A&AE 251

Class 14
9/27/02

Class 14: Drag Prediction II

K Parasite

drag - drag build-up

Flat plate equivalent area

Complete MD-80 example
K Parasite

drag due to lift

Induced drag coefficient

K Compressibility

drag

Drag divergence mach number

Wing sweep
K Predicting

total drag

Total Parasite Drag

K With

all information, use build-up to estimate

parasite drag
CD p =

components

D p = C D p qS

KiQi C f i S weti
S ref

A&AE 251
Class 14
9/27/02

Flat Plate Equivalent Area

KA

means to compare drag of different aircraft

f e = C D p S ref

fe =

Dp
q

MD-80 Drag - Wing

(CD )w = K wQwSC f
p

ref

( )w

( f e )w = C D p Sref

S wet w

K Parasite

drag
coefficient

K Flat

plate equivalent
area

A&AE 251
Class 14
9/27/02

MD-80 Drag - Fuselage

(CD ) f = K f Q f SC f
p

S wet f

K Parasite

drag
coefficient

ref

( )f

( f e ) f = CD p Sref

K Flat

plate equivalent
area

MD-80 Parasite Drag Build-up

Component
Wing
Fuselage
Horizontal Tail
Vertical Tail
Nacelles
Pylons
Total

fe [ft2]

CDp

2.16
0.61
1.54
0.35

0.00170
0.00048
0.00121
0.00028

A&AE 251
Class 14
9/27/02

MD-80 Drag - Miscellaneous

K MD-80

aircraft

Flight conditions
n
n
n

V = 750 ft/s
M = 0.76
h = 32,000 ft

Atmosphere
n
n
n

Re/l = 2.0254106 ft-1

= 8.270410-4 sl/ft3
a = 986.22 ft/s

K Miscellaneous

drag

coefficient, CDmisc

K Parasite

drag
coefficient, CDp

Parasite Drag Due to Lift

K Experimentally,

CDp varies with CL2

CL 2
CD = CD p + kCL +
+ CDmisc
AR
2

k and combined into Oswald

Efficiency Factor, e

K Terms

CL2
CD = CD p +
+ C Dmisc
ARe
generally, 0.75 < e < 0.85

A&AE 251
Class 14
9/27/02

MD-80 Drag - Induced Drag

K

Weight and geometry

W = 140,000 lb
S = 1270 ft2
AR = 9.62
e = 0.8 (estimated)

Flight conditions
V = 750 ft/s
= 0.76
h = 32,000 ft
= 8.270410-4 sl/ft3
a = 986.22 ft/s

Lift coefficient, CL

Induced drag
coefficient, CDi

10

Compressibility Drag
K Factor

in transonic (and faster) flight regime

Flow passing a body can be locally supersonic

Supersonic bubble forms on airfoils

A&AE 251
Class 14
9/27/02

11

Drag Divergence Mach Number

K Compressibility

airfoils

0.035
0.03
0.025

(CD )c

drag
becomes significant,
at drag divergence
mach number (MDD)

0.02
0.015
0.01
0.005

jet transports fly

below aircrafts MDD

0
0

0.5

1.5

12

Wing Sweep
KA

means to increase MDD of the wing

K Sweep angle, c/4
c/4

M0

MT

MN

simple estimator
for wing MDD

(M DD )swept wing =

(M DD )airfoil
cos c 4

A&AE 251
Class 14
9/27/02

Compressibility Drag Design

Issues

Boeing 777 cruise M = 0.83

13

Concorde cruise M = 2.04

K Difficult

to predict CDc (methods beyond 251)

K Select airfoil and sweep
speed required
additional complexity and weight
K Jet

passenger transports fly M MDD

MD-80 Drag - Compressibility

Drag
K

Geometry
= 24.5
wing t/c = 0.11

Flight conditions
V = 750 ft/s
M = 0.76
h = 32,000 ft
= 8.270410-4 sl/ft3
a = 986.22 ft/s

Estimated wing MDD

Compressibility drag
coefficient, CDc

14

A&AE 251
Class 14
9/27/02

15

Predicting Total Drag

K Total

drag coefficient
C D = C D p + C Di + C Dmisc + C Dc

CD =
i

KiQi C f i S weti
S ref

CL2
+
+ C Dmisc + C Dc
ARe