Turq-selCukTa saxelmwifo

saxalifos daSla
abasianTa dinastiam ori saukunis manZilze SeZlo politikuri da samxedro Zalauflebis
SenarCuneba da Sesabamisad, saxalifos erTianobis garantireba. centraluri xelisuflebis
efeqturobis gazrdaze gamudmebuli zrunvis miuxedavad, uzarmazari saxalifos erTianobis
SenarCuneba ufro xangrZlivi droiT ver moxerxda. centraluri xelisuflebis mxridan kontrolis
sirTulis pirobebSi, provinciebi sul ufro metad amJRavnebdnen damoukideblobisaken swrafvas.
miuxedavad imisa, rom baRdDadi kvlavac upirobod iTvleboda islamuri samyaros centrad, IX
saukunis miwurulidan provinciebma TandaTanobiT gaacnobieres sakuTari aRmavali kulturuli da
ekonomikuri mniSvneloba, maT saqalaqo centrebs ki saSualeba miecaT mniSvnelovani roli
SeesrulebinaT islamuri samyaros evoluciaSi.
omaianTa da pirvel abasianTa mier miRweuli islamuri samyaros droebiTi unifikaciis
Sedegad axali xalxebis CarTvam imperiaSi Seqmna sakmaod rTuli situacia Taviseburi erovnuli
mozaikis saxiT. iranelebs ekavaT imperiis aRmosavleTi nawili, centralur aziaSi iranuli elementi
erwymoda Turqul momTabaruls, romelic TandaTanobiT dasavleTisaken moiwevda da romlis
rigebidanac xdeboda saxalifos gvardiaSi meomarTa rekrutireba. mesopotamiisa da siriis arabebi
(da gamuslimebuli adgilobrivi mosaxleoba) eridebodnen kontaqtebs maT gverdiT mcxovreb
qristianebTan da egviptis kopt qristianebTan. CrdiloeT afrikaSi dominirebdnen berberebi.
muslimur espaneTSi ki arabebsa da arabizebul berberebs Tanacxovreba uxdebodaT espaneTis
adgilobriv mosaxleobasTan, rom araferi iTqvas slavuri warmoSobis mravalricxovan meomrebze,
romelTa rekrutirebasac axdendnen kordobas saamiros mbrZaneblebi.
am xalxebs gaaCndaT sakuTari, arabebisagan gansxvavebuli kulturuli tradiciebi, ris
Sedegadac xSiri iyo dapirispireba arabebsa da araarabebs Soris. Tu aRmosavleTis provinciebSi
winaaRmdegoba arsebobda, upirveles yovlisa, iranelebsa da arabebs Soris, espaneTSi
dapirispireba xdeboda arabebsa da adgilobriv mosaxleobas Soris. arabuli kultura, romelic IX
saukunis manZilze mTel islamur samyaroSi dominirebda, ivseboda ama Tu im niuansiT lokaluri
kulturisagan, romelsac imperiis sabolood daSlis pirobebSi, damoukidebeli ganviTarebis
saSualeba mieca.
es lokaluri kulturebi, abasianTa dakninebul saxalifoSi arsebuli religiuri, tomobrivi da
politikuri qiSpis wyalobiT, amieridan warmodgenili iyo axali, met-naklebad avtonomiuri
dinastiebiT, romlebsac gadanawilebuli hqondaT islamuri samyaro da romlebic xSir
SemTxvevaSi Tavbrudamxvevi siswrafiT cvlidnen erTmaneTs. maTgan yvelaze Zlieri da
xangrZlivi aRmoCdnen omaianebis dinastia espaneTSi, fatimianebis – egviptesa da CrdiloeT
afrikaSi da Turq-selCukebisa saxalifos centralur regionebSi.
XI saukunisaTvis aSkarad iCina Tavi islamuri saxelmwifosa da sazogadoebis dakninebis
niSnebma. imperia praqtikulad daSlili iyo avtonomiur regionul saxelmwifoebad. moxda
mTlianad islamuri imperiis politikuri da administraciuli struqturis, romelic bizantiur da sasanur
safuZvlebs eyrdnoboda, kolafsi. xalifebis xelisufleba ukve mxolod nominalur xasiaTs atarebda,
realuri Zalaufleba ki samxedro meTaurebis xelSi iyo. gamoCnda ekonomikuri dakninebis
niSnebic. mxolod saxalifosagan gamoyofilma egviptem SeinarCuna ekonomikuri zrdis tempebi.
aRmosavleTiT CineTTan, xolo CrdiloeTiT ruseTTan da baltiis qveynebTan esoden momgebiani
vaWroba praqtikulad Sewyda.
swored amgvar viTarebaSi axlo aRmosavleTSi iwyeba Turquli modgmis xalxebis
dominirebis epoqa.
Turqebis Semosevebi axlo aRmosavleTSi
muslimebi Turqebs pirvelad imperiis aRmosavleT sazRvrebze Sexvdnen da male daiwyo
maTi rekrutireba xalifas gvardiaSi. ukve pirveli abasianebis dros Turqi meomrebi xalifaTa
mniSvnelovan samxedro dasayrdenad iqcnen.
XI saukunis dasawyisisaTvis Turqi xalxebis orma didma migraciam Secvala axlo
aRmosavleTSi situacia da aseve didi gavlena moaxdina aRmosavleT evropaSi arsebul
viTarebaze. centralur aziaSi, mdinare sirdariis midamoebSi oRuzi Turqebi momTabareobdnen.
ufro aRmosavleTiT, mdinare irtiSis sanapiroebze ki binadrobdnen Turqi yivCaRebi. es
ukanasknelebi dasavleTiT daiZrnen da Seaviwroes oRuzebi; Semdeg ki ganagrZes svla samxreT
ruseTisa da aRmosavleT evropisaken, sadac sxvadasxva saxelebiT, maT Soris polovcebis da
kumanebis, iyvnen cnobilni. sakuTari teritoriidan gamodevnili oRuzebi islamur teritoriebze
Semovidnen. TurqTa migracia araerTi talRis saxiT ganxorcielda. yvelaze mniSvnelovani iyo
selCukTa migrireba dasavleTis mimarTulebiT. saxelwodeba selCuki momdinareobs erT-erTi
Turquli sagvareulos meTauri saxelisagan, romelmac moaxerxa Turqi tomebis gaerTianeba.
selCukebi dasaxldnen buxaris provinciaSi da miiRes islami. isini sakuTari jariT emsaxurebodnen
sxvadasxva muslimur dinastiebs, maT Soris Turquli warmomavlobis Raznevianebs. male ki
selCukis SviliSvilebma ToRrul begma da CaRri begma Tavad Raznevianebis winaaRmdegac
gailaSqres da, saboloo jamSi, gamodevnes isini iranidan.
X saukunis Sua xanebidan iwyeba Turquli tomebis islamizaciis procesi. momTabare
Turqebi, romlebsac iranelebisa da arabebisagan gansxvavebiT, ar gaaCndaT winaislamuri xanis
kulturuli da saxelmwifoebrivi tradiciebi, islams TavianTi erovnuli identobis mTavar wyarod
miiCnevdnen. saxeli Turqi iqca muslimis ekvivalentad rofgorc TurqebisaTvis, ise mogvianebiT
dasavluri samyarosaTvis. maT sunizmi miiRes da male iqcnen sunizmis Tavgadaklul
damcvelebad sxvadasxva Siituri mimdinareobebis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi.
momTabare Turquli tomebis centraluri aziis stepebidan dasavleTisaken daZvris ZiriTadi
mizezi saZovrebis nakleboba iyo. Turqebis elCebi momaval mowinaaRmdegeebTan
molaparakebebis dros aRniSnavdnen, rom `maT dedamiwaze adgili ara aqvT~. binadari
miwaTmoqmedi mosaxleobisaTvis Turqebis Semosevebs metad mZime Sedegebi mohqonda.
momTabare Turqebi intensiuri meurneobisaTvis gamoyenebul miwebs saZovrebisaTvis
iyenebdnen, xolo damarcxebuli binadari mosaxleoba mTebsa da xeobebSi ixizneboda.
ToRrul-begma 1038 wels daikava aRmosavleT iranis centraluri qalaqi niSapuri, xolo 1040
wels, RaznevianTa damarcxebis Semdeg, gaxda aRmosavleT iranis udidesi provinciis, xorasnis
upirobo mbrZanebeli. baRdadis xalifa, romelic am periodSi, politikuri da samxedro xelisuflebis
dakargvasTan erTad, praqtikulad Siitebis mZevlad iyo qceuli, miesalma suniti Turqebis winsvlas
dasavleTisaken, radgan imedovnebda maTi saSualeba sakuTari Zalauflebis Tundac nawilobriv
aRdgenas.
1055 wels ToRrul-begi ubrZolvelad Sevida baRdadSi. male xalifam mas uboZa sulTnis
tituli, Semdeg ki ToRrulma damatebiT miiRo `aRmosavleTisa da dasavleTis~ amiras titulic,
romelic mis Zalauflebas formaluri TvalsazrisiT avrcelebda im teritoriebzec, romlebzec egviptis
fatimianebis samflobelos warmoadgenda. swored ToRrul begi (1037-1063) iTvleba `did
selCukTa~ saxelmwifos damaarseblad.
Turqebis es Zlevamosili winsvla da Tavbrudamxvevi samxedro warmatebebis
ganmapirobebeli faqtorebidan upirvelesad aRsaniSnavia maTi mobiluroba – Tviseba, romelic
dakarguli hqondaT maT mowinaaRmdegeebs: organizebul saxelmwifoTa Tavdacva
damokidebuli iyo sayrden punqtebze, sadac xdeboda sursaT-sanovagis da maTi armiis
aRWurvilobis maragis koncentracia. swored amitomac Zlieri da kargad SeiaraRebuli, magram
naklebad mobiluri RaznevianTa armiebi araerTxel damarcxdnen swraf da msubuq Turqul
mxedrobasTan brZolaSi, romelic erTi xelis dartymiT anadgurebda yovelives, rac gzad
Sexvdeboda da aiZulebda mowinaaRmdeges emoqmeda gaukacrielebul sivrceebze. didi
qalaqebis mosaxleoba, Cveulebriv ubrZolvelad emorCileboda selCukebs, radganac ar hqonda
yofili mbZaneblebisagan daxmarebis miRebis imedi. amasTan erTad, es ukanasknelebi, maRali
gadasaxadebis dawesebis gamo, ar sargeblobdnen mosaxleobis mxardaWeriT.
miwaTmoqmedebsa da vaWrebs, Tundac rom selCukebis Semosevebs maTi gakotreba
gamoewvia, faqtobrivad damorCilebis garda sxva gza ar rCebodaT da im imediT iyvnen, rom
SeinarCunebdnen savaWro kavSirebs centralur aziasTan, rac saukuneTa manZilze maTi
keTildReobis wyaros warmoadgenda.

`did selCukTa~ saxelmwifos aRzeveba da dacema

selCukTa imperia kidev ufro gafarTovda sulTnebis alf arslanisa (1063-1072) da maliqSahis
(1072-1092) mmarTvelobis periodSi. alf arslanis mTavar damsaxurebas warmoadgens bizantiis
TavdacviTi xazis ganadgureba, romelic ukve moryeuli iyo Turquli bandebis regularuli
Tavdasxmebis Sedegad. 1071 wels alf arslanma manaskertTan gaanadgura bizantiis armia,
Tavad keisari ki tyved CauvardaT Turqebs. anatolia Ria aRmoCnda momTabareTa
SemosevebisaTvis, romlebmac TandaTanobiT fexi moikides dezorganizebul qveyanaSi,
romelsac ukve aRar hyavda administracia da adgilobrivi mosaxleobis mniSvnelovan nawils is
ukve mietovebina. amgvarad Caeyara safuZveli Tanamedrove TurqeTis dasaxlebas. mTel rig
regionebSi Seiqmna saamiroebi, romelTac saTaveSi edgnen didi selCukTa naTesavebi an maTi
mxedarTmTavrebi. Tumca, selCukTa dinastiis dasustebis pirobebSi es regionebic anarqiam
moicva. mxolod XII saukunis Sua xanebSi moaxerxa selCukianma yiliC arslanma rumis
selCukianTa saxelmwifos daarseba: rumi ewodeboda teritorias, romelic odiTganve bizantiis,
romis imperiis memkvidris SemadgenlobaSi Sedioda. TandaTanobiT moxda regionis sruli
Turqizacia momTabare Turqebis axali talRebis modinebiT.
maliqSahis periodSi selCukTa saxelmwifom Tavisi Zlierebis apogeas miaRwia. mas
Soreuli iemenic ki emorCileboda.
es momTabareTa Semosevebis Sedegad Seqmnili imperia, romlis msgavsic aRmosavleTSi
ar yofila arabTa dapyrobebis Semdeg, miuxedavad sisusteebisa, romlemac sabolood ganapiroba
misi dacema, Tavbrudamxvevi siswrafiT Seiqmna. gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania am
TvalsazrisiT iranel moxeleTa roli, romelic selCukma suverenebma moiwvies da saSualeba
misces am ukve karga xnis islamizebul aristokratias aRWurviliyo sakmaod mniSvnelovani
xelisuflebiT da gamoevlina sakuTari talanti. `did selCukebis~ saxelmwifos ganmtkicebis
saqmeSi umniSvnelovanesi roli Seasrula alf arslanisa da maliqSahis sparsuli warmomavlobis
vazirma nizam al-mulqma.
pirvel rigSi saWiro iyo armiisa da imperiis Semqneli momTabare tomebTan misi
urTierTmimarTebis problemis gadawyveta. Turqebi ZiriTadad dasaxldnen sazRvrispira
regionebSi – mag., azerbaijansa da anatoliaSi. daqiravebuli jari, aseve ZiriTadad Turquli, romlis
SenarCunebac selCukebs surdaT, mkacr ierarqias emyareboda. misi mxedarTmarvrebi
valdebulni iyvnen TviTonve SeenaxaT sakuTari jari da amisaTvis droebiT sargeblobaSi
iRebdnen samflobeloebs miwis gansazRvruli gadasaxadebis akrefis uflebiT. am gziT moxda
uzarmazari armiis Senaxvis problemis gadawyveta, romelic zogierTi cnobiT, 70 aTass aRwevda.
es feodaluri sistema, romelic upirvelesad iranul administraciul tradiciebs eyrdnoboda, saSualebas
iZleoda erTdroulad dakmayofilebuliyo armiis moTxovnebi, uzrunvelyofili yofiliyo misi
meTaurebis erTguleba da momxdariyo soflebis aRorZineba.
 centralurma xelisuflebam ZiriTadad SeinarCuna abasianTa mier Seqmnili struqturebi.
kidev ufro daixvewa provinciebis marTvis sistema samoqalaqo da samxedro xelisuflebis
mkveTri gamijvniT. qalaqebis garnizonebis meTaurebs aranairi Zalaufleba ar gaaCndaT
sagadasaxado uwyebebis meTaurebze. amasTan erTad uzenaesi marTlmsajulebis aRsruleba, rac
islamuri kanoniT suverenis privilegias warmoadgenda da amasTan erTad Turquli tomebis
Cveulebasac Seesabameboda, evalebodaT am miznisaTvis specialurad SerCeul pirebs. maTi
saSualebiT selCuki sultani axorcielebda sasamarTlo xeliuflebas da aseve aqtiurad monawileobda
religiur cxovrebaSi.
es Zlieri samxedro da administraciuli struqturis mqone saxelmwifo sunituri iyo da ebrZoda
sxvadasxva Siituri mimarTulebebis warmomadgenlebs rogorc qveynis gareT, ise SigniT. garda
samxedro moqmedebebisa, saxelmwifos ideologiuri da politikuri ganmtkicebisaTvis
RvTismetyvelTa da moxeleTa mosamzadeblad, nizam al-mulqma Seqmna saswavleblebis,
madraseebis sistema, romelSic maswavleblebs saxelmwifo niSnavda. saxelmwifo uzrunvelyofda
maswavleblebsa da moswavleebs xelfasiTac da amgvarad srul kontrols axorcielebda saswavlo
procesze. madraseebSi mzaddebodnen religiisa da samarTlis specialistebi, romlebic Semdeg
ikavebdnen saxelmwifo Tanamdebobebs (mosamarTleebi, notariusebis, maswavleblebi, sxva
profesiebi, romelTaTvisac ganaTleba aucilebeli iyo). ukve Cvens droSi Seiqmna igive
dasaxelebis islamuri skolebi (pakistanSi, avRaneTSi da a.S.), romlebSic iqadageba islamis
eqtremistuli forma da saRvTo omis – jihadis warmoebis aucilebloba dasavleTisa da misi
mokavSire muslimuri saxelmwifoebis winaaRmdeg.

`did selCukTa~ vaziri nizam al-mulqi

am energiuli da ganswavluli moRvawis mier daarsda ara mxolod umaRlesi saswavleblebi,
aremd observatoria da biblioTekebic. misi aqtiuri monawileobiT gatarda samxedro, sasamarTlo
da kalendris reformebi. manve dawera politikuri traqtati `siaseT name~ (`politikis wigni~).
`siaseT nameSi~ uxvadaa motanili iranuli kulturul-politikuri tradiciebis mkafio magaliTebi
(upiratesad sasanuri iranis istoriidan) da xazgasmulia am tradiciebis gamoyenebis mniSvneloba
Turq-selCukTa saxelmwifos mSeneblobaSi.
nizam al-mulqis rCevebis mixedviT, sultanma `unda gaiyvanos miwisqveSa ruebi,
gaTxaros mTavari sarwyavi arxebi, aagos xidebi did mdinareebze, sadac gzebi erTmaneTs
xvdebian; ganaviTaros soflebi, gaamagros cixeebi, daarsos axali qalaqebi da keTilmowyobili
nagebobani, fanCaturebi da TavSesafrebi mTavar gzebze~. yvelaferi es soflis meurneobis,
qalaqebis, vaWrobisa da xelosnobis ganviTarebas gulisxmobda.
nizam al-mulqi did mniSvnelobas aniWebda saxelmwifos centralizebas da am mxriv
gadamwyvet mniSvnelobas aniWebda mudmiv jars. swored misi TaosnobiT Seiqmna centraluri
xelisuflebis kontrols daqvemdebarebuli mudmivi jari.
wignidan `narkvevebi maxlobeli aRmosavleTis istoriidan~
(v. gabaSvilis redaqciiT)

wyaro 1.
nizam al-mulqis rCevebi selCuki mbrZaneblisadmi:
`xelmwife arasodes unda iyos uyuradRebo sakuTari moxeleebis saqmianobisamdi; da
yovelTvis unda icodes yvelaferi maTi cxovrebis da saqmeebis Sesaxeb. rogorc ki gamoCndeba
raime araswori da orguloba maT qmedebaSi, maSinve unda gadaayenos da dasajos danaSaulis
simZimis mixedviT, rac magaliTi iqneba sxvebisaTvis, rom boroti ganzraxva ar Caidon gulSi
mbZaneblis mimarT. yvelas, vinc iniSneba maRal Tanamdebobaze, xelmwifem unda miuCinos
erTguli kaci meTvalyured, ise rom Tanamdebobis pirma es ar icodes da man unda Seatyobinos
xelmwifes misi saqmianobis Sesaxeb.
aristotetele ase arigebda aleqsandre makedonels: Tu Sen awyenine vinmes, visi kalamsac
gavlena aqvs Sens saxelmwifoSi, aRar daniSno is Tanamdebobaze, radgan is miemxroba Sens
mtrebs da moindomebs Sens daRupvas.~
`xelmwife TiToeuli mosamarTlis saqmianobas kargad unda icnobdes. isini uzrunvelyofili
unda iyvnen maRali yovelTviuri jamagiriT, rom ar hqondeT mizezi Ralatisa. es gansakuTrebiT
mniSvnelovania, radganac maT gadawyvetileba gamoaqvT muslimTa sicocxlisa da qonebis
Sesaxeb. Tuki mavani mosamarTle usamarTlo ganaCens gamoitans sibriyvis, sixarbis an
dainteresebis gamo, sxva msajulebma xeli ar unda moaweron am cud ganaCens da Seatyobinon
mis Sesaxeb xelmwifes. es piri unda gadaayenon Tanamdebobidan da dasajon.~
`unda gaigzavnos mstovrebi yvela adgilze vaWrebad, mogzaurebad, samkunalo balaxebis
gamyidvelebad, maTxovrebad gadacmulebi; da maT unda Seatyobinon yvelaferi xelmwifes,
rasac gaigeben, rom araferi darCes dafaruli, da Tu raime movlena moxdeba, droulad iqnes
miRebuli saTanado zomebi~.
`saWiroa malemsrbolebis samsaxuris daweseba Cayeneba yvelaze mniSvnelovan gzebze
da maTTvis yovelTviuri jamagiris daniSvna, rom erT dReSi gaxdes cnobili is, rac moxda 50
farsangis (1 farsangi – 6-7 km) Sors.~
`mezobeli qveynebis elCebis mimarT qveynis sazRvrebSi SemosvlisTanave pativiscema
unda gamoixatos. yvelaferi, kargi Tu cudi, rasac maT mimarT akeTeben, igivea, xelmwifis
mimarT rom akeTebdnen. xelmwifeebi ki erTmaneTis mimarT yovelTvis amJRavnebdnen did
pativiscemas, ufrTxildebodnen elCebs, radganac am gziT izrdeboda maTi pativi da Rirseba. roca
xelmwifeebs Soris mtroba iyo da elCebi modiodnen, maT aravin ayenebda zians da isini elCobis
mizans, rogorc maT nabrZanebi hqondaT, asrulebdnen ise, rom ar icvleboda maTdami
Cveulebrivi kargi damokidebuleba.~
nizam al-mulqi, `siaeT name~

selCukTa saxelmwifos mkacri organizaciis miuxedavad, ar momxdara zogierTi Turquli

tradiciis mospoba, maT Soris Zalauflebis saojaxo koncefciisa, romlis Tanaxmadac xelisufleba
SeiZleboda erTdroulad gaenawilebinaT gardacvlili mbrZaneblis vaJebs. am mizeziT
gamudmebiT mimdinareobda qiSpi da brZola xelisuflebisaTvis. nizam al-mulqma moaxerxa
samefo taxtze jer alf arslanis, xolo Semdeg misi vaJis maliqSahis uflebebis dacva. magram misi
sikvdilis Semdeg sul male maliqSahic gardaicvala, ramac gamoiwvia dinastiis krizisi da
sabolood erT dros Zlevamosili imperiis daSla. selCukTa saxelmwifoSi SinaaSlilobiT isargebles
jvarosnebmac, romlebmac ori mniSvnelovani gamarjveba moipoves Turqul jarze, jer mcire
aziaSi (1097 w. dorileasTan brZola), xolo Semdeg siriaSic (1098 w. antioqiasTan brZola).
maliqSahis sami vaJi xangrZlivi drois manZilze ebrZodnen erTmaneTs ZalauflebisaTvis.
1118 wels erT-erTma maTganma, sanjarma miaRwia sxvebis mier misi ojaxis ufrosad
aRiarebas, magram amasTan iZulebuli gaxda sagvareulos gverdiTi StoebisaTvis daeTmo
dasavleTis regionebi. selCukTa imperia sabolood daiSala.
XII saukunis miwuruls aseve centraluri aziidan wamosulma xorezmelebma moaxerxes
Turqebis mcire politikuri erTeulebis udidesi nawilis ganadgureba da mTlianad daikaves irani.
selCukTa sagvareulos batonoba istorias Cabarda.

Turq-selCukebi da saqarTvelo. `didi Turqoba~. saqarTveloSi

 kavkasiaSi selCukebi 1048 wels SeiWrnen da im dros bizantiis kuTvnili somxeTi daikaves.
dasawyisSi bizantielebi warmatebiT ewinaaRmdegebodnen Turqebs. an brZolebSi maT liparit
baRvaSic exmareboda. magram manaskertis brZolam situacia mkveTrad Secvala da 1074 wlis
xelSekrulebiT bizantiam Tavisi aRmosavleTi provinciebis didi nawili Turqebs dauTmo.

wyaro 2.
daviT aRmaSeneblis istorikosi TurqebTan brZolebSi bizantiis marcxisa da saqarTvelosaTvis am
marcxis mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb:
`xolo ganZlierebasa TurqTasa dautevnes berZenTa queyanani maTni, cixeni da qalaqni, romel
aRmosavleTs hqondes, da warvides. romelnica aixunes TurqTa da daemkvidrnes mas Sina. da
vinaTgan mezoblobiT moeaxlnes sazRvarTa CuenTa, ganmravlda SiSi da Wiri maTgan
Cuenzeda. rameTu iwyes mieriTgan rbevad, tyuenvaT da mooxrebad, wuad, srvad da tyueobad
Cuen qristianeTa~.

selCukebi saqarTveloSi alf arslanis mmarTvelobis xanaSi gamoCdnen. Tavdapirvelad alf

arslanma sakuTari vaJi gamoagzavna dasazverad, xolo 1064 wels Tavad Caudga uzarmazar
laSqars saTaveSi da samxreT saqarTveloSi SemoiWra. man aiRo axalqalaqi qalaqis mcvelTa
didi winaaRmdegobis miuxedavad da sastikad gausworda adgilobriv mosaxleobas. am pirveli
Semosevis Sedegad samxreT saqarTvelom didi zarali ganicada. am regionidan ltolvili
mosaxleoba qarTlis Sida regionebs afarebda Tavs, Sedegad, qveyanaSi gacnobierebuli iyo is
safrTxe, rac selCukebis winsvlas axlda Tan da TavdacvisaTvis mzadyofnis aucilobloba.
pirveli laSqroba alf arslans aRar gaugrZelebia da piriqiT, damoyvrebac ki SesTavaza
bagrat IV-s. marTlac, bagratma sakuTari diswuli miaTxova selCuk sulTans, Tavisi asuli ki
bizantiaSi gaaTxova. am SemTxvevaSi bagrati cdilobda orive potenciur mterTan
SeenarCunebina keTilmezobluri urTierToba.
Tumca, situacia male Seicvala da 1067 wels alf arslanma isev ilaSqra saqarTveloSi. rogorc
Cans swored am droidan daiwyo momTabare Turqebis Camosaxleba qarTul miwebze, rasac xels
uwyobda anatoliis dapyroba Turqebis mier da maTi iq dasaxleba.

wyaro 3.
`ara iyo maT JamTa Sina Tesva da mka, mooxrda qveyana da tyed gadaiqca, da nacvlad kacTa
mxecni da nadirni velisani daemkvidrnes mas Sina... wmidani eklesiani Seqmnes saxlad huneTa
TvisTa, xolo sakurTxevelni RmrTisani adgilad arawmidebisa maTisa. da mRvdelni romelnime
TviT Sewirvasave Sina saRmrTosa msxverplisasa munve maxviliTa Sewirul iqmnes...
moxucebulni ara Sewyalebul iqnes, xolo qalwulni ginebul, Wabukni dakueTebul, xolo Cvilni
mimodatacebul. cecxli ucxo da mbrZoli, romliTa moiwua Senebuli yoveli, mdinareni sisxlTani,
nacvlad wylisa nakadulTa, mrwyevelni queyanisani~.
daviT aRmaSeneblis istorikosi Turqebis Semosevebis Sedegebis Sesaxeb.

`1067 wels sultani alf arslani saqarTveloSi Sevida da Tavidan bolomde iavaryo. uamravi xalxi
daxoca.~
`anatoliis selCukTa saxelmwifos istoria~
XIII s-is anonimi Turqi avtori, (Targmna n. Sengeliam)

selCukTa aseT sisatikes adasutreben sxva, upirvelesad somexi, istorikosebic.

 mdgomareoba kidev ufro damZimda maliqSahis mmarTvelobis xanaSi. giorgi II
Tavdapirvelad aqtiur winaaRmdegobas uwevda Turqebs, magram male aSkara gaxda, rom
Zalebi metad araTanaswori iyo.

wyaro 4.
`...da movida sultani maliqSa mterad yovelTa qristianeTa... da daiWira samSvilde sultanman da
mun dgomasa moarbia qarTli, Tan waiyvana mravali tyve da uricxvi nadavli~.
matiane qarTlisai

1080 wlidan saqarTveloSi daiwyo e.w. `didi Turqoba~. selCukebma am periodidan wesad
SemoiRes yovelwliuri Semoseva saqarTveloSi. isini gazafxulidan zamTris dadgomamde
TareSobdnen da arbevdnen qveyanas.
gansakuTrebiT mZime Sedegebis momtani iyo Turquli momTabare tomebis Camosaxleba.
sameurneod vargisi miwebis saZovrebad gadaqcevis Sedegad nadgurdeboda saukunovani
tradiciebis mqone instensiuri soflis meurneoba. TurqTa dasaxlebis erT-erTi mizezi iyo iranSi
Seqmnili situaciac. momTabaruli elementebis siWarbisagan qveynis gawmendis mizniT
maliqSahi da misi vaziri nizam al-mulqi momTabarul masebs bizantiisa da saqarTvelos
sazRvrebisaken erekebodnen.
giorgi II iZulebuli gaxda Tavi damarcxebulad ecno da 1083 is eaxla Sahs da, morCileba
gamoucxada da yovelwliuri xarkis safasurad zavi da mSvidoba iTxova. Tumca am zavmac ver
moutana qveyanas mSvidoba. momTabareTa TareSi kvlavac grZeldeboda. daviT aRmaSeneblis
istorikosi aRniSnavs, rom momTabareTa razmebi ar eqvemdebarebodnen sultans da TavianTi
neba-survilis mixedviT moqmedebdnen. es cnoba miuTiTebs rom ukanaskneli `did selCuki
sultnis~ gamgeblobis miwuruls centraluri xelisufleba ukve veRar akontrolebda calkeuli
momTabare Turqi tomebis moqmedebas. saqarTvelos mefis xelisufleba ukve dasavleT
saqarTvelos farglebs veRar scildeboda. aRmosavleT saqaTvelo ki selCukebs praqtikulad
saZovrebad da sanadiro adgilebad hqondaT gadaqceuli. giorgi II maliqSahTan zavis dadebisa da
xarkis gadaxdis pirobis dadebis Semdeg didad ukve aRar iwuxebda Tavs qveynis marTvaze
zrunviT da male man taxti Tavis ufro vaJs, 16 wlis daviT IV-s dauTmo.

monRolebi

XIII saukunis dasawyisSi aziis aRmosavleT nawilidan axali dampyrobelebi – monRolebi

daiZrnen dasavleTis mimarTulebiT. maT umokles droSi moaxerxes islamuri samyaros didi
nawilis, kavkasiis, ruseTisa da aRmosavleT evropis mniSvnelovani teritoriis dapyroba, am
dapyrobebis Sedegad ki Seiqmna msoflio istoriaSi erTerTi udidesi imperia.
monRolebi istoriaSi cnobili arian aseve TaTrebis saxeliT. es saxeli SenarCunda
monRoleTis imperiis dasavleT nawilebSi, magaliTad dRevandeli ruseTis teritoriaze XIII-XV
saukuneebSi arsebul monRolur saxelmwifo oqros urdoSi. SemdgomSi evropelebi TaTrebs
uwodebdnen yvela Turquli warmomavlobis xalxebs osmalebis gamoklebiT (aRsaniSnavia, rom
monRolebi da Turqebi monaTesave xalxebi arian). dRes TaTrebad moixseniebian volgispireTis
Turqebi.
monRolma beladma TemuCinma xangrZlivi brZolebis Semdeg moaxerxa erTmaneTTan
moqiSpe momTabare monRoluri tomebis gaerTianeba da saTaveSi Caudga maT Cingiz yaenis
saxeliT. 1206 wels, mdinare ononis saTavesTan gamarTul Tavyrilobaze monRolurma tomebma
mas erTgulebis fici daudes. daiwyo monRolebis dapyrobebis epoqa. Semdgom wlebSi Cingiz
yaenma daimorCila darCenili monRoluri tomebi, warmarTi Turqebis tomebi da samxreT
cimbiris tyeebSi mcxovrebi xalxebic. 1218 wlisaTvis Crdilo-aRmosavleTi aziis umetesi nawili
mis gamgeblobaSi iyo da is dasavleTisaken Semotrialda. Cingiz yaenis mxedarTmTavris jebe
noinis meTaurobiT monRolebma daimorCiles yara-kitais samefo da male maT gamgeblobaSi
aRmoCnda sirdariis aRmosavleTiT arsebuli miwebi. amdenad, isini uSualod gaumezobldnen
xorezmis Turquli warmomavlobis muslim Sahs.
momdevno wels sirdariis napirze mdebare qalaq otraris xorezmeli gamgebelis brZanebiT
gaZarcves monRoleTidan momavali qaravani da 450 vaWari mokles. monRolTa SurisZiebam ar
daayovna. imave wels Cingiz yaenma Tavis armiiT gadalaxa sirdaria da SeiWra islamur
samyaros teritoriaze. 1220 wels mTeli centraluri azia umniSvnelovanesi qalaqebis, buxaras da
samaryandis CaTvliT, mis xelT iyo. male monRolebma mdinare amudariac gadalaxes da
SeiWrnen aRmosavleT iranSi.
1227 wels Cingiz yaeni gardaicvala da monRolTa winsvla droebiT SeCerda.
am xanebSi monRolebTan damarcxebul xorezmSah jalal ad-din mangubertis (qarTuli wyaroebi
mas jalaledins uwodeben) Tavi indoeTs hqonda Sefarebuli. magram mas Semdeg, rac
monRolebma ZiriTadi samxedro Zalebi isev aRmosavleTisaken, CineTis winaaRmdeg
Seatriales, man ganaaxla brZola. Tumca, imis nacvlad, rom koalicia Seeqmna monRolebis
winaaRmdeg, jalal ad-dinma wamoiwyo brZola abasiani xalifas, anatoliis Turqebis, egviptelebis,
qarTvelebis winaaRmdeg. 1230 wels monRolebma isev gailaSqres jalal ad-dinis winaaRmdeg da
daamarcxes yvela SesaZlo mokavSiresTan gadamterebuli xorzemSahi.1231 wels jalal ad-dini
daiRupa da mis mier droebiT maxviliT Sekowiwebuli saxelmwifoc daiSala. monRolebs gza
gaexnaT evropisakenac. isini Seesien ruseTs, poloneTs, ungreTs, gamoCdnen venis
midamoebSic. dasavleTi iZulebuli iyo angariSi gaewia monRolTa ZalisaTvis. papma inokenti
IV-m ufleba misca parizis universitets moexdina arabuli da `TaTruli~ enis swavlebis organizeba.
garda amisa, man gaagzavna elCebi monRol yaenTan yarayorumSi, sadac franciskaneli beri
plano karpini daeswro did yaenad guiukis arCevas.
1240 wlisaTvis monRolTa xelSi ukve dasavleT iranic iyo. 1243 wels maT daamarcxes
anatoliis selCuki sulTnis jari.
XIII saukunis Sua xanebSi daigegma axali Seteva dasavleTiT. didi yaenis, romlis
rezidenciac ukve dapyrobil pekinSi iyo, brZanebiT monRolTa armiam, romelsac saTaveSi
hulagu edga, gadalaxa amudaria da daipyro islamuri qveynebi Soreuli egviptemde. ukiduresad
mokle droSi monRolebma moaxerxes uzarmazari dapyrobebis ganxorcieleba da gaanadgures
asasinTa miudgomelad miCneuli cixe-simagreebi. 1258 wels monRolTa jarebi SeiWrnen
baRdadSi. maT ukanaskneli abasiani xalifa al-musTasimi, sagvareulos yvela
warmomadgenelTan erTad, sicocxles gamoasalmes. abasianTa dinastia, romelic 5 saukunis
manZilze iTvleboda sunituri islamis sayrdenad, istorias Cabarda.
monRolTa Zlevamosili winsvla SeaCera egviptis mamluqTa armiam, romelmac 1260 wels ain
jaluTis brZolaSi gaanadgura monRolTa laSqari. 1277 wels kidev erTxel daupirispirdnen
erTmaneTs monRolebi da egviptelebi. monRolebi amjeradac damarcxdnen. monRolTa armiaSi
ibrZoda sami aTasi qarTveli, romlebmac, marcxis miuxedavad, simamaciT gamoiCines Tavi.
uzarmazari imperiis erTianobis SenarCuneba SeuZlebeli iyo. monRoluri saxelmwifoebis
yaenebs SemdgomSi xSirad hqondaT erTmaneTTan omebi mosazRvre teritoriebisaTvis. Cingiz
yaenis mier SemoRebuli rkinis disciplina – iasaki gaxda monRoluri armiebis warmatebis mizezi.
iasakma erT xalxad Sekra manamde dafantuli da urTierTmoqiSpe tomebi. Cingiz yaenis mtkice,
disciplinirebuli laSqari aseulebad, aTaseulebad da dumanebad
(aTiaTaseulebad) iyofoda. dumanebis meTaurebad ufliswulebi da mmarTveli
dinastiis sxva warmomadgenlebi iniSnebodnen. yovel meomars TviTon unda ezruna
laSqrobisaTvis saWiro saWurvelsa da sursaT-sanovageze. es ki xels uwyobda laSqris swraf
gadaadgilebas. monRolTa laSqari aRWurvili iyo im droisaTvis saukeTeso Cinuri samxedro
teqnikiT, iyenebda mowinave samxedro taqtikas. gansakuTrebiT daxvewili iyo taqtika qalaqebis
alyebis dros. gamoiyeneboda e.w. `haSaris~ sistema, romlis Tanaxmadac monRolebi dapyrobil
mosaxleobas `cocxal farad~ iyenebdnen qalaqebis alyebis dros.
monRolTa dapyrobebma da gaugonarma sisastikem Semzaravi STabeWdileba moaxdina
Tanamedroveebze. manamde arcerT Semosevas ar mohyolia esoden didi raodenobis msxvepli.

kavSirgabmulobis sistema monRolTa imperiaSi

Cingiz yaenis memkvidrem didi yaenis taxtze ugedei yaenma istoriaSi pirvelad SemoiRo safosto
sistema. man daayena monRoleTis sataxto qalaqidan yvela mimarTulebaze daaxloebiT 15
kilometris daSorebiT fostalionebi 2-3 cxeniT. rodesac yaeni gamoscemda brZanebas, fostalioni
mas gadascemda momdevno safosto punqtSi myof kolegas da ase grZeldeboda, sanam brZaneba
ar miaRwevda nebismier saWiro adgils drois rac SeiZleba mokle monakveTSi. am sistemas
ewodeboda urTuu da moqmedebda monRoleTSi 1921 wlamde. fostalionebi iRebdnen xelfass da
atarebdnen specialur samkerde niSans. fostalions SeeZlo saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi nebismieri
pirovnebisaTvis
CamoerTva cxeni da gamoeyenebina. nebismieri ojaxi valdebuli iyo maTTvis moTxovnisTanave
mieca sakvebi da wyali.

XIII saukunis arabi istorikosis ibn al asiri monRolTa samxedro

taqtikisa da sisastikis Sesaxeb:
`monRolebs aseTi Cveuleba hqondaT: roca qalaqis aRebas apirebdnen, win
ayenebdnen tyve muslimebs da aiZulebdnen SeetiaT da ebrZolaT, xolo Tu tyveebi ukan
brundebodnen, maT xocavdnen... TviTon monRolebi muslimTa zurgs ukan ibrZodnen,
amitomac tyve muslimebi ixocebodnen, TviTon ki uvnebeli rCebodnen~.
`matianeebi arafers Seicaven ramdenamde msgavss da Sesaferiss. im ambebidan, rasac
isini agviweren, yvelaze saSinelia is, rac gaakeTa nabuqodonosorma israelelTa gaJletiT
da ierusalimis dangreviT. magram raa ierusalimi im qveynebTan SedarebiT, romlebic am
wyeulebma daarbies, sadac yoveli qalaqi orjer metia ierusalimze! da rani arian israelelebi
imaTTan SedarebiT, romlebic maT (monRolebma) gaJlites. yovel calke aRebul qalaqSi
mosaxleoba, romelic maT gaJlites, meti iyo, vidre mTlianad israelelebi arian~

monRolurma dinastiebma centralur aziasa da axlo aRmosavleTSi didi xniT ver SeZles
erTiani saxelmwifoebis SenarCuneba da XIV saukunis Sua xanebidan daiwyo maTi daSla mcire
politikur erTeulebad, sanam Temur lengma ar SeZlo droebiT isev gaeerTianebina centraluri
aziisa da axlo aRmosavleTis mniSvnelovani nawili. ruseTSi XIV saukunis miwurulidan oqros
urdoc TandaTanobiT Tmobda poziciebs. monRolurma dinastiam ufro xangrZlivi drois manZilze
SeinarCuna Zalaufleba CineTSi.

monRolTa dapyrobebis Sedegebi da Sefasebebi

abasianTa saxalifos ganadgureba, romelic dakninebis xanaSic rCeboda islamis centrad da
misi erTianobis simbolod, warmoadgenda didi epoqis dasasruls islamis istoriaSi. es iyo ara
mxolod mmarTvelobis formisa da xelisuflebis Secvla, aramed sakuTriv islamur civilizaciaSi
gardatexis momenti, romlis ganviTarebac stepis xalxebis SemosevebiT gamowveuli
transformaciis Sedegad axali, gasuli saukuneebisagan gansxvavebuli gzebiT wavida. monRolTa
Semosevebma jerarnaxuli mZime Sedegebi moutana islamur civilizacias ganurCevlad yvela
sferoSi – ekonomikurSi, socialurSi, kulturulsa Tu politikurSi. Tumca Tanamedrove istorikosTa
didi nawili aRar iziarebs mosazrebas, rom monRolTa dapyrobebis Sedegebi gamousworebeli iyo
islamuri samyarosaTvis. ueWvelia, rom monRolTa Semosevebi gamanadgurebeli iyo da
gamoiwvia mravali regionis gaveraneba,
gaukacrieleba da ganadgureba. magram magaliTad egvipte, romelic monRolebma ver daipyres,
swored am xanebSi iqca arabuli kulturis centrad da dRemde amgvarad rCeba, - amdenad,
monRolTa dapyrobebis Sedegebi mas mxolod arapirdapirad Seexo. siriaSi monRolebma mxolod
reidebi ganaxorcieles da 1260 wels egviptis mamluqTa armiis mier ain jaluTTan monRolebis
damarcxebis Semdeg moxda misi inkorporacia egviptis sasulTnoSi da amgvarad is daculi gaxda
monRolTa Tavdasxmisagan. anatoliaze didi gavlena moaxdina monRolTa damkvidrebam iranSi,
magram aq damkvidrebulma Turqulma
elementma mainc SeinarCuna imis Zala, rom momavalSi impulsi gamxdariyo ukanaskneli
islamuri imperiis – osmaleTis imperiis SeqmnisaTvis.
yvelaze mZime Sedegebi monRolTa dapyrobebs iranSi hqonda, magram aqac es mTel
qveyanas ar Sexebia. samxreT iranSi lokalurma dinastiebma nebayoflobiT gamoucxades
morCileba monRolebs da gadaurCnen
damyrobelTa mxridan ganadgurebas. farsis provincia, sparsuli saxelmwifoebriobis da civilizaciis
akvani, kidev erTxel iqca sparsul erovnul centrad da aqemenianTa sataxto qalaq persepolisTan
axlos mdebare
qalaqi Sirazi - sparsuli kulturis kerad post-monRolur periodSi. am xanebis
gamorCeul moRvaweTa Soris unda dasaxeldes poetebi saadi (1184-1291) da hafezi (1320-
1389), astronomi kutb al-dini (gard. 1310) da arqiteqtori kavam al-dini (gard. 1439), romlis mier
agebuli meCeTi gouhar Sadi maShadSi bevris mier miCneulia iranuli arqiteqturis saukeTeso
nimuSad.
iranis is mxareebi, romlebsac monRolTa Semosevebma didi zarali miayena, SedarebiT
swrafad aRdga. dapyrobis Tavdapirveli Sokis Semdeg, monRolma yaenebma irans SedarebiTi
politikuri stabiluroba moutanes. isini xels uwyobdnen saqalaqo cxovrebis aRdgenas,
mrewvelobasa da vaWrobas, saukeTeso pirobebs uqmnidnen im mecnierebebs, romelTac
saWirod Tvlidnen da islamze maTi moqcevis Semdeg, 1295 wels, islamur literaturasa da
swavlebas. XIV saukuneSi muslimi yaenebi agebdnen SesaniSnav Senobebs islamuri
RvTismsaxurebisaTvis am TvalsazrisebiT monRolurma dapyrobebma realurad axali suli Cabera
stagnaciaSi myof axlo aRmosavleTis civilizacias. ise rogorc pirvelma arabma dampyroblebma
pirvelad gaaerTianes aRmosavleT xmelTaSua zRvispireTis civilizaciebi da irani da amiT
dasabami daudes axal nayofier socialur da kulturul kontaqtebs, axla ukve monRolebma
gaaerTianes erTi dinastiiT saTaveSi axlo aRmosavleTisa da Soreuli aRmosavleTis civilizaciebi
swrafi da momgebiani SedegebiT rogorc vaWrobisaTvis, ise kulturisaTvis. imavdroulad maT
kari gaxsnes axali da orive mxarisaTvis momgebiani kontaqtebisaTvis evropasTan da mravalma
evropelma gamoiyena SesaZlebloba raTa gaekvala gzebi CineTisaken.
am nayofieri kontaqtebis SesaniSnavi magaliTia sparseli istorikosis raSid ad-dinis (1247-1318)
`jami aT-Tavarixi~ - `istoriaTa krebuli~. ebrauli warmoSobis gamuslimebuli raSid ad-dini iyo
eqimi, swavluli, monRolTa vaziri, romelmac iranis monRoli yaenebis yazanisa da oljeiTusagan
miiRo davaleba Seedgina msoflio istoria. man Sekriba TanamSromelTa jgufi, romelSic
Sediodnen ori Cineli swavluli, budisti beri qaSmiridan, tomobrivi tradiciebis mcodne monRoli
da franki beri, aseve ramdenime sparseli swavluli. maTi daxmarebiT raSid ad-dinma Seadgina
vrceli msoflio istoria inglisidan dawyebuli CineTamde. am msoflio istoriis Seqmnis mcdelobiT,
romelic scildeboda mis sakuTar civilizacias, raSid ad-dinma da misma
damkveTebma naxevari aTaswleuliT daaswres evropas.
amasTan erTad arsebobda erTi regioni, romelsac gamousworebeli zarali miayena
monRolTa Semosevam: es iyo baRdadi da erayi, romelmac veRarasodes SeZlo islamur
samyaroSi adrindeli centraluri poziciis dabruneba. pirdapiri Sedegi Semosevisa iyo samoqalaqo
administraciuli sistemis ganadgureba da ganviTarebuli sairigacio sistemis moSla, romelzec
damyarebuli iyo qveynis keTildReoba, arsebobac ki. maSin roca iranSi wesrigi aRdga da
qveyana welSi gaimarTa mas Semdeg, rac axalma reJimma srulad daamyara sakuTari kontroli,
erayis daknineba Seuqcevadi procesi gamodga. iranis monRolma yaenebma sakuTar sataxto
qalaqad gaixades Tavrizi azerbaijanSi,
romelic did da ayvavebul qalaqad iqca. erayi ki darCa mitovebul sasazRvro
provinciad, xalifaTa erT dros brwyinvale sataxto qalaqi ki ganwiruli aRmoCnda saukunovani
stagnaciisa da daviwyebisaTvis.

Cingiz yaenisa da monRolebis Tanamedrove Sefasebebi.

dadebiTi
Tanamedrove TurqeTSi Cingiz yaeni miCneulia did samxedro meTaurad da
metad popularulia bavSvebisaTvis Cingizis darqmeva. monRoleTis saxalxo respublikaSi
komunisturi reJimis mier Cingiz yaenis saxels tabu hqonda dadebuli. oficialuri SefasebiT, is iyo
tirani, magram komunisturi reJimis damxobis Semdeg Cingiz yaeni uecrad gadaiqca legendarul
gmirad da monRolTaTvis siamayis wyaro gaxda. swored mis damsaxurebad miiCneva
monRoleTis Seqmna da monRolTa erovnuli identobis Camoyalibeba. mas dRes
uwodeben `monRolTa mamas`, xolo monRolebi sakuTar Tavs moixsenieben `Cingiz yaenis
Svilebad~. mis saxels atarebs mravali quCa da moedani, dedaqalaq ulan-batoris saerTaSoriso
aeroporti. is gamosaxulia monRoluri fulis, tugrikis kupiurebze. CineTSi Cingiz yaeni iTvleba
erovnul gmirad. mas xotbas asxamen xelovnebisa da literaturis nimuSebSi. miuxedavad imisa,
rom Cingiz yaeni ar iyo Cinuri warmomavlobis, misi STamomavlebi CineTis istoriis ganuyofel
nawils warmoadgenen. iuanis monRoluri dinastia sakmaod xangrZlivi drois manZilze marTavda
qveyanas. Cineli istorikosebis da sazogadoebis mier miiCneva, rom Cingiz yaenma da misma
STamomavlebma mniSvnelovani da dadebiTi kvali datoves CineTis istoriaSi.

uaryofiTi
iransa da eraySi Cingiz yaeni da misi memkvidreebi miCneulia erT-erT yvelaze sastik da
adgilobrivi mosaxleobis genocidis momwyob dampyroblebad. asevea avRaneTsa da pakistanSi.
Cigniz yaenisa da monRolebis roli zogadad uaryofiTadaa Sefasebuli islamuri samyaros
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uaryofiTadaa Sefasebuli monRolTa dapyrobebi ruseTSi, ukrainaSi, poloneTSi, ungreTsa da
saqarTveloSi. Tumca, zogierTi rusi
istorikosi miiCnevs, rom monRolTa dapyrobebma da maTTan brZolisaTvis gaerTianebis
aucileblobam xeli Seuwyo rusi xalxis erovnul konsolidacias da daqsaqsuli rusuli samTavroebis
erTian saxelmwifod Camoyalibebas.