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Chapter 4
Load and Stress Analysis
Lec.. 7
Lec

Torsion
A. Bazoune

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TORSION
https://ecourses.ou.edu/cgibin/ebook.cgi?doc=&topic=me&chap_sec=02.1&page=theory

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TORSION
 Any moment vector that is collinear with an axis

of a mechanical element is called a torque

vector, because the moment causes the element
to be twisted about that axis.
 A bar subjected to such a moment is also said to

be in torsion.
 Designated by drawing arrows on the surface of

the bar to indicate direction, or by drawing

torque-vector arrows along the axes of twist of
the bar
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PRACTICAL EXAMPLES
Transmit power from one device to another
 Turbine to a generator
 Engine to the wheels
 Motor to the pulley

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Assumptions
 The bar is acted upon by a pure torque.
 The section under consideration are remote from

the point of application of the load and from a

change in diameter.
 Adjacent cross sections originally plane and

parallel remain plane and parallel after twisting,

and any radial line remains straight.
 The material obeys Hookes law.
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Fig. 4.23

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Shear Stress

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Angle of Twist
The angle of twist for a solid round bar is

Tl
GJ

(4-35)

where

T = torque
l = length
G = modulus of rigidity
J = polar second moment of area
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Shear Stress
 For a solid round bar, the shear stress is zero at

the centre and maximum at the surface.

 The distribution is proportional to radius

given by

=
 Designating

T
J

and is
(4-36)

r as the radius to the outer surface,

we have

max =

Tr
J


Eq. (4-37) applies only to circular sections.
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(4-37)

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 For a solid round section,

J=

d4

(4-38)

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where d = diameter of the bar.

 For a hollow round section,

J=
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(d

4
o

di4 )

(4-39)
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T from the power and

speed of a rotating shaft, using USC units, use the
following equation

 To obtain the Torque

H=

FV
2 Tn
Tn
=
=
33,000 33,000(12)
63,025

(4-40)

where
H = power, hp
T = torque, lb-in
n = shaft speed, rev./min
F = force, lb
V = velocity, ft/min.
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 When SI units are used, the equation is

H =T

(4-41)

where

H = power, W
T = torque, N-m
= angular velocity, rad./s

T corresponding to the power in watts

is given approximately by

 The torque

T = 9.55
where n : rev./min.
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H
n

(4-42)

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Torsional Stresses in NonNon-Circular

Cross--section Members
Cross
 There are some applications in machinery for non-

circular cross-section members and shafts where a

regular polygonal cross-section is useful in
transmitting torque to a gear or pulley that can
have an axial change in position. Because no key
or keyway is needed, the possibility of a lost key
is avoided.

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max in a
rectangular bc section bar occurs in the middle of
the longest side b and is of magnitude formula

 Saint Venant (1855) showed that

T
1.8
(4-43)
3+

b c2
b/c
where b is the longer side, and a factor that is
function of the ratio b/c as shown in Table of Page 139.

max =

bc 2

 The angle of twist is given by

Tl

bc3G

(4-44)

where is a function of the ratio b/c as shown in

Table of Page 139.
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Example 4-8 Textbook

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Example 4-8 Textbook

Contd

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Fig. 4.26a

Example 4-9
Textbook

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Example 4-9 Textbook

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Closed ThinThin-Walled Tubes (t << r)

 In closed thin-walled tubes, it can

be shown that the product of shear

stress times thickness of the wall t
is constant.

is inversely

 Shear stress

proportional to the wall thickness t.

 Total torque

T on a tube

Figure 4-27

T = trds=( t) rds= t ( 2Am ) =2Am t

Where
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Am is the area enclosed by the section median line.

 Solving for

25

gives

T
2 Am t

(4-45)

 For constant wall thickness t, the angular twist (radians) per

unit of length of the tube 1 is given by

1 =

T Lm
4 G Am 2 t

(4-46)

where

Lm : perimeter of the section median line

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Example 4-10 Textbook

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Example 4-11 Textbook

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Open ThinThin-Walled Sections

 When the median wall line is not closed, it is to be open.

Fig. 4-29 shows some examples.

Fig. 4-29
Some open thin-walled sections
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Open ThinThin-Walled Sections

 Open sections in torsion, where the wall is thin, have

relations derived from the membrane analogy theory as

follows:

= G 1 c =
where

3T
L c2

: shear stress

G : shear modulus
1: the angle of twist per unit length
L : length of the median line
c : wall thikness
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Example 4-12 Textbook

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