HNS 3033 : MODERNISASI

DAN PERUBAHAN
TEKNOLOGI
Kuliah M05: Pemodernan
Ekonomi II
(URBANISATION)

Urbanization:
1. Proses pembentukan dan
pertumbuhan sesbuah kawasan
apabila penduduknya berpindah dari
luar bandar ke bandar;
2. Kadar penduduk yang tinggal di
bandar-bandar berbanding dengan
yang tinggal di luar bandar; kadar
itu semakin

Urbanisasi dan Tahap-tahap

perkembangannya:

Preindustr
ial cities

Industrial
cities

Metropolis
&
megalopol
is;

Urbanization: turning point in history

(sumber: UN-Habitat)

The year 2007 marks a turning point in

history. One out of every two people
will be living in a city;
In 2005, the worlds urban population
was 3.17 billion out of a world total of
6.45 billion. Current trends predict that
the number of urban dwellers will keep
rising, reaching almost 5 billion by
2030 out of a world total of 8.1 billion.

 Between 2005 and 2030, the worlds urban

population is expected to grow at an average
annual rate of 1.78 per cent, almost twice the
growth rate of the worlds total population.
After 2015, as more and more people occupy
cities, the population of rural settlements
around the globe will begin to contract,
decreasing at an average annual rate of -0.32
through 2030 a decrease of more than 155
million people over 15 years.

 Whereas Europe, North America and Latin

America experienced intense urbanization
the increased concentration of people in
cities rather than in rural areas and rapid
urban growth through the mid-20th century,
the trend has now shifted to the developing
regions of Asia and Africa. In-migration,
reclassification and natural population
increase are contributing to a rapid urban
transformation of these regions.

 Annual urban growth rates are highest in Sub-Saharan

Africa (4.58 per cent)
Followed by South-Eastern Asia (3.82 per cent),
Eastern Asia (3.39 per cent), Western Asia (2.96 per
cent),
Southern Asia (2.89 per cent) and Northern Africa
(2.48 per cent).
The developed worlds cities are growing at a slower
pace, averaging 0.75 per cent a year.
Asia and Africa will continue to dominate global urban
growth through 2030. Currently the least urbanized
regions in the world, with 39.9 per cent and 39.7;

Urbanisasi di Malaysia
Sumber: Perangkaan Malaysia.
KAWASAN

TAHUN
1970

1980

1991

2000

SEMENANJUNG
MALAYSIA

28.8

39.1

54.3

65.2

SABAH

16.5

20.6

33.7

48.9

SARAWAK

15.5

18.0

37.5

48.0

MALAYSIA

26.8

35.8

50.7

62.0

Teras Dasar Perbandaran Negara

i. Pembangunan Perbandaran
yang Efisien dan Mampan
ii. Pembangunan Ekonomi
Bandar yang Kukuh, Dinamik
dan Berdaya Saing
iii. Sistem Pengangkutan Bandar
yang Bersepadu dan Efisien

 iv. Penyediaan Perkhidmatan

Bandar, Infrastruktur dan Utiliti
yang Berkualiti
v. Pewujudan Persekitaran
Kehidupan Bandar yang Sejahtera
dan Beridentiti
vi. Tadbir Urus Bandar yang Efektif

Sebab-sebab berlaku
Urbanisasi:
Urban population grows in two ways:
by natural increase (more births than
deaths), and by immigration.
Natural increase is fueled by improved
food supplies, better sanitation, and
advances in medical care that reduce
death rates and cause populations to
grow both within cities and in the rural
areas around them.

 Immigration is the second reason

why population grows, and it is the
largest source of its growth.
Immigration to cities can be caused
both bypush factorsthat force
people out of the country and bypull
factorsthat draw them into the city

 Immigration Push Factors- Limpahan

penduduk mendedsak mereka berhijrah ke bandar
mencari pekerjaan, makanan dan perumahan;
Di sesetengah tempat keadaan ekonomi dan
konflik politik, racial atau ugama memaksa mereka
berhijrah;
UN estimated that in 1992 at least 10 million
people fled their native country and that another
30 or 40 million were internal refugees within their
own country, displaced by political, economic, or
social instability.

 Immigration Pull Factors- Walaupun keadaan

disesebuah bandar chaotic, ramai memilih
untuk berhijrah ke bandar tertarik dengan
keseronokan, vitality, dan peluang2 untuk
bertemu dengan mereka yg senasib;
Yang penting bagi mereka cities menawarkan
pekerjaan, rumah, hiburan dan kekebasan
(terlepas dari ikatan tradisi);
Ada peluang untuk social mobility, prestige dan
kuasa yang mungkin tidak dapat mereka kecapi
kalau berada di luar bandar;

Urbanism
Urbanism is a way of life.
Merupakan gambaran satu cara
hidup yang kompleks berasaskan
division of labour, high levels of
technology, high mobility,
interdependence of its members in
fulfilling economic functions and
impersonality in social relations.

4 ciri Utama Urbanism:

4 ciri utama urbanism:

1. Transiency: An urban inhabitant's
relation with others last only for a
short time; he tends to forget his old
acquaintances and develop relations
with new people. Since he is not
much attached to his neighbors
members of the social groups, he
does not mind leaving them.

2 . Anonymity: Urbanities do not know

each other intimately. Personal mutual
acquaintance between the inhabitants
which ordinarily is found in a
neighborhood is lacking.
3. Individualism: People give more
importance to their own vested
interests.

4. Superficiality: An urban person has

the limited number of persons with
whom he interacts and his relations
with them are impersonal and formal.
People meet each other in highly
segmental roles. They are dependent
on more people for the satisfaction of
their life needs.

Ciri-ciri masyarakat Urban:

Heterogeneous, terkenal kerana
diversity and complexity.
Di dominasi oleh hubungan
secondary;
Social control berbentuk formal
melalui law, legislation, police, dan
court ; bentuk informal tidak lagi
memadai untuk mengawal pelakuan
manusia;

 Mobile dan terbuka. Terdapat banyak

peluang untuk social mobility. Status
berbentuk achieved dan bukan lagi
ascribed.
Kerjaya lebih khusus; There is
widespread division of labor meluas;
peluang untuk pengkhususan kerjaya
terbuka luas;

 Family dikatakan tidak stabil.

Keluarga besar tidak diutamakan;
Kesedaran kelas tinggi dan bersifat
progresif; Menyambut baik
perubahan; terdedah kepada
perkembangan modern sains dan
teknologi;.

 Consensus diganti dengan dissensus.

Organisasi social atomistic dan tidak
jelas; yang jelas ialah
disorganization, mental illness dan
anomie.
Peluang pendidikan formal meluas;
berlaku pendmokrasian organisasi
dan institusi;

Masalah Semasa akibat

urbanisasi:
Bandar-bandar besar, tidak kira di
negara maju atau di negara-negara
sedang membanung menghadapi
pelbagai masalah yang sama;
Masalah menjadi lebih besar
mengikut saiz bandar terutamanya di
negara-negara sedang

PENCE
MARAN
UDARA
KESES
AKAN
TRAFI
K

BISING

Masal
ah
semas
a
kawas
an
Urban
DI
MANAMANA
MASAL
AHNYA
SERUP
A

PEMBU
ANGAN
NAJIS
DAN
PENCE
MARAN
AIR

JENAYA
H

Isu dan Cabaran

i. Kadar Perbandaran yang
Pesat
ii. Penurunan Kualiti Alam
Sekitar
iii. Ekonomi Bandar yang
Kurang Berdaya Saing
iv. Sistem Pengangkutan yang
Tidak Cekap

 v. Kemerosotan Kualiti Hidup

Penduduk Bandar
vi. Kurang Penekanan
Terhadap Rekabentuk Bandar
Dan Pemuliharaan
Warisan
vii. Tadbir Urus Bandar Yang
Kurang Berkesan