So before I start, naririnig po ba ako?

So ayan, ang ididiscuss ko naman po ngayon ay about Cities as Engines of Globalization and
the Global Demography.

So cities as engines of globalization… Everyone have you ever wondered po ba what’s the
biggest cities on Earth? Meron po ba kayong idea kung ano ano ang mga biggest cities
around the world?

TOP 20 LARGEST CITIES: Tokyo, Delhi, Shanghai, Dhaka, Sao Paulo, Mexico City, Cairo, Beijing,
Mumbai, Osaka, New York City, Chongqing, Karachi, Istanbul, Kinshasa, Lagos, Buenos Aires,
Calcutta, Manila, and Tianjin.

Cities as Engines of Globalization

 In the current generation, urban life has become the dominant form of human life
throughout the world.
* We all know that cities are the engines of globalization. Kumbaga they are the social
magnets, growing faster and faster.

 An increasing number of large cities, with populations of over five million, are already
identified as global cities- cities that are nodes of global as much as national networks.
*So sabi po dito ang large cities na may populations of over 5 million ay considered na
as global cities.

 In 2000, there were 18 megacities (over 10 million)‚ such as Mumbai, Tokyo, New York
City/Newark and Mexico City had populations in excess of 10 million inhabitants.
Greater Tokyo already has 35 million. The Hong Kong/Guangzhow area is even larger,
perhaps 120 million.
*As we all know, as the world population continues to grow and urbanization
continues to expand, mas nagiging populated pa itong mga global cities or megacities
na ito. So ayan, according nga dito- researchers classify the world’s largest cities as
“megacities” if they have a population of above 10 million people. so that means- ang
top 20 megacities na ngayon sa mundo ay may populations of over 15 or 20 million
people na.
 * Para sa kaalaman ng lahat ang top 2 largest megacities around the world ay from
Asia. According to The World Population Review, these cities are Tokyo from Japan
and Delhi from India. Tokyo ang pinaka largest megacity as of 2023- with over 37
million population ngayon or to be specific- ay mayroong 37 million 274 thousand
people and counting. As we all know- Tokyo is the capital of Japan. a flourishing urban
metropolis na kilala for its busy streets and- neon-lit skyscrapers.
* On the other hand- Delhi in India is the second-largest city in the world- with a
population of over 32 million people. Ito rin yung capital ng India and considered as
the most populous metropolitan area in the world.
* Sa South America and Middle East naman, ang mga global cities sa kanila ay Mexico
City, Cairo, and Buenos Aires. Mexico City with over 21 million residents, Cairo with
almost 19.5 million residents, and Buenos Aires with about 15.5 million residents. 
* In addition sa mga global cities in Asia, South America, and the Middle East- ang
United States ay isa rin sa may top 20 largest cities in the world: yun ay ang New York
City- with a population of over 18 million people.

 In 1900, 5% of the world population was urban. In 2007, the count passed 50%. By 2050,
up to 75% is anticipated.
* So Urban population is an important indicator of global population and currently-
more than half of the world’s population lives in urban areas, and this number ay
expected na mag-iincrease pa in the coming- years.
* Urban growth is faster outside the Western world, fastest in the poorest areas, such
as Africa and the poorer parts of Asia, producing the most serious problems‚ which as
the processes of globalization also progress will cease to be African and Asian
problems and will become global problems.
* Kung may mga megacities, there are many famous and culturally rich cities din
naman pero with low populations lang. Tulad ng Barcelona, Sydney, Berlin, and
Vancouver. they are all cities na base on my research- ay meron lamang less than 5
million citizens. pero they are all top-rated urban living cities. Small cities pero may
significant impact yung cultural- yung historical- and political reputations nila. And
that only proves na still- they can be highly significant regardless of their population
size.

 As the pace of growth accelerates, the distinguishing cultural features of established

historical cities become diluted.
 * Established institutional forms of governance and services do not work with larger
numbers. In the past, cities worked differently in culturally different parts of the
world, and experienced different problems.
* Base on recent studies, urban settings can also lead to different inequalities and
health problems. And as we deeply study urbanization- we can see the impact of
urbanization on both developed and developing nations. Alam naman natin na cities
are the engines of globalization. Pero as we deeply study urbanization- we can also
see so many- problems. Such as breeding ground for poverty, inequality,
environmental hazards and many more. Sa pagdami ng population sa isang city, the
more na marami rin tayong ma-eencounter na problems particularly sa mga poor
countires. For example- many rural migrants na nagsesettle sa urban areas, dinadala
nila yung families and relatives nila with them. This leads to vulnerability of all
migrants. Further- mostly sa kanila ay overcrowded na. As the trend to urbanization
continues, this spillover effect increases and takes on a global dimension as more and
more of the world’s populations are affected.
* Now- institutional innovation is failing to keep up with the rate of growth and
change, and the problems confronting urban populations depend more on size and the
rate of growth than on cultural expectations.
* And until the conditions in rural areas improve, populations will continue to migrate
to urban settings. Therefore- for policy makers- sana ma-advocate nila yung mga
policies that will improve the socio-economic conditions of the urban poor and
promote their better health. They should concentrate on adapting to the challenges of
urbanization, while seeking to reduce unplanned urbanization.

* Some examples of policies and practices that should be considered include (i) policies that
consider whole-of-life journeys, incorporating accessible employment, community
participation, mobility/migration and social transition, to break generational poverty cycles; (ii)
policies addressing urban environmental issues, such as planned urban space and taxes on the
use of vehicles to reduce use or to encourage vehicles that use less fuel as well as encourage
bicycle use, walking, and other forms of human transportation; (iii) greater cooperative
planning between rural and urban regions to improve food security (e.g., subsidies for farmers
providing locally produced, unprocessed and low cost food to urban centers); (iv) social
protection and universal health coverage to reduce wealth disparity among urban dwellers;
including introduction of programs and services for health, for example by establishing
primary healthcare clinics accessible and affordable for all including those living in urban slum.
Global Demography

Demography: Meaning and Its Origin

(FIRST SLIDE):

 The term “Demography” was derived from the Greek words demos for “population” and
graphia for “description” or “writing,” thus the phrase, “writings about population.” It
was coined by Achille Guillard, a Belgian statistician, in 1855.
 The origins of “Modern Demography” can be traced back to the John Graunt’s analysis
of ‘Bills of Mortality’ which was published in 1662.
* For the information of everyone po… John Graunt is the founding father of the study
of what became known today as human demography. Sya yung pinakaunang gumawa
ng reasoned estimate of the numbers sa isang population and- sya rin yung unang
nakapagpublished ng document na ang content ay mas marami daw lalaki ang
ipinapanganak kesa sa mga babae.

(SECOND SLIDE):

*Ayan according kay Tulchinsky…

Demography refers to the study of populations, with reference to size and density, fertility,
mortality, growth, age distribution, migration, and vital statistics and the interaction of all
these with social and economic conditions”.

* As such, demography is based on vital statistics reporting and special surveys of population
size and density; kumbaga demography measures trends over time.
(THIRD SLIDE):

 Demographic transition started in mid- or late 1700’s in Europe.

*Bago magsimula ang demographic transition… life was short. But- births were many. And of
course, noon- population was young. Now during the transition, nung una mortality the
after- fertility na yung nagdeclined. na nagcause para tumaas yung rate ng population. High
to low fertility happened 200 years in France and 100 years in the United States.

 In other parts of the world, the transition began later. It was only in the 20 th century
that mortality decline in Africa and Asia, with the exemption of Japan.

* This global demographic transition has brought momentous changes- reshaping the
economic and demographic life cycles of individuals and restructuring populations. Base on
my research, since nung 1800, nag-increase na daw yung global population size by a factor of
six and by 2100- estimated na tataas ‘to by ten. There will then be 50 times as many elderly,
but only 5 times as many children. And yung life expectancy natin by 2100, which has
already doubled, ay expected pa na mag titriple. Now- ang life expectancy daw sa India was
only 24 years noong early 20th century while the same life expectancy occurred in China in
1929 until 1931. Sa Case ng Japan nung 1930, “yung total fertility rate ay hindi bumababa
below five births per woman”. And sabi dito, after World War 2- mas naging rapid yung
population growth affecting the age structure on India and Asia.

* However, sa mga undeveloped countries, such as mga areas sa Africa, and India- this
process is still unfinished pa rin. kasi given the fact that they haven't already post-
industrialized their economies. Kumbaga they find themselves to the point na bumababa
nga yung death rate pero patuloy pa ring tumataas ng tumataas yung birth rate due to their
own economic development
.
 The West, on the other hand, experienced baby boom that resulted from rising birth
rates.

* Base on my research, following World War II, United States experienced a greatly elevated
birth rate, adding on average 4.24 million new babies to the population every year between
1946 and 1964. So kumbaga- yung "baby boom” na sinasabi ay dahil sa strong postwar
economy, in which yung mga Americans naging confident sila na they would be able to
support a larger number of children. So yung mga soldiers pagkauwi galing World War 2,
nagsettle down na sila na gumawa ng family with their sweethearts that produce babies and
more babies. Today- the baby boomers still number about 76 million, as immigrants of
approximately the same age have made up for American-born boomers who emigrated or
passed away.