diplomatiis istoria

ra aris diplomatia da rodis warmoiSva igi. PuZvelesi droidan, pirvelyofili

Temuri wyobilebis warmoSobisTanave, rodesac Seiqmnen Temebi/tomebi,
gaCnda sxvadasxva jgufebs Soris arsebuli urTierTobebis, davebis, konfliqtebis,
gadawyvetis/daregulirebis saWiroeba. Ddavebi ZiriTadaT exeboda teritoriebs,
nadirobas Tu sxvadasxva problemebis gadawyvetas.

Sesabamisad warmoiSva saWiroeba sxvadasxva saxis molaparakebis

warmoebis. Aadamianebi ganviTarebis adreul etapebzeve mixvdnen, rom
molaparakebis warmatebulad gamarTvisTvis, aucilebeli iyo wargzavnili
momlaparakebeli pirebis xelSeuxebloba, rac Tanamedrove diplomatiuri
terminologiis mixedviT niSnavs imunitets.

CvenTvis cnobilia, rom Cven welTaRricxvamde XV saukuneSi anu 3500

wlis win, egvipte ukve debda/aformebda saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebebs, romelic
mzgavsi iyo Cvens mier (dRevandel dRes) gaformebuli SeTanxmebebisa.
kerZod Cvens welTaRricxvamde XII saukuneSi egviptem gaaforma/dado
samxedro kavSiri xeTebTan, romelic gulisxmobda urTierT daxmarebas
(agreTve gulisxmobda daxmarebas Sida mtrebTan brZolaSi). aRniSnuli
SeTanxmeba, gamoirCeva Tavisi sirTuliT da miuTiTebs imaze, rom egvipturi
diplomatia am droisTvis ukve maRal doneze iyo ganviTarebuli.

indoeTSi kidev ufro adre, daaxloebiT 4000 wlis win arsebobda kidev
ufro ganviTarebuli diplomatia. Ddid interess iwvevs manus kanonebi, romelic
warmoadgens, Zveli aRmosavleTis diplomatiis uZveles nimuSs. (teqstis dedans
Cvenamde ar mouRwevia, magram moRwia misma yvelaze gviandelma
gadmocemam (leqsis saxiT) romelic savaraudoT miekuTvneba Cveni
welTaRricxviT pirvel saukunes).

manus kanonebis Tanaxmad, indoeTSi ukve arsebobda saerTaSoriso

urTierTobebisa da diplomatiis xelovnebis Canasaxebi. induri diplomatia
yuradRebas amaxvilebda diplomatebis profesiul Tvisebebze. indoeli
diplomatebi ukve maSin fiqrobdnen omis Tavidan aridebis meTodebze
(Tanamedrove prevenciuli diplomatia). Sesabamisad TavianT sazRvargareTis
misiebs Txovdnen ucxo qveynis gegmebis garkvevas/gamocnobas, raTa
Tavidan აერიდებინათ amgvari xifaTi.

agreTve maRali doniT gamoirCeoda Zveli CineTis diplomatia, romelic

aformebda xelSekrulebebs Tavdausxmelobis Sesaxeb.
 sityva `diplomati~ modis Zveli berZnuli sityva `diploma-dan~ da
niSnavs oficialur dokumentebs (Tanamedrove terminologiiT igulisxmeba:
mowmoba, instruqcia, rwmunebaTa sigeli). sityva-sityviT is niSnavda
gaormagebas an `vaormageb~, vinaidan dokumenti orad ikeceboda.

termini diplomatia pirvelad moxseniebuli iyo safrangeTis lui XIV

saxelganTqmuli elCisa da diplomatis fransua kalieris mier 1716 wels
gamoqveynebul wignSi saxelwodebiT `saxelmwifoebTan molaparakebaTa
warmoebis meTodebi~.

sityva diplomatis gansazRvreba erTi fraziT an winadadebiT SeuZlebelia.

cnobili mkvlevarebi, diplomatebi, saxelmwifo moRvaweebi sityva
`diplomatias~ sxvadasxva gansazrvrebas aZleven, magram TiTqmis erTni arian
imaSi, rom diplomatia aris saxelmwifos meTaurTa, mTavrobaTa da sagareo
urTierTobaTa dargSi momuSave specialur organoTa moRvaweoba, agreTve
sazRvargareT myofi sakuTari qveynis moqalaqeebis uflebebisa da interesebis
dacva.

Zvel berZnulSi didi raodenobiT terminebis arseboba, romlebic

molaparakebis warmoebisas sxvadasxva saxis SeTanxmebis aRsawerad
gamoiyeneba, adasturebs berZnebis mier uZvelesi droidan diplomatiuri
urTierTobebis rTuli sistemis Seqmnas.

magaliTisTvis:

`dialage~ - rac gulisxmobda garigebas an saomari moqmedebebis

Sewyvetis swrafvas;

`sintaqsis~ - `SeTanxmeba~ romelic gamoiyeneboda droebiTi

(adgilobrivi) zavis misaRwevad;

`omologia~ an `konvencia~-`konteke~-SeTanxmeba;

`sponde~ (wminda) zavi, romelsac acxadebdne olimpiuri TamaSebis

dros;

`eirene~- (mSvidobis damyareba) zavis dadeba.

 Zvel saberZneTSi aseve arsebobda pirTa kategoria, romlebic
uflebamosilni iyvnen ganexorcielebinaT sagareo saqmianoba : magaliTad
macneebi (angelosebi) da uxucesebi (presbiesebi). Ppirebze gaicemoda
diplomebi (sigelebi), romelSic aRiniSneboda elCobis misia da specialuri
instruqcia.

aRsaniSnavia, rom aRmosavleTis qveynebis diplomatias, sxvadasxva

mizezebis gamo (dasavleTisa da aRmosavleTis gancalkevebuli mdgomareobis
gamo) msoflio diplomatiaze (anu DdRevandel miRebul normebze) ar
mouxdenia iseTi gavlena, rogoric iqonia Zveli saberZneTis, romisa da bizantiis
diplmatiam. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom dRevandeli msoflio diplomatia gvesaxeba
memkvidreT Zveli saberZneTis, romisa da bizantiis diplomatiis.

Sesabamisad Cveni kursis ZiriTadi yuradReba gamaxvildeba swored

aRniSnuli qveynebis diplomatiis warmoqmnasa da mis detelebze.

subieqturi Tu obieqturi mizezebis gamo diplomatia, misi meTodebi, stili

Tu teqnika uZvelesi droidan viTardeba da icvleba (ganicdis evolucias).
aRniSnuli cvlilebebze did gavlenas axdens (maT Soris) teqnikuri progresic,
romelsac swrafi tempiT aRwevs kacobrioba.

saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi, evolucia yovelTvis ar iyo progresis

momtani, zogjer aRniSnul cvlilebebs ukusvlac (an regresic) moyveboda.

aRniSnuli leqciebis kursi moicavs diplomatiis ganviTarebis ZiriTad

etapebs, romelTagan TiTueuli warmoadgens kacobriobis istoriisTvis
umniSvnelovanes periods.

pirveli periodSi aRwerili iqneba Zveli saberZneTis, romisa da bizantiis

diplomatiis formirebisa da ganviTarebis dinamika; Mmeore etapi exeba XV-
XVI saukuneebSi italiis qalaqebis diplomatias, mis ganviTarebas da teqnikas;
mesame etapze yuradReba gamaxvildeba safrangeTis mier XVII, XVIII da XIX
saukuneebSi diplomatiis ganviTarebasa da daxvewaSi Setanil wvlils da
Sedegebs, xolo meoTxe periodSi datalurad ganxilul iqneba XX saukunis
dasawyisidan dRemde arsebuli viTareba da yvela mniSvnelovani movlena.

G garda amisa yuradReba gamaxvildeba diplomatiis istoriaSi iseT

mniSvnelovan movlenebze/SeTanxmebebze, რომლებმაც didi gavlena
moaxdines zogadad kacobriobis istoriasa da diplomatiis formirebaze:
 1. The Peace of Westphalia (1648) (vestfaliis zavi)

2. The Congress of Vienna 1814-1815 (venis kongresi)

3. Treaty of Versailles 1919 (versalis SeTanxmeba)

PPpirvel rigSi minda Tqveni yuradReba gavamaxvilo Zveli saberZneTis

diplomatiaze.

istoriis ganmavlobaSi Zvelma saberZneTma erTmaneTis monacvleobiT

ganvlo rigi sazogado mowyobis (sazogadoebrivi wesrigi) etapi;

elinuri istoriis homerosis periodSi, Cvens welTaRricxvamde (XII-VII

ss), im periodSi rodesac yalibdeboda monaTflobeluri saxelmwifo jer kidev
narCundeboda Temuri wyobileba.

Kklasikuri periodis saberZneTisTvis (Cvens welTaRricxvamde (VIII-

VIss) saxelmwfo warmonaqmnis damaxasiaTebel wyobas warmoadgens qalaqi
saxelmifoebi `polisebi~.

Sesabamisad Seiqmna aRniSnuli peridebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli,

saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis sxvadasxva formebi.

saerTaSoriso urTierTobebisa da saerTaSoriso samarTlis UuZveles

formas saberZneTSi warmoadgens `proqsenia~ anu stumarmaspinZloba.
proqsenia arsebobda kerZo pirebs, gvarebs, Temebsa da saxelmwifoebs Soris.
Qkonkretuli qalaqis Pproqseni sargeblobda gansakuTrebuli
uflebebiT/privilegiebiT: vaWrobaSi, gadasaxadebsa da sasamarTloSi. Tavis
mxriv proqseni iRebda moralur/zneobriv valdebulebas aRniSnul qalaqsa (sadac
sargeblobda stumarmaspinZlobiT) da Tavisi qalaqis mTavrobas Soris
urTierTobebis ganviTarebis xel SewyobaSi. Pproqsenis meSveobiT
xorcieldeboda diplomatiuri molaparakebebi; qalaqSi Camosuli saelCoebi, pirvel
rigSi mimarTavdnen TavianT proqsens.

Pproqsenis institutma safuZveli Cauyara Zveli samyaros saerTaSoriso

urTierTobis ganviTarebas.

Mmiuxedavad imisa, rom sazRvargareTis qveynebis dedaqalaqebSi

mudmivi misiebis praqtika Seiqmna gacilebiT gvian (daaxloebiT 14 saukunis
Semdeg), saberZneTis qalaqebi sxvadasxva misiebiT, sistematurad agzavnidnen
an iRebdnen droebiT elCebs.
 ECvens welT aRricxvamde V saukuneSi, berZnebs ukve sakmaod kargad
ganviTarebuli, serTaSoriso urTierTobebis sistema gaaCndaT. elCebi, romlebsac
ewodebodaT uxucesebi, irCeodnen pativcemuli da ganswavluli xalxisgan.
zogierTi qalaqis wesebis mixedviT elCebis asaki ar unda yofiliyo 50 welze
naklebi. saxalxo kreba maT aZlevda/uboZebda rwmunebaTa sigelebs. Tu
romelime piri Tavis Tavs uwodebda elCs da ar SeeZlo rwmunebaTa sigelis
warmodgena, mas emuqreboda sikvdiliT dasja. elCebs hqondaT sakmaod mcire
anazRaureba da maT ekrZalebodaT saCuqrebis miReba.

Tu molaparakebebi iyo warmatebuli da imsaxurebda mowonebas

moqalaqeebis mxridan, elCebs ajildovebdnen zeTisxilis xis totebisgan
gakeTebuli girliandebiT da ufaso sadiliT qalaqis darbazSi (ratuSaSi), zogjer
gadaecemodaT samaxsovro dafa.

Tu elCebi iyvnen warumateblebi, maT winaamღdeg SeiZleba

gamoyenebuliyo dasjis nebismier meTodi.

Nnebismier SemTxvevaSi elCebi valdebulni iyvnen warmoedginaT

angariSi, gaweul xarjebTan dakavSirebiT, romelasac ganixilavda, sazogado
xarjebze zedamxedvelobis komiteti, xolo elCebis politikur mowinamRdegeebs
SeiZleba elCebi daedanaSaulebinaT korufciaSi an saqmis araswor
warmoebaSi.

Sesabamisad saberZneTis qalaq-saxelmwifoebis elCebs sakmaod rTuli

saqmianoba uwevdaT, dabali anazRaurebis pirobebSi.

zogjer ambobdnen, rom elinur samyarosTvis ar iyo cnobili saerTaSorisa

Tanxmobis an saerTaSoriso etiketis koncepcia, romlis gareSe umoqmedoa,
Tundac saukeTeso diplomatiuri aparti. saSualo berZenis patriotizmi imdenad
Zlieri iyo Tavisi qalaqis mimarT, rom is yvela sxva elins potenciur mtrad
Tvlida, xolo yvela barbaros monad. igi did gansxvavebas xedavda individualur
da saxelmwifo morals Soris da arasdros ar ganixilvda orazrovnad demosTenes
(384-322) sityvebs `Cveni miznebi da Cveni moqmedebebi unda iyos
samarTliani. Tumca Cven unda vzrunavdeT, rom isini emsaxurebodnen Cvens
interesebs~.

KsaerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi kidev erT uZveles formas warmoadgens

amfiqtioni (asamblea, romelzec Zveli saberZneTis saxelmwifos
warmomadgenlebi bWobdnen saerTo interesebze da ixilavdnen wamoWril
uTanxmoebebs). egreT wodebuli religiuri kavSirebi, romlebic iqmneboda
romelime salocavis an RvTaebis garSemo.

rogorc TviTon dasaxeleba gveubneba aRniSnul kavSirebSi Sediodnen is

tomebi, romlebic cxovrobdnen salocavis an wminda adgilebis garSemo
(amfiqtioni-garSemo mcxovrebi). Oreligiuri dResaswaulebis dros
amfiqtionebis mier ikrZaleboda omebis warmoeba (cxaddeboda saRvTo
mSvidoba-ieromemia). Sesabamisad amfiqtionebi xdebodnen religiur-politikur
institutebi, romlebic atarebdne saerTaSoriso xasiaTs.

Zvel saberZneTSi arsebobda mravali amfiqtioni,Yyvelaze Zveli da

gavleniani amfiqtioni iyo delfis-Termofilebis amfiqtioni. igi Seiqmna ori
aმfiqtionisgan delfis apolonis taZarTan delfSi da Termofilebis demetras
taZarTan. aRniSnul amfiqtioniSi, ori xmis uflebiT Sedioda 12 tomi.
Aamfiqtionis umaRles organos warmoadgenda saerTo kreba.

amfiqtionebis sabWoebis, ligebis, aliansebis arseboba, miuTiTebs

imaze, rom berZnebi (sul mcire Teoriulad) aRiarebdne aRniSnul kavSirebis
mniSvnelobas. maT SeimuSaves myari procedura (meqanizmebi) iseTi
procesebze, rogoric aris omis gamocxadeba, mSvidobis damyareba,
SeTanxmebis ratificireba, arbitraJi, neitraliteti, elCebis gacvla, konsulebis
saqmianoba, aRiarebdnen omis warmoebis garkveul wesebs. maT agreTve
SeimuSaves wesebi, romlebic gansazRvravdnen ucxoelTa mdgomareobas,
moqalaqeobis miRebis, TavSesafaris uflebas, kriminalebis gadacemas
(eqstradicias) da sazRvao wesrigis (naosnobis) damyarebas. Tumca, mxolod
saerTaSoris urTierTobebis aparatis arseboba ar iyo sakmrisi. mniSvnelovania
Tu rogor da ra miznebiT gamoiyeneboda es aparati. (an ra miznebi gaaCnda
berZnul diplomatias).

Mmiuxedavad yvela am SesaniSnavi principisa berZnebi ar iyvnen kargi

diplomatebi Semdegi mizezebis gamo:

Ppirvel rigSi isini gamoirCeodnen rasac herodianma uwoda `Zveli

cnobili berZnuli daavadeba, uTanxmoebis siyvaruli-T~ (uTanxmoeba).

maTi metoqeoba imdenad mwvave iyo, rom TviT gadarCenis instiqts

saerTod anadgurebda.

Mmeores mxriv TavianTi temperamentis gamo iyvnen cudi diplomatebi.

Mmiuxedavad imisa, rom sakmaod Wkvianebi iyvnen, isini yvelaze maRla
ayenebdnen eSmakobasa da intrigebs, riTic ndobas ukargavdnen yvela seriozul
molaparakebas.

isini gamoirCeodnen utaqtobiTa da qedmaRlobiT, axasiaTebdaT

zedmeti laparaki, ver grZnobdnen mosaxerxebel moments moqmedebvisTvis.

Mmesame- berZnebma ver SeZles Zalauflebis swori gadanawileba

aRmasrulebel da sakanonmdeblo Zalauflebebs Soris, rogorc saSinao aseve
sagareo sakiTxebSi.

seriozul sirTules warmoadgenda (ver moifiqres) Tu rogor gaexadaT

demokratiuli sazogdoebis pirobebSi diplomatiuri saqmianoba iseTive efeqturi,
rogoricaa avtokratiuli wyobilebis dros.

(aRsniSnavia, rom eg sakiTxi dResac aqtualuria dRevandeli civilizebuli

samyrosTvis. TavianTi demokratiuli wyobidan da faseulobebidan
gamomdinare, romelic sistematurad seriozul sirTuleebs awydeba sxvadasxv
sakiTxis gdwyvetis dros, im dros rodesac avtokratiuli reJimebi Zalin martivad
iReben gadawyvetilebebs).

Zvel romSi arsebobda sagareo sakiTxebSi momuSave specialuri organo,

romelsac SeeZlo omis gamocxadeba, zavis dadeba, xelSekrulebis xelis mowera.
didi TaviseburebiT gamoirCeoda elCad mivlinebis praqtika. klasikur perodSi
senats hqonda ufleba elCebis gagzavnis, vinaidan senati iyo sagareo politikis
ganmsazRvreli. romlis SesrulebisTvis kandidaturebs arCevda konsuli, romelic
respublikuri marTvelobis periodSi yvelaze maRal arCeviT Tanamdebobas
warmoadgenda. EelCebis SerCevaSi monawileobas pretoric iRebda. Ppretori
asrulebda sakanonmdeblo da sasamarTlo funqciebs. Kkonsuli da pretori
Tavjdomareobden senatSi. Tu misiis Sesrulebis pretenzias ramdenime kandidati
gamoTqvavda, SerCeva pretendentebs Soris kenWisyriT wydeboda. elCebs
erqvaT `oratorebi~, `legatebi~, `macneebi~. romis imperiis dros elCebs
imperatori niSnavda. Aam periodSi sagareo sakiTxebi specialuri samsaxuris
mier gvardeboda. romis imperiis dros elCobas drobiTi xasiaTi hqonda.

Zvel romSi (uZvelesi droidan) saberZneTis msgavsad arsebobda

(proqseniis msgavsi samaxuri) (Jus hospitii) da fecialebis kolegia, romelic
analogiuri iyo berZnuli amfiqtionebis kolegiisa. Ffecialebis kolegia
aregulirebda tomebsa da sxvadasxva jgufebs Soris warmoqmnil davebs. maT
uflebamosilebaSi Sedioda : saerTaSoriso SeTanxmebebis dacva, omis
gamocxadeba da zavis dadeba.

F fecialTa kolegia Sedgeboda 20 adamianisgan, romlebic miekuTnebodnen

uZveles ojaxebs (kargi warmomavlobis) da iniSnebodnen cxovrebis bolomde.
maTi saqmianoba (Zalian) gasaidumloebuli iyo. (hqondaT Tavisi saidumlo
ritualebi, ambobdnen sxvadasxva sityvebs/frazebs, romlis mniSvneloba icodnen
mxolod wevrebma).

Kkonfliqtis gadasaWrelad (mosalaparakeblad an omis gamosacxadeblad)

kolegia agzavnida Tavis warmomadgenels `wminda mamas~ (Pater patratus)
mezobeli erebis sazRvrze.

Zvel romSi sadavo sakiTxebis gadaWras pirvel rigSi cdilobdnen mSvidobiani

gziT. Tu ver xerxdeboda davebis mSvidobiani gziT gadawyveta, Semdeg
iRebdnen samxedro gziT sakiTxis gadaWris gadawyvetilebas.O omis
gamocxadebis procedura sakmaod rTuli iyo.

molaparakebis warmoeba ekisreboda specialur (4 kacian) komisias, romelsac

xelmZRvanelobda `wminda mama~ (Pater patratus).

Kkomisia ramdenjerme miemgzavreboda im qalaqSi, romelmac daarRvia

saerTaSoriso SeTanxmeba.

Semdeg komisia brundeboda romSi da 33 dRis ganmavlobaSi elodeboda

pasuxs. Ppasuxis miRebis SemTxvevaSi fecialebi mimarTavdnen
(axsenebdnen) senats da xalxs, romlebsac ufleba hqondaT omis gamocxedebis.
Aamis Semdeg `wminda mama~ sabolood miemarTeboda mtruld ganwyobili
eris sazRvarze da specialuri ritulials marTavda (mtris miwaze agdeba isars
damwvari da sisxliani boloTi).

agreTve rTul ceremoniebTan iyo dakavSirebuli mSvidobis gamocxadeba.

Yyvela ceremonialis dasrulebis Semdeg `wminda mama~ kiTxulobda
SeTanxmebis (xelSekrulebis) teqsts da ambobda fecialTa gansakuTrebul fics
(ficis dadrRvevis SemTxvevaSi mkacrad/sastikad gmobda damrRvevs).

droTa ganmavlobaSi aRniSnuli wesebi ganicdida cvlilebebs, magram

saxeSecvlili saxiT mainc rCeboda (fecialTa sabWo moixsenieba wyaroebSi,
romlebic aRweren respublikis gvian periodsa da imperiis periodsac).

saerTaSoriso samarTlis Canasaxebi ukve gvxvdeba fecialTa uZveles iuridiul

krebulebSi (jus fetiale).
Aantikuri romis diplomatiuri organos struqtura da organizacia asaxavs misi
politikuri wyobis Taviseburebas.

Tu (klasikuri periodis) saberZneTSi, misi ganviTarebuli diplomatiiT,

mniSvnelovan rols TamaSobdnen saxalxo krebebi (moqalaqeTa krebebi), romSi
sagareo politikas xelmZRvanelobda senati.

romSi saelCoebs erqvaT legaciebi (legationes), xolo elCebs legatebi (legati),

oratorebi (oratores).

respublikis periodSi sagareo politika, saelCoebis miReba, gagzavna senatis

funqciebs warmoadgenda.

elCis (saelCos) funqciebi iTvleboda Zalian mniSvnelovanad da didi yuradReba

eTmoboda im xalxis pirad Tvisebebs, romlebsac aRniSnuli misia ekisrebodaT.

Sesabamisad saelCos piradi Semadgenlobis daniSvna iyo sakmaod rTuli saqme

(procedura). sakiTxi ganixileboda senatSi da yovel jerze gamoicemoda senatis
Sesabamisi dadgenileba (senatus consultum).

senatus-konsultumi mxolod adgenda normebs an principebs, romlis mixedviTac

unda exelmZRvanela saelCos.

elCs yvela SemTxvevaSi unda emoqmeda ` romis mosaxlebis

keTildReobisTvis~.

elCis arCeva evaleboda senatis Tavjdomares, konsuls an pretors. zogjer elCebs

irCevdnen kenWis yriT. Aaravis ar hqonda elCobaze uaris Tqmis ufleba.
elCebs, rogorc wesi irCevdnen senatorebisgan.

romis saelCoebi arasdros ar Sedgebodnen erTi adamianisgan. es

winaamRdegobaSi movidoda respublikuri epoqis, romis samarTalis
principebTan. Ddelegaciebi, rogorc wesi Sedgebodnen 3 kacisgan, Tumca
SeiZleba yofiliyvnen ori, oTxi, xuTi an aT kacianic. Yyvela delegacias yavda
Tavjdomare an saelCos xelmZRvaneli (princeps legationis). Ees Tanamdeboba
ekava maRali rangis senators. elCi daculi iyo kanoniT.

elCis gamansxvavebel niSans warmoadgenda oqros beWedi, rac mas ufaso

mgzavrobis uflebas aZlevda da mgazavrobis dros yvelanaer xelSewyobas
iTvaliswinebda.

saelCos delegaciebis Sesanaxad (xarjebze) eZleodaT samgzavro Tanxa

(viaticum) da yvela saWiro nivTebi- vercxlis WurWeli, tansacmeli, TeTreuli,
samgzavro logini. garda amisa elCTan mimagrebuli iyo momsaxure personali
(romelic Sedgeboda Tavisufali mosamsaxureebisa da monebisgan) ; mdivnebi,
Tarjimnebi, mzareulebi.

saelCos mizani SeiZleba yofiliyo gansxvavebuli : omis gamocxadeba, zavis

dadeba, xelSekrulebis gaformeba, dapyrobili teritoriebis organizeba,
saerTaSoris konfliqtebis mogvareba da religiuri davebis gadawyveta.

misiis dasrulebis Semdeg legatebi abarebdnen angariSs senats. Ddiplomatiur

enaze amas erqva `saelCos Sesaxeb angariSis Cabareba~ (legationem referre, an
renuntiare).

senatis movaleobebSi agreTve Sedioda saelCoebis miReba. romSi Camosuli

saelCoebi iyofoda or kategoriad: 1. mtrulad ganwyobili saxelmwifoebis
saelCoebi. 2. Mmegobrulad ganwyobili saxelmwifoebis saelCoebi.

Mmtrulad ganwyobili saxelmwifoebis elCebs qalaqSi ar uSvebdnen. maT

aCerebdnen qalaqgareT marsis velze, gansakuTrebul `qalaqgare vilaze~ (villa
publica). iq elCebi elodebodnen senatis mowvevas audienciis misaRebad.
audiencia imarTeboda omis qalRmerTis belonas taZarSi, romelic imyofeboda
aRniSnuli vilis maxloblad. iyo SemTxvevebi, rodesac mtrulad ganwyobili
saxelmwifoebis elCebs uars eubnebodnen miRebaze. maSin maT qveynis
teritoria unda daetovebinaT da ar Camosuliyvnen oficialuri nebarTvis gareSe.

absoluturad gansxvavebuli iyo midgoma megobari qveynebis elCebis mimarT,

Tumca aqac ar iyo bolomde daculi Tanasworoba. Ppirveli rangis
saxelmwifoebis delegaciebs rogorc wesi iRebda kvestotori (saxelmwifo
xazinadari). igi acilebda maT qveyanaSi Semosvlis da gasvlis dros. qveyanaSi
yofnis dros elCebs didi pativiT iRebdnen. romSi yofnis dros isini Cerdebodnen
qalaqis saukeTeso SenobaSi (grekostasis). maT patiJebdnen sxvadasxva
Teatralizebul RonisZiebebze. romSi iyo elCebis dasaCuqrebis tradicia.
Tavismxriv elCebi roms swiravdnen did Tanxebs (oqrosa da vercxlis
nakeTobebis saxiT). magaliTad karTagenma (karTagenis warmomadgenelma)
saCuqrad gadasca 25 funtiani/faund oqros gvirgvini, agreTve gadaecaT sirieli
mefis antioxis oqros vazebi 500 faundis woniT.

Tavis miznebis Seსaxeb ucxouri misiebi axsenebdnen romis magistrats

laTinurad an Tarjimanis meSveobiT. Mmagistrati, rogorc wesi kvestori
axsenebda senats. senatis gadawyvetilebas delegatebs acnobdnen pirdapir
sxdomaTa darbazSi an vestibiulSi an miewodebodaT magistratis meSveobiT.
rTuli sakiTxebis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi iqmneboda gansakuTrebuli komisia,
da yoveli sakiTxi ganixileboda cal-calke.
diplomatiur samsaxurs udidesi yuradReba eqceoda bizantiSi. aRmosavleT romis
imperiaSi, romelic romis imperiis daSlis Semdeg Cveni welTaRricxviT IV
saukuneSi Camoyalibda. konstantinopolSi arsebuli sagareo saqmeTa sakiTxebis
uwyebaSi garda moxeleebisa, didi raodenonbiT Sediodnen Tarjimnebic.
SemuSavebuli hqondaT ucxo qveynis elCebis miRebis ceremoniali.
QqveyanaSi CasvlisTanave elCebs didi yuradRebiT epyrobodnen. sazRvarze
elCs xvdeboda maspinZeli qveynis oficialuri piri. maTi amocana iyo
usafrTxoebis dacva da elCebi naklebad dakavSirebodnen adgilobriv
mosaxleobas. Ooficialuri miRebebi gamoirCeoda didi pompezurobiT, rac
miznad isaxavda elCebis gaocebas, gancvifrebis gamowvevas, raTa aRniSnul
RonisZiebas bizantiis uZlevelobis saxe miscemoda.

romis imperiis DdaSlis Semdeg, rogorc aRmosavleTiT ise dasavlTiT Seiqmna

agresiuli, damoukidebeli, barbarosuli saxelmwifoebi. romis imperiis periodSi
arsebuli morCileba Seicvala metoqeobiT. Sesabamisad Seicvala sagareo
politikis warmoebis meTodebic. mtrebTan brZolaSi mniSvnelovani gaxda
mokavSireebis Zebna. arsebuli viTarebidan gamomdinare da dasaxuli miznebis
misaRwevad profesionaluri diplomatia gaxda saxelmwifos erTerTi wamyvani
dargi.

bizantielebisgan swavlobdnen diplomatias venecielebi xolo venecielebisgan

swavlobdnen italiuri qalaqebi, frangebi, espanelebi da sabolood mTeli evropa.
aRniSnuli diplomatiis meTodebi da xerxebi iyo CaxlarTuli da xSirad gaugebari.
Ees iyo diplomatia, romelic uaryofda molaparakebis pirdapir (samarTlian)
meTodebs da xlarTavda rTul da gaugebar intrigebs iq sadc saWiro iyo
pirdapiroba da ubraloeba.

bizantielma imperatorebma, istoriaSi pirvelad Seqmnes specialuri saxelmwifo

samsaxuri, romelic pasuxismgebeli iyo sagareo urTierTobebis warmoეbasa da
profesionali diplomatebis momzadebaze, romlebic elCis rangSi igzavnebodnen
ucxo saxelmwifoebSi. EelCebs eZleodaT werilobiTi instruqciebi, maT
aswavlidnen, rom yovelTvis yofiliyvnen Tavazianebi ucxoelebTan da ar
ekritikebinaT, piriqiT SeeqoT is rasac xedaven sazRvargareT. rodesac samefo
taxts ikavebda axali imperatori, bizantielebi sxvadasxva qveyanaSi agzavnidnen
specialur saelCoebs raTa ecnobebinaT axali ambis Sesaxeb. rac Seexeba
xarjebs, maT ufleba eZleodaT waeRoT Sesabamisi saqoneli, romlis gayidvidan
miRebuli Semosavali miscemda arsebobis saSualebas. rig SemTxvevaSi
venecielebic iyenebdnen aRniSnul praqtikas, Tumca msoflio diplomatiaSi
xsenebuli praqtika ar damkvidrda. aRmoCnda, rom misiis xelmZRvanelebi
vaWrobiT ufro interesdebodnen vidre molaparakebebis warmoebiT (dakisrebuli
misiis SesrulebiT). Tumca unda aRiniSnos, rom bizantiuri diplomatiis sxva
(xSirad negatiurma) meTodebma msofli diplomatiaSi saukuneebis
ganmavlobaSi daimkvidres adgili.

Bbizantielebi Zalian did yuradRebas uTmobdnen protokolisa da ceremonialis

sakiTxebs. Seqmnili iyo specialuri samsaxuri, romelic pasuxismgebeli iyo ucxo
elCebis misaRebad. aRniSnuli samsaxuris funqciebSi Sedioda elCebze
gansakuTrebuli STabeWdilebis moxdena da agreTve gansakuTrebuli
dakvirveba maTze.

konstantinopolSi CamosvlisTanave, ucxoel elCebs da maT Tanmxleb pirebs

aTavsebdnen, mdidrulad mowyobil specialur SenobebSi, sadac maT
gadaadgilebas da korespodencias akvirdeboda sapatio dacva, romelic
dakompleqtebuli iyo saidumlo policiis (samsaxuri) warmomadgenlebisgan.
elCebis miRebis procedura warmoadgenda STambeWdav ceremonials.
imisTvis, rom elCebs SeqmnodaT didi STabaWdileba bizantiis siZlieris
Sesaxeb, isini valdebulni iyvnen daswrebodnen usasrulo samxedro აღლუმებს,
romlis drosac erTidaigive jarebi dadiodnen wreze (gadiodnen erTi gasasvlelidan
da Semodiodnen sxva Semosasvlelidan), Secvlili SeiaraRebiT. Azogjer elCs
pirveli audienciis dros ufleba ar eZleoda, rom piradad miemarTa
imperatorisTvis, aRniSnul SemTxvevaSi yvela komplimentebi gadaicemoda
logopedis meSveobiT.