CHAPTER 5:

THE AIR AROUND US

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THE AIR AROUND US

The Earth is surrounded by a thick layer of air
called the atmosphere
Air is a mixture of gases and other component
which is tasteless, colourless and odourless.
Type of gases in air:

Nitrogen
Oxygen
Carbon dioxide
Inert gases (argon, neon, helium, krypton, xenon, radon)

Other

components:

- water vapour, dust microorganisms

The

composition of air varies from place to place

and from time to time
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Atmosphere

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Why air is a mixture?

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Uses of gases
Nitrogen

preserve packaged foods

Oxygen respiration, burning,
rusting
Carbon dioxide - photosynthesis

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Uses of inert gases

Helium for
meteorological
balloon

Xenon for sun

lamps

For earthquake
prediction

Krypton
for fluorescent
bulbs.

Neon for light

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Composition of air

Component

Percentage (%)

Nitrogen

78

Oxygen

21

Carbon dioxide

0.03

Inert gases & other

substances

0.97
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Why air is a mixture?

The gases in the air can be easily
separated (respiration, burning,
rusting)
2. Each gas in the air still maintain its
original properties
3. The ratio of the component in the air
varies according to the condition of a
place
1.

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LETS DO SOME EXPERIMENTS!

What is the percentage of oxygen

in the air?
2) Does air contain water vapour?
3) Does air contain microorganisms?
4) Does air contain dust particles?
1)

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Investigating the percentage of oxygen in the air

Procedure:
1)

A candle is placed on gas jar stand in the trough and fill the
trough with water

2)

The gas jar are divided into five equal parts using rubber
bands

3)

The candle is lighted up and the gas jar is inverted over the
lighted candle

4)

The changes of water level is examined as the candle goes off

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Observation:
-As the candle continue to burn the flame get smaller and
finally it goes off
- The water level in the gas jar rose until it reach one fifth of
the marked height when candle goes off
Conclusion:
Oxygen makes up of approximately 21% of the volume of
air.
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To show air contains water vapour

Procedure:
1)

Put some ice cubes into the boiling tube

2)

Record the observation on the external surface of boiling

tube after 15 minutes

3)

Test the liquid on the external surface of boiling tube

with dry cobalt chloride paper

4)

If blue cobalt chloride paper turns to pink in colour, this

proofs that the liquid is water.
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Observation:

Water droplets that formed on the outer wall of the test

tube can be clearly seen.

Collected liquid droplets has been tested with a blue

cobalt chloride paper and the paper then turns to pink in
colour, proofs that the liquid is water.

Conclusion:
Air contains water vapour.
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To show air contains dust

Procedure:
1)
2)

Prepare the materials as shown

Observed the cellophane tape with
magnifying glass after a few days

Observation:
Dust can be seen on the sticky surface of
glass slide.
Conclusion :
Air contains dust.

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To show air contains microorganisms

Before

After a few days

Observation:
- Coloured spots of microorganisms (fungi and bacteria) are
found on the surface of the nutrient agar after a few
days
Conclusion:
Air contains microorganisms.
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PROPERTIES OF GASES
OXYGEN

CARBON DIOXIDE
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PROPERTIES OF OXYGEN &

CARBON DIOXIDE
Oxygen

and carbon dioxide are the two

main gases that made up the air for
sustaining life
The properties of gases can be studied
and observed by carrying out the
following tests

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Test 1: Solubility in water

OXYGEN
Observation:
The water level in the test
tube rises slightly
Conclusion:
Oxygen is slightly soluble
in water

CARBON DIOXIDE
Observation:
The water level in the test
tube rises slightly (but more
than oxygen)
Conclusion:
Carbon dioxide is slightly
soluble in water
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Test 2: Reaction with sodium hydroxide

OXYGEN

CARBON DIOXIDE

Observation:
The level of sodium
hydroxide solution in the test
tube does not change

Observation:
The level of sodium
hydroxide solution in the
test tube rises a lot

Conclusion:
Oxygen is not soluble in
sodium hydroxide

Conclusion:
Carbon dioxide is very
soluble in sodium hydroxide
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Test 3: Glowing wooden splinter

OXYGEN
Observation:
The glowing wooden
splinter bursts into flame
(relights/rekindless)
Conclusion:
Oxygen supports combustion

CARBON DIOXIDE
Observation:
The glowing wooden
splinter extinguished (goes
off)

Conclusion:
Carbon dioxide does not
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supports combustion

Test 4: Burning wooden splinter

OXYGEN
Observation:
The burning wooden
splinter burns brightly
Conclusion:
Oxygen supports combustion

CARBON DIOXIDE
Observation:
The burning wooden
splinter extinguished (goes
off)

Conclusion:
Carbon dioxide does not
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supports combustion

Test 5: Tested with moist litmus paper

OXYGEN

CARBON DIOXIDE

Observation:
The colour of both litmus
paper does not change

Observation:
The colour of blue litmus
paper turns red

Conclusion:
Oxygen is neutral

Conclusion:
Carbon dioxide is acidic
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Test 6: Lime water test

Lime
water

OXYGEN

CARBON DIOXIDE

Observation:
No change in lime water
(remains clear)

Observation:
The lime water turns cloudy
(chalky)

Conclusion:
Oxygen has no effect on lime

Conclusion:
Carbon dioxide turns the lime
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Test 7: Bicarbonate indicator test

Control

Oxygen

OXYGEN

Carbon dioxide

CARBON DIOXIDE

Observation:
The colour of bicarbonate
indicator does not change

Observation:
The colour of bicarbonate
indicator turns yellow

Conclusion:
Oxygen is neutral

Conclusion:
Carbon dioxide is acidic
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PROPERTIES OF OXYGEN
Colourless,

tasteless & odourless

Slightly soluble in water
Not soluble in sodium hydroxide
No effect on damp litmus paper
No effect on lime water
Relights a glowing splinter
No effect on hydrogen carbonate
solution
Support combustion
Neutral
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PROPERTIES OF CARBON DIOXIDE

Colourless,

tasteless & odourless

More soluble in water
Very soluble in sodium hydroxide
Turns blue litmus paper to red
Turns lime water cloudy
Extinguishes a burning splinter
Changes the colour of hydrogen
carbonate from red to yellow
Does not support combustion
Acidic
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COMPARISON BETWEEN
OXYGEN & CARBON DIOXIDE
PROPERTIES

OXYGEN

CARBON DIOXIDE

Colour

Colourless

Colourless

Odour

Odourless

Odourless

Taste

Tasteless

Tasteless

Solubility in
water

Slightly soluble

Slightly soluble

Solubility in
sodium
hydroxide

Not soluble

Very soluble

Effect in
glowing splinter

Relight the glowing

splinter

The splinter goes

out (extinguishes)

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COMPARISON BETWEEN
OXYGEN & CARBON DIOXIDE
PROPERTIES

OXYGEN

CARBON DIOXIDE

Effect in
burning splinter

The splinter burns

brighter (oxygen
support burning

The splinter goes

out (extinguishes)

Effect on moist No change in both

litmus paper
litmus paper (oxygen
is neutral)
Effect on
limewater

No change

Effect on
hydrogen

No change

Blue litmus paper

turns red (carbon
dioxide is acidic)
Limewater turns
cloudy

Red colour turns

yellow (carbon
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COMFIRMATION TEST FOR

OXYGEN & CARBON DIOXIDE
GAS

COMFIRMATION
TEST

OBSERVATION

Oxygen

Glowing splinter

Relights a glowing
splinters

Carbon
dioxide

Limewater

Limewater turns
cloudy

Oxygen

Carbon dioxide
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OXYGEN IS NEEDED FOR

RESPIRATION
All

living things obtain energy when

the food they have consumed is
broken down
Respiration = the chemical process in
which energy is released from
breaking down of food.
Respiration required oxygen. Oxygen
oxidises the glucose in the body cells
to release energy
Carbon dioxide, water vapour and
energy are the product of respiration
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Respiration
Glucose (food)
+ Oxygen

Carbon dioxide +
Water vapour +
Energy
Carbon
dioxide

Glucose

Water
vapour
Oxygen

Energy
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To show living things use oxygen

during respiration

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To show living things use oxygen

during respiration
Observation :
The drop of coloured water in tubes A and
B move towards the tube.
Discussion :
Cockroaches and germinating seeds (living
things) take in oxygen and give out carbon
dioxide during respiration.
Carbon dioxide is absorbed by sodium
hydroxide.
Low pressure inside tubes make the higher
pressure outside pushes the drop of
coloured water towards the tubes.
Conclusion:
- Living things used oxygen during respiration.
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To show that living things give out carbon dioxide

during respiration
Observation :
- The colour of hydrogen carbonate indicator
in tubes P and Q change from red to yellow.
Discussion :
- Cockroaches and germinating seeds (living
things) give out carbon dioxide during
respiration.
- Hydrogen carbonate indicator absorbs the
carbon dioxide and changes colour from red
to yellow.
We can use lime water
to test the present of
carbon dioxide
Lime water turns
cloudy in P and Q

Conclusion:
- Living things give out carbon dioxide
during respiration.
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Inhaled and Exhaled Air

Inhaled

air the air that is breathed in during

respiration.
Exhaled air the air is breathed out during
respiration.

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Composition of Inhaled Air and

Exhaled Air
Gas

Inhaled air

Exhaled air

Nitrogen

78%

78%

Oxygen

21%

16%

Carbon dioxide

0.03%

4%

Inert gases

0.97%

0.97%

Water vapour

Lesser

More

Summary:- The composition of oxygen in inhaled air is higher

than in exhaled air
- The composition of carbon dioxide in exhaled air is
higher than in inhaled air
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Comparing Inhaled and

Exhaled Air

Test by using lime water

Inhaled
Air

Exhaled
Air

Test by using bicarbonate

indicator

Inhaled
Air
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Exhaled
Air

OXYGEN IS NEEDED FOR

COMBUSTION (BURNING)
Combustion

is a chemical
reaction between fuel and
oxygen which produce heat
and light energy
Condition for combustion
are :
- Oxygen
- Heat
- Fuel
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Substances

(fuel) that can be burn

easily include:-

Organic substances alcohol, ether,

xylene
Carbon charcoal, coal
Hydrocarbon petrol, diesel, kerosene,
candles, butane
The product of combustion depend on the
type of fuel used

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Fuel Organic Substances

Ether

Alcohol

Xylene

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Fuel Carbon

Coal

Charcoal

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Fuel Hydrocarbon

Petrol & Diesel

Butane

Kerosene

Cooking gas
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Candle

Product of combustion
Combustion of carbon
- Produces carbon dioxide,heat and light.
Example:
Charcoal + Oxygen

Carbon dioxide + Heat + Light

Combustion of hydrocarbon
-Produces carbon dioxide, water, heat and light.
Example:
Kerosene + Oxygen

Carbon dioxide + Water +

Heat + Light
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Product of Combustion (Carbon)

Coal

Charcoal

Combustion of carbon
- Produces carbon dioxide,heat and light.
Example:
Charcoal + Oxygen

Carbon dioxide + Heat + Light

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Product of Combustion
Hydrocarbon)
Butane

Petrol & Diesel

Cooking gas

Kerosene

Candle

Combustion of hydrocarbon
-Produces carbon dioxide, water, heat and light.
Example:
Kerosene + Oxygen

Carbon dioxide + Water +

Heat + Light
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EXPERIMENT TIME!!!!

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To show that oxygen is needed for combustion

Observation :
The candle inside the
gas jar goes out after a
short while.
The candle outside the
gas jar continues to
burn
WHAT HAPPEN
TO THE
CANDLES?

Conclusion:
- Oxygen is needed for
combustion.
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To investigate the effect of the size of a

container on the length of time a candle burns.

WHICH
CANDLE WILL
EXTINGUISHE
S FIRST?
Observation:
The candle in the 500 ml beaker goes out first.
The candle in the 1000 ml beaker continues to burn for some
time before it goes out.
Conclusion:
The bigger the size of container, the longer the time for candle
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to burn.

To investigate the product of combustion

(Carbon)

Charcoal
Lime water

WHAT
HAPPENS TO
THE LIME
WATER?

Observation & Discussion :

Gas jar becomes hot
The lime water turns cloudy because the presence of carbon
dioxide
Conclusion:
The burning of carbon produces carbon dioxide, heat and light.
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To investigate the product of combustion

(Hydrocarbon)
Cobalt
chlorid
e
paper
Lime water

WHAT
HAPPENS TO
THE LIME
WATER?

Observation & Discussion:

The funnel becomes hot
The dry cobalt chloride paper changes colour from blue to pink to prove
that water is present
The lime water turns cloudy because the presence of carbon dioxide
Conclusion:
The burning of hydrocarbon produces carbon dioxide, water vapour, heat
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and light.

Importance Of Combustion
Industry
Burning of fuel to generate electricity in power
station.
Boiling water to produce steam to turn the
turbines.
Transportation
Burning of petrol or diesel in engines to move the
vehicles.
Burning the kerosene in aircraft engine to produce
energy to fly.
Others
Burning of candles as source of light.
Burning of natural gas for cooking.
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Methods To Put Out A Fire

Remove

fuel - Take
away fuel from fire
source.
Remove oxygen
supply - Using fire
blanket, sand, cloth,
fire extinguisher
Remove heat - Using
water
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What will you do if you on

fire?

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AIR POLLUTION
Air

pollution occurs when air

contains pollutants
Pollutants are substances that
are released into the
environment. These substances
are harmful to living things and
pollute the environment
Air pollution is the result of
human action
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Sources and effect of air pollutants on

human being and the environment
Air pollutant
Smoke particles and
soot.

Sources

Effects

- Cigarette smoke.
- Smoke from motor
vehicles.
- Burning of rubbish.
- Burning of fossil fuels.
- Forest fires

- Cause breathing
difficulties.
- Make the eyes feel
uncomfortable.

Dust / haze

- Construction sites
- Open burning

- Causes lung
cancer, coughing and
asthma.

Carbon monoxide

- Cigarette smoke
- Smoke from motor
vehicles

- Causes tiredness,
headache, brain
damage and death.
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Air pollutant

Sources

Effects

Sulphur dioxide

Burning of coal

Damages lung cells

Forms acid rain that damages
Metallic structures and kills
aquatic life
Kills plants

Oxides of nitrogen

Smoke from motor

vehicles

Form acid rain

Chlorofluorocarbon
(CFC)

-Aerosol spray,
- electronics

Causes damage to the ozone

layer.
Too much exposure to UV rays
can cause, skin cancer, eye
diseases and the break-down
of the bodys immune system

factories

Carbon dioxide

-Motor vehicles and

factories
-Open burning

Causes green house effect

Will result global warming,
changes in climate, rising sea
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levels/
flooding

Acid Rain

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Why Earth becomes hotter?

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Effect of greenhouse effect

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Effects Of Global Warming

Altering

the climate on Earth

Upsetting the balance of nature
Destroying the beauty of nature
& habitat
Disrupting natural cycles (water
cycle, oxygen cycle, carbon
cycle)

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Effect of global warming

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Depletion of ozone layer

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Effect of
depletion of
ozone
Human Health
Damages DNA which suppresses immune system resulting in increase of infectious diseases
Skin cancer
Eye cataracts
Plants and Trees
Reduces crop production, damage to seeds
Reduces quality of crops
Aquatic Ecosystems
Damage to plankton, aquatic plants, fish larvae, shrimp, crabs
Affects marine food chain, damage to fisheries result
Materials
Paints, rubber, wood and plastic are degraded faster, especially in tropical regions
Damages could be in billions of money annually
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Do you want to live like these?

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Or like these?

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THE IMPORTANCE OF KEEPING

THE AIR CLEAN
1.
2.

3.

4.

Air is one of the basic needs of life.

A clean environment is important for
survival of human beings and others
living organisms
A clean environment guarantees the
general good health of the community
because all living things breathe in air
Air pollution affects health and causes
respiratory diseases, skin diseases,
eye and lungs irritations and cancer
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The end.. =)

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Do you want to get band 6?

Evidence : B6D5E1
Make a presentation about:
1) Air pollution
2) Examples and sources of air pollutant
3) Effect of air pollution
4) Steps to prevent & control air pollution
5) Suggest ways to keep the air clean
6) Practice habits to keep the air clean
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Conditions
1. Presentation form: Manila card or
Powerpoint presentation or
Video or others
2. Present by group of students
Max : 4 students
Min : 2 students
3. Time to prepare
2 weeks (present after August exam)
4. Language used:
- English / Bahasa Melayu
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Membuat perbentangan dalam

pelbagai bentuk mengenai:
1. Pencemaran udara
2. Contoh bahan cemar udara dan
sumber
3. Kesan pencemaran udara
4. Langkah-langkah untuk
menghalang dan mengawal
pencemaran udar
5. Cara mengekalkan udara
supaya bersih
6. Mempraktikkan amalan yang
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