8.

aralegaluri migracia – globaluri problema

Tanamedrove msoflioSi mosaxleobis saerTaSoriso migraciis erT-erT mniSvnelovan

damaxasiaTebel niSans warmoadgens aralegaluri migraciis masStabebis zrda. Sromis
saerTaSoriso organizaciis monacemebiT, msoflioSi saerTaSoriso migraciuli nakadebis
daaxloebiT erTi mesamedi amJamad ar kontroldeba. amis erT-erTi mizezi mdgomareobs
imaSi, rom erTis mxriv sul ufro meti adamiani monawileobs migraciul gadaadgilebebSi,
msoflio globalizaciis pirobebSi izrdeba mosaxleobis mobiluroba. meores mxriv ki es
dakavSirebulia imigraciuli reJimis gamkacrebasTan ZiriTadi mimRebi qveynebis mier,
romlebic yvelaze mimzidvel qveynebs warmoadgenen migrantebisTvis.
aralegaluri migraciis istoria mowmobs imas, rom igi warmoiSoboda da misi
masStabebi izrdeboda im adgilas da im dros, sadac migraciis legaluri forma izRudeboda
an ikrZaleboda.
amis yvelaze naTel magaliTs warmoadgens aSS, sadac ukve 1920-ian wlebSi migraciis
SezRudvis pirvelma kanonebma gamoiwvia aralegaluri migraciis warmoSoba. 1934 wels
aSS-Si Seiqmna sasazRvro kontrolis samsaxuri, romelic ZiriTadad orientirebuli iyo aralegalur
migraciaze kanadidan da meqsikidan.
Tumca sinamdvileSi aralegaluri migraciis ZiriTadi talRa aSS-s miawyda 1960-iani
wlebis meore naxevarSi, rodesac amerikuli profkavSirebis zewoliT gauqmda ormxrivi
SeTanxmeba aSS-sa da meqsikas Soris meqsikuri samuSao Zalis mizidvis Sesaxeb. ori
aTeuli wlebis ganmavlobaSi am SeTanxmebis safuZvelze meqsikeli muSebi legalurad
Sediodnen aSS-is samxreTis StatebSi agrarul seqtorSi samuSaod. am muSebis migracia
pasuxobda orive qveynis interesebs, ramdenadac igi uzrunvelyofda amerikeli fermerebis
meurneobebs iafi samuSao ZaliT da asi aTasobiT meqsikels ki aZlevda xelfasebis
gamomuSavebis saSualebas, maSin rodesac meqsikaSi Zalian mwvaved idga Warbi
mosaxleobis problema (1960-ian wlebSi umuSevroba meqsikaSi 20%-dan 40%-mde
gaizarda). meqsikaSi Seiqmna adamianebis garkveuli fena, romelTa cxovrebis done da
keTildReoba damokidebuli iyo mezobel qveyanaSi maTi dasaqmebis SesaZleblobaze.
amitom rodesac 1965 wels aRniSnuli xelSekruleba aRar gagrZelda, is meqsikelebi,
romlebsac ganzraxuli hqondaT wasuliyvnen samuSaod aSS-Si, ukve aRar SeeZloT
SeecvalaT TavianTi gadawyvetileba, da mainc Sevidnen qveyanaSi, magram ukve
aralegalurad. aralegaluri migraciis masStabebze meqsikidan aSS-Si mowmoben is
monacemebi, romlebsac aqveynebs aSS-is imigraciisa da naturalizaciis samsaxuri –
ZiriTadi federaluri organo, romelic eweva koordinacias da praqtikulad axorcielebs
imigraciul politikas qveyanaSi. Tu 1960 wels aSS-Si Sevida daaxloebiT 25 aTasi aralegali
meqsikeli, ukve 1975 wels maTi raodenoba gaizarda 680 aTas kacamde. meqsikelTa
aralegaluri migraciis zrdaze metyvelebs maTi dakavebisa da isev ukan meqsikaSi
deportaciis statistika. 1970-1974 wlebSi aSS-dan deportirebuli iqna 2,3 milionze meti
meqsikeli. SedarebisaTvis 1960-1964 wlebSi ki deportirebuli iyo mxolod 150 aTasi
meqsikeli. sul 1925-1995 wlebis periodSi aSS-Si dakavebuli iqna 30 milionze meti
migranti, romelTac darRveuli hqondaT saimigracio kanonmdebloba.
amJamad aSS-Si aralegalur migrantTa raodenoba Seadgens 12 milionze met adamians.
maTi raodenoba rCeba SedarebiT stabiluri, miuxedavad imisa, rom arsebobs sakmaod
mkacri sasazRvro kontroli, tardeba mkacri zomebi samuSaos mimwodebelTa mimarT,
romlebic qiraoben aralegal muSebs da ewevian arakanonieri migrantebis legalizaciis
kampanias.
 2
dasavleT evropis qveynebis gamocdileba agreTve mowmobs imas, rom aralegaluri
migraciis mimarT SemzRudveli zomebis SemoRebam gazarda aralegaluri migraciis
masStabebi. rodesac 1973 wlis krizisis Semdeg dasavleT evropis yvela qveyana,
romlebic adre atarebdnen “Ria karebis” politikas ucxouri samuSao Zalis mimarT,
Seecada daeketa TavianTi qveynis sazRvrebi migrantebisTvis, Zalian male naTeli gaxda,
rom migraciuli nakadebis SeCereba SeuZlebeli iyo. sxvadasxva arxebis gamoyenebiT
(TavSesafris maZiebelni, “ekonomikuri ltolvilebi,” turistuli vizis saSualebiT, sazRvrebis
aralegaluri gadakveTiT), migrantebi aziidan, afrikidan, xolo 1990-ian wlebSi aRmosavleT
evropidan mainc axerxeben Sesvlas evrokavSiris mowinave qveynebSi, sadac isin
Souloben samuSaos ekonomikis araformalur seqtorSi. samxreT evropis saxelmwifoebic
ki, romlebic arcTu didi xnis ukan TviTon iyvnen samuSao Zalis mimwodeblebi evropis
kontinentze, 1990-iani wlebis bolos gaxdnen aralegaluri migrantebis mizidulebis
centrebi. asi aTasobiT aralegali migranti imyofeba portugaliisa da saberZneTis
teritoriaze, 1,5 milionze meti aralegali migrantia italiaSi da espaneTSi. safrangeTSi da
germaniaSi aralegali migrantebis raodenoba aWarbebs 4 milions.

8.1. raodenobrivi parametrebi

erT-erTi seriozuli problema aralegaluri migraciis analizisas aris am movlenis
raodenobrivi parametrebis gansazRvra, romelic Tavisi arsiT aris faruli movlena. aralegali
migrantebi, rogorc wesi, gaurbian maTi yofnis, gadaadgilebisa da saqmianobis
nebismieri formis kontrols. legaluri migrantebisgan gansxvavebiT, romlebic ama Tu im
formiT xvdebian statistikur aRricxvaSi, aralegali migrantebis raodenoba SeiZleba mxolod
Sefasdes sarwmunoobis sxvadasxva xarisxiT. aralegaluri migraciis masStabebis
gansazRvris yvelaze gavrcelebuli meTodebia:
– administraciuli Sefasebis iribi meTodi,
– eqspertTa Sefasebebi,
– SerCeviTi gamokvlevebi.
administraciuli Sefasebis irib meTods safuZvlad udevs monacemebi im RonisZiebebisa,
romlebic mimarTulia arasasurveli da arakanonieri migraciis aRsakveTavad. es
monacemebia savizo statistika, sasazRvro samsaxurebis statistika, policiis statistika da
a.S. aralegali migrantebis raodenobis gansasazRvravad qveyanaSi SeiZleba
gamoyenebuli iqnes:
 sakonsulo-savizo samsaxurebis monacemebi vizebis gacemaze uaris Sesaxeb
(vizebis gaucemlobis yvelaze xSiri mizezi aris is, rom qveyanaSi Sesvlis mizani ar
Seesabameba sinamdviles da piri romelic iTxovs qveyanaSi Sesvlis nebarTvas, aris
potenciuri migranti, romelic yvelanairad cdilobs aralegalurad SeaRwios am qveynis
teritoriaze);
 sasazRvro samsaxuris monacemebi im pirTa raodenobaze, romlebic dakavebulni
iqnen saxelmwifo sazRvris gadakveTisas arasworad Sedgenili an yalbi sabuTebis
gamovlenis gamo, agreTve sazRvrebis arakanonieri gadakveTis mcdelobisas im
adgilebSi, sadac ar aris sasazRvro kontrolis punqtebi (arsebobs garkveuli korelacia im
pirTa raodenobas Soris, romlebic sazRvarze ar SeuSves qveyanaSi, da qveyanaSi myofi
aralegaluri migrantebis raodenobas Soris);
 Sinagan saqmeTa saministros monacemebi deportilebulTa raodenobis Sesaxeb
(Cveulebriv deportaciaSi xvdeba qveyanaSi arakanonierad myofi ucxo moqalaqeTa 1%);
 raodenobrivi monacemebi qveynis teritoriaze mcxovrebi ucxouri diasporebisa,
romlebic warmoadgenen migrantTa mizidulebis faqtors da romlebic qveyanaSi axlad
Semosul migrantebs exmarebian aralegalur SromiT mowyobaSi.
 3
eqspertTa Sefasebebs safuZvlad udevs im pirTa anketireba (an interviuireba), romlebic
TavianTi saqmianobis saxiT dakavSirebulni arian saerTaSoriso migraciis sferosTan,
qveyanaSi ucxouri samuSao Zalis gamoyenebasTan da gamokiTxvis Sedegebis
ganzogadoebasTan. eqspertTa SerCevisas gamoiyeneba reprezentatulobis principi, e.i.
eqspertTa ricxvSi SehyavT sxvadasxva uwyebebisa da organizaciebis warmomadgenlebi:
samTavrobo organoebi, romlebic aregulireben saerTaSoriso migraciis process da ucxouri
samuSao Zalis mozidvas; sawarmoebi, romlebic iyeneben ucxoel muSebs: profkavSiruli
organizaciebi; samecniero struqturebi, romlebic profesiulad swavloben mosaxleobis
saerTaSoriso migraciis sakiTxebs, da a.S. eqspertTa Sefasebebi yvelaze xSirad
gamomdinareobs iqidan, rom aralegalur migraciaSi gadamwyvet rols TamaSobs
ekonomikuri faqtori, amitom aralegaluri migraciis parametrebis raodenobrivi Sefaseba
upiratesad efuZneba aralegaluri dasaqmebis masStabebs. aq yvelaze mniSvnelovania
monacemebi Crdilovani Sromis bazris sidideze, dasaqmebis im sferoebis gavrcelebaze,
sadac aralegaluri migrantebi yvelaze xSirad pouloben samuSaos: mSenebloba da
saremonto samuSaoebi, wvrili sabiTumo vaWroba, sasursaTo da sasaqonlo bazrebi,
restornebis biznesi, garTobis sfero da a.S.
migrantTa da maT Soris aralegali migrantebis SerCeviTi gamokvlevebi, SeiZleba
Catardes mosaxleobis aRwerebis CarCoebSi an damoukideblad. aralegaluri migraciis
Seswavlisas da informaciis miRebisas respondentebi Tavs arideben anketirebas, adgili
aqvs informaciis dafarvas an damaxinjebas garkveuli pirebis mier, romlebic CarTulni
arian gamokiTxvaSi. es naklovanebebi mniSvnelovan wilad SeiZleba aRmoifxvras
respodentTa mkacrad daculi anonimurobiT, safuZvlianad damuSavebuli anketebiT, iribi
xasiaTis sakontrolo kiTxvebis CarTviT da a.S.
aralegali migrantebis anketireba, rogorc wesi, tardeba im dros, rodesax xdeba maTi
dakaveba qveyanaSi arakanonieri SesvlisaTvis, iq yofnis pirobebis darRvevisaTvis an
aralegaluri SromiTi saqmianobisaTvis. rig qveynebSi warmatebiT tardeba aralegalurad
dasaqmebuli migrantebis anketireba maTi dakavebis gareSe. aseTi gamokvlevebi,
cxadia, saWiroeben safuZvlian momzadebas da sifrTxiles, ramdenadac respondentebis
mxridan SeiZleba adgili hqondes winaaRmdegobebs; yvelaze xSirad isini cdiloben ar
gaamxilon TavianTi statusi. warmatebuli interviu SeiZleba damokidebuli iyos finansur
waxalisebaze, an Tu interviuerad gamodis igive erovnebis adamiani, ra erovnebac aqvs
respondents. Cveulebriv aseTi saxis gamokvlevebi qveyanaSi aralegaluri migraciis
raodenobrivi SefaebisaTvis naklebad mniSvnelovania, Tumca isini iZlevian Rirebul
xarisxobriv maxasiaTeblebs: aralegali migrantebis qcevis models, maT migraciul
ganwyobas, ukan dabrunebis ganzraxvas da a.S.
zemoT CamoTvlili meTodebis urTierTSexamebiTa da sxvadasxva wyaroebidan miRebuli
informaciis ganzogadoebiT SeiZleba miviRoT ama Tu im qveynis aralegaluri migraciis
SedarebiT sarwmuno suraTi, ganvsazRvroT misi raodenobrivi da xarisxobrivi
maxasiaTeblebi, misi zemoqmedeba ekonomikur da socialur ganviTarebaze da amis
Sedegad ganvsazRvroT konkretuli meqanizmi im zomebis gansaxorcieleblad, rogoricaa
deportacia, migrantTa miRebis kvotis dadgena, agreTve droebiT sacxovreblad uflebis
micema da legalizacia im arakanonieri migrantebisa, romlebic warmoadgenen Rirebul
adamianur kapitals da ukve gaiares adaptacia qveyanaSi.
aralegalurad dasaqmebuli migrantebis gamokvleviT, romelic Catarda 1990-ian wlebSi
niderlandebSi, miRebuli iqna sakmaod sando Sefasebebi, romlebic emyareba
sxvadasxva wyaroebidan miRebul informacias. garda administraciuli wyaroebidan
miRebuli informaciisa, romliTac SesaZlebeli gaxda niderlandebSi myofi aralegali migrantebis
raodenobis Sefaseba, Catarda eqspertTa farTomasStabiani satelofono gamokiTxva da
legalurad da aralegalurad momuSave migrantebis anketireba, aRebuli iqna vrceli interviu
samuSaos mimwodeblebidan.
 4
gamokvlevam moicva agraruli seqtoris, kvebis, samkervalo, navTobis, qimiuri,
liTondammuSavebeli mrewvelobis sawarmoebi, mSeneblobisa da momsaxurebis
(sastumro meurneoba, sazogadoebrivi kveba, Senobebis dalageba-dasufTaveba)
sferoebi. holandiaSi Catarebuli gamokvlevis Sedegebis safuZvelze gakeTda daskvnebi,
romelic SeiZleba gavrceldes evropis yvela ganviTarebul qveynebze, da agreTve
migrantebis mimReb msoflios sxva qveynebze. gamokvlevis Sedegad dadginda, rom
aralegaluri dasaqmeba, romelic Seadgens qveyanaSi saerTo dasaqmebis 0,5%-mde,
mniSvnelovani maCvenebeliT aris warmodgenili sxvadasxva dargebSi da regionebSi.
magaliTad, msubuq mrewvelobaSi igi Seadgens TiTqmis 50%-s, soflis meurneobaSi
daaxloebiT 17%-s, restornebisa da sastumroebis biznesSi – 7%-mde.

8.2. aralegaluri migraciis SromiTi xasiaTi

aralegaluri migraciis Seswavla aralegaluri dasaqmebis fonze aixsneba imiT, rom
aralegaluri migracia Tavisi arsiT mkafiod gamoxatuli SromiTi xasiaTis matarebelia,
ramdenadac aralegali migrantebis didi umravlesobis motivi aris aralegaluri SromiTi
mowyoba.
migrantebs SeuZliaT Sevidnen sxva qveyanaSi rogorc kanonier safuZvelze (dadgenili
dokumentaciiT, magaliTad, rogorc turisti, studenti da a.S., rac maT ar aZlevT uflebas
SromiT mowyobaze mimReb qveyanaSi), ise aralegalurad (yalbi sabuTebiT, daudgenel
adgilebSi sazRvris faruli gadakveTiT da a.S.). sazRvris gadakveTis formebisagan
damoukideblad am kategoriis migrantebis mizani aris iSovon SedarebiT
maRalanazRaurebadi samuSao, romliTac maT ver uzrunvelyofs sakuTari samSoblo.
cxadia, rom aralegaluri migraciaSi ZiriTadi xvedriTi wili modis arakvalificiur da
dabalkvalificiur muSebze, ramdenadac, maT visac gaaCniaT profesia, didi xarisxiT
orientacias akeTeben legalur SromiT mowyobaze, rogorc TavianT ise sxva qveynebSi.
saerTaSoriso migraciaSi aRmosavleT evropisa da yofili sabWoTa kavSiris qveynebis
mosaxleobis monawileobisas adgili hqonda uamrav SemTxvevebs, rodesac aralegalur
migraciaSi da aralegalur SromiT mowyobaSi CarTulebi iyvnen is pirebi, romelTac
gaaCndaT ganaTlebisa da kvalifikaciis maRali done, Tumca ar arsebobda Sesabamisi
moTxovna maT kvalifikaciaze. es adamianebi, romlebic ekonomikurma siZneleebma
“gamodevnes” TavianTi samSoblodan, Segnebulad wavidnen TavianTi socialuri statusis
daqveiTebaze im imediT rom iSovidnen samuSaos da saarsebo minimums.
msoflios Sromis bazarze arsebobs mdgradi moTxovna aralegalur samuSao Zalaze,
romelic aris yvelaze iafi da uuflebo. SemTxveviTi araa, rom migrantebis am kategorias
uwodeben “Tanamedroveobis monebs.” ufro ganviTarebul qveynebSi arsebobs Sromis
danawilebis iseTi sistema, sadac arakvalificiuri Sromis bazris garkveuli segmenti, romelic
aris yvelaze diskriminaciuli, araformaluri da Crdilovani, gankuTvnilia migrantebisTvis, maT
Soris aralegali migrantebisTvis.
aralegaluri migracia da Sromis Crdilovani bazari warmoadgenen urTierT
mastimulirebel faqtorebs: aralegal migrantebs izidaven is qveynebi da is dargebi, sadac
gavrcelebulia Crdilovani dasaqmeba, da imavdroulad aralegaluri migracia xels uwyobs
Crdilovani Sromis bazris gafarToebas, radgan igi uzrunvelyofs mas iafi, uuflebo samuSao
ZaliT, romelic Tanaxmaa nebismieri saxis, maT Soris kriminalur samuSaoze.
 5
zemoTaRniSnulma gamokvlevam aralegaluri dasaqmebis Sesaxeb niderlandebSi
specialistebi miiyvana im daskvnamde, rom ucxoelTa aralegaluri dasaqmebis masStabi
uSualod damokidebulia dasaqmebis Sromatevadi sferoebis wilze, sadac gamoiyeneba
mZime, rutinuli, dabalanazRaurebadi da arakvalificiuri Sroma, romelic mimzidveli ar aris
TviT adgilobrivi umuSevarTaTvisac ki. amasTan, miuxedavad imisa, rom arsebobs
sakmaod mkacri zomebi samuSaos im mimwodeblebis mimarT, romlebic iyeneben
aralegalur samuSao Zalas, mainc jer kidev maRali rCeba aralegaluri dasaqmeba calkeul
dargebSi, upirveles yovlisa msubuq da liTongadamamuSavebel mrewvelobaSi.
ramdenadac niderlandebi warmoadgens tipiur maRalganviTarebul qveyanas, misi
socialur-ekonomikuri maCveneblebis, saimigracio da SromiTi kanonmdeblobis, migrantebis
mimarT moralur-fsiqologiuri klimatis mxedvelobaSi miRebiT SeiZleba gakeTdes daskvna,
rom holandiaSi Catarebuli gamokvlevis safuZvelze miRebuli Sedegebi SeiZleba
gavrceldes dasavleT evropis sxva qveynebze.
Tezisi imis Sesaxeb, rom aralegaluri migracia warmoadgens saerTaSorisi SromiTi
migraciis gansakuTrebul formas, dasturdeba im faqtiT, rom aralegali SromiTi migrantebis
koncentraciis adgili, rogorc wesi, emTxveva aralegali migrantebis koncentraciis adgils.
maSasadame, aralegaluri dasaqmeba mniSvnelovan wilad dakavSirebulia SromiTi
mowyobis droebiT formebTan da mas adgili ukavia oficialuri Sromis bazris gareT, maT
Soris Crdilovani ekonomikis sxvadasxva sferoebSi. yvelaze xSirad aralegali migrantebi
eyrdnobian im eTnikur migraciul qselebs, romlebic gamodian rogorc Suamavlebi maTi
samuSaoze mosawyobad. msoflios bevr qveynebSi Sromis eTnikuri danawileba
warmoadgens axlad Camosuli aralegali migrantebis SromiTi mowyobis Tavisebur
garants.
amave dros aralegali migrantebis Sromis siiafe da samuSaos mimwodeblebis mxridan
raime valdebulebebis ar arseboba aralegalebis mimarT (rac uzrunvelyofs warmoebis
danaxarjebis ekonomias da Sesabamisad amaRlebs sawarmoebis konkurentunarianobas) xels
uwyobs mdgrad moTxovnas aralegalebze Sromis bazarze.
8.3. biznesi aralegalur migraciaze
yovelwliurad milionobiT adamiani miemgzavreba sxva qveynebSi samuSaosa da
ukeTesi anazRaurebis saZieblad; bevrma maTganma winaswar icis rom maTi SromiTi
mowyoba SeiZleba iyos mxolod aralegaluri (Tumca bevri maTgani upiratesobas aniWebs
dasaqmebas kanonier safuZvelze), radgan maTTvis legaluri gza miuwvdomelia.
adamianTa Tavisufali arCevani Tavisufali gadaadgilebis Sesaxeb warmoadgens
demokratiuli principis ganxorcielebas. Tumca sinamdvileSi es Tavisufleba iZens
iracionalur formas da kvaziTavisuflebis xasiaTs. adamianebi, romlebic iReben
gadawyvetilebas gaxdnen aralegalebi, yvelaze xSirad xvdebian kargad organizebul
globalur kriminalur struqturebSi, romelmac migracia gadaaqcia momgebian biznesad
adamianebis gagzavnaSi da SuamavlobaSi migrantebis SromiTi mowyobis mizniT.
 6
organizaciebi, romlebic specializirdebian saSuamavlo saqmianobiT adamianebis
aralegalur gagzavnaSi, TavianT “klientebs” uzrunvelyofen aucilebeli dokumentaciiT,
sTavazoben maT gamgzavrebisaTvis avansis maRal procentebs, organizebas ukeTeben
maT mgzavrobas tranzitul qveynebSi da daniSnulebis qveynebSi Sesasvlelad, agreTve
exmarebian maT aralegalur SromiT mowyobaSi da sacxovrebliT uzrunvelyofaSi. fasebi
aralegaluri firmebis saSuamavlo momsaxurebaze sakmaod maRalia. magaliTad,
aralegaluri gagzavna CineTidan honkongSi da aSS-Si sazRvao transportiT migrantebs
ujdebaT 25-30 aTasi dolari. xolo aralegaluri gamgzavreba da SromiTi mowyoba iaponiaSi
koreel migrantebs ujdebaT 500 aTasi ienis farglebSi, rac maT mier iaponiaSi oTxi wlis
ganmavlobaSi gamomuSavebuli Tanxis tolia. tranzituli gza ruseTze gavliT Cinel, avRanel,
pakistanel, angolel, Sri-lankel da sxva aralegal migrantebs ujdebaT TviTeuls ramodenime
aTasi dolari. ekonomikuri situacia ruseTSi xelsayrelia am migrantebisTvis: ruseTis vrceli
Crdilovani seqtoris farglebSi maT SeuZliaT gamoimuSavon Tanxa maTi Semdgomi
gadaadgilebisaTvis dasavleTSi. xSirad maTi tranziti grZeldeba wlebis ganmavlobaSi.
2000 wlebis dasawyisSi ruseTis teritoriaze migrantTa raodenobam, romelTa saboloo
mizani iyo evrokavSiris saxelmwifoebSi Sesvla, Seadgina naxevar milionze meti
adamiani.
saerTaSoriso Sefasebebis mixedviT, saerTo yovelwliuri Semosavali aralegaluri
biznesidan, romelic eweva adamianebis gagzavnas sazRvargareT, Seadgens daaxloebiT
5-7 miliard dolars. am saxeobis biznesis momgebianobis erT-erTi mizezi aris is, rom
mimRebi qveynebis Zalisxmeva, romelic mimarTulia aralegaluri migraciis mimarT, xSirad
araefeqturia. faqtiurad aralegaluri migraciis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi saxelmwifos
winaaRmdegobas uweven ara TviT migrantebi, aramed globaluri struqturuli qseli,
romelSic Sedian kriminaluri dajgufebebi, romlebic moqmedeben calkeuli qveynebis
teritoriebze. isini kargad arian aRWurvilni teqnikurad: amas metyvelebs maRali xarisxi
damzadebuli pasportebis, beWdebis, dokumentebis, mowvevebis, vizebis da a.S. es
struqturebi gamoirCevian moqnilobiT, romelic saSualebas aZlevT maT gaakeTon
reagireba sazRvrebze gamSveb punqtebSi momxdar cvlilebebze da Seitanon koreqtivebi
yvela urTierTmoqmedi rgolebis muSaobaSi. amas garda maTi saqmianoba
diversificirebulia: migrantTa aralegalurad gagzavnis arxebi xSirad emTxveva
narkotrafikisa da iaraRiT aralegalurad vaWrobis arxebs.
aseve gasaTvaliswinebelia is faqti, rom aralegali migrantebi TviTon xdebian
danaSaulebrivi dajgufebebis saqmianobis obieqtebi, romlebic ageben TavianT bizness
adamianebis aralegaluri gagzavniT da warmoadgenen kriminaluri seqtoris gafarToebis
faqtors migrantTa mimReb da tranzitul qveynebSi. aralegali migrantebis garkveuli nawili
Crdilovan ekonomikaSi dasaqmebis garda Cabmulni arian kriminalur saqmianobaSi,
rogoricaa kontrabanda, narkotikebiT vaWroba, prostitucia, reketi da a.S. SedarebiT didi
fulis swrafad Sovnis survili aralegal migrantebs ubiZgebs kriminaluri struqturebisken,
sadac maT aralegalur statuss ara aqvs araviTari mniSvneloba.

8.4. ukanono vaWroba qalebiTa da bavSvebiT

aralegalur migraciaze agebuli biznesis mniSvnelovani nawili dakavSirebulia
arakanonier vaWrobasTan qalebiTa da bavSvebiT maTi seqsualuri eqspluataciis mizniT.
maRali moTxovna specifiur qalTa samuSao Zalaze mimRebi qveynebis dasaqmebis
Crdilovani struqturebisa da marginaluri sferoebis mxridan warmoSobs iseT masStabur
movlenas, rogoricaa “saerTaSoriso prostitucia.” eqspertebis SefasebiT, evropaSi
muSaobs daaxloebiT naxevari milioni meZavi qali. germaniaSi yoveli oTxi meZavidan
sami qveyanis garedan Semosulia. holandiaSi ki yoveli meore.
 7
seqs-industria da seqs-turizmi ganviTarebuli qveynebis msxvil qalaqebSi
warmoadgens momsaxurebis globaluri ekonomikis Semadgenel nawils. igi aris
transnacionalurad organizebuli zemomgebiani biznesi, romelic mWidrodaa dakavSirebuli
qalebis (agreTve bavSvebis) gagzavnasTan erTi qveynidan meoreSi seqsualuri
momsaxurebis bazris moTxovnilebis Sesabamisad. 1960-1970-ian wlebSi seqsualuri
momsaxurebis bazarze qalebi upiratesad SemohyavdaT filipinebidan, tailandidan,
CineTidan, kolumbiidan. 1980-iani wlebis meore naxevarSi maT daemataT qalebi
poloneTidan, rumineTidan, bulgareTidan. xolo 1990-ian wlebSi seqsualuri industriis msoflio
arenaze gamovidnen qali-migrantebi ruseTidan da dsT-s sxva qveynebidan. marto 1997
wels 175 aTasi qali centraluri da aRmosavleT evropis qveynebidan, agreTve ruseTidan da
dsT-s sxva qveynebidan gaiyida evropisa da amerikis ganviTarebuli qveynebis seqs-
bazrebze.
ZiriTadad, adamianebiT vaWroba, upirveles yovlisa ki qalebiT, SeiZleba xdebodes
migraciis absoluturad legaluri arxebis meSveobiT. xSirad legaluri arxebi da instrumentebi
gamoiyeneba kriminaluri struqturebis mier, romlebic specializirdebian adamianebiT
vaWrobaSi. ase magaliTad, rig qveynebSi arsebobs “garTobis industriis muSakTa vizebi,”
romlebic faqtiurad warmoadgenen legitimur bazas seqs-migraciisaTvis. swored aseTi
vizebis saSualebiT saSuamavlo firmebi agzavnian gogonebs samuSaod ruseTidan iaponiaSi
da SveicariaSi. am konteqstSi adamianebiT vaWrobis cneba ukve aRar jdeba aralegaluri
migraciis cnebaSi da sazRvargareT adamianebis gagzavnis kontrabandaSi.
Tumca umetes SemTxvevebSi swored aralegaluri migracia aris dakavSirebuli msoflio
Sromis bazris im segmentTan, romelic gulisxmobs seqsualur momsaxurebas
nebayofilobiT an iZulebiTi formiT. xSirad arakanonieri prostitucia warmoadgens erTaderT
SesaZlebel arCevans im qalebisaTvis, romlebic aRmoCndebian sxva qveyanaSi
aralegaluri statusiT. am arCevans aucileblad Tan axlavs adamianis uflebebis darRveva:
fizikuri da fsiqologiuri Zaladobis gamoyeneba, daSineba, sabuTebis CamorTmeva,
sesxebis gamo kabalur mdgomareobaSi Cayeneba, motyueba da a.S.
gasakviri araa, rom motyuebis Sedegad gogonebi, romlebic mowveulni arian
samuSaod cekvis SouebSi, samodelo biznesSi, striptizSi, aRmoCndebian bordelebSi an
ubralod quCebSi da umetes SemTxvevaSi isini ar mimarTaven Tavisi qveynebis
sakonsuloebs daxmarebisaTvis. dasaqmebis es saxeobebi sazogadoebis cnobierebaSi
gaigivebulia prostituciasTan, rac ayalibebs Sesabamis damokidebulebas im sferoSi
momuSave qalebisadmi.

8.5. aralegaluri migraciisa da dasaqmebis regulirebis SesaZleblobebi

aralegaluri migracia axdens nacionaluri Sromis bazris destabilizacias, iwvevs migrantTa
uflebebis masobriv darRvevas, aralegalebis koncentraciis adgilebSi qmnis daZabulobis
kerebs, negatiur gavlenas axdens kriminalur mdgomareobaze qveyanaSi. aralegalurad
dasaqmebuli migrantebi ar monawileoben oficialuri SromiTi mowyobis sferoSi da
Sesabamisad ar xdeba maTi dabegvra , rac pirdapir finansur zians ayenebs mimReb
qveyanas. is faqti, rom aralegaluri migracia xSirad ukavSirdeba kriminalur saqmianobas,
rogoricaa kontrabanda, prostitucia, narkotrafiki, aralegaluri vaWroba iaraRiT da a.S.,
iZleva safuZvels, rom is ganxiluli iqnes qveynis erovnuli usafrTxoebis safrTxis konteqstSi.
yovelive es ar SeiZleba ar iwvevdes im qveynebis SeSfoTebas, romlebic awydebian
aralegaluri migraciis problemas.
XX saukunis ukanasknel aTwleulebSi msoflios ganviTarebuli qveynebis umetesobam,
romlebic warmoadgenen aralegali migrantebis ZiriTadi mizidulebis qveynebs,
SeimuSaves specialuri kanonebi, romlebic gamiznulia aralegaluri migraciis aRmofxvrisa
da regulirebisaTvis. magaliTad, aSS-Si 1986 wlis kanoni “saimigracio reformisa da
kontrolis aqti” iTvaliswinebda rogorc legalizaciis uflebas im aralegali migrantebisTvis,
romlebic ukve imyofebodnen qveyanaSi, agreTve mkacr zomebs qveyanaSi axlad
Semosuli aralegali migrantebis mimarT da sanqciebs samuSaos mimwodeblebis mimarT,
romlebic arakanonierad iyeneben ucxour samuSao Zalas.
 8
praqtikulad evropis yvela qveynebSi 1990-ian wlebSi miRebuli iqna kanonebi, romlebic
pirdapir mimarTulia aralegaluri migraciisa da aralegaluri dasaqmebis winaaRmdeg
brZolisaken. zomebi aralegaluri migraciis winaaRmdeg gaTvaliswinebulia umTavresad
Semdegi mimarTulebebiT:
– sasazRvro kontrolis gaZliereba, upirveles yovlisa Sengenis sivrcis gare sazRvrebze;
– organizaciebis danaSaulebrivi saqmianobis aRkveTa, romlebic ewevian migrantTa
kontrabandul gagzavnas evropaSi;
– sanqciebis gamoyeneba im satransporto kompaniebis mimarT, romelTac gadahyavT
aralegali migrantebi saxmeleTo, sazRvao da sahaero transportiT;
– pasuxismgeblobis gamkacreba im ucxoel moqalaqeTa mimarT, romlebic imyofebian
qveyanaSi arakanonierad;
– administraciuli da sisxlis samarTlis pasuxismgeblobis SemoReba im mewarmeebis
mimarT, romlebic iyeneben aralegalur samuSao Zalas;
– saerTaSoriso TanamSromlobis gaZliereba im qveynebs Soris, romlebic warmoadgenen
aralegaluri migrantebisTvis daniSnulebis qveynebs, agreTve maTi urTierTmoqmedeba
aralegali migrantebis warmoSobisa da maTi tranzitis qveynebTan.
rogorc vxedavT, aralegaluri migracia bevri ganviTarebuli saxelmwifoebis saimigracio
samsaxurebisa da samarTaldamcavi organoebis yuradRebis centrSi imyofeba. mis
aRmosafxvravad gamoiyofa mniSvnelovani finansuri da materialuri resursebi,
muSavdeba sul ufro axali meTodebi mis winaaRmdeg moqmedebisaTvis. Tumca
SefasebiTi monacemebi aralegaluri migraciis Sesaxeb mowmoben imas, rom arakanonier
migrantTa raodenobis zrdis tendencia jer kidev SenarCunebulia. Sromis saerTaSoriso
organizaciis SefasebiT, “mTeli Zalisxmevis miuxedavad, romelsac iyenebs ucxouri
samuSao Zalis mimRebi mTavari qveynebi, stiqiur migrantTa raodenoba sakmaod
mniSvnelovania, xolo Tu mivudgebiT am sakiTxs mTeli msoflios masStabiT, maSin es
migracia warmoadgens wess da ara gamonaklis SemTxvevas.” aseTi daskvna gakeTda
TiTqmis 30 wlis ukan da am xnis manZilze aralegaluri migracia ara Tu Semcirda, aramed,
piriqiT, mniSvnelovnad gaizarda da man SeiZina globaluri xasiaTi.
ibadeba kiTxva: aralegaluri migraciis winaaRmdeg gamoyenebuli administraciuli,
sakanonmdeblo da sxva zomebis efeqtianoba ratom aris aseTi dabali? ratom aris rom
aralegaluri migracia ganagrZobs zrdas miuxedavad imisa, rom imigraciis praqtikulad
yvela qveynebis mcdeloba mimarTulia aralegaluri migraciis Semcirebisaken. pasuxi am
kiTxvaze aris martivi da imavdroulad rTulic. gansakuTrebuli sargeblianobis miReba
aralegalebis iafi Sromis gamoyenebiT warmoadgens am movlenis gavrcelebis ZiriTad
stimuls da mizezs Tanamedrove msoflioSi.
aralegalebis daqiravebis sargeblianoba samuSaos mimwodebelTaTvis aSkaraa:
warmoebis danaxarjebis ekonomia imdenad mniSvnelovania, rom igi advilad faravs
SesaZlebel jarimebs Sromis kanonmdeblobis darRvevisaTvis. Tumca aralegaluri migracia,
es rogor paradoqsuladac ar unda JRerdes, xelsayrelia saxelmwifosaTvisac: Tu ara saerTo
nacionaluri masStabiT, maSin calkeuli dargebisa da regionebis doneze, sadac aralegaluri
dasaqmebis wili maRalia (magaliTad, ukve naxseneb holandiis msubuq mrewvelobaSi),
igi warmoadgens nacionaluri ekonomikis “myar Semadgenel nawils.” marTalia amis
aRiareba oficialurad ar xdeba, magram mainc unda iTqvas, rom aralegaluri Sromis
gamoyeneba saSualebas iZleva Sekavdes fasebis zrda saqonlisa da momsaxurebis
nacionalur bazarze; igi zrdis mTeli rigi dargebis produqciis konkurentunarianobas
saerTaSoriso bazarze.Aaralegaluri dasaqmebis sruli likvidaciiT miRebulma ekonomikurma
Sedegebma SeiZleba araxelsayreli zegavlena iqonios mTel rig dargebze da daarRvios
qveynis ekonomikuri wonasworoba mTlianad. arsebobs dasabuTebuli eWvi imis Sesaxeb,
rom samuSao adgilebi, romlebic ukaviaT aralegalebs, gadanawilebuli SeiZleba iyos
oficialur Sromis bazarze da dasaqmdes adgilobrivi muSebi igive Sromis anazRaurebiT.
 9
garda amisa, aralegali migrantebi, miuxedavad imisa rom ar arian CarTulni pirdapiri
dabegvris sferoSi, isini mainc monawileoben mimRebi qveynis biujetSi Sesul
gadasaxadebSi, ramdenadac maTi damqiravebeli sawarmoebi uxdian mTavrobas irib
gadasaxadebs, da am gadasaxadebs Seicavs migrantTa xelfasebi. amave dros aralegali
migrantebi praqtikulad ar sargebloben saxelmwifos socialuri mxardaWeriT, ar Rebuloben
araviTar daxmarebas da SeRavaTebs.Aamrigad, p. lindertis xatovani gamoTqmis
mixedviT aralegali migrantebi warmoadgenen “wminda gadamxdelebs” da amiT isini
zrdian mimRebi saxelmwifos ekonomikur sargebels.
aralegaluri migraciis ekonomikuri Sedegebis aseTi araerTmniSvnelovani gageba
aiZulebs ZiriTad mimReb qveynebs ufro moqnilad miudgnen am movlenas da masze
zemoqmedebis SesaZleblobebs. uwindeli mtkice poziciis adgilas, rom “aralegalebi
qveyanaSi ar unda iyvnen,” ukve gamodis am movlenis garduvalobis cnobiereba.
Sesabamisad, migraciuli politika, mkacri sadamsjelo zomebis gverdiT (qveyanaSi Sesvlis
reJimis gamkacreba, aralegalebis deportacia, sanqciebi samuSaos mimwodeblebis
mimarT), mTel rig qveynebSi iTvaliswinebs zomebs, romlebic mimarTulia arakanonieri
migrantebis statusis legalizaciaze. am strategiis arsi mdgomareobs imaSi, rom aralegal
migrantebs eZlevaT qveyanaSi cxovrebisa da muSaobis oficialuri ufleba, radgan maT
“daamtkices” TavianTi sargeblianoba qveynisaTvis, sadac maT ramodenime weli
imuSaves.
arakanonieri migrantebis legalizaciis, an egreT wodebuli migraciuli amnistiis saerTo
nacionaluri kampania regularulad tardeba bevr qveynebSi. aSS-Si aralegaluri
migrantebis zogierTi kategoriebis legalizaciis programis Sesabamisad, romelic miRebuli
iqna 1986 wlis saimigracio kanonis CarCoebSi, amnistirebuli iqna daaxloebiT 3 milioni
aralegali. evropaSi aralegali migrantebis amnistirebis praqtika yvelaze metad
gavrcelebulia samxreT evropis qveynebSi: bolo 20 wlis ganmavlobaSi espaneTSi Catarda
5 migraciuli amnistia, italiaSi – 4, portugaliaSi – 3, saberZneTSi – 2, Tanac am qveynebSi
legalizebul migrantTa raodenoba mudmivad izrdeboda legalizaciis erTi kampaniidan
meoremde da Seadgenda asi aTasobiT adamians. migrantTa legalizaciis pirobas
warmoadgenda samuSaos qona an samuSaos mimwodeblebis mxridan SeTavazeba, rom
isini daiqiravebdnen migrants kanonier safuZvelze. bolo kampaniis Sedegad portugaliaSi
2001-2002 wels legalizirebuli iqna 170 aTasi SromiTi migranti, romelTagan naxevarze
meti iyvnen centralur da aRmosavleT evropidan, maT Soris 7 aTasi iyo ruseTis
federaciidan. migrantTa legalizaciis kampanias regularulad atarebs aziis qveynebi _
malaizia, filipinebi, laTinur amerikaSi – argentina, Cile da sxva.
amave dros arian qveynebi, romlebic kategoriulad uars amboben migraciul
amnistiaze: germania, iaponia, avstralia (1980 wlis Semdeg) da sxva. am qveynebis
xelisufalni miiCneven, rom arakanonieri migrantebis legalizacia warmoadgens stimuls
aralegalebis axali nakadebisaTvis, romlebic SemovliTi gzebiT Sedian ekonomikurad ufro
ganviTarebul qveynebSi.
saerTaSoriso gamocdileba aralegalur migraciasTan brZolis sferoSi mowmobs imas, rom
Tanamedrove demokratiuli sazogadoebis pirobebSi, romelic dafuZnebulia liberalur
tradiciebze, ver iqna gamoZebnili namdvilad efeqturi instrumenti, romelic sabolood
SeaCerebda aralegalur migracias. Tumca, es ar niSnavs uaris Tqmas brZolaze aralegalur
migraciis winaaRmdeg. umeqmedobam am sferoSi SeiZleba gaaZlieros da ganamtkicos
is negatiuri movlenebi, romlebic aucileblad axlavs aralegalur migracias. esaa migrantTa
uflebebis darRveva, kriminaluri seqtoris zrda , konfliqtebis warmoSoba eTnikur niadagze
da a.S.