soris, rac imiT dasrulda, rom kons-
tantine batoniSvili da ivane aTabagi saqarTvelos mefes ganudgnen da
birTvisis brZolis win kolas misul msoflio dampyrobelTan gamocxaddnen.
mowinaaRmdegeTa banakSi arsebuli SinaaSliloba Temurlengis wisqvilze
asxamda wyals, amitom, igi miesalmeba aseT viTarebas da orientacias kons-
tantine batoniSvilze iRebs. Temurlengma angoris brZolis Semdeg moarbia
mTeli mcire azia, daipyro bursa, izmiri, sxva teritoriebic da 1403 wlis
gazafxulze saqarTvelos moadga. samefo karze konfliqti mwvavdeba, rasac
iq arsebuli SeuTanxmebloba ganapirobebda. konstantine batoniSvili ivane
aTabagTan erTad moqmedebs.
bolo Semosevis win giorgi mefe garkveul molaparakebebs awarmoebs,
aWianurebs maT da drois mogebas cdilobs, magram Temurlengma giorgi
mefis `sityvebi aRar daiWira... da ZRveni da saboZvari rom gamoegzavna, arc
imaTze miRebis rayami gasca.~
giorgi VII-sa da konstantine batoniSvils Soris konfliqtis gamo
erTxans konstantine iZulebuli xdeba, Tavisi mokavSiris _ ivane aTabagis
samflobelos _ samcxes Seafaros Tavi. 1403 wlis mosalodneli
moqmedebebis Sesaxeb `malviT kostantinem Tavis Zmas mefes miswera~, ramac
ganapiroba batoniSvilis samcxidan samefo karze dabruneba da giorgi mefis
mier misi Sewyaleba.
1403 wels Temurlengs `saqarTvelos sakiTxis~ saboloo gadawveta
hqonda Cafiqrebuli, amitom giorgi VII-is despanebisagan mefis dauyovnebliv
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gamocxadebas moiTxovs. giorgis samefo karis pasuxi ar Cans. faqtia,
Temuris Semoseva mainc Sedga _ 1403 wlis 3 agvistos igi birTviss miadga,
romlis aRebasa da aRmosavleT nawilSi TareSs dasavleT saqarTveloSi
laSqroba mohyva. qarTulma diplomatiam misi Tavidan acileba ver SeZlo.
giorgi VII kvlav elCebs gzavnis Temurlengis karze. amirebis mo-
sarCleobiT Temurs moxsenda: `oRond Tqveni risxva daacxreT da giorgi
mefe feSqaSad gamogigzavniT ganZeulobas, lamaz gogonebs, Tohafs da
hadies, garda amisa, jiziasa da xarajas gadaxdasac ikisrebs, wlidan
wlamde xazinaSi Semoitans da laSqriTac mogexmarebaTo~. Temurlengi
Tavidan Wirveulobs da TiTqos religiuri motivebis gamo dazavebaze uars
ambobs. qarTuli diplomatiis sasaxelod unda iTqvas, rom qarTvelebs
mosarCleebi aRmouCndnen _ Temuris `vazir vaqilTa~ da sxvaTa gverdiT gan-
sakuTrebiT SirvanSahi ibrahimi aqtiurobs. saboloo gadawyvetilebis win
saqarTvelos samefos elCoba Temurlengis winaSe wardga da miarTva: aTasi
cxeni, aTasi Tanga Temuris siqiT Semkuli, mzisebr mbrwyinavi, woniT
Tvrameti misxali badaxSanis lali, sxva Zvirfasi qsovili da uricxvi
WurWeli. saqarTvelos mefem jiziasa da xarajas gadaxda, aseve garkveuli
raodenobis jaris gamoyvana ikisra.
sabolood, Temuris winaSe mosarCleoba da diplomatiuri mo-
laparakebebi Wris da igi zavze Tanxmdeba. istoriuli cnobebis Tanaxmad,
Temurlengma `giorgi mefis Txovnis pasuxad Tavi mZimed daaqnia da elCebi
SiSnarevi imediT gaistumra~. mas SeTanxmebis pirobebi savsebiT akmayofi-
lebda. ase daido 1403 wlis saqarTvelo-TemurianTa zavi:
giorgi VII-is samefo taxti aRiarebda Temurlengisadmi vasalur da-
mokidebulebas; aqedan gamomdinare, kisrulobda yvela im valdebulebis
Sesrulebas, romelic aseTi statusis mqone qveyanas evaleboda. giorgi VII
daTanxmda `jizias~ (aramuslimanebze dakisrebuli suladobrivi gadasaxadi)
da `xarajas~ (miwaze dadebuli gadasaxadi) gadaxdas. es niSnavda, rom
Temurlengi saqarTvelos ganixilavda rogorc ukve dapyrobil qveyanas. sa-
qarTvelos aseve evaleboda maSveli jaris gamoyvana. meore mxriv, zavis Ta-
naxmad, giorgi VII-m SeZlo adgilobrivi mmarTvelobis SenarCuneba, Te-
murlengma cno saqarTvelos, rogorc qristianuli saxelmwifos arsebobis
faqti, rac mniSvnelovani monapovari iyo. zavis dadebis Semdeg Temurlengs
saqarTveloze aRar ulaSqria, xolo gadarCenili samefo taxti qveynis
erTianobis aRdgenasa da mtrisgan mis gawmendas Seudga. Temuris
gardacvalebis Semdeg (1405 w.) `daSTa queyana da mefe maTgan mSВdobiT.
xolo mefeman ganasxna TaTarni da aRixuna cixeni qarTl-somxiTisani
sruliad~.

$3. qarTuli diplomatia XV s-Si

a) saqarTvelos saxelmwifo saerTaSoriso urTierTobebi XV saukunis I

naxevarSi. aleqsandre I didis (1412-1442) diplomatia. 1403 wels kastilia-
leonis (espaneTi) mefem, enrike III-m (1390-1407), TemurlengTan rui gonsales
de klavixos meTaurobiT elCoba gagzavna, maT Tan mihqondaT msoflio
dampyroblisadmi gadasacemi werilebi da saCuqrebi. isini Temurlengis impe-
riis dedaqalaqSi _ samaryandSi 1404 wlis 8 seqtembers mividnen. elCobis
meTaurma am diplomatiuri misiis peripetiebi dawvrilebiT aRwera,

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romelSic daculia cnobebi Temurlengis Semosevebisa da giorgi VII-is
mefobis xanis Sesaxeb.
sainteresoa, rom elCebs _ klavixosa da misi misiis wevrebs kastiliaSi
dabrunebisas samxreT saqarTveloSi gamouvliaT; yarsis mflobels maTTvis
megzuri gauyolebia, romelsac yarsidan arzrumSi mimavali mTavari gzidan
gadauxvevia da isini sxva gziT wauyvania _ mas klavixo `saqarTvelos gzas~
uwodebs.
Temurlengi 1405 wlis 18 Tebervals gardaicvala q. oTraraSi. giorgi
VII-s (1393-1407) Tavisufali moqmedebis saSualeba eZleva: man `daipyrna
samkВdro TВsi qarTli da iyo uSiSrad~; qarTvelebs Tavisi qveynis
sazRvrebs gareTac uwarmoebiaT brZolebi: `xolo iwyo mefeman giorgi
mosrva, mowyveda TaTarTa: sada hpoebda sazRvars gareT TВsiT, vidre raxsis
kidemde, ara dauteva, mosrna, moswyvidna~. klavixo mogviTxrobs giorgi VII-
is laSqrobis Sesaxeb Turqmanebis winaaRmdeg, roca saqarTvelos mefes
Tavrizamde miuRwevia: qarTvelTa laSqari SeWrila yarsisa da arzrumis
miwebze da Tavrizamde mravali qalaqi da sofeli auRia. iranis gamgebelma
_ omar mirzam sardali omar Tobani gamogzavna, romelic Tavisi meomrebiT
alaTaRis velze dabanakda; giorgi mefe Tavisi laSqriT winaswar
mofiqrebuli gegmiT farulad mivida brZolis velze da mters Tavs RamiT
daesxa. qarTvelebma mniSvnelovan gamarjvebas miaRwies. giorgi VII-s
meoredac ulaSqria Turqmanebis winaaRmdeg. saqarTvelos laSqarma ganja da
naxWevani dalaSqra da mters marandamde Seutia.
saqarTvelodan mtris gandevnisa da mSvidobianobis damyarebisTanave
giorgi VII-m swori diplomatiuri nabiji gadadga: kargad gaiTvaliswina
azerbaijanSi dawyebuli saxalxo moZraobis mniSvneloba saqarTvelosaTvis
da mis meTaurs _ SirvanSah ibrahims daukavSirda (1405 w. dasawyisSi). giorgi
mefes ibrahimTan, romelic Sirvanis garSemo mTeli azerbaijanis
gaerTianebas cdilobda, kavSiri imiTac ganumtkicebia, rom dapyrobili
ganja da naxWevani misTvis gadaucia.
gamaTavisuflebeli moZraobis or xelmZRvanels _ SirvanSah ibrahimsa da
saqarTvelos mefes giorgi VII-s Soris warmoSobili urTierTdaxmarebis
kavSiri male gawyda, radgan 1407 wels mefe giorgi TurqmanebTan brZolaSi
daiRupa.
am periodSi TandaTan Zlierdeba SavbatknianTa mbrZanebeli yara-iusufi,
romelic cdilobs daeuflos Temuris imperiis politikur memkvidreobas:
TemurlengTan omSi damarcxebuli yara-iusufi, ahmed jalairianTan erTad
jer osmalTa sulTans afarebs Tavs, aqedan egvipteSi garbis, Tumca Temuris
SiSiT igi sulTanma Seipyro. Temurlengis sikvdilis Semdeg yara-iusufi
azerbaijanSi brundeba, amarcxebs Temurianebs, 1408 wels masTan gadamwyvet
brZolaSi iRupeba Temuris vaJi _ miranSahi. 1410 wels yara-iusufi Seejaxa
Tavis yofil mokavSires, jalairianTa saxelmwifos ukanasknel
warmomadgenels _ ahmed jalairians, rac am ukanasknelis daRupviTa da yara-
iusufis sparseTis erTpirovnul Zlier mbrZaneblad gaxdomiT dasrulda.
amiT safuZveli Caeyara Savbatknian TurqmanTa saxelmwifos.
amierkavkasiis xelisufalni kargad xedaven yara-iusufis moaxloebiT
warmoSobil saSiSroebas. garkveuli diplomatiuri kontaqtebis Semdeg,
saerTo mtris arsebobis pirobebSi, yalibdeba kavSiri, romelSic Sedian
saqarTvelos mefe konstantine I (1407-1412), SirvanSahi ibrahimi da Saqis
mmarTveli siidi ahmedi. igi mokavSireebisaTvis warumateblad dasrulda.

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 yara-iusufs SeuZlebeli iyo ver daenaxa aseTi koaliciis SeqmnisaTvis
dawyebuli muSaoba, amitom igi am kavSiris daSlas iwyebs _ zogis mosyidvas
cdilobs, zogsac oms ucxadebs. yara-iusufma SirvanSahs morCileba
mosTxova, ris gamoc Seix ibrahimma daxmarebisaTvis saqarTvelos mefes,
konstantine I-s, mimarTa. yovelive 1412 wels CalaRanTan momxdari brZoliT
dasrulda, sadac mokavSireTa _ saqarTvelos, Sirvanisa da Saqis gaerTiane-
buli laSqari damarcxda, xolo mefe konstantine I sikvdiliT dasajes.
aseT rTul viTarebaSi gamefda aleqsandre I didi (1412-1442). aleqsandres
mefobis pirvel wlebSi dawyebul warmatebul brZolebs male garTulebebi
mohyva. kvlav gamoCnda yara-iusufi, romelic 1416 wels samcxeSi laSqrobs.
1420 wlamde ra damokidebuleba Camoyalibda aleqsandre mefesa da yara-
iusufs Soris, istoriuli wyaroebiT naTlad ara Cans.
amave periodSi, aleqsandre mefe aqtiurad ibrZvis centraluri xelisuf-
lebis gaZlierebisa da qveynis erTianobisaTvis. 1414-15 ww-Si man
koxtasTavTan ivane aTabagi Seipyro, samcxeSi Sevida, `eqsoria-hyo urCni da
dasxna erisTavni Tvisni~.
1420 wlis noemberSi yara-iusufsa da CaRaTaelTa mbrZanebels, Te-
murlengis vaJs _ Sahrohs (1405-1447) Soris brZola gaimarTa, romlis drosac
65 wlis yara-iusufi moulodnelad gardaicvala, ramac Setakebis bedic
gadawyvita _ Savbatknianebi damarcxdnen. amas sapasuxo reaqcia da Sesabamisi
nabiji unda mohyoloda saqarTvelos samefo karis mxridan: ukve 1420 wlis
dekemberSi yarabaRSi sazamTrod mdgar SahrohTan jer SirvanSahi
xalilulah I da Saqis mflobeli sidi ahmed orlaTi, xolo meore dRes
aleqsandre I didis elCebi misulan. SahrohTan Cans ivane aTabagis (1391-1444)
elCic, rac saintereso faqtia Sahrohsa da samcxe-saaTabagos Soris
diplomatiuri urTierTobebis TvalsazrisiT.
1421 wels azerbaijanSi momxdar omSi Sahrohma yara-iusufis Svili _
isqanderi daamarcxa. SesaZlebelia, am brZolaSi monawileobas iRebdnen
Sahrohis zemoaRniSnuli mokavSireebi, maT Soris aleqsandre mefec, rogorc
saqarTvelos aRmosavleTi sazRvrebis damcveli. yara-iusufis daRupvisa da
misi memkvidris damarcxebis faqtidan gamomdinare da gamarjvebul Sahroh-
Tan diplomatiuri molaparakebebis safuZvelze saqarTvelos samefo taxti
cdilobs da axerxebs SavbatknianTa yovelgvari gavlenisagan
ganTavisuflebas, rac mniSvnelovani warmateba iyo.
qarTuli diplomatiis dRis wesrigSi SahrohTan urTierTobis sakiTxi
dadga: igi, saerTaSoriso viTarebidan gamomdinare, cvalebad xasiaTs ata-
rebda. 1420-1421 ww-Si saqarTvelos samefo kari yara-yoiunlus winaaRmdeg
Sahrohs emxroba, elCobebsac gzavnis, magram amis Semdeg aRar Cans, rom
saqarTvelos mefe Sahrohis uzenaesobas cnobdes. SesaZlebelia, Sahrohis
zegavlenis SesaCereblad qarTulma diplomatiam, Seqmnil viTarebaSi,
orientacia yara-iusufis Svilze _ isqanderze (1420-1437) aiRo.
aseTi saerTaSoriso viTareba aleqsandre I-ma xelsayrelad miiCnia da
`lores sakiTxis~ mogvareba ganizraxa:
XIV-XV ss-Ta mijnaze, Temurlengis Semosevebis gamo, saqarTvelos
samxreT sazRvarze Zveli albanuri da somxuri olqebi ikargeba, magram 1405
wels, Temuris gardacvalebis Semdeg, viTareba droebiT icvleba da giorgi
VII-is moRvaweobis Sedegad am provinciebze saqarTvelos samefo taxtis
gavlena izrdeba, xolo lore-somxiTi misi organuli nawili xdeba.
viTarebas yara-iusufis Savbatknian TurqmanTa saxelmwifo cvlis _ 1420
wels lores `qveyana~ yara-yoiunlus xelisuflis mflobelobaSia. am wels,
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yara-iusufis daRupvis Semdeg, rogorc aRiniSna, aleqsandre I didi
diplomatiur saqmianobas aaqtiurebs, iTvaliswinebs SavbatknianebSi
garTulebul viTarebas da 1420-1422 ww-Si, sxva movlenebTan erTad, lores
ibrunebs. 1424 wels sanainSi gadaweril hiSatakaranSi aleqsandre I lores
uzenaes xelisuflad ixsenieba.
amdenad, XV s-is 20-iani wlebis dasawyisSi saqarTvelo SavbatknianTagan
damoukidebelia. SahrohTan diplomatiuri kontaqtebis Sedegad qarTuli
samefo xelisufleba cdilobs masTan damokidebulebis mowesrigebas.
aleqsandre I didi am etapze CaRaTaelTa uzenaesobas ar cnobs da amis
paralelurad orientacias yara-iusufis vaJTan _ isqanderTan urTierTobaze
iRebs.
yara-yoiunlus fadiSahi isqanderi arc erTxel ar dasxmia Tavs
saqarTvelos, maSin rodesac samjer dalaSqra Sahrohis xelisuflebis qveS
myofi Sirvani, 1434 wels ki _ daRestani da sastikad daarbia isini.
SesaZlebelia, Sahrohis winaaRmdeg, garkveuli diplomatiuri kontaqtebis
Semdeg, aleqsandre mefesa da isqanders SeTanxmeba daedoT, magram
isqandersa da Sahroh-jahan-Sahs Soris mkveTri winaaRmdegobis arsebobis
pirobebSi, aleqsandre I-is samefo taxtis aseTi nabiji CaRaTaelebTan
daufarav dapirispirebas niSnavda.
1429 wels q. salmastTan Sahrohsa da isqanders Soris gamarTuli brZola
CaRaTaelTa mbrZaneblis gamarjvebiT damTavrda; damarcxebuli fadiSahi
isqanderi gaiqca, xolo Sahrohi gamosazamTreblad yarabaRis velze
dabanakda. man Savbatknian TurqmanTa saxelmwifo taxtze isqanderis Zma _
abu-saidi aiyvana, romelmac Sahrohi mis siuzerenad cno. swored am
periodSi, Sahrohis nebarTviT, 1430 wels CaRaTaelTa mokavSire da
qveSevrdomi, SavbatknianTa momavali mbrZanebeli jahan-Sahi (1435-1467)
laSqrobs loreSi, romelic am dros isqanderis mokavSiris _ aleqsandre
mefis mflobelobaSi iyo. movlenaTa aseT ganviTarebas saqarTvelosaTvis
aRniSnuli regionis dakargva mohyva, magram 1430 welsve viTareba Seicvala _
isqanderi SeebrZola abu-saids da gaimarjva, da 1431 wels kvlav yara-
yoiunlus mbrZanebeli gaxda. amdenad, warmateba aleqsandre mefis
mokavSiris mxareze darCa, riTac isargebla saqarTvelos xelisuflebam,
kvlav daibruna lore da `kualad moxarke-hyvna rani, movakani da Sarvani;
movlo samefo TВsi da movida kualad tfiliss~.
miuxedavad aseTi warmatebisa, es mainc problemis calmxrivi mogvareba
iyo _ Temuris Camomavlis, CaRaTaelTa mbrZaneblis _ Sahrohis saqarTvelos
xelisuflebisadmi arakeTilganwyobili damokidebuleba, misi Semosevebis
saSiSroeba dRis wesrigidan moxsnili ar aris, miT umetes, aleqsandre I
didis yara-yoiunlus fadiSahTan _ isqanderTan mokavSireobis pirobebSi.
qarTvel politikosTa savalalod Savbatknianebidan swored maTma mo-
kavSirem _ isqanderma ver SeZlo samefo taxtze mkvidrad fexis mokideba,
rac saqarTvelos samefoSi qarTvel diplomatebs mxedvelobidan ar unda
gamorCenodaT. 1435 wels adgili aqvs CaRaTaelTa da isqanderis
Savbatknianebis brZolas _ aseTi mwvave dapirispirebiTa da mtris
mouclelobiT isargebla aleqsandre I-ma da swored am periodSi (daaxl.
1434-1435 ww.) siuniqi (axl. yarabaRi da mezobeli Temebi) saqarTvelos
SemouerTa. 1435 wels Temuris CamomavalTa da Sirvanis gaerTianebul laS-
qarTan brZolaSi yara-yoiunlus xelmocaruli fadiSahi isqanderi
damarcxda da mcire aziaSi gaiqca. saqarTvelos samefo taxti iZulebulia,

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Sesabamisi nabijebi gadadgas _ erTaderTi gza SahrohTan da CaRaTaelebTan
mowesrigebuli diplomatiuri urTierTobebis damyareba da, paralelurad,
mis sapirispirod, Zlieri mokavSiris Zebnaa. am dros ` ... gamoCnda kaci Sa-
rux (Sahrohi) da aman daipyra romelnime sparseTisani. movida da daipyra
adribeJanica da Semovida somxiTs~; saqarTvelos samefo taxts
gadawyvetileba unda mieRo, ris gamoc mefis karze bWoba gaimarTa: `maSin
amisaTВs ganizraxa mefeman aleqsandre SemokrebulTa didebulTa TВsTa
Tana raБ hyon: brZola anu zavi~. qarTvel xelisufalTa winaSe dasmula
diplomatiis erT-erTi mTavari sakiTxi _ `raБ hyon: brZola anu zavi~.
saqarTvelos umaRlesi xelisuflebis warmomadgenlebma zavs dauWires
mxari: am diplomatiuri misiis Sesasruleblad 1435 w. mefem batoniSvili
dimitri waravlina; Sahrohma zavi miiRo da ukuiqca.
elCoba 1435 w. ewyoba _ mefe aleqsandres mokavSiris _ isqanderis
damarcxebisa da Sahroh-jahan-Sahis banakis gamarjvebis wels; ZiriTadad
swored amas unda ganepirobebina aRniSnuli elCoba da zavis Txovna.
1436 wlis gazafxulze Sahrohma samxreTi azerbaijanis gamgeblad
gaqceuli isqanderis Zma _ jahan-Sahi daniSna, romelic Sahrohis
siuzerenobas aRiarebs. amdenad, SavbatknianTa xelisuflebaSi aleqsandre
mefis mokavSiris adgilze misi mowinaaRmdege movida _ maT adrec hqondaT
Setakeba-uTanxmoeba lores gamo. amave dros, aleqsandre dids, rogorc
jahan-Sahis moqiSpe Zmis _ isqanderis mokavSires, masTan isedac cudi
urTierToba eqneboda. am periodSi, jahan-Sahma siuniqi daarbia da xelT
igdo, iqidan ltolvili mTavari _ beSqen orbeliani aleqsandre didTan
gamoiqca, mefem lore mas uwyaloba.
1437 wels jahan-Sahma taxtze poziciebi sabolood ganimtkica: isqanderi
gamosavals eZebs, amitomac misreTis (egviptis) sulTanTan saidumlod elCi
waravlina, raTa igi jariT daxmareboda. marTlac, sulTanma didZali
laSqari gamogzavna, magram maT male Seityves, rom isqanderi erinjakis
cixeSi mouklavT.
ikvreba samkuTxedi: egvipte-saqarTvelo-isqanderis Savbatknianebi; samives
erTiani interesebi da saerTo mteri hyavdaT. swored am periodSi
dasturdeba saqarTvelo-egviptis intensiuri diplomatiuri urTierTobebi:
`wminda adgilebis~ sakiTxisa da am ideaSi realurad arsebul mTavar
politikur problemaTa mosagvareblad warmoebul diplomatiur
molaparakebebs mxolod saqarTvelos samefo taxti ar awarmoebda. yvela
qristiani Tavis movaleobad Tvlida, sakuTari SesaZleblobebidan
gamomdinare, garkveuli wvlili Seetana am sakiTxebis mogvarebaSi.
gansakuTrebiT, qarTveli didebulebi, mTavrebi Tu Tavadebi aqtiurobdnen,
mag., samcxis mTavari ivane aTabagi (1391-1444). Tumca, sxvadasxva saxel-
mwifosTan molaparakebebs isini saqarTvelos samefo taxtisa da misi
daxmarebis gareSe ver ganaxorcielebdnen.
irkveva, rom egvipteli vaWris, Raibis, meSveobiT ivane samcxis aTabagi
egviptis sulTanTan molaparakebas awarmoebs qarTvelebisaTvis golgoTis
gadmocemis Taobaze: golgoTis dabrunebis SemTxvevaSi ivanem da sxva misma
Tanamoazre mTavrebma sulTans uTvalavi saqoneli aRuTqves, agreTve _ maT
xelisuflebaSi myof TurqTa ganTavisufleba samefo xarkisagan, dangreuli
da aoxrebuli mizgiTebis aSeneba da a. S. ivane aTabagsa da qarTvel
mTavrebs egviptis sulTanTan garkveul pirobebze SeTanxmebisaTvis
miuRweviaT.

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 `wminda adgilebis~ sababiT myardeba saerTaSoriso kontaqtebi, am ideiT
realurad araerTi sxva politikur-diplomatiuri sakiTxis mogvarebac
xerxdeba. dasturdeba, rom XV s-is I naxevarSi qarTvelebs kvlav sakmao
gavlena aqvT ierusalimsa da egvipteSi: somexi episkoposi martirosi ibrZvis
qarTvelebisaTvis golgoTis CamosarTmevad da somxebisaTvis gadasacemad,
ramdenjerme Cadis egvipteSi da sulTnis moxeleebis moqrTamvis mizniT
didZal fulsac xarjavs, Tumca mainc verafers aRwevs. egviptis sulTnis
karze bolos misTvis urCeviaT, rom somxebi golgoTas sabolood
gamoTxovebodnen da qarTvelebis cilobisaTvis Tavi daenebebinaT. mTavar
argumentad is aris moyvanili, rom maT TavianTi mefe umagrebs zurgs,
romelic, Tavis mxriv, `misrelT~ Sehpirebia saqarTvelos samefoSi
muslimanTa uflebebis garantirebul dacvas. aSkaraa egviptis sulTnis
keTilganwyoba saqarTvelosa da misi samefo karisadmi, rac garkveuli
politikur-diplomatiuri miznebiTaa ganpirobebuli. am davaSic, sabolood,
golgoTa qarTvelebs darCaT, xolo somxebma sxva carieli adgili airCies
Tavisi eklesiis asagebad. es 1439 wels xdeba, anu aleqsandre I didis xanaSi.
unda aRiniSnos, rom ivane aTabagi egviptis sulTanTan aseT doneze
warmatebul diplomatiur urTierTobebs aleqsandre mefis samefo karTan
SeuTanxmeblad naklebad SeZlebda.
egviptis sulTnisaTvisac didi mniSvneloba hqonda, Tu saerTaSoriso
kontaqtebisas vin idga molaparakebebis meore mxares _ saqarTvelos samefo
taxti Tu erT-erTi misi vasali _ samcxis mTavari. `wminda adgilebis~
sakiTxis sababiT saxelmwifoebs Soris xdeba umniSvnelovanesi politikuri
sakiTxebis mowesrigeba da SeTanxmebis miRweva erToblivi moqmedebebis
Sesaxeb. qarTvelebi kvlav floben golgoTas, mniSvnelovani privilegiebi
aqvT ierusalimsa da, saerTod, `wminda miwaze~. yovelive SesaZlebeli gaxda
swored am saxelmwifoebs _ saqarTvelosa da egviptes Soris arsebuli
mogvarebuli diplomatiuri urTierTobebis Sedegad. saerTo mtris
saSiSroebis pirobebSi egviptisTvisac mniSvnelovani iyo saqarTvelosTan
mWidro kavSiris arseboba. amitomac 1440 wels egviptis sulTanma werili
gamougzavna saqarTvelos mefes, aleqsandre I-s. am saintereso diplomatiuri
xasiaTis dokumentiT dasturdeba intensiuri kontaqtebi saqarTvelosa da
egviptes Soris, romelSic, marTlac, `samefo saqmeebi~ ganirCeva; amave dros,
es urTierTobebi sakmaod mowesrigebul, keTilganwyobil xasiaTs atarebs.
werili saqarTvelos samefo karze moitana `sultnis erT-erTma mamluqma
najm ad-din az-zahirim~. aleqsandre mefes weriliTve gaucia pasuxi.
sulTani jakmaki meore werilsac gzavnis, romliTac acnobebs mas, rom
aleqsandre mefis epistole mivida sulTnis maRal karze. aleqsandre I
didis werilSi gamoxatuli yofila mefis didi erTguleba sulTnis maRali
karisadmi. udavoa, rom keTilganwyobileba maTi sakuTari interesebiT aris
nakarnaxevi: mamluqTa kargi damokidebuleba qristianebisadmi imiTaa
ganpirobebuli, rom mahmadianebi saqarTveloSi da qristianul samyaroSi
uSiSrad grZnobdnen Tavs. am keTilganwyobas da mowesrigebul diplomatiur
urTierTobebs TiTqos arRvevs erTi incidenti, romelic mamluqTa vaWars
SeemTxva saqarTveloSi (laparakia misTvis aTasi dinaris warTmevaze).
rogorc egviptis sulTani aRniSnavs, maT Soris urTierTobebidan
gamomdinare, igi `uaRresad gaocebuli~ darCa muslimanTa qveSevrdomis
mimarT aseTi qceviT; Tan xazgasmiT ambobs, rom amis sapirispirod `mis
qristian qveSevrdomebs da maTi eklesiebis samRvdeloebas CvenTan epyrobian

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keTilganwyobiTa da samarTlianad Cveni keTilSobiluri wyalobebis gamo~.
jakmaki sTxovs muslimani vaWrebisaTvis Sewerili baJis ukan dabrunebas.
ierusalimis qarTvel berebs avaldebulebs, Tu saqarTvelos mefe amas
Seasrulebs, maSin `wminda adgilebSi~ moRvawe qarTuli Temic
ganTavisufldeba dakisrebuli valdebulebebisagan: ` ... maSin Cven
SevinarCunebT Cvens Cveul yuradRebas misi udidebulesobisadmi da
gavzrdiT Cvens samarTlian da keTilmosurne mopyrobas qristianebisa da
berebisadmi Cvens qveyanaSi~.
am dokumentSi dafiqsirebulia erTi saintereso diplomatiuri meqanizmi:
Tu molaparakebebis erT-erTi mxare uars ambobs meoris mier misdami
wayenebul braldebebze da unda maTi moxsna, maSin man (am SemTxvevaSi
aleqsandre I-ma) `Sehyaros Tavis sasaxleSi samRvdeloeba da berebi da
daificos maTi TandaswrebiT misi religiisa da rwmenis Sesabamisi yvelaze
ufro sazeimo ficiT... am ficis asli, mRvdlebisa da berebis xelmoweriT,
unda gamoigzavnos Cvens maRal karze, ise rom Cveni goneba damSviddeba~...
jakmakis werilis bolos CamoTvlilia egviptis mxridan is pirobebi,
romelTa Sesrulebis SemTxvevaSi saqarTvelo-egviptis diplomatiuri
urTierTobebi sabolood mogvardeboda (asec moxda). saqarTvelos
xelisuflebam `unda ganaxorcielos marTlmsajuleba muslim qveSevrdomTa
Soris da gaaiolos savali gzebi mogzaurebisa da vaWrebisaTvis. man unda
daakisros maT mxolod Cveulebrivi gadasaxadebi. amgvarad iqneba SenarCune-
buli Cveni keTilganwyoba da megobroba mis mimarT da Cven kargad
movepyrobiT mis qveSevrdomebs muslimTa qveynebSi~.
am periodis saqarTvelo-egviptis diplomatiur urTierTobebs saer-
TaSoriso asparezze arsebuli viTareba kvebavda: XV s-is 20-30-ian wlebSi
aziaSi egviptes safrTxes CaRaTaelTa mbrZanebeli _ Sahrohi da ay-yoiunlus
jahan-Sahis Turqmanebi uqmnian; maT winaaRmdeg egviptisaTvis saqarTvelos
mamluqebTan kavSirs sakmao datvirTva da momgebiani mniSvneloba hqonda.
SesaZlebelia, egviptis sulTani qarTvelTagan am saxelmwifoebis Sesaxeb
saTanado informaciis miwodebiTac iyo dainteresebuli da, mosalodnelia,
Rebulobda kidec qarTveli diplomatebisagan. Sesabamisad, saqarTvelosac
egviptesTan mokavSireoba haeriviT sWirdeboda.
qarTuli diplomatiis sasaxelod unda iTqvas, rom mas mouqneloba da
sworxazovnoba ar axasiaTebs. saqarTvelos samefo cdilobs SahrohTan
diplomatiuri urTierTobebis warmoebas, CaRaTaelebTan, ZiriTadad, adgili
aqvs dapirispirebas, magram garkveul periodebSi xerxdeba urTierT-
damokidebulebis mowesrigebac; saqarTvelos samefo kari sxvadasxva mxares-
Tan cdilobs saerTaSoriso kontaqtebis damyarebas da am Zlier ara-
qristianul saxelmwifoTa garemocvaSi garkveuli Sedegebis miRwevas _
qarTuli diplomatiis winaSe arsebuli sxvadasxva SesaZlebeli
orientirebis pirobebSi, saqarTvelos xelisufleba yvela mimarTulebiT
cdilobs muSaobis warmarTvas: saqarTvelo _ Savbatknianebi (maT sxvadasxva
dajgufebasTan), saqarTvelo _ Temurianebi, saqarTvelo _ egvipte.
aleqsandre didi yvela am mxaresTan awarmoebs diplomatiur saqmianobas da
zogjer mowesrigebuli kontaqtebis Camoyalibebasac aRwevs; magram arsebob-
da kidev erTi mniSvnelovani orientiri _ mezoblad mdebare qristianuli
saxelmwifoebi: trapizoni da bizantia an kidev ufro Soreuli qristianuli
dasavleTi evropa.

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 trapizonisa da bizantiis imperiebs umZimesi viTareba hqondaT, radgan
Tavad iyvnen muslimTagan Seviwroebulni; aseT mdgomareobaSi myofi
qveynebisgan realuri daxmarebis miReba naklebad iyo mosalodneli _ mag.,
roca erT-erTi Semosevisas q. trapizonSi xanZari gaCnda, panikaSi myofma
mosaxleobam saqarTvelos moaSura.
trapizonis saxelmwifos xelisufalni TiTqos yvelafers akeTeben, raTa
Tavi daixsnan Turq-osmalTa Semosevebisagan, aqvT diplomatiuri
urTierTobebi dasavleT evropasTan, rasac, sabolood, sasurveli Sedegebi
ver mohyva. aseT mZime viTarebaSi trapizonis imperatoris, aleqsi IV-is
winaaRmdeg misi Ze _ ioane (Semdeg imperatori ioane IV) gamovida.
dapirispirebis Semdeg ioane komnenosi iZulebuli gaxda saqarTveloSi
gaqceuliyo. ioanes aleqsandre I didis asuli hyavda colad. ikveTeba trapi-
zonis saimperatoro karis umaRlesi warmomadgenlebis saqarTvelos samefo
taxtTan urTierTobis saintereso faqti. ioane IV-is xanis trapizons
diplomatiuri molaparakebebi hqonda genuasTan, rasac ZiriTadad
trapizonis elCi _ giorgi amirucisi warmarTavda. igi genuaSi 1449 wlis
aprilis Sua ricxvebSi Cavida. molaparakebis dasawyisSive man genuelebs
ioane IV-is saxeliT SesTavaza mosalodneli SeTanxmebis dinastiuri
qorwinebiT ganmtkiceba, anu doJis erT-erTi asulis ioanes vaJze, trapizo-
nis imperiis taxtis memkvidreze daqorwineba. giorgi amiruciss maTTvis
ucnobebia, rom imperator ioane IV-is vaJi dedis mxridan iTvleboda
`iberiis imperiis~ erTaderT memkvidred (laparakia im informaciaze, rom
ioane IV-s colad hyavda aleqsandre I didis asuli); aseve sainteresoa
giorgi amirucisis mier saqarTvelos `iberiis imperiad~ moxsenieba.
rogorc aRvniSneT, mamasTan dapirispirebis Semdeg ioane komnenosi
saqarTveloSi gaiqca; Tavisi colis samSoblos Seafara Tavi. saqarTveloSi
myofi aleqsandre mefis siZe trapizonTan kavSirs ar wyvets, misi Canafiqris
mTavar sakiTxad kvlav mamis _ aleqsi IV-is taxtidan Camogdeba rCeba, miT
umetes, roca samSobloSi mas Tavis momxreTa sakmaod didi jgufi hyavs. am
ambebSi ar SeiZleba, simamris _ aleqsandres samefo karic ar yofiliyo
CarTuli. TviTon saqarTvelos mefec, movlenebis ioane komnenosis
sasargeblod ganviTarebis SemTxvevaSi, qarTvelTaTvisac garkveuli
sargeblobis mopovebas varaudobs. ukve aleqsandre I didis Semdgom xanaSi,
1446 wels, aleqsi IV mokles, xolo saimperatoro taxtze marTlac ioane IV
avida.
b) urTierToba kaTolikur dasavleTTan. 1436 wels evropaSi garkveulad
Rvivdeba interesi aRmosavleTSi myofi im qristianuli qveynebisadmi,
romlebic marTlmadideblobas _ orTodoqsul saeklesio wess aRiarebdnen.
bizantiis xelisufalni kargad xedavdnen aRmosavleTis qristianuli
saxelmwifoebis winaSe arsebul aSkara saSiSroebas, romelic Turq-
osmalebisagan modioda. bizantiis saimperatoro taxti da misi eklesia
meTauroben im moZraobas, romelic ferara-florenciis saeklesio krebis
mowveviT dasrulda. bizantia Tanaxmaa dasavleTis mimarT dogmatur da
politikur kapitulaciasa, agreTve, marTlmadideblur da kaTolikur
eklesiaTa gaerTianebaze, oRond ki samxedro da materialuri daxmareba
miiRos Turqebis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi. 1436 wels bizantiis imperatorma
ioane VIII-m marTlmadideblur qveynebSi 1438-1439 wlebSi Tavisi mociqulebi
miavlina, raTa maT ferara-florenciis saeklesio krebaze TavianTi

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warmomadgenlebi gaegzavnaT. am misiiT saqarTvelosa da trapizonSi
imyofeboda bizantiis elCi andronike iagarisi (iagrini).
aleqsandre I didis samefo karma im imediT, rom iqneb marTlac mieRoT
garkveuli daxmareba, uSualod enaxaT dasavleTSi arsebuli socialur-
politikuri viTareba, SeefasebinaT saeklesio krebis sxdomebze
gabatonebuli situacia da Tavad ganesazRvraT, hqonodaT Tu ara
dasavleTis mxardaWeris imedi, gadawyvetileba miiRo ferara-florenciis
saeklesio krebaze Tavisi delegaciis gagzavnis Sesaxeb. bizantiis
imperatorTan da patriarqTan erTad italiaSi aRmosavleTis eklesiis 22
warmomadgeneli gaemgzavra, maT Soris, qarTuli delegacia, romlis
organizatoria am periodis saqarTvelos mefe aleqsandre I didi. 1438 wels
veneciis navsadgurSi Sesulan romis papis galerebi (katarRebi) _ erTs
Camouyvania bizantiis imperatori Tavisi amaliT, meores ki maTi patriarqi
da sxva warCinebuli pirni saqarTvelodan, somxeTidan, ruseTidan. dRemde
daculi cnobebidan Cans, rom aseTi saxisa Tu xasiaTis qarTvelTa dip-
lomatiuri misia dasavleT evropaSi pirvelia.
1438 wlis 5 Tebervals italiis q. feraraSi gaixsna msoflio saeklesio
kreba, romelzec erTmaneTs dasavleTisa da aRmosavleTis qristianuli
eklesiis maRali warmomadgenlebi Sexvdnen da uniis sakiTxi ganixiles;
Semdegi sxdomebi florenciaSi mimdinareobda, amitomac igi ferara-
florenciis saeklesio krebis saxelwodebiT aris cnobili. msoflio
diplomatiis TvalsazrisiT, igi mniSvnelovani forumi unda gamxdariyo,
magram papma evgeni IV-m erT-erTi mTavari piroba _ krebaze dasavleTis
xelmwifeTa daswrebis uzrunvelyofa ver Seasrula; safrangeTma e. w. `prag-
matuli sanqciac~ ki miiRo, romelic zRudavda papebis uflebas safrangeTis
eklesiaze da amiT rogorc bazelis, ise feraras saeklesio krebas
emijneboda. bizantiisa da aRmosavleTis sxva qveynebis warmomadgenelTa
mTavari mizani Turqebis winaaRmdeg realuri daxmarebis miReba iyo, amitom
dasavleTis politikis pirvel pirTa dauswreblobis gamo krebis Catareba
maTTvis yovelgvar azrs kargavs. romis papisaTvis ki piriqiT, xelsayreli
viTarebaa _ igi sargeblobs aRmosavleTis xelisufalTa mZime mdgomareobiT
da Tavisi gegmis ganxorcielebas cdilobs: evgeni IV-is CanafiqriT, unda
momxdariyo kaTolikuri da marTlmadidebluri eklesiebis gaerTianeba, rac
im droisaTvis arsebul pirobebSi vatikanis politikuri batonobis
aRiarebas niSnavda. papma yvela xerxs mimarTa, raTa aRmosavleTis eklesiis
warmomadgenlebi aeZulebina, ecnoT eklesiebis gaerTianeba romis papis
meTaurobiT. 1439 wlis ivlisSi marTlmadideblur saxelmwifoTa da maTi
eklesiebis wargzavnilTa umravlesobam unias xeli moawera.
vin iyvnen saqarTvelodan wargzavnilni, ra saqmianoba gaswies, rogori
statusiTa da pativiT sargeblobdnen da ra damokidebuleba gamoxates uniis
mimarT:
iberiidan iyvnen: ori episkoposi, erTi elCi da iberiis mefeTa gan-
sakuTrebuli senatorebi; istoriuli dokumentebiT ar Cans, Tu vin arian
saero warmomadgenlebi _ mefis elCi da saqarTvelos `gansakuTrebuli
senatorebi~. rac Seexeba delegaciis xelmZRvanelebs saqarTvelos
eklesiidan, esini arian grigol da ioane manglel-Tbileli episkoposebi
(istoriuli wyaroebi maT xan episkoposebad, xan mitropolitebad
moixsenieben).

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 saqarTvelos diplomatiuri misia dasavleT evropaSi didi pativiT
miuRiaT. `iberiis mitropoliti~ saeklesio krebaze mis monawileTa wina
rigSi mjdara; florenciis wminda msoflio saeklesio krebis oqmiT:
`pirveli kardinalis pirdapir idga patriarqis savarZeli... patriarqis
Semdeg oTx skamze ganlagebuli iyvnen: herakliis arqiepiskoposi... antioqiis
patriarqis mier gamogzavnili _ efesiis arqiepiskoposi, ierusalimis -
patriarqis warmomadgeneli _ meneziis arqiepiskoposi da iberiis mefis
warmomadgeneli _ iberiis mitropoliti... amaT Semdeg isxdnen trapezundis,
rizes, nikeis, lakedemoniis... arqiepiskoposebi~. imave oqmSi aRniSnulia
saero pirebis Sesaxeb: `imperatoris savarZlis gverdiT skamze ijda
ramdenime saero piri. papis Tanmxlebi pirebis pirdapir isxdnen: serbiis
mTavari, trapizuntis imperatoris mandatis mqone, iberiis mefis elCi
(romelic yvelasagan gansxvavdeboda Tavisi CacmulobiT, mravali Zvirfasi
qviT Semkuli mrgvali oqroqsovili qudiT) da valaxiis batonis ori
warmomadgeneli~.
saqarTvelos delegacia sxva warmomadgenelTa Soris pativiscemiT
sargeblobda. saqarTvelos saxelmwifosa da misi eklesiis warmomadgenels
sapatio mexuTe adgili ukavia, rac laparakobs qveynisa da qarTuli
eklesiis maRal avtoritetze, prestiJsa da gavlenianobaze. es kargad Cans
marTlmadidebluri eklesiis mesveurebisadmi gagzavnil papi evgenis
werilidan, romelSic oTxi msoflio patriarqis Semdeg saqarTvelos mefe
da trapizonis mitropoliti ixseniebian. mxolod Semdeg arian
dasaxelebulni ruseTis, moldov-vlaxeTisa da sxva mitropolitebi. rusuli
istoriuli wyaros mixedviT, im mitropolitTa Soris, romlebic ruseTis
delegacias xvdebodnen, papi evgenis, imperator ioanesa da patriarqi iosebis
Semdeg mxolod ori _ trapizonisa da iberiis mitropoliti arian
moxseniebulni, xolo danarCenni `sxvaTa ricxvSi~ arian moTavsebulni. es ar
unda iyos SemTxveviTi, msgavsi xasiaTis dokumentebSi aseTi ram
gamoricxulia _ msoflio patriarqebis gverdiT qarTveli mitropolitis
dasaxeleba migviTiTebs im avtoritetze, romelic saqarTvelosa da
trapizons hqonda sazRvargareT, maT Soris ruseTSi.
sainteresoa `iberiis mefis elCis~, anu aleqsandre I didis mier
wargzavnili piris statusi: saqarTvelos mefis elCs trapizonis
imperatoris mandati aqvs, ise rogorc serbiis warmomadgenlebs, rac
garkveuli anarekli unda iyos politikuri kavSirisa, romelic am dros
arsebobda saqarTvelos, trapizonsa da serbias Soris.
delegaciebis didi nawili iZulebuli gaxda xeli moewera gaerTianebis
aqtze. bulaze qarTul delegacias xeli ar mouweria. bizantias, gasagebi
mizezebis gamo, bolomde prolaTinuri pozicia ekava, amitom `berZenTa
aqtebi~ marTlmadideblobis poziciaze mtkiced mdgar qarTvel elCTa da,
saerTod, saqarTvelos mimarT Zalze tendenciuria. qarTuli diplomatiis
istoriis TvalsazrisiT Zalze sainteresoa XV s-Si moRvawe siropulosis
memuarebis erTi nawyveti, romelic uSualod qarTul delegacias eZRvneba;
aqedanve vgebulobT qarTveli elCebis sazRvargareT moqmedebis sxvadasxva
saintereso niuansis Sesaxeb:
`episkoposma sinodis sesiebi miatova, radgan kargad gaigo, rom
gaerTianebas cudi xerxiT uwevdnen propagandas. pirvelad episkoposebi
farulad saTiTaod Cveni kacebis Secdomas uCvenebdnen da wamouyenes maT
antioqiis patriarqis sigeli, romelic maT ukrZalavda laTinebTan

188
SeTanxmebas. mere visac Sesanaxi florinebi hqonda, farulad gaiqca, raTa
gadaemala isini. mxolod tansacmeli da saniadago saxmari ram daitova,
danarCens Raribebs urigebda, Tavad ki xalxis Tvalebs emaleboda, arc
sityvis Tqma SeeZlo da arc Tavis gamoCena undoda. amasTanave cota xniT
ubralo tunikas icvamda, zogjer tutucad an mawanwalad mohqonda Tavi...
igi italiis adgilebsa da qalaqebSi ucnobad daexeteboda da sruli sami
Tvis Semdeg, isargebla ra Cveni TanagrZnobiT, gaqra ukvalod.
SembraleblobiT waqezebulma tornovis episkoposma, gaixsena ra Zveli
gaWirveba, im kacis Zebnas Seudga, romelmac is veneciaSi Caiyvana... man naxa
qarTveli episkoposi modenaSi da waiyvana is konstantinopolSi~. aqve
saubaria saero piris _ saqarTvelos mefis elCis Sesaxeb: `iberiis meore
elCi Tavadi-eriskaci imave dReebSi, roca moismina, rom gaerTianebas ukve
beWedi aqvs dasmulio, romSi Cavida. ase rom, roca iberiis neitralur elCs
gaerTianebis xmis mimcemTa sia uCvenes, is Cumad wavida~.
siropulosis memuarebSi daculia romis papisa da qarTveli elCis
piradi Sexvedrisa da saubris niuansebi, romlebsac TiTqmis ar mouRweviaT
Cvenamde, da, udavod, qarTuli diplomatiis istoriis erT-erT Zalze
saintereso furcels warmoadgenen.
`sanam molaparakebis msvleloba ukanasknel stadias miaRwevda, es Tavadi
(saqarTvelos elCi) papma TavisTan darbazSi miiwvia da aseTi saubari
gaumarTa: gagebuli maqvs, rom Tqven qristiani brZandebiT, kaci metad
naTeli niWiT dajildoebuli. qristes eklesia gvaswavlis ganaTlebis
mimdevrobas: romis eklesia eklesiis dedaa... Tqven unda daemorCiloT
dedas... esa da sxva mravali ram uTxra saubarSi papma. iberma amgvarad
upasuxa: Cvenc Tanabrad, rasac RvTis wyalobiT viRebT, ukvdavebiT
vsargeblobT, qristianebi varT. Cveni eklesia mosawonia da Cvens dogmebs
vemorCilebiT. Cveni eklesia Zalian mtkiced icavs TiToeul mcnebas Cveni
uflis ieso qristesi, aseve wminda mociqulTa tradiciebs... amisagan
arasdros ar gadagvixvevia, araferi ar dagvimatebia, araferi malulad ar
wagviRia, warmosadgeni minimumic ki. romis eklesiam ki mravali ram daumata
da sabolood wminda mamebis swavlebis sazRvrebi gadalaxa. amis gamo
Tqvens eklesias Cven CamovSordiT da orive gayris gziT wavediT~... cota
qveviT naTeli xdeba, konkretulad ra SesTavaza kaTolikuri eklesiis
meTaurs qarTvelma elCma, romelic sakmaod Tamamad, magram diplomatiurad
ekamaTeba paps da, saerTod, riT damTavrda maTi saubari: `amis Semdeg iberma
paps urCia xeli ar exlo barbarosul enebze arsebuli dogmebisaTvis,
romelTa ZaliT warTmeva da maT nacvlad Tavisis danergva surs. papma
pasuxi faruli simwariT moismina da gancvifrebuli gaCumda~.
siropulosTan daculia meore saintereso epizodi, romelic kargad
axasiaTebs qarTveli elCis moqmedebas da naTels hfens im pozicias,
romelic qarTul delegacias ekava saeklesio krebaze:
`sinodis yrilobaze uqme dRes sazeimo locva moawyves papisaTvis. sanam
saeklesio msaxurebis movaleobis Semsrulebeli mRvdlebi daeswrebodnen,
kaTedraze avida keTilSobili kaci, protonotariusi ioane. naTlad da
Zalian farTod, laTinur enaze, ganmartavda yrilobis mniSvnelobas. Cvenc
im xanobad elCebTan axlos visxediT. ioane xSirad sailustraciod
aristoteles axsenebda. orjer, samjer mosmenis Semdeg iberma marcxena xel-
Si wamavlo da momiWira. me Tvali mivapyari mas, Tavi davuqnie, Zlivs
mivxvdi, Tu ra unda mas. man Tqva: `marTlac da is aristotele, aristotele!

189
oo! metad naTeli aristotele~! me Zalian daveWvdi mis damowmebaSi, Tu
ratom ambobda: `Zalian naTeli aristotele!~ da vkiTxe, Tu vis Tvlis
avtoritetad. mipasuxa iberma: `wm. petre, wm. pavle, wm. basili, grigol
Teologi, qrizostomosi. CvenTvis raa aristotele, aristotele?~ mTeli ta-
niT, saxiT gamometyvelebiT, xmiT, Tavis qneviT, xeliTac, gamosaxviTac
uCvenebda gajavrebas da ecodeboda oratori, yrilobis winaSe rom Tavs
isulelebda. `am swavluli disciplinisa Tu ara, Cveni mainc Sercxveso~ _
ambobda iberi~.
zemomoyvanili nawyvetebidan aSkarad Cans, rom saqarTvelos mefis elCi
maRali rangis politikuri moRvawe, ganaTlebuli, enebis mcodne da
dogmatur sakiTxebSi farTod ganswavluli pirovnebaa; adamiani, romelsac
Tanabar doneze SeuZlia romis papTan paeqroba _ saubari; misi elCad
gagzavna aleqsandre I didis mxridan SemTxveviTi araa da samefo karis mier
kargad mofiqrebul nabijad moCans.
saeklesio krebis msvlelobaSi qarTuli delegacia darwmunda, rom
papisagan saqarTvelo realur daxmarebas ver miiRebda, warmoqmnili
situaciis Secvlis aRarc imedi arsebobda, amitom xelmZRvanelebma _
grigol da ioane episkoposebma, aseve saero pirma _ mefis elCma da,
saerTod, mTelma delegaciam kaTolikuri da marTlmadidebluri eklesiebis
gaerTianebis aqts xeli ar moaweres. saeklesio krebis pirvelsave dReebSi
Seqmnila Taviseburi fraqcia, romelic uaryofiTad uyurebda uniis ideas,
im meTodebs, romlebsac krebis mowveva-gagrZelebis mowinaaRmdegeTa mimarT
iyenebdnen. am fraqciis lideri pirvel etapze grigol iverieli episkoposi
Cans; saeroTa Soris ki erT-erTi aseTi piri aleqsandre I didis mier warg-
zavnili saqarTvelos samefos elCia. saeklesio krebaze delegaciis
wevrebze fizikuri zemoqmedebisa da Zaldatanebis saSiSroeba Seiqmna,
papisagan realurad daxmarebis miRebis imedi ki gaqra, amitom grigol
episkoposma kreba miatova da saqarTveloSi dabrunda; ioane episkoposma ki
Raribis tansacmeli gadaicva da italiis sxvadasxva adgilas gaemgzavra
papis politikis mxilebis mizniT; rac Seexeba iberiis mefis elCs, _ `isic
Cumad wavida~.
swori iyo Tu ara qarTvel diplomatTa mier miRebuli gadawyvetileba?!
amisaTvis unda ganvixiloT, ra Sedegebi mohyva ferara-florenciis
saeklesio krebas da gaerTianebis aqtze xelmoweras:
marTalia, ferara-florenciis kreba iuridiulad kaTolikur da
marTlmadideblur eklesiaTa Soris uniiT dasrulda, magram realurad,
miuxedavad dogmatur-politikuri kapitulaciisa, bizantiam dasavleTisagan
dapirebuli ver miiRo. piriqiT, gaerTianebis aqtze sapasuxod iq axali
ZaliT gaCaRda mwvave partiaTaSorisi brZola. florenciis uniam warmoSva
tragikuli ganxeTqileba Tavad konstantinopolis sapatriarqoSi, igi impe-
riis mosaxleobis ZiriTadi fenebis mier TiTqmis erTxmad iqna uaryofili,
Tumca misdami damokidebulebaSi arsebobda garkveuli regionuli
gansxvavebanic, mag., peloponesze gaerTianebas bevrad kargi niadagi daxvda,
vidre konstantinopolSi, anu bizantiis imperiis sazRvrebSi uniasTan
dakavSirebiT bolomde erTgvarovani damokidebuleba ar arsebobda.
qarTulma diplomatiam araTu uniis Semdeg, aramed Tavad krebaze
aSkarad gamoxata misdami uaryofiTi damokidebuleba. qarTvelTa pozicia
marTebuli gamodga: ferara-florenciis krebas aRm. qristianTaTvis, mTavari
sakiTxis gadawyvetis mxriv, veraviTari Sedegi ver mohyva; daeca

190
konstantinopoli, Turqebma moaxdines balkaneTis okupacia, aiRes trapizoni
_ dasavleTidan realuri daxmarebis miReba ki ver moxerxda. dadebiTad is
SeiZleba CaiTvalos, rom saqarTvelos wargzavnilebi uSualod axlos
gaecnen das. evropaSi politikur Tu sxva sferoSi arsebul situacias,
aqedan gamomdinare, maT ukve kargad da realurad unda SeefasebinaT, ra
daxmarebis gaweva SeeZloT dasavleTis xelisufalT. Sexvedrebisas Seiqmna
xelsayreli pirobebi da damyarda urTierTobebi evropis sxvadasxva qveynis
warmomadgenlebTan, maT Soris ungrelebTan da sxv.
1437 wels, isqanderis daRupvisa da jahan-Sahis xelisuflebis
ganmtkicebis Semdeg, yara-yoiunlus mbrZanebeli Tavisi moqiSpe Zmis
mokavSiris _ aleqsandre mefisa da saqarTvelos sakiTxs dRis wesrigSi
svams.
miuxedavad imisa, rom sulTan jakmakis 1440 wlis sigelSi
dadasturebuli iyo SahrohTan garkveulad mowesrigebuli damokidebuleba,
jahan-SahTan kontaqtebma mainc mwvave xasiaTi SeiZina. jahan-Sahi aleqsandre
mefis masTan misvlasa da `dawesebuli samefo xarkis~ gadaxdas moiTxovs.
igi, rogorc SavbatknianTa xelisufali, saqarTvelos miiCnevs Tavis taxtze
damokidebul saxelmwifod, magram es yara-iusufis Camomavlis azria, rasac
saqarTvelos samefo taxti ar iziarebs. amis pasuxia, rom miuxedavad
`bevrjer~ gamogzavnili despanebisa, aleqsandre mefem masTan misvla `ar
isurva da sastik uars eubneboda mas~.
1440 wels Sahrohis vasali da misi mokavSire jahan-Sahi ardebilis
mmarTvelis _ ibrahim SeixSahis (1427-1447) TanxlebiT saqarTvelos Semoesia,
aaoxra samSvilde da gamarjvebis aRsaniSnavad adamianTa 1664 moWrili
Tavidan minareTi aagebina, Semdeg Tbilisic aiRo da gaZarcva _
`balavrianad moTxara~ yvela eklesia, `Zvelic da axalic~, romelic
agebuli iyo maTi uwindeli mefis mier. ra saxis politikuri
damokidebuleba damyarda am laSqrobis Semdeg saqarTvelosa da Turqmanebs
Soris, ucnobia.
iv. javaxiSvili aleqsandre mefis daxasiaTebisas askvnis, rom samxedro
da politikuri saqmianobis miuxedavad, `saxeli da mefeTa Soris
warCinebuleba mas imdenad samxedro ZlevamosilebiT ar unda hqondes
moxveWili, ramdenadac saqarTvelos Sinauri aRmSeneblobisa, ganaxlebisa da
aRorZinebisaTvis zrunviTa, farTo gegmiTa da mizanSewonili saSualebiT
warmoebuli diadi muSaobiT~. am `diad muSaobaSi~ xazgasmulia mefis
saSinao saqmianoba, magram, rogorc davinaxeT, saerTo rTuli saerTaSoriso
viTarebis fonze aleqsandre mefe, arsebuli SesaZleblobebidan gamomdina-
re, cdilobs aqtiuri sagareo politikis warmoebasac da amiT qveynisaTvis
Sesabamisi sargeblis motanas. misma am sferoSi moRvaweobamac ganapiroba
aleqsandre mefisaTvis `didis~ wodeba.
g) konstantinopolis dacema da misi mniSvneloba saqarTvelosaTvis.
`Turq-osmalebi mcire azias da balkaneTis naxevarkunZuls
dahpatronebodnen, bizantia gaeqroT, Savi zRvis gasaRebi _
konstantinopoli aeRoT da dasavleT evropas barbarizaciiT
damuqrebodnen~, _ aRniSnavs akad. n. berZeniSvili. bizantia _ `meore romi~
daeca. trapizonis sakeisroc, rogorc `saqarTvelos daxmarebiT odesRac
agebuli es patara, xelovnuri saberZneTi~ (z. avaliSvili), qarTvelTa
samefosaTvis Sesabamis rols veRar asrulebs. 1453 wels bizantiis
dapyrobis Semdeg, 1461 wels trapizonis sakeisroc daeca. maxlobel

191
aRmosavleTSi erTaderT qristianul saxelmwifod erT dros jvarosanTa
mier qristianTa `wina burjad~ aRiarebuli saqarTvelos samefo rCeba,
romelsac, Seqmnili saerTaSoriso viTarebidan gamomdinare, ukve bizantiis
msgavsi, anu `axali romis~ funqcia unda Seesrulebina.
konstantinopolis dapyroba Tavzardamcemi movlena iyo qristianuli
samyarosaTvis, romelic bizantiis mzis CasvenebisaTvis moumzadebeli
aRmoCnda. man udidesi cvlileba Seitana msoflio diplomatiur
urTierTobaTa istoriaSi. saqarTvelo _ konstantinopolis gareSe _ es
movlena mniSvnelovani niSansvetia, romlis Semdegac qarTul diplomatias
moqmedebis areali da xerxebi radikalurad Seumcirda.
Tavzardacema didi iyo. marTalia, `dasavleT evropis sindiss Seexnen,
magram man mainc ar gaiRviZa~. es pasiuroba dasavleTis qristianobas Zvirad
daujda, paralelurad, qristianobis mdgomareoba `wminda miwazec~
radikalurad mZimdeba _ igi mahmadianobasTan mimarTebaSi Tavis poziciebs
TandaTanobiT Tmobs. amave dros, dasavleTis kaTolikuri samyarosken bolo
imperatorebis Semxvedri nabijebis gadadgmis miuxedavad (ferara-
florenciis kreba...), konstantinopolis kraxi Tavad bizantiis SigniT
marTlmadidebelTa maRali wreebis xistma politikam ganapiroba _ bizantiis
flotis xelmZRvanelis da marTlmadideblobisaTvis gamorCeulad mebrZoli
cnobili moRvawis _ luka notaras ganTqmuli frazaa: `umjobesia
konstantinopolSi Turquli dolbandi davinaxo, vidre papis tiara~. aqedan
kargad Cans, Tu ra ganwyoba da viTareba arsebobda `meore romSi~.
rogor viTardeboda movlenebi:
XIII saukuneSi daarsebuli patara osmalTa saxelmwifo male Zlier
politikur erTeulad iqca da didi dapyrobiTi omebi daiwyo. XIVs.
bolosaTvis igi bizantiis dedaqalaqs, konstantinopols daemuqra.
marTalia, 1402 wels Temurlengma ankarasTan brZolaSi osmalTa sulTani
baiazedi daamarcxa, magram aman moaxloebuli safrTxe mxolod gadaavada.
bizantias `Semodgoma~ edga _ imperatoris xelisufleba ZiriTadad mxolod
konstantinopolze vrceldeboda, evropas ar ecala, radgan Tavisi
problemebiT iyo dakavebuli (aswlovani omi...), bizantia-saqarTvelos
kavSiri ki, miuxedavad maT garSemo muslimanuri rkalis Seviwroebisa,
saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi ver Sedga. am periodis bizantia `momakvdav
imperias~ warmoadgenda, mkurnali ki arsaidan Canda.
bizantiis imperatori manuel II paleologi saerTo mtris winaaRmdeg
evropis gaerTianebas cdilobs _ 1400 wels igi italias, safrangeTsa da
ingliss ewvia, magram misia warumateblad dasrulda. romis papi sargeblobs
Seqmnili viTarebiT da kvlav ganagrZobs zrunvas dasavleTisa da
aRmosavleTis eklesiebis gasaerTianeblad. rogorc aRiniSna, 1438-1439
wlebis ferara-florenciis kreba uniiT dasrulda, magram cxovrebaSi misi
realuri gatareba SeuZlebeli aRmoCnda. evropaSi garkveuli koalicia
mainc Seikra _ kerZod, ungreTis mefesTan, serbiisa da albaneTis
mmarTvelebTan, magram 1444 wels varnasTan da 1446 wels kosovos velze
Turqebma gaerTianebuli Zalebi sastikad daamarcxes. 1459-1461 wlebis
movlenebma Tu qarTvelTa didma elCobam cxadyo, rom qarTvel xelisufalT
jer kidev sakmao samxedro Zalebi gaaCndaT, magram saqarTvelos evropis am
koaliciur ZalebTan kavSirSi ver vxedavT.
saqarTveloSic, rogorc Cans, naklebad elodnen da ver warmoedginaT
aseTi katastrofa _ `samefo qalaqis~ dacema. dasavleTis `sindisma~ ar

192
gaiRviZa, bizantielebs ki romis papis tiara miuReblad miaCndaT;
saqarTveloSi katastrofuli Sedegebi bizantiis dapyrobis Semdeg igrZnes
_ `garna waReba ese dausaxavda saqarTvelos didsa borotsa~. es
gamofxizleba kargad Cans ludoviko bolonielTan erTad qarTvelTa mier
evropaSi ganxorcielebuli elCobis masalebiT _ aseTi rangisa da masStabis
elCoba qarTuli diplomatiis istoriam ar icis.
iyo bolo gabrZolebebic, vidre saerTaSoriso kataklizmebi
aRmosavleTis qristianobas `didsa borotsa~ dausaxavda _ saqarTvelos
ewvia bizantiis imperatoris elCi giorgi sfranZesi. misi misia erT-erTi
saintereso da, SeiZleba iTqvas, bolo epizodia saqarTvelo-bizantiis
mravalsaukunovan diplomatiur urTierTobaTa istoriaSi. saqme is aris, rom
1449 wels bizantiis ukanaskneli imperatori konstantine XI paleologi
Tavis moxeles, giorgi sfranZess bizantiis keisris Tanamecxedred
Sesaferisi kandidaturis SerCevas avalebs, romelic trapizonis an
saqarTvelos samefo karis warmomadgeneli unda yofiliyo. Turq-osmalTa
saSiSroebis gazrdis paralelurad, bizantia-evropis saxelmwifoTa
molaparakebani CixSi moeqca, ramac dasavleTidan daxmarebis imedic gaaqro.
giorgi sfranZesis elCoba, saerTaSoriso urTierTobaTa TvalsazrisiT,
swored aseT fonze warimarTa. bizantiis saimperatoro kari, romelsac
fulic sWirdeba da politikuri kavSirebic, am diplomatiur misias did
mniSvnelobas aniWebs da garegnuladac, diplomatiuri etiketis
TvalsazrisiT, pompezur xasiaTs aZlevs (giorgi sfranZess Tan axlda didi
delegacia, samRvdeloeba, musikosebic ki, raTa saqarTvelo-trapizonis
samefoTa karze STabeWdileba moexdinaT).
bizantiis elCs ori alternativa gaaCnda _ `Tu im ori ojaxidan
(saqarTvelosa da trapizonis mefeTa ojaxebi) romels ufro moviwonebdi~;
Seqmnil saerTaSoriso urTierTobaTa fonze, didi saSiSroebis winaSe
mdgari bizantiisaTvis saWiro iyo ufro momgebiani da sasurveli
politikuri kavSiris gabma da aseTad saqarTvelos samefo iqna miCneuli.
keisarma arCevani saqarTvelos mefis asulze SeaCera, rac garkveulad mis
orientaciaze laparakobs; giorgi sfranZesi Tavis werilSi xazgasmiT
aRniSnavs, Tu arCevanis dros romeli `ufro sasargeblo iqneba~ da
`ukeTesi~ mraval mizezTa gamo. bizantieli elCi ambobs: `iberiaSi rom
movediT, yvelam sixaruliT migviRo~, da daaskvnis: `amrigad, me davasrule
maSvloba iberiaSi, raTa Cems batons eTxova iqauri mefis asuli, radgan me
vicodi, rom iberiaSi qorwineba trapezuntisas sjobda~ da ` ... ukve
ganvamtkice iberiis qorwinebis saqme, radgan vicodi, rom trapizonis
qorwineba bevrad ufro mdare iqneboda iberiisaze~. bunebrivia, aq
trapizoneli sapatarZlos dawunebasTan ar unda gvqondes saqme. rogorc
Cans, gadamwyveti roli politikurma faqtorma Seasrula. giorgi sfranZesis
elCoba realurad ZnelbedobaSi myof bizantia-saqarTvelos daaxloebasa da
garkveuli diplomatiur-politikuri kavSiris damyarebas isaxavda miznad.
qorwineba unda qceuliyo garantad am or qveyanas Soris mWidro
urTierTobis arsebobisa da es im viTarebaSi, roca bizantiis imperiis
samxreT-dasavleTi sazRvari Turq-osmalTa saxelmwifosTan ukve saerTo
gaxda. isic aRsaniSnavia, rom am mniSvnelovani da diplomatiuri misiis
Sesruleba cnobil bizantiel moxelesa da gamocdil diplomats daevala;
igi florenciis saeklesio krebis gadawyvetilebas (1439w.) politikur
Secdomad miiCnevda.

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 giorgi sfranZesis elCobis Sedegad bizantiis imperatoris _ konstantine
XI-is sacoled saqarTvelos mefis, giorgi VIII-is, ufrosi asuli _ qeTeon-
qristine SeirCa da saqorwino xelSekrulebac daido: `da Sedga oqrobeWedi
da xeli iqna mowerili, rom imis (iberiis mefis) asuli yofiliyo misi
(bizantiis imperatoris) coli da konstantinopolis dedofali, xolo es
yofiliyo misi qmari, im SeTanxmebaTa mixedviT, romlebic CemTan dado
iberiis mefem. da rodesac is miixmes, CvenTan erTad gamogzavnili misi
mTavari meore xarisxisa da mefem da Cemma batonma sakuTari xeliT mis
TanadaswrebiT sami jvari dasxa singuriT oqrobeWdis zemoTa Sublze
niSnad damtkicebisa, rogorc maTi Cveuleba amas moiTxovda~. es informacia
sainteresoa diplomatiuri etiketis Seswavlis TvalsazrisiTac.
konstantine XI da bizantiis saimperatoro kari imedovnebdnen, rom
saqarTvelodan samxedro da finansur daxmarebas miiRebdnen. miuxedavad
saqorwino `kontraqtisa~, saqarTvelos mefis asulis gamgzavreba dagvianda;
roca qeTeon bagrationis wasvla gadawyda, albaT, ukve gvian iyo _
konstantinopoli Turq-osmalTa mier aRebuli aRmoCnda, xolo imperatori
konstantine XI `samefo qalaqis~ dacvis dros daiRupa. ar Cans, aRmouCina
Tu ara saqarTvelom bizantias raime daxmareba. qarTvelTa samefo, rogorc
erTiani saxelmwifo, bolo dReebs iTvlida, Sesabamisad, daxmarebisaTvis
mas naklebad ecala.
1453 wlis aprilSi osmalTa sulTanma mehmed II-m konstantinopols alya
Semoartya _ brZola uTanasworo iyo, Seupovari winaaRmdegobis miuxedavad,
53-dRiani alya 29 maiss konstantinopolis dacemiT dasrulda.
alyaSemortymulma qalaqma qristianuli evropidan daxmareba ver miiRo, rac,
am tragediis TanadamswreTa mixedviT, aSkara Ralati iyo. arsebobs azri,
rom `dasavleTis arc erT saxelmwifos im momentisaTvis bizantiis
dasaxmareblad misvla ar SeeZlo, xolo qarTvelebi brZolaSi martoni
arasdros Caereodnen~. arsebul saerTaSoriso ZalTa ganlagebidan
gamomdinare, qarTvelTa marto, mokavSiris gareSe moqmedeba daRupvis
tolfasi iqneboda. rac Seexeba aRniSnul Sefasebas, udavoa, rom
saqarTvelos xelisuflebasa da qarTul diplomatias, saTanado
mxardaWeris arqonis pirobebSi, araerTxel gadaudgams iZulebiTi nabiji da,
mxolod sakuTar Zalebze dayrdnobiT, martos mravaljer umoqmedia.
msoflio _ bizantiis gareSe _ aseTi iyo mware, tragikuli realoba; es
iyo didi, mZime Semobruneba msoflio diplomatiur urTierTobaTa
istoriaSi. saqarTvelo _ konstantinopolis gareSe _ es iyo istoriuli
tragedia, roca qarTvelTa samefos maRalkulturuli, qristianuli `meore
romis~ magivrad barbarosuli da dampyrobluri ideebiT Sepyrobili imperia
gaumezoblda.
konstantinopolis dacemis Semdeg trapizonic Turq-osmalTa moxarke
gaxda. keisari ioane IV komnenosi kargad xedavs, rom mokavSireebis gareSe
igi aseT arsebobasac didi xniT ver SeinarCunebs. trapizonis imperatori
kavSirs kravs mehmed II-is mowinaaRmdegeebTan: sinopis batoni _ isfendiaris
gvaris kastamuneli mTavari ismailbegi, yaramaniis batoni _ ibrahimi,
TeTrbatknianTa fadiSahi _ uzun-hasani. unda vivaraudoT, rom am kavSirSi
saTanado monawileoba qarTvel mefe-mTavrebsac unda mieRoT. trapizonis
sakeisros dacva-mfarveloba Tu megobruli damokidebuleba qarTuli
diplomatiis tradiciuli kursi iyo _ saqarTvelos xelisufleba
osmaleTis mxridan saSiSroebas xedavs da aseTi buferuli saxelmwifos

194
arsebobas did mniSvnelobas aniWebs. trapizonis ukanaskneli imperatori
daviT komnenosi sargeblobs imiT, rom TurqTa sulTani evropis
sakiTxebiTaa dakavebuli da viTarebis gamoyenebas cdilobs: man kavSiri
daamyara veneciisa da genuis respublikebTan, romis papTan, uzun-hasanTan.
burgundiis xelisuflebisaTvis daviT keisris mier gagzavnili weriliT
mokavSireebi, hercogis koaliciaSi monawileobis SemTxvevaSi, mas
ierusalimis samefo taxts hpirdebodnen. am diplomatiur saqmianobaSi
aqtiurad ebmebian qarTveli xelisufalni _ saqarTvelos mefe, samegrelosa
da afxazeTis mTavrebi.
am diplomatiuri cdebis miuxedavad, TurqeTi Tavisi programis
ganxorcielebas warmatebiT agrZelebs: Caketa bosforisa da dardanelis
sruteebi, miznad daisaxa mTeli Savi zRvis sanapiros daufleba da
konstantinopolis aRebidan axlo xanebSive ukve Savi zRvis sanapiroze
pirveli Tavdasxma moawyo. sabolood, niadagi momzadda meore
dartymisaTvis _ 1461 wels TurqeTma trapizonis sakeisroc daipyro; 1475
wels man igive ganaxorciela yirimis naxevarkunZulze da Sav zRvaze srul
batonobas miaRwia.
miuxedavad amisa, Cveni diplomatia cdilobs, qarTuli samyaro
konstantinopol-trapizonis memkvidred gamoiyvanos. simptomaturia, rom
sakeisros mmarTveli saxlis bolo Camomavalni Svelas saqarTveloSi
xedaven: 1463 wels trapizonis ukanaskneli imperatori daviT komnenosi
Tavisma megobarma, mrCevelma da elCma giorgi amirucisma sulTanTan
Ralatis braldebiT daasmina; amave wlis 1 noembers igi Tavis eqvs vaJTan
erTad sikvdiliT dasajes. rac Seexeba umcros vaJs _ giorgis, imperiis
dacemisas igi 3 wlis iyo. muslimanur tradiciebze aRzrdils uzun-hasanis
monaxulebis neba darTes, Semdeg giorgi komnenosi saqarTveloSi gamoiqca _
aq mas da hyavda gaTxovili. giorgi qristianobas daubrunda, qarTveli
mTavris asulze daqorwinda da Svilebic gauCnda. giorgi komnenosisa da
misi STamomavlobis Semdgomi bedi ucnobia. cnobilia, rom 1461 wels keisris
coli _ elene dedofali saqarTveloSi moemgzavreba Tavis siZesTan
daxmarebis saTxovnelad; am ambavs sulTani mehmedi Zalze gaunawyenebia.
elene dedoflis msgavsad, uzun-hasanis karze TavSefarebuli
imperatoris, daviTis, Zmiswulic saqarTvelodan elis daxmarebas _ mas 1472
wels qarTvelebis mxardaWeriT trapizonis ganTavisufleba ucdia, magram
amaod.
aRsaniSnavia, rom am periodSi SedarebiT moZlierebuli samcxe-
saaTabagoc, rogorc Cans, gamqrali trapizonis sakeisros adgilis dakavebas
cdilobs _ aTabagebi didi komnenosebis memkvidred miiCneven Tavs:
konstantinopolis didi ritoris _ manuilis `moTxroba~ (XVI s. damdegi)
awyuris yovladwminda RvTismSoblis xatis xotbas Seicavs da samcxis
aTabagebis _ yvaryvare II-isa da misi vaJebis _ qaixosro I-isa da
mzeWabukisadmia miZRvnili. masSi daculia samcxis xelisufalTa
wodebuleba, romelic trapizonis imperatorTa titulaturas zustad
imeorebs. niSandoblivia, rom iayub yaenis Semosevis Semdeg yvaryvare
aTabagma moRalate mawyvereli episkoposi gaaZeva da mawyverloba `miuboZa~
im episkoposs, romelic iyo ` ... qalaqiT trapizoneli, saxeliT sВmeon~.
mawyverelad trapizoneli episkoposis daniSvna garkveuli gamoxatulebaa
imisa, rom man, rogorc samcxis eklesiis saWeTmpyrobelma (am kaTedris
ltolva damoukideblobisaken isedac kargadaa cnobili), bizantia-

195
trapizonis adgilze, berZnuli eklesiis Semcvlelis roli Seasrulos.
amaSi samcxe-saaTabagos trapizonis imperiasTan uSualod mezoblobac
uwyobs xels; aseve aRsaniSnavia, beqa I jayelidan moyolebuli, mTeli XIII-
XV saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi intensiuri urTierTobis tradiciebic. amdenad,
aTabagebi cdiloben, rom `didi komnenosebis~ politikur memkvidreebad
iqcnen, xolo samcxe-saaTabagom trapizonis imperiis roli Seasrulos,
rasac saTanado niadagi Tu safuZveli aRar gaaCnda.
konstantinopolis dacemis uaryofiTi politikuri mniSvneloba
TvalnaTlivia _ osmalTa imperia gamezoblebis pirvelive wlebidan
dapyrobis tendenciebsa da agresias avlens. igi male saqarTvelosaTvis
samcxe-saaTabagos Camocilebas aRwevs da mudmivad cdilobs dasavleTi
saqarTvelos dapyrobas. rogorc Semdgomma movlenebma uCvena, maT gegmebSi
aRmosavleTi saqarTvelos sakiTxic ar warmoadgens iSviaTobas. XVI-XVIII
saukuneebis saqarTvelos mudmivi daSlilobisa da stagnaciuri viTarebis
erT-erTi mTavari mizezi swored sagareo faqtoria. socialur-ekonomikuri
Sedegebic, bunebrivia, katastrofuli aRmoCnda. bosforisa da dardanelis
sruteebis Caketva da Savi zRvis `osmalTa tbad~ qceva evropidan
aRmosavleTisaken gamavali saxmeleTo-savaWro saerTaSoriso mniSvnelobis
gzebis samxreTisaken gadanacvlebas iwvevs. saqarTvelo saerTaSoriso
urTierTobaTa sistemaSi Zvel funqcias kargavs da verc axlis SeZenas
axerxebs. qveynis politikur da socialur-ekonomikur sferoebSi uaryofiTi
movlenebis paralelurad bizantiis kraxi qarTul kulturasac daqveiTebas
uqadda. mravali saukunis ganmavlobaSi msoflio kulturis erT-erTi
umniSvnelovanesi centridan momavali Zlieri impulsebi Sewyda. mahmadianTa
mier garSemortymuli qristianuli saqarTvelos kultura izolaciaSi
aRmoCnda. evropasa da saqarTvelos Soris sxva xasiaTis civilizacia Cajda,
ramac evropuli renesansisa da qarTuli kulturis sakontaqto gzebi mospo.
amdenad, Tu SevajamebT, saqarTvelo XV saukunis II naxevridan da,
gansakuTrebiT, XVI saukunidan mowyvetili aRmoCnda msoflio politikis
centrebsa da umniSvnelovanes savaWro gzebs: XII saukunesa da XIII saukunis
dasawyisSi saqarTvelo ibrZvis da aRwevs kidec aRmosavleT-dasavleTsa Tu
levantisaken mimaval savaWro-saqaravno gzaze kontrols da garkveul
monakveTze batonobas. bizantiis sisustis pirobebSi, saqarTvelo wina
aziasa da marTlmadideblur samyaroSi e. w. `meore romis~ rolis
Sesrulebas cdilobs. igi msoflio politikisa da ekonomikis centrSia da
moqmedebs rogorc misi sruluflebiani wevri. am dros, politikuri Tu
savaWro geografiul-socialuri erTianoba _ xmelTaSuazRvispireTi
saqarTvelos mezoblad da mis axlos mdebareobs. permanentuli Semosevebis
(monRolebi, Temurlengi...) Semdeg saqarTvelo TandaTan kargavs gavlenasa
Tu kontrols am savaWro-satranzito gzebze. igi sul ufro Camocilebuli
aRmoCnda msoflio politikisa da ekonomikis centrs; TurqeTi aRmavlobis
gzaze mdgom dasavleT evropasa da levants Soris Cadga. msoflio
ekonomikis centrs _ xmelTaSuazRvispireTs saqarTvelo ukve mowyvetili
aRmoCnda; Turqebma Savi zRva `osmaleTis tbad~ aqcies, samxreT-
aRmosavleTiT ki Savbatknian da TeTrbatknian TurqmanTa tomebi
gabatondnen. saqarTvelo Tavis saerTaSoriso rols veRar asrulebs _ Savi
zRvis dakargvam, amerikis aRmoCenam da indoeTisaken afrikis SemovliT
sazRvao gzis gaCenam evropidan indoeTisaken amierkavkasiaze gamaval gzas

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mniSvneloba daukarga. Sesabamisad, savaWro-ekonomikuri urTierTobis
damyareba saqarTvelos xmelTaSuazRvispireTTan sul ufro da ufro uWirs.
ekonomikuri centri da msoflio politikis interesebi saqarTvelos
sazRvrebs TandaTan scildeba: saqarTvelosTan SedarebiT axlos mdebare
xmelTaSuazRvispireTis samyaro droTa ganmavlobaSi Tavis rols kargavs _
xmelTaSuazRvispireTis dacema sxva araferia, Tu ara evropis ekonomikis
gadaqceva xmelTaSuazRvispirulidan atlantikurSi. Tavidan atlantikis
okeanisa da xmelTaSuazRvispireTis samyaro Tanaarsebobdnen, xan rogorc
mokavSireebi, xanac ki _ mtrebi. 1580 wels filipe II-m Tavisi sagareo
politikis pereorientacia atlantikis okeaneze moaxdina, rasac XVII
saukuneSi xmelTaSuazRvispireTis rolis dacema mohyva. texilis periodi
XVI saukunea, romelic xmelTaSuazRvispireTisaTvis, rogorc evropuli
civilizaciis centrisaTvis, bolo didi aswleulia. centris gadanacvlebam
okeaneze igi kidev ufro daacila saqarTvelos. paralelurad, kavkasiis
mTianeTis xalxebSi sul ufro ikidebs fexs islami. aman saqarTvelos
CrdiloeTidan mTac daupirispira. sabolood, am regionSi saqarTvelo darCa
erT patara kunZulad did mahmadianur zRvaSi. amdenad, TavisTavad evropuli
ganviTarebis tipis saxelmwifo _ saqarTvelo evropis erTiani sistemis
wevri ver gaxda, Sesabamisad, arc is impulsebi iSva, romlebic qveyanas
`Cixidan~ gamoiyvanda.
bizantia-trapizoni gaqra. moskovi, rogorc `mesame romi~, jer kidev ar
arsebobs. saqarTvelom `meore romis~ funqcia ver ikisra (rac man XII
saukuneSi da XIII saukunis damdegisaTvis SeZlo), ver gaxda misi memkvidre _
`axali romi~. verc samcxe-saaTabagom iTamaSa `patara, xelovnuri
saberZneTis~ roli. orTaviani arwivi sabolood kavkasionis CrdiloeTiT
aRmoCnda, mahmadianur morevSi CaTreul XV s. II naxevris saqarTvelos ki win
erTiani monarqiis daSla da Sesabamisi diplomatiuri uzrunvelyofa eloda.
d) evropaSi antiosmaluri koaliciis Seqmnis cdebi da saqarTvelo.
bizantiisa da trapizonis imperiebis dacema _ saerTaSoriso viTarebaSi es
globaluri cvlileba da ZalTa gadanawileba _ saqarTvelos samefos
uSualod Seexo. genuelTa xomaldebis mier evropaSi Catanil axal ambavs
didi rezonansi hqonda; dasavleTSi aseT Sedegs seriozulad aravin eloda,
evropeli politikosebi Tavisi problemebiT iyvnen dakavebulni, magram
momxdari faqtiT gamowveuli Soki sakmaod Zlieri aRmoCnda. amave dros,
mahmadianTagan qristianuli imperiebis ganadgurebiT gamowveuli SeSfoTeba
TandaTanobiT neldeba da evropis politikosTa indiferentizmi Tu
umoqmedoba kidev ufro izrdeba. aqedan kargad Cans, Tu rogori sirTule da
siZneleebi arsebobda antiosmaluri koaliciis realurad Sekvris saqmeSi.
miuxedavad amisa, e. w. `aRmosavleTis sakiTxis~ gadasawyvetad msoflio
diplomatiis istoriaSi axali xana dgeba _ antiosmaluri koaliciebis
mzadebis epoqa.
Turq-osmalTa gegmebis zrdis Sesabamisad, maTi samizne uSualod
evropac Seiqna, ramac dasavleTis xelisufalTa didi SeSfoTeba gamoiwvia;
arsebuli saSiSroebis Sesaxeb maT qarTveli diplomatebic atyobineben _
yvaryvare aTabagis mier burgundiis hercogisadmi wargzavnili piris
sityvebiT, Tu evropa daxmarebis mxriv Seqmnili momentiT ar isargeblebs,
maSin igi male ixilavs Turqebs venis karebTan. TandaTan sul ufro Cndeba
axal-axali proeqtebi Tu `momxibvleli gegmebi~ jvarosnuli laSqrobebisa
da antiosmaluri Zalebis gaerTianebis ideiT. antiTurquli kavSiris RerZi

197
vatikani da burgundia unda gamxdariyvnen, romlebsac Semdeg venecia,
ungreTi da poloneTi dauWerdnen mxars. aRsaniSnavia, kardinal isidores,
papebis _ nikoloz V-is, kaliqst III-isa da pius II-is mier SemuSavebuli
gegmebi; maT Soris Tavisi gabedulebiTa da masStaburobiT gamoirCeoda
kaliqst III-is mier dagegmili jvarosnuli omis proeqti, romelic papma pius
II-m TiTqmis ucvlelad miiRo.
saqarTveloSi ufro naTlad xedavdnen e. w. `aRmosavleTis sakiTxis~
simwvaves, ramdenadac Turq-osmalebi uSualod qveynis sazRvrebTan sakmaod
male gamoCndnen_osmalTa pirveli Tavdasxma saqarTvelos miwa-wyalze 1454
wlis ivnisis bolos an ivlisis dasawyisSi aRiniSna, kerZod, Savi zRvis
sanapiroze; am wels moxda TurqeTis flotis reidi Sav zRvaze, roca maT
sebastopolisi-cxumi dawves. 1461 wels trapizonis imperiis aneqsiis Semdeg
ki maTi Semosevebi saqarTvelos zRvispireTze ufro intensiuri xdeba. aseT
viTarebaSi saqarTvelo antiosmaluri koaliciis erT-erTi aqtiuri
monawilea da misi roli evropis politikur wreebSi Tavidanve aRiarebulia.
evropelTa yuradReba da interesi qarTvelTa mimarT izrdeba. q. sienas
episkoposi enea silvio de pikolomini (igive papi pius II) Tavis megobars,
gamoCenil ungrel humanists, kanclersa da episkoposs _ jovani vitezs
atyobinebda, rom dadga dro, mTeli msoflio gaerTiandes osmalTa
winaaRmdeg sabrZolvelad, raSic `ungreTTan, ruseTTan, germaniasTan erTad
SeiZleba imedi viqonioT papis, veneciis, genuis, trapizonis imperatorisa da
qarTvelTa mefisa~.
am periodis antiosmaluri koaliciis SekvraSi gansakuTrebiT aqtiurobs
kargad cnobili diplomati _ ludoviko bolonieli, romelic 1456 wels
ukve saqarTveloSi Cans; aqedan mas romis papisaTvis gankuTvnili werilebi
miaqvs, romlebic saqarTvelos mefisa da samcxis aTabagis mieraa
gagzavnili. 1457 wlis 22 dekembriTaa daTariRebuli papis _ kaliqst III-is
werili _ `pap kaliqstes pasuxi keTilSobil baton gorgonas qarcixes her-
cogisadmi~; aqedan Cans, rom igi pasuxobs yvaryvare II-is werils, romelic
ludoviko boloniels Cautania romSi. romis papi imeds aZlevs SesaZlo
mokavSireebs, rom ` ... Tqveni gaerTianebis diad nayofs SeuerTdeba ufro di-
di, dasavleTis qristianTa Zalebis meSveobiT, romlebic gacxarebulni
daesxmian Tavs Turqebs meore mxridan, vinaidan dasavleTis yvela
xelmwifesa da xalxs movuwodebT weriliT~...
aseve interess iwvevs 1457 wliTve daTariRebuli epistole, romelsac igi
swers `yovel qristiane morwmuneT, romlebic frankebad iwodebian da
romelnic sparseTsa da saqarTveloSi cxovroben~. informacia paps
ludoviko bolonielisagan unda mieRo, romelic am ukanasknels
rekomendacias uwevs aRmosavleTis `frankebis~ sapatriarqo taxtis
dasakaveblad.
1458 wels papi pius II xdeba, romelic antiosmaluri koaliciis Sekvris
sakiTxSi gansakuTrebul aqtiurobas iCens. koaliciis Seqmnis gzaze
mniSvnelovani iyo 1459 wlis mantuas kongresi, romelzec evropis ZiriTadi
Zalebi unda Sekrebiliyo: romis papi did saxelmwifoTa yvela xelisufals
kongresze uSualod daswrebisaken mouwodebda; man safrangeTis mefes oqros
vardi gaugzavna da `uqristianesis~ titulis damsaxureba SesTavaza _ mas
frangi mefeebi lui IV wmindis Semdeg atarebdnen. papma rogorc sxva
qveynebSi, ise saqarTveloSi Tavisi legati gamogzavna _ kvlav ludoviko
bolonieli, romelsac italiaSi qarTveli elCebi unda waeyvana. ludoviko

198
bolonieli ukan maSin gabrunda, roca kongresi ukve damTavrebuli iyo.
mantuas kongress Sedegi ar mohyolia, dasavleTis Zalebis gaerTianebis
magivrad, maT Soris winaaRmdegobebis arsebobis faqti gamomJRavnda.
ludoviko bolonieli italiidan 1458 wlis bolos gamodis, xolo
daaxl. 1460 wlis dasawyisSi saqarTvelodan ukan brundeba _ mas Tan
aRmosavleTis xelisufalTa elCebi mihyavs; mokled maTi vinaobis Sesaxeb:
koaliciis aqtiuri wevria saqarTvelos mefe _ am dros taxti
aleqsandre I didis vaJs _ giorgi VIII-s (1446-1466; 1466-1476 _ kaxeTSi) ukavia.
mas evropaSi icnobdnen rogorc `sparseTis, didi somxeTisa da mcire
iberiis mefes~. misi davalebebis Semsrulebelia elCi nikolozi, romelic
Tbilelad moixsenieba. aRmosavleTidan gagzavnil elCobaSi nikoloz
Tbileli gamorCeuli piri Cans, papTan _ pius II-sTan audienciaze swored
man warmoTqva sityva mis winaSe.
koaliciis meore qarTuli aqtiuri monawile yvaryvare (gorgora) II
samcxis aTabagia, romlis specialuri elCi istoriul wyaroebSi ixsenieba
rogorc `qasadan qarcexami~, igive farsadan qarcixeli.
istoriul wyaroebSi kavSiris sxva wevrebad saqarTveloSi ixseniebian:
mefe bagrat VI (pankratius iberieli), samegrelos mTavari bendia liparit
dadiani (1414-1470), anu igive bediani, guriis mTavari (`markizi~) _ mamia
(mania) gurieli; zogierTi cnobiT, maTi mokavSirea fabia-anakofiis _
afxazeTis mTavari ServaSiZe.
gaerTianebuli elCobis araqarTveli warmomadgenlebidan gamovyofT: 1.
daviT komnenoss _ trapizonis ukanaskneli imperatori, romlis elCad
dasaxelebulia dante aligieris STamomavali miqel de aligieri; 2. uzun-
hasani _ ay-yoiunlus saxelmwifos fadiSahs, igi mesopotamiis batonad da
qristianTa megobrad iwodeba _ misi elCia mahmud Turqmani; 3. mcire anu
kilikiis somxeTis mTavars (misi vinaobis dadgena ar xerxdeba) _ elCad
dasaxelebulia vinme `morati~.
ganvixiloT am gaerTianebuli elCobis mier ganvlili gza da is
diplomatiuri kontaqtebi, romlebic maT evropis sxvadasxva saxelmwifos
xelisuflebTan hqondaT:
kolxeTidan elCobam `skviTebis qveyana~ gaiara, donisa da dunais gavliT
ungreTSi Cavida, sadac igi ungreTis mefem, matiaS korvinma gulTbilad
miiRo.
1460 wlis oqtomberSi elCoba romis saRvTo imperators _ fridrix III-s
(1452-1493) miuRia, romlisTvisac koaliciaSi monawileoba da jariT
daxmareba uTxoviaT. diplomatiuri etiketis TvalsazrisiT, sainteresoa
aRiniSnos erTi faqti: saqarTvelos mefis _ giorgi VIII-is elCi nikoloz
Tbileli daixara da moindoma imperatorisaTvis fexze ekocna, ramac
fridrix III Zalze gaaoca. roca imperatorma qarTveli elCi wamoayena, man
ganucxada, rom aseTi qceva maTi wesia, rac sinamdviles ar Seefereboda,
qarTuli etiketisa da samefo karze miRebuli ceremonialis wesebiT
audienciaze misuli piri saqarTvelos mefes SeiZleba `momrgvalebiT
eTayvanos, gina gamrudebiT~, magram misTvis fexze kocnis wesi cnobili ar
aris. magram amiT nikoloz Tbilels surda, gamoexata gansakuTrebuli
pativiscema imperatorisadmi, xazi gaesva misi uzenaesobisaTvis.
imperatorma fridrix III-m 1460 wlis 17 oqtombers qarTveli mefis _
giorgi VIII-is saxelze werili Seadgina, romelSic, sxva momentebTan erTad,
aRniSnulia, rom `konstantinopolis ubedurebis dRidan moyolebuli Cven

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zrunviTa da patronobiT erTgulad vuwyobT xels Zlieri mxedrobis
Seqmnas qristiani xalxis gasamarjveblad~; imperators msgavsi werili
gamougzavnia samcxis aTabag yvaryvare II jayelisaTvis. romis saRvTo
imperiis imperatori gaerTianebul elCobas romis papis _ pius II-is winaSec
Suamdgomlobs: ` ... bejiTad gTxovT, ramdeni elCi, anu mociqulic ki iqneba,
ludovikos meSveobiT miiRoT~...
venidan elCoba veneciaSi Cadis, sadac mokavSireTa diplomatebi senatis
mier didi pativiT iqna miRebuli. yvaryvare aTabagis elCma _ farsadan
qarcixelma (an axalcixelma) veneciis doJs Tavisi siuzerenis werili gadas-
ca, romelic Txovnas Seicavda _ ` ... gTxovT, keTili ineboT da
SematyobinoT, Tu ra Rones xmarobT konstantinopolis dasabruneblad, raTa
me Cemis mxriv, Cemi valis moxda SevZlo~. aqvea aRniSnuli im SeTanxmebis
Sesaxeb, romelsac qarTvelma xelisuflebma miaRwies antiosmaluri
koaliciis Seqmnis mizniT: giorgi VIII-m, bagrat VI-m, yvaryvare II aTabagma da
liparit dadianma (bendiani) erTmaneTSi `xelSekruleba~ dades da `rodesac
Tqveni brwyinvaleba da papi Segvatyobineben dros, dResa da saaTs
galaSqrebisaTvis, Cven mzada varT da SegviZlia Tqveni nebismieri brZaneba
avasruloT, rasac Tqven elCebis meSveobiT SegvatyobinebT~. aTabagi xazs
usvams maT mier sxva qveynebis meTaurebTan Catarebuli diplomatiuri
urTierTobebiT miRweul Sedegebs: `imperatori trapizundisa, misi siZe
uzun-hasani da berdebek armenieli damoyvrdnen da Segvpirdnen mogvcen gza
xmeleTsa da zRvaze da mTeli TavianTi ZalebiT CvenTan erTad maTi mtrebis
_ otomani Turqebis winaaRmdeg gamovidnen~. evropul wyaroebSi xazi esmeba
araqristiani `Zlevamosili Turqis~ _ uzun-hasanis SeerTebas qarTvelTa
xelSekrulebisadmi, rasac garkveuli diplomatiuri datvirTvac unda
hqonoda.
veneciidan elCoba florenciaSi Cavida da senatis winaSe wardga.
trapizonis elCma miqel (miqael) de aligierma, sarekomendacio werilebis
gadacemis Semdeg, TavianTi audienciis mizezis Taobaze vrceli moxseneba
gaakeTa. florenciis xelmwifem koaliciaSi monawileobaze Tanxmoba
ganacxada.
1460 wlis 20 dekembers aRmosavleTis mokavSireTa elCoba romSi Sevida,
sadac maT TavianTi CacmulobiTa da manerebiT Tavidanve miupyriaT
yuradReba; romis papTan audienciaze, mimarTvis Semdeg, pius II-m, dasavleTis
xelisufalTa Soris arsebuli SeuTanxmeblobis gamo elCebs uSualod
safrangeTisa da burgundiis xelisuflebTan gamgzavreba urCia; papma
ludoviko bolonielsa da elCobis sxva wevrebs saSvebi da sarekomendacio
werilebi gadasca florenciis, burgundiisa da dasavleTis qveynebis sxva
mmarTvelebTan warsadgenad.
papi cdilobs konstantinopolis ganTavisuflebisaTvis ZalTa
mobilizaciis uzrunvelyofas. am periodSi safrangeT-burgundias Soris
daZabuli urTierToba iyo, romis papi ki antiosmaluri koaliciis
warmatebisaTvis aucileblad miiCnevs maT Soris mWidro kavSiris arsebobas.
amis paralelurad, giorgi VIII-isa da yvaryvare aTabagis werilebSi
Sinapolitikuri brZola dagmobilia da saerTo saqmeSi warmatebisaTvis
xazgasmiTaa aRniSnuli mefe-mTavrebs Soris miRweul SeTanxmebaTa
mniSvneloba. elCebis audienciis amsaxvel florenciul dokumentebSi aseve
yuradRebaa gamaxvilebuli imaze, rom `aRmosavleTis mmarTvelebi~ urTier-
TSoris `dazavebulan~, `xelSekruleba daudiaT~ da `maT surT daiwyon

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omi~... iqneb, am magaliTs evropaSi aSlilobis ganeleba da situaciis
daregulireba mohyoloda, miT umetes saerTo mtris _ osmalTa Semosevebis
arsebobis pirobebSi. papma gadawyvita aRmosavleTis koaliciis elCebi
safrangeTis mimarT diplomatiuri mizniT gamoeyenebina.
Semdeg elCobas milanSi, hercog franCesko sforcas karze vxedavT,
sadac maT antiosmaluri koaliciiT realurad dainteresebuli xelisufali
daxvdaT. milanidan diplomatiurma misiam gezi safrangeTisaken aiRo da
Sarl VII-is winaSe wardga. q. gentis qronikaSi Semonaxulia saintereso
cnoba, rom `safrangeTis mefesTan movidnen yvelaze ufro saocari da
sakvirveli Sesaxedaobis elCebi, rac ki odesme unaxavT. isini movidnen
saqristianos uSoresi da ucxo qveynebidan~... Sarl VII-is Semdeg, 1461 wlis
23 maiss, elCebi burgundiis hercogTan gamocxaddnen audienciaze;
burgundiis umaRlesi piris pasuxSi realuri politikisaTvis xelSesaxebi
araferi Cans.
1461 wlis 4 ivliss elCoba 4 dRiT q. gents estumra. maT
daaTvalierebines mTeli qalaqi, xelovnebis nimuSebi, qalaqis sabWos
SenobaSi gaacnes gentis privilegiebi, maT pativsacemad moawyves turniri
wyalze xidebs Soris korte-leiSi... elCebi cxovrobdnen iakob van vesis
fundukSi _ `oqros TavSi~ burgStrasze. aq isini Tavs Tavisuflad
grZnobdnen, vinaidan ` ... Zlevamosilma seniorma (e. i. burgundiis hercogma)
gamcileblad Tavisi raindi gamoayola. oTxSabaTs, 8 ivliss
gamcileblebTan erTad maT qalaqi datoves~.
gentidan safrangeTSi dabrunebul elCebs mefe Sarl VII gardacvlili
daxvdaT _ 1461 wlis 15 agvistos elCebi reimsSi safrangeTis axali mefis _
lui XI-is koronacias daeswrnen. rac Seexeba Sedegs, safrangeT-
burgundiasTan diplomatiur kontaqtebs realurad araferi mohyolia.
1461 wlis 27 oqtombers diplomatiuri misia safrangeTidan kvlav
milanSi Cavida _ isev igrZnoba hercog franCesko sforcas aqtiuroba. amave
wlis 20 noembers ludoviko bolonieli da mokavSireTa elCebi ukve romSi
arian, amjerad papma isini civad miiRo _ aseTi moulodneloba ludoviko
bolonielis saxelis garSemo warmoSobili xmebiTa da aJiotaJiT (misi
avantiuristobis Sesaxeb...) iyo gamowveuli.
TandaTanobiT ikveTeba, rom mokavSireTa cdani sul ufro warumatebeli
xdeba da elCoba diplomatiuri marcxisTvisaa ganwiruli. amis yvelaze
savalalo Sedegi trapizonis imperiis dacema iyo: daviTi, trapizonis
imperatori, daimedebuli antiosmaluri koaliciis Seqmnis SesaZleblobiT,
yovelgvari realuri, Zlieri mokavSiris gareSe, 1461 wels uzun-hasanis
elCebis piriT osmalTa sulTans, mehmed II-s, xarkisagan ganTavisuflebas
sTxovs, rasac TurqTagan saomari operaciebi da trapizonis dacema mohyva.
Sedegi TvalnaTliv metyvelebs antiosmalurad ganwyobili dasavleTisa da
aRmosavleTis qveynebis diplomatiis mniSvnelovan marcxze _ ara Tu
konstantinopolis dabruneba da mahmadianTa gandevna moxerxda, aramed meore
qristianuli saxelmwifoc daikarga. rogorc aRiniSna, 1463 wlis 1 noembers
ukanaskneli keisari, daviT komnenosi, Ralatis braldebiT, Tavis eqvs vaJTan
da naTesavTan _ aleqsisTan erTad sikvdiliT dasajes.
antiosmaluri koaliciis Seqmnis mcdeloba marcxiT dasrulda, papma
pius II-m mxolod is moaxerxa, rom saberZneTSi gasalaSqreblad
araorganizebuli jvarosnuli razmebi Seagrova, magram 1464 wels papi
gardaicvala, ramac yovelive sabolood CaSala.

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 warumateblobis ZiriTadi mizezebi:
1. dasavleTis qveynebis politikur-ekonomikuri mdgomareoba _ 100-wliani
omi axaldamTavrebuli iyo da evropa is-is iyo iSuSebda miyenebul iarebs;
dRis wesrigSi sakuTari saSinao problemebi idga;
2. osmaleTi dasavleTs ise uSualod ar emuqreboda, rogorc aR-
mosavleTis qveynebs; igi TiTqos maTgan Sors iyo da safrTxec iseTi
aqtualuri da saSiSi ar Canda. dasavleTis qveynebis arc ekonomikuri
interesebi ilaxeboda ise aRmosavleTSi, rogorc Turq-osmaleTis mezobeli
qveynebisa.
3. XV s-is evropaSi erovnuli saxelmwifoebis Camoyalibebis procesi
mimdinareobda, amitom maTi sagareo politika da diplomatia ZiriTadad
sakuTari interesebis ganxorcielebiT iyo dakavebuli.
gamarTlda winaswarmetyveluri sityvebi: `Tu axla CvenTan erTad
arafers imoqmedebT (igulisxmeba evropis xelisufalni), SemdegSi, kidevac
rom guliT moindomoT, veraferi gargebT, radgan usjulo osmaleTi mudam
dRe Zlierdeba~...
rac Seexeba zemoaRweril diplomatiur misias, unda aRiniSnos, rom
qarTuli diplomatiis istoriaSi aseTi datvirTvis, intensivobis,
saintereso informaciisa da dasavleTis saxelmwifoTa umaRles
xelisuflebTan mniSvnelovani uSualo kontaqtebis Semcveli elCoba Znelad
moiZebneba; naklebad, rom mas masStaburobiT, miuxedavad Sedegebisa,
qarTuli diplomatiis istoriaSi romelime diplomatiuri RonisZieba
SevadaroT.
antiosmaluri koaliciis CaSlam XV s-is Suaxanebidan saqarTvelo
muslimanuri saxelmwifoebis rkalSi moaqcia. am periodis qarTuli
diplomatiis mTavari sakiTxi Tu sazrunavi ukve araTu aRmosavleTis
`qristianobis burjis~ rolisa da `dasavleT-aRmosavleTs~ Soris
damakavSireblis funqciis Sesrulebaa, aramed im didi saSiSroebis rogorme
acileba, romelic saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebriobas ganadgurebiT emuqreba.
e) XV saukunis II naxevris qarTuli diplomatia. XV s-is meore naxevris
diplomatiis erT-erTi kardinaluri sakiTxi kvlav osmaleTis problemaa.
1463 wels venecia-osmaleTis omi daiwyo, respublikis xelisufleba dasaxul
amocanas marto ver wyvets, viTareba brZolisaTvis jvarosnuli xasiaTis
micemas moiTxovs. XV s-is II naxevris iranSi TurqmanTa ori gaerTianebis _
SavbatknianTa da TeTrbatknianTa urTierTdapirispireba 1467 wels am
ukanasknelis mbrZaneblis _ uzun-hasanis (1453-1478) gamarjvebiT dasrulda.
erTmaneTis pirispir ori Zlieri Zala _ Turq-osmalebi da uzun-hasanis ay-
yoiunlus Turqmanebi aRmoCdnen. iranis fadiSahis erT-erT mTavar mizans Sav
zRvaze gasvla warmoadgens, xolo osmalTa mier trapizonis imperiis
dapyrobis Semdeg uzun-hasans zRvaze erTaderT gasasvlelad mxolod
saqarTvelos teritoria rCeba. swored am dros daisva iran-osmaleTis
urTierTobaSi `gurjistanis sakiTxi~.
saqarTvelo ori Zlieri mahmadianuri saxelmwifos garemocvaSi aRmoCnda,
ramac kidev ufro gaarTula misi mdgomareoba. amave dros, saqarTvelos
samefo karis poziciam da qarTuli diplomatiis orientaciam didi
mniSvneloba SeiZina Tavad am ori dapirispirebuli mxarisTvisac. uzun-
hasani, romelic antiosmaluri koaliciis Sekvris mcdelobisas
saqarTvelosa da sxva qristianul qveynebTan mokavSireobs, diplomatiuri
viTarebisa Tu saerTaSoriso klimatis cvlilebis mixedviT, Tavad arbevs

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`mokavSires~; fadiSahis did gegmebSi saqarTvelos dapyrobis sakiTxic idga.
amas adasturebs misi saqarTveloSi ramdenjerme Semoseva. daaxl. 1457 wlis
maxloblad man pirvelad `laSqrobis droSa saqarTvelos mxarisaken
aafriala~. XV s-is II naxevarSi saqarTvelos saSinao diplomatiaSi
daSvebuli Secdomebi sagareo faqtoris uaryofiT zegavlenas kidev ufro
zrdis. giorgi VIII-isa da momavali bagrat VI-is urTierTdapirispirebis
xanaSi yvaryvare samcxis aTabagi Zlier mokavSires eZebs, misi diplomatiuri
gaTvlebi, erTiani qarTuli samefos daSlis viTarebaSi, rTuli asaxsneli
ar aris. saqarTvelos samefo taxtis urCi mTavari Zlier mokavSires iCens,
raSic Tavad uzun-hasanic didadaa dainteresebuli.
yvaryvare II aTabagis gandgomas da mis dasaxmareblad saqarTveloSi
daaxl. 1462/63 wlebSi uzun-hasanis SemoWras qveynis samxreT regionebSi misi
fexis mokideba unda mohyoloda; am dros xdeba fadiSahis mier lores
cixeSi Tavisi mecixovneebis Cayeneba da lores mTeli xeobis Tavis
sabrZaneblad gadaqceva.
saqarTvelosa da uzun-hasanis urTierTobas hqonda meore mxarec: saerTo
mtris arsebobis pirobebSi maT Soris mowesrigebuli diplomatiuri
TanamSromlobac arsebobda, mag., erTiani elCobebi da sxv. 1463 wels
veneciis respublikam daxmarebis TxovniT uzun-hasanTan da yaramaniis
batonTan, fir-axmedTan Tavisi elCi _ andrea kornaro miavlina, romelmac
yaramaniaSi misia warmatebiT Seasrula. 1464 wels veneciaSi uzun-hasanis
elCi _ mametanasabi da fir-axmedis warmomadgeneli Cavidnen, rasac
sapasuxod lazaro kverinis meTaurobiT venecielTa axali elCoba mohyva. am
misiis mTavar mizans uzun-hasanis osmalebTan saomrad waqezeba war-
moadgenda, magram am dros fadiSahs yara-yoiunlus saxelmwifosTan
saboloo, gadamwyveti brZolebi hqonda. 1465 wels veneciaSi ukve uzun-
hasanis meore elCoba Cadis am respublikasTan kavSiris ganmtkicebis mizniT.
paralelurad, uzun-hasani 1466 wels Tavisi potenciuri mokavSiris _
saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg mesame laSqrobas awyobs. uzun-hasani aSkarad
xedavs, rom Zalebis gaerTianebis gareSe problemis gadawyveta ver moxdeba
_ man veneciis respublikis xelisuflebasTan erTad is antiosmaluri gegma
gaacocxla, romelic jer kidev XV s-is 50-ian wlebSi iyo qarTuli
diplomatiis mier wardgenili dasavleTis xelisufalTaTvis. gamococxleba
etyoba dasavleTsac: 1468 wels italiaSi iqmneba liga, romlis wevrebsac,
sxva movaleobis garda, antiosmaluri omis sawarmoeblad yovelwliurad 100
000 dukatis gadaxda evalebaT.
1470 wlis 13 ivniss osmalebma q. negroponte (evbea) daipyres, veneciis
Txovnas zavze sulTnis uari mohyva. 1471 wels ukve axali liga yalibdeba.
amave wels, gaaqtiurebas iwyebs TeTrbatknianTa xelmZRvaneli uzun-hasanic.
am periodSi, koaliciis Seqmnis mizniT, saqarTvelosa da ay-yoiunlus
saxelmwifoebs Soris kavSiri ikvreba. uzun-hasanisaTvis saqarTvelosTan
mokavSireobas rogorc samxedro, ise politikuri TvalsazrisiTac didi
mniSvneloba hqonda. saqarTvelo aRmosavleTis am regionSi erTaderTi
qristianuli qveyana iyo, rasac iseTi diplomatisaTvis, rogorc uzun-
grZeli iyo, Tavisi Sesabamisi datvirTva hqonda _ osmaleTTan omis dros
saqarTvelos, qristianul evropasTan molaparakebaSi, SesaZloa,
fadiSahisaTvis Suamavlis rolic ki ekisra.
iwyeba aRmosavleTis mokavSireTa intensiuri diplomatiuri kontaqtebi
dasavleTTan:

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 1471 wels saqarTvelos samefodan konstantine II-is mier veneciaSi
specialuri elCoba igzavneba, romlis wevrebsac, siciliis mefis karze
veneciis warmomadgenlis _ vetore sorancosadmi gagzavnili werilis
mixedviT, saidumlod jer trapizonidan monkastromde umogzauriaT, Semdeg
ki poloneTis mefe kazimeJ IV-Tan gamocxadebulan. poloneTis mefes
molaparakebis Semdeg am misiisaTvis evropaSi Tavisi elCebic gauyolebia.
ungreTis mefes, matiaSs, 1471 wlis apriliT daTariRebuli weriliT
veneciidan Tavisi elCi atyobinebda iq axali delegaciis Casvlas qarTveli,
poloneli da uzun-hasanis elCebis SemadgenlobiT. aqve unda aRvniSnoT, rom
XV saukunidanve iwyeba saqarTvelo-poloneTis diplomatiuri kontaqtebic,
rasac mniSvnelovnad ganapirobebda saerTo mtris _ osmaleTis agresia.
poloneTi megobar qveyanas eZebs TurqeTisa da yirimeli TaTrebis
winaaRmdeg sabrZolvelad. erT-erT aseT bunebriv mokavSired maTTvis
saqarTvelo moiazreba. poloneTi misTvis sasurveli urTierTobebis
damyarebas sparseTTan qarTuli samefos saSualebiTve cdilobs. amdenad,
poloneTis samefo karze SemuSavebul diplomatiur gegmebSi saqarTvelos
faqtors saTanado adgili ekava.
1471 wlis dasawyisSi veneciaSi Casul konstantine II-is elCobas ufleba
hqonda ganecxadebina, rom misi mefe kavSirSia _ `konfederaciiT aris
Sekruli~ Tavis naTesav uzun-hasanTan da igi 30 000 cxenosani jariT
TurqmanTa did laSqarTan erTad mzadaa Turqebis winaaRmdeg
laSqrobisaTvis. veneciis xelisuflebas Tanxmoba ganucxadebia, Tumca am
elCobis Sedegi istoriul wyaroebSi ar Cans.
1471 welsve veneciaSi axali elCoba Cadis _ uzun-hasanis warmomadgeneli
haji-mahmadi da qarTvelTa mefis elCi nikolo. saqarTvelodan wargzavnili
mociquli aleqsandre mefis saxeliT laparakobs. amdenad, pirveli elCoba
Tbilisidan qarTlis samefo karisa da kerZod, konstantine II-is mieraa
gagzavnili, meore ki _ axladwarmoqmnili kaxeTis samefodan.
sainteresoa meore misiis iniciatoris vinaobis sakiTxi; aseve
sayuradReboa, Tu vinaa elCi nikolo: igi, SesaZlebelia, swored is nikoloz
Tbileli iyos, romelmac, rogorc elCma, giorgi VIII-is saxeliT 1460-1461
wlebSi evropa moiara. nikoloz Tbileli giorgi VIII-is gamocdili
diplomatia, 1471 wels meore elCobac, amjerad ukve kaxeTidan, giorgis sa-
mefo taxtis gadawyvetilebis safuZvelzeve unda igzavnebodes.
amdenad, 1471 w. veneciaSi pirveli elCobis iniciatoria konstantine II da
igi qarTlis samefo karidan igzavneba, xolo meores kaxeTis samefo kari
ukeTebs organizebas da mas zemoaRniSnuli nikolozi xelmZRvanelobs.
meore elCobas davalebuli hqonda, `SeekraT kavSiri TurqeTis sulTnis
da egviptis sulTnis winaaRmdeg, oRond veneciis sazRvao flots mosveneba
ar unda mieca arc erTis da arc meorisaTvis. gaxarebuli imiT, rom mtris
winaaRmdeg brZolaSi aRmosavleTis uZlieresi mefe iSoves mokavSired da
megobrad, daTanxmdnen mis winadadebaze da gamoacxades mefesTan mudmivi
megobroba~. elCobis erTi nawili veneciaSi darCa, meore ki, romelSic
nikolozi Sedis, romis papTan da neapolis mefesTan miemgzavreba, sadac
diplomatebi kargad iqnen miRebulni.
romis papi saqarTvelosa da ay-yoiunlus saxelmwifos mimarT did
interess iCens da maT antiosmalur koaliciaSi Cabmas gansakuTrebul
mniSvnelobas aniWebs. romis paps saqarTvelosa da uzun-hasanTan Tavisi elCi
_ franciskeli beri warmougzavnia, romelic kvlav ludoviko bolonieli

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yofila. elCebi zRviT ukan erTad brundebian da aleqsandriisa da
kviprosis gavliT jer yaramaniaSi, Semdeg ki iransa da saqarTveloSi Cadian.
aRmosavleli mokavSireni _ uzun-hasani da saqarTvelos xelisufalni
diplomatiur molaparakebebs awarmoeben ara marto romis papTan da veneciis
respublikasTan, aramed evropis sxva saxelmwifoebTanac (poloneTze ukve
iyo laparaki), mag., ungreTTan, sadac iseTi mosazrebac ki gavrcelebula,
rom qarTvelebi da ungrelebi erTmaneTis naTesavebi _ erTiani
warmomavlobis xalxia.
kavSiri Seikra, romelsac romis papis Tanxmobac amagrebda. saWiro iyo
realuri moqmedeba. evropis saxelmwifoTa xelisufalni da dasavleTeli
diplomatebi kvlav Zvel meTodebs mimarTaven, kerZod, venecieli
politikosebi aRmosavleTis Zalebis maqsimalurad gamoyenebas cdiloben,
risi saSualebiTac SesaZlebeli gaxdeboda veneciis respublikis
interesebis bolomde ganxorcieleba. veneciis senatis mxridan sapasuxo
nabijis saWiroeba aSkarad Cans _ uzun-hasanis karze elCad katerino Zeno
igzavneba. iwyeba dasavleTelTa diplomatiuri misiebis (`diplomati mogzau-
rebi~) epoqa, romelnic antiosmaluri koaliciis Sesaqmnelad aRmosavleTSi
da maT Soris _ saqarTveloSic mogzauroben.
doJis_qristoforo mauros 1471 wlis 10 seqtembris instruqciiT,
katerino Zenos evaleboda piradad enaxa qarTvelTa mefe, gadaeca werilebi
da misi mokiTxva-pativiscema, aexsna elCobis azri-daniSnuleba da
gaemxnevebina igi. isic cnobilia, rom katerino Zenom uzun-hasanis meuRles _
despina-xaTuns saqarTvelos mefisaTvis gankuTvnili werili uCvena; misi
arseboba Cans katerino Zenos mier 1472 wlis 9 oqtombers kviprosis bailo
andrea korerisadmi gagzavnili werilidanac. katerino Zenom, rogorc
kargma diplomatma, moaxerxa dedoflis _ despina-xaTunis gamoyeneba,
romelic `ubrwyinvalesi senioris naTesavad Tvlida Tavs~, amitomac,
dedoflis saSualebiT katerino Zenom SeZlo aemxedrebina uzun-hasani
sulTnis winaaRmdeg saomrad. igi cdilobs, rom uzun-hasanma saomari
operaciebi male daiwyos. es ukanaskneli, meuRlis CagonebiT, `sakuTari
xeliT~ daweril werils ugzavnis yvaryvare II aTabags, romelSic mouwodebs
omisaken osmalTa winaaRmdeg. katerino Zenos Tanaxmad uzun-yaensa da
yvaryvare II aTabags Soris arsebuli diplomatiuri keTilganwyoba icvleba.
vidre osmaleTis winaaRmdeg brZola seriozul xasiaTs miiRebda, samcxis
aTabagi diplomatiur TamaSs mimarTavda, TvalTmaqcobda da fadiSahs
daxmarebis Taobaze dapirebebs ar aklebda. Semdeg ki uzun-hasanma
aTabagisagan faqtobrivad uari miiRo, rasac 1472 wels TeTrbatknianTa
laSqroba mohyva samcxe-saaTabagoSi. yvaryvaresa da mis vaJebs garkveuli
diplomatiuri nabijic gadaudgamT _ aTabagis erT-erTi Svilis yaenTan
mociqulad gagzavnac ki gadauwyvetiaT. verc aman da verc winandelma
keTilganwyobam yofil mokavSires awiokeba ver aacdina. samcxe-saaTabagos
pozicia, marTlac, imdenad hqonda Secvlili, rom 1474 wels mis teritoria-
ze gavla veneciel elCs _ ambrozio kontarinis saxifaTod miuCnevia. uzun-
hasanis laSqarma samcxe-saaTabagoSi `mosrnis mravalni qristeaneni...
wartyuevnnes sruliad samcxe.~
uzun-hasani osmalebis winaaRmdeg warmoebul saomar operaciebSi
warumateblobas ganicdis; yaramaniis xelisufali fir-axmedi da sxva
princebic marcxdebian. mehmed II-is vaJma _ mustafam fadiSahi kuniasTan imave
mdgomareobaSi Caayena. aseT viTarebaSi osmalebsa da Turqmanebs Soris

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molaparakeba imarTeba _ mehmed II-m uzun-hasans zavi SesTavaza, romlis
CaSlac swored elCma _ katerino Zenom moaxerxa. es venecielTaTvis
gamafrTxilebeli niSani iyo, viTareba aqtiur Carevas da aRmosavleTis
mokavSireebisaTvis realur daxmarebas moiTxovda. 1473 wlis 11 ianvars vene-
ciis senatma uzun-hasanisaTvis daxmarebis aRmoCenis Taobaze dadgenileba
miiRo _ venecielTa axal elCad josafat barbaro iniSneba.
1473 wlis martSi kviprosze myofi josafat barbaro werils swers uzun-
hasans. male TeTrbatknianebi yaramaniisaken daiZrnen, maT laSqarSi
qarTvelebic iyvnen. amave wlis 1 agvistos malaTiasTan brZolaSi uzun-
hasanma mehmed II daamarcxa, magram warmateba mxolod droebiTi aRmoCnda _
1473 wlis 10 agvistos md. TerjanasTan igi sastikad damarcxda. fadiSahi
kvlav diplomatiuri samsaxuris amoZravebas Seecada:
1474 wlis gazafxulze katerino Zeno Tavrizidan evropaSi brundeba da
uzun-hasanis Txovna Caaqvs evropis xelisuflebTan. mas Tan axldnen
ungreTisa da poloneTis elCebi. katerino Zenom gaiara samcxe, iyo
audienciaze yvaryvare aTabagTan, saidanac cxumSi mivida. audienciaze
katerino Zenos samegrelos mTavari _ bedianic unaxavs, radgan mas, polo-
neTSi yofnisas, TavrizSi mimaval Tavis Semcvlel veneciis elCTan _ paolo
onibenesTan Sexvedrisas, am diplomatisaTvis uzun-hasanis, aTabagisa da
bedianisaTvis gadasacemi werilebi gautanebia. aRmosavleTis mokavSireebis
mier dasavleTSi katerino ZenosTan erTad sxva mociqulebic igzavnebian,
romlebic saqarTvelosa da ay-yoiunlus elCebis rangSi 1474 w. ivlisSi
veneciaSi Canan, sadac didi zeimiT miuRiaT. es elCebi Semdeg katerino
ZenosTan erTad romsa da neapolSic imyofebian. rac Seexeba veneciel dip-
lomats, paolo onibenes, igi orjer Sexvedria saqarTvelosa da sparseTis
xelisufalT, jer 1474 wels, meored _ 1480 wels. yuradRebas iqcevs
diplomatiuri urTierTobebis faqti samegrelos mTavarTan _ amave periodSi
dasturdeba misi kontaqtebi genuelebTan: genuelebi Tavis elCs agzavnian
odiSis xelisufalTan, rac cxumSi genuelTa SeviwroebiT unda yofiliyo
gamowveuli; kafis elCma Tavis misias warmatebiT gaarTva Tavi.
ungreTis mefe matiaS korvinic antiosmaluri ZalebisaTvis sasurvel
pozicias iWers: Tu cota xniT adre igi mehmed II-s zavs sTavazobda, axla
Turqebis mier dakavebul serbiis teritoriaze ibrZvis, xolo josafat
barbaros evaleba gadasces uzun-hasans, rom xmebi ungreT-osmaleTis zavis
Sesaxeb mxolod intrigebia da yovelgvar safuZvelsaa moklebuli. josafat
barbaro TavrizSi 1474 wels Cadis. rac Seexeba paolo onibenes misias, misi
elCobis Sedegad uzun-hasani osmaleTTan omis dawyebas 1475 wlisaTvis kis-
rulobs. uzun-hasanis karze aqtiurad moqmedebs ludoviko bolonielic,
romelic evropaSi saqarTveloze gavliT brundeba; amave dros, qarTvelTa
samefoSi imyofeba ruseTis elCi _ marko roso. daaxloebiT am periodSi
sparseTSi moRvaweobs veneciis kidev erTi elCi _ ambrozio kontarini,
romelmac saqarTveloSic Seasrula garkveuli diplomatiuri samuSao. misi
Sexvedra quTaisSi bagrat VI-sTan sainteresoa XV s-is II naxevris diploma-
tiuri etiketisa da elCebis miRebis wesis Seswavlis TvalsazrisiT: bagrat
VI veneciel diplomats ekiTxeba, Tu `ramdeni mefea qveyanaze~, razec
ambrozio kontarini pasuxobs: `mgonia Tormeti~; mefes Semdeg aRuniSnavs:
`Sen marTals ambob, maT Soris erTi me var da Sen rad mosulxar Cems
saxelmwifoSi ise, rom Senis xelmwifisagan werili ar mogitania?~. mZime
mdgomareobaSi Cavardnilma elCma moimizeza, rom man ar icoda, Tu sa-

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qarTveloze mouwevda gavla, da pasuxobs: ` ... Torem ueWvelia, rom Cemi mefe
papi, romelsac Tqveni iseTive pativiscema aqvs, rogoric sxva xelmwifeebisa,
didi siamovnebiT gamomatanda TqvenTan werils~. es sityvebi mefe bagrat VI-
s, romelic evropel diplomats `axirebuli~ eCvena, sakmaod moswonebia.
gamomSvidobebisas elCma mefes misTvis mxleblis gayola sTxova: `mefe
Sempirda da Tan mibrZana, sigelsac mogcem, rom mSvidobiT gaiaro Cemi
samefoo. egre daimedebuli davbrundi zemoxsenebul xesTan, magram
dapirebuli mxlebeli da sigeli didis vaivaglaxiT momces, mefis
mweralTan xangrZlivi davis Semdeg~.
1475 wlidan moyolebuli, uzun-hasanma ver SeZlo raime warmatebuli
saomari moqmedebis ganxorcieleba. moxda piriqiT, 1477 wels uzun-hasanma
uaxloes warsulSi Tavisi mokavSire _ saqarTvelo mexuTed dalaSqra. uzun-
hasanis winaaRmdeg gansakuTrebiT konstantine II aqtiurobs, bagrat VI am
dros aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi arc imyofeba. uzun-hasanma naklebad
daculi Tbilisi winaaRmdegobis gareSe aiRo, rasac qveynis sxva regionebis
darbevac mohyva. am dros gamoCnda bagrat VI, romelic yvaryvare aTabagTan
da sxva 7 qarTvel didebulTan erTad uzun-hasanTan molaparakebas iwyebs
zavis Taobaze _ SeTanxmdnen, rom qarTvelebi gadaixdidnen Teqvsmet aTas
dukats, xolo uzun-hasani Sehpirda, Tavisufals datovebda qveyanas, garda
Tbilisisa, romelic surda gasasvlel adgilad hqonoda. sazavo xelSekru-
lebis mzadebis process uSualod daeswro josafat barbaro, romelic mis
peripetiebSi Tavadac monawileobs.
uzun-hasans zurgSi Tavisi mowinaaRmdege_konstantine II hyavda, romelic
mosvenebas ar aZlevda. fadiSahma konstantinesa da bagratis dapirispireba
gadawyvita, konstantine uzun-hasanTan gamocxadda da Zalauflebac miiRo.
uzun-hasans mefobis bolo periodSi Tavad Tavis saxelmwifoSi hqonda
problemebi, igi male gardaicvala kidec _ venecias aRaraferi darCenoda,
garda zavisa _ 1479 wels konstantinopolSi osmalebTan daido sazavo
xelSekruleba, sadac veneciis respublikam Tavi damarcxebulad cno. es iyo
dasavleTisa da, saerTod, antiosmaluri Zalebis kidev erTi marcxi;
saqarTvelos xelisuflebam da qarTulma diplomatiam TiTqos yvelaferi
gaakeTa warmatebis misaRwevad, magram mokavSireTa SeuTanxmeblobam da
urTierTqiSpma marcxi gardauval Sedegad aqcia.
konstantinopolis aRebiT, bizantiisa da trapizonis imperiebis dacemiT
Zalze garTulda kontaqtebis SesaZlebloba saqarTvelosa da evropis
saxelmwifoebs Soris, Tumca, Crd. SavizRvispireTSi arsebuli italiuri
savaWro faqtoriebi, romlebTanac qarTvel xelisufalT mWidro kavSirebi
hqondaT damyarebuli, axerxebdnen dasavleTTan kavSirs ara marto zRviT,
aramed im saxmeleTo gzebiTac, romelTa kontrols Turqebi ver axorcie-
lebdnen. magram 1475 w. osmaleTma Crd. SavizRvispireTSi italiuri faqto-
riebi daikava da Savi zRva Tavis `daxurul tbad~ aqcia. am periodidan ukve
bevri ram TurqTa nebaze iyo damokidebuli.
es evropisTvisac mniSvnelovani danaklisi iyo. TavriziT dainteresebuli
dasavleTisaTvis misken mimarTuli gzebi saqarTvelos navsadgurebidanac
gadioda. am gzebs Tavidan evropelebi naklebad iyenebdnen, magram 1461 wels
trapizonis imperiis dacemis Semdeg dasavleTisa da aRmosavleTis
urTierTobaSi saqarTvelos mniSvneloba am kuTxiT ufro gaizarda. 1475
wlamde es iyo is mTavari gza, romelic evropas iranTan akavSirebda _
elCebi Tu vaWrebi saxmeleTo gzebiT jer yirimamde, q. kafamde, Semdeg ki

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zRviT saqarTvelos navsadgurebamde modiodnen, saidanac xmeleTiT
agrZelebdnen gzas iranamde. Secvlil viTarebaSi axali saxmeleTo gzebis
gamoyeneba xdeba, amitomacaa, rom Semdgom periodSi qarTvel elCebs vxedavT
evropis iseT saxelmwifoebSi (mag., poloneTi), saidanac SesaZlebelia
gadasvla italiaSi, espaneTsa Tu evropis sxva qveynebSi.
XV s-is II naxevarSi kvlav grZeldeba saqarTvelos diplomatiuri
kontaqtebi egviptis sasulTnosTan. rogorc adre, axlac es urTierToba
umetesad `wminda adgilebis~ ganTavisuflebisa Tu flobis sakiTxebis
egidiT mimdinareobs:
kvlav aqtualurad dadga golgoTis mflobelobis sakiTxi: jer
qarTvelebsa da somxebs Soris daiZaba urTierToba _ saqarTvelo kvlav
flobs golgoTas, xolo somxebma egviptis sulTnis nebarTviT mxolod
`axali golgoTis~ aSenebis nebarTva miiRes. 1475 wels dasavleTis
qristianebs ucdiaT golgoTis dasakuTreba, magram mxolod droebiTi
warmatebisaTvis miuRweviaT. mTavari sityva bagrat VI-s uTqvams. bagrat VI-is
egviptis sulTanTan _ al-aSraf saif ad-din kait-beisTan (1468-1496)
diplomatiuri kontaqtebis damyarebis realuri mizezi, romelic `wminda
adgilebis~ fonze mimdinareobs, am or saxelmwifos Soris diplomatiur
urTierTobaTa mowesrigebis sakiTxia: egviptesac da saqarTvelosac saerTo
mteri _ osmaleTi da ay-yoiunlus saxelmwifo emuqrebian da maTi
urTierTmokavSireoba yvela TvalsazrisiT, maT Soris diplomatiuri
kuTxiTac, orive mxarisaTvis Zalze momgebiania.
1493-1494 wlebSi egvipteSi mamluq sulTanTan _ al-aSraf saif ad-din
kait-beisTan konstantine II-is karis moZRvari, mefis mrCeveli da specialuri
despani _ elCi nilo (nilosi) monazoni igzavneba. elCoba `agarianelebze
gamarjvebis~ mosapoveblad aucilebeli sakiTxebis gadasawyvetad ewyoba.
misi mizania saqarTvelo-egviptes Soris diplomatiuri molaparakeba da
saxelmwifoTaSorisi SeTanxmebis miRweva osmalTa winaaRmdeg saerTo-
samoqmedo gegmis SemuSavebis TvalsazrisiT. radgan egviptis sulTanma nilo
monazoni `didi sixaruliT miiRo~, es imas niSnavda, rom am diplomatiur
molaparakebebs maTi mokavSireobac unda mohyoloda, Tumca es
diplomatiuri monapovari uSedego aRmoCnda dasavleTis mxridan
umoqmedobis gamo.
elCi nilo mRvdel-monazoni egviptidan wamosvlisas ierusalimSi
SeCerda, sadac erTmaneTs Sexvdnen saqarTvelosa da espaneTis despanebi. am
elCebisagan gaugiaT qarTvelebs dedofal izabelas mier espaneTSi arabTa
damarcxebisa da grenadis aRebis sasixarulo ambavi. qarTvelma diplomatma
espanel elCebs antiosmaluri koaliciis Seqmnis perspeqtivebi gaacno da
arc kairoSi molaparakebebze miRweuli Sedegebi daumala _ amis gamo,
espanelebi Tanxmdebian saqarTveloSi gamomgzavrebis Taobaze SeTavazebul
winadadebas. TbilisSi konstantine II-Tan audienciis Semdeg, mefem espanel
elCebs `dabeWdili weriliT~ kvlav Tavisi `moZRvari~ da `mesaidumle~ _
nilo gaayola. nilo monazoni romis papis winaSec unda warmdgariyo, raTa
werili da saCuqari gadaeca. nilos da mis Tanxmlebs, zaqaria despans
evropaSi winaswar SemuSavebuli samoqmedo gegma CaaqvT, kerZod _ ori
frontiT TurqeTze dartyma konstantinopolis gasaTavisufleblad, am
mizniT _ espaneTis flotis gamogzavna, konstantine mefe da egviptis
sulTani ki saxmeleTo dartymas kisruloben.

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 gza espaneTisa da romisaken osmalTa xelSi iyo, amitom yvelaze
optimalur variantad mainc saxmeleTo gza iqna SerCeuli _ nilosa da zaqa-
rias mier litva-poloneTis teritoriaze gavla; osmalTa winaaRmdeg
brZolaSi, qristianTa Zalebis gaerTianebis mizniT, mefe konstantine II-m
Tavisi despanebis meSveobiT kontaqtebis damyareba scada poloneTis mefe
aleqsandre iangelonCikTan.
qarTuli diplomatia iTvaliswinebs gzebze garTulebuli viTarebis
arsebobas da ar gamoricxavs saidumlo gegmis mtris xelSi Cavardnis
SesaZleblobas _ konstantine mefis epistoleSi xazgasmiTaa aRniSnuli, rom
`werilebs garda sxva sityvier Cvens gulis nadebsac gaigonebT misgan,
radgan gzaze mravali mteria~, anu yvelaze mniSvnelovani momentebi nilo
monazons romsa da espaneTSi sityvierad unda gadaeca evropel
xelisufalTaTvis. ferdinandisa da izabelas sapasuxo werilSi espaneli
xelisufalni kidec aRniSnaven: ` ... gavigeT zogierTi ram, rac maT Tqveni
saxeliT gviambes~.
konstantines mier mefe ferdinandisa da dedofal izabelasadmi
SeTavazebul antiosmalur gegmas realurad amoqmedebis Sansi naklebad
hqonda. espaneTs aRmosavleTSi samoqmedod mcire interesi da naklebi Zala
gaaCnda. misi samefo karis winaSe qarTveli diplomatebi 1495 wels wardgnen.
espaneTis xelisuflebas mTeli yuradReba italiaze hqonda gadatanili,
xolo muslimanebTan brZolis sakiTxi erT wertilze iyo gayinuli.
amitomacaa, rom dedofal izabelasa da mefe ferdinandis dapirebebi konkre-
tulobasaa moklebuli. espaneTis xelisufalni gamorCeulad zrdilobiani
da mozomili toniT madlobas ucxadeben qarTvel mefes, cdiloben mis
waxalisebas osmalTa winaaRmdeg brZolaSi, magram, amave dros, arsebul
situaciaSi sruliad udrood Seaxseneben konstantine II-s, rom espanelebs
800 weli dasWirdaT arabebis gansadevnad... qarTvel elCebs konstantine II-
isaTvis zepirad unda gadaecaT espaneTis xelisufalTa danabarebi _ `Cven
maT vupasuxeT vrclad da dawvrilebiT. dae maT giambon Tqven~. cnobili ar
aris, Tu razea saubari, magram Sedegi davas ar iwvevs _ diplomatiur
kontaqtebs realurad xelSesaxebi araferi mohyolia.
espaneTSi uSedego elCobis Semdeg nilo monazoni romSi Cadis da paps,
aleqsandre VI-s (1492-1503) konstantine mefis werilebsa da sityvier
danabarebs gadascems. papis mier qarTveli mefisaTvis gamogzavnili pasuxiT
(1496 w.) irkveva, rom qarTvel mefes romis papisaTvis espaneTis dedoflis
gamarjveba miulocavs da osmalTa winaaRmdeg brZolaSi daxmarebac
uTxovia. paps aRuniSnavs, rom amisaTvis evropaSi arasaxarbielo viTarebaa,
xolo radgan dasavleTis xelisufalTa Soris `ganxeTqilebis RvarZlia~
daTesili, maTgan daxmareba naklebadaa mosalodneli. konstantine II-s kidev
erTi diplomatiuri nabiji gadaudgams _ Tavis droze, ferara-florenciis
krebis gadawyvetilebaze saqarTvelos delegaciis mier xelmoweraze uaris
Tqmas saqarTvelo-roms Soris ganxeTqilebis Camovardna mohyva; amjerad,
qarTul mxares, Tavis mxriv, papisaTvis ferara-florenciis krebis dadgeni-
lebis aRiareba SeuTavazebia, rasac misi didi kmayofileba gamouwvevia _
aleqsandre VI-s amaze ufro metad gaumaxvilebia yuradReba, vidre mTavar
sakiTxze: `amitom Cven axla gigzavniT krebis dadgenilebas, werilSi
Cadebuls da Cveni beWdiT daluquls~... amdenad, am diplomatiur nabijsac
realuri Sedegi ar mohyolia. nilo monazons papi zepir danabarebsac atans:
`Cven mas vupasuxebT zepirad da garkveviT yovelive imaze, rac man Seni saxe-

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liT Camogviyaliba~. saqarTvelos elCi didi pativiT miuRiaT da aseve
gamoucilebiaT _ papma mas Tavis TanmxlebTan erTad samogzauro sigeli
gamoatana ocdaaTi wlis indulgenciebiT. romis papis kancelariidan misi
saxeliT romelime qveynis mociqulisaTvis mgzavrobis uzrunvelmyofeli
aseTi werilis gacema iSviaTia.
konstantine II-is werilSi espaneTis dedofal izabelasadmi dasmulia
ramdenime aqtualuri sakiTxi: `sad aris is dideba da pativi, romelic
qristianebs hqondaT? sad aris qeba da imedi, sad aris wminda da didebuli
konstantines didi qalaqi? sad arian iq myofi keTilmorwmune mTavrebi? sad
aris sixaruli da mxiarebuleba misi?... sadRa aris trapizonis samefo da
amorevelTa, iagisgelTa da egripoelTa? an serbTa qveyana sad aris? an sxva
qveynebi ra iqna?~ zemoaRniSnuli warumateblobis gamo es kiTxvebi upasuxod
rCeba, xolo gegmebi _ ganuxorcielebeli.
am diplomatiur saqmianobas saTanado Sedegebi ar mohyolia, magram mas
mainc didi mniSvneloba hqonda saqarTvelos mosaqcevad saerTaSoriso
urTierTobaTa orbitaSi.
XV saukunis 80-iani wlebidan qarTuli politikuri samyaro iwyebs
aqtiur diplomatiur kontaqtebs moskovis saxelmwifosTan. XV saukuneSi
ruseTis teritoriis didi nawili moskovis garSemo erTiandeba. Seiqmna
yvela piroba monRolTa uRlidan ganTavisuflebis TvalsazrisiT _ 1480
wels moskovis didma mTavarma ivane III-m `didi urdos~ mbrZanebels _ axmet-
xans morCilebaze uari uTxra da xarkis gadaxdac Seuwyvita. ruseTi
aRmosavleTis marTlmadideblur samyaroSi yvelaze Zlier qveynad
yalibdeba da saqarTvelos dasusteba-daSlis pirobebSi Turqebis mier
dapyrobili bizantiis adgilis dakavebas cdilobs _ igi, sabolood, mis
memkvidred acxadebs Tavs.
1466 wels moskovis didma mTavarma, ioane III-m Sarvan-Sah farux iasarTan
hasan begis diplomatiuri misiis sapasuxo elCoba gagzavna. es iyo ruseTis
pirveli elCoba rogorc amierkavkasiaSi, ise, saerTod, aRmosavleTis
qveynebSi (am elCobas Tan axlda cnobili rusi mogzauri aTanase nikitini).
1472 wels moskovidan iranSi specialuri elCoba igzavneba markozis
meTaurobiT, romelic saqarTveloSic imyofeboda 1475 wlis zafxulsa da
Semodgomaze. man ioane III-s Sesabamisi cnobebi gadasca saqarTvelos Sesaxeb.
saqarTveloSi saTanadod Sexvdnen informacias ruseTSi monRolTa
batonobis damxobis Sesaxeb: aleqsandre I-ma kaxTa mefem (1476-1510) 1483 wels
moskovSi specialuri elCoba gagzavna saTanado weriliT: `keTilSobil
xelmwifeTa locviTa da bednierebiT Cven aq iverTa qveyanaSi jansaRad
varT... mravali Tayvanis cemiT Tqvens karze warmomivlenia narimani, damiane
da maTTan erTad xozemarumi Saqeli, Tqveni janmrTelobis gasagebad...~
moskovSi kaxeTis mefis werilis miReba mniSvnelovan faqtad CauTvliaT, mag.,
XVI saukunis dasawyisSi igi gadauweriaT da SeutaniaT moskovis
mitropolitebis krebulSi. kaxeTis samefo karis diplomatias cota xnis
Semdeg meore elCobis gagzavna CauTvlia saWirod: 1492 wliT TariRdeba
faqti, rom did mTavarTan mivida elCi `... из Иверския земли от князя
Александра, именем Мурат~. ruseTSi Casuli qarTuli diplomatiis
warmomadgenlebs TavianTi qveynis Sesaxeb saTanado informacia CaaqvT,
bunebrivia, gansakuTrebiT imaze, rac exeba saqarTvelos Zlierebis xanas,
maT brZolas qristianobis dasacavad, damsaxurebas marTlmadideblobis
winaSe da sxv. amis safuZvelze iqmneba rusuli literaturis gamorCeuli

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Zegli da Zalze popularuli nawarmoebi _ `Tqmuleba dinar dedofalze~,
romelSic aRwerilia Tamaris mefobis xana da misi udidesi gamarjvebebi
qristianobis mowinaaRmdege urwmunoebze. amdenad, XV saukunis 80-iani wlebi
ruseT-saqarTvelos politikur da diplomatiur urTierTobaTa istoriis
axali etapia.

$4. diplomatiuri samsaxuri da etiketi

XIII-XV ss-is saqarTveloSi

saqarTvelos samefos dasustebis miuxedavad, XIII-XV ss-is qarTul

politikur cxovrebaSi diplomatiur urTierTobebs kvlav mniSvnelovani
adgili ukaviaT, Sesabamisad, diplomatiuri samsaxuric sagrZnob rols
TamaSobs. Tu samoqmedo areals-sivrces aviRebT, romelsac XIII-XV ss-is
qarTuli diplomatiuri misiebi swvdeba evropasa da aziaSi, naTlad
davinaxavT, rom swored am xanebSi ganxorcielda pirveli iseTi didi
qarTuli elCobebi an gadaidga iseTi nabijebi, romelTac saqarTvelos
diplomatiis istoriaSi precedenti manamde ar hqoniaT: 1460-1461 wlebis
qarTvelTa didi elCoba evropaSi _ aseTi datvirTvis, intensivobis,
saintereso informaciisa da dasavleTis saxelmwifoTa umaRles pirebTan
mniSvnelovani uSualo kontaqtebis Semcveli diplomatiuri misia
saqarTvelos istoriaSi Znelad moiZebneba. naklebad, rom mas maStaburobiT,
miuxedavad Sedegebisa, romelime qarTuli diplomatiuri RonisZieba
SevadaroT; an 1338-1339 ww-is ferara-florenciis saeklesio kreba da
qarTvel diplomatTa nabijebi _ qarTveli elCis uSualo Sexvedra da
molaparakeba-kamaTi Tavad romis papTan; saqarTvelos xelisufalTa pirveli
werilebi romis papTan da misi pasuxebi da a.S.
XIII-XV ss-is saqarTvelos diplomatiur urTierTobebsa da
diplomatiuri samsaxuris nabijebs jer kidev dahkravs imis kvali, rom igi
XII s. da XIII s-is dasawyisis saqarTvelos memkvidrea, qveynisa, romelsac am
periodSi didi saerTaSoriso avtoriteti da mniSvnelovani funqcia hqonda
_ aRmosavleT-dasavleTis gzasayarze qristianobis `wina burjis~ rols
TamaSobda. es momenti didad ganapirobebda qarTuli diplomatiis adgils
XIII-XV ss-is saqarTvelos saerTaSoriso urTierTobaTa sistemaSi da
unarCunebda mas mniSvnelovan privilegiebs aRmosavleTSi, gansakuTrebiT,
wminda miwaze.
XIII-XVss-Si saerTaSoriso sakiTxebsa da sxvadasxva qveyanasTan
diplomatiur urTierTobebs, pirvel rigSi, mefe warmarTavda _ igi, rogorc
qveynis uzenaesi saWeTmpyrobeli, am sferoSic gezis mimcemi iyo. XII
saukuneSi sagareo saqmeebs mniSvnelovnad gansazRvravda samefos pirveli
veziris _ mwignobarTuxuces-Wyondidlis pozicia. SemdegSi, SesaZlebelia,
am funqciam aTabagis xelSi moiyara Tavi. samefo xelisuflebis mier
diplomatiuri sakiTxebis warmoeba savaziroSi, ZiriTadad, zogierTi
saxelos saSualebiT xdeboda _ samxedro, Sinagani da finansebis uwyebaTa
xelmZRvanelebs am sferos warmarTva ganawilebuli hqondaT Tavisi
specifikidan gamomdinare, mag., mandaturTuxucesis saxelo, misdami
daqvemdebarebuli Sesabamisi uwyebis saSualebiT (amirejibi, mestumre...)
ucxo qveynebis elCebis Camosvlas, miReba-dacvas da sxva msgavs sakiTxebs
adevnebda Tvalyurs. amdenad, am kuTxiT, mandaturTuxucesi garkveul
periodSi sagareo saqmeTa gamgis movaleobasac asrulebda.
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 diplomatiuri sakiTxebis gadasawyvetad am saqmianobis praqtikuli
ganxorcieleba iyo saWiro, amitom aqtualurad dgas aseTi diplomatiur
davalebaTa uSualo Semsruleblis problema. mefe da savaziros uwyebaTa
xelmZRvanelni qarTuli diplomatiis ZiriTad principebsa da mimarTulebebs
gansazRvraven, magram aucilebelia am gadawyvetilebaTa realuri
ganxorcieleba-gatareba cxovrebaSi. diplomatiur urTierTobebSi Tavad
diplomatis personac udides rols TamaSobs. am sferoSi samRvdeloebasa
da vaWarTa fenas didi datvirTva hqonda, ramdenadac maTi warmomadgenlebi
xSirad asrulebdnen msgavsi xasiaTis davalebebs; amave dros, am periodis
saqarTveloSi mefesTan arsebobda moxeleTa specialuri Stati, romlis
uSualo movaleobasac ucxoel elCTa da diplomatiur misiaTa daxvedra-
miReba-dabinaveba, saxelmwifoTaSorisi urTierTobebis warmoeba,
elCebisaTvis werilebis Tu sxva dokumentebis momzadeba da saerTaSoriso
sakiTxebis daregulirebis saqme warmoadgenda. es saxelmwifo moxeleebi am
diplomatiur davalebaTa Sesasruleblad aucilebeli TvisebebiT
dajildoebuli pirovnebebi iyvnen: ganaTleba, enebis codna, diplomatiur
sferoSi Sesabamisi gamocdileba, urTierTobebis damyarebis unari da sxv.
diplomatiuri kontaqtebis ganxorcielebis saqme da praqtikuli Sesruleba
am saqmeSi gamocdil da kompetentur pirebs evaleboda. diplomatiuri misiis
meTauris SerCeva xdeboda imis mixedviT, Tu ra xasiaTs atarebda esa Tu is
elCoba da rogori avtoritetis mqone iyo mimRebi qveyana.
XII-XIII s-is dasawyisis Zlier saqarTveloSi Camoyalibebul diplomatiur
samsaxursa da etiketSi monRolebma axali elementebi Seitanes da Tavisi
daRi daasves. miuxedavad monRolTa batonobisa, es xana saqarTvelosaTvis
intensiuri diplomatiuri urTierTobebiT aRiniSna, romelSic axali niSnebi
Tu wesebi Cndeba da romelTa aRsruleba qarTvel diplomatebs xSirad
uxdebaT. dominikeli beri simon de sen-kventini monRolTa diplomatiuri
etiketidan gansakuTrebiT gamoyofs im moments, rom maT xanTan misulma
elCebma Tu sxvebma mas miwaze Tavis samjer dartymiT unda scen Tayvani;
romis papis elCma _ ascelinma da misi misiis wevrebma Tayvaniscemis es wesi
kerpTayvanismcemlobad miiCnies, amitom gadawyvites, rom umjobesia
daixocnon, vidre muxli moidrikon monRoli noinis winaSe _ maT eSinodaT,
ar gavrcelebuliyo xma qarTvelebSi, somxebSi, berZnebSi da sxv., rom romis
papis wargzavnilebma qedi mouxares TayvaniscemiT monRolebs da amiT, am
xalxebs ar warTmeodaT imedi momavalSi RvTisagan xsnisa. aseTi
diplomatiuri etiketi iseTi ucxo da miuRebeli aRmoCnda ascelinis
elCobis wevri berebisaTvis, rom misia bolomde ver iqna miyvanili, igi
CaiSala da veraviTar Sedegs veRar miaRwia. aseT axal wesebs xvdebian
monRolebTan urTierTobisas qarTveli diplomatebi Tu politikuri moRva-
weebi. maT didi moqniloba-lavirebis niWis gamoCena sWirdebaT, raTa
garkveul Sedegebs miaRwion. monRolebTan molaparakebis dros miRweuli
SeTanxmebis gamomxatvel-damadastureblad garkveuli wesebi da niSnebic ki
Camoyalibda: `beWede yaenisa~, `piri simtkicisa~, `fici da aRqma urTierTas~
da sxv.
saxelmwifoTaSorisi urTierTobebis, diplomatiuri kontaqtebisa da
elCobis Sedegad miRweuli gadawyvetilebis gaformebas monRolebi, kerZod,
maTi xelisufleba garkveuli saxis brZaneba-sigeliT _ ierlayiT axdendnen.
ierlayi iyo mowmoba, sigeli, xanis werilobiTi brZanebuleba, wyalobis
mamtkicebeli dokumenti. monRoli yaeni wyalobas ierlayiT adasturebda,

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mag., sargis jayels hulagu-yaenma damsaxurebisaTvis `karnu qalaqi da
mimdgomi misi qveyana uboZa ierlayiTa~. arsebobda aseve `ierlayi
SewyalebisaБ~, romelic egviptis sulTanTan giorgi V brwyinvalis mier
`kliteni ierusalАmisani~-s Taobaze pipaБ qvenifnevelis xelmZRvanelobiT
organizebul elCobasTan dakavSirebiT gvxvdeba: am diplomatiuri misiis
Sedegad, rogorc aRiniSna, qristes saflavis salocavi qarTvelebs
gadaecaT _ misreTidan, anu egviptidan ukan mobrunebuli elCi pipaБ wardga
giorgi brwyinvalis winaSe da moiRo `ierlayi SewyalebisaБ~.
monRolebsa da qarTvelebs Soris molaparakebebSi, urTierTndobisa da
garantiebis formis TvalsazrisiT, monRolTa mxridan sainteresoa ficTa
damtkiceba `SesumiTa oqrosa saficrisaTa~; roca abaRa-yaenma egviptis
dapyroba gadawyvita, misma Zmam, mangu demurma, salaSqrod samcxis mTavars,
beqa jayels mouwoda _ beqa Tanaxmaa, Tu `Sen (mangu demur) ficiTa
mimindob~; etiketis TvalsazrisiT Zalze sainteresoa, Tu rogor debs fics
monRoli mxedarTmTavari: `oqrosa wylisa SesmiTa Sehfica da yoveli
simtkice aRuTqua, da mosca beWedi, romeli ecua TiTsa missa, rameTu ese
iyo mtkice saficari~.
diplomatiuri etiketis TvalsazrisiT yuradRebas iqcevs erTi epizodi
daviT VII ulusa da baTo-yaenis urTierTobidan: mefe daviTi ,,warvida~
baTos winaSe, romelmac igi didi pativiT Seiwynara da `mosca suquri
saCrdilobeli~ (anu qolgis magvari `Tavs-sadgmuli qolga samefo~ _
`saCrdilobeli Sesakeceli~), romelic `sxuasa aravis aqundis, TВnier
yaenTa da naTesavsa maTsa, da moumcno... urdos Seslvasa mefis zedaT aravin
dadgebodis, rameTu ese iyo wesi TaTarTa, romel yaens win aravin
dajdebodes, arca puris Wamasa Sina~.
intensiuri diplomatiuri urTierTobebi aisaxa saqarTvelos
sagadasaxado sistemaSi: XIII saukuneSi monRoli elCis saWiroebisaTvis
dawesda ulayisa da ulufas gadaxda; samefo karze mosul mociquls
eZleoda Sesabamisi ulufa da sagzao ulayi.
XIII-XV saukuneebis saqarTveloSi ucxo saxelmwifoTa elCebs
diplomatiuri etiketiT Sesabamisi privilegiebi da imuniteti eniWebodaT.
ucxouri misia uzrunvelyofili iyo specialuri daxvedriT, sapatio
miRebiT, faruli da Ria molaparakebiT, biniTa da kvebiT, bolos ki _
sapatio gacilebiT.
aseve didi yuradRebiT ekidebodnen saqarTvelodan sxva qveynebSi
diplomatiuri misiis Sesasruleblad elCebis SerCeva-gagzavnis aqts. elCebs
saqarTvelos mefe niSnavda da maT saTanado uflebas aniWebda. samefo
karze, sxva moxeleTa gverdiT, idgnen isinic, `vinca Гelisufalni
samociqulod undaT, Seasxmen da gagzavnian~. maTi arCeva garkveuli wridan
da Sesabamisi niWisa Tu Tvisebebis mixedviT xdeboda.
elCebis miRebis Semdeg araerTi sakiTxi moiTxovda ganxilva-mogvarebas _
misi praqtikuli aRmsrulebelni gansazRvruli Tanamdebobebisa da
gamocdilebis saxelmwifo moxeleni iyvnen, mag., amirejibi: igi
mandaturTuxucess eqvemdebareboda, xolo amirejibs, Tavis mxriv, Sesabamisi
xelqveiTi moxeleebi hyavda: ejibebi, mestumreebi da merigeebi. amirejibs,
yvela kargad cnobil movaleobaTa garda, sapatio stumrebis wvevac
evaleboda, xolo mis daqvemdebarebulebs, mag., mestumres, `mociqulTa
SemTxuevani~ da `meZRuneTa jerovani misagebelni~ hqonda mindobili; mas
sxva moxeleebTan erTad mociqulebisa da stumrebis daxvedra-miRebis
Tadarigi ebara. amirejibi qveynis xelisuflebisagan gansazRvrul sargos
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Rebulobda da stumrebisaganac saCuqris saxiT mniSvnelovani gasamrjelo
hqonda. ramdenadac ejibebisa da mestumreebis funqcia ucxoel mociqulTa
wveva, miReba, movla iyo, amdenad, isini am kuTxiT garkveul `diplomatiur
samsaxurs~ warmoadgendnen. am samsaxurs uSualo kurirebas amirejibi
uwevda, saerTo xelmZRvanelobas ki mandaturTuxucesi axorcielebda.
aRniSnul saxeloTa mqone moxeleebi am sakiTxTa warmoebaSi gamocdili
pirovnebebi iyvnen, amitom, diplomatiuri misiebis mowyoba amirejibis
xelmZRvanelobiT savsebiT mosalodneli da logikuria _ magaliTisaTvis
davasaxelebT qucna amirejibs, romelic XIV s. II naxevarSi
konstantinopolSi samjer iqna elCobis xelmZRvanelad SerCeuli.
mogvianebiT, mestumrisa da mestumreTuxucesis mniSvnelobiT memandari
da memandarbaSi Semovida, romelnic eSikaRasbaSs eqvemdebarebodnen. Tavis
mxriv, eSikaRasbaSis saxelo ramdenadme mandaturTuxucesis Tanamdebobas
emsgavseba. rogorc mestumreni `mourneoben stumarTa~, ise `mehmandari~ ucxo
qveyanaTa elCebisa da mociqulebis, sapatio stumrebisa Tu darbaiselTa
miReba-mosvenebis, sxva msgavsi xasiaTis funqciis Semsrulebeli moxelea.
maRali rangis ucxour elCobebs qveynis sazRvarzec uwyobdnen
daxvedras. iyo SemTxvevebi, rodesac gamorCeul pirebs Tavad mefe xvdeboda:
1476 wels mosulis vezirma, gamal-el-dinma Rirseuli da saqmiani adamiani _
episkoposi mafiani saqarTveloSi elCad moavlina; mefe giorgi VIII TviTon
gaemgzavra episkoposis dasaxvedrad da didi pativiT miiRo, gamouyo bina da
eklesia RvTismsaxurebisaTvis; misiis dasrulebis Semdeg mefem maT Tavisi
elCobac gaayola _ mosulisken mimaval qarTveli mefis elCebs Subze
wamogebuli jvrebi mihqondaT qristianebis sanugeSod.
saqarTvelos diplomatiuri etiketi mefesa da qarTul samsaxurebs
avaldebulebda, sakmaod mZime, eqstremalur viTarebaSic ki dapirispirebuli
qveynis mociqulebs mainc saTanadod daxvedrodnen da uzrunveleyoT maTi,
SeZlebisdagvarad, Sesabamisi wesebis dacviT gaSveba: rusudans xorezmelTa
elCi ewvia da darbazobaze `tkbili sityviT~ wardga; am dros movida
qarTvelTa macne cnobiT, rom es xalxi qveynis sanapiroebs aoxrebda. maSin
dedofalma elCs uTxra: `gana amgvarad iqcevian mefeebi? elCs erTs
alaparakeben da TviTon ki sawinaaRmdegos akeTeben?~ miuxedavad amisa,
rusudanma, garkveuli formebis dacviT, `brZana misi gaZeveba~.
sxva viTarebaa, roca saqarTvelos samefo kars ucxo qveynis samefo
ojaxis wevrebi arian TavSemofarebulni _ isini aseve yovelmxriv arian
uzrunvelyofilni. xelmwifis karze etiketisa Tu Sesabamisi wesebis dacva
maSin xdeba gansakuTrebiT aqtualuri, roca am TavSemofarebulTa gadacemas
dapirispirebuli Zlieri qveynis mbrZanebeli iTxovs, miT umetes, iseTi
msoflio dampyrobeli, rogoric Temurlengia: mis moTxovnas sulTan
ahmedis Svilis gadacemaze giorgi VII-m upasuxa, rom `mefiswuli, romelic
CemTanaa TavSefarebuli, mtris xeliT rogor unda gavce?~ roca Temuris
elCi quTaisSi movida, mefe giorgi elCs cudad daxvda da Temurlengs
SeuTvala: `ar aris CvenT naTesavT wesio, rom Sexvewili kaci visime
mivceTo~.
marTalia, ucxo saxelmwifoTa elCebs, diplomatiuri etiketidan
gamomdinare, sapatiod da gansakuTrebulad xvdebodnen, magram zogjer es
wesi bolomde ver sruldeboda; aseT dros elCebi sayvedursac
gamoTqvamdnen. ase iyo italieli elCis _ ambrozio kontarinis daxvedra-
gacilebis SemTxvevaSi. igi bagrat VI-m 1474 wels miiRo. Sexvedra didi
diplomatiuri etiketiTa da ceremonialiT ar gamoirCeoda.
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 XIII-XV ss-is qarTuli diplomatiuri samsaxuris warmomadgenlebi
sazRvargareT Sesabamisi privilegiebiT sargeblobdnen da maT saqarTvelos
saxelmwifo, Tavis mxriv, SeZlebisdagvarad icavda. cnobilia, rom
qarTvelebi XIII-XV saukuneebis garkveul periodebSi wm. qalaq ierusalimSi
gaSlili droSebiT Sediodnen da wminda miwaze didi privilegiebic
hqondaT. qristes saflavis mosanaxuleblad mimavali qarTveli piligrimebi
Tu politikuri moRvaweebi xSirad araviTar baJs ar ixdidnen _ zogjer
mahmadiani xelisufalni amas verc bedavdnen, radgan icodnen, rom maT ukan
saqarTvelos samefo da misi qristiani mefe idga. saerTod, Sua saukuneebSi
uiaraRod, dacvis gareSe diplomatiur misiaTa wevrebis gadaadgileba metad
saxifaTo iyo. cnobilia, rom dasavleT evropaSi ucxoelis bedi mTlianad
damokidebuli iyo im mefis an feodalis survilze, romlis samflobeloSic
is Sedioda (dacvis, wyalobis sigelebi Tu e. w. `gasacnobeli qaRaldebi~
aucilebeli iyo qarTveli diplomatebis usafrTxo gadaadgilebisaTvis),
Tumca isini yovelTvis ver uzrunvelyofdnen maT xelSeuxeblobas, rogorc
evropaSi, ise aRmosavleTSi. am mxriv, metad sainteresoa romis papis _
aleqsandre VI-is werili Tavisi samflobelos mTavrebisa da evropis sxva
xelisufalTa mimarT, vis samflobelozec konstantine II-is elCs _ nilo
mRvdel-monazons unda gaevlo saqarTveloSi dabrunebisas. es dokumenti
Seicavs SesaniSnav informacias elCTa statusis, elCobis ganxorcielebis
meqanizmis, sxvadasxva qveynis gavla-miRebis niuansebis, Ramis gaTevis
problemis, mociqulTa dacva-uSiSroebis garantiebis _ `gzis-mcvelTa~ da
finansuri sakiTxebis mogvarebis saSualebaTa Sesaswavlad. msgavsi
sarekomendacio werilebi, gacemuli papebis mier sxva qveynis elCebisaTvis,
Zalze iSviaTia.
qarTuli diplomatiuri etiketis erT-erT Semadgenel nawils ucxo
qveynis elCebisaTvis sagangebo aRlumisa Tu specialuri Cvenebis mowyoba
warmoadgenda. aseve xvdebodnen qarTvel elCebsac _ gavixsenoT, magaliTad,
ludoviko bolonielisa da qarTvel xelisufalTa 1460-1461 wlebis
gaerTianebuli elCoba, romelzec zemoT iyo saubari.
sainteresoa qarTveli elCebis qceva ucxoeTis xelisufalTa karze _
ramdenad jdeboda igi ucxouri diplomatiuri etiketis normebSi: ZiriTadad
problemebi ar Cans; faqtia, rom mociqulebad Sesaferisi niWiTa da codniT
dajildoebuli iniSnebodnen. aRsaniSnavia Sexvedrebi (zogjer evropelebi
ucnaur Cacmulobaze miuTiTeben) romis papTan, safrangeTis, burgundiis,
espaneTis mefeebTan da umaRles xelisuflebTan.
romis saRvTo imperiis imperatorebi evropis siuzerenad iTvlebodnen,
Tumca am periodSi amas mxolod formaluri xasiaTi hqonda; amave dros, maT
Zveli romis keisrebisagan sxvadasxva Zveli tradicia hqondaT gadmotanili.
am momentma ganapiroba swored qarTveli elCis _ nikoloz Tbilelis qceva
(fexze ekocna romis saRvTo imperatorisaTvis _ fridrix III-isTvis, razec
zemoT gvqonda saubari). amiT gaWirvebaSi myof saqarTvelos wargzavnils
surda gamorCeulad gaesva xazi imperatoris uzenaesobisaTvis, moepovebina
misi keTilganwyoba, raTa rogorme daeyoliebina igi, daxmareboda
mahmadianTa garemocvaSi moqceul mis qveyanas.
meore mxriv, qarTveli elCebisaTvis, romelTac aRmosavleTis
xelisufalTa karze xSirad uxdebodaT yofna, msgavsi qceva-etiketi ucxo ar
iyo. jer kidev monRolebis dros iyo aucilebeli xanis winaSe miwaze Tavis
samjer dartyma, muxlis moyra da sxv. es wesebi kidev ufro mravalferovan

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saxes iRebs mogviano periodis aRmosavlel fadiSahTa Tu sulTanTa karze:
yvaryvare II aTabagma 1483 wels Tavisi vaJi iayub-yaenis karze zavis
saTxovnelad gagzavna, romelic `amirebis meSveobiT misi udidesobis noxis
kocniT gabednierda~. amdenad, nikoloz TbilelisaTvis uzenaesobis
xazgasmuli formebiT gamoxatva kargad cnobili iyo.
sxvadasxva mniSvnelovan saerTaSoriso cvlilebas Tu
saxelmwifoTaSoris urTierTobebSi sasikeTo siaxles saqarTvelos
xelisufleba Sesabamisi reaqciiTa da, diplomatiur urTierTobaTa
TvalsazrisiT, saTanado JestiT gamoxatavda: roca saqarTveloSi
jalaledinis mier xlaTis datovebis ambavi Seityves, ivane aTabagma, al-
aSrafs, rogorc iTqva, mterze gamarjvebis aRsaniSnavad, xmali gaugzavna,
radgan `qarTvelebs wesad aqvT, Tuki gaimarjvebs mezobeli, mas maxvili
gaugzavnon~.
Sesabamisad, aseTive xasiaTis wesi moqmedebs saqarTvelos mefeTa
mimarTac, magaliTad, egviptis sulTnis _ al-adilis mier keTili
damokidebulebis niSnad, saqarTvelos mefe laSa-giorgisaTvis (1213 w.)
saCuqrad spilos gamogzavna.
cnobilia, rom diplomatiuri qorwinebani Zalze mniSvnelovan gavlenas
axdenda saerTaSoriso ZalTa gadanawilebaze. amasTan dakavSirebiT aqve
gavixsenoT zemoaRniSnuli erTi metad saintereso faqti, roca saqarTvelos
ewvia bizantiis elCoba (1449-1451) giorgi sfranZesis meTaurobiT, romelsac
evaleboda bizantiis ukanaskneli imperatorisaTvis _ konstantine XI-isaTvis
sacolis SerCeva; igi wardga giorgi VIII-is samefo karze da
gadawyvetilebac miiRo, `rameTu Cems batons eTxova iqauri mefis asuli,
radgan me vicodi, rom iberiaSi qorwineba trapezuntisas sjobda~. swored
aq dasturdeba, Tu ra wesi da etiketi arsebobda diplomatiuri qorwinebis
Sekvrisas: `da Sedga oqrobeWedi da xeli iqna mowerili, rom imis asuli
yofiliyo misi coli da konstantinepolis dedofali, xolo es yofiliyo
misi qmari, im SeTanxmebaTa mixedviT, romlebic CemTan dasdo iberiis mefem.
da rodesac is miixmes, CvenTan erTad gamogzavnili misi mTavari meore
xarisxisa da mefem da Cemma batonma sakuTari xeliT mis TanadaswrebiT sami
jvari dasxa singuriT oqrobeWdis zemoTa Sublze niSnad damtkicebisa,
rogorc maTi Cveuleba amas moiTxovda~.
sabolood, mTeli XIV saukunis meore naxevrisa da XV saukunis
ganmavlobaSi daSlis gzaze myof qveyanaSi awyobili diplomatiuri
samsaxuric sustdeba da, Sesabamisad, diplomatiuri etiketis dacvac
Zveleburad veRar xerxdeba. miuxedavad amisa, XIII-XV saukuneebis qarTulma
diplomatiurma samsaxurma saqarTvelos samefos cxovrebaSi mniSvnelovani
roli iTamaSa.

216
 bibliografia
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cxovreba. IV. teqsti dadgenili yvela ZiriTadi xelnaweris mixedviT s.
yauxCiSvilis mier. Tb. 1973.
2. mRvdeli miqel TamaraSvili. istoria kaTolikobisa qarTvelTa Soris
namdvilis sabuTebis SemotaniTa da ganmartebiT XIII saukunidgan vidre
XX saukunemde. tf. 1902.
3. mixeil TamaraSvili. qarTuli eklesia dasabamidan dRemde. Tb. 1995.
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g. qiqoZis Targmani. kr. “masalebi saqarTvelosa da kavkasiis
istoriisaTvis”. nakv. II. Tb. 1942.
5. XV saukunis italiel mogzaurTa cnobebi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb.
italiuridan Targmna, Sesavali, SeniSvnebi da saZieblebi daurTo e.
mamisTvaliSvilma. Tb. 1981.
6. JamTaaRmwereli. wg. qarTlis cxovreba. II. teqsti dadgenili yvela
ZiriTadi xelnaweris mixedviT s. yauxCiSvilis mier. Tb. 1959.
7. o. JuJunaZe. XVs-is I naxevris saqarTvelos sagareo politikis
istoriisaTvis. kr. “qarTuli samefo-samTavroebis sagareo politikis
istoriidan”. I. Tb. 1970.
8. ilia tabaRua. saqarTvelo evropis arqivebsa da wignsacavebSi (XIII-XVI
ss.). Tb. 1984.

literatura:
1. zurab avaliSvili. jvarosanTa droidan, oTxi saistorio narkvevi. Tb.
1989.
2. nodar asaTiani. monRolTa sayaenosTan saqarTvelos urTierTobis
zogierTi faqtis dazustebisaTvis. qarTuli diplomatia. weliwdeuli. 1.
Tb. 1994.
3. vaJa kiknaZe. saqarTvelo XIV saukuneSi. Tb. 1989.
4. revaz kiknaZe. saqarTvelos dapyroba monRolTa mier. wg. saqarTvelos
istoriis narkvevebi. III. saqarTvelo XI-XV saukuneebSi. Tb. 1979.
5. daviT niniZe. dasavleT saqarTvelos diplomatiuri kontaqtebi XIII
saukunis II naxevarSi. wg. qarTuli diplomatiis istoriis narkvevebi. I.
Tb. 1998.
6. daviT niniZe. evropaSi antiosmaluri koaliciis Seqmnis cdebi da
saqarTvelo. wg. qarTuli diplomatiis istoriis narkvevebi. II. Tb. 1998.
7. daviT niniZe. XV saukunis II naxevris qarTuli diplomatia. wg. qarTuli
diplomatiis istoriis narkvevebi. II. Tb. 1998.
8. daviT niniZe. “mravalmefianobis” xanis (1298-1318) qarTuli diplomatia.
wg. qarTuli diplomatiis istoriis narkvevebi. I. Tb. 1998.
9. daviT niniZe. samRvdeloebis roli XIII-XV saukuneTa qarTul
diplomatiaSi. wg. qarTuli diplomatiis istoriis narkvevebi. II. Tb. 1998.
10. daviT niniZe. samcxis samTavros diplomatiuri kontaqtebi XIII saukunis
II naxevarSi. wg. qarTuli diplomatiis istoriis narkvevebi. I. Tb. 1998.
11. daviT niniZe. saqarTvelo-evropis diplomatiuri kontaqtebi XIII
saukunis I naxevarSi. wg. qarTuli diplomatiis istoriis narkvevebi. I.
Tb. 1998.
12. daviT niniZe. saqarTvelos dapyroba monRolTa mier. urTierToba
monRolebTan. wg. qarTuli diplomatiis istoriis narkvevebi. I. Tb. 1998.
13. daviT niniZe. saqarTvelos “mravalmefianobis” xanis (1298-1318)
diplomatia. qarTuli diplomatia. weliwdeuli. 1. Tb. 1994.

217
 14. daviT niniZe. saqarTvelos saxelmwifo saerTaSoriso urTierTobebi XV
saukunis I naxevarSi. aleqsandre I didis (1412-1442) diplomatia. wg.
qarTuli diplomatiis istoriis narkvevebi. II. Tb. 1998.
15. daviT niniZe. saqarTvelos saxelmwifos sagareo politikuri
mdgomareoba XIV saukunis II naxevarsa da XV saukunis damdegs. wg.
qarTuli diplomatiis istoriis narkvevebi. I. Tb. 1998.
16. daviT niniZe. saqarTvelos saxelmwifos sagareo politikuri
urTierTobebi XIV saukunis 20-40-ian wlebSi. giorgi V brwyinvalis
diplomatia. wg. qarTuli diplomatiis istoriis narkvevebi. I. Tb. 1998.
17. daviT niniZe. simon de sen-kventinis cnobebi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb
(ascelinis elCoba). qarTuli diplomatia. weliwdeuli. 11. Tb. 2004.
18. daviT niniZe. winaaRmdegoba monRolTa saxelmwifoebs (ulusebs) Soris
da saqarTvelo XIII saukunis II naxevarSi. wg. qarTuli diplomatiis
istoriis narkvevebi. I. Tb. 1998.
19. daviT niniZe. “wminda adgilni” da XIII-XV saukuneTa qarTuli
diplomatia (I nawili). qarTuli diplomatia. weliwdeuli. 5. Tb. 1998.
20. daviT niniZe. “wminda adgilni” da XIII-XV saukuneTa qarTuli
diplomatia (II nawili). qarTuli diplomatia. weliwdeuli. 6. Tb. 1999.
21. daviT paiWaZe. evropis qveynebis antiosmaluri koalicia da saqarTvelo
XV saukunis 60-ian wlebSi. Tb. 1989.
22. rene Janeni. qarTvelebi ierusalimSi. Jurn. “religia”. #10. 1992.
23. beniamin silagaZe. monRolTa meore gamoCena amierkavkasiaSi da
saqarTvelos dapyroba-danawileba. Jurn. “macne”, istoriis seria. #3.
1992.
24. ilia tabaRua. saqarTvelo evropis arqivebsa da wignsacavebSi (XIII-XX
ss-is pirveli meoTxedi). III (1628-1633 ww.). Tb. 1987.
25. lovard tuxaSvili. narkvevebi qarTuli diplomatiis istoriidan
(bagrat III-dan giorgi V brwyinvalemde). I. Tb. 1994.
26. ivane javaxiSvili. qarTveli eris istoria. III. Txzulebani Tormet
tomad. III. Tb. 1982.
27. goCa jafariZe. saqarTvelo da maxlobeli aRmosavleTis islamuri samyaro
XII-XIII s-is pirvel mesamedSi. Tb. 1995.

218
 T a v i V I I
qarTuli samefo-samTavroebis sagareo
politika da diplomatia
XVI-XVIII ss-Si

$1. qarTuli diplomatia XVI s-Si

a) brZola qveynis mTlianobis aRdgenisaTvis da damoukideblobisaTvis

XVI saukunis I meoTxedSi. daviT X-is diplomatia. XV-XVI saukuneTa mijnaze
kavkasiasa da maxlobel aRmosavleTSi viTareba Seicvala. iransa da azerb-
aijanSi Camoyalibda sefianTa Zlieri saxelmwifo. sefianTa Seixs, ismails
Zlieri mowinaaRmdegeebi hyavda ay-yoinlus saxelmwifos Sahis, uzun-hasanis
SviliSvilebis _ alvendisa da muradis saxiT. ismailma maTTan gadamwyveti
brZolis win daxmareba qarTlis, kaxeTis mefeebs da samcxis mTavars sTxova
da aRuTqva, rom ay-yoinlus saxelmwifos mier dadebuli xarkisagan
gaaTavisuflebda. qarTvelTa daxmareba gadamwyveti aRmoCnda. ismailma
gaimarjva da TavrizSi Tavi iranis Sahad gamoacxada. ismaili arc ki
fiqrobda qarTvelebisaTvis mocemuli pirobis Sesrulebas. metic, man
miznad daisaxa aRmosavleTi amierkavkasiis dapyroba. sefianTa iranis
CamoyalibebiT sabolood Seikra mtruli mahmadianuri garemocvis rkali
saqarTvelos irgvliv. saqarTvelos mdgomareobaze did gavlenas axdenda
gauTavebeli omebi iransa da osmaleTs Soris. ZiriTadad swored es
gansazRvravda qarTvel mefe-mTavarTa diplomatias.
miuxedavad 1490 wlis SeTanxmebisa, qarTveli mefeebi XVI saukunis
dasawyisSi kvlav cdilobdnen qveynis gaerTianebas.
1505 w. qarTlis samefo taxti daviT X konstantines Zem daikava. TavadTa
reaqciis gamo, misi mefobis pirveli periodSi, mefis xelisufleba metad
dasustebuli iyo. amiT isargebla imereTis mefe aleqsandrem, 1509 wels
qarTlSi SeiWra da qarTli goris CaTvliT daipyro. 1610 wels imereTSi
SeiWrnen osmalebi. aleqsandre iZulebuli gaxda saswrafod imereTSi
dabrunebuliyo. daviT X-m daibruna imereTis mefis mier mitacebuli
teritoriebi. qarTlisa da imereTis gaerTianebis mcdeloba CaiSala.
1513 w. daviT X-is Zmam, bagrat muxranbatonma Seipyro kaxeTis mefe
avgiorgi. igi cixeSi mokles. daviT X-m gailaSqra kaxeTSi da mTeli qveyana
daipyro. daviTma ver SeZlo avgiorgis memkvidris, mcirewlovani levan
batoniSvilis Sepyroba. miuxedavad amisa, 1518 wlamde qarTl-kaxeTi erT
samefos warmoadgenda.
1514 w. iransa da osmaleTs Soris omi daiwyo. es omi, drogamoSvebiT, 1555
wlamde grZeldeboda. ori agresoris mizani maxlobel aRmosavleTsa da
amiekavkasiaSi, pirvel rigSi, saqarTveloSi gaZliereba iyo. 1514 wlis
agvistoSi sulTanma selimma sastikad daamarcxa Sah-ismaili. amis Semdeg
ismaili Seecada, mdgomareoba ganemtkicebina saqarTveloSi da ar daeSva aq
osmalTa gabatoneba.
1515 w. gardaicvala samcxis aTabagi mzeWabuki. taxti daikava misma
ZmisSvilma yvaryvare III-m. male yvaryvares taxti waarTva biZam, manuCarma.
yvaryvare TavrizSi gaiqca, Sahs daxmareba sTxova. yizilbaSTa jaris
daxmarebiT 1516 w. yvaryvarem taxti daibruna.

219
 1518 wels Sah-ismailma qarTlis dasamorCileblad sulTan rumlus
sardlobiT laSqari gamogzavna. iranelebs axlda maTi mokavSire
yvaryvarec. iranelebma gori da surami daikaves. qarTlis samefos
garTulebuli mdgomareobiT isargebles kaxelma feodalebma da levan
batoniSvili mefed gamoacxades.
daviT X-m yizilbaSTa sardalTan Svili _ ramazi gagzavna didi
saCuqrebiT da morCileba gamoucxada. Sah-ismailTan moxerxda SeTanxmebis
miRweva, mSvidobis sanacvlod qarTls iranisaTvis yovelwliuri xarki _ 300
sapalne abreSumi unda exada.
ismailTan dazavebis Semdeg daviT X-m kvlav scada kaxeTis SemoerTeba,
magram saqmeSi gaerTianebis mowinaaRmdege Zalebi Caerivnen. bagrat imereTis
mefes, guriisa da samcxis mTavrebs aSinebdaT qarTl-kaxeTis gaerTianeba.
1520 w. qarTlSi laSqriT Semovida gurieli. misi mizani qarTlsa da kaxeTs
Soris zavis dadeba iyo. daviTi SeebrZola guriels, magram marcxi ganicada.
daviTi axali brZolisaTvis emzadeboda, magram saqme mSvidobianad mogvarda.
gurielisa da daviT mefis molaparakebis dros qarTlis Tavadebmac
kaxeTTan Serigebas dauWires mxari. daviTic iZulebuli gaxda, dazaveboda
levan kaxTa mefes. zavi adasturebda saqarTvelos dayofas sam
Tanasworuflebian saxelmwifod. damoukidebeli politikuri erTeulebis
arseboba ganapirobebda gansxvavebul politikur interesebs, rac did zians
ayenebda damoukideblobisaTvis brZolas.
levan kaxTa mefem scada iranelTa vasalobisagan Tavis daRweva. amas
iranelTa Semoseva mohyva, yizilbaSebma daarbies zegami da gremi. levan mefe
iZulebuli gaxda, kvlav damorCileboda ismails. am droidan 1578 wlamde
kaxeTi iranis vasali iyo da amiT mSvidobianobas inarCunebda. dampyrobTa
winaaRmdeg brZolas saTaveSi qarTli Caudga.
1522 w. qarTlSi yizilbaSTa laSqari Semovida. daviT X-m Sahs elCebi
gaugzavna da dazaveba iTxova. ismaili moiTxovda, mefe masTan
gamocxadebuliyo da mahmadianoba mieRo. daviTi amaze ar Tanxmdeboda da
brZolisaTvis emzadeboda. TeleTTan moxda sisxlismRvreli brZola.
gamarjveba yizilbaSebs darCaT. amis Semdeg moRalateebma ismails Tbilisi
Caabares. 1524 w. gardaicvala ismaili. taxti mcirewlovanma Tamazma (1524)
daikava. iranSi daiwyo areuloba. daviT mefem yizilbaSebi gareka
Tbilisidan da vasalobisagan ganTavisuflda.
b) luarsab I da simon I. 1527 w. qarTlis samefo taxti daikava
saqarTvelos damoukideblobisaTvis Seupovarma mebrZolma luarsab I-ma
(1527-1556). saqarTvelos mefe-mTavrebs Soris mxolod igi xedavda kars
momdgari mtris winaaRmdeg brZolaSi mTeli saqarTvelos Zalebis
gaerTianebis aucileblobas. imereTTan kavSiris ganmtkicebis mizniT
luarsabma colad SeirTo bagrat aleqsandres Zis qaliSvili, Tamari.
XVI saukunis 20-ian wlebSi evropul politikur ZalTa ganlagebaSi
momxdarma cvlilebebma didi gavlena iqonies saqarTvelozec.
1519 wlidan daiwyo xangrZlivi brZola safrangeTsa da habsburgebis
imperias Soris evropaSi hegemonobisaTvis. avstriis mimarT osmaleTis
agresiam ganapiroba kavSiri safrangeTsa da osmaleTs Soris. 1529 wels
safrangeTis xelSewyobiT osmalebi venasac ki miadgnen, Tumca iq marcxi
ganicades. imperatorma karlos V-m da misma Zmam ferdinadma osmaleTis
winaaRmdeg sabrZolvelad iranTan scades kavSiris damyareba. maT elCebi
iranSi gagzavnes. habsburgebi Sah-Tamazs osmaleTTan omis ganaxlebas

220
sTxovdnen. Tamazi daxmarebas dahpirda, Tumca igi omis dawyebas ar apirebda.
ferdinandis elCebi _ pietro de negro da simon de lili iranis vasals,
kaxeTis mefesac ewvivnen. levanma maT osmalebis winaaRmdeg mTeli
saqarTvelos fexze dayeneba aRuTqva.
1533 w. osmalebsa da habsburgebs Soris zavi daido. suleiman I-ma
ganaaxla omi iranTan. omi osmalebis warmatebiT mimdinareobda. gaCnda
samcxe-saaTabagos mxridan osmalTa SemoWris safrTxe. bagrat III-m da
luarsab I-ma daswreba amjobines. 1535 w. mefem samcxeze gailaSqra, Seipyro
yvaryvare III da samcxe SeierTa. saaTabagos didma Tavadma oTar
SalikaSvilma yvaryvares mcirewlovani Svili qaixosro stambolSi Caiyvana
da sulTans daxmareba sTxova. 1536 wels osmalTa laSqari saqarTvelos
Semoesia da Zarcva-rbevis Semdeg ukan gabrunda. am laSqrobiT qaixosrom
aTabagobas ver miaRwia da samcxe 1545 wlamde imereTisa da qarTlis
samefoebis SemadgenlobaSi rCeboda.
1536 w. suleiman I iranSi laSqrobidan stambols dabrunda da mTavari
yuradReba evropa-afrikaSi dapyrobebs miaqcia. amiT isargebla Sah-Tamazma
da Seecada, ganemtkicebina batonoba aRmosavleT amierkavkasiaSi. 1538 w.
yizilbaSebma Sirvani daipyres.
luarsab I eloda saqarTveloSi yizilbaSTa Semosevas. 1540 w. man
osmalTa sulTans, suleiman I-s, elCi gaugzavna da yizilbaSTa winaaRmdeg
brZolaSi daxmareba sTxova. sulTans im dros ar surda iranTan omis
ganaxleba da luarsabma uari miiRo.
1541 w. Sah-Tamazma moulodneli dartymiT Tbilisi aiRo. luarsabi
TbilisSi ar imyofeboda. igi mcxeTaSi iyo wasuli Svilis dasakrZalavad.
kaxTa mefem levanma Sahs morCileba gamoucxada da qarTls araviTari
daxmareba ar aRmouCina. Sah-Tamazs eaxla imereTis mefe bagratic da
osmalebis winaaRmdeg daxmareba sTxova. Sah-Tamazma mas garkveuli
finansuri daxmareba aRmouCina, ramac bagrats 1543 w. osmalTa laSqris
damarcxebaSi Seuwyo xeli, magram 1545 w. bagrat III da luarsab I
damarcxdnen soxoistas brZolaSi. qarTvelebis damarcxebas xeli Seuwyo
levan I dadianis Ralatma. soxoistas brZolis Semdeg saaTabago imereTisa
da qarTlis samefoebisagan damoukidebeli gaxda. aTabagis taxts qaixosro
II daeufla.
qarTlSi yizilbaSTa winaaRmdeg luarsabi partizanul oms agrZelebda.
saqarTvelos mefeebs, luarsabsa da bagrats, romis papTan jer kidev
soxoistasTan brZolis win werili gaugzavniaT, daxmareba uTxoviaT da
sanacvlod gakaTolikebas dahpirebian. 1545 w. 17 ivniss daweril werilSi
papi pavle III kmayofilebas gamoTqvamda qarTveli mefeebis gadawyvetilebiT
gakaTolikebis Sesaxeb, Tumca daxmarebis Taobaze sityvasac ar Zravda.
dasavleT evropaze politikuri orientaciis aReba im dros uperspeqtivo
iyo. jvarosnuli omebis epoqa warsuls Cabarda. romis paps
saqarTvelosaTvis daxmarebis arc survili da arc SesaZlebloba ar
gaaCnda. erTaderTi gamosavali iyo saqarTvelos ZalTa gaerTianeba. es ki
ver xerxdeboda.
soxoistas omis Semdeg luarsab I mainc inarCunebda Zalauflebas
javaxeTSi, rasac ver urigdeboda qaixosro III. amave dros es ukanaskneli
mixvda, rom osmaleTi saaTabagos sruli dapyrobisaTvis emzadeboda da
amitom daxmareba Sah-Tamazs sTxova. Tamazs gadawyvetili hqonda luarsabis
sabolood damorCileba da saswrafod gamoexmaura qaixosros Txovnas. 1547

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w. Sahi saqarTveloSi Semovida, daarbia javaxeTi da qvemo qarTli. Tamazma
luarsabi mainc ver igdo xelT. susxiani zamTris gamo Sahi male gabrunda
ukan. masTan gamocxaddnen imereTis mefe bagrati da kaxeTis mefe levani.
bagrats amiT surda, osmalTa imereTSi SeWris SemTxvevaSi iranis daxmareba
uzrunveleyo.
soxoistas brZolam cxadyo, rom levan I dadiani aRar cnobda imereTis
mefis xelisuflebas. bagrat III-m moaxerxa levan dadianis datyveveba. amis
Semdeg bagratma gadawyvita gaZlierebuli gurielis Sepyrobac, imereTSi
miiwvia da levan dadianis samflobelos ganawileba SesTavaza. gurieli
miuxvda ganzraxvas da ar eaxla. bagratis gaZlierebaSi safrTxes xedavda
qaixosro III-c. misi daxmarebiT moxerxda levan dadianis ganTavisufleba.
aTabagma, gurielma da dadianma kavSiri Sekres bagratis winaaRmdeg.
gurielma levan dadiani Caiyvana odiSs da kvlav gaamTavra. am droidan
samegrelosa da guriis samTavroebma imereTis mefisagan sruli
damoukidebloba moipoves.
1551 w. Sah-Tamazma Tavisi vasalis, kaxeTis mefis daxmarebiT azerbaijanis
ukanaskneli damoukidebeli saxano _ Saqi daipyro. SaqSi Sah-Tamazs
qaixosro III-is elCi eaxla da luarsab I-isa da misi momxre mesxi
feodalebis winaaRmdeg daxmareba sTxova. Sah-Tamazma imave 1551 wels
samcxeSi ilaSqra da luarsabis momxreebi daamarcxa. Semdeg qarTlSi
dabrunda, magram luarsabis damorCileba amjeradac ver SeZlo.
1554 w. iransa da osmaleTs Soris sazavo molaparakeba daiwyo.
molaparakebis mTavar sakiTxs saqarTvelo warmoadgenda. luarsab I da
bagrat III cdilobdnen dazavebis CaSlas, radgan or agresors Soris omi
aadvilebda damoukideblobisaTvis brZolas. zavis CaSla ver moxerxda. 1555
wlis 29 maiss q. amasiaSi xelmoweril iqna iran-osmaleTis sazavo
xelSekruleba. dampyroblebma saqarTvelo gainawiles. TurqeTs ergo
dasavleTi saqarTvelo da samcxe-saaTabagos dasavleTi nawili, irans
aRmosavleTi saqarTvelo da samcxe-saaTabagos aRmosavleTi nawili.
amasiis zavs saqarTvelosaTvis uaRresad uaryofiTi Sedegi hqonda.
saqarTvelos gaerTianeba safuZvelSive Cakluli aRmoCnda. irani ar
dauSvebda osmaleTis wilxvdomili mxaris _ dasavleTi saqarTvelos
Carevas aRmosavleTi saqarTvelos Sinaur saqmeebSi. am aqts ganixilavda
osmaleTis Carevad iranis saSinao saqmeebSi da piruku _ osmaleTi ar
dauSvebda dasavleTi saqarTvelos SeerTebas aRmosavleT saqarTvelosTan,
radgan es ukanaskneli iranis xeldebuli qveyana iyo da, maSasadame, es
ganixileboda iranis Carevad osmaleTis Sinaur saqmeebSi. amasTanave, vidre
TurqeTi da irani icavdnen zavis pirobebs, damoukideblobisaTvis mebrZol
qarTul samefoebs ar unda hqonodaT daxmarebis imedi am moqiSpe
saxelmwifoebisagan. isini mTlianad damokidebulni rCebodnen sakuTar sust
Zalebze.
qarTvel mefe-mTavarTa damokidebuleba am zavisadmi araerTgvarovani
iyo. mefe-mTavarTa umetesobam miiRo zavis pirobebi. gamonaklisi luarsab I
iyo. igi saqarTvelos gaerTianebis erTguli iyo da Seupovrad agrZelebda
brZolas yizilbaSebis winaaRmdeg, magram garisTan brZolaSi 1556 w. daiRupa.
taxti daikava misma vaJiSvilma simonma (1556-1569; 1578-1600), romelic aseve
Seupovrad ibrZoda iranis winaaRmdeg, amave dros mokavSireebs eZebda. 1559 w.
sulTan suleimans Svili, baiazeTi, aujanyda, magram iZulebuli gaxda,
iranSi gaqceuliyo. Sahi uars acxadebda sulTnisaTvis baiazeTis

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gadacemaze. aman urTierToba iran-osmaleTs Soris daZaba. aseT viTarebaSi
simonma sulTans daxmareba sTxova, Tan hpirdeboda, rom mTel saqarTvelos
aajanyebda iranis winaaRmdeg. sulTani qarTlis mefes daxmarebis imeds
aZlevda da aqezebda mas iranTan sabrZolvelad, Tumca TviTon jerjerobiT
ar apirebda zavis darRvevas da iranTan diplomatiur molaparakebas
awarmoebda. aseTi politikiT osmaleTi varaudobda, rom gaamwvavebda
brZolas qarTlsa da irans Soris, rac orive mxares daasustebda. amas ki
didi mniSvneloba eqneboda momaval omSi, romelsac sulTani aRmosavleTi
amierkavkasiis dapyrobis mizniT amzadebda.
simon I-ma ramdenimejer scada, Tbilisi gamoeglija yizilbaSTa xelidan,
magram uSedegod. 1562 w. simons uRalata Zmam, daviTma, igi zogierT
moRalate TavadTan erTad Sah-Tamazs eaxla. Sahma daviTi didi pativiT
miiRo, igi gaamahmadianes, dauT-xani uwodes da qvemo qarTli uboZes. simon I-
ma ramdenimejer daamarcxa dauT-xani, magram Tbilisi mainc ver
gaaTavisufla. 1569 w. farcxisTan brZolaSi simon I yizilbaSebma daatyveves
da yazvins gagzavnes. Sah-Tamazma simons gamahmadianeba mosTxova. mefem uari
ganacxada da igi alamuTis cixeSi gamoketes.
1569-1578 wlebSi qarTlis mefed dauT-xani iTvleboda, Tumca misi
Zalaufleba mxolod Tbilissa da qvemo qarTlze vrceldeboda. mosaxleoba
mas mxars ar uWerda.
1578 w. osmaleTma daarRvia amasiis zavi da iranTan omi daiwyo. sulTnis
mizani aRmosavleTi amierkavkasiidan iranis gandevna iyo.
1578 wlis agvistoSi osmalebma Cildiris tbasTan brZolaSi sastikad
daamarcxes iranis jarebi. amis Semdeg osmalebi Seudgnen samcxe-saaTabagos
daprobas. samcxidan osmalTa sardali mustafa lala faSa qarTlSi
SemoiWra, 24 agvistos Tbilisi aiRo da kaxeTisaken gaemarTa. kaxeTis mefem,
aleqsandre II levanis Zem (1574-1605) osmalebTan morigeba amjobina. osmalTa
sardals saCuqrebi miarTva, morCileba gamoucxada da kaxeTi aoxrebisagan
ixsna.
iranis Sahi xudabende iZulebuli gaxda, 1578 w. simon I gaeTavisuflebina.
qarTlSi Camosuli simon mefe saTaveSi Caudga qarTveli xalxis brZolas
osmalTa winaaRmdeg. 1582 w. iran-osmaleTs Soris sazavo molaparakeba
daiwyo. Camovarda droebiTi simSvide. am dros Sahma aleqsandre II-is Tavis
mxareze gadabireba moaxerxa. misi iniciativiT kavSiri damyarda kaxTa mefesa
da simon I-s Soris. osmaleTis winaaRmdeg Seiqmna koalicia saSamxlos,
Sarvanis, daRestnisa da saqarTvelos monawileobiT.
1582 w. samcxeSi antiosmaluri ajanyeba daiwyo. gamahmadianebuli aTabagi
manuCari qristianobas daubrunda, simons miemxro da osmalebis mier 1579
wels gauqmebuli aTabagoba aRadgina.
1588 w. iransa da osmaleTs Soris droebiTi zavi daido. imave wels
osmalebs simonic dauzavda. osmaleTi simonis Seupovari brZolis Sedegad
iZulebuli gaxda, ecno igi qristianobiT qarTlis mefed, samagierod, mefem
osmaleTis sasargeblod xarkis gadaxda ikisra.
iran-osmaleTis omi 1590 wlamde gagrZelda. irani sastikad damarcxda.
iranis axali Sahi, abas I, iZulebuli gaxda 1590 w. stambolSi xeli moewera
sazavo xelSekrulebaze. osmaleTis xelSi gadavida aRmosavleTi
amierkavkasia, qurTistani da azerbaijani. stambolis zavs SeSfoTebiT
Sexvdnen dasavleTi evropis saxelmwifoebsa da ruseTSi. am saxelmwifoTa
interesebSi Sedioda iran-osmaleTis omis gaWianureba da osmaleTis

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dasusteba. stambolis zavis dadebis Semdeg romis papma, klimenti VIII-m, da
germaniis imperatorma, rudolf II-m, scades antiosmaluri koaliciis Seqmna.
maT werilebi gaugzavnes simon I-sa da iranis Sahs.
simon I sixaruliT Sexvda am werilebs, maT 1595 w. Sedegad qarTlis,
kaxeTisa da iranis kavSiris Seqmna mohyva. 1596 w. simon I-ma werili gaugzavna
espaneTis mefes, filipe II-s, romelSic sTxovda, eSuamdgomla rudolf II-
Tan, raTa mas zavi ar daedo osmalebTan, xolo TviTon mas (espaneTis mefes)
erCia iranis SahisaTvis, mxari daeWira qristianTa brZolisaTvis Turqebis
winaaRmdeg.
antiosmalur ligas araviTari realuri Sedegi ar mohyolia. 1598 w. simon
I-ma osmaleTTan omi ganaaxla, aleqsandre kaxTa mefem ki osmalebs xarki
Seuwyvita. manuCaris meTaurobiT ajanyda samcxe-saaTabagoc. osmaleTTan
omis dawyebisaTvis viTareba araxelsayreli iyo. irans zavi hqonda
dadebuli da qarTvelebs daxmarebas ver aRmouCenda. 1600 wels sulTanma
qarTvelebis dasasjelad didi laSqari gamogzavna. naxidurTan brZolaSi
osmalebma moaxerxes simon mefis datyveveba. igi stambols gagzavnes da
iediyules cixeSi gamoketes. gmiri mefe patimrobaSi gardaicvala 1611 wels.
qarTlis mravalwlovan Seupovar brZolas yizilbaSi da osmalo
agresorebis winaaRmdeg udidesi mniSvneloba hqonda. es brZola ara marto
qarTlis samefos, aramed mTeli saqarTvelos interesebsac emsaxureboda.
qarTlis gmiruli brZola ramdenadme amsubuqebda yizilbaSebisa da
osmalebis batonobis simZimes saqarTvelos danarCen nawilebSi.
g) kaxeT-ruseTis politikuri urTierTobani XVI-XVII ss. mijnaze. XVI
saukunis I mesamedSi damTavrda moskovis centralizebuli saxelmwifos
Camoyalibebis procesi. 1547 w. moskovis didma mTavarma, ivane IV-m, miiRo
“Царь”-is tituli da amiT oficialurad ganacxada Tavisi pretenzia
aRmosavleTis qristianul samyaroSi pirvelobaze. 1551 wels ivane IV-m aiRo
yazani, 1556 w. _ astraxani. yazanisa da astraxanis saxanoebis dapyrobis
Sedegad ruseTis sazRvari uSualod miebjina kavkasias. ruseTis farglebSi
moeqca md. volgis umniSvnelovanesi savaWro-sanaosno gza. astraxanisa da
kaspiis zRvis saSualebiT ruseTi ukavSirdeboda aRmosavleTis qveynebs. am
gzis xelSi Cagdebas, gansakuTrebiT astraxanis, osmaleTic cdilobda. mis
gavlenaSi moqceuli yirimis xani da daRestneli Samxali aviwroebdnen
imierkavkasiel mTavrebs, gansakuTrebiT yabardos mTavars. yabardos mTavarma
ivane IV-s mfarveloba sTxova. es ukanaskneli TviTonac dainteresebuli iyo
kavkasiaSi dasayrdenis SeqmniT. 1557 w. yabardo ruseTis mfarvelobaSi
Sevida. kavSiris ganmtkicebis mizniT, ivane IV-m 1561 wels colad SeirTo
yabardos mTavris, Temuryvas qaliSvili da ukve Semdeg wels ruseTis
xelmwifem simamrs meTofeTa razmi gaugzavna dasaxmareblad. kaxeTis
maxloblad pirvelad gamoCnda ruseTis jari. ruseTis gamoCenas imediT
Sexvda levan kaxTa mefe. man 1561 w. kavSiri daamyara moskovTan da elCi
iakobi miavlina ruseTs. albaT, am molaparakebis Sedegi iyo, rom
yabardodan Camoyvanil meTofeTa nawili levanma sanapiro cixeebSi Caayena
Samxlis mxridan Tavdasxmis mosagerieblad. ivane IV-m, kavkasiaSi Tavisi
poziciebis ganmtkicebis mizniT, md. sunjis TergTan SesarTavis axlos
cixesimagre aagebina. kaxeTSi rusTa razmis gamoCenas da sunjaze cixis
agebas protestiT Sexvdnen osmaleTica da iranic. levani iZulebuli iyo,
daeTxova rusTa razmi, ivane IV-m ki sunjaze cixe daangrevina.

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 axali etapi kaxeTis samefos ruseTTan urTierTobis istoriaSi iwyeba
aleqsandre II kaxTa mefis (1574-1605) moRvaweobis dros. aleqsandre II metad
niWieri da frTxili politikosi iyo. igi agrZelebda mamis, levanis,
politikas da axerxebda moCvenebiTi morCilebiTa da mcire xarkis gadaxdiT
qveyanaSi mSvidobis SenarCunebas. magram es mSvidoba bewvze ekida.
iran-osmaleTis 1578 wels dawyebuli omi osmaleTis upiratesobiT
viTardeboda. aleqsandre II sworad varaudobda, rom rogorc ki osmaleTi
iranTan oms daasrulebda da qarTls daimorCilebda, kaxeTisaTvisac
moiclida da mis damoukideblobas bolos mouRebda. amasve umzadebda
kaxeTs yizilbaSuri iranic, Tu is am omSi gaimarjvebda. kaxeTis
mdgomareobas arTulebda kaxeTze daRestnelTa gaxSirebuli Tavdasxmebi,
rac osmaleTis waqezebiT xdeboda. amitom kaxeTSi didi kmayofilebiT
Sexvdnen ruseTis mefis mociquls. astraxanel meTofeTa asisTavi rusin
danilovi kaxeTSi Camovida 1585 wels. man kaxTa mefes ruseTis xelmwifis,
Tevdores, werili gadasca. Tevdore mefe kaxeTis mefes kavSirsa da
mfarvelobas sTavazobda, am ukanasknels namdvilad sWirdeboda mfarveli.
Tavis mxriv, ruseTic didad iyo dainteresebuli saqarTveloSi mokavSiris
yoliT. ase rom, es kavSiri ormxrivi interesebiT iyo nakarnaxevi.
ukan dabrunebul rusin danilovs aleqsandre II-m Tavisi elCebi _
ioakime mRvdeli, kirile beri da Cerqezi xurSita gaayola. elCebi 1586 wlis
oqtomberSi moskovSi Cavidnen. 9 oqtombers isini ruseTis xelmwifem miiRo.
elCebs brwyinvale miReba mouwyves. aleqsandre II ruseTs mimarTavda
TxovniT mfarvelobis Sesaxeb. ruseTs kaxeTi unda daecva yvela mtrisagan,
maT Soris _ Samxlisagan, aseve gza Tergidan kaxeTamde, saSamxloze rom
gadioda, sakuTrad daeWira.
moskovis samefo karma gadawyvita, qarTvel elCebTan erTad kaxeTSi
gamoegzavna Tavisi elCebi _ r. birkini, p. pivovi da mdivani s. poluxanovi.
maT unda daeTanxmebinaT kaxeTis mefe, mieRo mfarveloba saTanado
proceduris SesrulebiT. kerZod, maT mohqondaT `ficis wignis~ teqsti,
romelSic CamoTvlili iyo mfarveloba-xeldebulebis pirobebi da
romelzec unda daefica mefe aleqsandres Tavis SvilebTan da
didebulebTan erTad ruseTis mefis erTgulebaze.
1587 wlis agvistos dasawyisSi elCebi saqarTveloSi iyvnen. mefem elCebi
miiRo 26 agvistos. 29 agvistos ki daiwyo oficialuri molaparakeba.
elCebma mefe aleqsandres moaxsenes, rom ruseTis mefem Seiwyala misi
Txovna da gadawyvita aleqsandres miReba Tavisi mfarvelobis qveS, rom igi
daicavs kaxeTs yvela misi mtrisagan, aagebs cixes Tergze da Sig Caayenebs
jars. elCebi moiTxovdnen, rom aleqsandre mefes sakvebiT moemaragebina
Tergis cixesimagreebSi Cayenebuli jari. am ukanasknel pirobaze mefe
aleqsandre ar daTanxmda, radgan Tergis cixe kaxeTidan Sors iyo,
amasTanave _ Znelad misasvleli ugzoobis gamo, Tanac puris amdeni maragi
kaxeTs ar gaaCnda. amitom SeTanxmdnen, rom samagierod kaxeTi ruseTs
yovelwliuri `mosakiTxis~ saxiT miarTmevda im saqonels, romelic mas
gaaCnda. es iqneboda ZiriTadad cxenebi da abreSumi. samagierod moskovis
mefe hpirdeboda, rom kaxeTis dasacavad Tergidan meTofeTa jars
gamogzavnida, romelic aleqsandre mefes Tavisi xarjiT unda Seenaxa.
rusi elCebi moiTxovdnen, aleqsandre mefes daefica ruseTis xelmwifis
erTgulebaze da amiT oficialurad daedasturebina ruseTis mefisadmi
micemuli piroba, romelic Camoyalibebuli iyo moskovidan Camotanil

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`ficis wignSi~. aleqsandre mefe Tanxmdeboda im pirobiT, Tu wignSi ar
iqneboda Setanili muxli `mosakiTxis~ Sesaxeb. magram elCebma sabolood
mainc daiTanxmes igi, rom masSi es pirobac yofiliyo aRniSnuli.
1587 wlis 28 seqtembers aleqsandre mefem Tavisi SvilebiTa da uaxloesi
didebulebiT rusi elCebis winaSe jvarze mTxveviT fici dado, `ficis
wigns~ xeli moawera da beWedi daasva. amiT kaxeTis mefem, Tavis mxriv,
daamtkica am xelSekrulebis pirobebi.
1588 w. moskovis mefem cixe Cadga Tergze da Sig mecixovne jari Caayena.
1589 w. aleqsandre kaxTa mefem miiRo moskovis mefis `werilobiTi
sigeli~, romelSic dadasturebuli iyo `ficis wigniT~ gansazRvruli
mfarvel-xeldebulis ufleba-movaleobani. xelSekruleba ZalaSi Sevida.
1587 wels iranSi taxtze avida didi saxelmwifo moRvawe da
mxedarTmTavari, uniWieresi diplomati Sah-abas I.
iran-osmaleTis omi iranisaTvis warumateblad mimdinareobda. qarTlis
mTavar cixeebSi osmalTa garnizonebi idga. qarTli mainc ar tydeboda.
simonis Ze _ mefe giorgi ar wyvetda brZolas. kaxeTi ki ganze idga.
aleqsandre II kaxTa mefe jerjerobiT axerxebda mSvidobis SenarCunebas.
osmaleTica da iranic droebiT kmayofildebodnen kaxeTis formaluri
ymobiT, raTa kaxeTic ar SeerTeboda qarTlis brZolas
damoukideblobisaTvis.
1590 wels Sah-abasma zavi dado osmaleTTan da dauTmo mas mTeli
aRmosavleTi amierkavkasia. droebiTi Sesveneba abas I-ma gamoiyena iranSi
reformebis Casatareblad. gansakuTrebiT didi mniSvneloba hqonda samxedro
reformas. Sah-abasma Seqmna kargad gawvrTnili da SeiaraRebuli armiebi da
irani kvlav uZlieres saxelmwifod aqcia.
abas I SeSfoTebiT adevnebda Tvals kaxeT-ruseTis urTierTobas. mas
kargad esmoda, rom iranisaTvis amierkavkasiaSi ruseTs gacilebiT meti
safrTxis Seqmna SeeZlo, vidre osmaleTs. iransa da ruseTs Soris mTeli
XVII saukunis manZilze `megobruli~ urTierToba TiTqmis ar darRveula. am
megobrobas ganapirobebda, erTi mxriv, orive saxelmwifos savaWro-
ekonomiuri interesebi, meore mxriv ki orivesaTvis saerTo mtris _
osmaleTis agresiuli miswrafebebi.
1601 wels kaxTa mefes taxti waarTva misma vaJma daviTma. aleqsandre II
berad aRikveca.
1602 wlis ivlisSi kaxeTSi dabrundnen jer kidev 1598 wels aleqsandre
II-is mier ruseTSi gagzavnili elCebi. maT Tan Camohyvnen boris godunovis
elCebi _ naSCokini da leontievi. boris godunovi dapirebas iZleoda, rom
gailaSqrebda saSamxloze da kaxeTisaken gzas gaxsnida. swored es iyo
kaxTa mefeebis mizani. amitom daviTma, misma vaJma Teimurazma da
Semonazvnebulma aleqsandrem miiRes ruseTis mefis erTgulebis fici.
1602 wlis oqtomberSi gardaicvala daviT mefe. taxtze kvlav aleqsandre
II avida. man 1603 w. moskovSi elCebi _ arqimandriti kirile da mdivani Caba
gagzavna. 1604 w. elCebi saqarTveloSi dabrundnen. maT Camohyvnen ruseTis
elCebi _ tatiSCevi da ivanovi. maT aleqsandres acnobes, rom ruseTi emza-
deboda saSamxloze laSqrobisaTvis. ruseTSi SemuSavebuli gegmiT, amave
dros, SamxalisaTvis unda daertya kaxeTis mefes.
1603 w. Sah-abasma ganaaxla omi osmaleTTan. igi amierkavkasiaSi SemoiWra
da alya Semoartya erevans. erevanTan Sahma daibara qarTlis mefe giorgi da
kaxeTis mefe aleqsandre. erevnis aRebis Semdeg abasma qarTlis mefes lore-
debedas xeoba CamoarTva, samagierod iranSi soflebi uboZa da jamagiri
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dauniSna. amiT Sahi qarTlis mefes iranis moxeleTa rangSi ayenebda. kaxeTs
ki Sahma kak-eniseli CamoaWra. amiT abas I-ma qarTl-kaxeTs bunebrivi
TavdacviTi zRudeebi mourRvia. Semdeg abasma giorgi samSobloSi gamouSva,
xolo aleqsandre II, romelsac didi xania ar endoboda ruseTTan
kavSirisaTvis, Tan waiyvana.
kaxeTSi tatiSCevTan da ivanovTan molaparakebas awarmoebda giorgi
batoniSvili. rus elCebs davalebuli hqondaT, SeerCiaT sacole godunovis
vaJisaTvis da saqmro misi asulisaTvis. amave dros rusi elCebi giorgisagan
moiTxovdnen erTgulebis ficis dadebas. giorgi yoymanobda. am dros
kaxeTSi Camosuli iranis elCi mahmad-begi moiTxovda iranSi Teimuraz
batoniSvilisa da misi dis, elenes, gagzavnas. mamis nebarTviT giorgim
aasrula es moTxovna, xolo Semdeg giorgi batoniSvilma 1605 wlis 1
ianvars miiRo ruseTis mefis erTgulebis fici.
amis Semdeg Sahma samSobloSi gamouSva aleqsandre II. mefes Tan
mohyveboda misive vaJi, iranSi aRzrdili, gasparsebuli da gadagvarebuli
konstantine mirza yizilbaSTa laSqriT. oficialurad konstantine imitom
mohyveboda mamas, rom erTad daepyroT Sarvani, sadac konstantine unda
gamefebuliyo. magram konstantines saidumlo davaleba hqonda _ unda
moekla mama da kaxeTSi TviTon gamefebuliyo.
kaxeTSi CamosvlisTanave konstantinem mamas Sarvanze galaSqreba
mosTxova, Wkviani mefe yoymanobda, jer ar iyo garkveuli, vin gaimarjvebda
iran-osmaleTis omSi.
1605 wlis 12 marts konstantinem ZegamSi, TiTqosda TaTbirze, miiwvia mama
da Zma giorgi batoniSvili da yizilbaSebs daaxocvina, TviT mefed
gamoacxada Tavi. es ki kaxeTis samefos iranis saxanod gadaqcevas niSnavda.
amave dros es iyo ruseTis diplomatiis didi marcxi. abasma erTi dartymiT
gaaqarwyla kaxeTSi ruseTis oci wlis diplomatiuri monapovari da
Crdiloel mokavSires agrZnobina, rom irani aRmosavleT amierkavkasiaSi ar
moiTmenda ara marto osmaleTs, aramed `megobar~ ruseTsac ki. amave dros
Sahma es didi saqme Cveuli ostatobiT gaakeTa, Tavisuflad SeeZlo ruseTis
winaSe Tavi emarTlebina, rom TviTon araviTari monawileoba ar miuRia
aleqsandresa da giorgis mkvlelobaSi.
qarTvelebma ar isurves mamisa da Zmis mkvlelis mefoba da igi xmlebiT
aCexes. Tavisi agentis daRupvas Sahis mxridan Sesaferisi reaqcia ar
mohyolia. igi osmaleTTan gadamwyveti brZolisaTvis emzadeboda.
oqtomberSi urmiis tbasTan abasma gaanadgura osmalTa armia da
amierkavkasiaSi SemoiWra. yarabaRTan Sahs eaxlnen qeTevan dedoflis elCebi
da kaxeTis mefed Teimuraz batoniSvilis damtkiceba sTxoves. osmaleTTan
omis msvlelobaSi Sahma SesaZleblad CaTvala, daekmayofilebina es Txovna
da kaxeTis mefed qristiani Teimurazi daemtkicebina. am dros moulodnelad
gairdaicvala giorgi IX da abasma qarTlis mefed misi vaJi _ luarsab II
daamtkica.
qarTlidan Sahi Sarvanisaken wavida, alya Semoartya Semaxis cixes da
Teimurazi daibara jariT. Teimurazi ar wavida, samagierod Tavisi deda _
dedofali qeTevani aaxla mcire laSqriT. Sahma es Ralatad CaTvala, Tumca
araferi SeimCnia da qeTevani didi pativiT miiRo. ukve am dRidan abasi
Teimurazs aRar endoboda. Teimurazis wausvleloba Seqmnil viTarebaSi
Secdoma iyo. saerTod, Teimurazis diplomatiasa da politikas aklda misi
didi papis, aleqsandres moqniloba da Wkuamaxviloba.

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 $2. qarTuli diplomatia XVII s-Si

a) giorgi saakaZe da Sah-abas I. giorgi saakaZis winaprebi samefo

aznaurebi iyvnen. saakaZeebi yovelTvis mefis erTgulebiT gamoirCeodnen.
maTi sagvareulo gansakuTrebiT dawinaurda giorgi saakaZis dros. TviT
giorgi erTgulad emsaxureboda jer simon I-sa da giorgi mefeebs, Semdeg ki
luarsab II-s. 1608 w. giorgi Tbilisis mouravad ixsenieba. 1609 w. qarTvelebma
taSiskaris brZolaSi giorgis meTaurobiT gaanadgures qarTlSi SemoWrili
osmalTa laSqari. am gamarjvebam didad gazarda giorgis avtoriteti
rogorc xalxis, ise luarsab mefis TvalSi. giorgim alagma did TavadTa
TviTneboba da ganamtkica mefis centralizebuli xelisufleba. giorgis
saboloo mizani iyo saqarTvelos xelaxali gaerTianeba qarTlis
meTaurobiT. igi varaudobda am saqmeSi Sah-abasis gamoyenebas. aRsaniSnavia,
rom taSiskaris brZolis Semdeg giorgim daxocil osmalTa Tavebi iranis
Sahs gaugzavna. amiT qarTvelebi Sahs vasalur `erTgulebas~ umtkicebdnen.
rasakvirvelia, saakaZe cdeboda. abasisaTvis gaerTianebul-gaZlierebuli
saqarTvelo sruliad miuRebeli iyo. mas qarTl-kaxeTis mimarT sul sxva
gegmebi hqonda. aseve miuRebeli iyo qarTlis mefis xelisuflebis
ganmtkicebis saakiZiseuli gegma qarTlis didi TavadebisaTvis. swored did
TavadTa mtrobis gamo giorgi 1612 wels iZulebuli gaxda, iranSi
gadaxvewiliyo, ramac mniSvnelovnad daasusta rogorc mefis xelisufleba,
ise qveynis Tavdacvisunarianoba. es Zalian male, 1614 wels gaxda cxadi.
1612 wlis 20 noembers osmaleTsa da irans Soris stambolSi
xelmoweril iqna sazavo xelSekruleba. aRdga amasiis zavis pirobebi im
gansxvavebiT, rom samcxe-saaTabago amjerad osmaleTs ergo. osmaleTTan
dazavebam Sah-abass xelebi gauxsna `gurjistanis~ sakiTxis mosagvareblad,
rac qarTl-kaxeTis samefoebis likvidacias da maT adgilze yizilbaSuri
saxanoebis Seqmnas gulisxmobda. stambolis zavis Sedegad Seqmnili safrTxe
TiTqos sworad Seafases qarTl-kaxeTis garkveulma wreebma. maTi
iniciativiT Teimurazma colad SeirTo luarsabis da xoreSani. amave dros
mefeebma dades xelSekruleba, rom erToblivad imoqmedebdnen saerTo mtris
winaaRmdeg. am mniSvnelovan xelSekrulebas praqtikulad araviTari Sedegi
ar mohyolia. qarTlisa da kaxeTis mefeebma araferi ar gaakeTes xalxis
mobilizaciisa da qveynis Tavdacvisunarianobis ganmtkicebisaTvis. maT
saerTod droulad ver gamoicnes Sah-abasis ganzraxva. im saSinel
tragediaSi, romelic Sah-abasma Tavs daatexa saqarTvelos, pirvel rigSi,
luarsab II-sa da Teimuraz I-s miuZRviT brali.
1614 wels Sah-abasi kaxeTSi SeiWra. kaxeTis ganadgurebis Semdeg igi
qarTlSi gadavida. mefeebma imereTs Seafares Tavi.
imereTSi myofma mefeebma daxmarebisaTvis osmaleTs mimarTes. es swori
gadawyvetileba iyo. osmaleTi ukmayofilo iyo 1612 wlis zaviT da axali
omisaTvis emzadeboda. sulTani aRuTqvamda daxmarebas im SemTxvevaSi, Tu
dadiani da gurieli masTan zavs dadebdnen da xarks ikisrebdnen. 1614 wlis
dekemberSi sulTnis elCma sazavo xelSekruleba gaaforma gurielTan,
xolo 1615 wlis TebervalSi _ dadianTan. mTavrebma xarki ikisres.
Teimurazi kmayofilebiT Sexvda am xelSekrulebebs. ufro realuri xdeboda
sulTnis dapirebuli daxmareba. Teimurazma kidev erT warmatebas miaRwia.
misi iniciativiT saqarTvelos mefe-mTavrebma Sekres kavSiri Sah-abasis
winaaRmdeg. 1615 wlis maisSi osmalTa laSqari iranis winaaRmdeg daiZra.

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imave wels kaxelebma alaverdis monasterSi amowyvites yizilbaSebi.
Teimurazi saswrafod gadavida kaxeTSi da saTaveSi Caudga ajanyebas.
osmalTa sardloba metad uniaTod moqmedebda da Teimurazi amaod eloda
daxmarebas. iran-osmaleTis omi cvalebadi warmatebiT mimdinareobda. 1618
wels ki abasma daamarcxa osmalebi da 1619 wlis 29 seqtembers zaviT
aRdgenil iqna 1612 wlis xelSekrulebis pirobebi. osmaleTisagan daxmarebis
miReba gamoricxuli iyo.
Teimurazma daxmarebis miReba scada ruseTisagan. am mizniT 1618 wlis
aprilSi elCma xaritonma moskovSi Caitana Teimurazis, giorgi imerTa
mefisa da gurielis werilebi. elCoba uSedegod damTavrda. moskovs am dros
saqarTvelosaTvis ar ecala. ruseTSi axali damTavrebuli iyo poloneTisa
da SvedeTis intervencia. ruseTis ekonomika ganadgurebuli iyo, xazina _
carieli. pirveli romanovi mefe mixeili (1613-1645) iranSi elCs elCze
agzavnida subsidiebis TxovniT. mTeli XVII saukunis manZilze ruseTi
cdilobda iranTan keTilmezobluri urTierTobis SenarCunebas da
saqarTvelos saqmeebSi misi mxridan raime samxedro Careva gamoricxuli iyo.
moskovi Teimurazis TxovniT mxolod SahTan SuamdgomlobebiT
kmayofildeboda. Sahi advilad axerxebda maT uaryofas, atyobinebda
ruseTis xelmwifes, rom man Teimurazi dasaja ruseTisa da iranis saerTo
mterTan, osmaleTTan kavSiris gamo. xSirad ki Suamdgomlobebs sabediswero
Sedegi mohyveboda. swored aseTi Suamdgomlobebis Sedegi iyo is, rom abas I-
ma sikvdiliT dasaja luarsab II da sastikad awama qeTevan dedofali.
xaritonis dabrunebisTanave, samxedro daxmarebis saTxovnelad
Teimurazi piradad eaxla sulTans, Tumca uSedegod. sulTani iranTan zavis
darRvevas ar apirebda.
1619 wels Sah-abasma qarTlis mefed mcirewlovani simon-xani daamtkica,
simonis veqilad, anu qarTlis gamgeblad giorgi saakaZe dainiSna. igi,
faqtobrivad, erTpirovnulad marTavda saxelmwifos. qarTlSi
CamosvlisTanave energiulad Seudga qveyanaSi wesrigis damyarebas. giorgi
ukve mimxvdari iyo Sah-abasis ganzraxvebs da maSinve gegmavda ajanyebas.
amitom man ara Tu ar iZia Suri Tavis mosisxle mtrebze, rac, rogorc
qarTlis gamgebels, ar gauWirdeboda, aramed moaxerxa Serigeba qaixosro
javaxiSvilTan da farsadan ciciSvilTan. giorgi cdilobda qarTlis
feodaluri Zalebis gaerTianeba-darazmvas da osmaleTis mxardaWeris
mopovebasac. am mizniT Tavisi qaliSvili sulTnis moxeles _ farad faSas
miaTxova. aseve daukavSirda imereTis mefes, giorgis, daxmareba sTxova da
gamarjvebis SemTxvevaSi qarTlis taxts dahpirda.
1624 wlisTvis ajanyebisaTvis pirobebi, TiTqos, momwifebuli iyo.
sazogadoebis yvela fena ukmayofilo iyo iranelTa batonobiT. Sah-abass
misma moxeleebma Seatyobines qarTvelebis mzadebis Sesaxeb. 1624 w. man
saakaZe iranSi gaiwvia, gadawyvita, erTxel da samudamod gadaeWra qarTl-
kaxeTis sakiTxi. Sahis gegmiT kaxelebi mTlianad unda amoeJlitaT, xolo
qarTlelebi iranSi gadaesaxlebinaT. kaxelebis mimarT aseTi sisastike
ganpirobebuli iyo kaxeTis urTierTobiT ruseTTan. kaxelebis gaJletiT
Sahi varaudobda, rom erTxel da samudamod gadawyvetda ruseTis kavSirs
saqarTvelosTan.
Sahma Sekriba didi laSqari, mas saTaveSi yarCixa-xani Cauyena. yarCixa-
xanis mrCevlad dainiSna giorgi saakaZe. giorgi yizilbaSTa laSqars

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mohyveboda mtkice gadawyvetilebiT _ daewyo antiiranuli ajanyeba. es
gadawyvetileba man gaando iranSi myof wilknel episkoposs.
Sahma mZevlebad daitova giorgis vaJi paata da giorgis colisZmis _
zurab aragvis erisTavis meuRle. 1625 wels iranelTa laSqari
saqarTveloSi Semovida. saakaZem didi mosamzadebeli samuSao Caatara.
moaxerxa ajanyebaSi Caeba iseTi didi feodali, rogoric iyo zurab
erisTavi. giorgi mas colad dahpirda luarsab mefis das _ lela
batoniSvils, romelic im dros kaxeTis mmarTvelis _ feiqar-xanis meuRle
iyo. magram Tavadebis nawils jer kidev ar esmoda, ra katastrofas
umzadebda Sahi qarTl-kaxeTs. giorgis diplomatiis didi gamarjveba iyo is,
rom man moaxerxa daerwmunebina Tavadebi, mieRoT monawileoba ajanyebaSi.
amaSi giorgis daexmara Sah-abasis mier yarCixa-xanisadmi gamogzavnili
werili, romelic piradad mas Cauvarda xelSi. saakaZem es werili, romelSic
Sahi ubrZanebda Tavis sardals qarTl-kaxeTis srul ganadgurebas da TviT
giorgis mokvlasac, gaacno qarTlis did Tavadebs. maTi yoymani damTavrda.
1625 wlis 25 marts martyofis ajanyebas saakaZis meTaurobiT
ocdaaTiaTasamde yizilbaSi Seewira. Teimuraz I am dros gonioSi
imyofeboda da daxmarebis saTxovnelad ruseTSi gamgzavrebas apirebda.
saakaZem igi moiwvia da dasva ara mxolod kaxeTis, aramed gaerTianebuli
qarTl-kaxeTis taxtze. amiT iwyebda saqarTvelos gaerTianebis saakaZiseuli
gegmis ganxorcieleba.
giorgis kargad esmoda, rom Sah-abasi martyofis ajanyebas upasuxod ar
datovebda da gaaCaRa energiuli diplomatiuri saqmianoba rogorc qveynis
SigniT, ise gareT. qarTlisa da kaxeTis erTianobis ganmtkicebis mizniT,
giorgis rCeviT, Teimurazma qaliSvili darejani colad SerTo zurab
aragvis erisTavs (feiqar-xanisa da lela batoniSvilis xelTgdeba ver
moxerxda).
martyofis ajanyebis Semdeg saakaZem osmalTa did vezirs, hafiz-faSas,
romelic diarbeqirSi imyofeboda da baRdadze gasalaSqreblad emzadeboda,
yizilbaSTa mokveTili Tavebi, droSebi, Zvirfasi saCuqrebi gaugzavna da
elCebis piriT iranze erToblivi laSqroba SesTavaza. amave dros giorgi
mas iranis winaaRmdeg gamosvlaSi mTeli aRmosavleTi amierkavkasiis Cabmas
hpirdeboda. saakaZis gegma kargad iyo mofiqrebuli, magram hafiz-faSam ver
gamoiyena osmaleTisaTvis es metad xelsayreli viTareba, baRdadze
laSqroba moimizeza da qarTvelebs daxmarebaze uari ganucxada.
1625 wlis 1 ivliss gamarTul marabdis brZolaSi, marTalia, qarTvelebi
damarcxdnen, magram 14000 yizilbaSi gaJlites. qsnis xeobaSi ki kidev 12000
yizilbaSi amoxoces. miuxedavad amisa, qarTlis bevrma Tavadma brZolis
gagrZeleba aRar isurva da Sahs miuvida. Teimurazi iZulebuli gaxda,
imereTSi gadasuliyo, saakaZe ki samcxeSi gadavida da iranelebisagan
gawminda cixeebi, romlebic Semdeg osmalebs gadasca. am nabijiT giorgis
surda, brZolaSi Caeba osmalebi. samcxidan giorgim sulTan murad IV-Tan
elCi _ giorgi qavTaraSvil-baraTaSvili gagzavna da daxmareba sTxova.
sulTanma, erTi SexedviT, damaimedebeli pasuxi gamougzavna, magram
pratikulad araferi gaukeTebia. samcxidan saakaZe imereTSi gadavida. giorgi
imerTa mefe, gurieli da dadiani mas daxmarebas dahpirdnen. imereTis
mefesTan politikuri kavSiris ganmtkicebis mizniT saakaZem Tavisi vaJi,
avTandili, imereTis mefis qaliSvilze daniSna.

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 1626 wlis gazafxulze saakaZe aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi gadavida da
qveyana yizilbaSebisagan gawminda. qarTl-kaxeTis gaerTianebul taxtze
kvlav Teimurazi ijda. didi mouravi qarTl-kaxeTTan imereTis SeerTebaze
ocnebobda. magram movlenebi sxvagvarad ganviTarda. giorgis moRvaweobam
misi saxeli didebis SaravandediT Semosa. sulTani elCebs mas ugzavnida da
qarTlis mpyrobel mouravs uwodebda. pativmoyvare Teimurazs es ar
moswonda da giorgis eWvis TvaliT dauwyo yureba, rac kargad gamoiyenes
giorgis mowinaaRmdege Tavadebma. mefesa da giorgis Soris ganxeTqilebis
CamogdebaSi didi roli iTamaSa Sah-abasma. 1625 wlis didma marcxma Sahi
daarwmuna, rom ver SeZlebda qarTl-kaxeTis amogdebas da TeimurazTan
mlaparakeba daiwyo. Serigebis pirobad Sahi moiTxovda, Teimurazs kavSiri
gaewyvita osmaleTTan. SeTanxmeba moxda da Sahma Teimurazi cno qarTl-
kaxeTis mefed. ukve es gaxdeboda Teimurazsa da giorgis Soris
ganxeTqilebis mizezi. giorgisaTvis gamoricxuli iyo yovelgvari
kompromisi abas I-Tan. igi iZulebuli gaxda, SebrZoleboda Teimurazs,
winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi mas sabolood unda aeRo xeli saqarTvelos
gaerTianebis gegmaze. giorgim qarTlis gamgeblad, da ara mefed, daniSna
qaixosro muxranbatoni. qarTlSi qaixosros gamefeba gamoricxavda qveynis
gaerTianebas. giorgis surda, qarTl-kaxeTSi gaemefebina imereTis mefis,
giorgis vaJi aleqsandre. giorgis gardacvalebis Semdeg imereTis samefo
SemouerTdeboda qarTl-kaxeTs da saqarTvelos srul erTianobas mtkice
safuZveli Caeyreboda.
1626 wlis Semodgomaze bazaleTis brZolaSi giorgi damarcxda da
osmaleTSi gadaixvewa. igi didi pativiT miiRes.
1629 wlis ianvarSi gardaicvala Sah-abas I. axali Sahi, sefi, taxtze
aiyvana simon I-is gamahmadianebuli Zmis _ dauT-xanis vaJma, xosro-mirzam,
romelic iranis armiis mTavarsardali iyo. Sahis mcirewlovanebis gamo
irans, faqtobrivad, xosro-mirza ganagebda. giorgis masTan didi xnis
urTierToba akavSirebda. iranSi yofnis dros man didad Seuwyo xeli
xosro-mirzas dawinaurebas. giorgim miwer-mowera gamarTa masTan. ramdenime
werili osmalebs CauvardaT xelT. iranTan urTierToba saakaZes osmaleTis
Ralatad CaeTvala da 1629 wlis 3 oqtombers osmalTa didi veziris _
xusrev-faSas brZanebiT, giorgis saakaZes, mis vaJs avTandils da
ormocdaaTamde qarTvels Tavi mohkveTes.
b) Teimurazi da rostomi. 1626 wels Teimuraz I-ma elCebi gagzavna
evropaSi nikoloz ColoyaSvilis (nikifore irbaxi) meTaurobiT. am dros
evropaSi aqtiurad muSavdeboda antiosmaluri koaliciis Seqmnis gegma.
koaliciaSi monawileoba unda mieRoT germanias, poloneTs, ungreTs,
italias, safrangeTs, espaneTs. evropis qveynebi mokavSired miiCnevdnen
iransac. iranic dainteresebuli iyo koaliciis SeqmniT. Sahma ramdenimejer
gagzavna elCebi papTan, espaneTisa da safrangeTis mefeebTan da atyobinebda
maT osmaleTze Tavdasxmis gadawyvetilebas, daxmarebis SemTxvevaSi ki
palestinisa da ierusalimis dabrunebas hpirdeboda. TeimurazisaTvis es
yvelaferi cnobili iyo da TviTonac mzad iyo osmaleTis winaaRmdeg
gamosasvlelad. nikifores winadadebas dadebiTad gamoexmaurnen espaneTSi.
Semdeg Teimurazis elCi romis paps ewvia, magram koaliciis Seqmna ar
moxerxda imis gamo, rom amas mxari ar dauWira romis papma, romelsac
aSinebda antiosmaluri koaliciis Seqmna espaneTis meTaurobiT, radgan es

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mas espaneTis mefis msaxurad gadaqceviT emuqreboda. 1629 w. xelmocaruli
irbaxi samSobloSi dabrunda.
1630 wels Teimurazma romSi axali elCi, misioneri don pietro avitabile
gagzavna. avitabiles xeliT papma Teimurazs sapasuxo werili gamougzavna.
igi qebas asxamda Teimurazs da kmayofilebas gamoTqvamda misionerebis
mxardaWerisaTvis. raime praqtikuli Sedegi arc am elCobas mohyolia.
bazaleTis omis Semdeg Teimurazma Sida qarTli daikava, qvemo qarTls
ki simon-xani flobda. gaZlierebuli zurab erisTavic naklebad
emorCileboda Teimurazs. am ukanasknelma orives Tavidan moSoreba
gadawyvita. igi farulad SeuTanxmda aragvis erisTavs, axal mamulebs
dahpirda da zurabmac veragulad mokla simoni. amis Semdeg erisTavis bedic
gadawyvetili iyo. Teimurazma kargad icoda, rom simon-xanis mkvleloba
Sahis risxvas gamoiwvevda, amitom moakvlevina zurabi da misi mokveTili
Tavi Sahs gaugzavna. ase rom, Teimurazma moiSora Zlieri mowinaaRmdege da
Sahs erTgulebac daumtkica. kmayofilma Sahma kvlav, amjerad oficialurad,
cno Teimurazi qarTl-kaxeTis mefed, amave dros igi Tavis vasalad
gamoacxada.
Teimurazis mdgomareoba mainc metad rTuli iyo. qarTlis Tavadebi mas,
rogorc kax bagrations, almacerad uyurebdnen, amasTan, mis winaaRmdeg
iranSi moqmedebda Zlieri dajgufeba, romelsac saTaveSi qarTlis taxtis
maZiebeli xosro-mirza edga. aseT mZime viTarebaSi Teimurazs marTebda
iranis mimarT metad frTxili politikis gatareba. Teimurazma ki
windauxedavi nabiji gadadga, daukavSirda daud-xan undilaZes da masTan
erTad daarbia barda da yarabaRi. es, faqtobrivad, iranisaTvis omis
gamocxadebas niSnavda. ganrisxebulma Sahma Teimurazi gadaayena da qarTlis
taxti xosro-mirzas (rostomi) daumtkica.
rostomi qarTlSi 1632 w. Semovida, Teimurazma mas winaaRmdegoba ver
gauwia da imereTSi gadavida. qarTlis samefo taxti rostomma daikava. irani
mis mimarT garkveul kompromisze wavida.
Sahi ucvlelad tovebda qarTul socialur-ekonomikur wyobas, taxti
bagrationTa dinastiis xelSi rCeboda mahmadianobis pirobiT da `valis~
tituliT. `gurjistanis vals~ xarki unda exada. kaxeTi Sahma yizilbaS
selim-xans Caabara. rostomis gamefebiT qarTlma didi xnis nanatri mSvidoba
moipova. imereTSi TavSefarebuli Teimurazi ar kargavda taxtis dabrunebis
imeds.
rostomma gadawyvita, colad SeerTo levan dadianis da mariami.
qorwinebas politikuri sarCuli hqonda. rostomis mizani Teimurazis
izolireba iyo. levan dadiani manamdec gamanadgurebel Tavdasxmebs awyobda
imereTze. rostomisa da dadianis kavSiri mtrul garemocvaSi moaqcevda
Teimurazis mfarvelsa da mokavSires _ imereTis mefes, giorgis, da imereTi
veRar gauwevda daxmarebas Teimurazs. Tavisi gadawyvetileba rostomma Sahs
acnoba da qorwinebis nebarTva sTxova. qarTlisa da samegrelos kavSiri
SahisaTvis savsebiT misaRebi iyo. man rostoms saqorwilo saCuqrebi
gamougzavna, levan dadians ki _ 50000 marCili da yovelwliuri aTasi
Tumani jamagiri dauniSna. am jamagiriT levan dadiani iranis xeldebuli
xdeboda.
1633 wels rostomma saCxeridan TbilisSi gadmoiyvana mariami da
iqorwina. rostomi gonieri saxelmwifo moRvawe aRmoCnda. miuxedavad
mahmadianobisa, igi yovelnairad uwyobda xels dedofal mariams

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qristianobisaTvis moRvaweobaSi. rostomi, faqtobrivad, mariamTan erTad
marTavda saxelmwifos. igi, iseve rogorc Teimurazi, saqarTvelos patrioti
iyo. gansxvaveba mxolod is iyo, rom rostoms surda mSvidobiani gziT
waremarTa is saqme, ris gakeTebasac Teimurazi xmliT cdilobda.
1634 w. Teimurazma kaxeTidan gaaZeva selim-xani da qveyanas TviTon
daeufla. rostomma gailaSqra Teimurazis winaaRmdeg. igi gamouval
mdgomareobaSi moeqca da rostomTan molaparakeba daiwyo, Serigeba da
SahTan Suamdgomloba sTxova. rostomi daTanxmda. man icoda, rom sanam
saqarTveloSi imyofeboda iranTan Seurigebeli mebrZoli Teimurazi,
Sahisagan mas meti damoukidebloba eqneboda. Sahma cno qristiani Teimurazi
kaxeTis mefed. am dros osmaleTi iranze SetevisaTvis emzadeboda da Sahma
mizanSewonilad CaTvala daTmoba. magram Teimurazi ar kmayofildeboda
mxolod kaxeTiT da cdilobda rostomis gaZevebas. igi kvlav Seecada mieRo
daxmareba ruseTidan. 1635 w. moskovSi Cavida Teimurazis elCoba
mitropolit nikifores meTaurobiT. Teimurazi mfarvelobasa da lekebisagan
dacvas Txoulobda. Teimurazis elCs moskovma 1637 w. Tavisi elCebi _
Tevdore volkonski da artem xvatovi gamoayola. elCebs Teimurazi unda
daeficebinaT ruseTis erTgulebaze. Teimurazma ficis miRebis pirobad
moiTxova, rom ruseTs kaxeTis maxloblad cixesimagre aego da mieRwia
imisaTvis, rom irans TeimurazisaTvis qarTli daebrunebina. bolos, 1939 w.
Teimurazi iZulebuli gaxda, mieRo ruseTis erTgulebis fici.
Teimurazi osmaleTzec amyarebda garkveul imedebs, magram 1639 w. iran-
osmaleTs Soris daido zavi, romelic didi xani ar darRveula.
1636 w. levan II dadianma moskovSi gagzavna elCoba karis mRvdlis _
gabriel gegenavas meTaurobiT. levan dadianisa da rostomis (e. i. iranis)
daaxloebam SeaSfoTa osmaleTi. osmalebma 1634 wlis maisSi moarbies Savi
zRvis sanapiro. maTTan urTierTobis gauaresebam SeaSina dadiani, miT
umetes, rom misi siZisa da mokavSiris _ rostomis poziciebi am dros
aramyari Canda. dadianma saWirod CaTvala, mieRo usafrTxoebis zomebi. man
ruseTis mTavrobas sTxova mfarvelobaSi miReba da samegreloSi sapasuxo
elCobis gamogzavna. moskovSi yuradRebiT moekidnen Txovnas. 1639 wlis
maisSi gegenava samSobloSi gamoistumres da gamoayoles elCebi _ Tevdore
elCini da pavle zaxarini. elCebi samegreloSi Camovidnen 1639 wlis
noemberSi. dadianma elCebi didxans alodina da mxolod 1640 wlis aprilSi
miiRo. ruseTis mfarvelobaSi Sesvlaze dadians sityvac aRar dauZravs.
viTareba 1636 wlis Semdeg Secvlili iyo. levanis mokavSire rostomi
mtkiced flobda taxts. 1639 w. gardaicvala imereTis mefe giorgi. 1639 w.
iran-osmaleTs Soris daido zavi. aseT viTarebaSi ruseTis mfarvelobaSi
Sesvla da osmaleTis gaRizianeba aRar Sedioda dadianis interesebSi. rusi
elCebi xelmocarulni gabrundnen ukan.
moskovma 1641 wlis ivnisSi Teimurazis elCs, nikifores, Tavisi elCebi _
efim miSecki da ivane kliuCarevi (es ukanaskneli gzaSi gardaicvala)
gamoayola. elCebma Teimurazs samxedro daxmarebaze kvlav uari uTxres.
1646 w. Teimurazma moskovSi axali elCi _ giorgi ColoyaSvili gagzavna.
igi iTxovda Suamdgomlobas qarTlis dabrunebis saqmeSi. moskovma,
marTlac, gagzavna 1647 w. iranSi grigol bulgakovi. xelmwife Sahs sTxovda,
Seekavebina Tavi saqarTvelos mimarT mtruli moqmedebisagan. sapasuxo
werilSi Sahi dapirebas iZleoda, rom ar Seawuxebda Teimurazs, Tumca mas
am dros ukve gadawyvetili hqonda, sabolood gaeZevebina Teimurazi

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kaxeTidan. irani ver iTmenda ruseTis Carevas saqarTvelos saqmeebSi.
Teimurazsa da rostoms Soris gadamwyveti brZola moxda 1648 w. Teimurazi
damarcxda. brZolaSi daiRupa Teimurazis vaJi daviTi. rostoms kvlav
SeeZlo Teimurazis datyveveba, magram amjeradac uvneblad gaatara
imereTisaken. Teimurazma sabolood dakarga taxti.
g) n. toloCanovisa da a. ievlevis elCoba imereTSi. kaxeTidan
gaZevebulma Teimurazma TavSesafari Tavis siZesTan da mokavSiresTan _
aleqsandre imerTa mefesTan pova. Teimurazis erTaderT imedad kvlav
ruseTi rCeboda. man daarwmuna aleqsandre, rom masac gaegzavna elCi da
ruseTis xelmwifisaTvis mfarveloba eTxova. Teimurazi imedovnebda, rom
ori mefis Txovnas ruseTis samefo kari ufro meti yuradRebiT moekideboda.
aleqsandremac miiRo Teimurazis rCeva. imereTis mefe namdvilad saWiroebda
samxedro daxmarebas. samegrelos mTavari levan II dadiani ar wyvetda
gamanadgurebel Tavdasxmebs imereTze.
Teimuraz I-isa da aleqsandre III-is elCebi moskovs Cavidnen 1649 wlis 13
agvistos. maT ruseTis mefes warudgines qarTvel mefeTa werilebi.
Teimurazi ruseTs atyobinebda kaxeTidan misi gandevnis Sesaxeb da
Tavazianad mianiSnebda, rom misi gandevna gamoiwvia ruseTze orientaciam.
Teimurazi agreTve atyobinebda ruseTis xelmwifes, rom mxolod
diplomatiuri RonisZiebebi ar kmaroda iranisagan mis dasacavad, da radgan
iranis Sahi Sens sityvebs yuradRebas ar aqcevs _ werda igi _ 20000 kaci
gamomigzavne, taxts davibruneb da es qveyana Seni gaxdeba. Teimurazi
xarksac ki hpirdeboda ruseTis xelmwifes. bolos Teimurazi moskovs
winadadebas aZlevda, daeqorwinebinaT ruseTis mefis da mis SviliSvilze,
luarsab daviTis Zeze.
ruseTis samefo kars warudgines aleqsandre III-is werilic. imereTis
mefe samxedro daxmarebas Txoulobda dadianis winaaRmdeg, 20000 jariskacis
gamogzavnas, amasTanave _ Teimurazis Txovnis Sesrulebasac. im dros
ruseTs ar hqonda saqarTveloSi saqmeebSi aqtiurad Carevis SesaZlebloba.
amitom iyo, rom rusi mefeebi qarTvelTa araerTgzis Txovnas dumiliT
uvlidnen gverds, magram, amjerad, SedarebiT meti yuradReba mieqca
aleqsandre III-is Txovnas. qarTl-kaxeTidan Teimuraz I-is gandevnis Semdeg
imereTi rCeboda ruseTis erTaderT dasayrden Zalad amierkavkasiaSi. garda
amisa, ruseTisaTvis imereTs ufro meti mniSvneloba eniWeboda mocemul
etapze, rogorc mokavSires osmaleTis winaaRmdeg, amitom moskovSi
kmayofilebiT Sexvdnen imereTis mefis winadadebas mfarvelobis Sesaxeb.
imereTze xelis dadebiT ruseTi arafers kargavda, SenaZeni ki SeiZleba
didi yofiliyo. ukve 1650 wlis 22 maiss imereTSi gamoemgzavrnen ruseTis
elCebi nikifore toloCanovi da aleqsi ievlevi. maT davalebuli hqondaT,
SeeswavlaT imereTis mdgomareoba, mieRebinebinaT aleqsandre III-Tvis
ruseTis xelmwifis erTgulebis fici da paralelurad ewarmoebinaT
molaparakeba imereTSi Sexiznul Teimuraz I-Tan. rus elCebs misces
specialuri saidumlo instruqcia, romelSic gaTvaliswinebuli iyo
yovelgvari moulodneloba, rac, SesaZloa, maT SemTxveodaT.
instruqciaSi sagangebod iyo aRniSnuli, rom Tu imereTis mefe
aleqsandre gardacvlili iqneboda, elCebs ruseTis erTgulebaze unda
daeficebinaT aleqsandres vaJi bagrati; xolo Tu gzaSi Seityobdnen, rom
bagratma taxti daikava iranis Sahis daxmarebiT da igi Sahis vasalia, elCebi
imereTSi aRar unda Casuliyvnen da ukan gabrunebuliyvnen. instruqciis am

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muxlidan kargad Cans, rom ruseTi iranis gamo imereTis saqmeebSic ki ar
apirebda Carevas. miT umetes, ruseTi araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar daexmareboda
Teimurazs iranis sawinaaRmdegod.
imereTSi CamosvlisTanave rusma elCebma molaparakeba daiwyes
TeimurazTan. gamoirkva, rom maTi mizani iyo mxolod Teimurazis
SviliSvilis, erekle batoniSvilis, wayvana ruseTSi. Tavis droze erekles
ruseTSi gagzavna TviT Teimurazma SesTavaza ruseTis samefo kars,
sanacvlod igi saqarTveloSi rusTa jaris gamogzavnas Txoulobda.
rodesac elCebma mefes pirdapir ganucxades, rom ruseTs amjerad jaris
gamogzavna ar SeeZlo ugzoobis gamo, Teimurazma gadawyvita, erekles
gamgzavreba momavlisaTvis gadaedo.
Teimurazi elCebis winaSe ar malavda Tavis ukmayofilebas. misi
damokidebuleba maT mimarT xSirad scildeboda maSin miRebul
diplomatiur etikets. mefe aSkarad uxeSad eqceoda rus elCebs.
aleqsandre mefem sTxova Teimurazs, wasuliyo levan dadianTan da
Seerigebina isini. es Teimurazis interesebSic Sedioda. Teimurazi
varaudobda, taxtis dabrunebisaTvis imereTis samefosa da samegrelos Zala
gamoeyenebina. samegreloSi molaparakeba uSedegod damTavrda. Teimurazi
imereTSi dabrunda, Tumca molaparakeba dadianTan grZeldeboda. amasobaSi
rusma elCebma daamTavres molaparakeba aleqsandre mefesTan. maT warmatebiT
Seasrules moskovis davaleba. aleqsandre III-m dado ruseTis mefis
erTgulebis fici da 1651 wlis 9 oqtombers xeli moawera ficis wigns.
rusma elCebma gadawyvites ruseTSi dabruneba. maT kategoriulad mosTxoves
Teimurazs erekles wayvana. Teimurazi abrkolebda elCebis gamgzavrebas. igi
elodeboda dadianTan molaparakebis saboloo Sedegs. Teimurazma
avadmyofoba moigona da elCebi ar miiRo. dadianTan molaparakebam
araviTari Sedegi ar gamoiRo. qveynis Sinagani Zalebis gaerTianeba ar
moxerxda. Teimurazma `avadmyofobas~ Tavi daaneba da scada, elCebTan
daZabuli urTierToba moegvarebina. Tumca erekle maT mainc ar gaatana.
1651 wlis Semodgomaze rusi elCebi samSobloSi gaemgzavrnen. aleqsandre
III-m maT Tavisi elCebi _ lomkac jafariZe da arqimandriti evdemoni
gaayola. toloCanovisa da ievlevs mihyvebodnen Teimurazis elCebic.
1657 w. gardaicvala levan II dadiani. mTavris taxti daikava misma Zmam,
liparitma. aleqsandre III jariT Sevida samegreloSi, banZasTan brZolaSi
daamarcxa lipariti da dadianad vameyi dasva. imereTis mefis hegemonia
dasavleT saqarTveloSi aRdgenil iqna. aleqsandre III-m moskovs Seatyobina
gamarjvebis ambavi da acnoba, rom samegreloc ruseTis erTgulebis qveS
moiyvana. moskovidan xelmocaruli Teimurazis dabrunebisTanave aleqsandre
III-m kidev erTxel scada ruseTis daintereseba. amjerad qarTveli mefeebi
ruseTTan diplomatiur urTierTobaSi erekle I-is CarTvas Seecadnen (igi
ruseTSi gagzavnes 1652 w. da iq mefis karze izrdeboda). aleqsandre III
ruseTis mefes saqarTveloSi erekle batoniSvilis gamoSvebas sTxovda _
memkvidre ar myavs da taxti minda erekles davutovoo. aleqsandre cruobda,
mas hyavda vaJi bagrati. saqarTveloSi icodnen, rom ruseTi siamovnebiT
Sexvdeboda aq erekle batoniSvilis gamefebas da varaudobdnen, rom
ruseTSi aRzrdili batoniSvilis gamefebis Semdeg mainc gauwevda samxedro
daxmarebas saqarTvelos. mefeTa varaudi ar gamarTlda. amasobaSi, 1660 w.
aleqsandre III gardaicvala.

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 qarTlis mefe rostomi, mahmadianobis miuxedavad, mariam dedofalTan
erTad wminda qarTul, qristianul politikas atarebda. rostomma kargad
icoda, rom iranis Sahebis kompromisuli politika qarTlis mimarT
droebiTi iyo da xelsayrel viTarebaSi irani Seecdeboda qarTl-kaxeTis
yizilbaSur saxanoebad gadaqcevas. amitom rostomma gadawyvita, moesinja
niadagi ruseTSi. man imereTSi myof toloCanovTan kavSiris damyareba
daavala qarTlis samefo karze myof xatebis mxatvars _ ivane danilovs.
rostomi toloCanovs acnobebda, rom apirebda moskovSi Tavisi elCis
gagzavnas. marTlac, 1652 wels ruseTSi miemgzavreba rostomis elCi mahmad-
xan begi. am faqtma mezobel mahmadianur saxanoebSi didi gaoceba da
SeSfoTeba gamoiwvia. rostoms, rogorc Sahis vals, ar hqonda ucxoeTTan
damoukidebeli sagareo politikis warmoebis ufleba. magram rostomis elCi
swored Sahis davalebiTa da nebarTviT miemgzavreboda.
ruseT-irans Soris arsebuli xangrZlivi `megobruli~ urTierToba 1650
wels dairRva. ruseTSi gaZarcves iranel vaWarTa qaravani. iranma
damnaSaveTa dasja da zaralis anazRaureba moiTxova. urTierToba or
saxelmwifos Soris sakmaod daiZaba. magram konfliqtis gaRrmavebiT arc
erTi mxare ar iyo dainteresebuli. viTarebis normalizaciis iniciatorad
irani gamovida. Sahma gadawyvita, ruseTTan urTierToba Suamavlis, rostomis
meSveobiT moegvarebina. oficialurad am mizniT miemgzavreba mahmad-xan begi
moskovs, magram elCs ruseTSi rostomis saidumlo zepiri danabarebic
mihqonda, rostomi garkveuli pirobebiT ruseTs kavSirs sTavazobda.
rostomis gegma cnobili gaxda Teimuraz I-Tvis. igi SeSfoTda, radgan
ruseTisaTvis gacilebiT momgebiani iqneboda kavSiri qarTl-kaxeTis realur
mefesTan, vidre samefodan gandevnil TeimurazTan. igi ruseTis TvalSi
dakargavda yovelgvar interess, amitom Teimurazma saswrafod Tavisi elCi,
vinme papuna daadevna mahmad-xan begs. papunam daaswro kidec metoqes da
ivnisSi CaaRwia Tergs, mahmad-xan begi ki mxolod ivlisSi Cavida iq. papuna
yovelnairad Seecada, daerwmunebina ruseTis voevodebi, ar gaeSvaT
rostomis elCi moskovisaken. papuna sicruesac ar moerida, ganacxada,
TiTqos rostoms toloCanovisa da ievlevis daWera da gaZarcva undoda da
Tqvenc mis elCs aseve unda moeqceTo. papunas mcdeloba amao gamodga,
rostomis elCs yvelgan daubrkoleblad atareben. metic, mas yovelnairad
uwyoben xels, raTa saswrafod Cavides moskovSi. cnobilia moskovis samefo
karze ucxo saxelmwifoTa elCebis miRebis wesi. magaliTad, rodesac elCi
Cavidoda astraxanSi, astraxanis voevoda am ambavs Seatyobinebda moskovs da
sanam iqidan nebarTvas ar miiRebda, elCs ar gaatarebda moskovisaken. mahmad-
xan begi ki yovel am formalobas aaciles. rostomis elCi zustad
toloCanovisa da ievlevis marSruts mihyveboda, isini ki afrTxilebdnen
rus moxeleebs, daubrkoleblad gaetarebinaT igi moskovisaken. mahmad-xan
begis elCobis masalebi sakmaod dazianebulia, magram Tu zustad ras
sTavazobda rostomi ruseTis samefo kars, kargad Cans TbilisSi Camosul
arsen suxanovTan qarTveli saeklesio moRvaweebis molaparakebidan.
arsen suxanovi XVII saukunis rusi saeklesio moRvawea. igi xSirad
mogzaurobda da ruseTis saxelmwifos pirvelxarisxovan diplomatiur
davalebebs asrulebda. arseni didi avtoritetiT sargeblobda xelmwifis
karze. es kargad iyo cnobili ruseTis farglebs gareT da masTan
molaparakebas ise awarmoebdnen, rogorc ruseTis sruluflebian elCTan.

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1651 w. a. suxanovi ierusalimSi Cavida. 1652 wlis aprilSi ki samSoblosaken
gaemgzavra da gzad TbilisSi SeCerda.
rostomi dainteresda arsenis CamosvliT, masTan Tarjimani gagzavna da
Camosvlis mizezi gamohkiTxa. TviT rostoms ar SeeZlo iranis Sahis SiSiT
suxanovis miReba, amitom man suxanovTan molaparakeba kaTolikosisa da
Tbilelis meSveobiT gamarTa. amaze Sahi pretenzias ver ganacxadebda.
qarTvel saeklesio moRvaweebs sruli ufleba hqondaT, urTierToba
daemyarebinaT marTlmadidebluri eklesiis warmomadgenelTan. suxanovis
molaparakebis dros Tarjimnis rols ivane danilovi asrulebda.
molaparakebisas kaTolikosma da Tbilelma suxanovs auxsnes, rom,
marTalia, rostomi mahmadiania, magram qristianebis mfarvelia, Tu Tqven
SeZlebT Cveni qveynis dakavebas, rostoms es gauxardebao. qarTvelma
moRvaweebma suxanovs gaacnes rostomis gegma, ruseTs unda daekavebina
daRestnidan kaxeTze gamavali gza. mxolod amis Semdeg SeiZleboda
laparaki ruseTis mfarvelobaSi Sesvlaze. rostomi TeimurazTan SedarebiT
ufro realisti da frTxili politikosi iyo. mas kargad esmoda, rom
ruseTTan naadrevi kavSiri saqarTvelos mxolod zians moutanda.
d) qarTl-kaxeTis sagareo-politikuri mdgomareoba XVII saukunis II
naxevarSi. Rrmad moxucebuli rostomi 1658 w. gardaicvala. taxtis
memkvidris sakiTxi rostomis sicocxleSi iyo gadawyvetili. qarTlis
mefoba unda rgeboda vaxtang muxranbatons. memkvidred dasamtkiceblad
vaxtangi iranSi daibares, gaamahmadianes da uwodes Sah-navazi. man qarTlis
taxti 1658 w. daikava. vaxtangis mefobiT iwyeba bagrationTa muxranbatonebis
Stos mravalmxrivi da nayofieri moRvaweoba qarTlis samefo taxtze.
vaxtang V niWieri saxelmwifo moRvawe da mtkice nebisyofis patroni
gamodga. man alagma urCi feodalebi da qveyanaSi wesrigi daamyara. igi amave
dros aqtualurad ereoda saqarTvelos samefo-samTavroebis saqmianobaSi.
iranis politikuri batonobis miuxedavad, qarTli ekonomikur aRmavlobas
ganicdida, izrdeboda misi gavlena sxva samefo-samTavroebze.
vaxtangis nayofier saxelmwifo-politikur moRvaweobas xels uwyobda
gaumjobesebuli sagareo pirobebic. iranis siZliere am dros ukve Seryeuli
iyo. Sah-suleimanis dros ukve SeimCneoda iranis sameurneo da politikuri
dacemulobis pirveli niSnebi.
vaxtangi sargeblobda iranis saSinao da sagareo garTulebebiT da,
SeZlebisdagvarad, cdilobda damoukidebeli sagareo politikis gatarebas.
imereTis mefe aleqsandre III gardaicvala 1660 wlis 4 marts. taxtze
avida misi vaJi pirveli colisagan, bagrati. imave wlis ivlisSi bagrati
taxtidan Camoagdo da Tvalebi dasTxara aleqsandres qvrivma, darejanma,
taxtze TviTon dajda. darejanis gamefebiT ukmayofilo feodalTa nawilma
vaxtangi miiwvia imereTSi, nawilma ki _ vamey dadiani. vaxtangma isargebla am
mowveviT, gadavida dasavleT saqarTveloSi da dadianTan erTad gainawila
imereTi. bukis wylis aRmosavleTi teritoria vaxtangs ergo, dasavleTi _
dadians. amave dros maT moilaparakes, rom dadianis asuli colad unda
gahyoloda vaxtangis vaJs, arCils da am ukanasknels unda emefa imereTSi.
magram male gamoirkva, rom dadians TviTon surda mTel imereTSi
gabatoneba. man sityva gatexa da qaliSvili imereTis Zlier feodals _ beJan
RoRoberiZes miaTxova. 1661 w. vaxtangi didi laSqriT gadavida dasavleTSi
da aiRo imereTis cixeebi, maT Soris skandis cixec, sadac Teimuraz I
imyofeboda. imereTis dalaSqvris Semdeg vaxtangi odiSSi gadavida. dadiani

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svaneTSi gaiqca, sadac vaxtangis migzavnilma kacebma mokles. odiSSi
vaxtangs eaxlnen guriisa da afxazeTis mTavrebi da morCileba gamoucxades.
odiSidan vaxtangi quTaisSi dabrunda, sadac imereTis mefed arCili
gamoacxada. TiTqos safuZveli eyreboda saqarTvelos gaerTianebas, magram
saqmeSi Caeria TurqeTi. 1639 wlis zaviT dasavleTi saqarTvelo iranis mier
TurqeTis xeldebul qveynad iyo aRiarebuli. amitom imereTis taxtze iranis
Sahis vasalis _ vaxtangis vaJiSvilis, arCilis, asvla TurqeTma Tavis
saSinao saqmeebSi Carevad CaTvala da irans protesti ganucxada. es
ukanaskneli moerida TurqeTTan urTierTobis gamwvavebas da arCili
imereTidan gaiwvia. arCils Sahma kaxeTi uboZa, ase rom, aRmosavleTi
saqarTvelo, faqtobrivad, mama-Svilis xelSi gaerTianda.
patriarq nikonis gasamarTlebaSi monawileobis misaRebad ruseTSi
miiwvies makari antioqieli. saqarTveloSi myof makarsa da mis Svils, pavle
alepoels esaubrnen vaxtang V da arCili. maT sTxoves makari antioqiels,
eSuamdgomla moskovis samefo karis winaSe, raTa ruseTs daxmareba
aRmoeCina urwmunoTa batonobis qveS moqceuli saqarTvelosaTvis.
gaerTianebuli qarTl-kaxeTi seriozuli Zala gaxda. qveyanaSi
mSvidobianoba Camovarda, mezobel samefo-samTavroebSi vaxtangis gavlena
dRiTi dRe izrdeboda. vaxtangi ukve Sahis brZanebebsac aRar asrulebda. man
sakuTari monetac ki moWra, amiT igi uars acxadebda iranis vasalobaze da
xazs usvamda, rom igi damoukidebeli, suverenuli xelisufalia.
vaxtangma gadawyvita, iranis winaaRmdeg aSkara ajanyeba daewyo da
mokavSired TurqeTi SearCia. TurqeTSi gagzavna arCili, romelic, TiTqos,
vaxtangis nebis winaaRmdeg gaiqca iq.
movlenebi ise ganviTarda, rom vaxtangma ver SeZlo Tavisi gegmis
ganxorcieleba _ saqarTvelos damoukideblobis aRdgena; ver miiRo
daxmareba TurqeTidan, TurqeTi arc fiqrobda iranTan zavis darRvevas.
TurqeTze metad vaxtangs qveynis SigniT umtyunes, uRalata bevrma
feodalma, iese qsnis erisTavi SahTanac ki gaemgzavra. Sahma vaxtangi iranSi
daibara, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi igi saqarTveloSi SemoWriT imuqreboda.
vaxtangma samSoblos ganadgurebas Tavis gawirva amjobina da irans gaem-
gzavra. man ispahanamde ver CaaRwia, gzaSi, xoSkarSi gardaicvala.
iranSi wasvlis win vaxtangma qarTli vaJs, giorgi batoniSvils Caabara.
Sahma giorgi ispahans daibara. giorgis mefed damtkiceba gaWianurda.
ispahanSi imyofeboda giorgis Zma, gamahmadianebuli aleqsandre. igi giorgis
taxts ecileboda. Sahis yoymans bolo arCilma mouRo. igi axalcixidan
gadmovida da qarTlis Semomtkiceba daiwyo. qarTlis ajanyebis SiSiT Sahma
giorgi daamtkica mefed, magram raTa ar daeSva qarTl-kaxeTis erTianoba,
kaxeTi yizilbaS xans Caabara, amave dros giorgi XI-s daavala, Seepyro
arCili da iranSi gaegzavna. Sahi ar apirebda, epatiebina arCilisaTvis
giorgis sasargeblod moqmedeba, garda amisa, iranis TvalSi arCili iyo
TurqeTTan kavSiris aqtiuri momxre. giorgim ara Tu ar Seasrula Sahis
brZaneba, aramed daexmara arCils imereTis taxtis dauflebaSi. TurqeTma
irans kvlav protesti ganucxada. Sahma sulTans acnoba, rom giorgi mas ar
emorCileba. iranma da TurqeTma kavSiri Sekres giorgisa da arCilis
winaaRmdeg, TurqeTi imereTs unda Seseoda, magram amasobaSi imereTis
feodalTa wyalobiT arCilma kvlav dakarga taxti da gadawyvita moskovSi
wasvla.

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 1687 w. gardaicvala imereTis mefe bagrati. taxti xelSi Caigdo giorgi
gurielma. axalcixis faSasTan gamocxaddnen gurielis mowinaaRmdege
feodalebi da iTxoves daxmareba gurielis winaaRmdeg. saqmeSi Caeria
giorgi XI. man gadawyvita, imereTSi gaemefebina qarTlis samefo karze
aRzrdili aleqsandre bagratis Ze da Tavisi gadawyvetileba axalcixis
faSas acnoba. kanonieri memkvidris gamefeba sulTanma SesaZleblad CaTvala
da imereTSi aleqsandre gamefda.
1683 w. daiwyo TurqeT-avstriis omi. sastiki damarcxeba ganicades
Turqebma 1687 w. maxaCesTan brZolaSi. 1688 w. ganTavisuflebul iqna
belgradi. amas mohyva balkaneTis damonebul xalxTa ajanyeba TurqeTis
winaaRmdeg. giorgi XI-m, saqarTveloSi myofi misionerebis meSveobiT, daiwyo
molaparakeba romis papTan. molaparakebas sasurveli Sedegi rom mohyoloda,
giorgi XI-m kaTolikobac ki miiRo. magram romis papsa da evropis
saxelmwifoebs iranTan megobroba ufro ainteresebdaT. evropis
saxelmwifoebi irans yovelTvis miiCnevdnen potenciur mokavSired TurqeTis
winaaRmdeg brZolaSi. `saRvTo ligis~ Camoyalibebis dros evropis
saxelmwifoebi ligaSi iranis CaTrevasac ki cdilobdnen. aseT viTarebaSi
iranis winaaRmdeg evropidan raime daxmarebis miReba gamoricxuli iyo.
giorgis elCis _ misioneri anjelos misia uSedegod damTavrda.
Sah-suleimanma giorgis mZevlebad mosTxova vaJiSvili bagrati da Zma
levani. giorgi XI-m gadawyvita, dauyovnebliv daewyo ajanyeba. ajanyebaSi
kaxeTic apirebda monawileobas. kaxelebs unda moeklaT beJan-xani. ajanyebis
dasawyiss kargi piri uCanda, magram male giorgis uRalata feodalTa didma
nawilma, isini Sahs miuvidnen. Sahma amiT kargad isargebla, giorgi gadaayena
da qarTli erekle I-s (1688-1703) uboZa. giorgi iZulebuli gaxda, dasavleTi
saqarTvelosaTvis Seefarebina Tavi.
1691 w. giorgi gadmovida qarTlSi da oTxi wlis ganmavlobaSi ebrZoda
erekles. masTan erTad ibrZoda moskovidan dabrunebuli arCilic, romlis
mizani kaxeTis dabruneba iyo, magram Zmebma sabolood marcxi ganicades.
giorgi damorCilda Sahs da 1691 w. iranSi gaemgzavra. es didi riski iyo,
misi gamocxadeba SahTan SeiZleba sabediswero gamxdariyo. giorgi ixsna
iranis winaaRmdeg avRanTa ajanyebam. giorgis daavales maT winaaRmdeg
brZola. rac Seexeba erekles, igi rogorc qarTlis vasali, erTgulad
emsaxureboda irans.
1703 w. Sah-sulTan huseinma qarTlis mefoba kvlav giorgi XI-s uboZa,
oRond iranSi datova, qarTlSi ki mis moadgiled vaxtang levanis Ze
daniSna. erekle iranSi gaiwvies da kaxeTis mefoba misces, Tumca isic
iranSi datoves, kaxeTSi ki mis moadgiled misive vaJi, daviTi gamogzavnes.
Teimurazma yvela SesaZlebloba amowura, magram daxmareba arsaidan
Canda. maSin man gadawyvita, TviTon gamgzavrebuliyo moskovs. Catarda
winaswari mosamzadebeli samuSao. iseTi mefisaTvis mxardaWera, romelsac
arc mamuli gaaCnda da arc qveSevrdomebi hyavda, metad rTuli iyo, saWiro
iyo raime garkveuli teritoriis floba, saidanac ruseTis jari SeZlebda
brZolis dawyebas. amitom moskovs Seatyobines, rom Teimurazi flobs TuS-
fSav-xevsureTs da rom mosaxleoba Teimurazis erTgulia. mTielTa elCebi
moskovSi gamocxaddnen da mfarveloba iTxoves. amrigad, Teimurazma,
ruseTidan, SeZlo diplomatiur urTierTobaSi saqarTvelos mTianeTis
CaTreva, riTac, TiTqos, Tavisi gegmis ganxorcielebisaTvis xelsayreli
pirobebi Seqmna.

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 1658 wlis 20 ivniss Teimurazi Cavida moskovSi, rac vizitisaTvis metad
araxelsayreli dro iyo. ruseTi 1654 wlidan poloneTTan ukrainisaTvis
umZimes oms awarmoebda da saqarTvelosaTvis daxmarebis gawevaze laparakic
ki zedmeti iyo. moskovSi molaparakebis dros Teimurazi sabolood
darwmunda, rom ruseTi saqarTvelos gulisaTvis iranTan konfliqtze ar
wavidoda. Tavisi uari daxmarebaze ruseTis samefo karma poloneTTan omiT
axsna. rac Seexeba dapirebebs, arc axla daakles, jars poloneTTan omis
damTavrebis Semdeg gamogigzavniTo.
1658 wlis seqtemberSi Teimurazma moskovi datova. saratovSi man miiRo
cnoba SviliSvilis, luarsabis gardacvalebis Sesaxeb. Teimurazma werili
gaugzavna aleqsi mixeilis Zes da erekles gamoSveba sTxova. Teimurazi 1659
wlis bolos dabrunda imereTSi. rogorc viciT, am dros, aleqsandre III-is
gardacvalebisTanave (1660 wlis 4 marti), imereTSi daiwyo saSineli
feodaluri anarqia. am cvlilebebis Sesaxeb moskovSi araferi icodnen da
1660 wlis zafxulSi erekle saqarTveloSi gamoistumres. Teimurazma gzaSi
Sikriki Seageba mas da SeuTvala, saqarTveloSi aRar Camosuliyo da
ruseTis xelmwifesTan gabrunebuliyo, magram batoniSvili TuSeTSi wavida,
raTa sakuTari ZalebiT ecada kaxeTSi gamefeba.
erekle batoniSvilma TuSTa daxmarebiT scada kaxeTis dapyroba.
vaxtangTan brZolaSi erekle damarcxda da TorRis cixes Seafara Tavi.
vaxtangs SeeZlo erekles datyveveba, magram ruseTSi aRzrdili
batoniSvilisadmi aseTi moqceviT igi samudamod gaifuWebda ruseTTan
urTierTobas da radganac vaxtangic ruseTze amyarebda garkveul imedebs,
man farulad misca gza erekles TuSeTisaken.
aleqsandre III-is gardacvalebis Semdeg male Teimurazi berad aRikveca
da skandis cixeSi cxovrobda. rodesac vaxtang V-m imereTSi ilaSqra,
Teimurazi mas Cabarda. male Teimurazi misive surviliT vaxtang V-m irans
gaistumra. es iranis didi gamarjveba iyo _ mters damorCilda iranel
dampyrobelTa winaaRmdeg ormocdaaTwliani brZolis meTauri. amave dros,
es iyo amierkavkasiaSi moskovis mefis sagareo politikis marcxi.
Teimurazi Sahma didi pativiT miiRo. abas II-s Tavisi mizani hqonda. irani
ver moiTmenda qarTlis an kaxeTis taxtze ruseTSi aRzrdil erekle
batoniSvils, romelic 1660 wlidan TuSeTSi iyo da kaxeTis taxtis
dakavebas cdilobda. Sahs surda, Teimurazi gamoeyenebina erekles iranSi
Camosayvanad. Teimurazma SviliSvils elCi gaugzavna da Sahis danabarebi
SeuTvala. erekle ar eaxla Sahs. Sah-abas II-m erekles Causvleloba
Teimurazs daabrala da mis mimarT damokidebuleba Secvala, pativi moaklo
da gamahmadianeba mosTxova, razec am ukanasknelma kategoriuli uari
ganacxada. Sahis brZanebiT moxuci mefe astrabadis cixeSi gamoketes. igi 74
wlis asakSi cixeSi gardaicvala.
Teimurazis prorusulma politikam sruli marcxi ganicada. mis myar
orientacias ruseTze ganapirobebda ruseTis diplomatiis orpiruli
moqmedeba. ruseTi arasodes aklebda Teimurazs daxmarebis imeds,
hpirdeboda, rom dRes Tu ara xval mainc daexmareboda, Tumca, sinamdvileSi,
ruseTis saxelmwifos mesveurebi arc ki fiqrobdnen amis gakeTebas. ruseTSi
saqarTvelos sakiTxi Soreuli momavlisaTvis igegmeboda. cru dapirebebi
moskovis diplomatias saqarTveloSi gavlenis da avtoritetis
SesanarCuneblad sWirdeboda. marTalia, ukve am dros ruseTs sakuTari
interesebi gaaCnda kavkasiaSic, magram isini meorexarisxovani iyo. mTeli

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XVII saukunis ganmavlobaSi ruseTis sagareo politikis winaSe sami
ZiriTadi problema idga: gadauwyveteli iyo ukrainisa da belorusiis
miwebis SemoerTebis sakiTxi, kidev ufro meti mniSvneloba eniWeboda
baltiis zRvis problemas da TurqeTTan da yirimTan urTierTobis
damyarebis aucileblobas. aseT viTarebaSi ruseTi araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar
wavidoda iranTan urTierTobis gamwvavebaze. es ewinaaRmdegeboda mis
savaWro-ekonomikur, politikur da samxedro-strategiul interesebs.
TeimurazisaTvis samxedro daxmarebis gaweva gulisxmobda iranTan
urTierTobis gauaresebas. raTa sabolood ar daekarga Tavisi gavlena da
avtoriteti saqarTveloze, ruseTi zogjer diplomatiuri CareviT
cdilobda mis gamoqomagebas, magram es araTu sakmarisi, aramed xSirad
zianis momtanic iyo saqarTvelosTvis.
e) feodaluri anarqia dasavleT saqarTveloSi da misi diplomatiuri
aspeqtebi. levan II dadiani gardaicvala 1657 w. aleqsandre III-m kargad
isargebla am Zlieri mTavris sikvdiliT, samegrelosa da guriis mTavrebad
Tavisi sasurveli pirebi dasva da aRadgina imereTis samefos hegemonoba
dasavleT saqarTveloSi. Senelda dausrulebeli Sinaomebi. magram aseTi
mdgomareoba didxans ar gagrZelebula. male axali ZaliT ifeTqa arnaxulma
feodalurma anarqiam. areulobas biZgi misca aleqsandre III-is qvrivis,
darejan Teimurazis asulis moqmedebam.
rogorc iTqva, aleqsandre III-is gardacvalebis Semdeg taxtze avida misi
vaJi pirveli colisagan, bagrati.
bagratis mefoba nominaluri iyo. qveyanas pativmoyvare darejani
marTavda. bagrati Seecada, TurqTa daxmarebiT moeSorebina Tavidan
darejani, magram am ukanasknelma daaswro, taxtidan Camoagdo bagrati da
Tvalebi dasTxara. amis Semdeg darejanma qmrad moiyvana bagrationTa
Soreuli naTesavi, vinme vaxtang WuWuneiSvili da masTan erTad Seudga
qveynis marTva-gamgeobas. darejanis mowinaaRmdege feodalebma imereTSi
miiwvies vaxtang V da vamey dadiani. vaxtangma ilaSqra imereTSi. man da
dadianma gainawiles imereTi _ bujis wylis aRmosavleTi teritoria
vaxtangs ergo, dasavleTi _ dadians. amave dros isini SeTanxmdnen, rom
dadianis asuli colad gahyoloda vaxtangis vaJs, arCils da am ukanasknels
unda emefa imereTSi. es realurad niSnavda imereTis SeerTebas qarTlis
samefosTan. dadianma daarRvia piroba. Cans, man arCilis gamefebaSi Tavisi
damoukideblobisaTvis safrTxe dainaxa da qaliSvili arCilis nacvlad
imereTis Zlier feodals, beJan RoRoberiZes miaTxova. vaxtang V kvlav
gadavida dasavleTSi, daikava TiTqmis mTeli imereTi da Sevida odiSSi.
vamey dadiani svaneTSi gaiqca, sadac vaxtang V-is brZanebiT mokles. odiSSi
vaxtangs eaxlnen afxazeTisa da guriis mTavrebi da morCileba gamoucxades.
quTaisSi dabrunebulma vaxtangma imereTis mefed gamoacxada arCili.
qarTlis hegemonia gavrcelda mTel dasavleT saqarTveloze, magram saqmeSi
gareSe Zala _ osmaleTi Caeria. imereTis taxtze iranis Sahis vasalis,
vaxtangis vaJis _ arCilis asvla osmaleTma Tavis saSinao saqmeebSi Carevad
CaTvala da irans oficialuri protesti ganucxada. Sahis brZanebiT
vaxtangma arCili imereTidan gaiwvia.
1663 w. imereTSi kvlav bagrati gamefda. grZeldeboda Sinafeodaluri
omebi. bagratis winaaRmdeg gailaSqra levan dadianma. banZasTan brZolaSi
gaimarjva bagratma. levan dadiani tyved Cavarda. bagratma mas coli,
silamaziT ganTqmuli Tamari waarTva, TviTon SeirTo, xolo levans Tavisi
da, goSaZis nacolari SerTo. mefis aseTi ugunuri moqmedeba kidev ufro
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amwvavebda viTarebas. bevri feodali mefes saerTod ar emorCileboda.
saxlTuxucesi sexnia CxeiZe aSkara Ralatsac ar moerida, 1666 w. quTaisis
cixe osmalebs gadasca.
dasavleT saqarTveloSi gamefebuli anarqia ar iZleoda ucxoeTis
saxelmwifoebTan normaluri diplomatiuri urTierTobis warmoebis
SesaZleblobas. amis gamo aleqsandre III-is gardacvalebisTanave Sewyda
urTierToba imereTsa da ruseTs Soris, magram rogorc ki bagratis
mdgomareoba SedarebiT myari gaxda, man 1667 w. elCi, dimitri iezekias Ze
gagzavna moskovs. weriliT bagrati ruseTis xelmwifes acnobebda Tavisi
gamefebis ambavs da sTxovda, ruseT-imereTs Soris aRdgeniliyo Zveli
urTierToba, ruseTs kvlav daedo mfarvelobis xeli imereTis samefosaTvis.
bagrati Txoulobda samxedro daxmarebas cixeebidan Turqebis gasadevnad,
aseve imereTSi ruseTis elCis gamogzavnasac.
bagratis elCi daubrkolebliv gamoistumres saqarTveloSi. elCs Tan
mohqonda aleqsi mixeilis Zis wyalobis sigeli. imereTis mefes mfarvelobas
hpirdebodnen. sapasuxo elCobis gamogzavna ki saWirod ar CaTvales. elCs
sxva dros gamovagzavniTo _ atyobinebdnen bagrats.
dimitri iezekias Zis elCobis politikuri mniSvneloba is iyo, rom aRdga
imereT-ruseTs Soris Sewyvetili diplomatiuri urTierToba.
bagratis elCi saqarTveloSi dabrunebulic ar iyo, rom imereTSi
viTareba kvlav Seicvala. beJan lorTqifaniZe moulodnelad daesxa Tavs
quTaisis cixes, amowyvita osmalTa garnizoni da cixe bagrats gadasca. am
SemTxveviT kargad isargebla axalcixeSi TavSefarebulma darejan
dedofalma, romelic ukve didi xania cdilobda TurqTa daxmarebiT taxtis
dabrunebas. osmalTa garnizonis amowyvetis Semdeg darejanma advilad
moaxerxa, daeTanxmebina Turqebi saqarTveloSi laSqrobaze. faSa didi
laSqriT Semoesia imereTs. dadianma da gurielma ar daayovnes da faSas
eaxlnen. bagrat mefem leCxums Seafara Tavi. qveynis ganadgurebis fasad
darejanma SeZlo taxtis dabruneba. darejanis mefoba xanmokle aRmoCnda.
igi da misi qmari WuWuneiSvili SeTqmulebma mokles da mefed dimitri
gurieli miiwvies. arc am ukanasknels dascalda didxans mefoba. 1669 w. mas
Tvalebi dasTxares, imereTidan gaaZeves da kvlav bagrati gaamefes. sexnia
CxeiZem maSinve gadasca osmalebs quTaisis cixe.
1669 w. bagratma ruseTSi elCebi gagzavna. 1670 w. elCebi _ mitropoliti
evdemoni da dimitri iezekias Ze moskovSi Cavidnen. bagrati samxedro da
finansur daxmarebas sTxovda ruseTs. es elCoba sruli marcxiT damTavrda,
bagratma ara Tu daxmareba ver miiRo, aramed misi elCebic ar gamouSves
ukan. elCoba CaSala moskovSi myofma erekle batoniSvilma. ereklem kargad
icoda arCilis survili _ emefa an imereTSi, an kaxeTSi. kaxeTis taxti
erekles TavisTvis surda. mas erCivna, arCili imereTSi gamefebuliyo. amitom
man moaxerxa moskovi daerwmunebina, rom bagrati fiqtiuri mefe iyo da
masTan diplomatiur urTierTobasac ki ar hqonda azri. amiT erekle
varaudobda, arCilisaTvis gza gaexsna imereTis taxtisaken. moskovSi
erekles daujeres da bagrats pasuxic ar aRirses.
1677 wels bagratma mesamejer gagzavna elCoba ruseTSi, romelsac
meTaurobda daviT malaqias Ze. elCs mihqonda mefis werili da Tan mihyavda
Svidi rusi, romlebic mefes osmalTa tyveobidan gamoexsna. daviT malaqias
Zem imereTSi Camoitana Tevdore aleqsis Zis sapasuxo werili bagratisadmi.

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xelmwife kvlav adebda mfarvelobis xels imereTs. daxmareba ki kvlav ar
Canda.
bagrati 1681 wels gardaicvala. dasavleT saqarTveloSi mZvinvarebda
saSineli feodaluri anarqia. ormoci wlis manZilze Cvidmeti saxelmwifo
gadatrialeba moxda, arCilma ramdenjerme SeZlo gamefeba, bolos _ 1695-1696
da 1698 wlebSi, magram yovelTvis uSedegod. arCili daxmarebas moskovsac
sTxovda, magram amaod. iseTi saxelmwifos mfarveloba, sadac mefeebi yovel
wuTs icvlebodnen, ruseTs veraviTar sargeblobas ver moutanda.
feodaluri Sinaomebis pirdapiri Sedegi iyo osmalTa saboloo
gabatoneba. politikurad daqsaqsul dasavleT saqarTvelos ar SeeZlo
TurqTa Semotevis SeCereba. metic, xSirad mefe-mTavrebi da calkeuli
feodalic ki TviTon iwvevdnen osmalebs, riTac uadvilebdnen maT qveynis
dapyrobas. osmaleTis batonoba gaZlierda guriaSi, samegreloSi, afxazeTSi.
XVII saukunis bolos dasavleTi saqarTvelos Savi zRvis sanapiros cixeebSi
osmaluri garnizonebi idgnen. didi xniT Sewyda normaluri urTierToba
ucxoeTis saxelmwifoebTan. dasavleTi saqarTvelos mefe-mTavrebis
`diplomatia~ ZiriTadad ifargleboda qveyanaSi osmalTa laSqris mowveviT.

$3. qarTuli samefo-samTavroebis diplomatia XVIII saukuneSi

a) sulxan-saba orbelianis misia evropaSi. 1709 wels avRaneTSi daiRupa

giorgi XI. Sahma qarTlis mefed qaixosro daamtkica, Tumca masac
avRanelebTan brZola daavala. qarTlSi grZeldeboda janiSinad daniSnuli
vaxtangis nayofieri moRvaweoba. vaxtangi SedarebiT damoukideblad
moqmedebda. Sahi iZulebuli iyo, meti angariSi gaewia misTvis, sanam
ajanyebul avRanelebTan brZolas qarTveli mefeebi _ jer giorgi XI, Semdeg
ki qaixosro xelmZRvanelobdnen. iranis imperia avRanTagan dapyrobis
realuri safrTxis winaSe idga.
vaxtang VI kargad axerxebda Seqmnili viTarebis Tavis sasargeblod
gamoyenebas. igi ar kmayofildeboda mxolod qarTlis samefos saSinao
saqmeebis mowesrigebiT. man kvlav aRadgina qarTlis samefos hegemonia mTel
saqarTveloSi. gansakuTrebiT cdilobda, ganemtkicebina gavlena kaxeTsa da
imereTSi. 1707 da 1711 wlebSi orgzis dalaSqra oseTi, SemoierTa es mxare
da CrdiloeTis sazRvaric gaamagra.
1709 w. iranSi gardaicvala erekle I. kaxeTis taxtze dasamtkiceblad
daviTi ispahans gaemgzavra. iq igi didxans datoves. kaxeTis gamgeblad
dainiSna Teimuraz batoniSvili. misi mcirewlovanebis gamo qveyanas
marTavda nikoloz alaverdeli. am dros didi masStabebi miiRo lekTa
Semosevebma. nikoloz alaverdelma da kaxeTis feodalebma `gamosavali~
naxes, gadawyvites daRestnelebisaTvis gza gaexsnaT qarTlisa da
azerbaijanis provinciebisaken da maTi rbevis xarjze kaxeTi gadaerCinaT.
1711 w. yandaarze ieriSis dros avRanelebTan brZolaSi daiRupa qarTlis
mefe qaixosro. `gurjistanis~ valis taxti kvlav Tavisufali aRmoCnda.
iranSi myof bagrationTagan bevrs hqonda pretenzia qarTlis taxtze.
qarTlis valis mniSvneloba Zalian didi iyo iranis saxelmwifoSi. vali
amave dros iyo iranis mTavarsardali, Sahis karis erT-erTi umaRlesi
moxele da avRaneTis mbrZanebelic. Sahis arCevani vaxtang levanis Zeze
SeCerda. 1712 wlis aprilSi vaxtangi iranSi gaemgzavra qarTlis taxtze
dasamtkiceblad. qarTlSi man gamgeblad Zma, simoni, datova. iranis
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saxelmwifo am dros qarTlsa da kaxeTSi mxolod gamahmadianebul qarTvel
mefeebs cnobda da vaxtangsac mefobis pirobad gamahmadianeba mosTxoves,
razec man kategoriuli uari ganacxada. Sahma igi patimrad qirmans gagzavna,
qarTli ki mis Zmas, gamahmadianebul, pirwavardnil iranofils, ieses (1714-
1716) gadasca. rodesac vaxtangi mahmadianobis miRebaze uars ambobda, igi
imedovnebda evropis daxmarebiT, qristianobiT, mieRo qarTlis samefo taxti.
amis miRwevas isaxavda miznad sulxan-saba orbelianis misia evropaSi.
XVII-XVIII saukuneebSi saqarTveloSi imata kaTolike misionerTa ricxvma.
isini aqtiur samisionero moRvaweobas eweodnen. qarTlis saxelmwifos
mmarTveli zedafena TandaTan icvlida damokidebulebas romisadmi da
kaTolikobisaken ixreboda (SemTxveviTi ar iyo sulxan-saba orbelianis
`gafrTxileba~). qarTvelebs kargad esmodaT, rom XVII saukunis pirvel
naxevarSi kaxeTis tragedia ruseTis mfarvelobis Ziebas mohyva.
saqarTveloSi warmoiSva evropuli orientacia.
sulxan-saba orbelianis diplomatiuri misiis mTavari mizani vaxtangis
gamosaxsnelad evropis saxelmwifoTa daxmarebis miReba iyo. sulxan-saba
romis paps Sahis winaSe Suamdgomlobasa da fulad daxmarebas sTxovda. es
fuli Sahis karis mosaqrTamavad da vaxtangis gamosaxsnelad unda
gamoeyenebinaT. samagierod, saqarTvelo kaTolikur sarwmunoebas miiRebda
da aRmosavleTSi romisa da safrangeTis erTguli mokavSire iqneboda.
qarTvelebi darwmunebulni iyvnen, rom es gegma warmatebiT
ganxorcieldeboda.
jer kidev 1711 w. TbilisSi SeCerda frangi misioneri Jan riSari. igi
miemgzavreboda iranSi. agvistoSi riSari Sexvda da esaubra vaxtangsa da
sulxan-sabas. Jan riSari gaecno qarTlSi qristianuli religiis
mdgomareobas, darwmunda vaxtangisa da sulxan-sabas rwmenis simtkiceSi da
mivida im daskvnamde, rom Tu romi da parizi fiqrobdnen kaTolicizmis
gavrcelebas aRmosavleTSi, saqarTveloze ukeTes dasayrden qveyanas ver
naxavdnen. riSarma saqarTvelos Sesaxeb werili gaagzavna parizSi.
iranSi myofma vaxtangma kontaqti daamyara kaTolike misionerebTan, maT
Soris _ Jan riSarTan. riSari xSirad xvdeboda sulxan-sabasac, sanam es
ukanaskneli qarTlSi dabrundeboda.
1713 w. vaxtang VI-m iranSi miiRo safrangeTis mefis _ lui XIV-isa da
safrangeTis meore piris, graf de ponSartrenis, imave wlis 25 apriliT
daTariRebuli werilebi, romlebmac didi imedi misca mas.
amis Semdeg vaxtangma, Jan riSarTan erTad, gadawyvita, sapasuxo
werilebi gaetanebina misTvis saqarTveloSi sulxan-saba orbelianisaTvis.
aqve gadawyda sabolood, rom sulxan-saba riSarTan erTad gaemgzavreboda
safrangeTSi.
1713 wlis agvistoSi sulxan-saba da Jan riSari quTaisSi Cavidnen.
gelaTSi isini Sexvdnen dasavleTi saqarTvelos kaTolikoss, grigols.
sulxan-sabam kaTolikoss gaacno misiis miznebi. Cans, kaTolikosi iziarebda
vaxtangisa da sulxan-sabas dasavlur orientacias, kerZod, romis papTan da
safrangeTTan urTierTobis ganmtkicebas, saqarTveloSi kaTolikobis
gavrcelebas, saqarTvelosa da safrangeTs Soris vaWrobis ganviTarebas da
aRmosavleTis qveynebTan vaWrobisaTvis saqarTveloze savaWro gzis gasvlas.
kaTolikosma grigolma Jan riSarTan saubrisas ramdenjerme gamoTqva
survili, SeerTeboda kaTolikur eklesias. man sabas Tavisi ndobiT
aRWurvili beri, daviT megreli gaayola da elCoba Sav zRvamde miacila.

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 amrigad, sulxan-saba evropaSi miemgzavreboda ara marto qarTlis
saxelmwifos saxeliT, aramed, faqtobrivad, mTeli saqarTvelos saxeliT.
1713 wlis noemberSi elCoba konstantinopolSi Cavida. sulxan-saba miiRo
safrangeTis elCma. 1714 wlis 22 ianvars elCoba marselSi Cavida. sulxan-
saba didi pativiT miiRes. mas molaparakebebi hqonda meriaSi da savaWro
palataSi, molaparakebebis Sedegad SemuSavda vrceli dokumenti saTauriT:
`memorandumi Sesaxeb imisa, Tu risi gakeTeba SeiZleba romis kaTolikuri
sarwmunoebis gasavrceleblad da savaWro urTierTobis dasamyareblad
saqarTveloSi da im xalxebTan, romlebic maT mezoblad cxovroben~.
marselidan sulxan-sabam werili miswera romis paps, klement XI-s da
sTxova mxardaWera safrangeTis mefis winaSe. papma es Txovna siamovnebiT
Seasrula.
21 marts sulxan-saba ukve parizSia. 25 marts man graf de ponSartrens
lui XIV-dmi warsadgenad gadasca samaxsovro baraTi, romelSic aRniSnuli
iyo, rom Tu saqarTvelos mefe vaxtangi darCeba ispahanSi, saqarTvelo
mTlianad gamahmadianebis aSkara safrTxeSi Cavardeba; Tu mefe dabrundeba
saqarTveloSi, qarTvelebi ara marto SeinarCuneben qristianobas, aramed
SeuerTdebian kaTolikur sarwmunoebas. sulxan-saba lui XIV-s
Suamdgomlobas sTxovda SahTan, saWiro iyo iranSi safrangeTis mefis
warmomadgenlis gagzavna, mas unda moegvarebina vaxtangis ganTavisuflebis
saqme. sulxan-saba imave miznisaTvis lui XIV-s fulad daxmarebas sTxovda.
sulxan-saba orjer iyo audienciaze lui XIV-Tan. miuxedavad didi
pativiscemiT miRebisa, sulxan-sabam Tavis Txovnaze Tavaziani uari miiRo.
safrangeTi ar apirebda patara qveynisaTvis Tavis Sewuxebas. rac Seexeba
safrangeTis savaWro interesebs aRmosavleTSi, amas SesaniSnavad
uzrunvelyofda safrangeT-iranis 1708 wlis savaWro xelSekruleba.
1714 wlis ivnisSi elCobam datova safrangeTi da romSi Cavida. romis
papma, klement XI-m, orjer miiRo sulxan-saba. 26 ivliss papma specialuri
werili gaugzavna lui XIV-s da sTxova, vaxtangisaTvis daxmareba aRmoeCina.
arc am werils mohyolia raime Sedegi. sulxan-sabam 1715 wlis ianvarSi ukve
konstantinopolSi dabrunda.
amrigad, sakmaod xangrZlivi elCoba evropaSi sruliad uSedegod
dasrulda. imedgacruebuli vaxtangi iZulebuli gaxda, 1716 wels
mahmadianoba mieRo. es moCvenebiTi iyo. vaxtangi sicocxlis bolomde iseTive
WeSmariti qristiani iyo, rogorc misi winamorbedi mefeebi _ giorgi XI da
qaixosro. Sahma gamahmadianebuli vaxtangi mefed daamtkica, magram 1719
wlamde iranSi datova, qarTli ki sagamgeblod vaxtangis vaJs, baqars
gadasca. baqarma mamis moRalateebs Seutia, pirvel rigSi daapatimra
gadagvarebuli iese.
vaxtangis iranSi yofnis dros qarTlSi arnaxuli masStabebi miiRo
daRestnelTa Tavdasxmebma. amave dros maT aqtiurad Seuties sakuTriv
iranis provinciebs. isini saxldebodnen ganjisa da Semaxis miwa-wyalze da
did safrTxes uqmnidnen iranis saxelmwifos. 1719 w. Sahma vaxtangi
saqarTveloSi gamoistumra. qarTlis mefes daRestnelTa TareSis aRkveTa
evaleboda. es yvelaze metad TviT qarTl-kaxeTis interesebs Seesabameboda.
1719 wlis dekemberSi sof. safurcleSi Sedga qarTlis mefis _
vaxtangisa da kaxeTis mefis _ daviT imam-yuli-xanis Sexvedra. SemuSavda
daRestnelTa winaaRmdeg erToblivi brZolis gegmac, imam-yuli-xanma
vaxtangisagan damxmare jaric ki miiRo, magram bolos mainc ver gabeda War-
belaqanSi SeWra.
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 1721 w. iranis Sahma vaxtangi oficialurad daniSna samxreTi azerbaijanis
spasalarad. qarTveli mefis xelSi aRmoCnda iranis imperiis mTeli
CrdiloeTi nawilis samxedro xelisufleba. vaxtangi didi laSqriT
gaemarTa ganjis saxanosaken, sadac adgilobrivi suniti mosaxleobis
xelSewyobiT lekTa mravalricxovani brboebi iyo ganlagebuli. qarTvelebma
Seuties mters SamqorSi, bardaSi, WarSi da yvelgan sastikad daamarcxes.
qarTvelebTan erTad ibrZodnen somxebi. qarTul-somxur kavSirs aqtiurad
uWerda mxars yarabaReli somxebis sulieri mama, ganZasareli kaTolikosi
esaia hasan jalaliani. metic, igi qarTul-somxuri saxelmwifos Seqmnis
momxre iyo. saxelmwifos saTaveSi qarTlis mefe unda mdgariyo.
marTalia, vaxtangi garegnulad Sahis brZanebebs asrulebda da, TiTqos,
imperiis CrdiloeTi provinciebis dacvis mizniT utevda daRestnelebs,
magram SahisaTvis male naTeli gaxda vaxtangis namdvili mizani _
saqarTvelos gamoxsna. Sahs aSinebda qarTvel-somexTa kavSiric. marTalia,
daRestnelTa TareSis aRkveTas iranisaTvis arsebiTi mniSvneloba hqonda,
magram amave dros Sahs aranakleb aSinebda qarTvelTa mier aRmosavleTi
kaxeTis xelaxali SemoerTeba. amitom Sahma vaxtangs laSqrobis moSla da
TbilisSi dabruneba ubrZana swored im dros, rodesac qarTvelTa
gamarjveba eWvs ar iwvevda. ganrisxebulma mefem sajarod daifica, rom
aRarasodes Seasrulebda Sahis brZanebebs, Tumca imjerad laSqroba
Sewyvita. es didi Secdoma iyo.
b) vaxtang VI-is samxedro-politikuri kavSiri ruseTTan. vaxtang VI-is
dros iwyeba axali, ganaxlebis etapi saqarTvelo-ruseTis urTierTobaSi,
misi iniciatori petre I iyo. petrem jer kidev CrdiloeTis omis
msvlelobisas SeimuSava kaspiispireTSi laSqrobis gegma, romelmac
konkretuli saxe miiRo ociani wlebis dasawyisisaTvis.
am gegmis mixedviT ruseTi unda daufleboda kaspiis zRvis sanapiroebs
daRestnidan moyolebuli, gilanamde. kaspiispireTi petres izidavda
ekonomikuri da samxedro-politikuri TvalsazrisiT. misi SemoerTeba
ruseTis mzard manufaqturul mrewvelobas uzrunvelyofda nedleuliT.
amave dros xels Seuwyobda ruseTis vaWrobis ganviTarebas iranTan,
indoeTTan. faqtobrivad, ruseTze gaivlida savaWro-satransporto gza
evropasa da azias Soris. aranaklebi mniSvneloba hqonda samxedro-
politikur mxares. irani aRniSnul periodSi dacemis gzaze idga.
gansakuTrebiT Zlieri dartyma mas avRanelebma miayenes. TurqeTs surda,
gamoeyenebina iranis dauZlureba, gabatonebuliyo aRmosavleT
amierkavkasiasa da kaspiispireTSi. TurqeTis am miswrafebas ar SeiZleboda
ruseTis mTavrobis SeSfoTeba ar gamoewvia. pirvel rigSi, kaspiispireTSi
TurqeTis gabatoneba safrTxes Seuqmnida ruseTis samxreT-aRmosavleTis
naklebad dacul sazRvrebs, meore, ruseTi dakargavda yovelgvar gavlenas
kavkasiaSi, mesame, TurqeTis gabatonebas kaspiispireTSi mohyveboda ruseTis
aRmosavluri vaWrobis sruli CaSla.
1715 w. petre I-ma iranSi elCad gagzavna artem volinski, romelsac
dausaxa diplomatiuri da samxedro dazverviTi xasiaTis amocanebi.
volinskis detalurad unda Seeswavla iranis ekonomikuri, politikuri da
samxedro mdgomareoba, aseve gaerkvia vaxtang VI-is bedi da daemyarebina
masTan kavSiri. petre I jer kidev maSin aniWebda did mniSvnelobas
kaspiispireTis laSqrobaSi qarTvelebis monawileobis sakiTxs. volinskim
detalurad Seiswavla iranis saSinao da sagareo viTareba. man urTierToba

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daamyara iranSi myof qarTvelebTan da somxebTan. sakmaod maRali Sefaseba
misca volinskim qarTvelTa meomrul Tvisebebs. man, Suamavlis saSualebiT,
SeZlo kavSiris damyareba qarTlis mefesTanac.
1719 w. a. volinski petre I-ma astraxanis gubernatorad daniSna. igi unda
Sedgomoda uSualo samzadiss kaspiis zRvis sanapiroze laSqrobisaTvis.
volinskim kavSiri daamyara ukve saqarTveloSi Camosul vaxtangTan. petres
davalebiT volinski arwmunebda qarTvelebsa da somxebs, mieRoT
monawileoba laSqrobaSi, hpirdeboda, rom warmatebis Semdeg ruseTis
jarebi Sevidodnen somxeTsa da saqarTveloSi da am xalxebs sabolood
gaaTavisuflebdnen iranelTa batonobisagan. vaxtangma advilad daujera
petres da Seqmnili mdgomareoba Seafasa rogorc xelsayreli momenti didi
xnis ocnebis gansaxorcieleblad _ ruseTis daxmarebiT gaeTavisuflebina
saqarTvelo iranis batonobisagan da daebrunebina TurqeTis mier
mitacebuli samxreTi saqarTvelos miwebi.
1720 w. petre I-sa da vaxtang VI-s Soris daido samxedro-politikuri
SeTanxmeba, magram igi iuridiulad ar gaformebula. petrem Tavi aarida amas
im ubralo mizezis gamo, rom arc apirebda vaxtangisaTvis micemuli
dapirebebis Sesrulebas.
petre I-ma Tavisi laSqroba diplomatiuradac kargad moamzada. iranis
Sahs atyobinebda, rom iwyebda laSqrobas saerTo mtris _ daRestnelebis
winaaRmdeg. amave dros petrem SesaniSnavad gaiTvaliswina TurqeTis
mosalodneli reaqcia. man kargad icoda, rom ruseTis mier kaspiispireTis
dapyroba TurqeTis protests gamoiwvevda, petre ki ufrTxoda TurqeTTan
oms. amitom 1720 wels man stambolSi xelSekruleba gaaforma TurqeTTan.
orive mxare valdebulebas kisrulobda, ar daerRvia zavi. rodesac vaxtangi
Tavis laSqrobas iwyebda, am xelSekrulebis pirobebi mainc unda hqonoda
mxedvelobaSi, magram man saerTod ver gaiTvaliswina sapasuxo moqmedeba
TurqeTis mxridan. garda amisa, Tavdapirvelad, laSqrobis dawyebamde
vaxtangi TvalnaTliv xedavda saqarTveloSi rusTa xuTiaTasiani jaris
Semoyvanis aucileblobas, magram Semdeg ratomRac uari Tqva am gonivrul
gegmaze.
1722 wlis 3 agvistos petre I-ma Seatyobina vaxtangs, rom daiwyo
laSqroba. daaxloebiT amave dros arzrumis faSamac sulTnis saxeliT
acnoba mas, rom TurqeTi oms iwyebda iranis winaaRmdeg. TurqeTi vaxtangs
kavSirs sTavazobda da samagierod mTel saqarTvelos hpirdeboda. vaxtangma
ar miiRo es winadadeba da yvelaferi petres acnoba.
iranSi galaSqrebis sakiTxi darbazis sxdomaze ganixiles. darbazis
wevrTa umravlesoba laSqrobis winaaRmdegi iyo. sabuTi erTi iyo da
savsebiT swori _ rusTa mosvlamde mters SeeZlo saqarTvelo
gaenadgurebina. mefem aravis ar daujera.
1722 wlis agvistoSi vaxtangi qarTvel-somexTa 40 000-iani laSqriT
ganjasTan dabanakda. aq igi unda SeerTeboda samxreTisaken momaval rusTa
laSqars. es metad gabeduli moqmedeba iyo. ganjaSi laSqrobis imiT
gamarTleba, rom, TiTqos, igi Sahis gankargulebis safuZvelze daRestnelebs
utevda, advilad gamosacnobi diplomatiuri oini iyo. vaxtangi verc
TurqeTs moatyuebda, verc irans.
petrem miaRwia darubands, Semdeg ki ukan gabrunda da laSqroba
momavali wlisaTvis gadado, rac didi dagvianebiT Seatyobina vaxtangs. es
ukanaskneli petres molodinSi TiTqmis mTeli sami Tve _ agvistodan
noembris Sua ricxvebamde _ idga ganjasTan. aRsaniSnavia, rom petrem
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mosTxova vaxtangs, mdgariyo ganjasTan 1723 wlis zafxulamde, vidre igi
ganaaxlebda laSqrobas kaspiispireTSi, Tumca petrem am dros SesaniSnavad
icoda, rom osmaleTi qarTlSi SesaWrelad emzadeboda.
vaxtangma mxolod maSin dainaxa is didi safrTxe, romelic qarTls
emuqreboda osmaleTis mxridan, rodesac miiRo cnoba petres ukan
gabrunebis Sesaxeb. SeSfoTebulma vaxtangma 1722 wlis 29 noembers sagangebo
werilebi gaugzavna romis papsa da avstriis imperators. igi maT TurqeTis
mTavrobasTan Suamdgomlobas sTxovda, raTa amiT Tavidan aecilebina
osmalTa Semoseva. am Txovnas araviTari Sedegi ar mohyolia.
1722 wlis gazafxulze avRanelebis mier alyaSemortymuli ispahani
qarTlis jarebs ixmobda saSvelad. baqarma jari Seyara da maisSi iranis
mimarTulebiT daiZra. vaxtangis brZanebiT baqari iZulebuli gaxda,
laSqroba moeSala.
vaxtangis mdgomareobas arTulebda kaxeTis mefesTan, konstantine II-Tan
(erekles ZesTan) urTierTobis gauareseba. 1722 wlidan qarTlisa da kaxeTis
mefeebs mtroba hqondaT da erTmaneTis samefoebs aoxrebdnen.
1723 wels vaxtangze ganrisxebulma iranis Sahma igi gadaayena taxtidan
da qarTli konstantines uboZa. Sahis gankargulebiT Tbilisis cixeSi
myofma iranulma garnizonma qalaqs zarbaznebiT srola autexa. amasobaSi
konstantinec miadga Tbiliss Tavisi jariT. konstantines mxareze ibrZodnen
ganjisa da erevnis xanebi. vaxtangs exmareboda imereTidan Camosuli
mcirericxovani jari.
TbilisisaTvis brZolis dros arzrumis faSam kategoriulad moiTxova,
rom vaxtangs ecno sulTnis Zalaufleba, sanacvlod ki qarTlis taxtis
SenarCunebas hpirdeboda. faSis ultimatumis gansaxilvelad vaxtangma
darbazis sxdoma moiwvia, romlis wevrTa absoluturma umravlesobam mas am
winadadebis miReba urCia. petre I-is warmomadgeneli tolstoi, rusTa jaris
male Camosvlis imediT, sastikad ewinaaRmdegeboda darbazis
gadawyvetilebas. vaxtang VI-m gadawyvita, faSasTan molaparakeba daewyo da
mieRo misi winadadebebi. am mizniT man osmalebTan baqari gagzavna. vaxtangi
drois mogebas cdilobda. igi varaudobda, rom faSa vaxtangTan
molaparakebis Sedegebs stambolTan SeaTanxmebda. magram osmalebs
aSinebdaT gavrcelebuli xmebi aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi rusTa jaris
SemoWris SesaZleblobis Sesaxeb, amitom faSa Tbilisisaken daiZra.
konstantine II piradad Seegeba osmalTa sardals soRanluRTan, Tbilisis
cixis gasaRebebi Caabara, erTgulebas Sehpirda da Tanac ganjisa da erevnis
saxanoebis damorCileba aRuTqva. 1723 wlis 12 ivniss osmalebi TbilisSi
Semovidnen. vaxtang VI-m faSas didi qrTami gaugzavna. faSam amis gamo
konstantine daapatimra da qarTlis gamgeblad baqari daniSna. male baqaris
faruli xelSewyobiT konstantine cixidan gaiqca. mcxeTaSi man da baqarma
osmalTa winaaRmdeg erToblivi brZolis Sesaxeb kavSiri Sekres, magram
vaxtangs ukve miRebuli hqonda gadawyvetileba.
g) osmaleTis gavlenis damyareba qarTl-kaxeTSi. vaxtang VI-is
diplomatiuri moRvaweoba ruseTSi. 1723 wlidan qarTlSi damyarda osmalTa
batonoba, e. w. `osmaloba~. imave wels petre I-ma daikava kaspiispira
provinciebi da SeCerda. metis gakeTebas petre I aRar apirebda. marTalia,
igi hpirdeboda vaxtangs, rom baqos aRebis Semdeg jars Semoiyvanda
saqarTveloSi, magram es mxolod diplomatiuri manevri iyo. petrem kargad
icoda, rom TurqeTi Znelad Seurigdeboda ruseTis mier kaspiispireTis

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provinciebis dapyrobas da, marTlac, saqme kinaRam omamde mivida. ruseTis
jarebis saqarTveloSi Semoyvanas ki TurqeTi araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar
moiTmenda da amas gardauvalad mohyveboda ruseT-TurqeTis omi, ris Tavidan
acilebasac petre daJinebiT cdilobda.
1724 w. stambolSi ruseTma da TurqeTma xeli moaweres SeTanxmebas,
romlis ZaliTac TurqeTi cnobda ruseTis mier kaspiispireTis dapyrobas.
Tavis mxriv, petre aRiarebda osmaleTis mier aRmosavleTi saqarTvelosa da
aRmosavleTi somxeTis damorCilebas. gamoirkva, rom petre I-s qarTli
mxolod osmaleTTan omis Tavidan asacileblad sWirdeboda.
1724 w. vaxtangma savsebiT gaumarTlebeli nabiji gadadga. imis magivrad,
rom saTaveSi Casdgomoda qarTveli xalxis gamanTavisuflebel brZolas
osmalo dampyroblebis winaaRmdeg, datova saqarTvelo da ruseTs
gaemgzavra. saqarTveloSi vaxtangi udidesi avtoritetiT sargeblobda da
mis aq yofnas uaRresad didi mniSvneloba hqonda.
vaxtangis wasvlam ruseTSi qveyanas sxva gamousworebeli zianic miayena.
mas Tan wahyva 1200-kaciani amala, romelSic Sedioda qarTlis ganaTlebuli
sazogadoebis udidesi nawili. amis gamo qveyanaSi didi xniT Sewyda farTod
gaCaRebuli kulturuli moRvaweoba.
rodesac vaxtangi ruseTs miemgzavreboda, imedi hqonda, rom
saqarTveloSi mas petre I qveynis dasaxsnelad jars gamoatanda, magram mas
aqac imedgacrueba eloda. petre I 1725 wels gardaicvala.
saqarTveloSi `osmalobis~ damyarebis Semdeg TurqTa winaaRmdeg
brZolas iwyebs kaxeTis mefe konstantine. konstantinemac scada, mieRo
ruseTisagan daxmareba. ruseTis mTavrobas igi atyobinebda, rom Seurigda
vaxtangs. kaxTa mefe acxadebda, rom amieridan igi ibrZolebda, raTa daecva
qristianoba da gadaerCina mTeli saqarTvelo osmalTa mier dapyrobisagan.
1724 w. konstantinem elCoba gagzavna ruseTSi Tavad daviT beJanis Zis
meTaurobiT. elCobaSi Sediodnen agreTve beri zebede da qristefore.
elCoba astraxanSi Cavida 1724 wlis 1 noembers. rogorc ki saimperatoro
karze miiRes cnoba amis Sesaxeb, astraxanis gubernators, volonskis
ubrZanes, elCebi ukan gaebrunebina. ise moxda, rom sanam es brZaneba
astraxans CaaRwevda, elCebi ukve moskovSi aRmoCndnen. Tumca amas araferi
Seucvlia. konstantines daxmarebaze uari SemouTvales. ekaterine I-is
pasuxSi naTqvami iyo, rom ruseTis mTavroba mzad iyo mieRo saqarTvelodan
devnilebi da daesaxlebina isini kaspiispira provinciebSi. ruseTis
mTavrobas naklebad awuxebda qarTveli devnilebis bedi. mas surda
axalSemoerTebul provinciebSi qarTvelebis saxiT mtkice dasayrdeni
Seeqmna.
ekaterine I-is mTavrobasTan molaparakebas arc vaxtangisaTvis mohyolia
sasurveli Sedegi. piriqiT, ruseTi kvlav cdilobda vaxtangis Tavisi
interesebisaTvis gamoyenebas. vaxtangsac, iseve rogorc konstantine II-s,
SesTavazes, qarTvelebi daesaxlebinaT kaspiispira provinciebSi, am
provinciebis dacvas ruseTi qarTvelebis xeliT apirebda.
qarTveli xalxi ar wyvetda brZolas osmalebis winaaRmdeg. am brZolas
saTaveSi konstantine II edga. mdgomareobas arTulebda lekTa ganuwyveteli
TareSi kaxeTSi. 1725 w. mosaxleobam gawminda kaxeTi lekebisagan da miiwvia
fSavSi gaxiznuli konstantine II. lekTa TareSis Tavidan asacileblad
konstantine mourigda maT, rom gzas miscemda qarTlisa da javaxeTis
saZarcvavad. xangrZlivi brZolis Semdeg konstantine damorCilda osmalebs,

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kaxeTma xarkis gadaxda ikisra, magram osmalebi mainc ar endobodnen
konstantines. rodesac iranis sardalma, nadirma, ramdenjerme daamarcxa
osmalebi, amierkavkasiaSi osmalTa winaaRmdeg gaZlierda
ganmaTavisuflebeli brZola. aseT viTarebaSi osmalTaTvis konstantine
sruliad miuRebeli aRmoCnda. 1732 wels maT igi veragulad mokles.
osmalebTan brZolis dros vaxtang VI-s saqarTvelodan xSirad misdioda
werilebi, mas dabrunebas sTxovdnen. swored vaxtangis udides avtoritets
SeeZlo daerazma mTeli qarTveli xalxi osmalTa winaaRmdeg, magram
vaxtangi ar Cqarobda. igi qarTlSi dabrunebas mxolod rusTa jarTan
erTad apirebda.
1730 wels ruseTis saimperatoro taxti daikava ana ivanes asulma.
ruseTSi daiwyo `bironovSCinis~ Savbneli aTwliani periodi. am dros
ruseTis samefo kari atarebda antierovnul politikas. 1732 wlis 21 ianvars
reStSi daido ruseT-iranis xelSekruleba. ruseTma irans gilani,
mazandarani da astrabadi daubruna. reStis xelSekrulebis erT-erTi punqti
saqarTvelos exeboda. masSi aRniSnuli iyo, rom ruseTisa da iranis
erTgulma vaxtangma taxti dakarga da Sahi pirobas debda, saqarTvelos
iranis mflobelobaSi Sesvlis Semdeg, vaxtangs kvlav qarTlis mefed
aRiarebda.
amasobaSi iranSi didi cvlileba moxda. 1732 wels nadirma taxtidan
Camoagdo Tamaz II da Sahad misi Cvili bavSvi abas III gamoacxada. 1736 wels
ki nadirma abas III-s taxti waarTva da TviTon aRiara Tavi Sahad.
vaxtangma gadawyvita, daetovebina ruseTi. 1734 w. ana ivanes asulma xeli
moawera brZanebulebas kaspiispireTSi vaxtangisa da baqaris dabrunebis
Sesaxeb. mama-Svili 26 seqtembers astraxanSi Cavidnen, xolo 10 oqtombers
ukve darubandSi iyvnen.
1734 wels nadirma osmaleTis winaaRmdeg omi amierkavkasiis teritoriaze
gadaitana. male daiwyo ruseT-iranis axali molaparakeba. ruseTs surda,
rom nadirs ekisra valdebuleba, ruseT-TurqeTis omis SemTxvevaSi, irani
ruseTis mxareze gamosuliyo. nadiri amaze ar daTanxmda, misTvis sakmarisi
iyo aRmosavleTi amierkavkasiidan osmalTa gandevna da ara ruseTis
interesebisaTvis omis gagrZeleba. 1735 wlis 10 marts ruseT-irans Soris
ganjaSi axali xelSekruleba daido. ruseTi axal daTmobaze wavida. irans
ubrundeboda baqo da darubandi. erTaderTi, rasac ruseTma miaRwia, iyo is,
rom nadiri valdebulebas kisrulobda, ar wamoewyo calmxrivi
molaparakeba TurqeTTan da mas xelSekruleba ruseTTan erTad daedo.
nadiri adasturebda, rom osmalTa gandevnis Semdeg qarTlis taxts vaxtangs
daubrunebda.
nadirma taxtis dabrunebis pirobad vaxtangs masTan gamocxadeba
mosTxova. vaxtangma avadmyofoba moimizeza da ar wavida. Cans, igi nadirs ar
endoboda. es vaxtangis Secdoma iyo. nadiri ibrZoda qarTlidan osmalTa
gasadevnad. osmalTa winaaRmdeg qarTveli xalxis dasarazmavad mas
namdvilad esaWiroeboda vaxtangis avtoriteti. vaxtangma xelidan gauSva
taxtis dabrunebis realuri SesaZlebloba.
1737 wlis 26 marts ruseTis daxmarebis amaod momlodine vaxtang VI
astraxanSi gardaicvala.
d) timoTe gabaSvilis elCoba ruseTSi. imereTSi grZeldeboda saSineli
feodaluri anarqia. amiT kargad sargebloda osmaleTi da aZlierebda Tavis
batonobas dasavleT saqarTveloSi. mdgomareoba imereTSi SedarebiT

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stabiluri gaxda aleqsandre V-is (1720-1751) mefobis dros. aleqsandre V
vaxtang VI-is karze izrdeboda. imereTSi igi vaxtang VI-is xelSewyobiTa da
axalcixis faSis TanxmobiT gamefda.
imereTis urTierToba ruseTTan 1722 w. ganaxlda. am wels vaxtang VI-is
elCs, imereTSi gavliT ruseTSi gamgzavrebul mitropolit pavles,
aleqsandre V-m ruseTis mTavrobasTan molaparakeba daavala. 1724 w.
aleqsandrem ruseTis samsaxurSi myof kapitan-poruCiks, giorgi dadians
werili gaugzavna da ruseTis mTavrobasTan Suamdgomloba sTxova. am dros
ruseTidan daxmarebis miReba sruliad uperspeqtivo iyo. kaspiispireTis
dapyrobis Semdeg petre I TurqeTTan axali xelSekrulebis dadebisaTvis
emzadeboda da es xelSekruleba, marTlac, xelmoweril iqna stambolSi 1724
wlis 12 ivliss. stambolis xelSekrulebiT ruseTma mTeli saqarTvelo
ruseTis sakuTrebad cno.
Cans, saqarTveloSi dagvianebiT miiRes cnoba stambolis xelSekrulebis
Sesaxeb. 1724 wlis noemberSi raWis erisTavma SoSitam werili gaugzavna
petre I-s. erisTavi ruseTis imperators sTxovda, rom vaxtang VI-Tvis jari
mieca, raTa saqarTvelo gadaerCina gamahmadianebisagan.
1732 w. aleqsandre V-m ruseTSi elCad arqimandriti nikolozi gagzavna.
imereTis mefe ana ivanes asuls axsenebda, rom toloCanovisa da ievlevis
imereTSi yofnis dros gaformebuli xelSekrulebiT imereTi ruseTis
xeldebulad iTvleboda da kvlav daxmarebas iTxovda. arc am elCobas
mohyva raime Sedegi.
1735 w. daiwyo ruseT-TurqeTis omi. 1736 w. rusebma aiRes azovi. aman
qarTvelebs garkveuli imedi Causaxa. 1737 w. iranis winaaRmdeg ajanyebuli
SanSe qsnis erisTavi imereTSi gadavida da daxmarebis saTxovnelad ruseTs
apirebda wasvlas. aleqsandre V-m SanSe ruseTs gaistumra da Tan Tavisi
elCi _ quTaTeli timoTe gabaSvili gaayola. aleqsandre V ruseTis mTavars
sTxovda 1651 wlis xelSekrulebis Sesrulebas da imereTSi Turqebis
gasadevnad 20000-iani jaris gamogzavnas, agreTve fulad daxmarebas.
samagierod aleqsandre mefe, ruseTis mfarvelobaSi Sesvlis Semdeg, ruseTs
morCilebasa da mokavSireobas aRuTqvamda. im SemTxvevaSi, Tu ruseTi
imereTSi jars ver gamogzavnida, aleqsandre ana ivanes asuls sTxovda, rom
TurqeTTan sazavo xelSekrulebaSi SeetanaT muxli imereTis samefos
ruseTis mfarvelobaSi yofnis Sesaxeb, rac SeaCerebda TurqeTis agresias.
elCis saidumlo sityvieri gancxadebiT aleqsandre V-m ruseTis
mTavrobas TurqeTis winaaRmdeg erToblivi brZolis gegma SesTavaza.
ruseTs xomaldebiT unda gadaeyvana Tavisi jari foTsa da anakliaSi,
daekavebina TurqTa xelSi myofi cixeebi. aq rusebs SeuerTdeboda imereTis,
samegrelos da guriis laSqari (22 aTasi meomari), Semdeg ki saqarTvelodan
ruseTisa da qarTvelTa laSqari Seutevda osmaleTs.
ruseTis sardlobisaTvis am gegmis mizanSewonilobis dasamtkiceblad
aleqsandre V-m ruseTs gaugzavna dasavleTi saqarTvelos samxedro ruka,
romelzec naCvenebi iyo cixeebi, navsadgurebi, sanaosno gzebi. gegma,
marTlac, kargad iyo Sedgenili, magram ruseTis mTavrobam mis mimarT
araviTari interesi ar gamoiCina.
1739 wlis seqtemberSi belgradSi daido ruseT-TurqeTis sazavo
xelSekruleba. ruseTma miiRo azovi da donze gavida. xelSekrulebaSi
saqarTvelo naxsenebic ar iyo.

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 1740 w. timoTe gabaSvili uariT gamoistumres. amis Semdeg karga xniT,
1768 wlamde, ruseT-TurqeTis axali omis dawyebamde, gawyda imereTis
politikuri urTierToba ruseTTan.
e) qarTl-kaxeTis ganTavisufleba iranis batonobisagan. konstantine II-is
daRupvis Semdeg osmalebis winaaRmdeg brZolas konstantines Zma, Teimuraz
erekles Ze Caudga. iranis didma sardalma nadirma warmatebiT awarmova omi
osmaleTis winaaRmdeg. Teimurazi moxerxebuli diplomatiiT cdilobda,
nadirTan kargi urTierToba hqonoda. es ukanaskneli bolomde mainc ar
endoboda mas da ramdenjerme daapatimra kidec. 1735 w. nadirma sabolood
gandevna osmalebi qarTlidan. qarTlSi daiwyo `osmalobaze~ aranakleb
mZime `yizilbaSobis~ periodi.
1737 w. nadir-Sahma masTan myof Teimurazs kaxeTidan misi qal-vaJi
daabarebina. Teimurazis qaliSvili qeTevani colad SerTo Tavis ZmisSvils
_ ali-yuli-mirzas (momavali adil-Sahi), xolo vaJi, erekle, Tan waiyvana
indoeTSi. iq laSqrobis dros ereklem SesaniSnavi samxedro skola gaiara.
nadirma Teimurazi qristianobiT `Seiwyanara~, kaxeTi uboZa da uxvad
dasaCuqrebuli saqarTveloSi gamoistumra. nadiri saqarTveloSi
antiqristianuli politikis iseTi gamtarebeli ar iyo, rogorc misi
winamorbedi Sahebi. igi pirveli iyo, vinc mixvda, rom qarTl-kaxeTSi
xangrZlivi batonobis SenarCuneba Sahis morCili qristiani mmarTvelis
meSveobiT ufro xelsayreli iyo, vidre gamahmadianebuli qarTveli xanebis,
romlebic xalxSi naklebi ndobiT sargeblobdnen. amave dros nadiri
varaudobda, rom religiuri SemwynareblobiT CaSlida qarTvel mefeTa
kavSirs qristianul ruseTTan.
erekle II 1739 wels dabrunda samSobloSi. am dros ajanyebuli qarTli
iranelTa batonobis gadagdebas cdilobda. iranelebma didi gaWirvebiT
SeZles ajanyebuli SanSe qsnis erisTavis damarcxeba da xelT gdeba, magram
1742 wels ajanyebam kvlav ifeTqa didi Tavadis _ givi amilaxvris
meTaurobiT.
yizilbaSTa winaaRmdeg ajanyeba, maSin roca nadir-Sahis mravalaTasiani
armia daRestnelebis dasamorCileblad ibrZoda, ar Seesabameboda
Teimurazis sworad gaTvlil diplomatiur svlebs. nadiris brZola
daRestanSi obieqturad emTxveoda qarTlisa da kaxeTis interesebs. amave
dros, amilaxvris ajanyebam mravali qarTvelis sicocxle Seiwira, qveyana
nadgurdeboda, amilaxvris avtoritets Crdils ayenebda misi kavSiri
lekebTan da osmalebTan. mas xalxi TandaTan Semoecala. nadirma Teimurazs
gansakuTrebuli SeRavaTebi mianiWa da givi amilaxvris damorCileba
daavala.
amilaxvris damorCileba Teimurazis interesebSi Sedioda Tundac imitom,
rom igi qarTlSi gasamefeblad vaxtang VI-is Zes, baqars iwvevda. 1744 wels
aCabeTTan brZolaSi ereklem daamarcxa givi amilaxvari, igi danebda, Semdeg
ki ispahanSi gagzavnes. Sahma amilaxvari didi pativiscemiT miiRo da Tavisi
gvardiis ufrosad _ yularaRasadac ki daniSna.
1744 wels nadir-Sahma qristianobiT daamtkica qarTlSi taxtze Teimuraz
II, xolo kaxeTis taxtze _ erekle II.
1745 wlis 1 oqtombers Teimuraz II didi zeimiT, Zveli qarTuli wesiT,
sveticxovlis taZarSi mefed ekurTxa. amas udidesi mniSvneloba hqonda.
saukuneze meti iyo, rac qarTl-kaxeTis taxtze qristiani mefeebi ar
damjdaran. es nadir-Sahis wyaloba ki ara, qarTvelTa Seupovari brZoliT

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mopovebuli brwyinvale gamarjveba iyo. Sahebis mier daJinebiT gatarebulma
qarTl-kaxeTis gayizilbaSebis politikam sruli marcxi ganicada. Teimuraz-
erekles politikis didi gamarjveba iyo isic, rom nadirma qarTl-kaxeTis
mefeebs daubruna Sah-abasis mier mitacebuli lore, borCalo da baidari.
mama-Svilis gamefebiT qarTl-kaxeTi faqtobrivad gaerTianda. Seiqmna
ukeTesi pirobebi damoukideblobis aRdgenisaTvis. qarTl-kaxeTi jer kidev
vasalur damokidebulebaSi iyo iranTan. qveyanaSi yizilbaSTa jari idga,
xalxi mZime xarks ixdida. magram TandaTan viTareba iranSi saqarTvelos
sasargeblod icvleboda, nadir-Sahis imperias didi dRe ar ewera.
1747 wels nadir-Sahma dapyrobil qveynebs arnaxuli gadasaxadebi Seawera.
gaugonari iyo qarTl-kaxeTze gawerili fuladi xarki _ ori milioni
maneTi. uzomo gadasaxadebs iranis imperiaSi saxalxo ajanyebebi mohyva.
nadiris TvalSi Teimuraz-erekles Zalas didi fasi hqonda da man qarTl-
kaxeTs gadasaxadi Seumcira 250 000 maneTamde, Tumca, faqtobrivad, amazec
uari Tqva, rodesac Teimurazs SemouTvala, Sen rogorc ginda ise moiqeci,
oRond Cemi brZaneba gaagone xalxso.
1747 wels nadirma TavisTan daibara erekle II. iranSi Casvla saxifaTo
iyo, am dros gamxecebuli Sahi Tavis axloblebsac ar indobda, asaxiCrebda
da abrmavebda. Teimurazma Tavi gaswira, axalgazrda memkvidre ar gauSva da
TviTon gaemgzavra irans. mas aRar mouxda nadir-SahTan Sexvedra. nadiri
SeTqmulebma mokles xorosanSi. Teimuraz II-s iranis taxtze Tavisi siZe,
adil-Sahi daxvda. nadiris sikvdilis Semdeg iranis taxts mravali
pretendenti gamouCnda. Sahebi elviseburi siswrafiT icvlebodnen. yoveli
axali Sahi Teimurazs didi pativiscemiT epyroboda. didi mniSvneloba
hqonda, Tu vis dauWerda mxars qarTl-kaxeTi. iranSi Seqmnili areulobiT
mama-Svili kargad sargeblobda.
iranSi Teimurazis gamgzavrebis Semdeg qarTlSi saSinao-dinastiuri omi
gaCaRda. qarTlis taxtze pretenzias acxadebda abdula beg ieses Ze.
Teimurazis uflebebs qarTlis taxtze susti safuZveli hqonda. marTalia,
misi meuRle Tamari vaxtang VI-is qaliSvili iyo, magram vaxtangs, iseve
rogorc ieses, romelic vaxtangis iranSi yofnis dros mefed iyo, vaJiSvili
memkvidreebi hyavda. qarTlis taxtis pretendentTa Soris jer ruseTSi
myofi baqar vaxtangis Ze iyo; xolo Semdeg, rodesac man, patriotuli
mosazrebiT, uari Tqva Tavis pretenziebze, kanonieri uflebebis dabruneba
moindoma abdula-begma. ereklem energiul zomebs mimarTa, sastikad
daamarcxa abdula-begi da misi momxreebi.
abdula-begis damarcxebis Semdeg ereklem Tbilisis cixis yizilbaSur
garnizons Seutia. Seupovari brZoliT cixe yizilbaSebisagan gawmindes.
imave 1748 wels ereklem ukanasknelad gadauxada xarki irans, gaugzavna mas
asamde meomari yulis laSqarSi samsaxurisaTvis. amas ar gaakeTebda, magram
Teimurazi jer kidev iranSi imyofeboda. igi saqarTveloSi 1749 wels
dabrunda. am dRidan qarTl-kaxeTi sabolood ganTavisuflda yizilbaSTa
batonobisagan. igi ukve suverenuli saxelmwifo gaxda.
v) brZola amierkavkasiaSi pirvelobisaTvis. nadir-Sahis sikvdilis Semdeg
iwyeba misi imperiis daSla. iranSi daiwyo xangrZlivi brZola taxtis
dauflebisaTvis. saqarTvelos aRmosavleTiTa da samxreTiT Camoyalibda
ganjis, erevnis, naxiWevanis, yarabaRis saxanoebi. maT Soris daiwyo brZola
amierkavkasiaSi batonobisaTvis. masSi aqtiurad monawileobdnen daRestneli
feodalebic. Teimurazi da erekle ver dauSvebdnen romelime saxanos

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gabatonebas, radgan es safrTxes Seuqmnida qarTl-kaxeTis sasicocxlo
interesebs da TviT damoukideblobas. amitom isinic Caebnen amierkavkasiaSi
pirvelobisaTvis gaCaRebul brZolaSi. am dros srulad gamovlinda
Teimurazisa da erekles didi diplomatiuri niWi, gansakuTrebiT gaibrwyina
erekles, rogorc uniWieresi mxedarTmTavris, saxelma.
1749 wels erevnis saxanos Turqmanuli tomebi Seesivnen. erevnis xanma
daxmarebisaTvis Teimurazsa da erekles mimarTa, risTvisac laSqrobis
xarjisa da yovelwliuri xarkis gadaxda ikisra. qarTvelebma sastikad
daamarcxes Turqmanebi. erevnis saxano qarTl-kaxeTis moxarke gaxda.
erevnis Semdeg xarki ikisra da qarTl-kaxeTis mfarvelobaSi Sevida
naxiCevanis saxanoc.
gaZlierebuli yarabaRis fana-xani ganjis damorCilebas cdilobda. man
ganjas alya Semoartya. ganjis xanma daxmareba Teimurazsa da erekles
sTxova. samagierod isic laSqrobis xarjebis dafarvas da xarkis gadaxdas
kisrulobda. 1750 wlis TebervalSi qarTvelebma sastikad daamarcxes fana-
xani. ganjis xanma mTlianad ver dafara laSqrobis xarjebi da qarTvelma
mefeebma mas SamSadilus mxare Camoaciles. qarTlis sazRvarma
aRmosavleTiT md. Zegamze gadainacvla, xolo yarabaRis xanma qarTveli
mefeebis pirveloba aRiara.
amave xanebSi Teimurazs iranis axali mbrZaneblis _ Sah-rohis sigeli
mouvida. Sahi adasturebda Teimurazis pirvelobas amierkavkasiaSi. man
Teimurazs iranisa da azerbaijanis spasalaroba uboZa, xolo erekle mis
moadgiled _ naibad daniSna.
40-iani wlebis bolosa da 50-iani wlebis dasawyisSi Teimurazisa da
erekles winaSe mTeli simwvaviT dadga `lekianobis~ problema. swored am
dros ufro metad gaxSirda lekTa Semosevebi. daRestnelebs qarTl-kaxeTis
winaaRmdeg osmaleTi aqezebda, romelsac aSinebda qarTl-kaxeTis
gaZliereba.
Teimurazi da erekle emzadebodnen War-belaqnis sabolood
dapyrobisaTvis, radgan uamisod `lekianobis~ mospoba SeuZlebeli iyo. arc
daRestnelebi iyvnen gulxeldakrefilni. qarTl-kaxeTis gaZliereba maTac
mosvenebas ukargavda. 1750 wels daRestnelTa laSqari kaxeTs Seesia. ior-
alaznis SesarTavTan, danRisTan brZolaSi, ereklem sastikad daamarcxa
mteri. cbierma Saqis xanma erekles gamarjveba miuloca.
1751 wlis TebervalSi Teimurazi da erekle Waris dasapyrobad daiZrnen.
Warelebma dazaveba iTxoves, magram mefeebma uari SeuTvales. Teimurazma, am
niWierma diplomatma, amjerad Secdoma dauSva. igi varaudobda, rom Saqis
xani, aji Calabi, neitralitets daicavda, magram Teimurazis mier Waris
dapyrobiT Saqis mmarTvels didi safrTxe moeloda. amitom igi
qarTvelebisaTvis moulodnelad maT winaaRmdeg gamovida. brZola aji
CalabTan md. agri-Cais napirTan 1751 wlis 15 Tebervals gaimarTa.
Teimurazsa da erekles brZolis dros uRalata ganjis xanmac. qarTvelebi
sastikad damarcxdnen.
40-iani wlebis bolos iranis taxtis maZiebelTagan gansakuTrebiT
gaZlierda nadir-Sahis yofili sardali azat-xani. igi daeufla Tavrizs da
aRmosavleTi amierkavkasiis damorCileba gadawyvita. 1751 wels azat-xani
erevnis saxanoSi SeiWra. Teimurazi da erekle ver dauSvebdnen erevnis
dakargvas, es amierkavkasiaSi pirvelobis daTmoba iqneboda. 1751 wlis

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ivlisSi yirbulaxTan brZolaSi ereklem brwyinvale gamarjveba moipova,
sami aTasi meomriT mTlianad gaanadgura azat-xanis 18000-iani laSqari.
yirbulaxis gamarjveba agri-CaisTan marcxis kompensacia iyo. azat-xanTan
dadebuli zaviT qarTl-kaxeTis batonobis sfero md. araqsamde gavrcelda.
amierkavkasiaSi pirvelobas ar Tmobda Saqi-Sarvanis xani aji Calabi,
saimedoni ar iyvnen erekles vasalebic _ ganjisa da erevnis xanebi. aji
Calabi cdilobda religiur niadagze ganxeTqileba Camoegdo ereklesa da
mis vasalebs Soris. Teimurazma da ereklem Sekribes ganjis, erevnis,
yarabaRis, naxiCevanis xanebis laSqari. erekle ganjidan SaqSi SeWras
apirebda, magram Teimuraz-erekles mokavSire xanebma faruli kavSiri
daamyares aji CalabTan. mefeebma moRalate xanebi Seipyres, magram maTi
jarebis gamoyeneba ver moxerxda. aji Calabma kargad gamoiyena viTareba da
ganjasTan brZolaSi 1752 wlis aprilSi sastikad daamarcxa qarTvelebi.
qarTvelebi sami Tve emzadebodnen aji Calabis winaaRmdeg sabrZolvelad.
1752 wlis 1 seqtembers yazax-SamSadilus sazRvarze, TurqiTafasTan
brZolaSi, ereklem mTlianad amoJlita aji Calabisa da misi mokavSireebis
laSqari. gamarjvebas didi mniSvneloba hqonda. azat-xanma, romelic kvlav
ocnebobda qarTl-kaxeTis dapyrobaze, qarTvel mefeebs zavi SesTavaza.
erevnisa da ganjis saxanoebma kvlav aRiares qarTvelTa batonoba da
moxarkeoba. Teimurazisa da erekles avtoriteti isev aRdga amierkavkasiaSi.
miuxedavad amisa, mama-Svils kargad esmoda, rom saqarTvelos martodmarto
gauWirdeboda mozRvavebul mterTan brZola da maT winamorbed mefeTa
politikas mimarTes _ gadawyvites daxmareba erTmorwmune ruseTisaTvis
eTxovaT.
z) aTanase Tbilelisa da simon mayaSvilis elCoba ruseTSi. qarTveli
mefeebisaTvis kargad iyo cnobili, rom gaZlierebul ruseTs didi xania
Tavisi interesebi hqonda kavkasiaSi. Teimurazma da erekle II-m orientacia
ruseTze aiRes. amierkavkasiaSi pirvelobisaTvis brZola qarTl-kaxeTis
gamarjvebiT damTavrda, magram gadauWreli rCeboda lekianobis problema.
Teimuraz II-m da erekle II-m ruseTSi daxmarebis saTxovnelad 1752 wels
elCoba gagzavnes aTanase Tbilelisa da simon mayaSvilis meTaurobiT.
1752 wlis 25 dekembers qarTveli elCebi vice-kancler m. voroncovs
warudgnen da imperatorisadmi misarTmevi Txovna gadasces, xolo 1753 wlis
17 aprils simon mayaSvilma moxsenebiTi baraTi warudgina kancler a.
bestuJev-riumins.
qarTveli mefeebi ruseTis mTavrobas sTxovdnen damxmare jars, fuls
sakuTari jaris Sesanaxavad anda jaris dasaqiraveblad, Suamdgomlobas
lekebTan, raTa isini Tavs ar dasxmodnen saqarTvelos.
qarTvel mefeebs gadawyvetili hqondaT, esargeblaT iranSi areulobiT
da ruseTis daxmarebiT `gamoexsnaT~ da `aRedginaT~ saqarTvelo. magram
ruseTis mTavrobas problemebi hqonda, mTavari _ prusia iyo. prusiis mefe
fridrix II metad agresiul politikas atarebda da safrTxes uqmnida
ruseTis dasavleTis sazRvrebs. aseT viTarebaSi qarTveli elCebis misia
uSedegod damTavrda.
marTalia, qarTvel mefeebs daxmarebaze uari uTxres, magram ruseTis
xelisuflebas aRelvebda, rogor Sexvdebodnen am uars Teimurazi da
erekle. peterburgs ainteresebda, uari xom ar Seacvlevinebda qarTvel
mefeebs orientacias, es ki ruseTs ar surda. mas saqarTvelo arc Tu ise
Soreuli momavlisaTvis sWirdeboda.

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 viTarebis gasarkvevad ruseTma saqarTveloSi mzveravi, kapitani oTar
Tumanovi gamogzavna. ori wlis ganmavlobaSi (1754-1756) Tumanovi
dawvrilebiT informacias awvdida ruseTis mTavrobas. Tumanovis misia amave
dros aimedebda qarTvel mefeebs, rom ruseTis interesi saqarTvelos mimarT
ZalaSi rCeboda da rom ruseTi bedis anabara ar datovebda saqarTvelos.
amitom gadawyda ruseTSi axali elCobis gagzavna. mas saTaveSi TviT
Teimuraz II unda Casdgomoda.
T) Teimuraz II-is elCoba ruseTSi. aTanase Tbilelisa da simon
mayaSvilis elCobis dros qarTl-kaxeTis mefeebi ruseTs arwmunebdnen, rom
iranSi amtydari anarqiiT esargebla da saqarTveloze dayrdnobiT aqtiurad
Careuliyo iranis saqmeebSi. axlac qarTveli mefeebi varaudobdnen, rom
ruseTis daxmarebiT saqarTvelo uZlieres saxelmwifod gadaiqceoda. mama-
Svilma ruseTis dainteresebis mizniT metad gabeduli gegma SeimuSava.
ruseTs saqarTvelos jaris Sesanaxad da teqnikuri aRWurvilobisaTvis
maTTvis sesxi unda mieca. am gziT qarTvelebi lekebs sabolood
amoukveTavdnen fexs saqarTveloSi, zurgis uzrunvelyofis Semdeg
Sevidodnen iranSi da iranel didebulebs Sahad ruseTisaTvis misaReb pirs
aarCevinebdnen. gadawyda, es gegma ruseTSi piradad Teimuraz II-s waredgina.
1760 wlis aprilSi Teimuraz II mravalricxovani amaliT gaemgzavra
ruseTs. imave wlis 20 ivniss mefe yizlarSi iyo. Teimurazi metad civad
miiRes. amas Tavisi mizezi hqonda. qarTl-kaxeTis elCoba ruseTis sazRvarze
ruseTisaTvis metad arasasurvel viTarebaSi gamoCnda. ruseTi 1756 wlidan
prusiasTan Svidwlian omSi iyo Cabmuli. marTalia, ruseTis jarebma 1757-1759
wlebSi ramdenime brZolaSi sastikad daamarcxes prusiis mefe fridrix II,
magram ruseTis mokavSireebis _ avstriisa da safrangeTis umoqmedobis gamo,
aseve inglisis subsidiebis wyalobiT uniWieresi mxedarTmTavari fridrix II
kvlav mrisxane Zalas warmoadgenda. ruseTis mTavrobisaTvis kargad iyo
cnobili, rom prusiis emisrebi stambolSi yovel Rones xmarobdnen, raTa
gamoewviaT ruseT-TurqeTis omis provocireba. amitom elisabedis mTavroba
yovelnairad cdilobda, daerwmunebina sulTani, rom ruseTi saqarTvelos
saqmeebSi ar Caereoda. prusiis winaaRmdeg omis gagrZeleba samxreT
sazRvarze, TurqeTTan mSvidobis SenarCunebis gareSe, SeuZlebeli iqneboda,
miT umetes, rom yirimeli TaTrebis politika CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi da maTi
mtruli damokidebuleba kazakebTan ruseT-TurqeTis konfliqtisaTvis
isedac sakmao safuZvels iZleoda. amiT aixsneba qarTuli delegaciis civi
miReba. Teimurazi yizlarSi oTx Tveze met xans gaaCeres. yizlaridan
Teimurazma peterburgSi Tavadi tusiSvili gagzavna. mas werilebi mihqonda
baqaris qvrivTan, anasTan, baqaris vaJebTan _ levanTan da aleqsandresTan.
Teimurazi werilebiT arwmunebda vaxtang VI-is STamomavlebs, xeli ar
SeeSalaT saimperatoro karze misi misiisaTvis.
Teimurazi aravis ar umxelda Tavisi elCobis namdvil mizans
peterburgSi Casvlamde. misi davalebiT tusiSvilma 1760 wlis 11 agvistos
warudgina moxsenebiTi baraTi kancler m. voroncovs, romelSic aRniSnuli
iyo, rom Teimurazis viziti miznad isaxavda mxolod da mxolod
imperatoris Tayvaniscemas.
7 agvistos mefes estumra yizlaris komendanti. mas ukiTxavs ruseTSi
wasvlis mizezi da ganucxadebia: Tu Teimurazi ruseTSi sacxovreblad
midis da SeZlebs sakuTari saxsrebiT amalis Senaxvas, gaatarebda
astraxanisaken, Tu ara, ukan dabrunebas urCevda. Teimurazma upasuxa, rom

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ruseTSi darCenas ar apirebda, mxolod surda, Tayvani eca qristiani
imperatorisaTvis. man, rogorc Cans, icoda, namdvili miznis gamxelis
SemTxvevaSi mas astraxanisaken araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar gaatarebdnen.
Teimurazma Tavisi mizani mxolod erT kacs, ruseTis samsaxurSi myof
amilaxvars gaando, isic moskovSi.
oTxi Tvis lodinis Semdeg, 1760 wlis 6 oqtombers Teimurazma,
faqtobrivad, unebarTvod datova yizlari da astraxanisaken gaemgzavra. 16
oqtombers mefe Tavisi amaliT astraxans miadga. karantinis momizezebiT, igi
rva dRe qalaqSi ar SeuSves. 30 oqtombridan Teimurazma saqmiani
molaparakeba daiwyo astraxanis vice-gubernatorTan peterburgSi gaSvebis
Taobaze. molaparakeba sam Tves gaWianurda.
1760 wlis seqtemberSi ruseTma kidev erTxel daamarcxa fridrix II.
rusebi berlinSi Sevidnen. amave dros, ruseTis mTavrobas stambolidan
Tavisi rezidenti atyobinebda, rom TurqeTi ar gegmavda ruseTis winaaRmdeg
gamosvlas. aseT viTarebaSi peterburgSi SesaZleblad CaTvales Teimurazis
miReba. 1760 wlis 2-3 dekembers imperatorma miiRo gadawyvetileba, daeSvaT
Teimurazi peterburgSi. imperatoris brZaneba ecnoba astraxanis
xelisuflebas. 23 ianvars qarTl-kaxeTis samefos elCebi moskovisaken
daiZrnen. 25 Tebervals elCoba moskovSi Cavida. Teimurazi amjerad
gulTbilad miiRes. mas estumrnen moskovis maRali rangis xelisufalni,
vizitiT mivida vaxtang VI-is vaJi, ruseTis armiis general-leitenanti
giorgi batoniSvili. 8 marts elCobam datova moskovi da 19 marts ukve
peterburgSi iyo.
21 marts gaimarTa Sexvedra kancler m. voroncovTan, 28 aprils ki, imave
voroncovTan, daiwyo saqmiani molaparakeba. Teimurazma kanclers
saqarTveloSi Sedgenili gegma gaacno. molaparakeba uSedegod damTavrda.
arc elisabedTan audiencias mohyolia raime Sedegi.
1761 wlis 25 dekembers gardaicvala imperatori elisabedi. taxtze avida
mosulelo petre III, rasac mohyva mkveTri Semobruneba ruseTis sagareo
politikaSi. petre III-m Sekra zavi prusiasTan da yofili mokavSireebis
winaaRmdeg omis samzadiss Seudga. saqarTvelosaTvis aRaravis ecala.
27 dekembers peterburgSi sabolood gadawyda Teimurazis xelcarieli
gamostumrebis sakiTxi. mas mxolod sityvieri dapireba misces. 1762 wlis 8
ianvars Teimuraz II peterburgSi gardaicvala.
i) ruseT-TurqeTis 1768-1774 wlebis omi da saqarTvelo. erekle II-m,
rogorc ki miiRo cnoba Teimuraz II-is gardacvalebis Sesaxeb, Tavi qarTl-
kaxeTis mefed gamoacxada da energiulad Seudga Tavisi politikis
gatarebas. man Tavisi gavlenis qveS moaqcia yarabaRis xani. qarTl-kaxeTis
uzenaesoba sajarod aRiares Saqis, Semaxis, yarabaRisa da naxiCevanis
xanebmac. kidev ufro ganmtkicda erekles batonoba somxeTSi. 1760 wels
ereklem SeZlo azat-xanis datyvevebac.
1760 wels, taxtze qerim-xan zendis asvliT, iranSi areuloba dasrulda.
1762 wels qerim-xanma erekles Zvirfasi saCuqrebi gamougzavna da sTxova
azat-xanis gadacema. ereklem 1763 wels azat-xani iranis Sahs gaugzavna. amiT
ereklem misi keTilganwyoba moipova. Sahma cno qarTl-kaxeTis erT samefod
gaerTianeba, aRiara erekles ufleba ganja-erevnis saxanoebze, ramac
daadastura qarTl-kaxeTis mefis upiratesoba aRmosavleT amierkavkasiaSi.
qarTl-kaxeTis gaZlierebis paralelurad, XVIII saukunis II naxevridan
iwyeba imereTis samefos gaZlierebis procesi. 1752 wels imereTis samefo
taxtze avida niWieri saxelmwifo moRvawe da SesaniSnavi mxedarTmTavari
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solomon I. Tavisi moRvaweoba man Tavadebis TviTnebobis alagmviTa da tyvis
syidvis winaaRmdeg Seurigebeli brZoliT daiwyo, riTac imereTis
mosaxleobis, gansakuTrebiT glexobis didi mxardaWera moipova. solomonma
Semoiriga samegrelosa da guriis mTavrebic.
imereTis mefis gaZliereba ar moswonda osmaleTis xelisuflebas.
sulTnis brZanebiT axalcixis faSam ramdenjerme mosTxova imereTis mefes,
moeSala tyvis syidvis akrZalva. solomonma ar Seasrula sulTnis
moTxovna.
1757 wels osmalTa jari Semovida imereTSi da xresilis mindorze
dabanakda. mefis dasaxmareblad movidnen kacia dadiani, mamia gurieli da
samurzayanos mTavari xutunia ServaSiZe. mtris mxareze ibrZodnen moRalate
levan abaSiZe da rostom raWis erisTavi. 1757 wlis 14 dekembers xresilis
brZolaSi solomonma gaanadgura osmalTa laSqari. brZolis dros daiRupa
levan abaSiZe, rostom raWis erisTavma gaqceviT uSvela Tavs.
1758 wels erekle II-m da solomon I-ma samxedro kavSiri dades
urTierTdaxmarebis Sesaxeb.
XVIII saukunis 60-ian wlebSi solomonma warmatebiT moigeria osmalTa
yoveli Semoteva da aiZula sulTani, qveynis ara Tu saboloo dapyrobaze,
vasaluri damokidebulebis moTxovnazec ki aeRo xeli da imereTi mxolod
osmaleTis mfarvelobaSi myof saxelmwifod eRiarebina. es xelSekruleba
1767 wels gaformda.
1768 wlisTvis mwifdeboda ruseT-TurqeTis omi. solomon I-ma imave wels
ruseTSi gagzavna elCi maqsime quTaTeli da ruseTis imperators
mfarveloba sTxova, samagierod, ruseTs, TurqeTTan omis SemTxvevaSi,
kavSirs sTavazobda.
1768 wlis seqtemberSi TurqeTma omi gamoucxada ruseTs. ruseTis
mTavroba omis dawyebamde gegmavda osmaleTis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi
qristiani solomonis Cabmas. amitom maT siamovnebiT miiRes misi winadadeba.
1769 wlis 27 marts ekaterine II-m gamosca brZanebuleba saqarTveloSi rusTa
jaris gamogzavnis Sesaxeb, romelsac qarTvelebTan erTad monawileoba
unda mieRo osmalebTan brZolaSi. omSi Cabma gadawyvita erekle II-c. igi
imedovnebda, rom ruseTis daxmarebiT daibrunebda osmalTa mier mitacebul
qarTul miwa-wyals. 1769 wels rusTa jari general totlebenis sardlobiT
saqarTveloSi Semovida.
1770 wlis aprilSi ereklem da totlebenma wamoiwyes laSqroba
axalcixis gasaTavisufleblad. awyurTan totlebenma uRalata erekles da
Tavisi jariT ukan gabrunda. qarTvelTa laSqari ukiduresad mZime
mdgomareobaSi aRmoCnda, magram erekles brwyinvale samxedro niWisa da
qarTvelTa umagaliTo simamacis Sedegad 1770 wlis 20 aprils aspinZasTan
mtris mravalricxovani laSqari ganadgurebul iqna. ereklem am didi
gamarjvebiT ver isargebla. totlebeni erekles winaaRmdeg qarTlis
Tavadebs amxedrebda da xalxs ruseTis mefis erTgulebaze aficebda.
ereklem mis winaaRmdeg energiuli zomebi miiRo. totlebeni imereTSi
gadavida. solomon I-ma isargebla aspinZasTan osmalTa ganadgurebiT da
gareka isini Sorapnisa da cucxvaTis cixeebidan, Semdeg rusebTan erTad
aiRo baRdadisa da quTaisis cixeebi. ruseTi osmaleTTan zavis dasadebad
emzadeboda, amitom 1772 wels imperatorma saqarTvelodan jari gaiwvia. 1774
wels quCuk-kainarjSi ruseT-TurqeTs Soris sazavo xelSekruleba daido.
xelSekrulebis erTi muxli imereTs exeboda.

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 k) anton I-isa da levan batoniSvilis elCoba ruseTSi. saqarTveloSi
rusTa jaris yofnam erekle II-s veraviTari sargebloba ver moutana. 1771
wels mefem gadawyvita, ruseTSi sagangebo elCoba gaegzavna.
winaswar qarTl-kaxeTis samefo karze SemuSavebuli iqna ori dokumenti
_ erekle mefis Txovnis wigni da qarTl-kaxeTis samefo karis piroba.
erekles Txovnis wignSi Camoyalibebuli iyo Semdegi pirobebi: ruseTs
qarTl-kaxeTSi unda gamoegzavna oTxiaTasiani jari, mieRoT qarTl-kaxeTi
ruseTis mfarvelobaSi samudamod im pirobiT, rom mefoba saukunod erekles
STamomavlebs darCenodaT; ruseTis mfarvelobaSi Sesvlis Semdeg qarTl-
kaxeTi eklesiurad damoukidebeli unda darCeniliyo; yirimSi
ganTavisuflebuli qarTveli tyveebi samSobloSi dabrunebuliyvnen; qarTl-
kaxeTs miscemoda sesxi.
am Txovnis dakmayofilebis SemTxvevaSi erekle valdebulebas iRebda,
rom qveyanaSi mopovebuli wiaRiseulis naxevars, aseve yoveli komlidan
amoRebul ToTxmet Saurs ruseTis xazinaSi Seitanda, yizlarSi Tavisi
xarjiT Caitanda ori aTas vedro saukeTeso Rvinos, yovelwliurad
miarTmevda 14 saukeTeso bedaurs. Tu ruseTis daxmarebiT moxerxdeboda
osmalTa mier mitacebuli miwebis dabruneba, ganTavisuflebuli
mosaxleobac Seitanda analogiur gadasaxads moskovis mefis xazinaSi,
qveyanaSi mSvidobis damyarebis Semdeg qarTl-kaxeTi garkveuli raodenobis
rekruts miscemda ruseTs. qveynis ekonomikuri mdgomareobis gaumjobesebis
Semdeg ruseTis xazinas daubrundeboda saqarTveloSi jaris Sesanaxad
daxarjuli fuli. Tu ruseTis mTavroba daakmayofilebda aRniSnul
Txovnas, erekle ruseTSi gagzavnida romelime vaJs.
qarTl-kaxeTis samefo karis pirobis wignSi, romelsac erekle II-Tan
erTad xels awerdnen darejan dedofali, anton kaTolikosi, giorgi, levan,
vaxtang da iulon batoniSvilebi, aRniSnuli iyo, rom qarTl-kaxeTi, Tundac
gareSe mtrebTan brZolaSi didi warmatebisaTvis mieRwia, arasodes xels ar
aiRebda ruseTis qveSevrdomobaze.
amrigad, erekle II ruseTis daxmarebis sanacvlod nebayoflobiT uars
acxadebda Tavisi suverenuli uflebebis nawilze da xarksac kisrulobda.
mefe amas akeTebda qarTl-kaxeTis uSiSroebis uzrunvelsayofad da osmalTa
mier mitacebuli miwa-wylis dasabruneblad.
1772 wlis ianvarSi ruseTSi gaemgzavra elCoba anton kaTolikosisa da
levan batoniSvilis meTaurobiT. elCobas Tan mihqonda erekle II-is Txovnis
wigni da samefo karis piroba.
ruseTi am dros ukve osmaleTTan omis damTavrebaze fiqrobda da
erekles Txovna misTvis miuRebeli aRmoCnda. 1771 wlis 31 dekembris
weriliT ekaterine II uwonebda erekle II-s gadawyvetilebas, magram
atyobinebda: Tqveni winadadebis miReba amjerad ar SegviZlia da ufro
xelsayrel dros ganvaxorcieloT. amave dros imperatori erekles
hpirdeboda, rom TurqeTTan zavis dadebis dros sulTans mosTxovda
qarTveli xalxis uSiSroebis uzrunvelyofas. 1774 wels elCebi
xelmocarulni dabrundnen samSobloSi.
1774 wlis ivlisSi ruseTsa da TurqeTs Soris xelmoweril iqna quCuk-
kainarjis sazavo xelSekruleba. masSi aisaxa ruseTis didi warmatebebi.
ruseTma miiRo teritoria md. buesa da dneprs Soris. igi sabolood
damkvidrda Savi zRvis sanapiroze. yirimi TurqeTisagan damoukidebel
saxanod gamocxadda. amiT yirimis bedi, faqtobrivad, gadawyda. ruseTi axlo
momavalSi yirimis dapyrobas gegmavda.
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 solomon I-ma, romelmac araferi icoda quCuk-kainarjis xelSekrulebis
xelmoweris Sesaxeb, 1774 wlis noemberSi elCi daviT kvinixiZe ruseTSi
gagzavna. sigelsa da werilebSi, romlebic solomonma kvinixiZes gaatana,
mefem oficialuri TxovniT mimarTa ekaterine II-is mTavrobas, mieRo
imereTis samefo ruseTis mfarvelobaSi. es elCobac uSedegod damTavrda.
ekaterine II-m solomon I-s gamougzavna sigeli, romelSic naTqvami iyo,
rom imereTis elCoba ruseTs gaemgzavra manamde, vidre imereTSi TurqeTTan
dazavebis ambavi CaaRwevda. sigelSi ekaterine solomon I-s uxsnida, rom
quCuk-kainarjis sazavo xelSekrulebaSi gaTvaliswinebuli iyo imereTis
samefos interesebi. marTlac, 23-e muxli imereTs exeboda. sulTani uars
ambobda xarkad qal-vaJis moTxovnaze da yovelgvar sxva xarkze. osmalebs
ar unda SeeviwroebinaT qarTvelTa sarwmunoeba, monastrebi da eklesiebi,
ar SeeSalaT xeli Zveli eklesia-monastrebis SekeTebisa da axlis
mSeneblobisaTvis. maT ekrZalebodaT qarTveli tyveebis monebad gayidva.
samagierod, ruseTi cnobda imereTs osmaleTis qveSevrdomad da
valdebulebas kisrulobda, ar Careuliyo mis saqmeebSi. qarTl-kaxeTis
Sesaxeb xelSekrulebaSi araferi iyo naTqvami.
l) georgievskis traqtati. XVIII saukunis 80-iani wlebidan amierkavkasiis
sakiTxi gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas iZens ruseTis mTavrobisaTvis.
ekaterine II-m maTi mogvareba daavala Tavad grigol potiomkins, xolo misi
TanaSemweoba daekisra general-poruCik pavle potiomkins, romelic kavkasiis
xazis jarebis sardlad dainiSna. 1782 wlis noemberSi pavle Tavis Stab-
binaSi, georgievskSi Cavida. imave wels g. potiomkinma saqarTveloSi
specialuri misiiT iakob rainegsi moavlina. rainegsis meSveobiT g.
potiomkinma winadadeba misca erekles, raTa ruseTis mfarvelobaSi
misaRebad daewyo molaparakeba, xolo imereTis mefes, solomon I-s urCia,
Serigeboda erekles da masTan SeTanxmebiT emoqmeda saerTo mtris
winaaRmdeg.
ekaterine II-is mTavrobas surda, rom ruseTis mfarvelobaSi saqarTvelos
miRebis aqtis iniciatori erekle yofiliyo, amitom SesTavazes, oficialuri
Txovna daewera. ereklem Tanxmoba ganacxada.
ZiriTadi mizezi, ramac gansazRvra erekle II-is mier gadawyvetilebis
miReba, iyo iseTi sagareo-politikuri orientaciis arCeva, romelic qveyanas
mSvidobas moutanda da uzrunvelyofda Semdgom progress evropuli
ganviTarebis gziT.
erekle II-s SesaniSnavad esmoda, rom sami didi saxelmwifo _ irani,
TurqeTi da ruseTi amierkavkasiaSi erTmaneTs batonobas ecileboda da arc
erTi maTgani saqarTvelos Tavisufalsa da damoukidebels ar datovebda.
erekle imedovnebda, rom ruseTis mfarvelobaSi myofi saqarTvelo
samudamod aacilebda qveyanas iranisa da osmaleTis mxridan agresiis
safrTxes. meore mxriv, erekle darwmunebuli iyo, rom saerTaSoriso
xelSekrulebis xelmoweris Semdeg aranaklebi agresori _ ruseTi,
iZulebuli gaxdeboda, dasjereboda saqarTvelos yofnas mfarvelobaSi da
aRar ifiqrebda ufro metze, saqarTvelos dapyrobaze.
erekle II-m oficialuri TxovniT mimarTa ruseTis mTavrobas, raTa
mieRoT qarTl-kaxeTi ruseTis mfarvelobaSi. erekles saTxovar punqtebs,
iseve rogorc Semdeg traqtats, safuZvlad daedo jer kidev 1771 wels
qarTl-kaxeTis samefo karze SemuSavebuli `Txovnis wigni~ da `samefo karis
piroba~.

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 ruseTis mTavrobam Seiswavla erekles winadadebebi, Semdeg ki sagareo
kolegiis wevrma, bezborodkom, xelSekrulebis saboloo teqsti Camoayaliba
da erekles gamougzavna dasamtkiceblad. proeqti 1783 wlis maisSi
saqarTveloSi podpolkovnikma tamaram Camoitana. erekle mefisadmi werilSi
p. potiomkini ulocavda mas imperatoris gadawyvetilebas da acnobebda, rom
traqtatis muxlebis Taobaze ganmartebas tamara miscemda. igi sTxovda
mefes, SeerCia elCebi georgievskSi gasagzavnad.
p. potiomkinma werili gamougzavna solomon I-sac. igi imereTis mefes
acnobebda: qarTl-kaxeTi ruseTis mfarvelobaSia miRebuli da msurs,
viTarebam SesaZlo gaxados Tqveni miRebac.
qarTl-kaxeTis samefo karma Tveze meti moandoma traqtatis proeqtis
ganxilvas. ivnisis bolos damtkicda georgievskSi gasamgzavrebeli elCobis
Semadgenloba. pirvel elCad dainiSna Tavadi ioane muxranbatoni, meore
elCad _ Tavadi garsevan WavWavaZe, asistentad _ Telavis seminariis reqtori
gaioz arqimandriti. 18 ivliss qarTveli elCebi georgievskSi Cavidnen. 23
ivlisamde mxareebs Soris molaparakeba warmoebda.
24 ivliss, dRis 1 saaTze xeli moaweres traqtats, saqarTvelos mxridan
_ ioane muxranbatonma da garsevan WavWavaZem, ruseTis mxridan _ generalma
pavle potiomkinma.
xelSekrulebis teqsti Sedgeboda preambulisagan, 13 ZiriTadi da oTxi
separatuli (saidumlo) muxlisagan. pirvel da meore muxlebSi erekle
ekaterine II-is mfarvelobas aRiarebda, xolo ruseTis mTavroba
kisrulobda, ereklesa da misi memkvidreebis uflebebis dacvas. izRudeboda
erekle II-is suverenuli uflebebi sagareo politikis sakiTxebSi, romlebic
amieridan mefes ruseTis imperatorTan unda SeeTanxmebina, traqtati, amave
dros, qarTl-kaxeTis saSinao saqmeebSi Caurevlobis garantias iZleoda,
SenarCunebuli iqneboda saqarTvelos eklesiis avtokefalia.
ruseTSi Casul qarTvel Tavadaznaurebs iseTive privilegiebi unda
miniWebodaT, rogoric gaaCndaT rus mebatoneebs. qarTvel vaWrebs ruseTSi
Tavisufali vaWrobis ufleba da rusi vaWrebisaTvis dawesebuli SeRavaTebi
eZleodaT.
separatuli zavis muxlebSi aRniSnuli iyo, rom ereklesa da solomon I-
s Soris Tanxmoba unda yofiliyo, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, sakiTxi
imperators unda gadaewyvita. saqarTveloSi gamoigzavneboda ori qveiTi
batalioni 4 qvemexiT, omis SemTxvevaSi batalionebis ricxvi gaizrdeboda.
ruseTis imperatori aRuTqvamda saqarTvelos mefes, rom omisa Tu dazavebis
dros ruseTis saimperatoro kari yvelafers gaakeTebda, raTa saqarTvelos
dabruneboda mtrebisagan mitacebuli miwebi _ axalcixe da yarsi samcxeSi,
saingilo aRmosavleT kaxeTSi.
1783 wlis agvistoSi traqtatis dedani peterburgSi Caitanes, teqsti
dabeWdes da ucxoeTSi ruseTis saelCoebs daugzavnes.
1783 wlis 21 seqtembers ekaterine II-m xeli moawera traqtats
(ratifikacia). erekle II-m traqtatis ratifikacia moaxdina 1784 wlis 24
ianvars. 25 ianvars erekle mefem rusi moxeleebis _ burnaSovisa da tamaras
TandaswrebiT ruseTis imperators erTgulebis fici misca, xolo vaxtang
batoniSvilma da podpolkovnikma tamaram saratifikacio sigelebi gacvales.
traqtati ZalaSi Sevida.
georgievskis traqtatis dadebis Semdeg, 1783 welsve solomon I-ma sTxova
ruseTs aseTive xelSekruleba imereTTanac gaeformebina. solomonis

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mimarTvam ruseTis diplomatTa Soris azrTa sxvadasxvaoba gamoiwvia. a.
bezborodko Tvlida, rom ruseTs imereTic unda mieRo mfarvelobaSi, magram
gr. potiomkinma aseTi nabiji naadrevad miiCnia. solomonis moqmedebam
SeaSfoTa TurqeTi. sulTanma imereTSi elCebi gagzavna da solomons
ruseTTan kavSiris gawyveta mosTxova. solomonma elCebi uariT gaistumra.
traqtatma ver gaamarTla erekles imedebi. TurqeTma traqtatSi
TavisTvis didi safrTxe dainaxa da mTeli ZalebiT amoqmedda. man
amierkavkasiis mahmadianur saxanoebs da daRestnis mflobelebs mouwoda,
daewyoT laSqrobebi qarTl-kaxeTze. axalcixis safaSo osmalTa agresiis
bazad gadaiqca. aq grovdebodnen leki mZarcvelebi da saqarTvelos
ganuwyvetliv aoxrebdnen. mtris marbieli laSqari saqarTvelos yoveli
mxridan utevda, gansakuTrebiT mZime dartyma miayena qarTl-kaxeTs xunZaxis
mflobelma, omar-xanma. igi 1785 wels Semoesia saqarTvelos da aq ramdenime
Tve daTareSobda. erekle II Tavisi ZalebiT da rusTa ori batalioniT am
gamudmebul Tavdasxmebs verafers uxerxebda. TavadTa nawili da darejan
dedofali yvela am ubedurebis mizezad ruseTTan kavSirs Tvlidnen. isini
erekles urCevdnen, gaewyvita yovelgvari urTierToba ruseTTan da
osmaleTs morigeboda. erekle kidev ar kargavda imeds, rom ruseTidan jars
moaSvelebdnen. 1786 wlis 8 agvitos garsevan WavWavaZisadmi gagzavnil
werilSi erekle elCs avalebda, daerwmunebina ruseTis mTavroba jaris
gamogzavnis aucileblobaSi. garsevan WavWavaZe yvelafers akeTebda, magram
amaod, Tumca qarTl-kaxeTis mefe mxolod da mxolod traqtatis pirobebis
Sesrulebas moiTxovda.
ereklem gadawyvita, ruseTis nebarTvis gareSe molaparakeba daewyo
axalcixis faSasTan. 1786 wlis 12 seqtembers qarTl-kaxeTsa da axalcixis
safaSos Soris samSvidobo xelSekruleba gaformda. mxareebi xels iRebdnen
erTmaneTis mtrobaze. erekle valdebulebas kisrulobda, rom qarTl-
kaxeTSi myofi rusTa ori batalionis garda damatebiT jarebs ar
Semoiyvanda, axalcixis faSa ki movale iyo, osmalTa jarebi qarTl-kaxeTis
sazRvarTan ar daeyenebina.
1786 wlis 18 dekembers ereklem sagarejoSi didebulTa TaTbiri moiwvia.
dRis wesrigSi sagareo orientaciis gadasinjva, kerZod, osmaleTTan
urTierTobis mogvarebis sakiTxi idga. TaTbirma gadawyvita, axalcixis
faSasTan urTierTobis ganmtkicebis mizniT, misTvis axali elCebi
gaegzavnaT. faSasTan xelSekrulebis gasaformeblad ereklem Tavadebi _
nikoloz orbeliani da Teimuraz ciciSvili gagzavna. ereklem p. potiomkins
sami Tvis dagvianebiT acnoba faSasTan SeTanxmebis faqti. potiomkinma
gaoceba gamoxata, traqtatiT erekles sagareo politikis sakiTxebi winaswar
ruseTis mTavrobasTan unda SeeTanxmebina. mas aviwydeboda, rom traqtatis
pirobebs TviTon ruseTi arRvevda, rodesac garsSemoxveuli mtrisagan
qarTl-kaxeTis dasacavad arafers akeTebda.
amasobaSi iranSi areuloba dasasruls uaxlovdeboda. taxtisaTvis
brZolaSi gamarjvebis saswori aRa-mahmad-xanisaken ixreboda. ereklem es
gaiTvaliswina da masTan elCi, Tavadi ciciSvili gagzavna. erekles mainc ar
surda ruseTTan urTierTobis gauareseba da amitom garsevan WavWavaZe
sagareo saqmeTa kolegias ganumartavda, rom ciciSvili iranSi `naTesavebis
sanaxavad~ wavida. aRa-mahmad-xanma qarTveli elCi didi pativiscemiT miiRo;
ciciSvilis misiis sapasuxod, erekle II-s Tavisi elCi gamougzavna da

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megobrobis survili acnoba. ase rom, momavali Sahi aRiarebda erekles
batonobas aRmosavleT amierkavkasiaSi.
urTierToba osmaleTTan da aRa-mahmad-xanTan mowmobda, rom erekle
ruseTisagan sruliad damoukidebel politikas atarebda.
1787 wels daiwyo ruseT-TurqeTis axali omi. ruseTis mTavrobam im
sababiT, rom TurqeTi saqarTvelos Tavs ar dasxmoda, Tavisi jarebi
gaiyvana saqarTvelodan. sinamdvileSi ruseTs jari Tavisi miznebisaTvis
sWirdeboda _ kavkasiaSi ruseTis winaaRmdeg Seix mansuris mier wamowyebuli
omi grZeldeboda, rac damatebiT Zalebs moiTxovda.
m) qarTl-kaxeTis sagareo-politikuri mdgomareoba XVIII saukunis 90-ian
wlebSi. 1779 wels gardaicvala qerim-xan-zendi. iranSi, Cveulebisamebr,
daiwyo daundobeli brZola taxtis pretendentebs Soris. mas TiTqmis
zendebis mTeli sagvareulo Seewira. zendebis dinastiis yvelaze Zlieri
mowinaaRmdege gaxda yajarTa dinastiis warmomadgeneli aRa-mahmad-xani. misi
mama qerim-xanTan brZolas emsxverpla, xolo TviT aRa-mahmad-xani qerimma
daasaWurisebina da mZevlad hyavda SirazSi. qerim-xanis gardacvalebisTanave,
aRa-mahmad-xani mSobliur mazandaranSi gaiqca, saTaveSi Caudga Tavis
sagvareulos da daiwyo brZola taxtisaTvis. igi niWieri politikosi da
organizatori gamodga. Tavdapirvelad, rodesac iranSi taxtisaTvis bevri
pretendenti agrZelebda brZolas, aRa-mahmad-xanma scada mokavSired gaexada
erekle II. iranSi myofi zaqaria ciciSvilis piriT igi erekles Tavis
megobrul ganwyobilebaSi arwmunebda, sTavazobda kavSirs da samagierod
mTel azerbaijans hpirdeboda. amave dros, aRa-mahmad-xani erekles sTxovda,
daxmareboda ekaterine II-is mTavrobasTan urTierTobis mogvarebaSi. ruseTi,
romelsac udidesi savaWro-ekonomikuri interesebi gaaCnda iranSi,
yuradRebiT adevnebda Tvals iq mimdinare procesebs. pirvel xanebSi igi
garkveul daxmarebas uwevda aRa-mahmad-xans iaraRiTa da fuliT, magram
radganac brZolis bedi jer kidev ar iyo gadawyvetili, ekaterine II-is
mTavroba arc iranis taxtisaTvis mebrZol sxva pretendentebs aklebda
yuradRebas.
1791 wlisaTvis aRa-mahmad-xani TiTqmis mTel azerbaijanSi gabatonda. man
erekles mimarT toni Seicvala, Tu adre megobrobasa da kavSirs
sTavazobda, axla misgan srul morCilebasa da ruseTTan yovelgvari
kavSiris gawyvetas moiTxovda. aRa-mahmad-xanma sruli morCileba mosTxova
agreTve erevnisa da yarabaRis xanebs, magram maT iranis mflobels xarksa
da morCilebaze uari SeuTvales. erevnis xanma, huseinma Seaxsena aRa-mahmad-
xans, rom igi saqarTvelos mefis, erekles vasali iyo. aRa-mahmad-xanma
daapira, yarabaRisa da erevnis saxanoebi iaraRiT daemorCilebina, magram
miiRo cnoba, rom mis winaaRmdeg SeTqmuleba mzaddeboda da iZulebuli
gaxda, es saqme momavlisaTvis gadaedo.
aRa-mahmad-xanis Semosevas erekle ukve eloda. man 1791 wels TxovniT
mimarTa ruseTs traqtatis pirobebiT gaTvaliswinebuli jaris nawilebis
gamogzavnis Sesaxeb. ekaterinem SemouTvala, rom amjerad jaris gamogzavna
mizanSewonilad ar miaCnda. sanam Sesaferisi viTareba ar Seiqmneba, amaze
fiqric ki zedmetiao. es pasuxi ecnoba agreTve kavkasiis xazis jarebis
sardals gen. gudoviCs. amrigad, mas ekrZaleboda ereklesaTvis raime
daxmarebis aRmoCena. es georgievskis traqtatis aSkara da uxeSi darRveva
iyo.

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 aRa-mahmad-xanis mxridan safrTxe dRiTi dRe izrdeboda. 1794 wels
ereklem ruseTSi gagzavna garsevan WavWavaZe. elCi 21 maiss eaxla ekaterine
II-s da traqtatiT gaTvaliswinebuli pirobebis Sesruleba mosTxova. igi
Sexvda imperiis umaRlesi rangis moxeleebsac, mag., kancler bezborodkos,
vice-kancler ostermans da sxvebs. garsevan WavWavaZe bevrs ecada,
Seesrulebina erekles davaleba, magram amaod. ufro metic, mas garkveuli
pasuxic ar gasces.
1795 wlis gazafxulze aRa-mahmad-xanma jarebis Segroveba daiwyo. erekle
mefe ar kargavda daxmarebis imeds. amjerad man pirdapir kavkasiis xazis
mTavarsardals, general gudoviCs mimarTa, acnoba mosalodneli safrTxis
Sesaxeb da 3000 jariskacis gamogzavna iTxova. gudoviCma, romelsac
damoukideblad ar SeeZlo gadawyvetilebis miReba, 7 maiss Tavis mTavrobas
acnoba erekles werilis Sesaxeb, xolo 2 agvistos ganmeorebiT Seatyobina
erekles Txovnis Taobaze. magram dedaqalaqidan pasuxi ar modioda. ivlisSi
g. WavWavaZem kategoriulad moiTxova pasuxi, apirebda Tu ara ruseTi
saqarTvelosaTvis daxmarebis aRmoCenas. ruseTis mTavrobam arc am
kategoriul moTxovnas gasca pasuxi.
1795 wlis 4 agvistos iranelebma araqsi gadmolaxes. jaris ZiriTadma
nawilma, romelsac TviT aRa-mahmad-xani sardlobda, SuSis cixes Semoartya
alya. aq aRa-mahmad-xani TiTqmis mTeli Tve idga. man erekle mefes elCebi
gamougzavna, morCileba da xarki mosTxova, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi
saqarTveloze TavdasxmiT imuqreboda. ereklem am muqaras pasuxi ar gasca.
SuSasTan mdgomi aRa-mahmad-xani ar Cqarobda saqarTveloSi SemoWras. mas
afiqrebda ruseTis mosalodneli reaqcia, surda gaerkvia, apirebda Tu ara
gudoviCi saqarTveloSi jarebis gagzavnas. aRa-mahmad-xanma eSmakur xerxs
mimarTa, ruseTSi elCebi gagzavna. rodesac isini gudoviCTan gamocxaddnen,
gairkva, rom maT ar gaaCndaT rwmunebis sigelebi da amitom gudoviCma
ganucxada elCebs, rom ver gaatarebda maT samefo karisaken. magram es arc
Sedioda aRa-mahmad-xanis angariSSi. es `elCebi~ sinamdvileSi mzveravebi
iyvnen da maTi amocana iyo, gaerkviaT, apirebda Tu ara gudoviCi
ereklesaTvis samxedro daxmarebis gawevas. SeuZlebelia, gudoviCi ver
mimxvdariyo Sahis namdvil ganzraxvas. imis magivrad, rom daepatimrebina
cru elCebi, man isini Zalian kargad miiRo, ganucxada, rom Rebulobs maT
rogorc kerZo pirebs da uflebas aZlevs, Tu surT, darCnen an Tu ara _
ukan gabrundnen. cxadia, gudoviCma yvelaferi gaakeTa sakuTari mTavrobis
miTiTebiT, raTa Sahis agentebi darwmunebuliyvnen, rom erekle ver miiRebda
samxedro daxmarebas.
ukan gabrunebuli `elCebi~ gudoviCma gaafrTxila, aRa-mahmad-xani ar
dasxmoda erekles samflobelos, radgan amas ruseTi Tavis Seuracxyofad
CaTvlida. am diplomatiur demarSs araviTari mniSvneloba ar hqonda. aRa-
mahmad-xani darwmunda, rom ruseTi erekles samxedro daxmarebas ar
gauwevda. es iyo misTvis imJamad mTavari.
erekles bolomde hqonda ruseTis imedi, magram daxmarebis sanacvlod
gudoviCma, faqtobrivad, waaqeza Sahi. ruseTi ukve didi xania gegmavda
saqarTvelos dapyrobas. ekaterine II-is mTavrobas kargad esmoda, rom aRa-
mahmad-xans ar hqonda imdeni Zala, rom mtkiced daepyro qarTl-kaxeTi,
magram Tu mas kidev erTxel aaoxrebdnen, ruseTi sul iolad SeZlebda
sabolood dauZlurebuli samefos dapyrobas.

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 krwanisis tragedia, ruseTis samefo karis veraguli politikis garda,
ganapiroba erekles moRvaweobis bolo periodSi mefis xelisuflebis
mniSvnelovanma dasustebam. rac ufro xanSi Sedioda erekle mefe, samefos
marTva-gamgeobis saqmeebSi sul ufro aqtiurad ereoda ugunurad
pativmoyvare darejan dedofali, romelic saTaveSi edga ukiduresad
reaqcioner feodalTa nawils. misi zegavleniT, Tavisi moRvaweobis bolo
periodSi, ereklem ramdenime sabediswero Secdoma dauSva. 1789 wels
mefesTan gamocxaddnen imereTis saero da sasuliero feodalebi da
SesTavazes, miierTebina imereTis samefo. viTareba amisaTvis zedmiwevniT
xelsayreli iyo. TurqeTi, romlis xeldebuladac iTvleboda imereTis
samefo, ruseTTan omSi marcxs marcxze ganicdida da saqarTvelosaTvis ar
ecala. mefe ereklem aRniSnuli sakiTxis gansaxilvelad darbazis sxdoma
moiwvia. darbazis wevrTa absoluturma umravlesobam mxari dauWira
gaerTianebis ideas. miuxedavad amisa, ereklem ar miiRo imereTis feodalTa
proeqti. man ganucxada darbazis wevrebs, rom imereTSi gaamefebda
SviliSvils _ daviT arCilis Zes. am saqmeSi gadamwyveti roli darejan
dedofalma Seasrula. mas erCivna imereTis taxtze Tavisi qaliSvilis,
elenes vaJi damjdariyo, oRond gaerTianebuli samefo ar rgeboda mis gers,
taxtis memkvidres _ giorgis.
male darejan dedofalma da misma partiam erekles ori kanoni
miaRebines. pirveli exeboda taxtis memkvidreobis wesis Secvlas.
tradiciulad saqarTveloSi taxti gadaioda mamidan ufrosi vaJis xelSi.
axali kanoniT ki taxti unda gadascemoda mefis ufros Zmas. am kanoniT
darejans surda, mefoba rgebodaT mis Svilebs, iulons, vaxtangs da a. S. am
kanonma metad daZaba urTierToba erekles Svilebs Soris.
kidev ufro damRupveli gamodga meore RonisZieba. mefem batoniSvilebs
cal-calke gamouyo saufliswuloebi. TiToeuli maTgani Tavis
samflobeloSi damoukidebel xelmwifed Tvlida Tavs. ase rom, erTiani
samefo, faqtobrivad, calkeul safeodaloebad daiSala. amitom iyo, rom
erekle mefem aRa-mahmad-xanis 35-aTasian armias mxolod xuTi aTasi meomari
daupirispira. krwanisis tragedia gardauvali iyo.
n) qarTl-kaxeTis samefos dapyroba ruseTis mier. krwanisis brZolisa da
Tbilisis aoxrebis Semdeg aRa-mahmad-xani male irans gabrunda. 1796 wlis
gazafxulze ruseTis armia general v. zubovis sardlobiT darubandis gziT
amierkavkasiaSi SemoiWra. ruseTis mTavrobam oficialurad gamoacxada, rom
laSqroba, saqarTvelos aoxrebis gamo, aRa-mahmad-xanis dasasjelad
ewyoboda. sinamdvileSi ki ruseTis xelisufleba cdilobda, daecva Tavisi
savaWro-ekonomikuri interesebi iransa da indoeTSi.
amasobaSi erekle II-m kvlav daimorCila ganjisa da erevnis saxanoebi da
xarki daakisra. warmatebiT viTardeboda zubovis Seteva. rusebma aiRes
darubandi, baqo, Semaxia. magram 1796 wlis noemberSi gardaicvala ruseTis
imperatori ekaterine II da axalma imperatorma, pavle I-ma iranSi laSqroba
moSala. erekle kvlav mZime mdgomareobaSi aRmoCnda. rusTa jarebis
gabrunebiT SeSfoTebulma mefem peterburgSi saswrafod gagzavna garsevan
WavWavaZe. erekle pavle I-s sTxovda, saqarTveloSi oTxi aTasi meomari
gamoegzavna da aq daetovebina manam, sanam saqarTvelo sakuTari ZalebiT ar
SeZlebda Tavis dacvas. garsevan WavWavaZem saimperatoro karze waradgina
agreTve aRa-mahmad-xanis mier gamogzavnili muqaris werili, romelSic Sahi
saqarTvelodan rusTa jaris gayvanasa da ruseTTan kavSiris gawyvetas

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moiTxovda, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi igi axali gamanadgurebeli laSqrobiT
imuqreboda.
1797 wlis ivnisis dasawyisSi aRa-mahmad-xanma kvlav moiTxova, erekles
Seewyvita kavSiri ruseTTan. ereklem muqaras ar upasuxa. ivnisis pirvel
ricxvebSi aRa-mahmad-xanma md. araqsi gadmolaxa. erevnis xanma mas morCileba
gamoucxada, eCmiaZinma didZali oqros gadaxdiT ixsna Tavi. Sahma SuSa
daikava da iqidan apirebda saqarTveloSi gamolaSqrebas, magram 1797 wlis 6
ivniss igi SeTqmulebma mokles.
1798 wlis 11 ianvars TelavSi 78 wlis erekle II gardaicvala. didi mefis
gardacvalebis Semdeg mkveTrad gauaresda qarTl-kaxeTis samefos
mdgomareoba. axali mefe, giorgi XII ver axerxebda qveyanaSi wesrigis
damyarebas. man daarRvia piroba, rom taxtis memkvidred Zmas, iulons
daamtkicebda da ruseTis imperators sakuTari Svilis, daviTis damtkiceba
sTxova. pavle I-ma 1799 wels ganaaxla 1783 wlis xelSekruleba da giorgis
Txovna daakmayofila. aman gaamwvava taxtisaTvis brZola batoniSvilebs
Soris. erTmaneTs daupirispirdnen batoniSvilTa ufrosi (ereklesagan) da
umcrosi (giorgisagan) Stoebi.
1799 wlis noemberSi saqarTveloSi rusTa damxmare legioni Semovida. am
jars generali lazarevi sardlobda. jars Camohyva ruseTis warmomadgeneli
giorgi XII-is karze _ kovalenski.
1800 wlis 7 noembers qarTvelTa da rusTa gaerTianebulma laSqarma sof.
kakabeTTan niaxuras mindorze sastikad gaanadgura omar-xanis 20000-iani
laSqari.
giorgi XII-m 1799 wels werili gaugzavna ruseTis imperators. igi,
faqtobrivad, xels iRebda qarTl-kaxeTis suverenul uflebebze da sTxovda
pavle I-s, saqarTvelos saSinao marTvac ruseTs ekisra. mas TviTon mxolod
mefis saxeli unda darCenoda. giorgi XII pavles agreTve sTxovda, daeniSnaT
misTvis yovelwliuri jamagiri da eboZebinaT soflebi ruseTSi. amiT
giorgi XII-m xeli Seuwyo saqarTvelos mimarT ruseTis dampyrobluri
politikis ganxorcielebas.
giorgi XII jer kidev cocxali iyo, rodesac 1800 wlis 18 dekembers
peterburgSi pavle I-ma xeli moawera manifests qarTl-kaxeTis samefos
gauqmebis Sesaxeb. ufro adre ki kavkasiaSi ganlagebuli jarebis sardals,
general knorings ubrZanes, giorgis sikvdilis Semdeg ar daeSva taxtze
daviT batoniSvilis asvla.
giorgi XII gardaicvala 1800 wlis 28 dekembers. 1801 wlis 18 ianvars
peterburgSi gamoqveynda pavle I-is manifesti qarTl-kaxeTis samefos
gauqmebis Sesaxeb. manifestis mixedviT qarTl-kaxeTi ruseTis guberniad
gamocxadda.
1801 wlis 6 marts peterburgSi SeimuSaves qarTl-kaxeTis mmarTvelobis
axali wesebi. 11 marts saxelmwifo senatma saqarTveloSi general-
gubernatorad daniSna generali knoringi, xolo samoqalaqo gubernatorad
_ garusebuli generali orbeliani.
1801 wlis 11 marts SeTqmulebma mokles pavle I. axalma imperatorma,
aleqsandre I-ma saxelmwifo sabWos daavala qarTl-kaxeTis samefos
gauqmebis sakiTxis ganxilva.
general knorings daevala `gaerkvia~, SeZlebda Tu ara qarTl-kaxeTis
saxelmwifo damoukideblad arsebobas. man iseTi daskvna waradgina,

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rogoric davalebuli hqonda saimperatoro karisagan _ qarTl-kaxeTs ar
SeeZlo damoukideblad arseboba.
1801 wlis 12 seqtembers aleqsandre I-is manifestiT ganxorcielda
qarTl-kaxeTis samefos gauqmeba. ruseTs erTi axali gubernia Seemata.

$4. diplomatiuri etiketi gviani Sua

saukuneebis saqarTveloSi

saqarTvelos samefo-samTavroebad daSlis Semdeg diplomatiurma

etiketma garkveuli cvlilebebi ganicada. qarTlis, kaxeTis, imereTis samefo
karze ucxoeli elCebis miRebis wesma TandaTan Tavisi originaluri saxe
SeiZina. magram, miuxedavad amisa, qarTul samefoTa diplomatiur
ceremonialSi mainc didi msgavseba SeimCneoda, rac ganpirobebuli unda
yofiliyo imiT, rom maT memkvidreobiT miiRes erTiani saqarTvelos
diplomatiuri etiketi.
sagareo urTierTobebis intensivobaze metyvelebs ucxo saxelmwifo
meTaurebis qarTvel mefe-mTavrebisadmi gamogzavnili dokumentebis
simravle, aseve saqarTvelodan evropisa Tu aziis monarqebisadmi gagzavnili
werilebi. am mimoweras, ra Tqma unda, diplomatebi uzrunvelyofdnen.
werilebis Sinaarsic sxvadasxvagvaria. monarqebs Soris diplomatiuri
mimoweris garda, Cvenamde moRweulia misalmebebi, samZimris werilebi,
piradi mimoweris baraTebi. am korespondenciis gacvlas, upiratesad,
mxolod diplomatiuri kurierebi axorcielebdnen. elCebs, ZiriTadad,
werilebis Camotana-waRebis garda, konkretuli molaparakebebis warmoeba
evalebodaT.
XVII saukuneSi ucxo saxelmwifos warmomadgenelTaTvis, elCebisaTvis
dawesebuli sagangebo gamosaRebi _ `saelCo ulufa~ arsebobda. es
ukanaskneli gansxvavdeboda `didi saTaTro ulufisagan~, mas `wvril
saTaTro ulufaTa~ rigs miakuTvnebdnen.
gviani Sua saukuneebis saqarTveloSi jer kidev sruli formiT ar iyo
Camoyalibebuli diplomatiuri samsaxuri. amis mizezi unda veZioT mZime
sagareo da saSinao politikaSi, ramac sagrZnoblad Seaferxa
biurokratiuli struqturebis ganviTareba-srulyofis procesi. am
droisaTvis qarTuli samefo-samTavroebis administraciuli wyoba
sagrZnoblad Camouvardeboda ganviTarebuli msoflios standartebs.
am xanebSi qarTuli samefo-samTavroebis sagareo-politikur
urTierTobebs uwindeburad pirveli piri _ mefe an damoukidebeli mTavari
ganagebda. is iRebda da agzavnida elCebs, awarmoebda mimoweras ucxo qveynis
monarqebTan. mefesTan erTad diplomatiuri kavSirebis warmarTvaSi XVI-XVII
saukuneebSi aqtiur monawileobas Rebulobdnen saxlTuxucesis saxelo,
samefo darbazi da mefis piradi samdivno.
qarTuli samefo-samTavroebis administraciaSi imyofeboda mdivnebis
mTeli Stati, romlebic mravali saxis samuSaos asrulebdnen. maT
specialuri ganaTleba da enebis codna moeTxovebodaT. ucxo qveynebTan
urTierTobisas werilisa da instruqciebis Sedgena maTi kompetencia unda
yofiliyo. mdivnebi xSirad elCebis miRebis organizaciuli mxaris
mogvarebiTac iyvnen dakavebulni. SemTxveviTi ar unda iyos, rom imereTis
mefis mdivani feSangi aqtiurad monawileobda imereTis samefoSi rusi

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elCebis vizitis teqnikuri detalebis dazustebaSi. uSualod
molaparakebisas ki mdivnebs unda SeesrulebinaT aseve Tarjimnis roli.
qarTvel elCebs, romlebic igzavnebodnen ucxoeTSi, sagangebo
instruqcia eZleodaT. maT, werilis garda, maspinZeli saxelmwifos
meTaurisaTvis qarTveli mefis sityvieri danabarebis gadacemac evalebodaT.
XVIII saukunis II naxevarSi qarTl-kaxeTSi diplomatiurma samsaxurma
SedarebiT srulyofili saxe miiRo. erekle II-is dros saqarTvelos sagareo
saqmeTa uwyeba calke Camoyalibda, romelsac mdivanTuxucesi
xelmZRvanelobda. samefo karze iyo ori mdivanTuxucesi _ erTi
marTlmadidebeli, meore ki muslimani. marTlmadidebel mdivanTuxucess
qristian saxelmwifoebTan urTierTobis warmarTva evaleboda, muslimani
mdivanTuxucesi ki mahmadianur saxelmwifoebTan agvarebda diplomatiur
kavSirebs.
mdivanTuxucess damxmared hyavda ori mdivani, romlebic aseve
monawileobdnen qveynis sagareo politikis warmarTvaSi. ucxoel elCebs an
sxva agentebs mdivanTuxucesebi warudgendnen mefes. maT kompetenciaSi
Sedioda samefo korespondenciebis damuSaveba.
ucxo saxelmwifoTa elCebs saqarTveloSi iRebdnen imis mixedviT, Tu
rogori damokidebuleba hqonda am qveyanas qarTul politikur
erTeulebTan.
gviani Sua saukuneebis qarTuli samefo-samTavroebis diplomatiuri
etiketis Sesaxeb cnobebi moepoveba dasavleTevropel da rus mogzaurebs,
misionerebs, elCebs. upiratesad es pirebi an diplomatiuri kurierebi iyvnen,
an oficialuri diplomatiuri misiiT Camosuli elCebi. maT yvela
SemTxvevaSi uxdebodaT qarTvel mefe-mTavrebis winaSe wardgoma. mogvianebiT
isini sagangebod aRwerdnen xolme TavianT mogzaurobas saqarTveloSi. am
cnobebSi avtorebi mogviTxrobdnen arsebuli diplomatiuri ceremonialebis
Sesaxeb.
ucxo saxelmwifos elCis Camosvlas qveyanaSi didi samzadisi uZRoda win.
es Seexeboda im elCobas, romlis Sesaxebac samefo karma ramdenime xniT
adre icoda. aseT SemTxvevaSi gaTvaliswinebuli iyo elCebisaTvis, maspinZel
qveyanaSi SemosvlisTanave, sazRvarTan kaci SeegebebinaT, romelsac Semdeg
unda Seesrulebina maspinZlisa da megzuris roli. SeiZleba es yofiliyo
ramdenime piri anda mravalricxovani amala, rac damokidebuli iyo imaze,
Tu ramdenad sapatio qveynis warmomadgeneli Camodioda.
elCis daxvedra sazRvarTan, gzaSi biniTa da sakvebiT uzrunvelyofa
saerTod miRebuli iyo imdroindeli civilizebuli msofliosaTvis.
im SemTxvevaSi, Tu ucxo saxelmwifos elCebis Camosvlis zusti dro
ucnobi iyo, isini valdebulni iyvnen, Tavad SeetyobinebinaT samefo
karisaTvis elCobis mizezi da adgili, Tu imJamad sad imyofebodnen. elCebs
aseve unda SeetyobinebinaT, Tu ra gziT apirebdnen qveyanaSi Semosvlas.
unda vifiqroT, rom qveynis sazRvarze elCis daxvedris ceremoniali
odiTganve unda arsebuliyo saqarTveloSi. kaxeTSi 1587 wels rusi elCebis
_ birkinisa da pivovis vizitisas aleqsandre kaxTa mefem maT qveynis
sazRvarTan Tavadi umani anu igive saxlTuxucesi oman ColoyaSvili miageba
didi amaliT. maspinZlebs evalebodaT maTi, sakvebiTa da sazidi
saSualebebiT momarageba gzaSi. TiTqmis imave suraTs vxedavT rusi elCebis,
Tavad zvenigorodskisa da diak antonovis CanawerebSic. es ukanasknelni
kaxeTis samefos samflobeloSi 1589 wlis 5 oqtombers Semovidnen, 7

268
oqtombers ki maTTan mivida `okolCini~ umani, e. i. oman ColoyaSvili. masTan
erTad iyvnen aleqsandre III-is aznaurebic. omanma elCebs ganucxada, rom is
aleqsandre III-is davalebiT daxvda maT da nabrZanebi aqvs elCebis sursaT-
sanovagiTa da sazidebiT uzrunvelyofa.
kaxeTSi rusi elCebis vizitis aRwerilobebSi diplomatiuri etiketis am
detals araerTxel SexvdebiT. yvela elCs kaxeTSi swored ise xvdebodnen,
rogorc zemoT iyo aRwerili.
imereTis samefoSic sagangebod yofila gaTvaliswinebuli ucxo qveynebis
elCebis sazRvarze daxvedris ceremoniali. ase magaliTad, toloCanovisa da
ievlevis saqarTveloSi mogzaurobis dros, raWaSi `miagebna mefeman
aleqsandrem lomkac jafariZe da giorgi areSiZe, merme movidnen quTaiss~.
imereTis mefem, aleqsandre III-m, rus elCebs Tavisi didebulebi swored rom
imereTis samefos sazRvarTan miageba. amieridan toloCanovsa da ievlevze
`mzrunveloba~ lomkac jafariZem da giorgi areSiZem ikisres. imereTis
samefoSi diplomatiuri etiketis es norma momavalSic mkacrad iyo daculi
sxva diplomatiuri misiebis mimarT.
levan dadianic osmaleTis sulTnis elCebs aseve sazRvarTan axvedrebda
Tavis didebulebs, romelTac nabrZanebi hqondaT, gverdi aevloT kargi,
pirdapiri gzebis, mSvenieri adgilebisaTvis, gamoetarebinaT `cicabo
kldeebze, talaxian gzebze, daburuli tyeebiT da cudi adgilebiT,
mdinareebSi gasvlis dros unda amoerCiaT ufro Rrma foni, RamiT unda
daebinavebinaT romelisame Raribi glexis saxlSi, sadac loginad daegoT
mxolod Tiva da saWmlad eSovnaT yveli da mwvanili~, e. i. diplomatiuri
etiketiT gaTvaliswinebul sazRvarze daxvedris am wess dadiani ostaturad
iyenebda Tavisi politikuri miznebisaTvis.
qveyanaSi ucxo saxelmwifos elCebis yofnisas maspinZeli mxare
valdebuli iyo diplomatiuri misiisaTvis sacxovrebeli farTi gamoeyo da
aseve, drodadro, sakvebiT moemaragebina.
elCebis uzrunvelyofa sakvebiT jer kidev Zvel egvipteSi iyo miRebuli.
romsa da bizantiaSi maT ara marto sursaTiT, aramed biniTac
uzrunvelyofdnen. XVI-XVIII saukuneebSi rogorc dasavleT evropaSi, ise
ruseTSi elCebis maspinZlobis es forma sayovelTaod iyo gavrcelebuli.
sakvebiTa da biniT elCis uzrunvelyofa miRebuli iyo yvela qarTul
samefo-samTavroSi. kaxeTSi dabinaveba da kveba aseve maspinZel mxares unda
ekisra. elCebTan _ birkinTan da pivovTan, mefis brZanebiT, mivida aznauri
`iurema~ da gadasca, rom aleqsandrem daavala mas ezruna elCebis
momaragebaze sakvebiTa da biniT. diplomatiuri etiketis es norma mkacradaa
daculi Tavad zvenigorodskisa da diak antonovis kaxeTSi elCobisas.
marTalia, araa cnobili, Tu ra raodenobis sursaTi iyo gamoyofili
elCebisaTvis, magram, vinaidan, isini cuds arafers amboben amis Sesaxeb,
miuTiTebs imaze, rom elCebi kmayofilni iyvnen.
qarTlisa da imereTis samefoebis diplomatiuri etiketiTac igive iyo
gaTvaliswinebuli. TiToeuli am detalis dacvas sakmaod didi mniSvneloba
hqonda. maTi darRveva da Seusrulebloba pirdapir miuTiTebda, rom mefe ar
swyalobda elCobas. 1651 wels TurqeTis elCma imereTis mefe aleqsandre III-
Tan Sexvedrisas iseTi ram Sehkadra mas, rom es ukanaskneli saSinlad
aRelda da elCi saswrafod daiTxova. Tavisi guliswyroma ki imiT gamoxata,
rom sulTnis warmomadgeneli sufraze ar miiwvia da arc sursaTis micema
brZana misTvis.

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 gviani Sua saukuneebis saqarTveloSi ucxo qveynis elCis samefo karze
wardgenas Tavisi ceremoniali gaaCnda.
kaxeTSi mefis mier gamogzavnili ori warCinebuli elCebs miarTmevda
bedaurebs. amis Semdeg ucxo qveynis warmomadgenlebi miemarTebodnen
audienciaze Semdegi rigiT: win midiodnen `strelcebi siaTebiT~, Semdeg
mihqondaT `ZRveni~ `sruliad ruseTis mefisa~, Semdeg midiodnen elCebi
`pristavebis~ TanxlebiT. imereTis samefoSic TiTqmis msgavsi wesiT
mimdinareobda diplomatiuri misiis miRebis procesi. dasawyisSi imereTis
mefis warmomadgeneli samefo sajinibodan oqro-vercxliT morTul cxenebs
miarTmevda elCebs. Semdeg Tanmxleb pirebTan erTad elCebi samefo karisaken
miemarTebodnen. gansakuTrebul SemTxvevaSi miRebuli iyo Tofisa da
zarbaznis srola.
qarTul samefo-samTavroebSi miRebuli iyo mefis winaSe elCis dgomisa
da jdomis wesi. diplomatiuri etiketiT gaTvaliswinebuli iyo mefis
Cacmulobac miRebis ceremonialze. monarqi aucileblad Zvirfas, sazeimo
tansacmelSi unda yofiliyo gamowyobili da samefo niSnebiT warmdgariyo
stumrebis winaSe.
ucxo qveynis warmomadgenlis miRebis dros samefo kari sagangebod iyo
morTuli. sasaxleSi miwveulni iyvnen qveynis wamyvani politikuri da
sasuliero pirebi. mefe swored maTi TandaswrebiT xvdeboda elCebs.
mefesTan pirveli audienciisas iSviaTad imarTeboda molaparakeba, es
ufro sazeimo Sexvedra iyo da masze saqmian sakiTxebs ar ixilavdnen.
ramdenime dRis Semdeg mefe kvlav iwvevda sasaxleSi elCebs, amjerad ukve
sasaubrod, mosalaparakeblad. elCebs ufleba hqondaT moeTxovaT samefo
karisaTvis, rom molaparakebas sxva saxelmwifos warmomadgeneli ar
daswreboda.
sasaxleSi elCis pirveli audienciis Semdeg mefe sadils marTavda.
qarTul samefo-samTavroebSi arsebuli diplomatiuri etiketiT igi movale
iyo, elCebi Tavis sufraze miewvia.
nadimis Semdeg elCebis gacilebac garkveuli ceremoniiT mimdinareobda.
ucxo saxelmwifos warmomadgenlebs aznaurebis dasi acilebda. Rame Tu iyo,
elCebs sanaTurebiTa da WraqebiT miuZRodnen win da unaTebdnen gzas.
saqarTveloSi ucxo qveynis diplomatebs qveyanaSi yofnisas
amogzaurebdnen sxvadasxva wminda adgilis mosanaxuleblad.
elCebs ara marto sapatiod iRebdnen saqarTveloSi, aramed aseve
sapatiod istumrebdnen. ucxo qveynis warmomadgenelTa gacileba
diplomatiuri etiketis Semadgeneli nawili iyo. sazRvramde elCebs samefo
karis warmomadgenlebi mihyvebodnen. kvebisa da dabinavebis xarjebs gzaze,
amjeradac, maspinZeli mxare iRebda.
XVIII saukuneSi garkveuli cvlileba SeimCneva qarTl-kaxeTis samefos
diplomatiur etiketSi, magram ceremonialis ZiriTadi mxare mainc
xeluxleblad iqna SenarCunebuli. erekle II-is audienciaze misul general
totlebens gzaSi, mefis samyoflidan ramdenime kilometris moSorebiT
miegebnen qarTveli feodalebi daviT orbelianis TaosnobiT. mefis karavTan
misvlamde stumrebs sTxoves, moecadaT iqve saxeldaxelod mowyobil
CardaxSi. ramdenime xnis Semdeg totlebenTan wardga erekle II-is
ceremonmaisteri da mefesTan xleba sTxova. gzaSi rus stumrebs Semoegeba
eqvsi msaxuri, romelTac xelSi kverTxebi eWiraT. maTi funqcia iyo,
totlebeni mefis Cardaxamde miecilebinaT. erekle II-is karavTan mwkrivSi
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idga Tormetamde msaxuri, romlebic qedmoxriT miesalmnen stumrebs.
karavTan misvlisTanave totlebenis winaSe eqvsi qarTveli mxlebeli
SeCerda. amasobaSi stumrebs mefis vaJi gamoegeba, xolo Semdeg _
kaTolikosi antoni. generali maTi TanxlebiT eaxla erekle II-s, igi
taxtidan ramdenime nabijis moSorebiT miegeba totlebens da Tavad SeuZRva
stumars samefo darbazSi. molaparakebis dasrulebisas karavSi Seitanes Cai,
Rvino da xili.
amrigad, gviani Sua saukuneebis saqarTvelos diplomatiuri oqmiT
gaTvaliswinebuli iyo elCebis daxvedra sazRvarTan, maTi biniTa da
sakvebiT uzrunvelyofa, samefo karze sapatio miReba, mefesTan sadiloba,
faruli Tu Ria molaparakeba, sapatiod gacileba da sxv.
XVIII saukunis miwuruls qarTul diplomatiur etiketSi garkveulad
Semodis evropuli diplomatiuri `protokolis~ elementebi, TumcaRa
qarTul samefo-samTavroebis mZime politikuri Tu ekonomikuri viTarebidan
gamomdinare, ucxo qveynis warmomadgenlebs saqarTveloSi ver xvdebodnen
ise mdidrulad, rogorc zogierT ganviTarebul saxelmwifoSi. miuxedavad
amisa, gviani Sua saukuneebis saqarTvelos diplomatiuri etiketi Seicavda
yvela im ZiriTad formas, romelic miRebuli iyo imdroindel civilizebul
msoflioSi.

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 T a v i V I I I
diplomatia da politikur-diplomatiuri azri XIX s-is saqarTveloSi

$1. qarTuli samefo-samTavroebis Sesvla

ruseTis mflobelobaSi.
qarTuli diplomatiuri azri XIX s-Si

a) qarTuli politikuri elitis damokidebuleba saxelmwifoebriobis

gauqmebisadmi. qarTl-kaxeTsa da imereTSi saxelmwifoebriobis gauqmebas da
ruseTis samxedro-saokupacio reJimis damyarebas didi ukmayofilebiT
Sexvda qarTveli eris yvela wodeba da socialuri fena: bagrationTa
samefo saxli, Tavadebi, aznaurebi, samRvdeloeba, glexoba.
erekle II-is prorusuli orientaciiT ukmayofileba nel-nela izrdeboda
georgievskis traqtatis dadebis Semdeg (1783 w.), amis mizezi iyo ruseTis
siamperatoro karis mier georgievskis traqtatis calmxrivi darRveva, rac
imaSi gamoixata, rom 1787 wels ruseTma qarTl-kaxeTidan jari gaiyvana da
mfarvelobaSi miRebuli qveyana islamuri samyaros (irani, TurqeTi, Crdilo
kavkasiis xalxebi) pirispir datova. cxadia, ruseTis mimarT ukmayofilebas
zrdida misi siamperatoro karis Ralati qarTl-kaxeTze aRa-mahmad-xanis
laSqrobis dros (1795 w.). am movlenebma qarTl-kaxeTis samefosa da,
saerTod, mTel saqarTvelos cxadad daanaxva ruseTis mfarvelobaSi
Sesvlis damRupveli Sedegebi. giorgi XII-is gardacvalebis (1800 wlis
dekemberi) Semdeg ruseTi qarTl-kaxeTis samefos kargs rom arafers uqadda,
qveynis politikuri elita cxadad grZnobda. katastrofis Tavidan
asacileblad praqtikuli nabijebi mxolod imitom ver gadaidga, rom giorgi
XII-is mefobis periodSi (1798-1800) samefo karma dakarga Tavisi istoriuli
funqcia. qveyanaSi aRar iyo is maorganizebeli Zala, romelic mosalodnel
katastrofas srulad gaiazrebda da samoqmedo gegmasac dasaxavda. samefo
karis uunarobam politikuri elitis pasiuroba ganapiroba.
ruseTis imperatoris _ aleqsandre I-is 1801 wlis 12 seqtembris manifesti
qarTl-kaxeTis samefos gauqmebisa da misi ruseTTan SeerTebis Sesaxeb
TbilisSi mxolod 1802 wlis 12 aprils gamocxadda. qarTl-kaxeTSi ruseTis
samxedro-saokupacio reJimi damyarda. 1810 wels igive bedi ewia imereTis
samefosac. garkveuli politikuri mosazrebiT samegrelos, guriis,
afxazeTisa da svaneTis samTavroebs ruseTis saimperatoro karma am etapze
Sinaur saqmeebSi SezRuduli avtonomia SeunarCuna _ mTavris xelisufleba
ar gaauqma. faqtobrivad, xsenebuli samTavroebi saqarTvelos (SemdegSi
kavkasiis) mTavarsardlis (mTavarmarTeblis) daqvemdebarebaSi gadavidnen.
samegrelos, guriisa da afxazeTis mTavrebi ruseTis xelisuflebis morCil
vasalebad iqcnen.
qarTuli saxelmwifoebriobis gauqmeba didi erovnuli tragedia iyo. am
movlenam umZimes mdgomareobaSi Caagdo mTeli eri. bagrationTa samefo
saxlma dakarga taxti da uzenaesi xelisufleba. Tavadebma
saxelmwifoebriobis mospobiTa da ruseTis samxedro-saokupacio reJimis
damyarebiT dakarges is didi privilegia, rac samefos marTva-gamgeobaSi
maTi aqtiuri monawileobiT gamoixateboda. saxelmwifo samsaxuri Tavadebs
solidur Semosavals aZlevda. amdenad, saxelmwifoebriobis gauqmebam da
ruseTis samxedro-saokupacio reJimis damyarebam TavadebSi, sruliad
bunebrivad, warmoSva antirusuli ganwyobileba. aseTive mdgomareobaSi
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aRmoCnda aznaurTa mravalricxovani fena. masac CamoerTva samefos marTva-
gamgeobaSi monawileobis ufleba, ramac igi ekonomiuradac daazarala.
Tavadebis msgavsad aznaurobac antirusul orientacias daadga.
samRvdeloebam saxelmwifoebriobisa da avtokefaliis gauqmebis Semdeg aseve
dakarga is istoriuli funqcia, romelsac igi eris sulier cxovrebaSi
asrulebda. uZvelesi avtokefaliuri eklesia ruseTis marTlmadidebeli
eklesiis daqvemdebarebaSi moeqca da amieridan ise imarTeboda, rogorc
ruseTis eklesiis rigiTi eparqia. saqarTvelos eklesia da samRvdeloeba
dazaralda materialuradac. yovelive amis gamo samRvdeloebac antirusul
Zalad iqca. glexobam ruseTis samxedro-saokupacio reJimis susxi pirvelive
xanebidan igrZno, rac rusi samxedroebis mxridan TviTnebobaSi,
mosaxleobis abuCad agdebasa da SeuracxyofaSi gamoixata. cota
mogvianebiT, ruseT-iranisa da ruseT-TurqeTis omebis mimdinareobis
periodSi, amas daemata glexobis ukiduresi Seviwroeba sxvadasxva saxis
gadasaxadiT da valdebulebiT. cxadia, glexobac antirusuli ganwyobis
Zalebs SeuerTda.
amrigad, saxelmwifoebriobis gauqmebam da ruseTis samxedro-saokupacio
reJimis damyarebam saqarTvelos mTeli mosaxleoba umZimes mdgomareobaSi
Caagdo. swored amitom XIX saukunis damdegidanve saxelmwifoebriobis
aRdgenisaTvis brZolaSi Caeba mTeli eri: bagrationTa samefo saxli,
Tavadebi, aznaurebi, samRvdeloeba, glexoba. brZolis mizani saerTo iyo,
miznis miRwevis gzebi ki yvelas Taviseburad hqonda gaazrebuli.
b) brZola saxelmwifoebriobis SenarCuneba-aRdgenisaTvis. qarTl-kaxeTis
samefos dapyrobam da aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi rusuli mmarTvelobis
damyarebam uperspeqtivo gaxada saxelmwifoebriobis SenarCuneba imereTis
samefoSi, samegrelos, guriis, afxazeTisa da svaneTis samTavroebSi.
1802 wlidan, mas Semdeg, rac rusuli mmarTveloba damyarda qarTl-
kaxeTSi, rusi diplomatebisa da samxedroebis mTavari sazrunavi gaxda
imereTis samefos, samegrelos, guriis, afxazeTisa da svaneTis samTavroebis
ruseTis imperiis ganuyofel nawilad gadaqceva. am TvalsazrisiT mTavar
dabrkolebas imereTis samefo warmoadgenda. ruseTis imperiis mxridan
georgievskis traqtatis uxeSma darRvevam da qarTl-kaxeTis samefos
dapyrobam imereTis mefe solomon II sabolood daarwmuna, rom ruseTis
mflobelobaSi Sesvla damRupveli iqneboda misi samefosaTvis. Tumca
solomon II diplomatiuri mosazrebiT cdilobda SeeniRba Tavisi
antirusuli ganwyobileba da saqarTvelos mTavarsardalTan, general pavle
cicianovTan garegnulad mSvidobian urTierTobas inarCunebda. ruseTis
winaaRmdeg solomon II-is aSkara brZolas uperspeqtivos xdida ramdenime
mizezi: pirveli. imereTis mefem ver moaxerxa dasavleT saqarTveloze,
pirvel rigSi, samegrelosa da guriis samTavroebze, Tavisi Zalauflebis
gavrceleba. samegrelosa da guriis mTavrebis separatistuli miswrafebani,
imereTis mefisa da samegrelos mTavris dausrulebeli urTierTbrZola
sadavo teritoriisaTvis (leCxumisaTvis) asustebda solomon II-is poziciebs.
meore. imereTis mefes ararealurad esaxeboda TurqeTis daxmarebiT ruseTis
agresiis Tavidan acileba. TurqeTis mxridan daxmareba marTlac rom
yofiliyo, solomon II damRupvelad miiCnevda TurqeTis gaaqtiurebas
imereTSi. mesame. imereTis mefe darwmunebuli iyo, rom ruseTTan samxedro
konfliqtis SemTxvevaSi imereTis Tavadebis nawili mefes mxars ar
dauWerda. meoTxe. imereTis mefis laSqari Tavganwiruli winaaRmdegobis
SemTxvevaSi seriozul winaaRmdegobas ver gauwevda ruseTis regularul
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armias, romelsac SeeZlo aRmosavleTi saqarTvelodan (gomi-skandis gziT)
da Savi zRvidan samxedro flotiT erTdrouli Seteva ganexorcielebina
imereTis samefos winaaRmdeg.
rusi diplomatebi da samxedro pirebi 1802 wlidan, gansakuTrebiT ki
pavle cicianovis saqarTvelos mTavarsardlad daniSvnis Semdeg, aqtiurad
Seudgnen imereTis mefis sawinaaRmdego qmedebebSi monawileobas
diplomatiuri da samxedro saSualebebiT. kerZod, isini imereTis mefes
danaSaulad uTvlidnen qarTl-kaxeTidan devnili iulon da farnaoz
batoniSvilebisaTvis TavSesafris micemas. imereTis mefis winaaRmdeg
rusebma kargad gamoiyenes 1802 wels imereTis Tavadebis (wereTlebis,
CxeiZeebis) laSqris gamoCena qarTlis teritoriaze, kerZod, suramis
midamoebSi. sinamdvileSi, es laSqroba rusi diplomatebisa da samxedroebis
mier iyo provocirebuli da solomon II-m mis Sesaxeb araferi icoda.
imereTis mefe cdilobda daerwmunebina ruseTis saimperatoro kari imaSi,
rom iulon da farnaoz batoniSvilebis Sefareba sulac ar niSnavda imas,
rom solomon II apirebda qarTl-kaxeTis saqmeebSi Carevas da
batoniSvilebisaTvis samxedro daxmarebis aRmoCenas. magram TviT is faqti,
rom rusebisagan devnili batoniSvilebi quTaisSi afarebdnen Tavs, solomon
II-is mtkicebas eWvis qveS ayenebda. cxadia, solomon II, Tu amisi
SesaZlebloba eqneboda, iulon da farnaoz batoniSvilebs ruseTis
winaaRmdeg samxedro daxmarebasac aRmouCenda. yovelive es rusma
diplomatebma da samxedroebma kargad icodnen. solomon II-m aseve ver
SeZlo rusebisaTvis daemtkicebina, rom mas araviTari kavSiri ar hqonda
imereTis Tavadebis mier qarTlSi mowyobil laSqrobasTan.
diplomatiur zemoqmedebasTan, SeniRbul Tu aSkara samxedro muqarasTan
erTad ruseTis saimperatoro kari sxva ufro qmediT RonisZiebebsac
mimarTavda. imereTis samefosa da samegrelos samTavros xangrZlivi
dapirispirebis pirobebSi rusma diplomatebma samegrelos mTavari grigol
dadiani daarwmunes, rom imereTis mefis agresiisagan samTavros gadarCenis
erTaderTi gza ruseTis imperiis qveSevrdomobaSi Sesvla iyo. cxadia,
samegrelos mTavars erCivna imperiis mfarvelobaSi yofna, magram ruseTis
saimperatoro kari georgievskis traqtatis precendentis gameorebas aRar
apirebda. swored amitom, 1803 wels samegrelos samTavro miiRes ruseTis
imperiis qveSevrdomobaSi da ara mfarvelobaSi. samegrelos mTavars,
marTalia, SeunarCunes samTavros taxtze memkvidreobiTi ufleba, magram
TviT mTavari usityvod unda damorCileboda ara marto saqarTveloSi myof
ruseTis imperiis umaRlesi Tanamdebobis pirs (mTavarsardals), aramed
ruseTis xelisuflebis mier samegreloSi gamogzavnil nebismieri rangis
moxeles. samegrelos samTavroSi sasamarTlos ufleba mieca, exelmZRvanela
vaxtang VI-is samarTlis wigniT, magram, amave dros, ar SeeZlo, sikvdiliT
dasjis ganaCenis gamotana, es mxolod rusuli kanonmdeblobis safuZvelze
unda gakeTebuliyo. faqtobrivad, samegrelos mTavari saqarTvelos
mTavarsardlis nebis usityvo aRmsruleblad iqca. kidev ufro dakninda
samegrelos mTavris uflebrivi mdgomareoba imereTSi ruseTis samxedro-
saokupacio reJimis damyarebis Semdeg (1810 w.). imereTis droebiTi
mmarTvelis Sesaxeb debulebis mixedviT, samegrelos mTavari imereTis
mmarTvels unda damorCileboda.
1803 wels samegrelos samTavros Sesvla ruseTis imperiis
qveSevrdomobaSi solomon II-is diplomatiis marcxisa da ruseTis

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diplomatiis warmatebis damadasturebeli iyo. cxadia, ruseTis imperias
samegrelos samTavros dapyrobac ar gauWirdeboda, magram ruseTis
qveSevrdomobaSi mis nebayoflobiT Sesvlas garkveuli politikuri
mniSvneloba hqonda imJamindel saerTaSoriso da, kerZod, ruseT-TurqeTis
urTierTobaSi. garda amisa, ruseTis diplomatiis warmatebaze mianiSnebda
is, rom samegreloSi da, faqtobrivad, mTel dasavleT saqarTveloSi
imereTis mefis xelisuflebis gavrcelebis SesaZlebloba gamoiricxa.
gasaTvaliswinebelia isic, rom samegreloSi ruseTis jaris Sesvlam
ukiduresad gaauaresa imereTis samefos samxedro-strategiuli mdgomareoba.
1802-1803 wlebis movlenaTa ganviTarebam imereTis mefe solomon II
daarwmuna imaSi, rom arcTu Soreul momavalSi ruseTi imereTis samefos
gauqmebasac Seecdeboda. rogorc aRvniSneT, ruseTis imperiis mxridan
georgievskis traqtatis calmxrivad darRvevam aSkarad daanaxva solomon II-
s, rom Tavis droze imereTis samefosa da ruseTis imperias Soris
georgievskis traqtatis msgavsi mfarvelobiTi xelSekrulebis dadeba
damRupveli iqneboda misi samefosaTvis. magram samegrelos samTavros
ruseTis imperiis qveSevrdomobaSi miRebam da Semdgom xanebSi movlenaTa
ganviTarebam imereTis mefisaTvis cxadi gaxada, rom Seqmnil viTarebaSi
ruseTis imperiasa da imereTis samefos Soris georgievskis traqtatis
msgavsi mfarvelobiTi xelSekrulebis dadeba garkveulwilad SeaCerebda
imereTis samefos ruseTis imperiis qveSevrdomad gadaqcevas an mis mTlianad
gauqmebas. swored amitom solomon II iwyebs aqtiur moqmedebas erT dros
misTvis miuRebeli mfarvelobiTi xelSekrulebis dasadebad. ruseTis
diplomatiam imTaviTve amoicno solomon II-is Canafiqri. pavle cicianovs
mieca miTiTeba, daeCqarebina es procesi _ imereTis samefos ruseTis
imperiis qveSevrdomobaSi miReba da Semdeg misi gauqmeba. swored amitom iyo,
rom solomon II-m ver miaRwia imas, rac Tavis droze moaxerxa erekle II-m.
xelSekruleba (traqtati) qarTl-kaxeTis samefosa da ruseTis imperias
Soris 1783 wels daido imxanad miRebuli saerTaSoriso normebis sruli
dacviT: winaswar SemuSavda xelSekrulebis proeqti, romelic mowonebul
iqna orive qveynis mier. Semdeg ekaterine II-m da erekle II-m daniSnes
saTanado rwmunebiT aRWurvili delegatebi, romelTac 1783 wels,
molaparakebis Semdeg, georgievskSi xeli moaweres xelSekrulebas
(traqtats). daTqmul droSi ekaterine II-m da erekle II-m moaxdines
georgievskis traqtatis ratifikacia. ruseTis mxarem georgievskis
traqtatis stamburad dabeWdili teqsti daugzavna ucxo saxelmwifoebs.
amrigad, georgievskis traqtati daido da ZalaSi Sevida rogorc or
qveyanas Soris gaformebuli saerTaSoriso xelSekruleba.
urTierToba ruseTis imperiasa da imereTis samefos Soris ki Tavidanve
solomon II-Tvis miuRebeli formiT ganviTarda. imereTis mefe ruseTis
imperators, aleqsandre I-s ar ucnia Tanaswor mxared. molaparakebebi
imereTis samefosa da ruseTis imperias Soris ar mimdinareobda
oficialurad daniSnuli elCebis doneze. arc momavali xelSekrulebis
proeqti SeumuSavebiaT. 1804 wlis aprilSi sofel elaznaurSi (xaragaulTan)
gamarTul molaparakebaze imereTis mefes saqarTvelos mTavarsardali pavle
cicianovi ultimatumis formiT uyenebda pirobebs. Tu solomon II maT
miiRebda, maSin imereTis samefo ruseTis imperiis qveSevrdomi gaxdeboda.
solomon II daJinebiT moiTxovda daaxloebiT georgievskis traqtatis
msgavsi xelSekrulebis dadebas imereTis samefosa da ruseTis imperias

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Soris. pavle cicianovis mxridan sastiki winaaRmdegobis gamo solomon II-m
molaparakeba Sewyvita da quTaisSi dabrunda.
amrigad, imereTis mefis cda _ mieRwia ruseTTan mfarvelobiTi
xelSekrulebis dadebisaTvis _ marcxiT damTavrda.
solomon II varaudobda, rom momavalSi moaxerxebda ruseTis imperiasa
da imereTis samefos Soris molaparakebebis gagrZelebas, magram misi
varaudi ar gamarTlda. pavle cicianovi elaznauris molaparakebis CaSlis
Semdeg imereTSi jariT SeiWra da daiwyo mosaxleobis daficeba ruseTis
imperatoris erTgulebaze. solomon II iZulebuli gaxda, 1804 wlis 25
aprils sofel elaznaurSi xeli moewera pavle cicianovis mier
SemoTavazebuli xelSekrulebisaTvis (traqtatisaTvis).
elaznauris traqtatiT imereTis samefo ruseTis imperiis
qveSevrdomobaSi Sevida. mas SeunarCunda samefo taxtze memkvidreobiTi
ufleba da samefos Sinauri saqmeebis avtonomiuri mmarTveloba. sasamarTlo
imereTis samefoSic vaxtang VI-is kanonebis safuZvelze imoqmedebda, magram
sisxlis samarTlis warmoeba da sikvdiliT dasjis ganaCeni rusuli
kanonmdeblobiT unda ganxorcielebuliyo. rac mTavaria, imereTis mefem,
solomon II-m, daifica ruseTis imperatoris qveSevrdomobaze. faqtobrivad,
solomon II daeqvemdebara saqarTvelos mTavarsardals da iqca misi nebis
aRmsruleblad. 1810 wlis 19 Tebervals saqarTvelos mTavarsardlis,
general aleqsandre tormasovis mier imereTis samefo xelisuflebis
gauqmeba da solomon II-is taxtidan gadayeneba logikuri Sedegi iyo 1804
wlis 25 aprils dadebuli elaznauris traqtatisa.
amrigad, solomon II-is diplomatiuri cdebi _ rogorme gadaerCina
imereTis samefo ruseTis aneqsiisagan _ marcxiT damTavrda.
elaznauris traqtatis dadebisas mefe solomonma scada, Tavis
sasargeblod gamoeyenebina guriis samTavros statusis sakiTxi. igi
acxadebda, rom guriis mTavari misi qveSevrdomia, ris gamoc SeuZlebelia
imereTis mefem ruseTis qveSevrdomoba miiRos, xolo guriis mTavarma ki _
ara. pavle cicianovma imereTis mefis diplomatiuri manevris pasuxad guriis
samTavrosac saswrafod miaRebina ruseTis qveSevrdomoba. cxadia, guriis
mTavris pozicias am SemTxvevaSi araviTari mniSvneloba ar hqonda.
mogvianebiT, 1810 wels, imereTis samefos gauqmebam SeaSfoTa guriis mTavari.
mamia gurieli fiqrobda, rom amas guriis samTavros gauqmebac mohyveboda.
ruseTis xelisuflebasTan molaparakebis Semdeg mamia gurielma miaRwia
imas, rom 1810 wels guriis samTavro ukve imereTisagan damoukideblad,
faqtobrivad meored miiRes ruseTis qveSevrdomobaSi. cxadia, ruseTis mier
guriis mTavris Txovnis dakmayofileba garkveul daTmobas warmoadgenda. es
ganpirobebuli iyo imiT, rom ruseTi solomon II-is damarcxebis Semdegac ki
imereTSi garTulebebs ar gamoricxavda. am SemTxvevaSi guriis mTavarTan
loialuri damokidebuleba ruseTisaTvis momgebiani iyo. cxadia,
perspeqtivis TvalsazrisiT, guriis samTavros mdgomareoba mainc
arasaxarbielo rCeboda.
qarTl-kaxeTisa da imereTis samefoebis gauqmeba ruseTis mier
faqtobrivad niSnavda qarTuli saxelmwifos dasasruls, radgan
samegrelos, guriis, svaneTisa da afxazeTis avtonomiuri samTavroebis
arseboba ar warmoadgenda im safuZvels, romelze dayrdnobiTac
SesaZlebeli gaxdeboda qarTuli saxelmwifoebriobis aRdgena momavalSi.

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 samegrelos samTavros (1803 w.), iseve rogorc guriis (1804 w., 1810 w.) da
afxazeTis samTavroebis (1810 w.) miReba ruseTis qveSevrdomobaSi am
ukanasknelis diplomatiis gamarjvebis mauwyebeli iyo. XIX saukunis damdegs
samegrelos, guriisa da afxazeTis avtonomiuri samTavroebis Sesvla
ruseTis SemadgenlobaSi saerTaSoriso sakiTxs warmoadgenda da garkveul
rols TamaSobda ruseT-TurqeTis urTierTobaSi. ruseTis diplomatiis
meore, kidev ufro mniSvnelovani gamarjvebis mauwyebeli iyo is, rom
samegrelos, guriisa da afxazeTis avtonomiurma samTavroebma arseboba
daasrules ruseTis saimperatoro karis nebiT. es ki imas niSnavda, rom 1829
wels guriis, 1864 wels afxazeTis, xolo 1867 wels samegrelos
samTavroebis gauqmeba gadawyda ara rogorc saerTaSoriso, aramed rogorc
ruseTis imperiis saSinao sakiTxi.
g) XIX saukunis damdegis erovnuli moZraobis diplomatia. XIX saukunis
erovnuli moZraobis (1802 wlis politikuri gamosvla kaxeTSi, 1804 wlis
ajanyeba qarTlis mTianeTSi, 1812 wlis ajanyeba kaxeTSi, 1819-1820 wlebis
ajanyeba imereTsa da guriaSi) mTavari da ganmsazRvreli mizezi iyo
ruseTis imperiis mier saqarTvelos dapyroba, qarTuli saxelmwifoebriobis
mospoba. am epoqis erovnul moZraobaSi Cabmuli iyo qarTveli eris yvela
wodeba (Tavadebi, aznaurebi, glexoba, samRvdeloeba), xelmZRvanel rols
Tavadebi asrulebdnen, romlebic miiCnevdnen, rom ajanyebis saTaveSi
bagrationTa samefo saxlis warmomadgenlebi unda mdgariyvnen.
XIX saukunis damdegis erovnuli moZraoba Tavisi xasiaTiT iyo aSkarad
antirusuli. ufro sworad, es iyo qarTveli eris mxridan `Seuwynarebloba
rusuli saxelmwifoebriobis mimarT~. cxadia, ajanyebis monawileebi
eswrafodnen qarTuli saxelmwifoebriobis aRdgenas (konkretulad, 1802
wlis kaxeTis politikuri gamosvlis, 1804 wlis qarTlis mTianeTis
ajanyebis, 1812 wlis kaxeTis ajanyebis monawileni _ qarTl-kaxeTis samefos
aRdgenas, xolo 1819-1820 wlebis imereTis ajanyebisa _ imereTis samefosi),
magram sajarod isini (ajanyebis pirveli sami monawile) mxolod 1783 wlis
georgievskis traqtatis pirobebis aRdgenas iTxovdnen, e. i. unda
aRdgeniliyo qarTl-kaxeTis samefo bagrationTa samefo dinastiiT saTaveSi;
qarTl-kaxeTis samefosa da ruseTis imperiis damokidebuleba unda
gansazRvruliyo georgievskis traqtatis pirobebiT. XIX saukunis damdegis
erovnuli moZraobis aseTi moTxovna SemTxveviTi ar yofila, igi winaswar
gaTvlil diplomatiur nabijs warmoadgenda. georgievskis traqtatis
pirobebis aRdgenis moTxovnas erovnuli moZraobis winamZRolebi Semdegi
mosazrebebidan gamomdinare ayenebdnen:
pirveli. ruseTis saimperatoro karis mxridan 1801 wlis 12 seqtembers
1783 wlis georgievskis traqtatis darRveva sruliad aSkara, Zalze advilad
dasamtkicebeli faqti iyo. qarTvelebs hqondaT iuridiuli da moraluri
ufleba, ruseTis imperatorisaTvis, aleqsandre I-Tvis moeTxovaT misi
winamorbedi monarqis (bebiis) _ ekaterine II-is mier ratificirebuli
xelSekrulebis aRdgena. meore. 1783 wlis georgievskis traqtatamdeli
qarTl-kaxeTis samefos aRdgenis moTxovna erovnuli moZraobis winamZRolTa
mxridan faqtobrivad niSnavda qarTl-kaxeTis mefis, erekle II-is mier
ratificirebuli xelSekrulebis gauqmebas. am SemTxvevaSi ruseTis
saimperatoro kars eqneboda iuridiuli da moraluri ufleba, moeTxova
qarTvelebis mxridan erekle II-is mier ratificirebuli xelSekrulebis
dacva. mesame. XIX saukunis damdegis erovnuli moZraobis winamZRolebs

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imxanad arsebul viTarebaSi SeuZleblad miaCndaT sakuTari ZalebiT qarTl-
kaxeTis dacva muslimanuri samyaros Semotevisagan, iranisa da TurqeTis
agresiisagan, es XIX saukunis damdegs mxolod ruseTs SeeZlo, Tuki is
zustad Seasrulebda georgievskis traqtatiT aRebul valdebulebebs.
gansxvavebuli viTareba iyo imereTSi. 1819-1820 wlebis imereTis ajanyebis
Tavkacebs ar SeeZloT moeTxovaT 1804 wlis elaznauris traqtatis
pirobebis aRdgena, radgan igi suverenitetis minimums Tu utovebda imereTis
samefos. swored amitom iqna wamoyenebuli imereTis samefos aRdgenis
sakiTxi.
d) saqarTvelos avtonomiuri samefos aRdgenis idea. qarTuli
diplomatiuri azris istoriis TvalTaxedviT metad sainteresoa qarTl-
kaxeTis ukanaskneli mefis, giorgi XII-is Zis _ daviT batoniSvilis mier
Sedgenili proeqtebi ruseTis imperiis SemadgenlobaSi saqarTvelos
avtonomiuri samefos aRdgenis Sesaxeb. es idea emyareboda 1783 wels qarTl-
kaxeTis samefosa da ruseTis imperiis Soris dadebul georgievskis
traqtaqs (xelSekrulebas). daviT batoniSvilma miznad daisaxa ara ZaliT,
SeTqmulebebisa da ajanyebebis gziT mieRwia miznisaTvis, aramed
molaparakebiT, diplomatiuri brZoliT aeZulebina ruseTis saimperatoro
kari, 1783 wlis georgievskis traqtatis pirobebze dayrdnobiT,
daTanxmebuliyo saqarTvelos avtonomiuri samefos aRdgenaze. daviT
batoniSvilma pirveli proeqti _ `ori Canaweri saqarTvelos ukeTesad
mowyobis Sesaxeb~ _ ruseTis saimperatoro kars 1812 wlis seqtemberSi
warudgina. unda gaviTvaliswinoT is garemoeba, rom es proeqti Sedga 1802
wlis kaxeTis politikuri gamosvlisa da 1804 wlis qarTlis mTianeTis
ajanyebis damarcxebis Semdeg, bagrationTa samefo saxlis warmomadgenlebis
devna-Seviwroebisa da mcxeTis sakaTolikoso taxtis gauqmebis pirobebSi.
proeqtis Sedgenamde ori wliT adre ruseTis saimperatoro karma taxtidan
gadaayena solomon II da gaauqma imereTis samefo, xolo Semdeg moaxdina
qveynis okupacia. gadamwyveti mniSvneloba hqonda imasac, rom daviT
batoniSvilis proeqtis wardgenis droisaTvis kaxeTis ajanyeba faqtobrivad
damarcxebuli iyo da ruseTis jarebi veluri simkacriT uswordebodnen
ajanyebulebs. am fonze, cxadia, daviT batoniSvili SeuZleblad miiCnevda
traqtatis yvela pirobis aRdgenas da gacilebiT naklebsac dasjerdeboda.
daviT batoniSvilma SesaniSnavad icoda yvela detali qarTl-kaxeTis
samefos gauqmebisa. kerZod, is, rom georgievskis traqtatis darRvevasa da
qarTl-kaxeTis samefos gauqmebaSi mTavari damnaSaveebi ruseTis
imperatorebi _ pavle I da aleqsandre I _ iyvnen. miuxedavad amisa, igi
samefos gauqmebaSi brals sdebda kavkasiis jarebis sardals, general
knorings, saqarTvelos mTavarsardlebs _ pavle cicianovs, Tedore
gudoviCs da aleqsandre tormasovs. cxadia, es iyo diplomatiuri xerxi da
miznad isaxavda aleqsandre I-is keTilganwyobis mopovebas.
daviT batoniSvilma Tavis proeqtSi Semdeg sakiTxebze gaamaxvila
yuradReba: pirveli. pavle cicianovs ar unda gadaesaxlebina batoniSvilebi
ruseTSi. am faqtma Zalze cudad imoqmeda qarTvelebze, Searyia qarTvelTa
rwmena ruseTisadmi da rusuli orientaciisadmi. yovelive es politikurad
saziano iyo TviT ruseTisaTvis. meore. aucilebeli iyo saqarTveloSi
daniSnul rus moxeles (mTavarsardals) moadgiled hyoloda qarTveli
batoniSvili. mesame. saqarTvelos marTva-gamgeobis erT-erTi
batoniSvilisaTvis mindobis SemTxvevaSi TurqeTs ufleba aRar eqneboda,

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pretenzia ganecxadebina imereTsa da axalcixeze, radgan es teritoria Tavis
droze erTiani qarTuli samefos ganuyofel nawils Seadgenda. meoTxe.
saqarTvelos samefos aRdgenis SemTxvevaSi saWiro aRar iqneboda ruseTis
jarebis didi raodenobiT Semoyvana. mis magivrobas gaswevda erekle II-is
droindeli morige laSqris Sesaxeb ganCinebis safuZvelze Seqmnili
qarTuli laSqari. mexuTe. saxazino Semosavlis gazrdis mizniT
saqarTveloSi SeiZleboda samTo mrewvelobis ganviTareba qarTlsa da
kaxeTSi, xe-tyis warmoebis dafuZneba imereTSi, Savi zRvis gamoyeneba ruseT-
saqarTvelos ekonomikuri urTierTobisaTvis.
garda zemoT aRniSnulisa, daviT batoniSvili aleqsandre I-s sTavazobda
saqarTvelos marTva-gamgeobaSi progresuli gardaqmnebis gatarebas da
konkretul RonisZiebebs arsebuli naklovanebebis aRmofxvris mizniT.
daviT batoniSvilis proeqti saqarTvelos avtonomiuri samefos aRdgenis
Sesaxeb principulad ewinaaRmdegeboda ruseTis imperiis politikas
saqarTveloSi, kavkasiaSi da kidev ufro meti _ maxlobel aRmosavleTSi.
qarTl-kaxeTis samefos gauqmeba da saerTod, qarTuli saxelmwifoebriobis
mospoba, saqarTvelos dapyroba da misi ruseTis imperiis ganuyofel
nawilad gadaqceva warmoadgenda im safuZvels, romelsac unda damyareboda
ruseTis vrceli eqspansiuri gegmebi kavkasiasa da maxlobel aRmosavleTSi.
1783 wels georgievskis traqtatis dadebiT ruseTma daiwyo didi politikis
xorcSesxma da umniSvnelovanes warmatebasac miaRwia _ faqtobrivad daipyro
mTeli saqarTvelo. amave dros ruseTi Caeba omSi iranTan da TurqeTTan.
daviT batoniSvilis proeqtis wardgenis droisaTvis cxadi iyo, rom orive
saxelmwifosTan omSi ruseTs ukve aSkara upiratesoba moepovebina.
daviT batoniSvilis pirveli proeqti mniSvnelovani da sasargeblo iyo
saqarTvelosaTvis. ruseTis imperiisaTvis proeqti ZiriTadad miuRebeli da
saziano Canda. misi zogierTi winadadeba (saqarTveloSi jaris Sesanaxi
xarjebis Semcireba, xazinis Semosavlis gazrda, imereTsa da samcxeze
TurqeTis pretenziebis uaryofis SesaZlebloba da sxv.) Zalze umniSvnelo
iyo ruseTis saxelmwifosaTvis. swored amitom, rogor kargadac ar unda
daesabuTebina Tavisi proeqti daviT batoniSvils, rogori politikuri
alRo da diplomatiuri niWic ar unda gamoeCina mas, ruseTis saimperatoro
kari saqarTvelos avtonomiuri samefos aRdgenas ar dasTanxmdeboda.
oficialuri ganxilvis Semdeg saimperatoro karma daviT batoniSvilis
proeqtis ganxorcieleba miuReblad, ufro metic, saSiSadac ki cno.
saqarTvelos avtonomiuri samefos aRdgenis proeqti uaryofili iqna.
daviT batoniSvili saqarTvelos avtonomiuri samefos aRdgenisaTvis
brZolas ar wyvetda. 1817 wels man meore proeqti warudgina aleqsandre I-s,
romelic, SeiZleba iTqvas, ufro radikaluri aRmoCnda. igi pirdapir
ayenebda, 1783 wlis georgievskis traqtatisa da 1800 wlis giorgi XII-is
saTxovari punqtebis safuZvelze, saqarTvelos avtonomiuri samefos
aRdgenis sakiTxs. daviT batoniSvili mokrZalebuli formiT Seaxsenebda
aleqsandre I-s legitimizmis principis dacvas erekle II-is STamomavlobis
mimarT.
daviT batoniSvilis meore proeqti, pirvelisagan gansxvavebiT, raime
mniSvnelovan siaxles ar Seicavda. saerTo hqonda am proeqtebs isic, rom
orive safuZvelSive ewinaaRmdegeboda ruseTis imperiis politikas
saqarTveloSi, kavkasiasa da mTel maxlobel aRmosavleTSi. ruseTis
saimperatoro kari ar apirebda daTmobebi gaekeTebina saqarTvelos mimarT,

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radgan ruseTis batonobas saqarTveloSi safrTxe ar emuqreboda. imperiam
SeZlo XIX saukunis damdegis erovnuli ajanyebebis CaSla, sul ufro
mtkicdeboda samxedro-saokupacio reJimi saqarTveloSi, 1804-1813 wlebSi
iranTan da 1806-1812 wlebSi TurqeTTan omebSi gamarjvebiT mniSvnelovnad
ganmtkicda ruseTis poziciebi kavkasiaSi. miRweul warmatebebs emyareboda
ruseTis axali, kidev ufro farTo eqspansiuri gegmebi. am gegmebSi
saqarTvelos avtonomiuri samefosaTvis adgili ar iyo. yovelive aqedan
gamomdinare, ruseTis siamperatoro karma daviT batoniSvilis meore
proeqtic uaryo.
e) 1832 wlis SeTqmulTa diplomatia. 1832 wlis SeTqmulebis Sesaxeb
umTavresi wyaro TviT SeTqmulTa mier gamoZiebisaTvis micemuli Cvenebebia.
es mniSvnelovanwilad arTulebs SeTqmulebis istoriis Seswavlas. cxadia,
SeTqmulebis monawileni Seecdebodnen ZiebisaTvis daemalaT yvelaferi, rac
maT sasjels daamZimebda. Ziebas, ra Tqma unda, hqonda Sansi, SeTqmulebis
monawileTa dakiTxvis gziT WeSmariteba daedgina. magram Tu
gaviTvaliswinebT imas, rom SeTqmulTa absoluturi umravlesoba
aristokratiul wreSi aRzrdili kargad ganaTlebuli adamiani iyo, unda
vivaraudoT, rom Ziebas gacilebiT naklebi Sansi hqonda WeSmaritebis
dadgenisa, vidre SeTqmulebs misi miCqmalvisa.
1832 wlis SeTqmulebis mizani iyo saqarTvelos ganTavisufleba ruseTis
batonobisagan. XIX saukunis damdegis erovnuli moZraobisagan gansxvavebiT,
SeTqmulebi mieltvodnen ara saqarTvelos romelime nawilis (magaliTad,
qarTl-kaxeTis an imereTis), aramed mTeli saqarTvelos ganTavisuflebas.
saerTo-qarTuli idea iyo im epoqis politikuri azrovnebis didi
monapovari. 1832 wlis SeTqmulTa programa ufro radikaluri iyo, vidre
XIX saukunis damdegis erovnuli moZraobisa. SeTqmulebisaTvis 1783 wlis
georgievskis traqtatis pirobebis aRdgena ukve aRar iyo prioritetuli.
dRis wesrigSi ukve saqarTvelos sruli ganTavisufleba da ara misi
ruseTis imperiis mfarvelobaSi darCena idga. SeTqmulebs kargad esmodaT,
rom am miznis miRweva did sisxlis Rvras moiTxovda. isini saqarTvelos
ruseTTan omisaTvis amzadebdnen. SeTqmulTa diplomatia imaSi
mdgomareobda, rom maT SeZles ZiebisaTvis daemalaT sami ram. pirveli.
SeTqmulTa mkveTrad gamokveTili antirusuli ganwyobileba, siZulvili
dampyroblisadmi. meore. 1783 wlis georgievskis traqtatis miuRebloba.
mesame. saerTo-qarTuli omis dawyeba ruseTis winaaRmdeg, uromlisodac
warmoudgeneli iyo saqarTvelos ganTavisufleba.
1832 wlis SeTqmulebis monawileebs imaze gacilebiT naklebi sasjeli
daedoT, vidre es iyo mosalodneli, rac ruseTis saimperatoro karis
garkveulma politikurma mosazrebam ganapiroba. amasTan, ar SeiZleba imisi
ugulebelyofa, rom SeTqmulTa politikurma alRom da diplomatiurma
niWma, garkveulwilad, CixSi moaqcia gamoZieba.
v) XIX saukunis 60-90-iani wlebis erovnuli moZraobis diplomatia.
qarTuli politikuri azris istoriis Seswavlis Sedegad arCil jorjaZem
gaakeTa metad sayuradRebo daskvna: yvela didi qarTveli moazrovne da
politikuri moRvawe gaorebuli pirovneba iyo. amis mizezs ki or Zalas
Soris mudmivi lavirebis aucilebloba warmoadgenda. es, cxadia, exeba XIX
saukunis 60-90-iani wlebis erovnuli moZraobis monawileebs da mis
Tavkacebsac. XIX saukunis 60-iani wlebis damdegisaTvis, rodesac
saqarTveloSi ilia WavWavaZis winamZRolobiT didi erovnuli moZraoba
daiwyo, ruseTs umniSvnelovanesi warmatebebi hqonda mopovebuli.
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saqarTvelo udidesi gansacdelis winaSe idga _ qarTvel ers gadagvarebis
realuri safrTxe Seeqmna: ruseTma SeZlo erovnuli moZraobis CaxSoba,
xelSi Caigdo saqarTvelos ekonomika, Seiqmna Zlieri socialuri sayrdeni,
ucxotomelTa Camosaxlebis Sedegad qarTvelTa sazianod Seicvala
demografiuli viTareba, kavkasiis geopolitikur regionSi ruseTis
eqspansiis aRmkveTi seriozuli Zala ar Canda. am fonze ilia WavWavaZisa da
misi Tanamoazreebis samoqmedo programa miznad isaxavda Semdegs: ruseTis
saxelmwifos SemadgenlobaSi, ruseTTan SeiaraRebuli dapirispirebis
(erovnuli ajanyebis) gareSe unda dawyebuliyo ideuri TvalsazrisiT didi
antiimperiuli erovnuli moZraoba. am moZraobis mizani unda yofiliyo
Selaxuli erovnuli Rirsebis aRdgena, erovnuli cnobierebis aRorZineba da
gaZliereba. yovelive amas unda dahfuZneboda ruseTis imperiis
batonobisagan saqarTvelos ganTavisuflebis idea.
ruseTis saxelmwifos SemadgenlobaSi didi antiimperiuli moZraobis
dawyeba ise, rom mas ar mieRo eqstremistuli xasiaTi da ar gadazrdiliyo
uazro da damRupvel omSi ruseTTan, erovnuli moZraobis winamZRolTa
mxridan iTxovda did diplomatiur niWs. Tu rusebi erovnuli moZraobis
sadReiso da samomavlo miznebis erTianobas Tavidanve amoicnobdnen, maSinve
aRkveTdnen mas. swored amitom ruseTis saimperatoro kars eWvi ar unda
Sehparvoda qarTvelTa `uqveSevrdomules~ da `monarqistul~ grZnobebSi,
sxvadasxva rangis rus moxeleebs qarTuli enis dacvaSi, qarTul skolaze,
qarTul mwerlobaze, qarTul Teatrze zrunvaSi ar unda daenaxa imperiis
siZlierisa da erTianobis xelyofis mcdeloba. yovelive amis miRweva ki
did diplomatiur lavirebas saWiroebda.
XIX saukunis 60-90-iani wlebis erovnuli moZraobis winamZRolebma
ruseTis xelisuflebis nebarTviT daarsebul periodul gamocemebSi
(`saqarTvelos moambe~, `droeba~, `iveria~ da sxv.), aseve misive dasturiT
Seqmnil organizaciebSi (Tbilisisa da quTaisis guberniebis
saTavadaznauro saadgilmamulo bankebSi, `qarTvelTa Soris wera-kiTxvis
gamavrcelebel sazogadoebaSi~ da sxv.) SeZles qarTuli saqmis keTeba,
qarTveli eris samsaxuri. quTaisis guberniis marSlis Tanamdebobaze myofi
dimitri yifiani erovnul saqmes erTgulebda, niko nikolaZe saqarTvelos
sasikeTo saqmes akeTebda foTis qalaqisTavad muSaobis dros, ilia WavWavaZe
saqarTvelos, qarTvel ers emsaxureboda duSeTis mazris momrigebel
mosamarTled muSaobisas da ruseTis saxelmwifo sabWos wevrad arCevis
Semdegac. qarTveli eris samsaxuri, qarTuli saqmis keTeba ara
aralegalurad, aramed dRisiT-mzisiT, sajarod, ruseTis xelisuflebis
oficialuri organoebis mudmivi meTvalyureobis qveS moiTxovda did
diplomatiur niWsa da windaxedulobas. erovnuli moZraobis Tavkacebi
axerxebdnen, kavkasiis koloniuri administraciisa da misi moxeleebis
politikis winaaRmdeg brZola ar gadaezardaT ruseTis saimperatoro karisa
da ruseTis politikis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi. ilia WavWavaZe didi
SemarTebiT ebrZoda kavkasiis saswavlo olqis mzrunvels (ufros) kirile
ianovskisa da gazeT `moskovskie vedomostis~ redaqtors, katkovs, magram
ilias nawerebSi ver vipoviT erT winadadebasac ki, romelic mimarTuli
iyos ruseTis saimperatoro karis, Tundac, kavkasiis mefisnacvlis an
kavkasiis mTavarmarTeblis winaaRmdeg. ilia WavWavaZe, iakob gogebaSvili,
sergei mesxi XIX saukunis 80-ian wlebSi TavgamodebiT icavdnen qarTuli
enis uflebas, magram arasodes gamosulan skolebSi rusuli enis

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gaZlierebuli swavlebis winaaRmdeg. piriqiT, yovelTvis xazs usvamdnen
rusuli enis Seswavlis saWiroebas. erovnuli moZraobis Tavkacebi win
aRudgnen ruseTis xelisuflebis, konkretulad, kavkasiis koloniuri
administraciis mier qarTuli kulturis devnasa da Seviwroebas, magram
erTi sityvac ar dascdeniaT rusuli kulturis qarTul sinamdvileSi
damkvidrebis sawinaaRmdegod. aSkarad aRiarebdnen rusuli kulturis
dadebiT rols qarTveli eris cxovrebaSi, erovnuli moZraobis moRvaweni
bevrs werdnen dasavluri samyaros politikuri, ekonomikuri da socialuri
wyobilebis sakeTeze, magram medasavleTeoba maT SemoqmedebaSi ar
gadazrdila yovelgvari rusulis TavaSvebul kritikasa da uaryofaSi.
dimitri yifianma amxila saqarTvelos egzarqosi pavle antiqarTul
zraxvebSi, magram igi ar Sexebia ruseTis eklesiis uwmindes sinods, e. i. im
organos, romlis politikasac egzarqosi pavle saqarTveloSi atarebda.
roca aucilebeli gaxda dimitri yifianis gamosvla kavkasiis mefisnacvlis
_ dondukov-korsakovis antiqarTuli politikis winaaRmdeg, es brZola man
warmarTa ise, rom rusi maRalCinosani daadanaSaula ruseTis saimperatoro
karis politikis gamrudebaSi, rasac, dimitri yifianis mtkicebiT,
SeiZleboda uaryofiTi Sedegebi mohyoloda ruseTisaTvis. cxadia, erovnuli
moZraobis winamZRolTa diplomatiur TamaSs rusi moxeleebi, kavkasiis
koloniuri administracia da ruseTis saimperatoro karic kargad
grZnobdnen, magram sababi represiuli RonisZiebebisaTvis maT iSviaTad
eZleodaT.
XIX saukunis dasasrulsa da XX saukunis damdegs, roca ruseTis
kvalobaze saqarTveloSic popularuli xdeboda politikuri sistemis
(monarqiis) revoluciis gziT Secvlis idea, arCil jorjaZisaTvis ilia
WavWavaZes uTqvams: roca axalgazrdebi monarqiis winaaRmdeg ibrZviT, ratom
gaviwydebaT is, rom Cveni mefe (erekle II _ avt.) rusebis mefes (ekaterine II-s
_ avt.) ficiT Seekra (igulisxmeba georgievskis traqtati _ avt.). ruseTSi
rom monarqia daemxos da axali xelisufleba movides, igi ar iqneba
valdebuli qarTvelebs Segvisrulos is piroba, rac ruseTis mefem Cvens
mefes misca. rogorc Cans, ilia WavWavaZes jer kidev ar daekarga imis imedi,
rom qarTveli eri odesme miaRwevda 1783 wlis georgievskis traqtatis
pirobebis aRdgenas. arCil jorjaZesTan saubridan isic kargad Cans, rom
ilia WavWavaZes surda, qarTveli eri ar Cabmuliyo ruseTSi dawyebul da
sul ufro mzard revoluciur moZraobaSi da eris mTeli energia qarTul
saqmes moxmareboda.
qarTuli erovnuli moZraoba rom radikaluri da eqstremistuli
yofiliyo, mas Tavis miznad ruseTisa da rusebis winaaRmdeg brZola rom
gamoecxadebina, ruseTis xelisuflebas eyofoda Zalebi mis
gasanadgureblad. am SemTxvevaSi Cven ar gveqneboda erovnuli moZraobis is
didi monapovari, romelsac 1918 wels daefuZna saqarTvelos
saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis aRdgena.

$2. saqarTvelos istoriuli teritoriis

sakiTxi ruseT-iranisa da ruseT-TurqeTis urTierTobebSi

a) saqarTvelo ruseT-iranis 1804-1813 wlebisa da ruseT-TurqeTis 1806-1812

wlebis omebis periodSi. qarTl-kaxeTis samefos dapyrobam ruseTs
saSualeba misca, moemzadebina amierkavkasiis sxva teritoriebis dapyroba.
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1802 wlis bolos saqarTvelos mTavarsardalma generalma pavle cicianovma
molaparakeba daiwyo baqos, derbendis, yubis, TaliSis, ganjis xanebTan da
daRestnis mmarTvelebTan. yvela maTganma daadastura `mtkice, ueWveli da
mudmivi mSvidoba ruseTis mfarvelobiT~. aseTi formulireba sulac ar
niSnavda imas, rom es saxanoebi ruseTis mflobelobaSi gadadioda.
SemdgomSi xanebis nawili icavda 1802 wels dadebul pirobas, nawili ki
iranze dayrdnobiT ewinaaRmdegeboda ruseTis damkvidrebas. 1802 wels
yubanisa da TaliSis xanebma ruseTis qveSevrdomoba miiRes, ganjis xanma ki
uari ganacxada amaze. amis sapasuxod 1804 wels pavle cicianovma ganjis
saxanos teritoria daipyro. cxadia, ruseTis moqmedebam TurqeTisa da
iranis ukmayofileba gamoiwvia. am qveynebs aqtiurad uWerda mxars inglisi,
romelic aseve SeSfoTebuli iyo ruseTis damkvidrebiT amierkavkasiaSi.
1804 wlis ivnisSi inglisis mxardaWeriT imedmicemulma iranis Sahma
fexti-alim ruseTTan omi daiwyo. iranis jarebi aRmosavleTi somxeTis
gavliT cdilobdnen Tbilisisaken gaWras. ruseTs amierkavkasiaSi imxanad
didi samxedro Zala ar hyavda. miuxedavad amisa, pavle cicianovma Tavdacvas
Seteva arCia da erevnis mimarTulebiT gailaSqra. rusebma eCmiaZinTan iranis
jarebi daamarcxes da erevans Semoartyes alya. pavle cicianovis
mdgomarebas arTulebda 1804 wlis zafxulSi qarTlis mTianeTSi (aragvis
xeobaSi) dawyebuli didi antirusuli ajanyeba. aragvis xeobaze gamavali
samxedro gziT jarebis gadayvana da momarageba gaZnelda. ajanyebis
gafarToebis SiSiT pavle cicianovma erevans alya moxsna da ukan daixia.
qarTlis mTianeTis ajanyebis CaxSobisa da samxedro gzaze wesrigis
aRdgenis Semdeg, 1805 wlis gazafxulsa da zafxulSi pavle cicianovma
kvlav Seutia erevans, magram amjeradac uSedegod. samagierod, ruseTis
jarebma ukuagdes iranis taxtis memkvidris _ abas-mirzas Seteva, romelic
Tbilisis dakavebas isaxavda miznad. imavdroulad gaaqtiurda ruseTis
sabrZolo moqmedebebi CrdiloeT azerbaijanSi. 1805 wels ruseTis
SemadgenlobaSi gadavida yarabaRis, Saqisa da Sirvanis saxanoebi. 1806 wels
ruseTis jarebma baqo da derbendi aiRes. 1806 wels baqos simboluri
gasaRebis gadacemis ceremonialis dros RalatiT mokles generali pavle
cicianovi. mTavarsardlad generali ivane gudoviCi dainiSna.
1806 wels daiwyo ruseT-TurqeTis omi. amierkavkasiaSi ganlagebul
ruseTis jarebs ukve or frontze (iranisa da TurqeTis winaaRmdeg)
uxdebodaT brZola. amas Tan erTvoda ruseTis armiis marcxi austerlicTan
(1805 w.), ramac Zalze gaarTula samxedro-politikuri viTareba evropaSi.
ruseTis jarebis nawili (dunais armia) balkaneTis naxevarkunZulze
TurqeTis winaaRmdeg brZolisaTvis iyo gamiznuli. ruseTis evropuli
nawilidan amierkavkasiaSi didi raodenobiT jarebis gadmosrola
SeuZlebeli iyo. aseT viTarebaSi amierkavkasiaSi ganlagebul ruseTis
armias did daxmarebas uwevda qarTvelebisa da somxebis saxalxo laSqari.
ruseT-TurqeTis omis pirvel etapze (1806-1807 ww.) TurqeTis sardloba
yarsidan Tbilisis mimarTulebiT apirebda gaWras. 1807 wlis ivnisSi
general ivane gudoviCis sardlobiT ruseTis jarebma mdinare arpaCaize
Turqebi daamarcxes da aiZules SeewyvitaT Seteva. TurqeTis damarcxebis
Semdeg, 1808 wlis oqtomberSi generalma ivane gudoviCma iranelebis
winaaRmdeg gailaSqra da erevnis aReba scada, magram warumateblad.
erevanTan gancdili marcxis Semdeg ivane gudoviCis nacvlad kavkasiis

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mTavarsardlad (mTavarmarTeblad) generali aleqsandre tormasovi
dainiSna.
omis meore etapze (1809 wlis noemberi _ 1810 wlis maisi) ruseTis
jarebma aiRes foTi, soxumi da anapa.
omis mesame etapze (1810 wlis agvisto _ 1812 wlis ivnisi) inglisis
SuamavlobiT iranis Sahi da TurqeTis sulTani SeTanxmdnen ruseTis
winaaRmdeg erToblivi moqmedebis Taobaze. inglisis mTavrobam TurqeTsa da
irans didi daxmareba aRmouCina SeiaraRebisa da sabrZolo aRWurvilobis
saxiT. iran-TurqeTis gaerTianebul jars saqarTvelodan unda ganedevna
rusebi. magram ruseTis sardlobam daaswro, 1810 wlis seqtemberSi iranelTa
da TurqTa gaerTianebuli jarebi sastikad daamarcxa axalqalaqTan. 1811
wels rusebma axalqalaqi aiRes.
iranma Zalebis mobilizacia moaxdina da 1812 wels abas-mirzas
sardlobiT yarabaRSi SeiWra. ruseTis jarebma mdinare araqsze, aslanduzis
axlos, iranelebi daamarcxes. am brZolis Semdeg ruseTisa da iranis jarebs
Soris mniSvnelovani brZolebi aRar momxdara.
ruseT-TurqeTis 1806-1812 wlebis omi 1812 wlis maisSi buqarestis zaviT
damTavrda. igi Seexo amierkavkasiasac. TurqeTma cno qarTl-kaxeTis,
imereTis samefoebis, guriis, afxazeTis da samegrelos samTavroebis
gadasvla ruseTis mflobelobaSi. ruseTs gadaeca soxumi da redut-kale.
man miiRo Savi zRvis sanapiro zoli rudet-kaledan (md. xobis SesarTavi
soxumamde). ruseTma TurqeTs daubruna omis dros ruseTis jarebis mier
dakavebuli anapa, foTi da axalqalaqi.
ruseTis mier napoleonis armiis ganadgurebiT SeSinebuli irani
iZulebuli gaxda, zavi daedo ruseTTan. zavi 1813 wlis 12 oqtombers daido
giulistanSi, romlis Tanaxmad ruseTis mflobelobaSi gadavida yarabaxis,
ganjis, Saqis, Sirvanis, derbendis, TaliSis, yubis, baqos saxanoebi da
daRestani. ruseTis SemadgenlobaSi gadavida samxreT-aRmosavleTi
saqarTvelos nawili _ War-belaqani (saingilo). marTalia, ruseTma
giulistanis zaviT War-belaqani miiRo, magram imxanad iq ruseTis jari ar
darCenila da arc rusuli mmarTveloba damyarebula.
amrigad, ruseT-iranis 1804-1813 wlebisa da ruseT-TurqeTis 1806-1812
wlebis omebSi gamarjvebam ruseTs saSualeba misca, mtkiced
damkvidrebuliyo amierkavkasiaSi.
b) saqarTvelo ruseT-iranis 1826-1828 wlebisa da ruseT-TurqeTis 1828-1829
wlebis omebis periodSi. napoleonis damarcxebisa da venis kongresis Semdeg
ruseTis imperiis interesebi evropaSi mtkiced iyo daculi. samagierod,
Zalze garTulda viTareba kavkasiaSi. inglisis waqezebiT TurqeTma da
iranma daiwyes brZola buqarestisa da giulistanis zavis pirobebis
gadasinjvisaTvis. 1816 wels iranma daayena ruseTTan axali xelSekrulebis
dadebis sakiTxi. irans mxari dauWira inglismac. 1817 wels iranSi,
molaparakebis mizniT, gaigzavna kavkasiis mTavarmarTebeli generali aleqsi
ermolovi. molaparakebis dros gairkva, rom irani iTxovda 1804 wlis
sazRvrebis aRdgenas. imavdroulad cnobili gaxda, rom TurqeTi ar cnobda
im sazRvrebs, romlebic kavkasiaSi buqarestis zaviT dadginda. ruseT-
iranisa da ruseT-TurqeTis urTierTobebi kideT ufro gamwvavda XIX
saukunis 20-ian wlebSi. am periodSi ruseTs didi sirTuleebi Seeqmna
Crdilo kavkasiaSic. unda aRiniSnos, rom XIX saukunis 20-ian wlebSi
ruseTis armia gacilebiT Zlieri iyo iranisa da TurqeTis armiebTan

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SedarebiT da Tu maT mainc wamoiwyes ruseTTan omi, es inglisis
diplomatiis damsaxureba iyo.
1828 wlis zafxulSi iranma ruseTis winaaRmdeg omi daiwyo. iranis
jarebma abas-mirzas sardlobiT mdinare araqsi gadalaxes da SuSis cixes
Semoartyes alya. male abas-mirzam SuSis cixe alyaSemortymuli datova da
TviTon ZiriTadi ZalebiT ganjas Seutia. iranelebma ganja aiRes, riTac
seriozuli safrTxe Seeqmna Tbiliss. ruseTis jarebis marcxSi nikoloz I-
ma aleqsi ermolovi daadanaSaula da Tanamdebobidan gadaayena. kavkasiis
mTavarmarTeblad dainiSna generali ivane paskeviCi. 1826 wlis 13 seqtembers
ruseTis jarma ivane paskeviCis sardlobiT ganjasTan sastikad daamarcxa
bevrad mravalricxovani iranis jarebi. abas-mirzam saswrafod ukan daixia.
1827 wlis gazafxulze rusebma daikaves eCmiaZini, naxiWevani da alya
Semoartyes erevans. 1827 wlis oqtomberSi ivane paskeviCma erevani aiRo. omma
samxreT azerbaijanSi gadainacvla. male ruseTis jarebma Tavrizi daikaves.
iranis marcxi aSkara iyo. miuxedavad amisa, sazavo molaparakeba didxans
gaWianurda. 1828 wlis 10 Tebervals TurqmanCaiSi ruseTsa da irans Soris
zavi daido. misi pirobebis SemuSavebaSi monawileobda aleqsandre
griboedovi. TurqmanCais zaviT ruseTis mflobelobaSi gadavida erevnisa da
naxiWevanis saxanoebi. irans ruseTisaTvis unda gadaexada 20 milioni maneTi
kontribucia. TurqmanCais zavma daadastura giulistanis zavis piroba _
War-belaqnis (saingilos) gadasvla ruseTis SemadgenlobaSi, Tumca ruseTma
verc 1828 welsa da verc 1829 wels War-belaqanSi jarebi ver Seiyvana. isini
War-belaqanSi mxolod 1830 wels Sevidnen. imave wels iq ruseTis winaaRmdeg
didi ajanyeba daiwyo, romelic sisxlSi iqna CaxSobili. War-belaqanSi
rusuli mmarTveloba damyarda. mogvianebiT War-belaqnis teritoria
zaqaTalis okrugad gamoiyo da Tbilisis gubernias daeqvemdebara.
ruseT-iranis urTierToba TurqmanCais zavis Semdegac daZabuli iyo. 1829
wlis ianvarSi TeiranSi mokles ruseTis rezidenti aleqsandre griboedovi.
miuxedavad amisa, orive qveynis diplomatebma SeZles urTierTobis
normalizacia.
buqarestis zavis pirobebis sistematuri darRvevisaTvis 1828 wlis 26
aprils ruseTma omi gamoucxada TurqeTs. ruseTis armiam brwyinvale
gamarjvebebi moipova balkaneTze, aseve _ kavkasiis frontzec. 1828 wels
ruseTis jarebma qarTvelTa saxalxo laSqris daxmarebiT aiRes anapa, yarsi,
foTi, axalcixe, artaani, baiazeTi, 1829 wels _ arzrumi.
ruseT-TurqeTis 1828-1829 wlebis omi damTavrda adrianopolis zaviT,
romelic 1829 wlis 2 seqtembers daido. kavkasiaSi ruseTis mflobelobaSi
gadavida anapa, foTi, axalcixe da axalqalaqi. TurqeTma sabolood cno
saqarTvelosa da aRmosavleTi somxeTis gadasvla ruseTis mflobelobaSi.
ruseTma miiRo Savi zRvis sanapiro mdinare yubanis SesarTavidan mdinare
rionis SesarTavamde (foTis simagris CaTvliT). TurqeTs daubrunda omis
dros ruseTis jarebis mier dakavebuli yarsi, baiazeTi da arzrumi.
amrigad, 1826-1828 wlebis ruseT-iranisa da 1828-1829 wlebis ruseT-
TurqeTis omebSi gamarjvebiT, TurqmanCaisa da adrianopolis sazavo
xelSekrulebebis ZaliT, ruseTma faqtobrivad da iuridiuladac daakanona
Tavisi batonoba amierkavkasiaSi, Crdilo-dasavleT kavkasiasa da Savi zRvis
sanapiroze.
g) saqarTvelo yirimis omis (1853-1856 ww.) periodSi. yirimis omi
gansakuTrebuli movlena iyo ruseTisa da evropis istoriaSi. omma

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mniSvnelovani gavlena moaxdina saerTaSoriso urTierTobebze da
gansazRvra axali politikuri sistema evropaSi.
yirimis omSi monawileobdnen ruseTi, TurqeTi, inglisi, safrangeTi da
sardiniis samefro. omis monawile yvela qveyanas Tavisi gegmebi hqonda.
axali konfliqti maxlobel aRmosavleTSi Camoyalibebas iwyebs XIX
saukunis 40-iani wlebis bolodan da 50-iani wlebis damdegidan. konfliqti
mwifdeboda, erTi mxriv, ruseTsa da TurqeTs Soris da, meore mxriv _
ruseTsa da inglis-safrangeTs Soris. ruseTis winaaRmdeg inglis-
safrangeTis bloki faqtobrivad 1849-1850 wlebSi Camoyalibda, Tumca
formalurad igi 1854 wlis martSi gaformda.
omis monawile yvela qveyana savsebiT garkveul miznebs isaxavda. ruseTi
eswrafoda bosforisa da dardanelis sruteebis reJimis gadasinjvas,
romelic 1814 wlis londonis konvenciaze dadginda. ruseTs xels aZlevda
iseTi reJimi, romelic mas saSualebas miscemda, samxedro floti Savi
zRvidan xmelTaSua zRvaSi gadaeyvana da Tavisi interesebi daecva
maxlobel aRmosavleTsa da balkaneTze.
TurqeTi miznad isaxavda balkaneTis naxevarkunZulze Tavisi gavlenis
aRdgenas, yirimis naxevarkunZulze gabatonebas, aseve kavkasiaSi Savi zRvis
sanapirosa da amierkavkasiaSi zogierTi teritoriis xelSi Cagdebas.
inglisi da safrangeTi, pirvel rigSi, miznad isaxavdnen ruseTis
saerTaSoriso avtoritetis Selaxvas da samxedro Zlierebis dasustebas,
mis gadaqcevas meorexarisxovan saxelmwifod. gansakuTrebul dainteresebas
iCenda inglisi. ingliss surda SveciisaTvis fineTis dabruneba, poloneTis
damoukideblobis aRdgena, TurqeTisaTvis yirimisa da amierkavkasiis
gadacema. yovelive es ukiduresad daasustebda ruseTs.
safrangeTis axal imperators, lui bonaparts (napoleon III-s), romelmac
1852 wels saxelmwifo gadatrialeba ganaxorciela, Sinauri opoziciis
dasaTrgunavad momgebiani omi esaWiroeboda. garda amisa, omSi gamarjveba
safrangeTs gzas gauxsnida axali dapyrobebisaken.
yvela qveyana cdilobda, winaswar amoecno ZalTa Tanafardoba momaval
omSi. nikoloz I eloda avstriis srul mxardaWeras da inglisis
neitralitets. es molodini ar gamarTlda. inglisma sruli mxardaWera
aRmouCina safrangeTs, xolo orivem erTad _ TurqeTs. avstriam ruseTis
mimarT arakeTilganwyobili neitralitetis politika gaatara. amrigad.
ruseTi izolaciaSi aRmoCnda.
nikoloz I-ma obieqturad verc ruseTis armiis SesaZleblobani Seafasa
da verc is gaTvala, rom farTomasStabian da xangrZliv oms ruseTis
ekonomika ver gauZlebda. xazgasmiT unda aRiniSnos, rom ruseTis
mdgomareobas marto samxedro-teqnikuri CamorCeniloba da ekonomikis
sisuste ar arTulebda. misi umTavresi problema imaSi mdgomareobda, rom
mokavSiris gareSe darCenil ruseTs daupirispirda Zlieri koalicia
(TurqeTi, inglisi, safrangeTi).
1853 wlisaTvis maxlobeli aRmosavleTis krizisma kulminacias miaRwia.
jer kidev 1852 wels, TurqeTze zegavlenis gaZlierebis mizniT, safrangeTma
erTi samxedro xomaldi xmelTaSua zRvidan sruteebSi Seiyvana. xomaldma
Ruza bosforze mdebare TurqeTis sulTnis sasaxlis pirdapir CauSva. amis
sapasuxod nikoloz I-ma nawilobrivi mobilizacia gamoacxada da stambolSi
saswrafod gagzavna sagangebo misia general aleqsandre menSikovis
meTaurobiT; mas ultimatumis formiT unda moeTxova sulTnisaTvis

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TurqeTSi marTlmadidebluri eklesiis uflebebis cnoba,
marTlmadidebelTa privilegiebis dadastureba da maT mfarvelad ruseTis
aRiareba. amasTan erTad, a. menSikovs TurqeTisaTvis unda SeeTavazebina
safrangeTis winaaRmdeg TavdacviTi kavSiris dadeba. imavdroulad
stambolSi imyofebodnen da sulTanze zegavlenas axdendnen frangi da
ingliseli diplomatebi. isini TurqeTis sulTans ruseTis ultimatumze
uaris Tqmas urCevdnen da daxmarebas aRuTqvamdnen.
inglisis dapirebiT imedmicemulma sulTanma uaryo ruseTis ultimatumi.
1853 wlis 2 ivniss aleqsandre menSikovma demonstratiulad datova
stamboli. amave wlis ivlisSi nikoloz I-ma jarebi dunais samTavroebSi
(valaxeTi, moldova) Seiyvana da buqaresti daikava. mdinare dunais meore
napirze ganlagebuli TurqeTis 130-aTasiani armia mzad iyo omisaTvis.
dunais samTavroebSi ruseTis jaris Sesvlis sapasuxod 1853 wlis agvistoSi
inglisma, safrangeTma, avstriam da prusiam ruseTs nota (e. w. venis nota)
gaugzavnes. masSi aRniSnuli iyo, rom TurqeTs evaleboda daecva ruseT-
TurqeTis xelSekrulebis is muxlebi, romlebic TurqeTSi
marTlmadidebeli eklesiis uflebaTa da upiratesobaTa dacvas exeboda.
notis mizani iyo nikoloz I-is yuradRebis moduneba. imavdroulad inglisis
elCi stambolSi saidumlod urCevda TurqeTis sulTans ruseTis winaaRmdeg
omis dawyebas. saidumlo SeTanxmebis Sesabamisad, TurqeTis sulTanma venis
nota uaryo. 1853 wlis oqtomberSi TurqeTma ruseTs dunais samTavroebidan
jarebis gayvana mosTxova. 4 oqtombers TurqeTis sulTanma, abdul-mejidma,
sajarod ganacxada, rom TurqeTi ruseTTan saomar mdgomareobaSi
imyofeboda. 20 oqtombers nikoloz I-ma xeli moawera manifests TurqeTTan
omis dawyebis Sesaxeb. yirimis omi daiwyo.
yirimis omi (1853-1856 ww.) or etapad mimdinareobda. pirveli etapi moicavs
periods 1853 wlis noembridan 1854 wlis aprilamde. es iyo sakuTriv
ruseTis omi TurqeTTan, romelic mimdinareobda dunais frontze, Sav
zRvasa da kavkasiis frontze. meore etapi mimdinareobda 1854 wlis
aprilidan 1855 wlis Tebervlamde. es iyo ruseTis omi TurqeTTan,
inglisTan da safrangeTTan. am etapze ZiriTadi saomari operaciebi
mimdinareobda yirimis naxevarkunZulze, dunais frontze aRiniSneboda
mxolod umniSvnelo samxedro moqmedebebi, gacilebiT farTomasStabiani
brZolebi mimdinareobda kavkasiis frontze. inglisma da safrangeTma
ruseTis winaaRmdeg sabrZolo moqmedebebi gaaCaRes baltiis zRvaze, TeTr
zRvasa da kamCatkaze.
omis pirvel etapze, 1853 wels, dunais frontze saomari moqmedebebi ar
yofila xangrZlivi da, ZiriTadad, poziciur xasiaTs atarebda.
mniSvnelovani warmateba verc erTma mxarem ver moipova.
omis pirvel TveebSi mTavari brZolebi zRvaze gaimarTa. ruseTis
flotma vice-admiral vladimer kornilovisa da admiral pavle naximovis
sardlobiT aqtiuri sabrZolo moqmedebebi daiwyo Sav zRvaze. ruseTis
eskadra, pavle naximovis sardlobiT, SeumCnevlad miuaxlovda sinopis
yureSi mdgar TurqeTis samxedro flots da 1853 wlis 18 noembers ramdenime
saaTSi mTlianad gaanadgura igi. TurqeTi didi safrTxis winaSe dadga _
sazRvao sazRvari mTlianad daucveli darCa. 1854 wlis ianvarSi inglis-
safrangeTis eskadra Sav zRvaSi Sevida. es, faqtobrivad, omis gamocxadebas
niSnavda. ruseTis elCebma parizi da londoni datoves, safrangeTisa da
inglisis elCebma _ peterburgi.

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 1854 wlis 9 Tebervals nikoloz I-ma xeli moawera manifests inglisTan
da safrangeTTan politikuri urTierTobis gawyvetis Sesaxeb. imavdroulad
nikoloz I cdilobda avstriisa da prusiis mxardaWeris mopovebas. avstrias
Tavisi interesebi hqonda balkaneTSi. garda amisa, avstriis samefo karze
zegavlenas axdenda safrangeTi. yovelive amis gamo avstriam neitraliteti
ar gamoacxada. neitralitetis gamocxadebas ar Cqarobda prusiac.
Seqmnil viTarebaSi nikoloz I-ma TurqeTis swrafi ganadgureba daisaxa
miznad. 1854 wels ruseTis armiam mdinare dunai gadalaxa da alya Semoartya
silistriis cixesimagres, romelic dunais marjvena napirze mdebareobda.
amis sapasuxod 1854 wlis 15 marts inglisma omi gamoucxada ruseTs. 16
marts ruseTs omi gamoucxada safrangeTmac. 1854 wlis aprilSi inglisma da
safrangeTma xeli moaweres konvencias ruseTis winaaRmdeg. daiwyo yirimis
omis meore etapi.
1854 wlis zafxulSi ruseTs mZime mdgomareoba Seeqmna balkaneTze.
inglis-safrangeTis sazRvao desantis mier bulgareTis qalaq varnis
dakavebam da avstriis faqtobrivad mtrulma moqmedebam nikoloz I aiZula,
jarebi gamoeyvana dunais samTavroebidan. TurqeTis TanxmobiT dunais
samTavroebi avstriis jarebma daikaves. jarebis gamoyvana am teritoriidan
imas niSnavda, rom ruseTma dakarga xelsayreli placdarmi TurqeTis
winaaRmdeg Setevis gansaxorcieleblad.
1854 wlis agvistoSi iyo cda omis diplomatiuri gzebiT damTavrebisa.
avstriam didi saxelmwifoebis saxeliT ruseTs sazavo molaparakebis
dawyebisaTvis winaswari pirobebi, e. w. oTxi punqti~ SesTavaza. pirobebi
aseTi iyo:
1) dunais samTavroebSi (valaxeTi, moldova) ruseTis proteqtoratis
Secvla xuTi didi saxelmwifos (ruseTi, avstria, TurqeTi, inglisi,
safrangeTi) proteqtoratiT;
2) mdinare dunaize Tavisufali naosnobis dawyeba, mis SesarTavze xuTi
saxelmwifos kontroliT;
3) Savi zRvis sruteebis Sesaxeb 1841 wlis londonis konvenciis
gadasinjva `evropaSi wonasworobis dacvis interesebidan gamomdinare~ (es
imas niSnavda, rom bosforisa da dardanelis sruteebze arsebuli
saerTaSoriso kontroli inglisisa da safrangeTis kontroliT unda
Secvliliyo).
4) TurqeTis qristian mosaxleobaze ruseTis mfarvelobis Secvla didi
saxelmwifoebis koleqtiuri mfarvelobiT.
evropis didi qveynebi darwmunebulebi iyvnen, rom ruseTi am pirobebs ar
miiRebda. `oTxi punqtis~ miReba imas niSnavda, rom ruseTi yovelgvar
pozicias kargavda maxlobel aRmosavleTSi da balkaneTze. nikoloz I-ma
avstriis Suamavloba ar miiRo.
`oTxi punqtis~ paralelurad inglis-safrangeTma sabrZolo moqmedebebi
daiwyes arxangelskis, kamCatkis petropavloskisa da soloveckis monastris
raionebSi.
1854 wlis zafxulSi mokavSireebi (TurqeTi, inglisi, safrangeTi)
samxedro-strategiuli gegmis SeTanxmebas cdilobdnen. ingliss surda, Savi
zRvidan didi desanti gadaesxa amierkavkasiaSi da TurqeTisa da Samilis
jarebTan erTad ruseTi ganedevna kavkasiidan. inglisis gegma miuReblad
miaCnda safrangeTs.
1854 wlis agvistoSi mokavSireebma miiRes gadawyvetileba jarebis yirimis
naxevarkunZulze gadasxmisa da Sav zRvaze ruseTis mTavari simagris _
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sevastopolis _ dakavebis Taobaze. 1854 wlis seqtembris damdegs
mokavSireTa 70-aTasianma armiam evpatoriis raionSi, yirimis naxevarkunZulze
gadasxdoma daiwyo. sevastopolisaken daZrul mokavSireebs generalma
aleqsandre menSikovma pirveli brZola mdinare almaze gaumarTa. rusebma
marcxi ganicades.
sevastopolis dacva TerTmeti Tvis ganmavlobaSi grZeldeboda. iq
dajgufebuli mokavSireebis Zalebis mizidvis mizniT, ruseTis jarebis
mTavarsardalma generalma aleqsandre menSikovma 1854 wlis oqtomberSi
balaklavasTan da inkermanTan, xolo 1855 wlis TebervalSi evpatoriasTan
scada Setevis ganxorcieleba, magram uSedegod. 1855 wlis agvistoSi axalma
mTavarsardalma generalma mixeil gorCakovma Sav mdinaresTan Seutia
mowinaaRmdeges. rusebi amjeradac damarcxdnen. balaklavasTan, inkermanTan,
evpatoriasTan da Sav mdinaresTan gamarTuli brZolebis warumatebloba
mniSvnelovanwilad ganapiroba mTavarsardlebis _ aleqsandre menSikovisa
da mixeil gorCakovis uunarobam.
yirimSi brZolebis paralelurad venaSi mimdinareobda molaparakebebi,
romelTa mizani omis diplomatiuri gziT dasruleba iyo. mokavSireTa
pirobebi ruseTisaTvis amjeradac miuRebeli aRmoCnda.
1855 wlis agvistos bolos mokavSireebma Zlieri Seteva daiwyes
sevastopolis dakavebis mizniT. TerTmetTviani TavdacviTi brZolebis
Semdeg sevastopoli mokavSireTa jarebma daikaves.
sevastopolis dacema iyo ruseTis didi marcxis momaswavebeli. omis bedi
ukve gadawyvetili iyo, Tumca sabrZolo moqmedebebi jer kidev
grZeldeboda.
yirimisagan gansxvavebiT, ruseTis armiam mniSvnelovani gamarjvebebi
moipova kavkasiis frontze. 1853 wlis noemberSi ruseTis jarebma da
qarTvelTa saxalxo laSqarma, general ivane andronikaSvilis sardlobiT,
Turqebi sastikad daamarcxa baSkadiklarTan. amis miuxedavad, 1854 wlis
zafxulSi Turqebi aWaris mxridan guriaSi SeiWrnen da apirebdnen qveynis
siRrmeSi winsvlas. 1854 wlis ivnisSi ruseTis jarebma da qarTvelTa
saxalxo laSqarma general ivane andronikaSvilis sardlobiT mdinare
Coloqze Turqebi kvlav sastikad daamarcxes. 1854 wels qarTulma saxalxo
laSqarma da rusTa razmebma ukuaqcies kaxeTSi SemoWrili Samilis jarebi.
1855 wels Turqebma kargad gaamagres yarsis cixesimagre, xolo imave wlis
Semodgomaze omer-faSas saerTo sardlobiT jarebi gadmosxes saqarTvelos
Savi zRvis sanapiroze. omer-faSam daamarcxa afxazeTSi myofi rusTa jarebi,
enguri gadmolaxa da samegrelo daikava. samegrelos dedofali ekaterine
WavWavaZe zugdididan gaixizna. omer-faSam ekaterine WavWavaZesTan
molaparakeba scada. TurqeTis sardali samegrelos dedofals samTavros
xelSeuxeblobis garantias sTavazobda. ekaterine WavWavaZe omer-faSasTan
molaparakebas ar dasTanxmda da arc zugdidSi dabrunda.
TurqeTis SeCereba mxolod mdinare cxeniswyalze gaxda SesaZlebeli.
kavkasiis jarebis mTavarsardalma generalma nikoloz muraviovma
Tbilisidan mdinare mtkvris xeobiT yarss Seutia da 1855 wlis noemberSi
Zlieri cixesimagre aiRo kidec. yarsis dakargviT SeSfoTebulma omer-faSam
zRvis sanapirosaken daixia. yarsis aRebam mniSvnelovnad Seamsubuqa ruseTis
mZime mdgomareoba.
inglisi 1856 wels amierkavkasiaSi farTomasStabiani sabrZolo
moqmedebebis dawyebas apirebda, raTa ruseTi gaeZevebina kavkasiidan da xelT

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egdo kaspiis zRvis sanapiroebi. am gegmis winaaRmdeg gamovida safrangeTi,
romelic oms damTavrebulad Tvlida. omis dasasruls mieltvoda TurqeTic,
romlis armia seriozulad dazaralda da qveynis ekonomikamac mZime dartyma
ganicada.
omis damTavreba, garkveulwilad, daaCqara 1855 wlis 18 Tebervals
nikoloz I-is gardacvalebam. axalma imperatorma, aleqsandre II-m, ganaaxla
venaSi adre dawyebuli molaparakebebi. am molaparakebebze ruseTi mZime
mdgomareobaSi aRmoCnda. avstriis mier adre SemuSavebul `oTx punqts~
kidev daemata axali moTxovnebi. maTi miuReblobis SemTxvevaSi avstria
diplomatiuri urTierTobis gawyvetiT imuqreboda. ruseTs omis gagrZeleba
aRar SeeZlo. aleqsandre II-m avstriis moTxovnebi miiRo da sazavo
molaparakebas daTanxmda.
sazavo molaparakeba parizSi mimdinareobda 1856 wlis Teberval-martSi.
masSi monawileobdnen: ruseTi, inglisi, safrangeTi, avstria, TurqeTi,
sardinia da prusia. sazavo xelSekruleba (traqtati) xelmoweril iqna 1856
wlis 18 marts. parizis sazavo xelSekruleba Zalze mZime iyo ruseTisaTvis.
Sav zRvaze gasasvlelis mqone yvela qveyanas aekrZala zRvaze samxedro
flotis yola, sanapiro zolSi simagreebisa da arsenalebis mSenebloba,
arsebuli floti unda ganadgurebuliyo, simagreebi da arsenalebi
dangreuliyo. es imas niSnavda, rom ruseTs samxreTis sazRvrebi daucveli
rCeboda. amave dros, TurqeTs samxedro floti SeiZleboda hyoloda
marmarilosa da xmelTaSua zRvebSi, rac axali omis SemTxvevaSi TurqeTs
did upiratesobas aniWebda. ruseTma dakarga besarabiis teritoria, romelic
moldovas samTavros SeuerTes da faqtobrivad TurqeTis mflobelobaSi
aRmoCnda. ruseTs CamoerTva dunais samTavroebisa (valaxeTisa da moldovas)
da serbiis erTpirovnuli mfarvelobis ufleba. ruseTma miaRwia imas, rom
valaxeTi, moldova da serbia avstrias ar gadaeca. TurqeTis pretenziebi
ruseT-TurqeTis sazRvris Secvlisa da amierkavkasiis zogierT raionSi misi
mflobelobis aRdgenis Sesaxeb dakmayofilebuli ar iqna. sevastopolis
sanacvlod rusebs unda daetovebinaT yarsi.
parizis sazavo xelSekrulebas (traqtats) Tan erTvoda konvencia
bosforisa da dardanelis sruteebis Sesaxeb. mSvidobianobis dros
sruteebi ucxoeTis samxedro gemebisaTvis daxurulad cxaddeboda. amas
ruseTisaTvis Zalze didi mniSvneloba hqonda.
yirimis omSi damarcxebam mZime mdgomareobaSi Caagdo ruseTis imperia.
omis Sedegebma dRis wesrigSi daayena qveynis politikuri, ekonomikuri da
socialuri cxovrebis modernizacia.
d) saqarTvelo ruseT-TurqeTis 1877-1878 wlebis omis periodSi.
safrangeT-prusiis omSi damarcxebis Semdeg safrangeTi ise dasustda, rom
ruseTi mxolod mis imedad ver darCeboda. Sua aziaSi dapirispirebis gamo
Zalze daiZaba ruseT-inglisis urTierToba, balkaneTis sakiTxma aseve
seriozulad daZaba ruseT-avstria-ungreTis damokidebuleba. aseT
viTarebaSi ruseTis diplomatia Tvlida, rom germaniis imperiasTan mWidro
kavSiri gaaneitralebda inglisis winaaRmdegobas. germanias SeeZlo
Suamavlis roli Seesrulebina ruseT-avstria-ungreTis urTierTobebis
mogvarebaSi. 1872 wels berlinSi erTmaneTs Sexvdnen germaniis, ruseTisa da
avstria-ungreTis imperatorebi da sagareo saqmeTa ministrebi. samma
imperatorma gansazRvra saxelmwifoTa TanamSromlobis perspeqtivebi, Tumca

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balkaneTze ruseTisa da avstria-ungreTis winaaRmdegobis gamo berlinSi
xelSekruleba ar daudiaT.
1873 wels peterburgSi ruseTis imperatori aleqsandre II da kancleri
aleqsandre gorCakovi Sexvdnen germaniis imperators vilhelm I-sa da
kancler oto fon bismarks. xelmoweril iqna ruseT-germaniis samxedro
konvencia. konvenciis Tanaxmad, ruseTi da germania valdebulebas iRebdnen,
mesame saxelmwifos Tavdasxmis SemTxvevaSi mokavSiris dasaxmareblad 200-
aTasiani armia gamoeyvanaT. ruseT-germaniis samxedro konvenciis dadebis
Semdeg, imave 1873 wels, aleqsandre II venaSi Cavida da avstria-ungreTis
imperatorTan molaparakeba gamarTa, romelic SenburnSi, ruseT-avstria-
ungreTis politikuri konvenciis dadebiT damTavrda. ruseTsa da avstria-
ungreTs Soris aRmosavleTis sakiTxSi seriozuli winaaRmdegobis gamo,
Senburnis konvencia mxareTa konkretul valdebulebebs ar gansazRvravda.
mesame saxelmwifosTan omis SemTxvevaSi konvenciis damdeb mxareebs
samoqmedo gegmebi unda SeeTanxmebinaT. 1873 welsve, germaniis imperatoris _
vilhelm I-is avstria-ungreTSi mogzaurobis dros, SenburnSi xelmoweril
iqna `ruseT-avstriis konvenciasTan germaniis SeerTebis aqti~. ase Seiqmna
`sami imperatoris kavSiri~.
`sami imperatoris kavSirma~ ver mospo ruseTs, germaniasa da avstria-
ungreTs Soris arsebuli winaaRmdegoba. germania am kavSiriT safrangeTis
izolaciaSi moqcevasa da mis dasustebas cdilobda, ruseTi ki _ piriqiT,
safrangeTis dacvas germaniis agresiisagan. ruseTi da avstria-ungreTi
daJinebiT cdilobdnen germaniis gamoyenebas balkaneTsa da maxlobel
aRmosavleTSi upiratesobis mopovebisaTvis. yovelive es mokavSireTa Soris
undoblobas zrdida. XIX saukunis 70-iani wlebis meore naxevarSi
aRmosavleTis krizisma `sami imperatoris kavSiri~ daSala da daaCqara
germania-avstria-ungreT-italiis blokis Seqmna.
Seqmnil saerTaSoriso viTarebaSi ruseTi ukve aRar eswrafoda TurqeTis
gadanawilebas, agreTve bosforisa da dardanelis sruteebis xelSi
Cagdebas. aleqsandre II-m miznad daisaxa balkaneTze ganmtkiceba da
balkaneTis mxridan evropis qveynebis agresiis SemTxvevaSi stambolisa da
sruteebis saimedod dacva. balkaneTze ruseTis politikuri da ekonomikuri
gavlenis zrdas xels uSlidnen evropis didi saxelmwifoebi. samagierod,
ruseTis saxiT mfarvelsa da mokavSires xedavdnen TurqeTis mier
dapyrobili slavebi (bulgarelebi, serbebi, bosnielebi, hercegovinelebi),
aseve ruminelebi. aseT viTarebaSi TurqeTis sulTanma miznad daisaxa
balkaneTis slavebis erovnuli moZraobis CaxSoba.
1875 wels TurqeTis batonobis winaaRmdeg ajanyeba daiwyo hercegovinisa
da bosniis serbma mosaxleobam. male ajanyeba slavebiT dasaxlebul
balkaneTis sxva mxareebsac moedo. ase daiwyo balkaneTis krizisi.
balkaneTis krizisis pirobebSi ruseTma kvlav scada avstria-ungreTTan
molaparakeba, raTa gamoericxa inglis-avstria-ungreTis erToblivi
gamosvla ruseTis winaaRmdeg. saidumlo molaparakebisas gairkva, rom
avstria-ungreTs Zalze didi pretenziebi hqonda balkaneTsa da maxlobel
aRmosavleTSi.
1876 wlis Semodgomaze, seriozuli gansjis Semdeg. aleqsandre II-m
balkaneTis krizisis pirobebSi ruseTis damoukideblad moqmedebis
gadawyvetileba miiRo. samxedro saministrom omisaTvis mzadeba daiwyo.

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 1877 wlis 12 aprils, mas Semdeg, rac TurqeTma uaryo balkaneTis
krizisis mSvidobiani gziT gadaWris winadadeba, kiSiniovSi myofma
imperatorma aleqsandre II-m xeli moawera manifests TurqeTTan omis
Sesaxeb. 1877-1878 wlebis daZabul brZolebSi ruseTis armiam balkaneTis
naxevarkunZulze ramdenime didi marcxi miayena TurqeTis armias. rusebma
Turqebs TiTqmis mTeli balkaneTi daatovebines.
didi brZolebi mimdinareobda kavkasiis frontze. 1877 wlis maisSi
ruseTis armiam general mixeil loris-meliqovis saerTo sardlobiT
artaani aiRo, magram SemdgomSi viTareba Seicvala _ TurqeTis armiam SeZlo
seriozuli winaaRmdegobis gaweva. loris-meliqovma kavkasiis armiis
mTavarsardals, did mTavars mixeil romanovs kavkasiis frontze damatebiTi
Zalebis gagzavna sTxova, rac dakmayofilebul iqna. male ruseTis
sardlobam moqmedebis gegma Secvala: gadawyda TurqeTis armiis nawilebis
cal-calke ganadgureba. 1877 wlis oqtomberSi rusebma bazarjikTan
sastikad daamarcxes Turqebi, rasac mohyva saerTo Setevis dawyeba. 1877
wlis otombris bolos ruseTis armiam yarsis blokada daiwyo. 18 noembers
yarsi aRebul iqna.
warumatebeli gamodga 1877 wels ruseTis armiisa da qarTvelTa saxalxo
laSqris Seteva baTumis mimarTulebiT. didi msxverplis miuxedavad,
flotis gareSe SeuZlebeli gaxda Zlieri simagris _ cixisZiris aReba.
ruseTis armiis gamarjvebebma SeaSfoTa evropis saxelmwifoTa
mTavrobebi. balkaneTidan stambolisaken daZruli ruseTis armia sul axlos
iyo TurqeTis dedaqalaqTan. evropis saxelmwifoebi sulTans omis Sewyvetas
da dazavebas urCevdnen. evropis qveynebTan garTulebis Tavidan acilebis
mizniT, aleqsandre II-m TurqeTis sulTnis winadadeba miiRo da 1878 wlis 19
ianvars adrianopolSi ruseTsa da TurqeTs Soris droebiTi zavi daido.
zavis mixedviT, bulgareTi avtonomiur samTavrod, bosnia da hercegovina ki
avtonomiur olqebad gamocxaddnen, xolo rumineTma, serbiam da Cernogoriam
damoukidebloba miiRes. ruseTs TurqeTisagan unda mieRo an fuladi
kontribucia, an teritoria.
adrianopolis droebiTma zavma evropis qveynebis protesti gamoiwvia.
gansakuTrebiT avstria-ungreTi da inglisi aqtiurobdnen. 1878 wlis 1
Tebervals inglisis samxedro eskadra marmarilos zRvaSi Sevida, avstria-
ungreTma ki karpatebSi jarebis mopolizacia daiwyo. inglisis samxedro
eskadris dardanelis sruteSi Sesvlis sapasuxod ruseTma stambolze
Seteva ganaaxla da dasavleTidan miuaxlovda TurqeTis dedaqalaqs.
1878 wlis 19 Tebervals, stambolidan dasavleTiT Tormeti kilometris
daSorebiT mdebare daba san-stefanoSi ruseTsa da TurqeTs Soris winaswari
zavi daido, romlis mixedviT serbiam, Cernogoriam da rumineTma
damoukidebloba miiRes. bulgareTs gadaeca makedonia da igi TurqeTSi
Semavali avtonomiuri samTavro gaxda. TurqeTis jarebi ar unda
darCeniliyvnen bulgareTis teritoriaze, xolo cixe-simagreebi unda
daengriaT. zavis pirobebis Sesrulebaze kontrolis mizniT, ori wlis
vadiT, ruseTis 50-aTasiani armia balkaneTze unda darCeniliyo. san-stefanos
zaviT ruseTma miiRo samxreTi besarabia.
san-stefanos zavis pirobis Tanaxmad, ruseTs unda mieRo artaani,
baiazeTi, yarsi, aWara baTumiTurT da samxreT-dasavleTi saqarTvelos sxva
teritoriebi. Tu ruseTi isurvebda, am teritoriebis sanacvlod mas
TurqeTisagan SeeZlo kontribuciis saxiT mieRo didi fuladi kompensacia.

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cxadia, TurqeTs fulis gadaxda erCia. inglissac ar surda samxreT-
dasavleTi saqarTvelos gadasvla ruseTis SemadgenlobaSi, magram, ruseTis
imperatorma, aleqsandre II-m, es ar ineba da amasTan dakavSirebiT ganacxada:
`marto baTumi da yarsi Rirs imad, rom ruseTma misTvis gawiros ramdenime
milioni~.
san-stefanos zavi kidev ufro miuRebeli aRmoCnda evropis qveynebisaTvis.
ruseTs evropis qveynebTan omis aSkara saSiSroeba daemuqra. 1878 wlis 25
maiss inglisma da avstria-ungreTma dades xelSekruleba, romelic ruseTis
winaaRmdeg iyo mimarTuli. evropis qveynebma ruseTis gavlenis SezRudvisa
da, konkretulad, san-stefanos zavis gadasinjvis mizniT saerTaSoriso
kongresis mowvevas miaRwies.
1878 wlis 1 ivniss berlinSi germaniis kancleris _ oto fon bismarkis
TavmjdomareobiT muSaobas Seudga 1856 wlis parizis zavze xelmomweri
qveynebis kongresi. kongresze ruseTi izolaciaSi aRmoCnda. antirusul
bloks inglisi edga saTaveSi. 1878 wlis 1 ivliss xelmoweril iqna
berlinis traqtati, romelmac daadastura rumineTis, serbiisa da
Cernogoriis damoukidebloba. bulgareTi or nawilad gaiyo. CrdiloeTi
bulgareTi cnes TurqeTis vasalur samTavrod, xolo samxreTi bulgareTi,
saxelwodebiT `samxreT rumelia~, gamocxadda TurqeTis avtonomiur
provinciad. makedonia gadaeca TurqeTs, xolo bosnia da hercegovina _
avstria-ungreTs. samxreTi besarabia ruseTis SemadgenlobaSi darCa.
kavkasiaSi ruseTis SemadgenlobaSi Sevida yarsi da artaani. aWara
baTumiTurT aseve ruseTis mflobelobaSi gadavida, oRond im pirobiT, rom
baTumi `porto frankod~ (`Tavisufal qalaq-navsadgurad) gamocxaddeboda.
berlinis traqtatis xelmoweris droisaTvis ruseTis jarebi mxolod
yarssa da artaanSi idgnen, baTumsa da cixisZirSi jer kidev TurqeTis
jarebi imyofebodnen. 1878 wlis 25 agvistos baTumSi Sevidnen ruseTis
jarebi da qarTvelTa saxalxo laSqari, aseve mis navsadgurSi _ ruseTis
samxedro flotis gemebi.
ruseT-TurqeTis 1877-1878 wlebis omma aamaRla ruseTis imperiis
saerTaSoriso prestiJi. ruseTma mniSvnelovnad ganimtkica poziciebi
rogorc balkaneTze, ise maxlobel aRmosavleTSi.

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 T a v i I X
qarTuli diplomatia XX s-Si
$1. diplomatiuri brZola saqarTvelos
saxelmwifoebriobis aRdgenisaTvis
1900-1917 wlebSi

XIX saukunis dasasrulsa da XX saukunis damdegs erTiani qarTuli

erovnuli moZraoba politikur partiebad daiSala. male saqarTvelos
sazogadoebriv-politikur moZraobaSi ramdenime mimdinareoba gamoikveTa,
romelTagan aRsaniSnavia Semdegi: social-demokratebi (noe Jordania,
nikoloz (karlo) CxeiZe, isidore ramiSvili, akaki Cxenkeli, irakli
wereTeli da sxv.), socialist-federalistebi (arCil jorjaZe, giorgi
lasxiSvili, grigol rcxilaZe da sxv.), erovnul-demokratebi (revaz
gabaSvili, daTa vaCnaZe, giorgi gvazava da sxv.). ilia WavWavaZe da misi
Tanamoazreni sazogadoebriv-politikur cxovrebaze mniSvnelovan gavlenas
veRar axdendnen. XIX saukunis damdegis qarTuli politikuri azris
istoriaSi umniSvnelovanes movlenad unda miviCnioT saqarTvelos
avtonomiis ideis Casaxva da misi realizeba. 1905-1907 wlebis revoluciis
periodSi erovnuli moZraoba saqarTvelos avtonomiisaTvis brZolis niSniT
mimdinareobda. erovnul partiebTan erTad avtonomiis moTxovnas mxars
uWerdnen qarTveli inteligencia, wvrilburJuaziuli fenebi, moswavle da
studenti axalgazrdoba, Tavadaznauroba da burJuazia.
1905 wlis aprilSi TbilisSi Semdgarma saTavadaznauro krebam xmebis
didi umravlesobiT mxari dauWira saqarTvelos avtonomiis moTxovnas. 1906
wels cnobilma erovnulma moRvawem, soxumis qalaqisTavma nikoloz (niko)
TavdgiriZem moskovSi mowveul saerobo da saqalaqo warmomadgenelTa
biuroSi waradgina moxseneba, romelSic saqarTvelosaTvis erovnuli
avtonomiis miniWebas iTxovda. quTaisis saqalaqo sabWos gansakuTrebuli
komisiis mier miRebuli rezolucia moiTxovda ruseTis mmarTvelobis
decentralizaciasa da saqarTvelos avtonomias.
saqarTvelos avtonomiis moTxovnis winaaRmdeg kvlav ilaSqrebda
ruseTis social-demokratiuli muSaTa partia. mas mxars ubamdnen qarTveli
social-demokratebic.
revoluciis dasawyisidanve saqarTvelos avtonomiis moTxovnas
energiulad dauWires mxari qarTvel TergdaleulTa Zvelma Taobam da maTma
aRiarebulma winamZRolma ilia WavWavaZem. ilia WavWavaZis moRvaweobas
uaRresad didi mniSvneloba hqonda avtonomiisaTvis mebrZoli Zalebis
konsolidaciisaTvis.
1907 wels erovnuli Zalebi Seecadnen, saqarTvelos avtonomiis sakiTxi
evropis politikuri wreebis winaSe daesvaT. am moZraobis yvelaze didi
gamoxatuleba iyo `saqarTvelos xalxis memorandumi~, romelic warudgines
haagis samSvidobo konferencias 1907 wels. memorandumis SedgenaSi aqtiurad
monawileobdnen varlam CerqeziSvili, mixeil (mixako) wereTeli da sxvebi.
am SemTxvevaSic erovnuli Zalebi diplomatiuri mosazrebiT moeridnen
ruseTis saimperatoro karTan aSkara konfrontacias, ruseTis saxelmwifos
teritoriuli mTlianobis xelyofas da, 1783 wlis georgievskis traqtatis
pirobebze dayrdnobiT, ruseTis SemadgenlobaSi saqarTvelos erovnuli
avtonomiis moTxovniT dakmayofildnen. aseTi nabiji Semdegi mosazrebiT iyo

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gamarTlebuli: pirveli. ruseTis saimperatoro kari arasgziT ar dauSvebda
saqarTvelos calke saxelmwifod gamoyofas, xolo ruseTis saxelmwifos
teritoriuli mTlianobis xelyofis Tundac ideis wamoyenebas didi
represiebi mohyveboda; meore. TviT haagis samSvidobo konferencia, evropis
didi qveynebi ar dauWerdnen mxars saqarTvelos gamoyofas ruseTisgan.
samwuxarod, evropis yuradReba saqarTvelosadmi TanagrZnobas ar
gascilebia. haagis konferencia evropis ganiaraRebisa da did saxelmwifoTa
or dajgufebas Soris daZabulobis normalizaciis sakiTxebiT iyo
dakavebuli. qarTveli eris satkivrisaTvis aravis ecala. miuxedavad amisa,
`saqarTvelos xalxis memorandumi~ mniSvnelovani iuridiul-istoriuli
Rirebulebis dokumenti iyo, romelmac saerTaSoriso konferenciisa da
evropis qveynebis yuradReba miipyro da saqarTvelos erovnuli avtonomiis
moTxovna saerTaSoriso doneze daayena.
1905-1907 wlebis revoluciis damarcxebis Semdeg brZola saqarTvelos
avtonomiisaTvis ar Sewyvetila. piriqiT, es sakiTxi oficialurad daisva.
saqarTvelos sakiTxi sul ufro popularuli xdeboda ruseTis
saxelmwifo saTaTbiroSi. 1912 wels socialist-federalistebis deputatma
varlam gelovanma meoTxe saxelmwifo saTaTbiroSi daayena saqarTvelos
politikuri avtonomiis moTxovna, rac erovnuli moZraobis umniSvnelovanes
movlenas warmoadgenda.
1912 wels erovnulma Zalebma Seqmnes organizacia _ `qarTveli xalxis
uflebebis dacvis kavSiri~. misi mizani iyo, georgievskis traqtatis (1783 w.)
pirobebze dayrdnobiT, qarTveli eris istoriuli uflebis propaganda
evropis qveynebSi da am gziT saqarTvelos damoukideblobis miRwevisaTvis
xelis Sewyoba. `qarTveli xalxis uflebebis dacvis kavSiris~ Seqmnis
iniciatorebi iyvnen: arCil jorjaZe, geronti qiqoZe, kita abaSiZe da sxv.
kavSiris warmomadgenlebi sazRvargareT aqtiurad monawileobdnen
saerTaSoriso konferenciebSi da cdilobdnen saqarTvelos sakiTxiT didi
saxelmwifoebis dainteresebas.
pirveli msoflio omis dawyebis Semdeg saqarTveloSi arsebuli yvela
politikuri partia da mimdinareoba cdilobda Seqmnil samxedro-politikur
situaciaSi garkvevas da Sesabamisi samoqmedo gegmis dasaxvas.
erovnul-demokratiuli mimdinareobis aqtiuroba jer kidev omis
dawyebamde SeiniSneboda. politikuri devnis gamo emigraciaSi wasulma
erovnul-demokratebma JenevaSi gaagrZeles moRvaweoba. petre surgulaZem,
leo da giorgi kereseliZeebma, nestor maRalaSvilma da sxvebma 1913 wels
Camoayalibes jgufi `Tavisufali saqarTvelo~ da gamosces amave
saxelwodebis Jurnali. amave jgufis aqtiuri wevrebi iyvnen giorgi maCabeli
da mixeil (mixako) wereTeli. JenevaSive Caeyara safuZveli `saqarTvelos
damoukideblobis komitets~. pirveli msoflio omis dawyebis Semdeg, 1914
wels, `saqarTvelos damoukideblobis komiteti~ Jenevidan berlinSi
gadavida.
`saqarTvelos damoukideblobis komiteti~ Tavisi moRvaweobis miznad
miiCnevda: 1) saqarTvelosTan dakavSirebas, qarTuli politikuri Zalebis
miswrafebis gacnobas; 2) damoukideblobis ideis propagandas samSobloSi; 3)
iaraRis Semotanas saqarTveloSi; 4) germaniaze orientirebuli politikuri
saqmianobis gagrZelebas evropaSi; 5) qarTuli legionis Camoyalibebas
TurqeTSi, raTa SemdgomSi damoukideblobisaTvis brZolaSi gamoeyenebinaT
igi.

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 `saqarTvelos damoukideblobis komitetma~ 1915 wels saqarTveloSi
moavlina Tavisi warmomadgeneli giorgi maCabeli da adgilobriv politikur
Zalebs SesTavaza germaniis daxmarebiT ruseTis winaaRmdeg ajanyebis
mowyoba. qarTvelma social-demokratebma ucxo Zalis meSveobiT
saqarTvelodan ruseTis gandevna ararealurad miiCnies. noe Jordaniam
amasTan dakavSirebiT Semdegi mosazrebebi wamoayena: jer erTi, ar arsebobda
araviTari garantia imisa, rom msoflio omis frontze Seqmnili viTareba
germanias saqarTvelosaTvis daxmarebis gawevis saSualebas miscemda; meorec,
arc imis imedad SeiZleboda yofna, rom saqarTvelodan ruseTis jarebis
gandevnis SemTxvevaSi TurqeTi ar moaxdenda saqarTvelos okupacias.
`saqarTvelos damoukideblobis komitetis~ gegma _ germaniis daxmarebiT
ruseTis winaaRmdeg ajanyebis dawyeba _ ver ganxorcielda.
erovnuli moZraobis sayuradRebo movlenas warmoadgenda mixako
wereTlis moxseneba erTa III kongresze q. lozanaSi (Sveicaria), 1916 wlis
ivlisSi. moxsenebis Tema iyo `qarTveli eris uflebani~. mixako wereTelma
ganaTlebul kacobriobas mouwoda, daxmareboda qarTvel ers ruseTis mier
darRveuli 1783 wlis georgievskis traqtatis pirobebis aRdgenaSi.
social-demokratebis msoflmxedvelobam pirveli msoflio omis dawyebis
Semdeg mniSvnelovani cvlilebebi ganicada. omis wlebSi popularuli gaxda
lozungi erTa TviTgamorkvevis (TviTgansazRvris) Sesaxeb. mravalerovani
saxelmwifoebis pirobebSi erTa TviTgamorkveva realurad niSnavda Semdegs:
a) yvela eris srul Tanasworuflebianobas; b) calkeuli erisaTvis
avtonomiis Seqmnas; g) mravalerovani saxelmwifoebidan erebis calke
gamoyofasa da damoukidebel saxelmwifod Camoyalibebas. qarTvelma
social-demokratebma mxari dauWires ruseTis saxelmwifos SemadgenlobaSi
saqarTvelos avtonomiis moTxovnas. aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom maTi azriT
saqarTvelo ver iqceoda uSualod ruseTis saxelmwifos SemadgenlobaSi
Semaval avtonomiur erTeulad. saqarTvelos, somxeTsa da azerbaijans unda
SeeqmnaT amierkavkasiis avtonomia, romelic Sevidoda ruseTis saxelmwifoSi
calke avtonomiur erTeulad.
socialist-federalistebi pirveli msoflio omis dawyebis Semdegac
erTgulni darCnen TavianTi moTxovnebisa. isini uaryofdnen radikalur
politikur kurss. ruseTis winaaRmdeg ajanyebis dawyeba maTac avantiurad
miaCndaT.
amrigad, 1900-1916 wlebSi qarTuli politikur-diplomatiuri azri
ruseTis saxelmwifos SemadgenlobaSi saqarTvelos erovnuli avtonomiis
Seqmnis samarTlianobis dasabuTebasa da mSvidobiani gziT mis praqtikul
ganxorcielebas cdilobda. pirveli msoflio omis wlebSi ruseTis
winaaRmdeg ajanyebis gegmac iqna SemuSavebuli, magram man mxardaWera ver
pova.

$2. saqarTvelosa da amierkavkasiis

saerTaSoriso mdgomareoba (1917 wlis
Teberval-marti _ 1918 wlis maisi)

ruseTis 1917 wlis Teberval-martis revoluciam, romelsac mohyva

imperiis ngreva, xelsayreli pirobebi Seqmna imperiaSi `nebayoflobiT~
Sesuli Tu dapyrobili erebis TviTgansazRvrisaTvis. amave dros, kerZod,

296
saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis aRdgenisaTvis brZolas
ramdenime faqtori arTulebda.
pirveli. msoflio omis mesame welsac ki ar SeiZleboda imis
prognozireba, Tu rogor ganviTardeboda saomari operaciebi msoflio omis
frontebze. aqedan gamomdinare, SeuZlebeli iyo ramdenadme realuri
sagareo-politikuri orientaciis SemuSaveba, saimedo, Zlieri mokavSiris
povna, ris gareSec warmoudgeneli iyo saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi
damoukideblobis aRdgena.
meore. ruseTis saxelmwifos interesebi ruseTis imperiis nebismieri
samarTalmemkvidrisagan (konkretul SemTxvevaSi _ ruseTis droebiTi
mTavrobisagan) aucileblad moiTxovda kavkasiis geopolitikur regionSi
poziciebis dacvas. kavkasiis dakargviT ruseTis saxelmwifo kargavda
poziciebs maxlobel aRmosavleTSi.
mesame. kavkasiis geopolitikur regionSi Tavisi sasicocxlo interesebi
hqonda or islamur saxelmwifosac _ TurqeTsa da irans. es ukanaskneli 1917
wlisaTvis ar warmoadgenda seriozul Zalas (Tumca saqarTvelosaTvis
mainc saSiSi iyo). rac Seexeba TurqeTs, msoflio omis samma welma aSkara
gaxada misi agresiuli miswrafebani amierkavkasiaSi da, kerZod,
saqarTveloSi. cxadi gaxda brZolis is formebic, romlebiTac TurqeTi
apirebda regionSi damkvidrebas.
meoTxe. msoflio omis pirobebSi evropis qveynebi kavkasiis
geopolitikur regionSi ruseT-TurqeTis dapirispirebaSi ver ereodnen, am
dapirispirebaSi wonasworobis darRvevis arc erTi varianti (ruseTis an
TurqeTis sasargeblod) ar aZlevda maT xels. ruseTis wasvla
amierkavkasiis regionidan aq TurqeTis ucilobel da safuZvlian
damkvidrebas niSnavda, xolo TurqeTis poziciebis Sesusteba xelsayrel
pirobebs uqmnida ruseTs aqtiuri politikis warmoebisaTvis.
mexuTe. movlenaTa idealuri scenariT ganviTarebis SemTxvevaSic ki
(ruseTisa da TurqeTis erTdrouli wasvla amierkavkasiidan) saqarTvelo
didi siZneleebis winaSe dgeboda. didi saxelmwifoebis wasvla regionidan
dauyovnebliv biZgs miscemda aq mcxovrebi erebis hegemonistur miswrafebebs,
sxvadasxva erovnebisa da aRmsareblobis xalxebis dapirispirebas _
politikur, religiur da eTnikur konfliqtebs, separatistul moZraobebs.
yvela cal-calke Seecdeboda Tavisi istoriuli teritoriis sazRvrebis
moxazvas, rac, umetes SemTxvevaSi, Tu SeuZlebeli ara, warmoudgenlad
Zneli iyo, radgan ruseTis mier kavkasiis dapyrobis Semdeg demografiuli
situacia aq radikalurad Seicvala. Zneli iqneboda im kriteriumebis
SemuSavebac, romlebic safuZvlad daedeboda kavkasiaSi erovnul-
saxelmwifoebriv gamijvnas.
meeqvse. SeuZlebeli iyo imis prognozirebac, Tu sabolood rogor
damTavrdeboda omi, ra saxes miiRebda msoflios politikuri ruka, rogori
iqneboda omis Semdgomi politikuri situacia.
1917 wlis Teberval-martis revoluciis gamarjvebiT arseboba daasrula
kavkasiis samefisnacvlomac. ruseTis saimperatoro xelisuflebis
samarTalmemkvidrem _ ruseTis droebiTma mTavrobam amierkavkasiis marTva-
gamgeoba Caabara samxareo xelisuflebis organos _ amierkavkasiis
gansakuTrebul komitets (ozakoms), romelic erovnuli da partiuli
principiT dakompleqtda. ozakomis Tavmjdomared dainiSna kadeti v.
xarlamovi. misi qarTveli wevri iyo socialist-federalisti kita abaSiZe.

297
male kita abaSiZis nacvlad ozakomis wevri gaxda social-demokrati akaki
Cxenkeli. ozakomi TbilisSi praqtikulad moRvaweobas Seudga 1917 wlis 18
marts.
1917 wlis Teberval-martis revoluciis Semdeg TbilisSi
funqcionirebdnen revoluciuri xelisuflebis organoebi: Tbilisis muSaTa
(cota mogvianebiT muSaTa da jariskacTa) deputatebis sabWo (Tavmjdomare
noe Jordania) da ruseTis kavkasiis armiis jariskacTa deputatebis samxareo
sabWo (Tavmjdomare dimitri donskoi).
TbilisSi 1917 wlis aprilis damdegidan funqcionirebas iwyebs erovnuli
xelisuflebis organos Canasaxi _ `saqarTvelos erovnuli interpartiuli
sabWo~ (Tavmjdomare akaki Cxenkeli). Tamamad SeiZleba iTqvas, rom
saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis aRdgenisaTvis brZolis
saTaveebTan swored saqarTvelos erovnuli interpartiuli sabWo idga.
1917 wlis Teberval-martis revoluciis Semdeg saqarTveloSi aSkarad
SeimCneoda antirusul ganwyobilebaTa Sesusteba, rasac Tavisi mizezebi
hqonda. jer erTi, ruseTis imperiis aRsasruli garkveuli Sveba iyo
imperiaSi mcxovrebi dapyrobili erebisaTvis; meorec, ruseTis droebiTi
mTavroba _ Tavisi xasiaTiT demokratiuli _ sulac ar apirebda koloniuri
mxareebis marTvas Zveli principebiT; amis magaliTs saqarTveloSi cxadad
iZleoda ozakomi, romlis Sedareba kavkasiis samefisnacvlos
administraciasTan marTlac ar SeiZleboda. warsuls Cabarda Jandarmeriisa
da oxrankis TareSi, sagangebo mdgomareobebisa da damsjeli eqspediciebis
xana, aseve _ rusifikaciac mravalnairi gamovlinebiT. gauqmda cenzura.
saqarTveloSi antirusul ganwyobilebas garkveulwilad isic asustebda,
rom ruseTis politikur cxovrebaSi Zalze did rols asrulebdnen
nikoloz (karlo) CxeiZe da irakli wereTeli. karlo CxeiZe arCeul iqna
petrogradis muSaTa da jariskacTa deputatebis sabWos aRmasrulebeli
komitetis Tavmjdomared, xolo cota mogvianebiT sruliad ruseTis
sabWoebis pirvelma yrilobam (1917 wlis ivnisi) igi airCia sruliad ruseTis
centraluri aRmasrulebeli komitetis Tavmjdomared. rac Seexeba irakli
wereTels, igi ruseTis koaliciuri droebiTi mTavrobis erT-erTi yvelaze
gavleniani ministri iyo. yvelaferi es qmnida imis iluzias, rom
demokratiuli ruseTis SemadgenlobaSi saqarTvelos raime avtonomiuri
formiT darCena SesaZlebeli iyo. daaxloebiT igive mdgomareoba da
ganwyobileba iyo TiTqmis yvela yofil koloniur qveyanaSi. saqarTvelos
imdroindeli politikuri elitis azrs sworad gamoxatavda cnobili
qarTveli moRvawe, diplomati zurab avaliSvili, romelic aRniSnavda:
`aravis ufiqria ruseTTan saxelmwifoebrivi kavSiris gawyveta; iseve
rogorc ar ufiqriaT amaze estoneTSi, latviasa da ruseTis ganapira
mxareebSi. saqarTvelo am mxriv, SeiZleba iTqvas, sxvebTan fexSewyobili
midioda~.
saqarTvelos erovnul interpartiul sabWoSi 1917 wlis gazafxulze
saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis aRdgenis sakiTxi ar
dasmula. erovnul-demokratebis azriT, Tu ruseTi federaciuli
saxelmwifo iqneboda, saqarTvelos unda mieRo federaciuli erTeulis
statusi; Tu igi unitaruli respublika iqneboda, saqarTvelos unda
moeTxova farTo erovnuli avtonomia sakuTari prezidentiT. social-
demokratebi uaryofdnen rogorc federaciis, ise avtonomiis ideas da
miiCnevdnen, rom saqarTvelos unda hqonoda farTo adgilobrivi erovnuli

298
TviTmmarveloba, magram ara uSualod ruseTis saxelmwifos, aramed
amierkavkasiis teritoriuli erTeulis SemadgenlobaSi, romelic TavisTavad
ruseTis saxelmwifos nawili iqneboda.
saqarTvelos erovnuli interpartiuli sabWo politikur partiaTa
nebayoflobiTi gaerTianeba iyo. igi qarTveli eris mier ar yofila arCeuli
da, amdenad, iuridiulad ufleba ar hqonda, eris saxeliT gamosuliyo.
viTarebis Taviseburebas kargad grZnobdnen TviT interpartiuli sabWo da
misi Tavmjdomare akaki Cxenkeli. garda amisa, aucileblad
gasaTvaliswinebeli iyo msoflioSi Seqmnili samxedro-politikuri
viTareba, romelic uaRresad rTuli iyo. yvelaferi es aucilebels xdida
iseTi uflebamosili organos Seqmnas, romelic saerTaSoriso asparezze
qarTveli eris saxeliT imoqmedebda. ase Caisaxa saqarTvelos erovnuli
yrilobis mowvevis idea.
1917 wlis zafxulis bolodan erovnuli yrilobis mowvevisaTvis mzadeba
daCqarebuli tempiT mimdinareobda. noe Jordania, romelic interpartiuli
sabWos muSaobaSi aqtiurad ar monawileobda, politikur partiaTa TxovniT
saTaveSi Caudga yrilobis mowvevis saqmes. interpartiul sabWoSi
SeTanxmdnen, rom saqarTvelos erovnuli yriloba airCevda erovnul sabWos,
romelic SeimuSavebda saarCevno kanons saqarTvelos damfuZnebeli
krebisaTvis. qarTveli eris winaSe mdgari yvela mniSvnelovani sakiTxi
swored damfuZnebel krebas unda gadaewyvita.
saqarTvelos pirveli erovnuli yrilobis gaxsnis wina xanebSi
politikuri viTareba ruseTSi kardinalurad Seicvala, ramac sakmaod
rTul mdgomareobaSi Caayena qarTveli politikosebi. 1917 wlis 25
oqtombers ruseTSi bolSevikebma ganaxorcieles kontrrevoluciuri
saxelmwifo gadatrialeba da daamxes kanonieri (IV saxelmwifo saTaTbiros
mier damtkicebuli) droebiTi mTavroba. saqarTvelos samive gavlenianma
politikurma Zalam _ social-demokratebma, socialist-federalistebma da
erovnul-demokratebma _ ar cno sabWoTa ruseTis mTavroba.
ruseTis droebiTi mTavrobis damxobasTan erTad uflebamosileba
dakarga mis mier daniSnulma amierkavkasiis samxareo xelisuflebis organom
_ ozakomma.
amave dros cxadi iyo yvelasaTvis, rom sabWoTa mTavroba Seecdeboda
Tavisi Zalauflebis gavrcelebas amierkavkasiazec. am pirobebSi, qarTveli
social-demokratebis iniciativiT, amierkavkasiis politikurma Zalebma
daaswres sabWoTa ruseTs _ 1917 wlis 15 noembridan TbilisSi
funqcionireba daiwyo samxareo xelisuflebis organom _ amierkavkasiis
komisariatma (Tavmjdomare evgeni gegeWkori).
amierkavkasiis komisariatis Seqmna politikur-diplomatiuri
TvalsazrisiT savsebiT swori gadawyvetileba iyo _ xelisuflebis axali
samxareo organos CamoyalibebiT amierkavkasia oficialurad gaemijna
sabWoTa ruseTs. amave dros gamocxadda, rom amierkavkasiis komisariati
xelisuflebis samxareo organos rolSi gamovidoda ruseTSi kanonieri
xelisuflebis aRdgenamde, e. i. xazi gaesva imas, rom amierkavkasia
damoukidebel saxelmwifod ar cxaddeboda. amierkavkasiis damoukideblobis
gamocxadebis SemTxvevaSi ruseTis kavkasiis armia frontis xazidan
moixsneboda, ukeTes SemTxvevaSi, igi amierkavkasiis teritorias datovebda,
rac xel-fexs gauxsnida TurqeTis agresiul miswrafebebs; uares SemTxvevaSi
ki ruseTis armia Tavad moaxdenda amierkavkasiis okupacias. movlenaTa

299
ganviTarebis orive mosalodneli Sedegi xels aZlevda sabWoTa ruseTs _
amierkavkasiis erebis (qarTvelebis, somxebis, azerbaijanelebis) brZola
saxelmwifoebriobis aRdgenisaTvis didi xniT Seferxdeboda.
saqarTvelos pirveli erovnuli yriloba gaixsna 1917 wlis 19 noembers.
20 noembers yrilobaze moxseneba Temaze _ `dRevandeli momenti da qarTveli
eris politikuri mdgomareoba~ _ interpartiuli sabWos davalebiT noe
Jordaniam gaakeTa. moxsenebis Semdeg yrilobas unda mieRo rezolucia.
saqarTvelos pirveli erovnuli yrilobis rezolucia didmniSvnelovani
dokumenti iqneboda, amitomac rezoluciis proeqtis SemuSavebis mizniT
yrilobam Seqmna erovnul-politikuri seqcia, romlis sxdomas noe
Jordaniam warudgina mis mier SemuSavebuli proeqti rezoluciisa. misi
ramdenime muxli Zalze mniSvnelovani iyo saqarTvelos sagareo-politikuri
orientaciis TvalsazrisiT:
`1. qarTveli eri, rogorc am asi wlis ganmavlobaSi, sdgas ruseTis
orientaciis niadagze.
2. qarTvel demokratiam dRidan Tavisi politikuri arsebobisa Tavisi
svebedi mWidrod daukavSira ruseTis demokratias da masTan erTad
moqmedebiT fiqrobs Tavisi politikuri, ekonomiuri da nacionaluri
miswrafebani ganaxorcielos~.
cxare polemikis Semdeg erovnul-politikurma seqciam, xmebis
umravlesobiT, miiRo noe Jordanias mier SemuSavebuli rezoluciis
proeqtis pirveli muxli. amasTan, gadawyda, gaerTianebuliyo pirveli da
meore muxlebi.
amrigad, erovnul-politikurma seqciam prorusuli politikuri
orientacia marTebulad miiCnia. igive daadastura saqarTvelos pirvelma
erovnulma yrilobamac.
saqarTvelos pirvelma erovnulma yrilobam, ruseTSi demokratiuli
Zalebis marcxis SemTxvevaSi, aucileblad miiCnia saqarTvelos
damfuZnebeli krebis mowveva. marTalia, erovnul yrilobaze ar Tqmula, rom
misi mowveva saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis aRdgenisaTvis iyo
aucilebeli, magram TviT idea damfuZnebeli krebis mowvevisa mainc
saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebriobis bedis gadawyvetas ukavSirdeboda.
saqarTvelos pirvel erovnul yrilobaze erovnul-demokratebis brZola
prorusuli politikuri orientaciis winaaRmdeg prodasavluri
orientaciisaTvis brZolas niSnavda. am politikuri kursis momxreebs
pirdapir civi wyali gadaasxa antantis (amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi,
inglisi, safrangeTi, italia) diplomatebis vizitma saqarTveloSi. 1917 wlis
8 dekembers saqarTvelos erovnuli sabWos aRmasrulebel komitetSi miiRes
antantis qveynebis diplomatebi. qarTvelTa mxridan Sexvedras eswrebodnen:
noe Jordania, akaki Cxenkeli, konstantine mesxi, vladimer gobeCia, grigol
veSapeli, noe ramiSvili, aleqsandre lomTaTiZe, pavle sayvareliZe,
silibistro jiblaZe, nikoloz qarcivaZe, giorgi gvazava, grigol rcxilaZe,
aleqsandre farniaSvili, giorgi lasxiSvili, evgeni gegeWkori, daviT
naxucriSvili. antantis elCebma pirdapir ganacxades: `Cven vcnobT erTs,
mTlians ruseTs da mis droebiTs mTavrobas, calke erebs ki _ rogorc
ruseTis nawilebs, miT umetes, rom arc qarTvelebs da arc somxebs ara
hyavT TavianTi sakuTari mTavrobani. Cven amierkavkasiis komisariati vscaniT
mTavrobaT da urTierTobaca gvaqvs masTan. amierkavkasia unda SeuTanxmdes
samxreT-dasavleTis kavSirs, sadac Sevlen ukrainaca da cimbiric, mere
ruseTi aRsdgeba, rogorc federatiuli erTeuli~. garda amisa, antantis
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diplomatebi qarTvelebisa da somxebisagan moiTxovdnen mobilizaciis
gamocxadebas, armiis Seqmnas da TurqeTis mosalodneli Setevis SeCerebas,
amasTan, imizezebdnen ra mimdinare msoflio omiT Seqmnil sirTuleebs, uars
ambobdnen SeiaraRebiTa da jariT daxmarebaze.
sul male movlenaTa ganviTarebam aranakleb mZime mdgomareobaSi Caagdo
rusuli orientaciis damcvelebi. 1918 wlis ianvris damdegsa da SuaxanebSi
sabWoTa ruseTi Seecada, saqarTvelosa da mTeli amierkavkasiis okupacia
moexdina kavkasiis frontidan moxsnili samxedro SenaerTebis gamoyenebiT.
am samxedro SenaerTebs, romlebic samSobloSi (ruseTSi) brundebodnen,
unda eTxovaT Tbilisis gavliT, rkinigziT, Savi zRvis navsadgurebisaken
gatareba. Semdeg, rodesac samxedro eSelonebi rkinigzis magistralze
gavidodnen, daiwyeboda SeiaraRebuli gamosvla da ruseTis jaris xelSi
aRmoCndeboda Tbilisi, baTumi, agreTve sxva qalaqebi da mTeli sarkinigzo
xazi Tbilisidan baTumamde (stefane Saumianis gegma). 1918 wlis ianvris
damdegs bolSevikTa gavlenis qveS moqceulma, demoralizebulma samxedro
SenaerTebma frontis xazi datoves da Tbilisisaken daiZrnen. saqarTvelos
erovnulma sabWom manevri amoicno da samxedro eSelonebi TbilisSi ar
SemouSva, baqosaken gaatara. zogierTma samxedro SenaerTma ZaliT scada
Tbilisisaken gaWra, magram axalSeqmnilma qarTulma korpusma da saxalxo
gvardiis nawilebma mZime brZolebSi sadgur SamqorTan da sxva adgilebSi
sastiki damarcxeba awvnies ruseTis armias, igi iZulebuli Seiqna, baqos
mimarTulebiT daexia. sabWoTa ruseTis gegmebi saqarTvelos mimarT savsebiT
cxadi gaxda. qarTul politikur elitas adrec ar epareboda eWvi imaSi, rom
bolSevikebs agresiuli, didmpyrobeluri miswrafebani gaaCndaT, magram 1918
wlis ianvris ambebi mainc Zalze damafiqrebeli iyo.
1918 wlis ianvarSi ruseTSi kanonieri xelisuflebis aRdgenis imedi
demokratiuli wyobilebis momlodine qarTvel politikosebs sabolood
gaucruvdaT: 6 ianvars bolSevikebma ruseTis damfuZnebeli kreba garekes.
ruseTis demokratiulma Zalebma didi dartyma ganicades. yvelam dainaxa,
rom bolSevikebi Zalauflebis daTmobas ar apirebdnen, diqtatura ruseTSi
Zalas ikrebda, totalitaruli reJimi gadaWriT daupirispirda qveynis
ganviTarebis demokratiul gzas.
axali realiebis, ukanaskneli movlenebis analizis safuZvelze
amierkavkasiis komisariatma axali politikuri kursi SeimuSava. 1918 wlis 10
Tebervals man moiwvia amierkavkasiis seimi, romelic ruseTis damfuZnebel
krebaSi arCeuli amierkavkasieli deputatebisagan Sedgeboda. seimis
Tavmjdomared airCies nikoloz (karlo) CxeiZe.
amierkavkasiis komisariatma seimis mowveviT xazi gausva amierkavkasiis
gamoyofas sabWoTa ruseTisagan, Tumca iuridiulad es cota mogvianebiT
gaformda.
mZime politikuri, ekonomikuri da socialuri krizisis, gaxrwnili,
demoralizebuli armiis uZlurebis pirobebSi v. leninma, rogorc cnobilia,
germaniasTan da mis mokavSireebTan 1918 wlis 3 marts brest-litovskSi
separatuli zavi dado, rac sabWoTa wyobilebas gadarCenis ukanasknel
Sanss aZlevda. zavis pirobebiT, germaniis mokavSirem _ TurqeTma miiRo
baTumis, yarsisa da ardaganis (artaanis) olqebi.
amierkavkasiis komisariatisaTvis baTumis, yarsisa da artaanis olqebis
TurqeTisaTvis gadacema aravis SeuTanxmebia, radgan amierkavkasiis
damoukideblobas arc ruseTi, arc germania da TurqeTi ar cnobda,

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miuxedavad imisa, rom 1918 wlis 3 martisaTvis amierkavkasia faqtobrivad
gamoyofili iyo ruseTisagan. amierkavkasiis komisariatma protesti
ganacxada, magram saerTaSoriso samarTlis TvalsazrisiT igi saTanadod
dasabuTebuli ar iyo. komisariatis mier ZiriTad argumentad wamoyenebuli
iyo mxolod is, rom qarTuli da somxuri miwebi TurqeTs gadasces qarTvel
da somex xalxTa daukiTxavad, maTi survilisa da dasturis gareSe.
TurqeTi maSinve Seudga brest-litovskis zaviT miniWebuli uflebebis
realizebas _ moiTxova baTumis, yarsisa da artaanis olqebis dacla. 1918
wlis 10 marts TurqeTma moTxovna kvlav gaimeora. 11 marts amierkavkasiis
seimma TurqeTis moTxovna uaryo. amierkavkasiis komisariatsa da seims
kargad esmodaT, rom omi TurqeTTan advili ar iyo, amitom diplomatiuri
gziT scades konfliqtis mogvareba. 1918 wlis 14 marts trapizonSi daiwyo
amierkavkasia-TurqeTis sazavo molaparakeba. amierkavkasiis delegacias akaki
Cxenkeli meTaurobda. mis cdebs, baTumis, yarsisa da artaanis olqebi
mTlianad SeenarCunebinaT, Sedegi ar mohyolia _ TurqeTis delegacia
kategoriulad moiTxovda brest-litovskis zavis pirobebis Sesrulebas.
TurqeTis armiam saomari moqmedebebi daiwyo: 1918 wlis 8-9 aprils mteri
amierkavkasiis sazRvrebSi SemoiWra. Seiqmna krizisuli situacia. 12 aprils
akaki Cxenkelma evgeni gegeWkors sTxova TurqeTis winaaRmdeg saomari
operaciebis SeCereba. 13 aprils amierkavkasiis komisariatisa da
amierkavkasiis seimis fraqciaTa gaerTianebulma sxdomam erTxmad miiRo
irakli wereTlis rezolucia trapizonidan amierkavkasiis delegaciis
gamowvevis Sesaxeb. es imas niSnavda, rom TurqeTTan omi grZeldeboda. 9
aprils gamoucxadeblad dawyebuli omi 13 aprils oficialuri gaxda.
TurqeTis armiis SemaCerebeli Zala saqarTvelos ar gaaCnda. 15-21 aprils
TurqeTis jarebma daikaves baTumi, ozurgeTi, mTeli mesxeTi TiTqmis
borjomamde. TurqeTis SeCereba qarTulma jarma mxolod mdinare Coloqze
SeZlo.
aseT mZime samxedro-politikur viTarebaSi 1918 wlis 22 aprils Seikriba
amierkavkasiis seimi. sxdoma gaxsna karlo CxeiZem, amierkavkasiis
komisariatsa da seimSi ukve momwifebuli iyo azri amierkavkasiis
damoukidebel saxelmwifod gamocxadebis Sesaxeb. xangrZlivi kamaTis Semdeg
amierkavkasiis seimma miiRo dadgenileba: `gamocxaddes amierkavkasia
damoukidebel demokratiul federaciul respublikad~.
amierkavkasiis seimma amave sxdomaze moismina trapizonis sazavo
molaparakebebze mivlinebuli delegaciis moxseneba da miiRo dadgenileba
molaparakebis gagrZelebis Sesaxeb.
seimis dadgenilebiT, amierkavkasiis demokratiuli federaciuli
respublikis mTavrobis Seqmna daevala akaki Cxenkels. 1918 wlis 26 aprils
man seims dasamtkiceblad warudgina mTavrobis Semadgenloba. seimma
ucvlelad daamtkica akaki Cxenkelis mier wardgenili proeqti.
amierkavkasiis demokratiuli federaciuli respublikis mTavroba aseTi
SemadgenlobiT Seudga muSaobas: ak. Cxenkeli _ mTavrobis Tavmjdomare da
sagareo saqmeTa ministri; n. ramiSvili _ Sinagan saqmeTa ministri; a.
xatisovi _ finansTa ministri; x-b. meliq-aslanovi _ gzaTa ministri; f-x.
xoiski _ iusticiis ministri; gr. giorgaZe _ samxedro ministri; n. xomeriki
_ miwaTmoqmedebis ministri; n.-b. usubekovi _ saxalxo ganaTlebis ministri;
m. gajinski _ vaWrobisa da mrewvelobis ministri; a. saakiani _ sasursaTo

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saqmeTa ministri; r. kaCaznuni _ saxelmwifo mzrunvelobis ministri; a.
erzinkiani _ Sromis ministri; i-b. haidarovi _ saxelmwifo kontroliori.
amierkavkasiis demokratiul federaciul respublikas Seqmnis dRidan
gadauWrel problemad eqca sagareo-politikuri orientacia. germanofiluri
saqarTvelos, anglofiluri somxeTisa da Turqofiluri azerbaijanis erT
samokavSireo saxelmwifoSi arseboba praqtikulad SeuZlebeli iyo, rac
imTaviTve cxadi gaxda. garda sagareo-politikuri orientaciisa,
amierkavkasiis samokavSireo saxelmwifos simtkices didad vnebda
teritoriis gamijvnis sakiTxi _ qarTvelebs, somxebsa da azerbaijanelebs
mwvave sasazRvro dava hqondaT. miuxedavad amisa, maTi politikosebi
Tvlidnen, rom Seqmnil umZimes samxedro-politikur viTarebaSi
samokavSireo saxelmwifos Camoyalibeba erTaderT swor nabijs
warmoadgenda.
samxedro-politikuri viTareba sul ufro katastrofuli xdeboda. 1918
wlis 11 maiss baTumSi ganaxlda amierkavkasia-TurqeTis sazavo konferencia.
amierkavkasiis delegacias akaki Cxenkeli meTaurobda. pirvelsave Sexvedraze
gairkva, rom TurqeTi pozicias ar cvlida, piriqiT, ufro mets moiTxovda.
1918 wlis 12 maiss baTumidan gamogzavnil saidumlo werilSi akaki Cxenkeli
saqarTvelos erovnul sabWos acnobebda: 1) TurqeTi iTxovs axalcixes,
axalqalaqs da erevnis guberniis TiTqmis yvela mazras; 2) TurqeTi Tavis
Tavze iRebs wesrigis dacvas amierkavkasiaSi; 3) TurqeTi, omis SemTxvevaSi,
iTxovs amierkavkasiis rkinigziT sargeblobis uflebas. amave werilSi akaki
Cxenkeli imeds gamoTqvamda, rom germania mxars dauWerda amierkavkasiis
delegacias, Tumca gamoricxuli ar iyo sawinaaRmdegoc. werilSi
vkiTxulobT: `vTqvaT, es gegma ar gavida, germanelebma ar dagviWires ise
Zlier mxari, ra vqnaT? TaTrebma gaswires somxebi, azerbaijani calke wava,
SeiZleba osmaleTze gadavides. es moxdeba maSinve, rogorc ki omi
gamocxaddeba amierkavkasiis saxeliT. ra unda qnas qarTvelma erma?
erTaderTi gzaa: omSi ar gaerio. omi yels gamoWris ers, mospobas uqadis~.
imave dRes, 12 maiss, akaki Cxenkeli meore saidumlo werils gzavnis
baTumidan, romelSic mTeli kategoriulobiT afrTxilebda saqarTvelos
erovnul sabWos: `yovel SemTxvevaSi, Tu gind verafersac ver mivaRwioT,
rac moaswavebs germanelebisagan Cvens gawirvas, Cven arasgziT ar unda
vawarmooT omi. mxolod da marto am SemTxvevaSi SegviZlia vixsnaT Cveni
xalxi daRupvisagan. gaerTianebuli amierkavkasia, sulerTia, ver iarsebebs,
Tu somxebis teritoria Camoglijes mas~.
akaki Cxenkelis ori werili baTumidan Seqmnili samxedro-politikuri
viTarebis uaRresad zust analizs iZleoda. igi saqarTvelos erovnul
sabWos, faqtobrivad, sTavazobda germanofilur sagareo-politikur kurss
rogorc erTaderT realur gamosavals Seqmnili katastrofuli
situaciidan. amave dros, isic cnobili iyo, rom Turqofiluri azerbaijani
da anglofiluri somxeTi germaniaze orientirebul sagareo-politikur
kursze uars ityodnen.
baTumidan akaki Cxenkelis ori werilis miRebis Semdeg, 1918 wlis 14
maiss, saRamos, Sedga saqarTvelos erovnuli sabWos aRmasrulebeli
komitetis sxdoma, romelmac oficialurad daadastura germaniis faqtorze
dafuZnebuli sagareo-politikuri kursi. aRmasrulebelma komitetma
daadgina, rom baTumSi akaki CxenkelisaTvis saxelmZRvanelod gaegzavnaT
Semdegi miTiTebebi:

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 `1. ecnobos germaniis sazavo delegaciis Tavmjdomares general fon
losovs, rom saqarTvelos erovnuli sabWos survili da Txovnaa,
yovelnairad xeli Seuwyos germaniam saqarTvelos politikur-
saxelmwifoebriv sakiTxebis rac SeiZleba umtkivneulod gadawyvetas.
2. eTxovos general losovs miiRos saTanado RonisZieba, rom germaniis
jarma ganagrZos svla Crdilo kavkasiaSi, raTa imdenad dauaxlovdes
saqarTvelos sazRvrebs, rom SesaZlebeli iyos masTan kontaqtis daWera da
saqarTvelo uzrunvelyofili iqnas garedan mosalodneli raime
safrTxisagan.
3. eTxovos general losovs, xeli Seuwyos germaniaSi myof qarTvel
samxedro tyveebs, rac SeiZleba male samSobloSi samxedro wesiT
darazmulad dabrunebas.
4. eTxovos general losovs, vidre es saqme moxerxdebodes, dastovos
saqarTveloSi myofi germaneli tyveebi da miandos germaniis oficerT maTi
samxedro organizacia, raTa saqarTvelos mTavrobam SeZlos saWiro
SemTxvevaSi Semoiyvanos es jari Sinauri wesrigis dasacavad da anarqiasTan
sabrZolvelad~.
akaki Cxenkels xel-fexi gaexsna da energiulad Seudga (germaniis
daxmarebiT) saqarTvelos xsnis gegmis realizebas. 1918 wlis 15 maiss
baTumidan gamogzavnil saidumlo werilSi igi arwmunebda saqarTvelos
erovnul sabWos, rom amierkavkasiis samokavSireo saxelmwifos gadarCena
SeuZlebeli iyo. akaki Cxenkeli imasac ityobineboda, rom inglisis
daxmarebiT TurqeTis SeCereba ararealuri iqneba. 15 maisis werilSi akaki
Cxenkelma katastrofidan Tavis daRwevis erTaderT gzad saqarTvelos
saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis gamocxadeba dasaxa: `saqarTvelos
damoukidebloba _ ai, pirveli nabiji, romelic unda gadaidgas, roca aqauri
(baTumis _ avt.) molaparakeba Sewydeba. Sewydeba imitom, rom Turqebis
proeqti miuRebelia. es maT mSvenivrad ician, magram miznad xom Cveni
mTlianobis damxoba aqvT~.
momdevno dReebSi akaki Cxenkelisa da general oto fon losovis
TanamSromloba ufro mWidro xdeba. fon losovma mas bevri Zvirfasi
informacia miawoda, bevr rTul problemaSi gaarkvia. rogorc Cans, swored
fon losovma acnoba akaki Cxenkels TurqeTisa da sabWoTa ruseTis
mosalodneli saidumlo aliansis Sesaxeb, rac daRupviT emuqreboda
saqarTvelos.
saqarTvelo-germaniis daaxloebas realuri safuZveli hqonda.
saqarTvelos germania sWirdeboda TurqeTis agresiisagan Tavdasacavad,
xolo saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis gamocxadebis Semdeg _
damoukideblobis garantad. germaniisaTvis ki saqarTvelo misi aRmosavluri
politikis forposti iqneboda. saqarTvelos mniSvnelobas germaniisaTvis
isic zrdida, rom inglisze orientirebuli somxeTi da TurqeTze
orientirebuli azerbaijani ewinaaRmdegebodnen germaniis damkvidrebas
amierkavkasiaSi. germanias susti poziciebi hqonda aRmosavleTSi da am
regionSi warmatebis mopovebas garkveulwilad gauadvildeboda
saqarTveloSi mtkice poziciebis Seqmna.
akaki Cxenkelis daJinebulma mtkicebam _ amierkavkasiis demokratiuli
federaciuli respublikis SenarCuneba SeuZlebelia, xolo saqarTvelos
xsna saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis gamocxadebaSia _ erovnul-
demokratebis poziciebi mniSvnelovnad gaaZliera. social-demokratebs ar

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SeiZleboda angariSi ar gaewiaT akaki Cxenkelis mosazrebisaTvis. aseT
viTarebaSi 1918 wlis 16 maiss, saRamos Svid saaTze, Seikriba saqarTvelos
erovnuli sabWos aRmasrulebeli komitetis sxdoma, romelzec gansaxilveli
sakiTxi ase iyo formulirebuli: `winadadeba p. sayvareliZisa, rom miendos
aRmasrulebel komitets an calke komisias saqarTvelos damoukideblobis
gamocxadebisaTvis moamzados yovelnairi niadagi~. saqarTvelos
damoukideblobis mosamzadeblad komisia damtkicda Semdegi SemadgenlobiT:
noe ramiSvili, daviT (daTa) vaCnaZe da Salva mesxiSvili. aRmasrulebelma
komitetma axalSeqmnil komisias daavala: 1) miiRos zomebi saqarTveloSi
ltolvilTa, maT Soris SeiaraRebul ltolvilTa, Semosvlis
SesaCereblad; 2) daamyaros kontaqti qarTul jarTan da saqarTvelos
erovnul sabWos aRmasrulebeli komitetis samxedro seqciasTan; 3) acnobos
somxeTis erovnul sabWos, Tu ra sirTuleebs qmnis somexi ltolvilebis
Semosvla saqarTveloSi da gaarkvios, ra zomebis miRebas apirebs somxeTis
erovnuli sabWo garTulebis Tavidan asacileblad.
vidre TbilisSi saqarTvelos damoukideblobis gamocxadebisaTvis
emzadebodnen, Turqi diplomatebi da samxedroebi dros ar kargavdnen. 1918
wlis 18 maiss Turqebma daikaves aleqsandrepoli. 18 maiss baTumSi TurqeTis
delegaciis meTaurma akaki Cxenkels gadasca memorandumi, romelSic
aRniSnuli iyo:
1. TurqeTi araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar cnobs amierkavkasiis demokratiul
federaciul respublikas damoukidebel saxelmwifod;
2. TurqeTma kidec rom cnos amierkavkasiis damoukidebloba, es sulac ar
niSnavs, rom TurqeTi uars ambobs teritoriul pretenziebze;
3 amierkavkasia ar aris brest-litovskis zavze xelis momweri mxare,
ufro metic, am zavis dadebisas is arc warmoadgenda damoukidebel
saxelmwifos, amitom amierkavkasiis demokratiul respublikas ufleba ara
aqvs gamoTqvas SeniSvnebi zavis pirobebze an am pirobebis sisruleSi
moyvanis wesze.
TurqeTis delegaciis memorandumi mZime mdgomareobaSi agdebda
amierkavkasiis delegacias. molaparakeba azrs kargavda. 1918 wlis 19 maiss
akaki Cxenkelma miiRo general oto fon losovis werili, romelic mas
acnobebda, rom mzad iyo amierkavkasia-TurqeTis molaparakebaSi Suamavlis
roli Seesrulebina. amave dros igi sTxovda akaki Cxenkels, gaerkvia,
Tanaxma iyo Tu ara amierkavkasiis demokratiuli federaciuli respublikis
delegacia germaniis Suamavlobaze. akaki Cxenkelma, fon losovis werilis
miRebisTanave, 19 maiss, saRamos, Sekriba amierkavkasiis delegacia da
garkveuli debatebis Semdeg daiTanxma igi, ecnoT germaniis Suamavloba.
amierkavkasiis delegaciis dadebiTi pasuxi imave dRes acnobes fon losovs.
germania TurqeTis mokavSire da brest-litovskis zavze xelis momweri mxare
iyo, amitom general fon losovis Suamavlobas gadamwyveti mniSvneloba
hqonda mZime mdgomareobaSi Cavardnili amierkavkasiis delegaciisaTvis.
1918 wlis 22 maiss baTumidan saqarTvelos erovnuli sabWosadmi
gamogzavnil saidumlo werilSi Seqmnil viTarebas akaki Cxenkeli ase
axasiaTebs: saqarTvelosaTvis darCenilia sami SesaZlebloba: `a)
saqarTvelo azerbaijanTan erTad erT saxelmwifos warmoadgens. es niSnavs
Turqebis srul batonobas, rac miuRebelia. roca azerbaijanSi Turqebi
sxedan da amave dros arsebobs amierkavkasiis saerTo mTavroba, es
moaswavebs osmaleTis batonobis iuridiul cnobas, rasac faqtiuri

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dapyroba mohyveba. b) saqarTvelo somxeTTan erTad adgens erT saxelmwifos.
ar arsebobs faqtiurad somxebis teritoria amierkavkasiaSi, vinaidan is
Turqebis xelSia. SeuZlebelia, maSasadame, maTTan erTi saxelmwifos Seqmna.
kidec rom arsebobdes es teritoria, maSinac ar SeiZleba somxebTan
saxelmwifoebrivi kavSiri, vinaidan es miuRebelia rogorc TurqebisaTvis,
ise TaTrebisaTvis (azerbaijanelebisaTvis _ avt.). dapyroba am SemTxvevaSi
kidev ufro aSkaraa. g) saqarTvelos damoukidebloba, ai, erTaderTi
gamosavali. am SemTxvevaSi ara varT dazRveulni Turqebis Semosevisagan,
magram swored am ubedurebas win unda uswrebdes damoukideblobis
gamocxadeba, rom uflebrivi niadagi mainc ar davkargoT~. qarTveli
diplomati Tavis mosazrebas general fon losovis avtoritetiTac
amagrebda: `gen. fon losovi iyo dRes CemTan. mas gavacani es azrebi da
kategoriulad ganacxada, rom darCenilia erTaderTi gza _ saqarTvelos
damoukideblobis gamocxadeba. man kidec gaugzavna cnoba Tavis mTavrobas,
rom amierkavkasia ar arsebobs (osmaleTis winadadebam mospo is). arsebobs
mxolod saqarTvelo, romelic gamoacxadebs xvalve damoukideblobas da
gTxovT cnobas da mfarvelobas~. werilis bolos akaki Cxenkeli
dabejiTebiT sTxovda saqarTvelos erovnul sabWos, dauyovnebliv
gamoecxadebina saqarTvelos damoukidebloba. werili aseTi SemarTebiT
mTavrdeboda: `uriskod araferi ar keTdeba. saxelmwifo vis dauarsebia
uriskoT! saWiroa gambedaoba da kidev gambedaoba!~
Turqebis diplomatia kargad xedavda, rom germaniis Suamavloba
amierkavkasia-TurqeTis molaparakebaSi misi moqmedebis Tavisuflebas
zRudavda, magram erideboda mokavSiresTan, germaniasTan, urTierTobis
gamwvavebas: msoflio omi jer kidev grZeldeboda da aravin icoda, sad da
rodis dasWirdeboda TurqeTs germaniis politikuri Tu samxedro
mxardaWera.
1918 wlis 23 maiss akaki Cxenkeli saqarTvelos erovnul sabWos kidev
erT saidumlo werils ugzavnis, romelic daufaravi sayveduriT iwyeba: `me
vfiqrob, Tqven ukve gamoacxadeT damoukidebloba. Tu ara, maSin me ar mesmis
Tqveni taqtika. erTaderTi gamosavali mxolod esaa. sxva gza daxSulia. arc
es gza gvixsnis yoveli xifaTisagan, radgan Cven gvCvevia dagvianeba. yovel
SemTxvevaSi, me kidev mwams, rom pasuxismgebloba istoriisa da eris winaSe
Tavisas iqms~. werilSi akaki Cxenkeli dawvrilebiT ayalibebs samoqmedo
gegmas: `saqarTvelos mTavrobis pirveli nabiji Semdegi unda iyos: sTxovos
germanias mfarveloba Tavisi damoukideblobis dasacavad. dadgenileba amis
Sesaxeb unda gadaeces graf Sulenburgs. yvela es xdeba saidumlod.
Sulenburgs miecema aqedan instruqcia, romlis ZaliTac is am Tqvens
Suamdgomlobas gadascems Tavis mTavrobas. SeiZleba pasuxis mosvlamdis
ukve ikisros germaniis imperiis warmomadgenlis roli. am SemTxvevaSi is
gamoiyvans Tavis patara razms, tyveebisgan Semdgars da miegebeba momxdom
Turqebs da ganucxadebs, rom saqarTvelo ukve germaniis mfarvelobis qveS
imyofeba, Turqebs ara aqvT ufleba misi teritoria gadmolaxon. mTavroba
miiRebs meore dadgenilebasac, rom is andobs Tavis warmomadgenels baTumSi
gaukeTos germaniis warmomadgenels saidumlo xelSekruleba rogorc
mfarvelobaze, ise mfarvelobis iuridiul formaze, agreTve sxva
xelSekrulebani droebiTi xasiaTisa~. akaki Cxenkeli TurqeTis mxridan
saomari operaciebis gagrZelebas ar gamoricxavda, amitom afrTxilebda
saqarTvelos erovnul sabWos: `SifriT gadaveci general kvinitaZes Tqvenda
gadmosacemad, Tu ra gmarTebT gaakeToT samxedro Tadarigis mxriT. omi
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amierkavkasiis saxeliT momakvdinebelia CvenTvis. mters SeiZleba
winaaRmdegoba gaewios mxolod damoukidebeli saqarTvelos saxeliT.
Turqebs, albaT, gadawyvetili aqvT mTeli amierkavkasia aiRon. Cven ueWvelad
winaaRmdegoba unda gavuwioT, ramdenadac Zala Segvwevs. dRes mxolod
Tbilisis sakiTxia. saWiroa is ar CavugdoT xelSi~. rogorc winaT, ise
amjeradac akaki Cxenkeli mTeli kategoriulobiT aRniSnavda: `yoymani am
wuTSi danaSaulia. Cven gvixsnis mxolod gambedaoba, siswrafe, mtkice
nabijebi. yvela isini, vinc am wuTSi daZravs enas ruseTis orientaciis
Sesaxeb, SesaboWia. am mimarTulebis gazeTebi yvela unda daixuros~.
saqarTvelos erovnul sabWos, qarTvel politikosebs akaki Cxenkeli
mouwodebda: `bolSevizmi samSoblos Ralatia _ esaa erTaderTi Tqveni
lozungi. panika SeuZlebelia. gamoiCineT namdvili saxelmwifoebrivi sulis
simSvide. Cveni eri gamWriaxia, Seignebs da daemorCileba samSoblos mxsnel
mTavrobas~.
baTumis molaparakebaze viTareba kidev ufro daiZaba. TurqeTi sul
ufro metad eurCeboda Tavis mokavSires _ germanias. 1918 wlis 25 maiss
general oto fon losovma acnoba akaki Cxenkels, rom igi uars ambobs
Suamavlis rolis Sesrulebaze TurqeT-amierkavkasiis molaparakebaSi.
1918 wlis 23 maiss akaki Cxenkelis mier baTumidan TbilisSi
gamogzavnili werili saqarTvelos erovnul sabWoSi 24 maiss miiRes. 25
maiss, 11 saaTze gaixsna saqarTvelos erovnuli sabWos aRmasrulebeli
komitetis sxdoma TbilisSi, freilinis quCaze mdebare erovnuli sabWos
prezidiumis SenobaSi.
sxdomas misi wevrebis garda gamoCenili moRvaweebic eswrebodnen,
kerZod: noe Jordania, giorgi lasxiSvili, pavle sayvareliZe, konstantine
gvarjalaZe, noe xomeriki, aleqsandre lomTaTiZe, silibistro jiblaZe,
Salva mesxiSvili, konstantine mesxi, noe ramiSvili, iason lorTqifaniZe,
grigol veSapeli, giorgi Juruli, aleqsandre asaTiani, ioseb maWavariani,
daviT (daTa) vaCnaZe, giorgi gvazava, irakli wereTeli, evgeni gegeWkori,
nikoloz (karlo) CxeiZe, vladimer gobeCia. sxdomis Tavmjdomare iyo noe
Jordania, mdivani _ daviT naxucriSvili.
aRmasrulebeli komitetis sxdoma imiT daiwyo, rom noe Jordaniam
damswreT gaacno 1918 wlis 23 maiss baTumidan akaki Cxenkelis mier
gamogzavnili werili, romelSic, rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, akaki Cxenkeli
mTeli kategoriulobiT iTxovda saqarTvelos damoukideblobis
dauyovnebliv gamocxadebas. noe Jordaniam aRniSna, rom 25 maiss, Ramis 10
saaTze unda Sekrebiliyo amierkavkasiis seimi, romelic, rogorc
amierkavkasiis demokratiuli federaciuli respublikis umaRlesi
sakanonmdeblo organo, amierkavkasiis samokavSireo saxelmwifos
gamoacxadebda daSlilad, xolo TviTon moixsnida uflebamosilebas. amis
Semdeg saqarTvelos erovnul sabWos unda gamoecxadebina saqarTvelos
damoukidebloba. rogorc noe Jordaniam aRniSna, seimis sxdoma ar Sedga
imitom, rom musavetelTa da daSnakTa fraqciebma uari Tqves masSi
monawileobaze. azerbaijanelebma ganacxades, rom maT jer ar ganuxilavT
amierkavkasiis samokavSireo saxelmwifos daSlis sakiTxi da azric ar
SeumuSavebiaT, Tumca winaaRmdegni ar arian saqarTvelos damoukideblobis
gamocxadebisa. somxebma seimis sxdomis meore dRisaTvis gadadebis moTxovna
imiT daasabuTes, rom SesamuSavebeli hqondaT gancxadeba. noe Jordaniam
xazi gausva imas, rom qarTvelebs surdaT somxebTan da azerbaijanelebTan
TanxmobiT emoqmedaT, magram Seqmnil viTarebaSi es ar moxerxda:
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amierkavkasiis seimis sxdoma 25 maiss aRar Sedgeba, amitom qarTvelebma
damoukideblad unda ganixilon sakiTxi. noe Jordaniam aRmaskomis wevrebs
acnoba, rom amierkavkasiis seimis sxdoma Sedgeboda 26 maiss, 12 saaTze.
sxdomis Semdeg saqarTvelos erovnuli sabWo gamoacxadebda saqarTvelos
damoukideblobas.
noe Jordanias gamosvlis Semdeg gaimarTa msjeloba imis Sesaxeb, Tu
rodis gamoecxadebinaT saqarTvelos damoukidebloba. aRmasrulebeli
komitetis zogierTi wevri Tvlida, rom, radgan damoukideblobis
gamocxadeba saswrafoa, dauyovnebliv, imave dRes _ 25 maiss gamoecxadebinaT
aqti saqarTvelos damoukideblobis Sesaxeb. noe Jordaniam ganmarta:
amierkavkasiis demokratiuli federaciuli respublikis daSlamde
saqarTvelos damoukideblobis gamocxadeba gaurkvevlobas Seqmnis, radgan
iarsebebs ori mTavroba _ amierkavkasiisa da saqarTvelosi. gamomdinare
aqedan, noe Jordania iTxovda saqarTvelos damoukideblobis gamocxadebis
gadadebas meore dRisTvis _ 26 maisisaTvis. SeTanxmeba ver moxerxda, amitom
kenWisyraze dadga sakiTxi: `saqarTvelos damoukidebloba gamocxaddes dRes
Tu xval~. saqarTvelos damoukideblobis gamocxadebas 25 maiss mxari
dauWira 6 kacma, 26 maiss _ 4 kacma. gadawyda: aqti saqarTvelos
damoukideblobis Sesaxeb gamocxadebuliyo 25 maiss. kenWisyris Semdeg
gancxadeba gaakeTa noe Jordaniam. saqarTvelos erovnuli sabWos
Tavmjdomare pasuxismgeblobas ixsnida mosalodnel Sedegebze.
1918 wlis 25 maiss saqarTvelos damoukideblobis gamocxadeba ver
moxerxda. kenWisyridan sul mcire xanSi gairkva, rom saqarTvelos
damoukideblobis aqti jer SemuSavebulic ar iyo, ramac TavisTavad
gamoiwvia damoukideblobis gamocxadebis gadadeba 26 maisisaTvis. noe
ramiSvilis winadadebiT gadawyda: 26 maiss, dilis 10 saaTze Sekrebiliyo
amierkavkasiis seimi, xolo 12 saaTze _ saqarTvelos erovnuli sabWo.
amierkavkasiis seimis ukanaskneli sxdoma gaimarTa 1918 wlis 26 maiss.
seimis wevrebs kargad esmodaT, rom amierkavkasiis samokavSireo
saxelmwifos aRsasruli gardauvali iyo. miuxedavad amisa, fuWi polemika
karga xans gagrZelda. bolos seimma amierkavkasiis demokratiuli
federaciuli respublika daSlilad gamoacxada, xolo TviTon
uflebamosileba moixsna.
saqarTvelos erovnuli sabWos sxdoma 1918 wlis 26 maiss, kviras,
naSuadRevis 4 saaTsa da 50 wuTze gaixsna kavkasiis mefisnacvlis yofil
rezidenciaSi, golovinis (dRes rusTavelis) gamzirze, imave darbazSi, sadac
Tavisi ukanaskneli sxdoma gamarTa amierkavkasiis seimma.
erovnuli sabWos sxdomas eswreboda 42 wevri da 36 kandidati. darbazis
loJebsa da galereebSi isxdnen sxvadasxva eris warmomadgenlebi, maT Soris
_ grafi Sulenburgi germaneli oficrebiTurT. loJaSi isxdnen Tbileli
mitropoliti leonidi amaliT da qarTveli oficrebi.
saqarTvelos erovnuli sabWos sxdomas Tavmjdomareobda noe Jordania.
prezidiumSi iyvnen: giorgi lasxiSvili, grigol veSapeli da pavle
sayvareliZe. mdivnis movaleobas asrulebda erovnuli sabWos mdivani ilia
zurabiSvili.
noe Jordaniam erovnuli sabWos sxdoma gaxsnilad gamoacxada. Tavis
sityvaSi man xazi gausva imas, Tu ra rTul samxedro-politikur viTarebaSi
yalibdeboda qarTuli saxelmwifo, rogori daZabuli iyo politikuri
viTareba amierkavkasiaSi, rogor saSiSroebas warmoadgenda eTnikuri da
religiuri konfliqtebi.
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 sityvis dasrulebis Semdeg noe Jordaniam waikiTxa `saqarTvelos
damoukideblobis aqti~. aqtis pirveli muxli gvauwyebda:
`amieridan saqarTvelos xalxi suverenul uflebaTa matarebelia da
saqarTvelo sruluflebovani damoukidebeli saxelmwifoa~.
damoukideblobis aqtiT saqarTvelos politikur sistemad aRiarebul
iqna demokratiuli respublika (muxli meore). damoukidebelma saqarTvelom
saerTaSoriso omianobaSi mudmivi neitraliteti gamoacxada (muxli mesame).
saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublika eswrafoda, keTilmezobluri
urTierToba hqonoda yvela saxelmwifosTan, gansakuTrebiT mosazRvre
saxelmwifoebTan da erebTan (muxli meoTxe). saqarTvelos demokratiuli
respublika uzrunvelyofda yvela moqalaqis samoqalaqo da politikur
uflebas, ganurCevlad erovnebisa, sarwmunoebisa, socialuri mdgomareobisa
da sqesisa (muxli mexuTe). saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublika
ganviTarebis Tavisufal asparezs gauxsnida mis teritoriaze mosaxle yvela
ers (muxli meeqvse). damfuZnebeli krebis mowvevamde saqarTvelos marTva-
gamgeobas ganaxorcielebda erovnuli sabWo. saqarTvelos mTavroba
pasuxismgebeli iqneboda erovnuli sabWos winaSe (muxli meSvide).
saqarTvelos erovnulma sabWom erTxmad, yovelgvari Sesworebis gareSe,
miiRo da daamtkica `saqarTvelos damoukideblobis aqti~.
noe Jordaniam erovnuli sabWos wevrebsa da kandidatebs sTxova, sxdomis
dasrulebis Semdeg xeli moeweraT `saqarTvelos damoukideblobis aqtze~.
damoukideblobis aqtis miRebis Semdeg noe Jordaniam erovnul sabWos
warudgina saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis pirveli mTavrobis
Semadgenloba:
1) noe ramiSvili _ mTavrobis Tavmjdomare da Sinagan saqmeTa ministri.
2) akaki Cxenkeli _ sagareo saqmeTa ministri.
3) grigol giorgaZe _ samxedro ministri.
4) giorgi Juruli _ finansTa da vaWroba-mrewvelobis ministri.
5) giorgi lasxiSvili _ saxalxo ganaTlebis ministri.
6) noe xomeriki _ miwaTmoqmedebisa da Sromis ministri.
7) Salva mesxiSvili _ iusticiis ministri.
8) ivane lorTqifaniZe _ gzaTa ministri.
erovnulma sabWom erTxmad daamtkica saqarTvelos demokratiuli
respublikis mTavrobis Semadgenloba.
saqarTvelos erovnuli sabWos sxdoma damTavrda naSuadRevs, 5 saaTsa da
55 wuTze.
sxdomis dasrulebis Semdeg mTavrobis Tamjdomarem noe ramiSvilma
msoflios saxelmwifoTa mTavrobebs telegramiT amcno axali
damoukidebeli saxelmwifos _ saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis _
dabadeba.
saqarTvelos da qarTvelobis gadarCenisaTvis dawyebuli brZola
warmatebiT dagvirgvinda.

$3. saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis sagareo politika da diplomatia (1918-

1921)

saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis sagareo politikis zogadi

principebi ganisazRvra 1918 wlis 26 maisis damoukideblobis aqtiT, romlis
mesame muxli gvauwyebda: `saerTaSoriso omianobaSi saqarTvelo mudmivad
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neitraluri saxelmwifoa~. aqtis meoTxe muxli ki ase iyo Camoyalibebuli:
`saqarTvelos demokratiul respublikas hsurs saerTaSoriso urTierTobis
yvela wevrTan keTilmezobluri ganwyobileba daamyaros, gansakuTrebiT ki
mosazRvre saxelmwifoebTan da erebTan~. am principebisaTvis saqarTvelos
demokratiuli respublikis mTavrobas ar uRalatia qveynis teritoriaze
misi iurisdiqciis arsebobis ganmavlobaSi.
saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis aRdgena moxda
uaRresad rTul samxedro-politikur viTarebaSi. pirveli msoflio omi jer
kidev mimdinareobda da SeuZlebeli iyo imis prognozireba, riT
damTavrdeboda igi, ra saxes miiRebda msoflios politikuri ruka. rTuli
iyo samxedro-politikuri viTareba amierkavkasiaSi. kavkasiis geopolitikur
regionSi Tavisi sasicocxlo interesebi hqonda orive samxedro-politikur
bloks _ antantasa da samTa kavSirs. kidev ufro daiZaba viTareba
amierkavkasiaSi 1918 wlis 3 marts xelmowerili brest-litovskis zavis
Semdeg. viTarebas arTulebda isic, rom saqarTvelos Semdeg
saxelmwifoebrivi damoukidebloba gamoacxades somxeTma da azerbaijanma.
sxvas rom yvelafers Tavi davaneboT, amierkavkasiis sam saxelmwifos Soris
marto sazRvrebis sakiTxis mogvareba ar iqneboda advili. yovelive es didi
sirTuleebis winaSe ayenebda saqarTvelos sagareo politikis mesveurebs,
qarTul diplomatias.
qarTuli saxelmwifoebriobis ararsebobis 117 wlis ganmavlobaSi
diplomatiuri skola, diplomatiis warmoebis tradicia, misi klasikuri
gagebiT, Cakvda. Cven zemoT aRvniSneT, rom 1801-1917 wlebSi saqarTveloSi
arsebobda diplomatiuri azri, Tavisi diplomatia gaaCnda qarTul erovnul
moZraobas, magram yovelive amas adgili hqonda
saxelmwifoebriobadakarguli eris cxovrebaSi. qarTuli diplomatiis
aRorZinebas eyreba safuZveli 1917 wlis gazafxulidan, anu im periodidan,
rodesac ruseTis imperiis ngrevis Semdeg iwyeba brZola saqarTvelos
saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis aRsadgenad.
1917-1918 wlebSi diplomatiur sarbielze moRvawe qarTvel politikosebs
_ akaki Cxenkels, zurab avaliSvils, niko nikolaZes, evgeni gegeWkorsa da
sxvebs _ damoukidebeli saxelmwifo diplomatiis warmarTvis araviTari
gamocdileba ar gaaCndaT. pirveli cda am mxriv iyo trapizonis sazavo
konferencia (1918 w. marti). gamocdilebis SeZenis TvalsazrisiT qarTveli
diplomatebisaTvis mniSvnelovani iyo baTumis sazavo konferencia (1918 w.
maisSi). 1918 wlis 26 maisidan ki qarTveli diplomatebi pirispir dadgnen im
sirTuleebis winaSe, romlebic dakavSirebuli iyo saqarTvelos
demokratiuli respublikis sagareo politikis sworad warmarTvasTan.
a) saqarTvelo-germaniis urTierToba 1918 wlis maisidan noembramde.
saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis aRdgena 1918 wlis 26 maiss
germaniis imperiis samxedro-politikuri mxardaWeriT ganxorcielda.
saqarTvelos erovnuli sabWos qarTveli diplomatebis progermanuli
orientacia Semdegi mizezebiT iyo ganpirobebuli:
pirveli. 1918 wlis ianvarSi kavkasiis frontidan moxsnili ruseTis
jarebis mier saqarTvelos dapyrobis cdis CaSlis Semdeg ruseTis
poziciebi saqarTveloSi Sesustda. kavkasiis armiis gaxrwnisa da Semdeg misi
regionidan gasvlis gamo sabWoTa ruseTis xelisuflebas aRar SeeZlo
aqtiuri politikis gatareba saqarTveloSi.

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 meore. 1918 wlis mart-aprilidan ruseTSi daiwyo samoqalaqo omi da
ucxoeTis samxedro intervencia. sabWoTa ruseTis mTavrobam kontroli
dakarga qveynis teritoriis did nawilze, maT Soris _ Crdilo kavkasiasa da
Sav zRvaze, rac SeuZlebels xdida aqtiuri politikis gatarebas
saqarTveloSi, da saerTod amierkavkasiaSi.
mesame. brest-litovskis zavis dadebamde (1918 wlis 3 marts), manam, sanam
ruseTi antantis blokis SemadgenlobaSi imyofeboda, ruseTis darCena
saqarTvelosa da saerTod kavkasiaSi antantis samxedro-politikur
interesebSi Sedioda. brest-litovskis zaviT sabWoTa ruseTis mier yarsis,
artaanisa da baTumis olqebis TurqeTisaTvis gadacemam seriozuli safrTxe
Seuqmna antantisa da, pirvel rigSi, inglisis interesebs ara marto
amierkavkasiaSi, aramed mTel maxlobel aRmosavleTSi. saqme is gaxldaT,
rom TurqeTi germaniis imperiis mokavSire iyo da amitom misi am regionSi
gabatoneba xelsayrel pirobebs uqmnida germanias maxlobel aRmosavleTSi
aqtiuri politikis gasatareblad.
meoTxe. ruseTis wasvlam amierkavkasiidan xel-fexi gauxsna TurqeTs.
TurqeTis agresiuli gegmebi naTlad gamovlinda trapizonisa (1918 w. marti)
da baTumis (1918 w. maisi) sazavo konferenciebze. realuri Zala, romelic
saqarTvelos TurqeTisagan daicavda, mxolod germania SeiZleboda
yofiliyo. TurqeTi iZulebuli iqneboda daeTmo germaniisaTvis, radgan
msoflio omi jer damTavrebuli ar iyo da mas ar SeeZlo ganesazRvra, sad
da rodis dasWirdeboda germaniis daxmareba.
mexuTe. progermanuli orientacia mxolod saqarTvelosaTvis ar iyo
xelsayreli. saqarTvelos germania sWirdeboda damoukideblobis garantad,
germanias saqarTvelo _ aRmosavluri politikis forpostad, e. i. xdeboda
interesTa dabalanseba.
progermanuli orientacia 1918 wlis gazafxulisaTvis Seqmnil samxedro-
politikur viTarebaSi qarTvel politikosTa erTaderTi swori
gadawyvetileba iyo. faqtobrivad, qarTvel diplomatebs arCevanis gakeTebis
saSualeba ar hqoniaT. antantaze (inglis-safrangeTze) orientacia imxanad
SeuZlebeli iyo, radgan antantas amierkavkasiis regionSi araviTari
poziciebi ar gaaCnda da ar SeiZleboda igi realur samxedro-politikur
mokavSired ganxiluliyo.
marTalia, progermanulma orientaciam samxedro-politikuri
TvalsazrisiT uzrunvelyo saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi
damoukideblobis aRdgena, magram saqarTvelos politikuri orientaciis
avkargianoba sabolood damokidebuli iqneboda imaze, Tu rogor
damTavrdeboda pirveli msoflio omi. Tu germania omSi gaimarjvebda,
progermanuli orientacia saqarTvelos dasavleT samyaroSi integraciis
saSualebas miscemda. Tu germania omSi damarcxdeboda, saqarTvelos
demokratiuli respublika, qarTuli diplomatia didi sirTuleebis winaSe
aRmoCndeboda. aucilebeli gaxdeboda axali sagareo-politikuri
orientaciis SemuSaveba da misi realizeba. 1918 wlis maisisaTvis msoflio
omi jer isev grZeldeboda da saqarTvelo-germaniis daaxloebas kargi
perspeqtiva uCanda.
1918 wlis 28 maiss, saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis
aRdgenis mesame dRes, foTSi germaniis imperiisa da saqarTvelos
demokratiuli respublikis warmomadgenlebma xeli moaweres
xelSekrulebaTa pakets. germaniis mier saqarTvelosTan xelSekrulebis

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dadeba niSnavda saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis de faqto
aRiarebas, rac germaniis imperiam oficialurad 1918 wlis 10 ivniss
daadastura.
foTSi xelSekrulebis dadebis Semdeg germaniis imperiis
warmomadgenelma generalma oto fon losovma saqarTvelos demokratiuli
respublikis mTavrobas saidumlod aRuTqva, rom Seecdeboda daeyoliebina
germaniis imperiis mTavroba, raTa am ukanasknels saqarTvelo-ruseTis
momavali molaparakebebis procesSi gavlena moexdina ruseTze da am gziT
daecva saqarTvelos interesebi, rac gulisxmobda ruseTis mxridan
saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis aRiarebasac.
foTSi gamarTuli saqarTvelo-germaniis molaparakebis dasrulebisa da
xelSekrulebaTa paketis xelmoweris Semdeg germaniis imperiis delegacia
samSobloSi dabrunda. delegacias germaniaSi gahyva saqarTvelos
demokratiuli respublikis sagareo saqmeTa ministri akaki Cxenkeli,
romelsac unda gaegrZelebina molaparakebebi germaniis mTavrobasTan.
zemoT aRvniSneT, rom 1918 wlis 11 maiss baTumSi daiwyo amierkavkasiis
demokratiuli federaciuli respublikisa da TurqeTis sazavo konferencia.
amierkavkasiis samokavSireo saxelmwifos daSlisa da saqarTvelos
saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis aRdgenis Semdeg baTumSive gagrZelda
molaparakebebi saqarTvelos demokratiul respublikasa da TurqeTs Soris.
akaki Cxenkelis germaniaSi gamgzavrebis Semdeg baTumis molaparakebaze
saqarTvelos delegacias xelmZRvanelobda saqarTvelos demokratiuli
respublikis mTavrobis Tavmjdomare noe ramiSvili. saqarTvelo-TurqeTis
momavali xelSekrulebis proeqti jer kidev baTumsa da foTSi germaniis
imperiis delegaciis yofnis periodSi momzadda. generalma oto fon
losovma akaki Cxenkels urCia, TurqeTTan urTierTobis normalizacia,
Tundac, teritoriuli danakargebis xarjze moexdina, radgan TurqeTTan
urTierTobis gamwvaveba da omi saqarTvelos safrTxes uqmnida. qarTveli
diplomatebi grZnobdnen, rom germania iZulebuli iyo angariSi gaewia misi
mokavSiris _ TurqeTis interesebisaTvis. cxadi iyo, rom saqarTvelos
poziciis dacvas germania TurqeTTan urTierTobis gauaresebis xarjze ar
Seecdeboda.
Seqmnili viTarebiT isargebla TurqeTma. 1918 wlis 3 ivniss man
oficialurad daadastura saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis de
faqto cnoba. cxadia, amis sanacvlod TurqeTis diplomatia baTumis
molaparakebaze saqarTvelos mxridan seriozul daTmobebs eloda. asec
moxda. noe ramiSvili garkveuli diplomatiuri brZolis Semdeg mainc
Seurigda teritoriis dakargvas. 1918 wlis 4 ivniss baTumSi saqarTvelos
demokratiul respublikasa da TurqeTs Soris daido `zavis da megobrobis~
xelSekruleba, romlis ZaliTac TurqeTis mflobelobaSi gadavida mTeli
mesxeTi awyurisa da abasTumnis gamoklebiT.
saqarTvelo-germaniis 1918 wlis 28 maiss foTis xelSekrulebam da
germaniis imperiis mier saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis de faqto
aRiarebam antantis qveynebis, gansakuTrebiT ki amerikis SeerTebuli
Statebisa da inglisis, uaryofiTi reaqcia gamoiwvia. pirveli msoflio omis
frontebze 1918 wlis gazafxulisaTvis Seqmnili samxedro-strategiuli
viTarebidan gamomdinare, germaniis damkvidreba saqarTveloSi
ewinaaRmdegeboda inglisisa da amerikis interesebs. aseve miuRebuli iyo
maTTvis germaniis amgvari politika omis Semdgomi aRmosavluri politikis

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TvalsazrisiTac. uaryofiTad Sexvda saqarTvelo-germaniis daaxloebas
sabWoTa ruseTic. saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis aRdgena
da germaniis poziciebis ganmtkiceba saqarTveloSi safuZvelSive
ewinaaRmdegeboda ruseTis interesebs amierkavkasiaSi.
saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis delegacia berlinSi 1918 wlis
ivnisidan noembramde imyofeboda. qarTveli diplomatebi cdilobdnen
mieRwiaT germaniisagan saqarTvelos de iure aRiarebisaTvis, germania ki
amisaTvis sabWoTa ruseTis winaswari Tanxmobis miRebas cdilobda. rogorc
irkveva, sabWoTa ruseTis mTavrobam germaniis imperiasTan saqarTvelos gamo
urTierToba aRar gaamwvava da daTmoba amjobina. 1918 wlis 27 agvistos
sabWoTa ruseTsa da germanias Soris xelmowerili damatebiTi
xelSekrulebis mecamete muxlSi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb aRniSnuli iyo:
`ruseTi Tanaxmaa, rom germaniam cnos saqarTvelo damoukidebel saxelmwifo
organizmad~. xelSekrulebis am muxls saqarTvelosaTvis ormagi
mniSvneloba hqonda: 1) sabWoTa ruseTi Tanxmobas aZlevda germanias de iure
ecno saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublika; 2) TviT sabWoTa ruseTma
saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublika arapirdapir aRiara de faqto.
saqarTvelo-germaniis molaparakebebi berlinSi warmatebiT dasrulda.
qarTulma diplomatiam miaRwia imas, rom 1918 wlis 3 oqtombrisaTvis mzad
iyo saqarTvelo-germaniis politikuri xelSekrulebis proeqti. am
xelSekrulebis dadebasTan erTad germaniis imperia saqarTvelos
demokratiuli respublikis de iure aRiarebasac moaxdenda.
germaniaSi dawyebuli politikuri krizisi, mogvianebiT ki germaniis
samxedro-strategiuli mdgomareobis ukiduresad gauareseba da qveyanaSi
dawyebuli revolucia gaxda mizezi imisa, rom saqarTvelo-germaniis
politikuri xelSekruleba aRar dadebula. pirvel msoflio omSi
damarcxebulma germaniis imperiam 1918 wlis 11 noembers kapitulacia
gamoacxada. 1918 wlis 13 noembers sabWoTa ruseTma gaauqma 1918 wlis 3 marts
xelmowerili brest-litovskis sazavo xelSekruleba da 1918 wlis 27
agvistos damatebiTi xelSekruleba.
pirvel msoflio omSi germaniis imperiis damarcxebam mZime
mdgomareobaSi Caagdo saqarTvelo. qveyana mokavSiris gareSe darCa. omSi
gamarjvebul antantasTan (inglisi, safrangeTi, italia, amerikis
SeerTebuli Statebi) unda gaerkviaT qarTvel diplomatebs rogorc
saqarTvelos saerTaSoriso aRiarebis, ise sxva bevri mniSvnelovani sakiTxi.
b) saqarTvelo-inglisis urTierToba 1918-1919 wlebSi. antantis winaSe
germaniis imperiis kapitulacias kompienis tyeSi (1918 wlis noemberSi) win
uZRoda TurqeTis mier saomari moqmedebebis Sewyveta mudrosis yureSi (1918
wlis oqtomberSi). kompienisa da mudrosis sazavo xelSekrulebebis ZaliT
germaniasa da TurqeTs unda daetovebinaT amierkavkasia. am procesze
kontroli ingliss unda ganexorcielebina. jer kidev 1917 wlis 23 dekembers
xelmowerili inglis-safrangeTis konvencia `ruseTis sakiTxSi~ mokavSireTa
politikis koordinacias isaxavda miznad. konvencia saqarTvelos inglisis
moqmedebis zonad acxadebda. pirvel msoflio omSi germaniis kapitulaciis
Semdeg, 1918 wlis 13 noembers, xsenebuli konvencia xelmeored iqna
damtkicebuli. inglisma germaniisa da TurqeTis jarebis evakuaciis
paralelurad saqarTvelos teritoriaze Tavisi jarebis ganlageba daiwyo.
am umniSvnelovanes RonisZiebas xelmZRvanelobdnen amierkavkasiaSi inglisis
misiis meTauri polkovniki jordani da amierkavkasiaSi inglisis jarebis

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mTavarsardali generali forestie-uokeri mravalricxovan diplomatebsa da
samxedroebTan erTad. 1918 wlis 29 noembers inglisis samxedro flotis
gemebi soxumSi Sevidnen, 29 noembers _ foTSi, 1 dekembers _ baTumSi.
saqarTvelos inglisis moqmedebis zonad (faqtobrivad, saokupacio
zonad) gamocxadebam mZime mdgomareobaSi Caagdo saqarTvelos demokratiuli
respublika. imTaviTve cxadi gaxda, rom baTumiTa da, saerTod, mTeli
aWariT (baTumiTa da baTumis olqiT) ingliselebi gansakuTrebiT iyvnen
dainteresebulni. cxadia, saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis
mTavrobas aranairi saSualeba ar gaaCnda, win aRdgomoda omSi gamarjvebul
mokavSire saxelmwifoebs (antantas). 1918 wlis 24 dekembris notiT
saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis sagareo saqmeTa ministrma evgeni
gegeWkorma Tanxmoba ganacxada inglisis jarebis saqarTveloSi ganlagebaze.
oficialuri Tanxmobis miRebamde, 1918 wlis 22 dekembers, baTumSi Semovida
inglisis 5 gemi 20-aTasiani jariT. 25 dekembers inglisTa pirveli
batalioni TbilisSic gamoCnda. ingliselebma aWaraSi (baTumsa da baTumis
olqSi) saokupacio reJimi daamyares. aq maT Seqmnes sageneralgubernatoro,
romlis saTaveSic ingliseli generali kuk-kolisi Caayenes. faqtobrivad,
aWaraSi Turqi okupantebi ingliselma okupantebma Secvales. aWarasa da
baTumSi inglisis aRmosavlur politikas gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba
eniWeboda. swored amitom, 1918 wlis dekemberidan 1920 wlis ivlisamde
aWaraSi faqtobrivad mTlianad Sewyvetili iyo saqarTvelos demokratiuli
respublikis iurisdiqcia. am xnis manZilze qarTveli diplomatebi
agrZelebdnen brZolas rogorc aWaridan, ise mTeli saqarTvelodan
inglisis jarebis gasayvanad. am brZolis saboloo Sedegi damokidebuli iyo
imaze, Tu rogor gadawydeboda saqarTvelos saerTaSoriso aRiarebis
sakiTxi. 1920 wlis ivlisSi, inglisis jarebis gasvlis Semdeg aWaraSi aRdga
saqarTvelos respublikis iurisdiqcia. TurqeTis mier 1918 wlis 4 ivnisis
xelSekrulebiT mitacebuli teritoriac (mesxeTis didi nawili)
saqarTvelos daubrunda. es qarTuli diplomatiis seriozul warmatebad
unda miviCnioT.
inglisis jarebis yofna saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis
teritoriaze (aWaris gamoklebiT) 1918 wlis dekembridan 1919 wlis
seqtembramde gagrZelda. marTalia, am periodSi saqarTvelos demokratiuli
respublika kvlav rCeboda damoukidebel suverenul qveynad, magram
ingliseli politikosebi da samxedroebi uxeSad ereodnen saqarTvelos
saSinao saqmeebSi, aseve _ saqarTvelos urTierTobaSi mezobel qveynebTan.
1918 wlis dekemberSi mimdinare saqarTvelo-somxeTis omSi somxeTis armiis
seriozuli marcxis Semdeg saqarTvelos mTavrobas SeeZlo SemoeerTebina
ZirZveli qarTuli teritoria _ lores raioni. somxeTis mTavrobas
winaaRmdegobis gawevis unari aRar hqonda, xolo somxeTis armias aRar
ZaluZda qarTveli jaris Seteva SeeCerebina. saqarTvelo-somxeTis omis
dasasruli daemTxva inglisis jarebis Semosvlas saqarTveloSi. ingliseli
diplomatebi da samxedroebi Seecadnen daecvaT anglofiluri somxeTis
interesebi. amaSi maT didi daxmareba gauwies amierkavkasiaSi inglisis misiis
mier saqarTvelo-somxeTis urTierTobis mogvarebis mizniT specialurad
daniSnulma generalma raikfordma da amierkavkasiaSi safrangeTis misiis
meTaurma polkovnikma Sardinim. maT aiZules saqarTvelos demokratiuli
respublikis mTavroba, dauyovnebliv Seewyvita saomari moqmedebani somxeTis
winaaRmdeg da daTanxmebuliyo molaparakebaze. 1918 wlis 30 dekembers

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yaraqilisaSi saqarTvelosa da somxeTis mTavrobebis warmomadgenlebma
moilaparakes, rom 31 dekembris 24 saaTisaTvis SeewyvitaT saomari
moqmedebani. 1919 wlis ianvarSi inglisis warmomadgenlis TavmjdomareobiT
gamarTul saqarTvelo-somxeTis molaparakebaze SeTanxmdnen saqarTvelosa
da somxeTs Soris neitraluri zonis sazRvrebis Sesaxeb, aseve borCalos
mazraSi qarTuli da somxuri garnizonebis, xolo axalqalaqis mazraSi
qarTuli garnizonebis raodenobisa da samxedro tyveebis gacvlis Taobaze.
SeTanxmebis mixedviT, borCalos neitraluri zonis marTveloba unda
gadascemoda mokavSire saxelmwifoebis (antantis) kontrolis qveS myof
`kolegiur komisariats~, romlis TiTo wevrs saqarTvelosa da somxeTis
mTavrobebi niSnavdnen. uTanxmoebis SemTxvevaSi sakiTxi mokavSire
saxelmwifoebis warmomadgenlobas unda gadaewyvita. inglisis antiqarTuli
politika mxolod borCalos mazris neitralur zonad gamocxadebaSi ar
gamoixata. marTalia, axalqalaqSi qarTuli administracia iqna
SenarCunebuli, magram miRweuli SeTanxmebis mixedviT axalqalaqis mazris
qarTul administraciaze zedamxedvelobas axorcielebda mokavSire
saxelmwifoebis warmomadgeneli, romelTanac imyofebodnen adgilobrivi
somexi da muslimanuri mosaxleobis rwmunebulebi. amiT, faqtobrivad,
axalqalaqis mazrac sadavo teritoriad gamocxadda.
saqarTvelo-somxeTis urTierTobis mogvarebaSi inglisis antiqarTuli
politikis wyalobiT ganpirobebulma uaryofiTma Sedegebma SemdegSi didi
problemebi Seuqmna qarTvel diplomatebs parizis sazavo konferenciaze,
erTa ligaSi da saqarTvelo-sabWoTa ruseTis urTierTobaSi.
1918 wlis dekemberSi Zalze daiZaba urTierToba saqarTvelos
demokratiul respublikasa da denikinis moxaliseTa armias Soris. am
periodisaTvis soWis olqi qarTul jarsa da saxalxo gvardias ekava.
denikinis moxaliseTa armia emzadeboda soWis olqis okupaciisaTvis.
saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikisa da denikinis moxaliseTa armiis
sardlobis urTierTobaSi ingliselebi Caerivnen. 1918 wlis 28 dekembers
saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis sagareo saqmeTa ministri evgeni
gegeWkori da amierkavkasiaSi inglisis misiis meTauri polkovniki jordani
SeTanxmdnen, rom soWis olqis teritoria saerTod daetovebinaT rogorc
qarTul jars, ise denikinis moxaliseTa armias. saqarTvelom piroba
Seasrula, denikinma ki piriqiT _ qarTuli jaris mier datovebuli
teritoriis dakaveba daiwyo. amave dros tuafses raionSi Tavmoyra iwyes
moxaliseTa armiis sajariso nawilebma. 1919 wlis 6 Tebervals moxaliseTa
armiam soWi daikava da Semdeg mTeli olqis okupacia moaxdina. mis xelSi
aRmoCnda gagrac. qarTuli jari da saxalxo gvardia mdinare bzifis
marcxena napirze gamagrdnen. qarTveli diplomatebi sami Tvis manZilze
cdilobdnen, zegavlena moexdinaT ingliselebze, raTa maT mieRoT zomebi
da aeZulebinaT moxaliseTa armia daetovebina afxazeTis okupirebuli
teritoria. ingliselTa politika ukve aSkarad antiqarTuli xdeboda.
amierkavkasiaSi inglisis misiis meTauri da amierkavkasiaSi inglisis
jarebis mTavarsardali aSkarad cru dapirebebs aZlevdnen qarTul mxares.
maT sicrueSi darwmunebulma saqarTvelos mTavrobam 1919 wlis 12 aprils
moxaliseTa armiis winaaRmdeg afxazeTSi saomari moqmedebebi daiwyo, rac
mkacrad dagmo amierkavkasiaSi inglisis jarebis mTavarsardlobam.
ingliselebma oficialurad gaafrTxiles saqarTvelos demokratiuli
respublikis mTavroba, rom mis jarebs ar ganexorcielebinaT Seteva gagris

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mimarTulebiT. ingliselebi ultimatumis formiT iTxovdnen
saqarTvelosagan 1919 wlis TebervlisaTvis arsebuli mdgomareobis dacvas,
e. i. im mdgomareobisa, romelic Seiqmna moxaliseTa armiis mier soWisa da
gagris okupaciis Semdeg. miuxedavad amisa, qarTulma jarma da saxalxo
gvardiam Seteva gaagrZeles da gagra gaaTavisufles. qarTuli jari mdinare
mexadirze SeCerda. am warmatebis gamo ukmayofileba ver dafara
amierkavkasiaSi inglisis jarebis sardalma.
1919 wlis 21 maiss daiwyo molaparakeba saqarTvelos demokratiuli
respublikis mTavrobasa da denikinis moxaliseTa armiis sardlobas Soris.
molaparakebaze qarTuli mxare (evgeni gegeWkori, generali giorgi
mazniaSvili) inglisis mTavrobisa da moxaliseTa armiis sardlobis
erTobliv winaaRmdegobas waawyda. qarTuli diplomatiis brZola maTi
politikis winaaRmdeg marcxiT damTavrda (aq kidev erTxel gamovlinda
inglisis antiqarTuli politika). 1919 wlis 11 ivniss saqarTvelos
demokratiuli respublikis mTavrobas acnobes inglisis xelisuflebis
gadawyvetileba: sademarkacio xazi saqarTvelosa da moxaliseTa armias
Soris md. bzifze gavidoda, qarTul jars ki md. bzifis marcxena napirze
unda daekavebina poziciebi. amasTan, saqarTvelos Tavi unda Seekavebina
moxaliseTa armiis winaaRmdeg yovelgvari agresiuli moqmedebisagan da
daxmareboda mas navTobiTa da sxva resursebiT momaragebaSi. ase Seuwyo
xeli inglisis mTavrobam saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis
teritoriuli mTlianobis xelyofas.
inglisis antiqarTuli politikis aSkara gamovlinebebs qarTveli
diplomatebi momavalSic bevrjer waawydnen.
g) saqarTvelos sakiTxi parizis konferenciaze. pirveli msoflio omis
Sedegebi Seajama da omisSemdgomi msoflios politikuri ruka daadgina
parizis sazavo konferenciam, romelic gamarjvebulma qveynebma (antantam)
moiwvies. parizis konferencia mimdinareobda 1919 wlis 18 ianvridan 1920
wlis 21 ianvramde. konferenciis muSaobaSi wamyvan rols TamaSobdnen
inglisi, safrangeTi da amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi. sabWoTa ruseTi
parizis sazavo konferenciaze ar miuwveviaT. 1919 wlis parizis
konferenciam moiwona saerTaSoriso organizaciis _ erTa ligis _ wesdeba,
romelsac dasavleTi evropis qveynebTan winaaRmdegobis gamo amerikis
SeerTebuli Statebis warmomadgenelma xeli ar moawera. antantis
iniciativiT Seqmnili erTa liga miznad isaxavda `xalxTa Soris
TanamSromlobis ganviTarebis, maTi mSvidobisa da usafrTxoebis dacvas~.
saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis mTavroba, qarTveli
diplomatebi guldasmiT emzadebodnen parizis sazavo konferenciaSi
monawileobis misaRebad. 1918 wlis 17 noembers saqarTvelos demokratiuli
respublikis mTavrobis sxdomaze ganixiles sakiTxi parizis konferenciaze
gasagzavni delegaciis Sesaxeb. delegaciis meTaurad dainiSna saqarTvelos
parlamentis Tavmjdomare nikoloz (karlo) CxeiZe. ramdenime dRis Semdeg,
kerZod, 21 noembers mTavrobis sxdomaze damtkicda delegaciis samoqmedo
programa, gamomdinare Semdegi mosazrebebidan:
pirveli. saqarTvelos delegacia winaaRmdegi unda gamosuliyo, Tu
parizis sazavo konferencia ganizraxavda ruseTis Zvel sazRvrebSi
aRdgenas.
meore. saqarTvelos delegacias Tanxmoba unda ganecxadebina
amierkavkasiis konfederaciis Seqmnaze. konfederaciis SeqmnisaTvis

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aucilebeli iyo, rom jer amierkavkasiis erebi ganmtkicebuliyvnen rogorc
damoukidebeli saxelmwifoebi, raTa Semdeg maTi SekavSireba ufro
nebayoflobiTi da advili yofiliyo.
mesame. damoukidebeli saqarTvelos arsebobisaTvis aucilebeli iyo
somxeTTan daaxloeba da SeTanxmeba. ori qristiani eris _ qarTvelebisa da
somxebis _ dapirispireba evropis qveynebze cud STabeWdilebas moaxdenda.
saqarTvelos delegacias mxari unda daeWira ori somxeTis (ruseTis
somxeTisa da TurqeTis somxeTis) erT saxelmwifod gaerTianebisaTvis. amave
dros, saqarTvelos delegacias unda ecada, rom somxeTis politikuri
centri TurqeTis somxeTisaken gadaxriliyo, raTa somxeTs gasasvleli
moepovebina Sav zRvaze. maSin igi aRar daupirispirdeboda saqarTvelos da
maTi gamwvavebuli urTierTobac mogvardeboda.
meoTxe. Tu parizis konferencia arasgziT ar cnobda saqarTvelos
damoukideblobas, maSin saqarTvelos delegacia unda daTanxmebuliyo
romelime evropuli qveynis proteqtorats.
saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis delegaciam parizis sazavo
konferencias warudgina memorandumi, romelSic dasabuTebuli iyo
saqarTvelos damoukideblobis kanoniereba. dokumenti Seicavda Txovnas
mokavSire saxelmwifoebis (antantis) umaRlesi sabWos mier saqarTvelos
demokratiuli respublikis aRiarebis Taobaze.
miuxedavad diplomatiuri muSaobisa, parizis sazavo konferencia ar
cnobda saqarTvelos damoukideblobas. mTavar rols am SemTxvevaSi inglisi
asrulebda. misi pozicia 1919 wlis 14 noembers inglisis sagareo saqmeTa
ministrma lordma kerzonma ase Camoayaliba: saqarTvelos damoukideblobis
aRiarebis sakiTxi dakavSirebulia amierkavkasiis sxva saxelmwifoebis
sakiTxTan, xolo am ukanasknelebisa _ ruseTis problemis gadawyvetasa da
TurqeTTan samSvidobo xelSekrulebis dadebasTan. bolos da bolos, 1919
wlis 24 dekembers inglisis sagareo saqmeTa saministrom miiRo memorandumi
amierkavkasiis Sesaxeb. inglisis mTavrobis pozicia saqarTvelos
damoukideblobis aRdgenis Taobaze aseTi iyo: pirveli. saqarTvelos
moTxovna misi damoukideblobis aRiarebis Sesaxeb azerbaijanTan SedarebiT
ufro safuZvliani iyo. meore. miuxedavad amisa, Zalze Zneli iyo
saqarTvelosa da azerbaijanis damoukideblobis aRiarebis sakiTxisadmi
sxvadasxvagvarad midgoma. Tu ruseTi azerbaijans daikavebda da baqo-
baTumis navTobsadenis erT bolos daeufleboda, maSin saqarTvelos
damoukideblobis uzrunvelyofa SeuZlebeli iqneboda. mesame. Tu inglisi
saqarTvelosa da azerbaijanis damoukideblobis aRiarebis sakiTxs
erTdroulad gadawyvetda dadebiTad, maSin ingliss unda gaerkvia: a)
ramdenad iyo inglisi mzad denikinTan dasapirispireblad; b) ramdenad
mniSvnelovani iyo inglisisaTvis iransa da ruseTs Soris buferuli
saxelmwifoebis (saqarTvelo, azerbaijani _ avt.) Seqmna. meoTxe. SeiZleboda
Tu ara saqarTvelosa da azerbaijanis dauyovnebliv cnoba mokavSire
saxelmwifoebis (antantis) mier. Tu es moxdeboda, maSin orive qveynis
mandati umokles droSi unda gadascemoda ingliss an amerikis SeerTebul
Statebs. am SemTxvevaSi mandatis mflobel saxelmwifoebs mouwevdaT
denikinTan dapirispireba. saerTod, mandatis aReba moiTxovda iseT
pasuxismgeblobas, romelsac Seqmnil viTarebaSi verc erTi mokavSire
saxelmwifo ver ikisrebda. mexuTe. arsebobda saqarTvelosa da azerbaijanis
sakiTxis gadaWris kidev erTi gza: denikinis armiis mdgomareobis sabolood

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garkvevamde, am qveynebis cnobisagan Tavis Sekaveba. amasTan, aucilebeli iyo
denikinze gavlenis moxdena, raTa igi Tavs ar dasxmoda saqarTvelosa da
azerbaijans.
inglisis sagareo saqmeTa saministros memorandumi upiratesobas mainc
(denikinis armiis mdgomareobis garkvevamde) saqarTvelos damoukideblobis
cnobis gadadebas aniWebda. magram rodesac denikinis armiis ganadgurebis
Semdeg sabWoTa ruseTis wiTeli armia kavkasias moadga, metis dayovneba
aRar SeiZleboda. 1920 wlis 12 ianvars mokavSire saxelmwifoebma
saqarTvelo da azerbaijani de faqto aRiares. inglisis gegmiT,
saqarTvelosa da azerbaijans sabWoTa ruseTsa da antantas Soris buferis
roli unda eTamaSa.
mokavSire saxelmwifoebis mier saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis
de faqto aRiareba qarTuli diplomatiis didi gamarjvebis mauwyebeli iyo.
d) saqarTvelo--ruseTis urTierToba da 1920 wlis 7 maisis
xelSekruleba. 1918 wlis gazafxulze dawyebuli samoqalaqo omisa da ucxo
qveynebis intervenciis gamo sabWoTa ruseTis xelisuflebam didi xniT
dakarga kontroli samxreT ruseTsa da Crdilo kavkasiaze. cnobili iyo,
rom sabWoTa ruseTis mTavrobas principulad ar surda saqarTvelos
damoukideblobis cnoba. amave dros qarTveli diplomatebisaTvis cxadi
gaxda, rom saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis de iure cnobisaTvis
gadamwyveti mniSvneloba hqonda sabWoTa ruseTis pozicias. miuxedavad amisa,
saqarTvelo-ruseTis aqtiuri diplomatiuri kontaqtebi da am or qveyanas
Soris molaparakebis dawyeba ferxdeboda ruseTSi mimdinare samoqalaqo
omis gamo. saqarTvelosaTvis gadamwyveti mniSvneloba hqonda, Tu riT
damTavrdeboda es omi. 1919 wlis noember-dekemberSi wiTelma armiam
daamarcxa denikinis moxaliseTa armia. 1920 wlis damdegisaTvis samxreTi
ruseTi da Crdilo kavkasia kvlav Sevidnen sabWoTa ruseTis iurisdiqciaSi.
saqarTvelo-ruseTis urTierTobis mogvareba qarTuli diplomatiis
gadaudebel amocanad iqca. SesaZlo iyo, saqarTvelos demokratiuli
respublika sabWoTa ruseTis agresiis obieqti gamxdariyo. es safrTxe cota
mogvianebiT kidev ufro gaizarda. mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs 1920 wlis aprilis
bolos sabWoTa ruseTis wiTeli armiis mier baqos dakaveba, Semdeg ki
mTeli azerbaijanis dapyroba.
1920 wlis 16 da 22 aprils saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis
mTavrobam nota gaugzavna sabWoTa ruseTis mTavrobas da samSvidobo
molaparakebis dawyeba SesTavaza. ruseTTan politikuri xelSekrulebis
dadebas, mis mier saqarTvelos de iure cnobas gadamwyveti mniSvneloba
hqonda mokavSire saxelmwifoebis (antantis) mier saqarTvelos de iure
cnobisaTvis, da saerTod, qveynis usafrTxoebisaTvis. marTalia, sabWoTa
ruseTs 1920 wlis gazafxulisaTvis ukve gadawyvetili hqonda ara marto
azerbaijanis, aramed somxeTisa da saqarTvelos dapyrobac, magram
saqarTvelosTan politikuri xelSekrulebis dadeba imxanad sabWoTa
ruseTisTvisac momgebiani iyo. 1920 wlis gazafxulisaTvis poloneTTan
mimdinare omma, aseve general vrangelis jarebis Tavmoyram yirimSi
gaarTula samxedro-politikuri viTareba ruseTSi. poloneTTan oms
SeiZleboda gaerTulebina ruseTis urTierToba inglisTan da safrangeTTan.
vrangelis warmateba seriozul safrTxes uqmnida sabWoTa xelisuflebas
samxreT ruseTSi. aseT viTarebaSi sabWoTa ruseTis diplomatia Tvlida,
rom saqarTvelosTan politikuri xelSekrulebis dadeba da or qveyanas

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Soris urTierTobis normalizacia, Tundac saqarTvelos de iure aRiarebis
fasad, ruseTisaTvis xelsayreli iyo. am mosazrebidan gamomdinare, sabWoTa
ruseTis mTavroba daTanxmda saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis
winadadebas molaparakebis dawyebis Taobaze.
molaparakeba mimdinareobda moskovSi 1920 wlis 26 aprilidan 6 maisamde.
rogorc irkveva, molaparakebis procesSi, kerZod, mokavSire saxelmwifoTa
mier de faqto aRiarebuli azerbaijanis (didi garTulebebis gareSe)
dapyrobis Semdeg, sabWoTa ruseTis mTavrobas saqarTvelos demokratiuli
respublikis damorCilebac SesaZleblad moeCvena. cxadia, moskovi amis
Sesaxeb acnobebda ruseTis komunisturi partiis (bolSevikebis) centraluri
komitetis kavkasiis biuros xelmZRvanels, sergo orjonikiZes, da me-11
wiTeli armiis sardlobas. saqarTvelos sazRvrebi azerbaijanSi
dabanakebulma sabWoTa ruseTis me-11 wiTelma armiam 1920 wlis 2 maiss
gadmolaxa da Tbilisisaken daiZra. amiT, faqtobrivad, sabWoTa ruseTma
saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis winaaRmdeg omi daiwyo. 3 maiss
sergo orjonikiZem moskovs acnoba, rom Tbiliss araugvianes 15 maisisaTvis
daikavebda. sabWoTa ruseTis mTavroba sirTuleebis winaSe dadga. qarTveli
bolSevikebis mier 1920 wlis 1 maiss Tbilisis iunkerTa saswavlebelze
ganxorcielebulma provokaciulma Tavdasxmam moskovisaTvis sasurveli
gagrZeleba ver pova _ masobrivi antisamTavrobo SeiaraRebuli gamosvlebi
ver gamoiwvia. qarTuli jari medgar winaaRmdegobas uwevda me-11 wiTel
armias, ris gamoc Tbilisis dakaveba Zneldeboda. saqarTvelosTan
gaWianurebul oms ruseTisaTvis SeiZleboda garkveuli garTulebebi Seeqmna.
swored amitom 1920 wlis 4 maiss moskovSi miiRes gadawyvetileba
saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis winaaRmdeg omis Sewyvetisa da
molaparakebis gagrZelebis Taobaze.
1920 wlis 7 maiss moskovSi daido saqarTvelo-ruseTis xelSekruleba.
xelSekrulebas saqarTvelos saxeliT xeli moawera damfuZnebeli krebis
wevrma grigol urataZem, ruseTis mxridan _ sagareo saqmeTa saxalxo
komisris moadgilem lev karaxanma.
qarTuli diplomatiis did miRwevad unda miviCnioT is, rom saqarTvelo-
ruseTis 1920 wlis 7 maisis xelSekrulebis pirveli muxliT ruseTma
upirobod cno saqarTvelos damoukidebloba. ruseTi nebayoflobiT ambobda
uars yovelgvar suverenul uflebebze, romlebic ki mas gaaCnda qarTveli
erisa da saqarTvelos teritoriis mimarT. didi miRweva iyo isic, rom
ruseTma demokratiuli respublikis ganuyofel nawilad cno Tbilisis,
quTaisis guberniebi da baTumis olqi maTSi Semavali okrugiTa da mazrebiT,
aseve _ zaqaTalisa da soxumis okrugebi, gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovani iyo
is, rom ruseTi saqarTvelos nawilad miiCnevda Savi zRvis guberniis
nawilsac.
xelSekrulebis es ori mniSvnelovani monapovari aqarwylebda
saqarTvelosaTvis arcTu mTlianad misaRebi xelSekrulebis zogierT
muxls. magram yovelgvar eWvs gareSea, rom qarTuli diplomatiis marcxad
unda miviCnioT 1920 wlis 7 maisis xelSekrulebis `gansakuTrebuli
saidumlo damateba~. igi avaldebulebda saqarTvelos mTavrobas, legaluri
moRvaweobisa da agitaciis ufleba mieca komunisturi (bolSevikuri)
organizaciebisaTvis da maT winaaRmdeg ar gamoeyenebina represiebi,
sasamarTlo da administraciuli zemoqmedeba.
miuRebeli iyo saqarTvelosaTvis 1920 wlis 7 maisis xelSekrulebis
dadebis Semdeg 1920 wlis 12 maiss moskovSive dadebuli damatebiTi
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SeTanxmeba, romelic ZiriTadi xelSekrulebis ganuyofel nawilad
iTvleboda. damatebiTi SeTanxmebis ZaliT, zaqaTalis okrugis (saingilos)
teritoriis kuTvnilebis sakiTxi gansaxilvelad unda gadascemoda qarTul-
azerbaijanul komisias, romlis Tavmjdomarec ruseTis warmomadgeneli
iqneboda. cxadia, teritoriul davas saqarTvelos demokratiul
respublikasa da sabWoTa azerbaijans Soris ruseTi am ukanasknelis
sasargeblod gadawyvetda.
saqarTvelo-ruseTis 1920 wlis 7 maisis xelSekruleba qarTuli
diplomatiis did monapovrad unda CaiTvalos. mas gadamwyveti mniSvneloba
hqonda saqarTvelos de iure cnobisaTvis. 1920 wlis 7 maisis xelSekruleba
iyo is dokumenti, romlis wyalobiTac 1921 wlis Teberval-martSi sabWoTa
ruseTis mier saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis dapyroba Sefasda
rogorc suverenuli qveynis winaaRmdeg ganxorcielebuli intervencia,
okupacia da aneqsia. zemoaRniSnuli xelSekrulebis aRdgenisaTvis brZola,
rac faqtobrivad niSnavda saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis
aRdgenas, iyo XX saukunis 20-30-iani wlebis politikuri emigraciis
umTavresi sazrunavi, aseve _ XX saukunis 80-iani wlebis erovnuli
moZraobis upirvelesi moTxovna.
e) qarTuli diplomatiis brZola saqarTvelos de iure aRiarebisaTvis.
sabWoTa ruseTis mier saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis de iure
cnobis Semdeg, 1920 wlis zafxulSi sagareo saqmeTa ministri evgeni
gegeWkori evropaSi gaemgzavra. mas dasavleTi evropis qveynebTan
molaparakebis gziT unda daeCqarebina saqarTvelos miReba erTa ligaSi,
rac, Tavis mxriv, daaCqarebda didi saxelmwifoebis mier saqarTvelos de
iure aRiarebas. am TvalsazrisiT saqarTvelos ukve seriozuli warmatebebi
hqonda mopovebuli. 1920 wlis 12 ianvars mokavSire saxelmwifoebma (antantam)
saqarTvelo de faqto aRiares. 1920 wlis 7 maisis xelSekrulebiT
saqarTvelo de iure aRiara sabWoTa ruseTma, 1920 wlis 24 seqtembers _
germaniam. saqarTvelos de iure aRiarebas mTavar dabrkolebas uqmnida
inglisi, romelic gansazRvravda mokavSire saxelmwifoebis (antantis)
pozicias, antantis pozicias ki gadamwyveti mniSvneloba hqonda saqarTvelos
erTa ligaSi miRebisTvis.
1920 wlis zafxulsa da Semodgomaze erTa ligis mudmiv samdivnosTan
molaparakebisa da mimoweris gziT qarTvelma diplomatebma miaRwies imas,
rom saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis erTa ligaSi miRebis sakiTxi
misi saerTo krebis dRis wesrigSi iqna Setanili. erTa ligis saerTo krebam
saqarTvelos sakiTxi ganixila 1920 wlis 16 dekembers. kenWisyraSi 24
saxelmwifo monawileobda. erTa ligaSi saqarTvelos miRebisaTvis
aucilebeli iyo 16 saxelmwifos mxardaWera.
erTa ligis wesdebis meaTe muxlis Tanaxmad, misi wevri qveynebi
valdebulebas iRebdnen, pativi ecaT da daecvaT organizaciis yvela wevris
saxelmwifoebrivi damoukidebloba. swored amitom saqarTvelosaTvis erTa
ligaSi Sesvlas sasicocxlo mniSvneloba hqonda.
norvegiis warmomadgenelma nansenma da samxreTi afrikis
warmomadgenelma sesilma mxari dauWires saqarTvelos demokratiuli
respublikis erTa ligaSi miRebas. inglisis warmomadgenelma fiSerma
ganacxada, rom nansenisa da sesilis gancxadebani sworia, magram
saqarTvelos dacva erTa ligas gauWirdeba. garda amisa, fiSerma aRniSna,
rom saqarTvelosa da baltiis respublikaTa erTa ligaSi gawevrianebis

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sakiTxebis gamocalkeveba ar SeiZleboda. saqme is iyo, rom saqarTvelos
sakiTxis ganxilvamde safrangeTis sagareo saqmeTa ministri winaaRmdegi
gamovida erTa ligaSi baltiis respublikaTa miRebisa.
inglisis mTavrobis pozicia ar iyo moulodneli. am droisaTvis sabWoTa
ruseTisa da inglisis daaxloeba aSkara da TvalSisacemi iyo. mzaddeboda
inglis-ruseTis savaWro xelSekruleba. inglisis mTavrobas ukve
gadawyvetili hqonda, ruseTis mxridan garkveuli daTmobis sanacvlod, ecno
sabWoTa ruseTis interesebi yofili ruseTis imperiis mTel teritoriaze
da, kerZod, saqarTveloSi. ingliss rom erTa ligaSi saqarTvelos
miRebisaTvis daeWira mxari, es Seaferxebda inglis-ruseTis daaxloebas da
savaWro xelSekrulebis dadebas, rasac daJinebiT mieswrafoda inglisi.
inglisisa da safrangeTis poziciam gadawyvita saqarTvelos bedi.
kenWisyraSi monawile 24 qveynidan erTa ligaSi saqarTvelos miRebis momxre
aRmoCnda mxolod 10 saxelmwifo. saqarTvelo erTa ligis wevri ver gaxda.
qarTuli diplomatia uZluri aRmoCnda gadaelaxa inglisisa da
safrangeTis winaaRmdegoba. dasavlur samyaroSi saqarTvelos integraciis
cda marcxiT damTavrda. aqedan gamomdinare, cxadia, garTulda qarTveli
diplomatebis brZola saqarTvelos de iure aRiarebisaTvis.
1920 wlis 30 dekembers evgeni gegeWkori parizSi Sexvda safrangeTis
sagareo saqmeTa saministros generalur mdivans bertelos. Sexvedraze
evgeni gegeWkorma saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis dauyovnebliv
cnobisa da iaraRiT daxmarebis sakiTxi daayena. gamarTuli saubrisas
gairkva, rom safrangeTisagan gansxvavebiT, ingliss saqarTvelos de iure
cnobasTan dakavSirebiT Semdegi pozicia hqonda: 1) inglisi naadrevad
Tvlida am aqts; 2) ara marto naadrevad, aramed saxifaTodac, radgan
saqarTvelo-ruseTis urTierToba arastabiluri iyo.
1920 wlis miwurulsa da 1921 wlis damdegs saqarTvelos demokratiuli
respublika uaRresad araxelsayrel mdgomareobaSi aRmoCnda.
pirveli. inglis-ruseTis daaxloeba damTavrda imiT, rom inglisma cno
sabWoTa ruseTis interesebi saqarTveloSi, e. i. inglisi win ar aRudgeboda
ruseTs, Tuki igi azerbaijanisa da somxeTis Semdeg saqarTvelosac
daipyrobda. inglisis poziciam gansazRvra mokavSire saxelmwifoebis
(antantis) gadawyvetileba.
meore. pirveli msoflio omis dasrulebis Semdgom inglisisa, da
saerTod antantis, dapirispirebam TurqeTTan es ukanaskneli aiZula,
mokavSireoba sabWoTa ruseTisaTvis eTxova, ris sanacvlodac ruseTma
aiZula TurqeTi, ecno misi interesebi amierkavkasiaSi da maT Soris
saqarTveloSic.
amrigad, saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublika diplomatiur
izolaciaSi moeqca. cxadi iyo, rom sabWoTa ruseTis agresiis SemTxvevaSi
saqarTvelo samxedro-politikuri mokavSiris gareSe darCeboda.
Seqmnil viTarebas kargad afasebda sabWoTa ruseTis diplomatia.
moskovSi SesaniSnavad grZnobdnen, rom 1921 wlis 27 ianvars antantis
(inglisis, safrangeTis, italiis) mier saqarTvelos de iure cnoba ar
SeiZleboda ganxiluliyo rogorc dasavleTi evropis qveynebis mxridan
ruseTis mier saqarTvelos dapyrobis Semaferxebeli garemoeba. 1921 wlis
Teberval-martSi samxedro-politikuri mokavSiris gareSe darCenili
saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis dapyroba sabWoTa ruseTma
yovelgvari saerTaSoriso garTulebis gareSe ganaxorciela.

321
 qarTuli diplomatiis brZola, saerTaSoriso aRiarebis gziT mieRwia
saqarTvelos damoukideblobis SenarCunebisaTvis, marcxiT damTavrda.

$4. saqarTvelos sagareo-politikuri

mdgomareoba da diplomatia
1921-1933 wlebSi

marTalia, 1921 wlis Teberval-martSi sabWoTa ruseTma saqarTvelo

daipyro (adgili hqonda intervenciasac, okupaciasac da faqtobriv
aneqsiasac), magram formalurad saqarTvelo darCa damoukidebel
saxelmwifod. formaluri mxare sabWoTa ruseTis politikur
xelmZRvanelobas sulac ar uSlida xels saqarTvelo (iseve rogorc
somxeTi da azerbaijani) ruseTis nawilad ganexila, maT Soris
saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSic. es naTlad dadasturda sabWoTa ruseTsa da
TurqeTs Soris 1921 wlis 16 marts dadebuli xelSekrulebiT, aseve yarsis
xelSekrulebiT (1921 wlis 13 oqtomberi).
saqarTvelo-ruseTis omis paralelurad (1921 wlis Tebervali-marti)
moskovSi mimdinareobda sabWoTa ruseTisa da TurqeTis molaparakeba, rac
1921 wlis 16 marts dadebuli xelSekrulebiT dasrulda. sabWoTa ruseTisa
da TurqeTis molaparakebas ori principuli SeTanxmeba daedo safuZvlad.
pirveli. TurqeTi uars ambobda samxreT kavkasiaSi (amierkavkasiaSi)
yovelgvar teritoriul pretenziaze; meore. ruseTi aRar iTxovda, rom
TurqeTs Crdilo-aRmosavleT sazRvari berlinis kongresis (1878 w.) mier
dadgenil sasazRvro xazamde gadaewia, e. i. ruseTi TurqeTs uTmobda
mniSvnelovan teritorias, maT Soris saqarTvelos istoriuli teritoriis
nawils.
saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis delegacia moskovis
molaparakebebSi ar monawileobda. miuxedavad amisa, 1921 wlis 16 martis
ruseT-TurqeTis moskovis xelSekrulebis pirvel muxlSi TurqeTis Crdilo-
aRmosavleT sazRvris Sesaxeb aRniSnuli iyo: `TurqeTis Crdilo-
aRmosavleT sazRvars warmoadgens: Sav zRvaze mdebare sofel sarfTan
gamavali xazi, romelic gadis qeTismTis mTaze, SavSeTis mTebisa da kani-
daRis mTebis wyalgamyofze, xolo Semdeg gasdevs artaanisa da yarsis
sanjayebis CrdiloeT administraciul sazRvars...~ es ki imas niSnavda, rom
saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis mTavrobis Tanxmobis gareSe,
romelic 1921 wlis 17 martis saRamomde baTumSi, e. i. qveynis teritoriaze
imyofeboda, ruseTma 1921 wlis 16 martis moskovis xelSekrulebiT
saqarTvelos istoriuli teritoriis nawili TurqeTis teritoriad aRiara.
ruseT-TurqeTis 1921 wlis 16 martis xelSekruleba sxva mxrivac Seexo
saqarTvelos. xelSekrulebis meore muxlSi aRniSnulia:
`TurqeTi Tanaxmaa dauTmos saqarTvelos siuzereniteti qalaq baTumsa da
navsadgurze da im teritoriaze, romelic mdebareobs am xelSekrulebis
pirvel muxlSi miTiTebuli sazRvris CrdiloeTiT da Seadgens baTumis
okrugis nawils, Semdegi pirobiT:
1) am muxlSi miTiTebuli mxaris mosaxleoba isargeblebs
administraciuli TvalsazrisiT farTo adgilobrivi avtonomiiT, romelic
uzrunvelyofs yoveli Temis kulturuli da religiuri uflebebis dacvas,
mosaxleobas ufleba eqneba Tavisi survilis Sesabamisad SemoiRos kanoni
miwis Sesaxeb.

322
 2) TurqeTi uzrunvelyofili iqneba yovelgvari tvirTis Tavisufali,
ubaJo tranzitis uflebiT, romelic igzavneba TurqeTSi an TurqeTidan;
amasTan erTad tvirTi ar unda Seferxdes da ar unda daibegros aranairi
mosakrebeliT; TurqeTs unda mieces ufleba gamoiyenos baTumis navsadguri
specialuri mosakrebeliT dabegvris gareSe~.
1921 wlis martisaTvis saqarTvelo, azerbaijani da somxeTi ruseTis mier
iyo okupirebuli, Tumca formaluri TvalsazrisiT samive qveyana
damoukidebel, suverenul saxelmwifos warmoadgenda. jer-jerobiT arc
amierkavkasiis federacia da arc sabWoTa kavSiri Seqmnili ar iyo, magram
arsebobda gegma axali sabWoTa imperiis Seqmnisa. imxanad gaurkveveli iyo,
axal sabWoTa imperiaSi ra formiT Sevidodnen saqarTvelo, somxeTi da
azerbaijani. aseT viTarebaSi ruseTma gadawyvita Tavisi poziciebis
ganmtkiceba samxreT kavkasiaSi da mis mTavar konkurentTan, TurqeTTan,
yvela sakiTxis mogvareba. 1921 wlis 23 seqtembers qalaq yarsSi daiwyo
TurqeTis, saqarTvelos, somxeTisa da azerbaijanis molaparakeba. yarsis
konferenciaSi sruluflebiani mxaris saxiT monawileobda sabWoTa ruseTi.
oficialur rusul gamocemebSi 1921 wlis 13 oqtombers yarsSi dadebuli
xelSekruleba asea dasaTaurebuli: `megobrobis xelSekruleba erTis mxriv
_ somxeTis ssr-s, azerbaijanis ssr-sa da saqarTvelos ssr-s da meores
mxriv _ TurqeTs Soris, dadebuli yarsSi rsfsr-is monawileobiT~.
saqarTvelos mxridan yarsis xelSekrulebas xeli moaweres samxedro da
sazRvao saqmeTa saxalxo komisarma Salva eliavam, sagareo saqmeTa da
finansTa saxalxo komisarma aleqsandre svaniZem, xolo sabWoTa ruseTis
mxridan iakob ganeckim (fiurstenbergma), romelic imxanad sabWoTa ruseTis
sagareo saqmeTa saxalxo komisariatis kolegiis wevri iyo. TurqeTis
mxridan xelSekrulebas xeli moaweres kiazim karabekir-faSam, veli-beim,
muxtar-beim, memdux Sevket-beim; somxeTis mxridan _ askanaz mravianma, poRos
makinzianma; azerbaijanis mxridan _ bexbud Saxtaxtinskim.
yarsSi dawyebul molaparakebas igive principebi daedo safuZvlad, rac
ruseT-TurqeTis moskovis molaparakebas _ ucvleli darCa saqarTvelo-
TurqeTis sazRvari.
yarsis xelSekrulebis meoTxe muxliT dadginda TurqeTis Crdilo-
aRmosavleTi sazRvari, e. i. dadginda saqarTvelo-TurqeTis sazRvaric.
kerZod, xelSekrulebaSi aRniSnulia, rom saqarTvelo-TurqeTis sazRvari
`iwyeba Sav zRvaze mdebare sofel sarfTan, gadis qedismTis mTaze, SavSeTis
mTebisa da kani-daRis mTebis wyalgamyofze, Semdeg gasdevs artaanisa da
yarsis sanjayebis Zvel Crdilo administraciul sazRvars...~
yarsis xelSekrulebis meeqvse muxli exeboda aWaras. kerZod, es muxli ase
iyo Camoyalibebuli:
`TurqeTi Tanaxmaa dauTmos saqarTvelos siuzereniteti qalaq baTumsa da
navsadgurze da im teritoriaze, romelic mdebareobs am xelSekrulebis
pirvel muxlSi miTiTebuli sazRvris CrdiloeTiT da Seadgens baTumis
okrugis nawils, Semdegi pirobiT:
1) am muxlSi miTiTebuli mxaris mosaxleoba isargeblebs
administraciuli TvalsazrisiT farTo adgilobrivi avtonomiiT, romelic
uzrunvelyofs yoveli Temis kulturuli da religiuri uflebebis dacvas,
mosaxleobas ufleba eqneba Tavisi survilis Sesabamisad SemoiRos kanoni
miwis Sesaxeb.

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 2) TurqeTi uzrunvelyofili iqneba yovelgvari tvirTis Tavisufali,
ubaJo tranzitis uflebiT, romelic igzavneba TurqeTSi an TurqeTidan;
amasTan erTad tvirTi ar unda Seferxdes da ar unda daibegros aranairi
mosakrebeliT; TurqeTs unda mieces ufleba gamoiyenos baTumis navsadguri
specialuri mosakrebeliT dabegvris gareSe~.
xelSekrulebis meSvide muxlSi aRniSnuli iyo, rom mxareebi SeTanxmdnen
`Seumsubuqos sasazRvro zonis mcxovreblebs sazRvarze gadasvla im
pirobiT Tu daculi iqneba sabaJo, sapolicio da sanitaruli wesebi,
romelsac daadgens Sereuli komisia~.
rogorc vxedavT, yarsis xelSekrulebam ucvlelad gaimeora ruseT-
TurqeTis 1921 wlis 16 martis moskovis xelSekrulebis pirveli da meore
muxlebi.
yarsis xelSekrulebis oci muxlidan eqvsi muxli ZalaSi Sevida
xelmoweris droidan (1921 wlis 13 oqtombridan), maT Soris iyo meeqvse
muxli, romelic aWaras exeboda. rac Seexeba xelSekrulebis danarCen
muxlebs, isini ZalaSi Sevidodnen ratifikaciis Semdeg.
yarsis xelSekrulebas ar hqonia saidumlo muxlebi. xelSekrulebas
daerTo sami damateba, romelTagan arc erTi saidumlo ar yofila da samive
mravaljer iqna gamoqveynebuli. yarsis xelSekrulebis samive damatebas
xuTive qveynis warmomadgenlebma cal-calke moaweres xeli.
yarsis xelSekruleba xuT egzemplarad _ qarTul, rusul, Turqul,
azerbaijanul da somxur enebze gaformda. xelSekrulebis moqmedebis vada
gansazRvruli ar yofila.

1921 wlis Teberval-martSi, rogorc aRiniSna, ganxorcielda sabWoTa

ruseTis intervencia saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis winaaRmdeg,
rac qveynis okupaciiT, faqtobrivi aneqsiiTa da Semdgom ZaldatanebiTi
gasabWoebiT damTavrda.
1921 wlis 17 marts saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis mTavrobam
da damfuZnebelma krebis wevrebis umravlesobam baTumi datoves da
emigraciaSi gaemgzavrnen. am dRidan daiwyo qarTuli politikuri emigraciis
brZola sabWoTa ruseTis mier dapyrobili saqarTvelos
ganTavisuflebisaTvis.
saqarTvelos emigrantuli mTavrobis brZolas qveynis damoukideblobis
aRsadgenad savsebiT dasabuTebuli samarTlebrivi safuZveli hqonda.
pirveli. saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublika Seiqmna yofili
metropoliis _ ruseTis imperiis daSlis Semdeg.
meore. 1918 wlis 26 maiss saqarTvelos erovnuli sabWos mier miRebuli
damoukideblobis aqti 1919 wlis 12 marts ucvlelad miiRo da daamtkica
xalxis mier demokratiuli saarCevno kanonis safuZvelze arCeulma
xelisuflebis umaRlesma sakanonmdeblo organom _ saqarTvelos
damfuZnebelma krebam.
mesame. saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis damoukidebloba 1920
wlis 7 maisis xelSekrulebiT de iure cnobili iyo yofili metropoliis _
ruseTis imperiis samarTalmemkvidris, sabWoTa ruseTis mier.
meoTxe. saqarTvelos damoukidebloba de faqto da de iure cnobili iyo
msoflios mravali qveynis mier.
mexuTe. 1921 wlis 27 ianvars saqarTvelos damoukidebloba de iure cno
mokavSireTa umaRlesma sabWom.

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 meeqvse. saqarTvelos demokratiul respublikas hyavda demokratiuli
saarCevno kanonis safuZvelze arCeuli kanonieri xelisufleba.
meSvide. saqarTvelos demokratiul respublikas hqonda umaRlesi
sakanonmdeblo organos mier damtkicebuli konstitucia.
merve. 1921 wlis Teberval-martSi sabWoTa ruseTTan omSi damarcxebul
saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis mTavrobas arc Tavisi gadadgomis
gadawyvetileba miuRia da arc kapitulaciis aqtze mouweria xeli.
mecxre. sabWoTa ruseTis mier saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis
dapyrobis miuxedavad, qveynis umaRles sakanonmdeblo organos _
damfuZnebel krebas _ uflebamosileba ar mouxsnia.
meaTe. saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis mTavroba ubralod ki ar
gaeqca dampyroblebs, aramed emigraciaSi gaemgzavra damfuZnebeli krebis
dadgenilebiTa da konkretuli davalebiT _ gaegrZelebina brZola qveynis
damoukideblobis aRsadgenad.
miuxedavad zemoT aRniSnulisa, diplomatiuri brZola saqarTvelos
damoukideblobis aRsadgenad iwyeboda Zalze rTul viTarebaSi.
saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis mTavrobisaTvis naTeli iyo, rom
1921 wlis Teberval-martSi sabWoTa ruseTis mier saqarTvelos dapyroba
ganxorcielda dasavleTi evropis didi qveynebis, pirvel rigSi, inglisis
TanxmobiT. amas dasturi misca TurqeTmac. ufro adre (1920 wlis
dekemberSi), inglisisa da dasavleTi evropis sxva qveynebis antiqarTuli
politikis wyalobiT, saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublika ver gaxda
erTa ligis wevri. aseT viTarebaSi, emigraciaSi gamgzavrebul saqarTvelos
mTavrobas, cxadia, evropis am saxelmwifoebis an TurqeTis daxmarebis imedi
aRar unda hqonoda. swored amitom, jer kidev 1921 wlis 10 marts parizSi
myofma irakli wereTelma mimarTva gaugzavna socialistur partiebsa da
muSaTa organizaciebs. baTumidan safrangeTisaken mimavali saqarTvelos
emigrantuli mTavrobisa da damfuZnebeli krebis wevrebi konstantinopolSi
(stambolSi) SeCerdnen. konstantinopolidan saqarTvelos emigrantuli
mTavrobisa da saqarTvelos social-demokratiuli muSaTa partiis saxeliT
gagzavnil iqna mimarTva socialisturi partiebisa da muSaTa
organizaciebisadmi. orsave mimarTvaSi gabaTilebuli iyo sabWoTa ruseTis
diplomatiisa da sainformacio saSualebebis mier gavrcelebuli xmebi imis
Taobaze, rom TiTqos saqarTveloSi xelisuflebis winaaRmdeg moxda
mosaxleobis ajanyeba da TiTqos ajanyebulma xalxma qveynidan gandevna
sakuTari mTavroba. mimarTvaSi aRniSnuli iyo, rom 1920 wlis 7 maiss
dadebuli xelSekrulebis miuxedavad, sabWoTa ruseTi Tavs daesxa
saqarTvelos da moaxdina damoukidebeli qveynis okupacia.
saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis politikuri liderebi
varaudobdnen, rom evropis socialisturi partiebi da muSaTa organizaciebi
gavlenas moaxdendnen sakuTari qveynebis mTavrobebis politikaze da am
gziT saqarTvelos emigrantuli mTavroba maT mxardaWeras moipovebda. es
varaudi realobas ar emyareboda. miuxedavad imisa, rom meore
internacionalma, aseve inglisis, safrangeTis, germaniis, belgiisa da sxva
qveynebis muSaTa organizaciebma da socialisturma partiebma dagmes
sabWoTa ruseTis mier saqarTvelos dapyroba da moiTxoves ruseTis jarebis
gayvana saqarTvelodan, dasavleTi evropis qveynebis mTavrobebs pozicia ar
SeucvliaT _ sabWoTa ruseTze arc diplomatiuri da, miT umetes, arc
samxedro-politikuri zemoqmedeba ar mouxdeniaT. aseTi ram arc uaxloes

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momavalSi iyo mosalodneli. es ganpirobebuli iyo imiT, rom inglis-
ruseTis daaxloeba swrafi tempiT mimdinareobda. inglis-ruseTisa da,
saerTod, ruseT-dasavleTi evropis integracias orive mxarisaTvis imdenad
didi politikuri da ekonomikuri mniSvneloba hqonda, rom saqarTvelos
sakiTxis gamo misi Seferxeba warmoudgeneli iyo. am mosazrebis
damadastureblad unda miviCnioT inglisis sagareo saqmeTa ministris _
lord kerzonisa da akaki Cxenkelis Sexvedra, romelic 1921 wlis 17 marts
Sedga. erTi dRiT adre, 1921 wlis 16 marts, daido inglis-ruseTis savaWro
xelSekruleba, romelmac TavisTavad gansazRvra inglisis pozicia
saqarTvelos sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT. am xelSekrulebiT inglisma cno
sabWoTa ruseTis interesebi yofili ruseTis imperiis mTel teritoriaze,
maT Soris saqarTveloSic. samagierod, ruseTma cno inglisis interesebi
aziaSi (indoeTsa da avRaneTSi). akaki Cxenkelma inglisis sagareo saqmeTa
ministrs daxmareba sTxova ruseTisa da TurqeTis winaaRmdeg. lordma
kerzonma ruseTis winaaRmdeg daxmarebaze faqtobrivad uari ganacxada,
xolo TurqeTisaze raRac bundovani dapireba misca qarTvel ministrs.
saqarTvelos emigrantuli mTavroba mainc cdilobda, moepovebina
dasavleTi evropis qveynebis mTavrobebis mxardaWera. 1921 wlis aprilSi,
parizSi CasvlisTanave, saqarTvelos emigrantulma mTavrobam gaakeTa
gancxadeba _ `sabWoTa ruseTis jarebis saqarTveloSi SemoWrisa da misi
dapyrobis Sesaxeb~, romelSic aRniSnuli iyo: `saqarTvelos dRevandeli
mdgomareoba aris ucxo jaris mier qveynis okupacia~. saqarTvelos
emigrantuli mTavroba asabuTebda qveynis ganTavisuflebisaTvis mis mier
dawyebuli brZolis samarTlianobas: `saqarTvelos mTavroba agrZelebs
damfuZnebeli krebidan miRebuli mandatis da im valdebulebebis
Sesrulebas, romelic man xalxis winaSe ikisra, icavs ra xalxis interesebs
im saxelmwifoebis winaSe, romlebmac cnes saqarTvelos respublikis
damoukidebloba~. arc am gancxadebas mohyolia raime realuri Sedegi.
1921 wlis 13 aprils parizSi, noe Jordanias TavmjdomareobiT, gaimarTa
saqarTvelos emigrantuli mTavrobis sxdoma, romelSic damfuZnebeli krebis
wevrebic monawileobdnen. mTavrobis sxdomaze naTlad gamoCnda, rom noe
Jordania da mTavrobis sxva wevrebi kvlav gadaWarbebiT afasebdnen
dasavleTi evropis socialisturi partiebisa da muSaTa organizaciebis
rols saqarTvelos ganTavisuflebisaTvis brZolaSi.
mTavrobis sxdomaze daisva sakiTxi damoukideblobis mopovebisaTvis
brZolaSi mokavSiris Ziebisa. amasTan dakavSirebiT Semdegi poziciebi
gamoikveTa:
pirveli. akaki Cxenkeli Tvlida, rom saqarTvelos realuri mokavSire
SeiZleba iyos mxolod inglisi, oRond misi mimxroba gaWirdeboda.
meore. noe ramiSvili fiqrobda, rom Seqmnil viTarebaSi germaniasTan
kavSiris damyareba garkveuli mizezebis gamo ver moxerxdeboda, magram,
miuxedavad amisa, germania SeiZleboda saqarTvelos realuri mokavSire
gamxdariyo.
mesame. noe Jordanias miaCnda, rom dasavleTi evropis qveynebis (inglisis,
safrangeTis, italiis) sabWoTa ruseTTan da TurqeTTan daaxloebam xidi
Catexa saqarTvelosa da dasavleT evropas Soris. am xidis aRdgena sakuTari
ZalebiT saqarTvelos ar SeeZlo. noe Jordanias azriT, dasavleT
evropasTan saqarTvelos urTierTobisa da misi damoukideblobis aRdgenis
saqmeSi didi rolis Sesruleba SeeZloT ruseTsa da TurqeTs. TurqeTis

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mokavSireobis sakiTxs noe Jordania imTaviTve gamoricxavda: `dagvrCa
ruseTi. Cven unda vimuSaoT ise, rom TviT ruseTi iyos Cveni
damoukideblobis momxre. am mxriv saWiroa viqonioT gavlena ruseTis
sxvadasxva jgufebze, Cven unda ganvagrZoT muSaoba diplomatiurad evropis
saxelmwifoebTan, magram centri muSaobisa unda iyos gadatanili sxvadasxva
partiebTan sxvadasxva qveynebSi da im mizniT, rom amnairad vimoqmedoT ara
marto evropis mTavrobebze, aramed TviT ruseTze da bolSevikur
mTavrobazedac~.
meoTxe. irakli wereTeli momxre iyo dasavleTi evropis qveynebSi
mokavSiris Ziebisa, magram amave dros, noe Jordanias msgavsad, win swevda
ruseTis faqtors. igi acxadebda: `vawarmooT muSaoba saqarTvelos
damoukideblobis niadagze, magram es muSaoba ar gamovides mimarTuli
mxolod ruseTis winaaRmdeg... rom man ar gaaRizianos ruseTi da misi
politikuri wreebi, romelTa Soris Cven momxreebi gvyavs. Cven ar viciT, ra
moxdeba momavalSi...~
saqarTvelos emigrantuli mTavrobis sxdomam cxadi gaxada, rom
saqarTvelo damoukideblobis brZolaSi realur mokavSires ver ipovida.
qarTuli politikuri emigraciis diplomatia realurad ver afasebda
pirveli msoflio omis dasrulebis Semdgom Seqmnil saerTaSoriso
viTarebas: 1) araviTari safuZveli ar arsebobda imisaTvis, rom ingliss
Tavisi mravalwliani antiqarTuli politika gadaesinja da sabWoTa
ruseTTan daaxloebis politika Seecvala; 2) pirvel msoflio omSi
damarcxebuli germania ar SeiZleboda ganxiluliyo rogorc saimedo
mokavSire saqarTvelos damoukideblobisaTvis brZolaSi. germaniisaTvis
inglisTan da erTdroulad ruseTTan dapirispireba damRupveli iqneboda; 3)
iluzia iyo sabWoTa ruseTze garkveuli `politikuri wreebiT~ (e. i. qveynis
SigniT arsebuli antisabWoTa ZalebiTa da antisabWoTa emigraciiT)
gavlenis moxdena. kidev ufro didi iluzia iyo ruseTSi politikuri
reJimis Secvlis (e. i. sabWoTa wyobilebis damxobis) molodini.
amrigad, saqarTvelos emigrantuli mTavrobis diplomatiuri kursi
qveynis damoukideblobis aRdgenisaTvis brZolaSi ar iyo realuri, magram
es ar iyo qarTvel politikosTa subieqturi Secdomebis Sedegi.
saerTaSoriso asparezze 1921 wlisaTvis Seqmnil viTarebaSi saqarTvelos
damoukideblobisaTvis brZolaSi realuri mokavSiris povna ar SeeZlo.
1921-1922 wlebSi gairkva, rom dasavleTi evropis arc erTi saxelmwifo,
pirvel rigSi, inglisi da safrangeTi, ruseTis mier dapyrobili
saqarTvelos ganTavisuflebisaTvis qarTul politikur emigracias
daxmarebas ar aRmouCenda. evropis qveynebis politikuri wreebis daxmareba
TanagrZnobas ar scildeboda.
saqarTvelos emigrantulma mTavrobam am gziT rom verafers miaRwia,
antisabWoTa emigrantuli Zalebis gaerTianeba daisaxa miznad.
molaparakebebi mimdinareobda azerbaijanisa da somxeTis emigrantul
mTavrobebTan, aseve CrdiloeTi kavkasiis xalxebis warmomadgenlebTan.
unayofo gamodga molaparakeba kazakebTan da yubanis delegaciasTan. 1921
wlis ivnisSi parizSi daarsda saqarTvelos, somxeTis, azerbaijanisa da
mTiel xalxTa kavSiris mudmivi organo _ kavkasiis sabWo. male kavkasiis
respublikebis kavSirma (kavkasiis sabWom) Seqmna ramdenime organo: 1)
kavkasiis respublikebis warmomadgenlebis saTaTbiro, 2) generaluri
samdivno, 3) presbiuro. cota mogvianebiT Seiqmna samxedro komisia. kavkasiis

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sabWos mizans Seadgenda brZola kavkasiis erebis ganTavisuflebisaTvis
ruseTis batonobisagan.
inglisisa da safrangeTis mTavrobebs kavkasiis sabWosadmi Tanadgoma da
mxardaWera ar aRmouCeniaT. ufro metic, safrangeTis mTavrobam ruseTis
batonobisagan kavkasiis ganTavisuflebis sakiTxis dasma naadrevad da
mavnedac ki miiCnia.
ruseTis winaaRmdeg kavkasiis erebis, ufro zustad, kavkasiis erebis
politikuri emigraciis gaerTianebas ar SeiZleboda raime realuri Sedegi
moetana saqarTvelosaTvis. iseve rogorc qarTuli politikuri emigracia,
kavkasiis erebis politikuri emigracia, gaerTianebis miuxedavad, uZluri
iyo gavlena moexdina dasavleTi evropis qveynebze, raTa maT gadaesinjaT
TavianTi politika ruseTTan damokidebulebaSi.
gancdili warumateblobis miuxedavad, saqarTvelos emigrantuli
mTavroba diplomatiur saqmianobas ar wyvetda. seriozuli muSaoba
mimdinareobda saqarTvelos sakiTxis saerTaSoriso konferenciebze dasmis
mizniT.
1922 wlis april-maisSi mimdinareobda genuis saerTaSoriso konferencia,
romelsac unda moegvarebina evropis qveynebis winaSe mdgari mravali
problema. saerTaSoriso konferenciis mowvevis iniciators, inglisis
premier-ministrs loid jorjs surda, evropis saxelmwifoebis winaSe
mdgari rTuli problemebis mogvarebaSi sabWoTa ruseTic Caeba da amis
sanacvlod ruseTis mimarT reparaciebis sakiTxSi garkveul daTmobebzec
midioda. safrangeTis premier-ministri puankare winaaRmdegi iyo ruseTis
mimarT daTmobisa. amerikis SeerTebulma Statebma ar isurva oficialuri
monawileoba mieRo genuis konferenciis muSaobaSi, mis gareSe ki evropis
qveynebis winaSe mdgari ekonomikuri problemebis mogvareba SeuZlebeli iyo.
yovelive amis gamo genuis saerTaSoriso konferencia faqtobrivad
uSedegod damTavrda.
qarTuli politikuri emigraciisaTvis mZime dartymas warmoadgenda
sabWoTa ruseTis miwveva genuis konferenciaze. TviT faqti ruseTis Cabmisa
evropis qveynebis winaSe mdgari umniSvnelovanesi problemebis mogvarebaSi
Zalze arTulebda saqarTvelos damoukideblobis aRdgenisaTvis brZolas.
genuis konferenciaze sabWoTa ruseTis miwveviT Seqmnil sirTules
emateboda meorec _ saqarTvelos emigrantuli mTavrobis warmomadgeneli
konferenciaze ar miuwveviaT. es sabWoTa ruseTis diplomatiis didi
gamarjvebis mauwyebeli iyo. saqarTvelos emigrantul mTavrobas arc
diplomatiuri da arc sxva saSualebebiT ar SeeZlo, win aRdgomoda
sabWoTa ruseTis miwvevas genuis konferenciaze.
miuxedavad imisa, rom saqarTvelos emigrantuli mTavrobis
warmomadgeneli genuis konferenciaze ar yofila miwveuli, man Tavisi
iniciativiT mainc miavlina genuaSi araoficialuri delegacia, masSi
Sediodnen: akaki Cxenkeli, irakli wereTeli, simon mdivani, grigol
veSapeli, zurab avaliSvili. qarTvelma diplomatebma, marTlia, ver miaRwies
genuis konferenciaze saqarTvelos sakiTxis ganxilvas, magram maT
moRvaweobas uSedegod ar Cauvlia. saqarTvelos emigrantuli mTavrobis
delegaciam kargad isargebla inglis-safrangeTis mTavrobebs Soris
arsebuli winaaRmdegobebiT da, loid jorjis aSkara prorusuli poziciis
miuxedavad, SeZlo mieRwia imisaTvis, rom sabWoTa saqarTvelos
warmomadgeneli ar dauSves konferenciaze. qarTveli diplomatebis

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damsaxureba iyo isic, rom sabWoTa ruseTs ar mieca ufleba saqarTvelos
saxeliT gamosuliyo konferenciaze.
genuis saerTaSoriso konferenciaze kidev erTxel aSkarad gamovlinda
inglisis antiqarTuli politika. loid jorjis prorusulma orientaciam
mZime mdgomareobaSi Caagdo genuaSi myofi akaki Cxenkeli da sxva qarTveli
diplomatebi. yovelive amas daemata konferenciis muSaobis periodSi
sabWoTa ruseTisa da germaniis daaxloeba, rac 1922 wlis aprilSi rapaloSi
dadebuli xelSekrulebiT damTavrda. ruseT-germaniis daaxloeba axali
sirTuleebis winaSe ayenebda isedac mZime mdgomareobaSi myof qarTvel
diplomatebs.
genuis saerTaSoriso konferenciam sabolood daadastura, rom evropisa
da sabWoTa ruseTis daaxloebis pirobebSi saqarTvelos emigrantuli
mTavroba, qarTveli diplomatebi ver SeZlebdnen sabWoTa ruseTis
winaaRmdeg realuri mokavSiris povnas. evropis qveynebi sabWoTa ruseTis
winaSe saqarTvelos damoukideblobis sakiTxs ar dasvamdnen.
1921 wlidan saqarTveloSi dawyebuli erovnuli moZraoba, romelic
miznad isaxavda saqarTvelos damoukideblobis aRdgenas, rogorc cnobilia,
1924 wlis agvistoSi SeiaraRebul ajanyebaSi gadaizarda. am periodisaTvis
saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi garkveuli cvlilebebi moxda. 1922 wlis
aprilSi rapaloSi ruseT-germaniis xelSekrulebis dadebam SeaSfoTa
inglisisa da safrangeTis mTavrobebi. rapalos xelSekruleba germanias
uxsnida ruseTis bazars, rac didad Seuwyobda xels germaniis ekonomikis
aRmavlobas. es ki metad saSiSi iyo inglisisa da safrangeTisaTvis. maTi
politikuri da ekonomikuri interesebi moiTxovda sabWoTa ruseTis
(sabWoTa kavSiris) de iure cnobas da am gziT germania-sabWoTa kavSiris
ekonomikuri da mosalodneli politikuri TanamSromlobis SezRudvas.
swored am mizniT 1924 wlis 1 Tebervals sabWoTa kavSiris mTavrobam miiRo
inglisis mTavrobis oficialuri nota, romelSic aRniSnuli iyo, rom
inglisi de iure cnobda sabWoTa socialisturi respublikebis kavSiris
mTavrobas `yofili ruseTis imperiis im teritoriebze, romelnic cnoben mis
xelisuflebas~. inglisis mTavrobis notidan gamomdinareobda Semdegi: Tu
saqarTvelo ar cnobda sabWoTa kavSiris mTavrobas, maSin inglisi
saqarTveloSi moskovis saokupacio reJimis arsebobas anu saqarTvelos
yofnas sabWoTa kavSiris SemadgenlobaSi de iure ver cnobda. amrigad,
saqarTvelos unda daedasturebina, rom igi ar cnobda sabWoTa kavSiris
mTavrobas. inglisis mTavrobis notis am nawilma imedebi aRuZra
saqarTvelos emigrantul mTavrobas, amave dros gamoiwvia erovnuli
moZraobis didi aRmavloba saqarTveloSi.
cxadia, imis dasadastureblad, rom saqarTvelo ar cnobda sabWoTa
kavSiris mTavrobas, yvelaze ukeTesi argumenti moskovis saokupacio reJimis
winaaRmdeg ajanyebis dawyeba iyo. es saqarTvelos emigrantul mTavrobas
saSualebas miscemda, gaeZlierebina diplomatiuri brZola saqarTvelos
damoukideblobis aRdgenis mizniT. miuxedavad amisa, noe Jordania, akaki
Cxenkeli da sxva qarTveli politikuri moRvaweebi winaaRmdegni iyvnen
SeiaraRebuli ajanyebis dawyebisa mxolod saqarTveloSi. maTi azriT, es
maSin iqneboda gamarTlebuli, Tu igi mTel kavkasias moicavda.
SeiaraRebuli ajanyebis dawyeba mTel kavkasiaSi ar moxerxda.
saqarTveloSi 1924 wlis agvistos bolos dawyebuli ajanyebis likvidacia

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sabWoTa xelisuflebam advilad SeZlo. daiwyo farTomasStabiani
represiebi.
saqarTvelos emigrantulma mTavrobam saqarTveloSi dawyebuli
ajanyebisa da sabWoTa xelisuflebis mier gatarebuli represiebis Sesaxeb
saqmis kursSi Caayena evropis qveynebis mTavrobebi, politikuri da
diplomatiuri wreebi. did muSaobas eweoda saqarTvelos emigrantuli
mTavroba erTa ligaSi. 1924 wlis 11 seqtembers erTa ligam miiRo
rezolucia saqarTvelos Sesaxeb, romelSic 1924 wlis ajanyeba Seafasa
rogorc `omi sabWoTa ruseTsa da saqarTvelos Soris~. es ki imas niSnavda,
rom saqarTvelo cxaddeboda meomar mxared da igi xdeboda saerTaSoriso
samarTlis subieqti. 1924 wlis 11 seqtembris rezolucia imis mauwyebeli
iyo, rom erTa liga mxars uWerda qarTveli eris brZolas damoukideblobis
aRdgenisaTvis. erTa ligis mxardaWeris mopoveba qarTuli diplomatiis
mniSvnelovan miRwevad unda CaiTvalos. magram am faqtma sabWoTa kavSiris
protesti gamoiwvia. man amgvari rezoluciis miReba `ssr kavSiris saqmeebSi
uxeS Carevad~ miiCnia.
erTa ligis aseTi poziciis miuxedavad, safrangeTis mTavrobam 1924 wlis
28 oqtombers, e. i. saqarTveloSi ajanyebis dawyebidan zustad ori Tvis
Semdeg, sabWoTa kavSiri cno de iure imave pirobiT, ra pirobiTac inglisma.
es vrceldeboda yofili ruseTis imperiis im teritoriaze, romlis
mosaxleoba aRiarebda mis xelisuflebas. marTalia, safrangeTis mier
sabWoTa kavSiris de iure cnoba Zalze arTulebda saqarTvelos
emigrantuli mTavrobis brZolas qveynis ganTavisuflebisaTvis, magram TviT
cnobis formulireba mainc saqarTvelos erovnuli moZraobis garkveul
mxardaWerad unda miviCnioT. Tumca isic unda aRiniSnos, rom inglisisa da
safrangeTis mier sabWoTa kavSiris de iure cnobis Taviseburi
formulireba praqtikulad arafris momtani iyo arc qarTveli da arc
sabWoTa ruseTis mier dapyrobili sxva erebisaTvis.
saqarTvelos emigrantuli mTavrobis diplomatiuri moRvaweobis Sedegi
iyo is, rom 1926 wlis 10 marts amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis kongresis
warmomadgenelTa palataSi, 11 marts ki senatSi virjiniis Statis deputatis
_ koplendisa da senator muris TaosnobiT Setanil iqna sakanonmdeblo
winadadeba `saqarTvelos erovnuli respublikisaTvis diplomatiuri
warmomadgenlis daniSvnis Sesaxeb~. kanonproeqtSi aRniSnuli iyo, rom
ruseTma daarRvia 1920 wlis 7 maisis xelSekruleba, SeiWra saqarTvelos
teritoriaze da amjeradac ganagebda mas. am aqciis Semdeg saqarTvelos
erovnulma mTavrobam jer Tbilisidan baTumSi gadainacvla, xolo Semdeg
iZulebuli gaxda, safrangeTSi gadasuliyo. kanonproeqtSi xazgasmuli iyo,
rom `SeerTebuli Statebis mTavrobam unda gamoucxados ruseTis mTavrobas
Tavisi gakicxva gaumarTlebeli moqmedebis gamo da Tavisi simpaTia
saqarTvelos respublikis xalxs~. kanonproeqti rekomendacias aZlevda
amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis prezidents, daeniSna saqarTvelos erovnuli
respublikisaTvis diplomatiuri warmomadgeneli, roca amas prezidenti
TviTon CaTvlida saWirod.
koplendisa da muris kanonproeqts kanonis Zala ar miuRia da,
Sesabamisad, amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis prezidents saqarTvelos
emigrantul mTavrobasTan diplomatiuri warmomadgeneli ar dauniSnavs.
XX saukunis 30-iani wlebis damdegidan daiwyo sabWoTa kavSir-
safrangeTis daaxloeba, rac 1932 wlis 29 noembers am or qveyanas Soris

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Tavdausxmelobis paqtis dadebiT damTavrda. paqtSi konkretulad
saqarTvelos Sesaxeb araferi yofila Tqmuli, magram misi mexuTe muxli ise
iyo formulirebuli, rom faqtobrivad saqarTvelosac exeboda, kerZod,
masSi aRniSnuli iyo, rom xelSekrulebis damdebi mxareebi movaleni iyvnen
Tavis teritoriaze ar SeeqmnaT, mfarveloba ar gaewiaT, ar SeeiaraRebinaT,
fuliT ar daxmarebodnen da binadrobis neba ar miecaT iseTi samxedro
organizaciebisaTvis, romelTa mizani iqneboda meore mxaris winaaRmdeg
SeiaraRebuli brZola. igive muxli safrangeTisa da sabWoTa kavSiris
mTavrobebs avaldebulebda, TavianTi qveynebis teritoriebze binadrobis
neba ar miecaT iseTi organizaciebisaTvis, romlebic romelime qveynis
mTeli teritoriis an misi nawilis mTavrobis an warmomadgenlobis saxels
iCemebdnen. rogorc vxedavT, sabWoTa kavSir-safrangeTis Tavdausxmelobis
paqti krZalavda safrangeTis teritoriaze saqarTvelos emigrantuli
mTavrobis an misi warmomadgenlobis moRvaweobas.
1933 wlis maisSi safrangeTis parlamentma moaxdina sabWoTa kavSir-
safrangeTis Tavdausxmelobis paqtis ratifikacia, rasac mohyva saqarTvelos
legaciis gauqmeba parizSi.
saqarTvelos politikuri emigraciisaTvis kidev ufro Zlier dartymas
warmoadgenda 1934 wlis 18 seqtembris movlena _ sabWoTa kavSiris miReba
erTa ligaSi. erTa ligidan germaniis gasvlis (1933 w.) Semdeg Seqmnili
saerTaSoriso viTareba inglisisa da safrangeTisaTvis aucilebels xdida
masSi sabWoTa kavSiris miRebas. cxadia, qarTul politikur emigracias Zala
ar Seswevda, win aRdgomoda inglisis, safrangeTisa da erTa ligis wevri
sxva qveynebis nebas. ramdenime qveynis (Cexoslovakiis, portugaliis,
Sveicariisa da sxv.) winaaRmdegobis miuxedavad, sabWoTa kavSiri erTa ligis
wevri gaxda.
amrigad, 1921-1933 wlebSi saqarTvelos emigrantuli mTavroba
mizandasaxul diplomatiur moRvaweobas axorcielebda, magram saqarTvelos
damoukideblobis sakiTxi ver gaxda didi politikis msjelobis sagani.
Seqmnil viTarebaSi saqarTvelos sakiTxi saerTaSoriso sakiTxidan sabWoTa
kavSiris saSinao sakiTxad iqca.

$5. saqarTvelos sabWoTa socialisturi

respublika ssr kavSiris sagareo
politikasa da diplomatiaSi
XX s-is 40-80-ian wlebSi

1939 wlis 1 seqtembers daiwyo meore msoflio omi, romelic, realurad,

warmoSva pirveli msoflio omis Semdeg arsebulma gadauwyvetelma
problemebma. am omis Sedegad Seqmnilma versal-vaSintgonis sistemam ver
Searbila is winaaRmdegobebi, romlebic arsebobda evropis wamyvan
saxelmwifoTa Soris: germaniam, faqtobrivad, Sewyvita reparaciebis gadaxda,
safrangeTi SeSfoTebuli iyo mezoblis saqcieliT, didi britaneTi
inarCunebda tradiciuli balansirebis politikas. sul ufro aqtiurad
gamodioda saerTaSoriso asparezze aSS, Tavi iCina `sabWoTa kavSiris
faqtormac~ _ dasavleTis qveynebis negatiurma damokidebulebam ssrk-is
Zlierebis zrdisa da SiSma misi mxridan `revoluciis eqsportis~ mimarT.
rac Seexeba hitlerul germanias, romelic agresiul saSinao da sagareo
politikas atarebda, mas revanSi swyuroda.

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 koleqtiuri usafrTxoebis sistemis Seqmnis nacvlad, dasavleTis
demokratiuli saxelmwifoebi daadgnen agresori qveynebis da, pirvel rigSi,
germaniis `daSoSminebis~ politikas misi calkeuli pretenziis
dakmayofilebis gziT. uaRresad araTanmimdevrul da saxifaTo politikis
ZiriTad mizans, TiTqosda, warmoadgenda mSvidobis dacva, magram,
samwuxarod, es ar moxda.
1941 wlis 22 ivniss, dasavleTis frontze warmatebebis miRwevis Semdeg,
faSisturi germania Tavs daesxa sabWoTa kavSirs. meore msoflio omSi
warmoiSva aRmosavleTis fronti, romelic omis msvlelobisas yvelaze didi
sisastikiT, daundoblobiTa da sisxlis RvriT gamoirCeoda. sabWoTa
saxelmwifos politikurma xelmZRvanelobam Tavis teritoriaze mimdinare
omi samamulo omad gamoacxada, igi miiCnevda, rom omi sabWoTa kavSiris
dasacavad samamulo iyo ara marto madominirebeli rusi xalxisaTvis,
aramed yvela im xalxisaTvis, romlebic ruseTma daipyro da ZaliT
gaaerTiana. sabWoTa ideologiis batonobis pirobebSi aRzrdili qarTveli
xalxis did nawils marTlac sjeroda, rom omi samamulo iyo da udidesi
TavdadebiT Caeba brZolaSi. sul saqarTvelodan sabWoTa jarSi saomrad
gaiwvies 700 aTasi kaci, rac qarTveli erisaTvis tragediis tolfasi
aRmoCnda, radgan eris genofondi safrTxis winaSe dadga. uSualod saomrad
gawveulTa garda, saqarTvelos mosaxleobis nawili mobilizebul iqna
TavdacviT nagebobaTa mSeneblobaze, gansakuTrebiT mas Semdeg, rac
faSisturi germaniis jarebi kavkasionis mTavar qeds moadgnen.
qarTveli eris meore nawils kargad axsovda, rom saqarTvelo
dapyrobili iyo ruseTis mier, rom swored ruseTma waarTva
damoukidebloba saqarTvelos da gaaerTiana igi axal imperiaSi _ sabWoTa
kavSirSi. amitomac isini ar Tvlidnen sabWoTa kavSiris brZolas faSisturi
germaniis winaaRmdeg samamulo omad. qarTul politikur emigraciaSi ar iyo
erTsulovneba meore msoflio omis wina periodis movlenebTan
dakavSirebiT, igi sxvadasxvagvarad afasebda saerTaSoriso viTarebas. Tu
social-demokratebi (n. Jordania, i. wereTeli, a. Cxenkeli da sxvebi)
faSizmis mosvlas germaniis xelisuflebis saTaveSi da mis dampyroblur
gegmebs saSiS movlenad Tvlidnen, erovnul-demokratebi (s. kedia,
r. gabaSvili da a. S.) saTakilod ar miiCnevdnen faSistebTan
TanamSromlobas da ocnebobdnen maTi daxmarebiT saqarTvelos
ganTavisuflebas bolSevizmis uRlisagan. amitomac SemTxveviTi ar iyo, rom
mravali qarTveli ibrZoda uSualod faSisturi germaniis armiisa da mesame
raixis mTavarsardlobis iniciativiT Seqmnil sxvadasxva samxedro
formirebaSi (batalionebi `Tamar I~, `Tamar II~, `bergmani~, `ostlegioni~ da
a. S., sul Svidi qarTuli batalioni).
is rom, kavkasia da, kerZod, saqarTvelo yovelTvis iyo sxvadasxva
saxelmwifos geopolitikur interesebSi, Cans meore msoflio omis sawyis
etapidanve. sabWoTa kavSir-fineTis omis dros (1939 w. noemberi _ 1940 w.
marti) sabWoTa kavSiris, rogorc agresori qveynis, dasjis mizniT inglisisa
da safrangeTis jarebi emzadebodnen amierkavkasiaze ieriSis misatanad. am
mizniT, jer kidev `ucnauri omis~ periodSi safrangeTis mTavrobam
winadadeba misca general gamelensa da admiral darlans, SeemuSavebinaT
kavkasiaSi uSualod SeWris e. w. `samxreTis gegma~, romelic iTvaliswinebda
ssrk-ze Tavdasxmas balkaneTidan da axlo aRmosavleTidan. frangi
generlis, gamelenis, winadadeba iyo, pirvel yovlisa, daebombaT baqos

332
navTobis sabadoebi da baTumis navTobsawmendi qarxana, rasac eTanxmeboda
inglisis sahaero Zalebis sardali marSali mitCeli.
kavkasiisa da saqarTvelos mimarT sakuTari gegmebi gaaCnda TurqeTsac,
sadac gaZlierda panTurquli moZraoba. `Cveni saukunis ori udidesi da
WeSmariti reformatoris _ mustafa qemalisa da b. musolinisadmi~ miZRvnil
wignSi _ `Turquli samyaro da misi istoriuli roli~ _ avtori,
panTurqizmis erT-erTi ideologi, b. giulTeqini werda, rom `azia TurqTa
akvani da amave dros Turanis saxiT kacobriobis dedaa. momavali uTuod
TurqTa azias ekuTvniso~. 1938 w., qemal aTaTurqis gardacvalebis Semdeg
iwyeba TurqeTisa da faSisturi germaniis daaxloeba, delegaciebis gacvla,
xolo 1939 w. maT Soris gaformda TanamSromlobis xelSekruleba.
TanamSromloba kidev ufro gaaqtiurda mas Semdeg, rac TurqeTSi elCad
dainiSna cnobili nacisti f. fon papeni, romlis kandidaturac elCis
Tanamdebobaze qemal aTaTurqis sicocxleSi uaryofil iqna.
meore msoflio omis dawyebis Semdeg TurqeTma, romelsac ar gauuqmebia
faSistur germaniasTan dadebuli megobrobisa da Tavdausxmelobis
xelSekruleba, ganacxada, rom ssrk-is winaaRmdeg dawyebul omSi igi
neitralitetis pozicias daicavda. cxadia, rom es metad pirobiTi
`neitraliteti~ iyo. TurqeTis xelmZRvaneloba araerTxel aRniSnavda, rom
igi germanias uWerda mxars. 1942 wlis 5 ianvars TurqeTis prezidentma ismeT
inenium fon papenTan saubrisas ganacxada, rom `TurqeTi uaRresad
dainteresebulia rusi goliaTis ganadgurebiT~. igi aRniSnavda, rom
mocemul momentSi TurqeTis neitraliteti germaniisaTvis ufro xelsayreli
iyo, vidre ssrk-isa da misi mokavSireebisaTvis. `TurqeTi rom aqtiurad
uWerdes mxars inglisis mokavSireebs, axla misi floti daexmareboda
rusebis samxreT flangs Sav zRvaze~ _ SeniSnavda ismeT ineniu.
faSistur germanias imedi hqonda, rom TurqeTi, romelsac milioniani
armia hyavda da romlis ZiriTadi nawilebic sabWoTa sazRvris maxloblad
iyo ganlagebuli, Caebmeboda ssrk-is winaaRmdeg omSi. kavkasiisaTvis
brZolis dReebSi TurqeTma sabWoTa sazRvrebTan Tavi mouyara 26 divizias
da, faqtobrivad, niSans eloda, omSi germaniis mxares Cabmuliyo, Semdeg
iranis zegnis gavliT baqoze Seteva ganexorcielebina. amis sanacvlod mas
unda rgeboda saqarTvelos nawili, yirimi da Turquli xalxebiT
dasaxlebuli sxva teritoriebi.
rac Seexeba TviT faSistur germanias, mis dampyroblur gegmebSi
kavkasias mniSvnelovani adgili ekava. `es umniSvnelovanesi mimarTulebaa.
unda gavideT navTobTan, iranTan, erayTan~ _ acxadebda a. hitleri. Tu
ramdenad izidavda amierkavkasia faSist xelmZRvanelebs, iqidanac Cans, rom
faSisturi germaniis generaluri Stabis xelmZRvanelis _ f. halderis
samxedro dRiurebSi kavkasia da Savi zRvis regioni sxvadasxva variantSi
orjer ufro xSirad moixsenieba, vidre inglisi da mTeli britaneTis
imperia. dokumentSi _ `kavkasiis gardaqmna~ _ faSisturi germaniis erT-erTi
lideri, a. rozenbergi, aRniSnavda, rom `germaniis interesebSia myari
poziciebis Seqmna kavkasiaSi da amiT kontinenturi evropis uSiSroebis
uzrunvelyofa~. rozenbergis gegmiT kavkasiaSi varaudobdnen iseTi
saxelmwifos Seqmnas, romelic federaciulad iqneboda dakavSirebuli
germaniasTan da saTaveSi germaniis rwmunebuli eyoleboda. `barbarosas~
gegmis ganxorcielebidan erTi Tvis Semdeg germanelebma calke Seqmnes
`meoTxe raixskomisariati~ _ kavkasia, romelSic unda gaerTianebuliyo

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yubani, stavropoli, saqarTvelo, somxeTi, azerbaijani, kavkasiis mTiuleTi
da yalmuxeTi. amierkavkasiis mTavarmarTeblad dainiSna arnold fon
Sikedanci, xolo kavkasiis ekonomikur xelmZRvanelad _ despani noibaheri.
amierkavkasiis xalxebis mxridan winaaRmdegobis gawevis SemTxvevaSi
sadamsjelo samuSaoebi daevala `ss~-is brigadenfiurers (generals) _
korzemans, romelic himlerTan daaxlovebuli piri iyo. raixskomisariatis
Statebis dakompleqtebisas arCevdnen iseT pirebs (germanuli erovnebisa),
romlebsac ucxovriaT da umuSaviaT kavkasiaSi (mag., vinme Stekeli, germaniis
bankis warmomadgeneli TbilisSi, a. Steri _ levantis germanuli xazis
warmomadgeneli baTumSi, dinstmani _ generaluri konsuli TbilisSi da a.
S.).
faSistebs esmodaT, rom maTi saokupacio politika uaryofiT reagirebas
gamoiwvevda kavkasiis xalxebSi, amitomac isini arCevdnen am politikis
mizezis dafarvas. faSizmis propagandis ministris _ i. hebelsis saidumlo
instruqciaSi saqarTvelosa da kavkasiis momavali gamgeblebis mimarT
aRniSnuli iyo, rom sajarod warmoTqmul sityvebsa da statiebSi
dauSvebuli iyo aq mcxovrebi xalxebis mimarT `cxovelebis~, `barbarosebis~
da sxva aseTi sityvebis xmareba, agreTve saubari germaniis koloniuri
politikis Sesaxeb.
1942 w. kavkasiis regionSi SeWris Semdeg hitlerelebma gaavrceles
mimarTva kavkasiis xalxebisadmi, romelSic naTqvami iyo: `saukuneTa
manZilze ibrZodiT Tqveni veluri mTebis ganTavisuflebisaTvis. mxolod
XIX saukuneSi moaxerxa ruseTis mefem Tqveni damoneba, magram maSinac
mtkiced SeuerTdiT imaT razmebs, visac mefis borkilebis damsxvreva surda.
1917 wels TiTqos dadga Tavisuflebis dRe... 1920 wlidan Tqven kvlav
itanjebiT umagaliTo tiraniis monobaSi, romelic Tqvengan auracxel
msxverpls moiTxovs. amasTan tragediaa is, rom Tqveni xalxis erT-erTi
moRalate, stalin-juRaSvili aris is kaci, romelmac xelSi aiRo Zveli
rusuli maTraxi. igi, orjonikiZe da sxvebi, ra saxelic ar unda erqvaT maT,
gaerTiandnen mTeli msoflios ebrael eqspluatatorebTan erTad Tqvens
winaaRmdeg...
elodeT Cveni Zmobis dRes. Tu manamde SegiZliaT moskovel komisarTa
gaZeveba, gaaZeveT isini... SeqmeniT TavdacviTi batalionebi, raTa daicvaT da
ngrevas gadaarCinoT Tqveni qveynis ganZeuli. mogvianebiT Cven dagicavT
moskovelTa mxridan damonebis yvela cdisagan...~
garda amisa, germaniis umaRlesma mTavarsardlobam Seadgina specialuri
`samaxsovro baraTi~, romliTac kavkasiaSi Sesul germanuli jaris nawilebs
avaldebulebda, rom `kavkasiis xalxebs, mtrulad ganwyobilTa garda,
moqceodnen rogorc megobar xalxebs, uari ar eTqvaT kolmeurneobebis
gauqmebaze, xeli ar SeeSalaT yvela sarwmunoebisaTvis, gaegrZelebinaT
wirva-locva, pativi ecaT kavkasieli qalis (gansakuTrebiT qarTveli qalis)
RirsebisaTvis~.
yovelive zemoaRniSnulidan gamomdinare, qarTuli emigrantuli wreebis
nawili, im imediT, rom aRadgendnen saqarTvelos damoukideblobas, dadga
faSisturi germaniis mxareze. amierkavkasiis sxva emigrantul wreebTan
erTad maT, 1941 wlis 17 ivliss werili misweres germaniis sagareo saqmeTa
ministrs, ribentrops: `eqselenc! im momentSi, roca germaniis didi raixis
jarebma fiureris meTaurobiT daiwyes laSqroba evropaSi, raTa msoflio
gaanTavisuflon iseTi anarqiuli da gamxrwneli Zalebisagan, rogoricaa

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bolSevizmi, rom bolo mouRon am autanel ubedurebas, gamovxatavT Cvens
uRrmes simpaTias didi germaneli xalxisadmi...
moskovuri bolSevizmis dartymebis Sedegad Cvenma xalxebma dakarges
politikuri da erovnuli damoukidebloba, 20 welia isini itanjebian am
sazizRari reJimis monobaSi.
am 20 wlis ganmavlobaSi Cven ganuwyvetliv vgmobdiT am barbarosul
uRels, romlis winaaRmdeg vibrZodiT yvela misawvdomi saSualebiT... axla
Cven xalxebs miaCniaT, rom germaniisa da misi mokavSireebis jarebis
laSqroba maTi ganTavisuflebis garantia da axali erovnuli sicocxlis
ganTiadia...~ am werils saqarTvelos emigrantuli mTavrobis saxeliT xels
awerda a. Cxenkeli. Tumca hitlersa da mis garemocvas, faqtobrivad, ukve
hqondaT gadawyvetili qarTveli xalxis bedi: maT qarTveloba unda
gaesaxlebinaT qveynidan da saqarTvelo gadaeqciaT baqos navTobis sarewebsa
da alaverdis spilenZis sabadoebze (somxeTi) dasaqmebul germanelTa
sakurorto da samosaxlo adgilad. aseTi iyo faSisturi germaniis gegmebi
amierkavkasiisa da, uSualod, saqarTvelos mimarT.
miuxedavad imisa, rom sabWoTa kavSiri gamarjvebuli gamovida am omidan,
igi qarTvel xalxs metad Zviri daujda, frontze gawveulTagan 434 aTasi
kaci daiRupa (SedarebisaTvis _ aSS-ma am omSi 300 aTasi kaci dakarga). aseve
didi iyo daWrilTa da dasaxiCrebulTa raodenoba, ris gamoc omis wlebsa
da omis Semdgom wlebSi demografiuli situacia qveyanaSi qarTvelTa
sazianod Seicvala. amasTan erTad, imata araqarTuli mosaxleobis ricxvma.
omma udidesi ziani miayena adamianebis fsiqikas, ris gamoc omSi monawileni
didxans ver daubrundnen normalur cxovrebas. omis sawyis etapze sabWoTa
kavSiris dasavleTi teritoriebidan fabrika-qarxnebis gadmotanam
saqarTveloSi da Cveni qveynis CarTvam imperiis samxedro-samrewvelo
kompleqsSi igi kidev ufro metad miajaWva ruseTis ekonomikas.
meore msoflio omSi mokavSireTa gamarjvebis Semdeg stalinma,
aRmosavleTi evropis qveynebis garda, Tavisi gavlenis gavrceleba
TurqeTzec moindoma (yovel SemTxvevaSi, TurqeTs Tu ver `gaawiTlebda~,
yarsisa da ardaganis olqebis dabruneba mainc surda).
1945 wlis Semodgomaze sabWoTa mTavrobis meTauris _ i. b. stalinis
agarakze _ kuncevoSi miitanes ssrk ruka, romelzec axali sazRvrebi iyo
aRniSnuli. `stalinma _ igonebs ssrk-is imdroindeli sagareo saqmeTa
ministri v. m. molotovi _ WikartebiT miamagra ruka kedelze: `vnaxoT, ra ga-
mogvivida... CrdiloeTSi yvelaferi wesrigSia, normaluradaa. fineTma Cvens
winaSe didi danaSauli Caidina da Cven leningradidan sazRvari gadavwieT.
baltiispireTi uZvelesi droidan rusuli miwawyalia! _ igi xelaxla Cvenia.
belorusebi axla CvenTan yvelani erTad cxovroben, ukrainelebic erTad
arian, moldavelebic erTian arian. dasavleTiT yvelaferi normaluradaa~ _
da iqve gadaswvda sazRvrebs aRmosavleTiT. `ra gvaqvs Cven aq? kuriliis
kunZulebi xelaxla Cvenia, saxalini mTlianad Cvenia, SexedeT, ra kargia!
port-arturic Cvenia, dalnic Cvenia~ _ stalinma CibuxiT Semoxaza CineTi, _
`aRmosavleT-CineTis rkinigza Cvenia. CineTi, monRoleTi _ wesrigSia... ai, aq
me Cveni sazRvrebi ar momwons~ _ Tqva stalinma da samxreT kavkasiaze
miuTiTa~. rogorc Cans, mas Zveli qarTuli miwebis dabruneba gadawyvetili
hqonda. v. m. molotovTan rusi mwerlis, f. Cuevis, saubrebis Canawerebidan
Cans, rom stalins am mizniT sardalic SerCeuli hyavda _ marSali k. k. ro-

335
kosovski, romelsac dasavleTis presa `swrafi dartymebisa da
mowinaaRmdegis masobrivad alyaSi moqcevis ostats~ uwodebda.
saerTod, jer sabWoTa ruseTs, Semdeg ki sabWoTa kavSirs, tradiciulad
qemalistur TurqeTTan kargi urTierToba hqonda, magram meore msoflio
omis win, roca erTgvarad gamoikveTa TurqeTis mTavrobis simpaTiebi
faSisturi germaniis mimarT, urTierToba sabWoTa kavSirsa da TurqeTs
Soris daiZaba. 1939 w. sabWoTa kavSirma scada, TurqeTisaTvis Tavs moexvia
xelSekrulebis is modeli, romelic mas litvasTan, latviasa da
estoneTTan hqonda dadebuli. amave dros, sabWoTa kavSiri cdilobda
montres 1936 wlis konvenciis gadasinjvas da bosfor-dardanelis sruteebze
kontrolis dawesebas. sabWoTa kavSiris gansakuTrebul gaRizianebas iwvevda
1941 wlis 18 ivniss germaniasa da TurqeTs Soris dadebuli xelSekruleba
megobrobisa da TanamSromlobis Sesaxeb.
Tu meore msoflio omis sawyis periodSi sabWoTa kavSirs awyobda
TurqeTis neitraliteti, stalingradis brZolebis (1942 wlis noemberi _
1943 wlis Tebervali) Semdeg igi ukve moiTxovda TurqeTis Cabmas omSi
antihitleruli koaliciis mxareze. mokavSireTa zemoqmedebis Sedegad
TurqeTma diplomatiuri urTierToba germaniasTan mxolod 1944 wlis
agvistoSi gawyvita, xolo 1945 wlis TebervalSi omi gamoucxada mas,
radganac germaniisa da iaponiisaTvis omis gamocxadeba ama Tu im qveynis
gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciaSi gawevrianebis erT-erTi umTavresi
piroba iyo.
ialtis konferenciaze (1945 wlis Tebervali) ssrk daTanxmda TurqeTis
miRebas gaeroSi, magram kvlav moiTxova sruteebis reJimis gadasinjva. garda
amisa, sabWoTa kavSirma uari Tqva TurqeTTan 1925 wlis 17 dekembers
dadebuli xelSekrulebis gagrZelebaze da TurqeTs mosTxova yarsisa da
ardaganis mxareebis dabruneba. imave dros sabWoTa kavSirma daiwyo mZlavri
propagandistuli Seteva TurqeTze.
1945 wlis 14 dekembers saqarTveloSi gazeTma `komunistma~ gamoaqveyna
werili redaqciisadmi, romelSic laparaki iyo qarTuli mxaris
kanonzomieri pretenziebis Sesaxeb TurqeTis mimarT. mas xels awerdnen
wamyvani qarTveli istorikosebi, akademikosebi: simon janaSia da niko
berZeniSvili. `ganmanTavisuflebeli omis warmatebiT damTavrebis Semdeg, _
naTqvami iyo werilSi, _ gamarjvebuli demokratia irazmeba rogorc
mSvidobianobisa da uSiSroebis dasayrdeni. am organizaciaSi
Tavisuflebismoyvare xalxebs surT, daikavon maTi Sesaferi adgili, isini
eZieben TavianT sanukvar miswrafebaTa ganxorcielebas. qarTvelma xalxmac,
romelmac mniSvnelovani wvlili Seitana faSizmis ganadgurebis saqmeSi,
ufleba moipova waradginos Tavisi kanonieri moTxovnebi.
Cven mivmarTavT msoflio sazogadoebriv azrs TurqeTis mier warTmeuli
Cveni ZvelisZveli miwa-wylis Sesaxeb.
saqme exeba ara umniSvnelo teritoriul Seviwrovebas, aramed Cveni
xalxis individualobis akvans, Cvengan mitacebuls, danaSauls, romelmac
orad gahkveTa cocxali erovnuli sxeuli.
saqme exeba qarTveli eris saukuneobrivi brZolis sagans _ Cveni
ZvelisZveli miwa-wylis dabrunebas~. werilSi dakonkretebuli iyo
saqarTvelos moTxovnebi: `qarTvel xalxs unda daubrundes Tavisi miwa-
wyali, romelzec arasodes uTqvams uari da verc ityvis. Cven mxedvelobaSi
gvaqvs artaanis (ardaganis), arTvinis, olTisis, TorTumis, ispiris,

336
baiburTis, giumuSxanes raionebi da aRmosavleTi lazistani, trapizonisa da
giresunis raionebis CaTvliT, e. i. saqarTvelosaTvis warTmeuli
teritoriebis mxolod nawili~. aRniSnuli werili swrafad iTargmna
rusulad da daibeWda ssrk centralur gazeTebSi, gadaica sakavSiro
radioTi, rac imaze miuTiTebda, rom igi stalinis miTiTebiT daiwera.
analogiuri moTxovnebiT gamovida somxeTic. daiwyo sazogadoebrivi azris
Semzadeba da qarTuli sazogadoeba ukve dRe dReze eloda aRniSnuli
teritoriebis SemoerTebas. saqme iqamdec ki mivida, rom komunisturi partiis
xelmZRvanelma organom winaswar Tadarigi daiWira da `SemosaerTebeli~
teritoriebisaTvis raikomis da saolqo komitetebis mdivnebic ki daniSna.
iwereboda mxatvruli nawarmoebebi, romelTagan aRsaniSnavia gr. abaSiZis
leqsi `ocneba trapizonis olqkomze~.
magram `civi omis~ dawyebis, TurqeTis frTxili politikisa da
dasavleTis mxridan TurqeTis mxardaWeris gamo sabWoTa kavSirma ver SeZlo
Canafiqris ganxorcieleba, xolo 1951 wlidan TurqeTi natos samxedro
blokis wevri gaxda. 1953 wlis 30 maiss ki, stalinis gardacvalebis Semdeg,
TurqeTisadmi gagzavnil sabWoTa kavSiris notaSi naTqvami iyo, rom
`sabWoTa kavSirs ara aqvs aranairi teritoriuli pretenziebi TurqeTis
mimarT~.
1945 w. faSizmze Zlevamosili gamarjvebis Semdeg, antihitleruli
koaliciis wamyvani saxelmwifoebis TaosnobiT, saerTaSoriso mSvidobisa da
uSiSroebis dacvisa da ganmtkicebis mizniT, Seiqmna gaerTianebuli erebis
organizacia (gaero). mis ZiriTad miznebs, romlebic am organizaciis
wesdebiT iyo dadasturebuli da ganmtkicebuli, warmoadgenda:
saerTaSoriso mSvidobis dacva da usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofa, omebis
Tavidan acileba da agresiis aRkveTa, mSvidobiani gzebiT konfliqtebis an
konfliqturi situaciebis mogvareba, Tanasworuflebianobis safuZvelze
saxelmwifoTa Soris TanamSromlobis ganviTareba, adamianis uflebebis
dacva da a. S. Tavdapirvelad gaeros wevri gaxda is 51 qveyana, romlebmac
1945 w. xeli moaweres am organizaciis wesdebas san-franciskoSi. san-
franciskos konferenciaze mowveul saxelmwifoTagan 19 qveyana
laTinuramerikuli iyo, xolo 4 didi britaneTis dominions warmoadgenda.
es garemoeba imTaviTve uzrunvelyofda kenWisyrebis dros aSS-inglisis
upiratesobas. sabWoTa kavSiris mcdeloba, rom konferenciaSi
monawileobisaTvis moewviaT sabWoTa respublikebi, marcxiT damTavrda.
moiwvies mxolod ukraina da belorusia. konferenciaSi monawileobaze da,
maSasadame, gaeros wevrobaze uari eTqvaT iseT saxelmwifoebs, rogorebic
iyvnen albaneTi, poloneTi, monRoleTis saxalxo respublika da a. S.,
romelTa xelisuflebasac ar cnobdnen aSS da inglisi. aseT pirobebSi
saqarTvelos gawevrianeba gaeroSi im momentSi warmoudgeneli iyo, radgan
dasavleTis qveynebisaTvis igi ruseTis kolonias warmoadgenda. sabWoTa
mTavrobam, grZnobda ra, rom momaval gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciaSi
sabWoTa respublikebis gawevrianeba winaaRmdegobas waawydeboda, maTTvis
`damoukidebeli~ qveynis raRac elferis misacemad, 1944 wlis 11 Tebervlis
gadawyvetilebiT daadgina, rom yvela mokavSire respublikas ufleba
eZleoda, uSualo kavSiri daemyarebina sazRvargareTis qveynebTan da
hqonoda sakuTari sagareo saqmeTa saministro (1946 wlamde saxalxo
komisariati).

337
 unda aRiniSnos, rom 1921 wlis TebervalSi saqarTveloSi sabWoTa
xelisuflebis `mosvlis~ Semdeg, ukve 21 aprils Seiqmna saqarTvelos
sabWoTa socialisturi respublikis sagareo saqmeTa saxalxo komisariati,
romlis movaleobaSic Sedioda sazRvargareTis qveynebTan urTierTobis
warmoeba da saqarTvelos respublikisa da misi moqalaqeebis interesebis
dacva sazRvargareT, aseve, piriqiT _ ucxoeTis moqalaqeebisa saqarTveloSi.
1922 wlis dekemberSi sabWoTa respublikebis erT saxelmwifoSi _ sabWoTa
socialisturi respublikebis kavSirSi gaerTianebis da, saerTod, sakavSiro
komisariatebis Seqmnis Semdeg, 1924 w. miRebuli sakavSiro konstituciis
mixedviT, sagareo saqmeTa saxalxo komisariatma, faqtobrivad, arseboba
Sewyvita da mxolod 1944 w. iqna aRdgenili.
aRdgenil sagareo saqmeTa saministros funqciebSi Sedioda qveynis
sagareo-politikuri da ekonomikuri interesebis dacva, ucxoeTis qveynebTan
dadebuli xelSekrulebis Sesrulebis xelmZRvaneloba da kontroli. magram
yovelive es saerTaSoriso sazogadoebriobisaTvis TvalSi nacris Seyra iyo,
radgan sinamdvileSi mTel sagareo saqmeebs warmarTavda ssrk ck-is
politbiuro da sabWoTa kavSiris sagareo saqmeTa saministro. saqarTvelos
sagareo saqmeTa saministro sabWoTa xelmZRvanelobas sWirdeboda mxolod
protestis gancxadebisaTvis, roca dasavleTis saxelmwifoebi akritikebdnen
sabWoTa koloniur uRels.
1946 w. daarsda sazRvargareTis qveynebTan megobrobisa da kulturuli
urTierTobebis saqarTvelos sazogadoeba, romelic warmoadgenda
nebayoflobiT sazogadoebriv organizacias. masSi, koleqtiuri wevrobis
principebis safuZvelze, gaerTianebulni iyvnen fabrikebi, qarxnebi,
kolmeurneobebi, samecniero da kulturuli dawesebulebebi. sazogadoebis
ZiriTadi amocana iyo respublikis mSromelebisaTvis sazRvargareTis
qveynebis istoriis, kulturis, literaturis, yofa-cxovrebis, xolo
sazRvargareTis qveynebisaTvis qarTveli xalxis istoriisa da kulturis
gacnoba. sazogadoebas kavSiri hqonda sazRvargareTis 80-mde qveyanasTan.
qarTveli diplomatebi aqtiur monawileobas Rebulobdnen sabWoTa
saxelmwifos diplomatiuri samsaxurebis saqmianobaSi. cnobili qarTveli
komunisti funqcioneri sergo qavTaraZe 1945-1952 wlebSi iyo sabWoTa
kavSiris sruluflebiani elCi rumineTSi. stalinis gardacvalebis Semdeg
qarTveli diplomatebi, ZiriTadad, umniSvnelo Tanamdebobebze iniSnebodnen.
gamonakliss warmoadgenda al. CikvaiZe, romelic 80-ian wlebSi iyo sabWoTa
kavSiris sagangebo da sruluflebiani elCi jer keniaSi, Semdeg ki
niderlandis samefoSi. 1985 w. sabWoTa kavSiris sagareo saqmeTa ministrad
dainiSna ed. SevardnaZe, romelmac mniSvnelovani wvlili Seitana `civi
omis~ damTavrebis, gamalebuli SeiaraRebis Senelebisa da germaniis
gaerTianebis saqmeSi.

$6. saqarTvelos suverenuli saxelmwifo

saerTaSoriso arenaze
XX s-is 90-ian wlebSi

80-iani wlebidan krizisi sabWoTa kavSirSi yovlismomcveli gaxda.

ekonomikuri mdgomareobis gauaresebam, sabolood, gamoiwvia socialuri
problemebis gamwvaveba. TandaTanobiT gaqroba iwyo cxovrebis im niSnebma,
romlebic masobriv SegnebaSi CaWedili iyo rogorc `socializmis
338
monapovari~ _ socialurma stabilurobam, mtkice fasebma da a. S.
totalitarulma socializmma amowura ukanaskneli argumentebi Tavisi,
rogorc `mowinave wyobis~ dasacavad. araefeqturi gaxda masobrivi Segnebis
kontrolis is Zveli xerxebi da meTodebi, romelTa gareSec
warmoudgenelia totalitaruli sazogadoebis arseboba. 1985 w.
xelisuflebis saTaveSi mosulma m. gorbaCovma scada `socializmis
ganaxleba~, risTvisac daiwyo `gardaqmnis~ (`perestroikis~) politikis
gatareba, romlis mTavar mizansac totalitaruli socializmis
`demokratiuliT~ Secvla warmoadgenda, magram am reformebma kidev ufro
gaamwvava krizisi. amas Tan daerTo aRmosavleTi evropis qveynebSi
(romlebmac igrZnes, rom sabWoTa agresiis safrTxe aRar arsebobda)
komunisturi reJimebis dacema, varSavis xelSekrulebis organizaciis daSla,
germaniis gaerTianeba, ramac xeli Seuwyo sabWoTa kavSirSi komunisturi
partiis Zalauflebis likvidaciasa da sabWoTa imperiis daSlas. 80-iani
wlebis meore naxevridan sabWoTa imperiaSi Semaval respublikebSi _
litvaSi, latviaSi, estoneTSi, ukrainaSi daiwyo erovnul moZraobaTa
mZlavri aRmavloba, magram gansakuTrebuli siZlieriT man saqarTveloSi
ifeTqa, rac imiT damTavrda, rom 1991 wlis 9 aprils saqarTvelos
damoukidebloba kvlav aRdga.
saqarTvelos damoukidebel saxelmwifod Camoyalibebis gzaze metad
mniSvnelovan RonisZiebas warmoadgenda 1991 wlis seqtemberSi prezident z.
gamsaxurdias xelisuflebis mier miRebuli dadgenileba saqarTveloSi
sabWoTa kavSiris SeiaraRebuli Zalebis statusis Sesaxeb, romelSic
naTqvami iyo: `1. saqarTvelos respublikis teritoriaze ganlagebuli ssr
kavSiris SeiaraRebuli Zalebi gamocxaddes saokupacio SeiaraRebul Zalad.
2. saqarTvelos respublikis mTavrobam daiwyos molaparakeba ssr kavSirTan
saqarTvelos teritoriidan ssrk SeiaraRebuli Zalebis gayvanis Taobaze~.
amave wlis seqtemberSi saqarTvelos uzenaesma sabWom miiRo dadgenilebebi
_ `adamianis uflebaTa deklaraciasTan saqarTvelos respublikis SeerTebis
Sesaxeb~ da `helsinkis evropis uSiSroebisa da TanamSromlobis TaTbiris
Semajamebel dokumentebTan saqarTvelos respublikis SeerTebis Sesaxeb~.
moskovSi mokalaTebuli reaqciuli Zalebi, romlebic jer kidev
imedovnebdnen sabWoTa imperiis SenarCunebas, mtrulad Sexvdnen
saqarTvelos damoukideblobis aRdgenas da imTaviTve daiwyes brZola
saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg. damoukidebeli saqarTvelos mTavrobis zogierTma
mcdarma nabijma am Zalebs, romelTa xelSic mZlavri propagandistuli
manqana iyo, saSualeba misca, SeeqmnaT z. gamsaxurdias xelisuflebisaTvis
uaryofiTi imiji sazRvargareT. rac Seexeba qveynis SigniT arsebul
viTarebas, aSkara iyo, rom sabWoTa jarebi, romlebic jer kidev icavdnen
saqarTvelos sazRvrebs, da saqarTvelos teritoriaze arsebuli samxedro
bazebi did sirTuleebs Seqmnidnen damoukidebeli saqarTvelos mSeneblobis
gzaze. garda amisa, moskovis xelSi iyo saqarTvelos safinanso-ekonomikuri
berketebi da, rac mTavaria, moskovs nebismier dros SeeZlo afxazi da osi
separatistebis gamoyeneba suverenuli saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg, ramac arc
daayovna.
jer kidev 1990 wlis noemberSi, damoukideblobis aRdgenis aqtis
miRebamde, samxreTi oseTis avtonomiuri respublikis umaRlesma sabWom
gamoacxada samxreTi oseTis damoukidebloba, rasac moskovmac dauWira
mxari. aseve daiZaba situacia afxazeTSic, sadac adgilobrivma uzenaesma

339
sabWom miiRo antikonstituciuri deklaracia afxazeTis saxelmwifoebrivi
suverenitetis Sesaxeb. moskovi principulad ar cnobda saqarTvelos
damoukideblobas da yvelafers akeTebda qveyanaSi viTarebis dasaZabavad.
saqme isaa, rom saqarTveloSi, baltiispireTSi, ukrainaSi mimdinare
procesebi did winaaRmdegobas uqmnida im molaparakebebs, romlebsac
moskovSi awarmoebda m. gorbaCovis administracia saxeSecvlili sabWoTa
imperiis SenarCunebis mizniT. z. gamsaxurdias erovnuli xelisufleba ki
aSkarad uaryofiTad ekideboda axali samokavSireo xelSekrulebis dadebas
da upirispirdeboda m. gorbaCovis politikur kurss. amitomac moskovi
aSkarad uWerda mxars qveynis SigniT z. gamsaxurdias xelisuflebisadmi
opoziciurad ganwyobil Zalebs, gansakuTrebiT ki afxaz da os
separatistebs. miuxedavad imisa, rom 1991 wlis agvistoSi damoukidebloba
gamoacxades sxva sabWoTa respublikebmac (ukrainam, latviam, estoneTma,
belorusiam, uzbekeTma, azerbaijanma da a. S.), moskovis mTavari dartymis
sagans mainc saqarTvelo warmoadgenda.
1991 wlis oqtomberSi alma-aTaSi Sedga cameti yofili sabWoTa
respublikis xelmZRvanelTa Sexvedra, romelzec ganixiles xelSekrulebis
proeqti sabWoTa kavSiris farglebSi ekonomikuri Tanamegobrobis Seqmnis
Sesaxeb. oqtomberSi am xelSekrulebas xeli moawera rva respublikis
xelmZRvanelma. saqarTvelo, ukrainasTan, azerbaijansa da moldovasTan
erTad, ar SeuerTda mas.
amasobaSi kidev ufro metad daiZaba urTierToba faqtobrivad ukve
ararsebul sabWoTa kavSiris prezident m. gorbaCovsa da ruseTis
federaciis prezident b. elcins Soris. 1991 wlis 8 dekembers, belorusiaSi,
beloveJis tevrSi, ruseTis federaciis prezidentma b. elcinma, ukrainis
prezidentma l. kravCukma da belorusiis uzenaesi sabWos Tavmjdomarem s.
SuSkeviCma xeli moaweres dokuments, romlis ZaliTac sabWoTa kavSirma,
rogorc saxelmwifom da saerTaSoriso samarTlis subieqtma, arseboba
Sewyvita. 11 dekembers ki alma-aTaSi miRebul iqna deklaracia, romlis
Tanaxmadac gamocxadda damoukidebel saxelmwifoTa Tanamegobrobis (dsT)
Seqmna, magram saqarTvelom arc am aqtSi miiRo monawileoba, rac moskovis
gaRiazianebas iwvevda. aSkara iyo, rom ruseTis federacia, romelic sabWoTa
kavSiris daSlis Semdeg misi samarTalmemkvidre gaxda, kvlavac
gaagrZelebda ZirgamomTxrel saqmianobas damoukidebeli saxelmwifos
winaaRmdeg.
1991-1992 wlebis dekember-ianvarSi, Sidapolitikuri krizisis gamwvavebis
Semdeg, rasac Tan daerTo garTulebebi sagareo politikaSic, saqarTveloSi
moewyo samxedro gadatrialeba, daamxes z. gamsaxurdias xelisufleba.
Zalaufleba xelSi aiRo samxedro sabWom, romelmac 1992 wlis martSi
saqarTveloSi moiwvia imxanad moskovSi myofi ed. SevardnaZe, romelsac
saxelmwifos meTauris funqciebi mianiWes.
sabWoTa kavSiris daSlam da saqarTvelos saxelmwifo meTauris
funqciebis miniWebam saerTaSoriso arenaze didi avtoritetis mqone ed.
SevardnaZisaTvis saqarTvelo saerTaSoriso izolaciidan gamoiyvana. am
mxriv mniSvnelovani iyo 1992 wlis ivlisSi saqarTvelos miReba
gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis sruluflebian wevrad. amasTan erTad,
pirvel rigSi, saWiro iyo saqarTvelos sagareo politikis prioritetuli
mimarTulebebis gansazRvra.

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 damoukidebeli saqarTvelo susti saxelmwifo iyo, rac mis sagareo
politikaze negatiur, SemzRudvel gavlenas axdenda. marTalia, zogierTi
patara qveyana, magaliTad, Sveicaria, avstria, belgia da a. S. ekonomikurad
Zalze ganviTarebulia, magram maTi sagareo-politikuri SesaZleblobebi
mainc didi ar aris. patara, susti qveynebis umravlesoba ekonomikurad ar
aris ganviTarebuli da Tanamedrove msoflio ganawilebis pirobebSi misi
ekonomika rTuli problemebis winaSe dgas. swored amitomac, amgvari
qveynebis sagareo politikaSi unda dominirebdes da dominirebs kidec
ekonomikuri ganviTarebis sakiTxebi. es imiTacaa ganpirobebuli, rom
gadarCnen rogorc suverenuli saxelmwifoebi, ganimtkicon politikuri
damoukidebloba. swored es faqtori unda gaeTvaliswinebina axlad
fexadgmul qarTul sagareo politikas.
aRiarebulia, rom susti qveynisaTvis romelime kavSirSi gaerTianeba
gadarCenis yvelaze gavrcelebuli gzaa. swored am gziT xdeba aseTi
qveynisaTvis `Zalis sesxeba~ Zlieri qveynis mxridan. magram amgvar kavSirSi
an gaerTianebaSi Sesvla saxifaTocaa. amitomac Tvlian, rom ukeTesia,
qveyana arc erT kavSirSi ar Sevides da Tavisufali manevrirebis saSualeba
daitovos. samwuxarod, saerTaSoriso sinamdvile sust qveynebs uspobs
miumxroblad darCenis pirobebs da aiZulebs, Tavi romelime samxedro-
politikur kavSirs Seafaron.
rogorc saerTaSoriso urTierTobaTa Teoretikosebi Tvlian, kavSirSi
an gaerTianebaSi Sesvlas samxedro, politikuri da, xSirad, garkveuli
ekonomikuri mizezebic aqvs. patara, susti qveynisaTvis romelime kavSirSi
gaerTianeba ekonomikur SeRavaTebsac niSnavs, radgan Zlier mokavSires
ekonomikuri daxmarebisa da xelSewyobis SesaZleblobebic aqvs da xSirad
solidur samxedro xarjebzec midis.
susti qveyana zogjer kavSirSi Sedis sakuTari Sida problemebis
Sesamsubuqeblad. amgvari moqmedeba, rogorc saerTaSoriso urTierTobaTa
istoria da praqtika aCvenebs, damaxasiaTebelia Zlieri mezobeli qveynis
gverdiT myofi susti qveynebisaTvis, romlebSic, ekonomikur da samxedro
sisustesTan erTad, SeiZleba arsebobdes Sida gaTiSuloba an separatizmi,
ris mizezic, xSir SemTxvevaSi, Zlieri mezoblis xrikebia. swored ase iyo
saqarTvelos sinamdvileSic.
moskovs saqarTveloze zemoqmedebis uamravi saSualeba gaaCnda, raTa
damoukidebeli saqarTvelo Tavis gavlenis sferoSi daetovebina. miuxedavad
imisa, rom ed. SevardnaZe aSkarad prodasavluri kursis momxre da mimdevari
iyo, swored zemoaRniSnuli mizezebis gamo gaxda iZulebuli, angariSi
gaewia ruseTis faqtorisaTvis. aman gamoiwvia swored 1993 wlis dekemberSi
saqarTvelos Sesvla damoukidebeli qveynebis TanamegobrobaSi _ ed.
SevardnaZe imedovnebda, rom amiT SeiZleba mogvarebuliyo konfliqti
afxazeTSi da gafarToebuliyo ruseTTan sagareo-ekonomikuri
TanamSromloba.
miuxedavad dsT-Si gawevrianebisa, saqarTvelom mainc dasavleTTan
daaxloebis kursi aiRo. 1992 w. saqarTvelo Sevida Crdiloatlantikuri
partniorobis sabWoSi, xolo 1994 w. SeuerTda natos programas _
`partnioroba mSvidobisaTvis~. programa iTvaliswinebda natosa da yofil
socialistur qveynebs Soris urTierTobebis Tvisebrivad axal doneze
ayvanas. marTalia, programas ar hqonda ganzraxuli natos koleqtiuri
uSiSroebis garantiebis gavrceleba partniorebze, magram igi mainc

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pasuxobda aRmosavleTi evropis saxelmwifoTa moTxovnebs natoSi
gawevrianebis Sesaxeb, radgan saxavda natosTan praqtikuli TanamSromlobis
perspeqtivebs. sagulisxmoa, rom programis monawile qveynis politika unda
dafuZneboda dasavluri liberaluri sazogadoebis ZiriTad faseulobebsa
da iseT principebs, rogorebicaa demokratia, konfliqtebis mSvidobianad
mogvarebis gza, SeiaraRebul Zalebze demokratiuli kontroli, samxedro
biujetis gamWvirvaloba da sxv. mniSvnelovani piroba iyo aseve mzadyofnis
gamoxatva, programaSi gaerTianebul sxva saxelmwifoebTan erTad,
samSvidobo operaciebSi SesaZlo monawileobis miRebaSi.
1999 wlis 27 ianvars evropis sabWos saparlamento asambleam Tavisi 209-e
rezoluciiT saqarTvelo evrosabWos wevr-qveynad gamoacxada. evropis
sabWom saqarTvelo miiRo rogorc erTiani, mTliani da ganuyofeli qveyana,
romelsac amieridan eZleoda saSualeba ara marto evropuli
geopolitikuri arqiteqturis aqtiuri mSenebeli gamxdariyo, aramed kidev
ufro metad ganemtkicebina erovnuli damoukidebloba, ezruna qveynis
SigniT im humanisturi, demokratiuli da samarTlebrivi faseulobebis
ganviTarebaze, romlebsac evropuli civilizacia efuZneba. am
umniSvnelovanesi istoriuli aqtis Semdeg saqarTvelos saerTaSoriso
aRiarebis procesi kidev ufro swrafad wavida win. saqarTvelos
diplomatiuri urTierTobebi damyarebuli aqvs 110-ze met qveyanasTan, aris
iseTi didi saerTaSoriso organizaciebis wevri, rogorebicaa:
gaerTianebuli erebis organizacia, evropis uSiSroebisa da TanamSromlobis
organizacia (euTo), msoflio savaWro organizacia, Savi zRvis ekonomikuri
TanamSromloba (biseki). saqarTvelos seriozul finansur daxmarebas uweven
avtoritetuli saerTaSoriso organizaciebi _ saerTaSoriso savaluto
fondi, msoflio banki, evropis rekonstruqciisa da ganviTarebis banki da a.
S.
sagareo-politikur urTierTobebSi saqarTvelo did yuradRebas uTmobs
TanamSromlobas regionalur doneze. am mxriv didi sargeblobis motana
SeuZlia saqarTvelo-ukraina-uzbekeT-azerbaijan-moldovas regionaluri
TanamSromlobis jgufs (suuami); aseve metad mniSvnelovani iyo evropis
regionTa asambleaSi aWaris avtonomiuri respublikis gawevrianeba (1997 w.),
1998 w. amave asambleaSi miiRes imereTis regionic.
saerTaSoriso asparezze mopovebul warmatebaTa praqtikul
dadasturebas warmoadgens baqo-sufsis navTobsadenis amoqmedeba (1999 w.) da
2002 wlis seqtemberSi baqo-Tbilisi-jeihanis saerTaSoriso navTobsadenis
mSeneblobis dawyeba. orive navTobsadens, garda ekonomikurisa, didi
politikuri datvirTvac aqvs, radgan proeqtSi monawile qveynebis
interesebidan gamomdinare, igi xels Seuwyobs stabilurobas samxreT
kavkasiaSi. aseve didi mniSvneloba aqvs saqarTvelosaTvis TurqmeneT-
TurqeTis transkaspiuri gazsadenis proeqtis ganxorcielebas.
saqarTvelos momavlisaTvis uaRresad sagulisxmoa evropis sabWos
stambolis Tavyrilobis (samitis) 1999 wlis gadawyvetileba, romlis
Tanaxmadac, ruseTi valdebulia, Tavisi samxedro bazebi gaiyvanos
saqarTvelos teritoriidan. 2001 wlis ivlisamde unda gaeyvanaT vazianisa
da gudauTis samxedro bazebi, momdevno wlebSi ki _ axalqalaqisa da
baTumis. samwuxarod, ruseTi, miuxedavad vazianis samxedro bazis gayvanisa,
danarCenebis gayvanis saqmeSi uaRresad arakonstruqciul pozicias adgas.

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 ruseT-saqarTvelos urTierTobebis gauareseba gansakuTrebiT 1999 w.
daiwyo, ruseTis mier CeCneTSi omis ganaxlebis Semdeg, roca saqarTveloSi,
qistebiT dasaxlebul pankisis xeobas CeCneTidan ltolvili mosaxleoba
moawyda. saqarTveloSi CeCeni teroristebis yofnisa da mfarvelobis sababiT
ruseTis samxedro aviaciam ramdenjerme dabomba pankisis xeoba. gamwvavda
situacia afxazeTSic _ kodoris xeobaSi, romelic ara marto daibomba,
aramed iq rusuli desantic ki iqna gadasxmuli.
yovelive aman aiZula saqarTvelos xelisufleba, ufro mWidro
TanamSromloba daemyarebina dasavleTis qveynebTan da, pirvel rigSi, aSS-
Tan, romelmac saqarTvelos Tavdacvisunarianobis gasaZliereblad gamoyo
64 mln dolari da saqarTvelos armiis gasaZliereblad SeimuSava `wvrTnisa
da aRWurvis~ specialuri programa. amasTan erTad, saqarTvelos mTavrobam
gaaZliera sagareo-politikuri saqmianoba qveynis teritoriuli mTlianobis
aRdgenis saerTaSoriso-diplomatiuri uzrunvelyofisaTvis.
saqarTvelos sagareo-politikuri prioritetebi SeiZleba ganisazRvros
sxvadasxva kriteriumis (geografiuli areali, socialur-politikuri,
ekonomikuri, kulturisa da sxva sferoebi) mixedviT. isini, erTmaneTTan
urTierTkavSirisa da urTierTqmedebis maRali xarisxis gaTvaliswinebiT,
warmoadgenen drosa da sivrceSi moqmed erTobliobas, rac saSualebas
gvaZlevs, globaluri da regionuli procesebi ganvixiloT maTi
sivrcobrivi struqturebisa da organizaciis TvalsazrisiT. amdenad, roca
vlaparakobT evropul an kavkasiur sivrceze, vgulisxmobT evropisa da
kavkasiis xalxebis garemomcvel samyarosTan rTuli urTierTqmedebis
Sedegad formirebul garkveul sistemas. miuxedavad amgvari midgomis
erTgvari upiratesobisa, sagareo-politikuri prioritetebis gansazRvra
SeuZlebelia miznobrivi (teleologiuri) analizis gareSe, rac saSualebas
iZleva, saqarTvelos sagareo-politikuri interesebis farTo speqtridan
gamoiyos ZiriTadi _ grZelvadiani strategiuli interesebi. am interesebis
realizebiT ki uzrunvelyofili unda iqnes saqarTvelos
saxelmwifoebriobis, misi mosaxleobis mdgradi, usafrTxo ganviTareba,
demokratiul da samarTlebriv Rirebulebebze dafuZnebuli sazogadoebis
Seneba.

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 Sinaarsi

Sesavali (r. metreveli, z. papasqiri) .............................. 3

1. qarTuli diplomatiis istoriis sagani da misi
Seswavlis mniSvneloba .......................................................... 3
2. saqarTvelos saerTaSoriso urTierTobebisa da
diplomatiis istoriis amsaxveli ZiriTadi
(qarTuli, ucxouri) wyaroebi......................................... 8
3. qarTuli diplomatiis istoriis mecnieruli
Seswavlis ZiriTadi etapebi ............................................. 15
bibliografia........................................................................................... 22
Tavi I. qarTuli politikuri samyaro saerTaSoriso
arenaze uZvelesi droidan ax. w. IV s-mde
$1. uZvelesi qarTuli saxelmwifoebrivi gaerTianebebis (daiaeni-diauxi,
kolxa) sagareo urTierTobebi da diplomatiuri praqtika (e.
astaxiSvili) ..................................................................................... 23
$2. kolxeTisa da qarTlis samefoebis sagareo
politika da diplomatia Zv. w. VI-II ss-Si
(g. qavTaria) ....................................................................................... 26
$3. romis gavlenis damyareba amierkavkasiaSi da qarTuli politikuri
erTeulebis sagareo-politikuri
mdgomareoba Zv. w. I _ ax. w. III ss-Si (g. qavTaria) 35
bibliografia........................................................................................... 50
Tavi II. qarTlisa da egrisis samefoebis sagareo
politika da diplomatia IV-V ss-Si
$1. qarTlis samefos sagareo politika da diplomatia
IV-V ss-Si (m. lorTqifaniZe) ............................................ 53
$2. egrisis (lazikis) sagareo politika da diplomatia
IV-V ss-Si (d. leTodiani) ................................................... 67
bibliografia........................................................................................... 73
Tavi III. qarTlisa da egrisis sagareo mdgomareoba da
diplomatia VI s-sa da VII s-is I naxevarSi
(d. leTodiani)
$1. qarTlis (iberiis) sagareo mdgomareoba da
diplomatia VI s-sa da VII s-is I naxevarSi....... 76
$2. egrisis sagareo politika da diplomatia VI s-sa
da VII s-is pirvel naxevarSi ........................................... 81
bibliografia........................................................................................... 99
Tavi IV. qarTuli politikuri samyaro saerTaSoriso
urTierTobebSi VII s-is II naxevridan X s-is
II naxevramde
$1. arabTa mflobelobis damyareba da qarTuli
diplomatia VII s-is II naxevarSi (m. lorTqifaniZe) 102
$2. qarTuli politikuri samyaro saerTaSoriso
arenaze VIII s-Si (z. papasqiri) ....................................... 106

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$3. axali samefo-samTavroebis warmoqmna saqarTveloSi
da maTi adgili saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi
(IX-X s-is I naxevari). saSinao diplomatia
(m. lorTqifaniZe, z. papasqiri) ...................................... 117
bibliografia........................................................................................... 239
Tavi V. erTiani qarTuli saxelmwifos warmoqmna da misi adgili
saerTaSoriso arenaze. qarTuli diplomatia
XI-XII ss-Si
$1. erTiani qarTuli saxelmwifos warmoqmna da misi
saerTaSoriso diplomatiuri uzrunvelyofa
(m. lorTqifaniZe, z. papasqiri) ...................................... 142
$2. erTiani qarTuli saxelmwifos samxedro-politikuri da diplomatiuri
brZola saerTaSoriso arenaze
sruli suverenitetis mopoveba-ganmtkicebisaTvis
XI s-is 20-80-ian wlebSi (m. lorTqifaniZe,
z. papasqiri) ...................................................................................... 162
$3. saqarTvelos saxelmwifos sagareo-politikuri
urTierTobebi XI s-is miwurulsa da XII s-is
I meoTxedSi. daviT aRmaSeneblis diplomatia
(r. metreveli).................................................................................. 190
$4. saqarTvelos saxelmwifos sagareo politika da
diplomatia XII s-is 30-80-iani wlebis damdegs.
demetre I-isa da giorgi III-is diplomatia
(r. metreveli).................................................................................. 216
$5. saqarTvelos saxelmwifo saerTaSoriso arenaze
XII s-is miwurulsa da XIII s-is damdegs. Tamar
mefis diplomatia (r. metreveli) ................................ 223
$6. diplomatiuri samsaxuri da etiketi XI-XII ss-is saqarTveloSi (j.
samuSia) .................................................................................................. 246
bibliografia........................................................................................... 254
Tavi VI. saqarTvelos sagareo-politikuri mdgomareoba da diplomatia XIII-
XV ss-Si (d. niniZe)
$1. qarTuli diplomatia XIII saukuneSi ......................... 258
$2. saqarTvelos sagareo politika da diplomatia
XIV s-Si ................................................................................................. 307
$3. qarTuli diplomatia XV s-Si......................................... 338
$4. diplomatiuri samsaxuri da etiketi XIII-XV ss-is saqarTveloSi 396
bibliografia........................................................................................... 407
Tavi VII. qarTuli samefo-samTavroebis sagareo politika da diplomatia
XVI-XVIII ss-Si
$1. qarTuli diplomatia XVI s-Si (d. kaWarava) ..... 411
$2. qarTuli diplomatia XVII s-Si (d. kaWarava) ... 427
$3. qarTuli samefo-samTavroebis diplomatia
XVIII s-Si (d. kaWarava)............................................................ 455
$4. diplomatiuri etiketi gviani Sua saukuneebis saqarTveloSi (j. samuSia)
....................................................................................................................... 499
bibliografia........................................................................................... 508

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Tavi VIII. diplomatia da politikur-diplomatiuri azri
XIX s-is saqarTveloSi (g. iobaSvili, v. guruli)
$1. qarTuli samefo-samTavroebis Sesvla ruseTis
mflobelobaSi. qarTuli diplomatiuri azri
XIX s-Si ................................................................................................. 511
$2. saqarTvelos istoriuli teritoriis sakiTxi
ruseT-iranisa da ruseT-TurqeTis urTierTobebSi 531
bibliografia........................................................................................... 551
Tavi IX. qarTuli diplomatia XX s-Si
$1. diplomatiuri brZola saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebri-
obis aRdgenisaTvis 1900-1917 wlebSi (v. guruli) 552
$2. saqarTvelosa da amierkavkasiis saerTaSoriso
mdgomareoba (1917 wlis Teberval-marti _
1918 wlis maisi) (v. guruli) ............................................. 557
$3. saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis sagareo
politika da diplomatia (1918-1921) (v. guruli) 581
$4. saqarTvelos sagareo-politikuri mdgomareoba da diplomatia 1921-1933
wlebSi (v. guruli) .................................................................... 604
$5. saqarTvelos sabWoTa socialisturi respublika ssr kavSiris sagareo
politikasa da diplomatiaSi
XX s-is 40-80-ian wlebSi (g. boloTaSvili) ...... 621
$6. saqarTvelos suverenuli saxelmwifo saerTaSoriso arenaze XX s-is 90-
ian wlebSi (g. boloTaSvili) ......................................... 634
bibliografia 644

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