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GIAOTRINHKYTHUATXUNG
GIAOTRINHKYTHUATXUNG
Bi tp
Chng 2: MCH GIAO HON DIODE, OP-AMP, BJT
2.1. Mch xn
2.3.1. Mch xn dng
2.3.1. Mch xn m
2.3.2. Mch xn 2 mc
2.2. Mch ghim
2.4.1. Mch ghim nh trn
2.4.2. Mch ghim nh di
2.3. Mch so snh dng Op-amp
Bi tp
Chng 3: MCH DAO NG A HI
3.1. Khi nim chung
3.2. Hai trng thi ca Transistor
3.3. Mch lng n
3.4. Mch n n
Bi tp
3.5. Mch phi n
Bi tp
Chng 4: CC MCH TO XUNG KHC
4.1. Mch dao ng a hi dng Op_amp
4.2. Mch dao ng a hi dng vi mch nh thi IC555
4.3. Mch Schmitt Trigger
MC LC
Chng 1:Tn hiu xung v mch giao hon RLC.
1.1.
1.2.
1.3.
1.4.
1.5.
Khi nim.
Cc thng s c bn ca tn hiu xung.
Cc dng hm c bn.
Mch RC.
Mch RL.
1
2
3
4
16
Mch xn.
Mch ghim (Mch kp).
Mch so snh.
20
26
28
31
31
33
37
43
52
55
CHNG 1
TN HIU XUNG V MCH GIAO HON RLC.
1.1.
KHI NIM
t
T
T
d. Xung tam gic
a. Xung vung n cc
t
T
T
b. Xung vung lng cc
c. Xung rng ca
f. Xung nc thang
Trang 1
1.2.
1.2.1. Xung n
Khi nim: xung n l ch c mt xung ring bit.
v(t)
Vm
0.9Vm
0.2 Vm
tp
tr
tf
Trong :
Vm
V
tr
tP
tf
ton
: Bin xung.
: st p nh xung.
: rng sn trc.
: rng nh xung.
: rng sn sau.
: rng xung thc t.
ton
1.2.2. Dy xung
Khi nim: dy xung l tn hiu gm nhiu xung n.
Dy xung c th tun hon hoc khng tun hon.
v(t)
Vm
t
ton toff
Trong :
Vm : Bin xung.
ton : rng xung.
toff : Thi gian khng c xung.
T : Chu k
T
Hnh 1.3 Dy xung vung tun hon
rng ca xung l thi gian ng vi in p cao gi l ton (hay tx).
Thi gian khng c xung ng vi in p thp gi l toff (hay thi gian ngh
tng).
Chu k xung l:
T = ton + toff (s)
Xung vung i xng:
ton = toff
Trang 2
1
T
f=
(Hz)
Q=
t on
t on
T
CC DNG HM C BN
v(t)
a
t
t0
Hnh 1.4 Hm t bin
1.3.2. Hm tuyn tnh: v(t) = k(t - t0).
k : dc ca hm.
v
v(t)
t
t0
Hnh 1.5 Hm tuyn tnh.
Trang 3
t
to
Hnh 1.6 Hm m gim
1.3.4. Hm m tng: v( t ) = a. (1 e ( t t 0 ) / )
v
a
v( t ) = a. (1 e ( t t 0 ) / )
t
t0
Hnh 1.6 Hm m tng.
phn tch 1 tn hiu xung, phi a v dng tng cc hm c bn.
V d:
v
v(t)
v1(t)
t0
t0
-a
v2(t)
MCH RC
vi
t
0
t<0:
0
vR = 0 , vC = 0
Trang 4
vi = 0 , i =
t=0:
vi = a
Mt khc: vi = vC + vR
M vC = 0 (in p trn t khng t bin).
v
a
Do : vR = a i = R =
R R
v vC
t > 0 : T C np bng dng in i = i
R
vC tng dn, i gim dn, vR gim dn.
t = : Mch xc lp.
T C np y vi vC = vi = a , vR = 0 , i = 0
v R = a.e t /
v C = a. (1 e t / )
= RC : c gi l thi hng.
v
a
vC(t)
vR(t
)
c
trng cho tc din
ra qu trnh qu . cng ln, qu trnh qu cng ko di, mch lu xc lp.
1.4.2. Phn ng vi xung vung:
vi
v1
tp
t
0
tp
0
-a
v2
v R = a.e t / a.e
(t tp ) /
v C = a. (1 e t / ) a. (1 e
Trang 5
(t tp ) /
vi vC
.
R
ip p vR gim dn n 0.
vR(t
a
t
a
vc(t)
a
tp
Trang 6
vC
.
R
vi
k
vi = kt
t
vi = kt
vi
v
v
R
vC
t
Vi
R
v
R
+
v
C
Vo
-
Vo
Vi
Vi
2
0
BW
fc
Hnh 1.8b p ng tn s
Tn hiu ra ly trn C.
Mch thng thp cho cc tn hiu c tn s nh hn tn s ct qua hon ton,
tn hiu c tn s cao b suy gim bin . Tn hiu ra tr pha so vi tn hiu
vo.
Tn s ct
fC =
1
2RC
Ti tn ct in p ra c bin
V0 =
Vi
2
Trong K l h s t l.
Mch tch phn RC chnh l mch lc thng thp RC khi tn hiu vo c tn s fi rt
ln so vi tn s ct fc ca mch.
Thit lp cng thc:
T hnh 1.8a ta c:
Vi (t)= VR(t) + VC (t) (1)
T iu kin tn s fi rt ln so vi tn s ct fc ta c:
1
2RC
1
R >> X C =
2fi C
fi >> fC =
Vi(t )
R
(3)
in p ra V0 (t):
1
i(t )dt
C
1 Vi(t )
V0(t) =
dt
C
R
1
V0(t) =
Vi(t )dt
RC
V0 (t) = VC (t ) =
1
khi tn s fi rt ln so vi fC .
RC
Trang 8
fi >>
1
2RC
RC >>
Trong :
1
2fi
>>
T
1
= i
2
2fi
VD: Trng hp in p voVi(t) l tn hiu hnh sin qua mch tch phn:
Vi(t) = Vm.sin(t)
V
1
Vm Sintdt = m cos t
RC
RC
V
V0(t) = m sin(t 90 0 )
RC
in p ra: V0(t)=
1
.
RC
Ti
th t np v x in p theo
5
Trang 9
Vi(t)
V
Ti
Vo(t)
V
t
b) Dng sng ng ra khi <<Ti
Vo(t)
V
t
Ti
5
Vo(t)
V
t
d) Dng sng ng ra khi >>Ti
to
Trang 10
Vo
+
vC
Vi
v
R
Vi
Vi
Vo
BW
fc
Hnh 1.11b p ng tn s
Hnh 1.11a Mch thng cao RC
Tn hiu ra ly trn R.
Mch thng cao cho cc tn hiu c tn s cao hn tn s ct qua hon ton, tn
hiu c tn s thp b suy gim bin . Tn hiu ra sm pha so vi tn hiu
vo.
Tn s ct
fC =
1
2RC
Ti tn ct in p ra c bin
V0 =
Vi
2
a. Mch vi phn RC :
N: Mch vi phn l mch c in p ng raV0(t) t l vi o hm theo thi gian ca
in vo Vi(t).
Ta c:
V0(t) = K
d
Vi(t )
dt
Trong K l h s t l.
Mch vi phn RC chnh l mch lc thng cao RC khi tn hiu vo c tn s fi rt
thp so vi tn s ct fc ca mch.
Trong k thut xung, mch vi phn c tc dng thu hp rng xung to ra cc xung
nhn kch cc linh kin iu khin hay linh kin cng sut khc nh SCR, Triac
Thit lp cng thc:
T hnh 1.11a ta c:
Vi (t)= VR(t) + VC (t) (1)
T iu kin tn s fi rt thp so vi tn s ct fc ta c:
1
2RC
1
R << X C =
2fi C
fi << fC =
q( t )
Trang 11
in p ra V0 (t):
dVi (t )
dt
1
2fi
1
2RC
T
1
= i
<<
2fi
2
fi <<
in p ra l: V0(t) = R.C
d
( Vm.sint )
dt
= R.C.Vmcost
= R.C.Vm.sin(t + 900)
Nh vy, nu tha mn iu kin ca mch vi phn nh trn th in p ra b sm pha
900 v bin nhn vi h s t l lRC.
b. in p vo l tn hiu xung vung:
Khi in p vo l tn hiu xung vung c chu k Ti th c th xt t l hng s thi
gian =RC so vi Ti gii thch cc dng sng ra theo hin tng np xca t. Gi
s in p ng vo l tn hiu xung vung i xng c chu k Ti(hnh1.12a).
Ti
5
th t np v x in to dng
Trang 12
Vi(t)
Vm
t
Ti
Vo(t)
Vm
t
Vm
Vo(t)
Ti
.
5
Vm
t
-Vm
c) Dng sng ng ra khi << Ti.
Hnh 1.12: Dng sng vo v ra ca mch vi
phn nhn xung vung.
R1
vi = 5.1(t)
R = 1K
C = 470 pF
vi
+
-E
a. E = 0, R1 =
Mch tng ng:
C
vi
vi = 5.1(t)
vR = 5. e t /
vC = 5. (1 e t / )
Vi = RC = 470.10-12.1.103 = 470.10-9 = 0,47 (s)
v
v i (t)
v C (t)
v R (t)
t
= 1V, R1 =
b. E
Mch tng ng:
C
vi
+
-E
9 Xt tc dng ca ngun E:
iE = 0
v ER = i E .R = 0
v ER = i.R = 0
9 Xt tc dng ca ngun vi:
v ER = i.R = 0
v iC = 5.(1 e t / )
= RC = 0.47 s
9 Cng tc dng ca 2 ngun, suy ra:
v R = 5.e t /
v C = 5.(1 e t / ) 1
Trang 14
v i (t)
v C (t)
5
4
v R (t)
c. E = 1V, R1
Mch
= 2K
tng ng:
-1
C
R1
vi
+
-E
9 Xt tc dng ca
ngun E:
C
R1
+
-E
E
R + R1
R
1
v ER = i.R = E
= (V)
R + R1
3
2
v CE = v ER1 = i.R 1 = (V)
3
9 Xt tc dng ca ngun vi :
Ta c: i =
2
(K)
3
= 5.e t /
R t = (R1 // R) =
v iR = v Rt
v Ci = 5.(1 e t / )
= Rt.C = 0,313 s
9 Cng tc dng ca 2 ngun:
Trang 15
v R = 5.e t /
1
3
v C = 5.(1 e t / )
v
2
3
v i (t ) = 5
v C (t)
5-1/3
5-2/3
v R (t)
-1/3
-2/3
1.5.
Mch RL:
L
vi
v L = a.e t /
vR(t)
vL(t
)
Trang 16
v R = kt k. (1 e t / )
Vi = L/R.
v
vi
v
L
vR
t
9 Mch RL ly tn
hiu ra trn ti R th c gi l mch h thng (thng thp).
9 Mch RL ly tn hiu ra trn ti L th c gi l mch thng thng (thng
cao).
Nhn xt:
Phn ng ca mch RL thng cao ging phn ng ca mch RC thng cao.
Phn ng ca mch RL thng thp ging phn ng ca mch RC thng thp.
Trang 17
BI TP CHNG I
Bi 1: Cho mch nh hnh v:
C
R1
vi
+
-E
R = 1K
C = 470 pF
Hy xc nh v v th vi (t), vC(t), vR(t) cho cc trng hp sau:
t0 = 10 s ; R1 =
;
a. vi(t) = 5.1(t) 5.1(t t0) ;
t0 = 10 s ; R1 = 5,6K ;
b. vi(t) = 5.1(t) 5.1(t t0) ;
t0 = 10 s ; R1 = 5,6K ;
c. vi(t) = 5.1(t) 7.1(t t0) ;
E=0
E = 2V
E = 2V
Bi 2: Cho vi nh hnh v:
vi
a
t
-a
T
vi
a
t
to
Trang 18
Bi 4:
V
T1
T2
+
-E
R2
Khi t < 0 : K v tr s 2.
t = 0 : K sang v tr s 1.
t = 30 s : K tr li v tr s 2.
Hy xc nh v v iL , vL trong cc trng hp sau:
R1 = 1K
R2 = 1K
L = 1mH
a. E = 10 V
R1 = 10K
R2 = 10K
L = 10mH
b. E = 10 V
Trang 19
CHNG 2
MCH BIN I DNG XUNG
2.1. MCH XN
Chc nng: Gii hn bin tn hiu.
Phn loi theo chc nng c 3 loi:
- Mch xn trn (xn dng).
- Mch xn di (xn m).
- Mch xn hai mc(xn dng v xn m)
Phn loi theo cu trc c 2 loi:
- Mch xn ni tip: phn t xn mc ni tip vi ti
- Mch xn song song: phn t xn mc song song vi ti
2.1.1. Mch xn dng Diode
n: l mt dng mch sa dng sng rt ph bin trong thc t.
Gi s cc diode l tng:
V = 0 : in p bt u dn
Is = 0 : dng r khi phn cc nghch
rf = 0 : in tr thun
rs = : in tr nghch
a. Mch xn trn :
Xn phn tn hiu ln hn gi tr VN.
R
Vi
Vo
Vi
Vn
+
Vo
Vn
Vi > VN : D dn
V0 = VN
Vi VN : D tt
V0 = Vi
Vi VN : D tt
V0 = VN
Vi < VN : D dn
V0 = Vi
vi
Trang 20
VN
t
vo
b. Mch xn di :
Xn phn tn hiu nh hn gi tr VN.
R
Vi
Vo
Vi
Vn
+
Vo
Vn
Vi VN : D tt
V0 = Vi
Vi < VN : D dn
V0 = VN
vi
Trang 21
VN
vi
c. Mch xn 2 mc:
Kt hp mch xn trn v xn di.
Xn 2 mc ni tip.
Xn 2 mc song song.
Xn 2 mc ni tip v song song.
R
D1
vi
VN1
D2
vo
VN2
VN2
vi
Trang 22
V0 = VN1
V0 = Vi
V0 = VN2
VN2
Vo
t
VN1
Vi
D2
R1
vi
V1
R2
vo
V2
R1 = 100K
R2 = 200K
V1 = 25V
V2 = 100V
D1 off
D2 on
50
100
D1 on D1 on
D2 on D2 off
vi
+
VZ
Vi
Vo
Vi
VZ
+
Vo
Vi < 0
Vi > 0
: Z phn cc nghch
+ Vi > - VZ : Z tt
V0 = Vi
+ Vi <- VZ : Z dn n p
V0 = - VZ
: Z phn cc thun, Z dn ging Diode V0 = 0
Vi
VZ1
+
VZ2 +
-
Z1
Vo
Z2
Vi <-VZ1 < 0
: Z1 phn cc nghch, Z1 dn n p
Z2 phn cc thun, Z2 dn bnh thng
V0 = - VZ1
: Z1 phn cc nghch, Z1 tt
-VZ1 < Vi < 0
V0 = Vi
VZ2 > Vi >0
: Z1 phn cc thun, Z1 dn bnh thng
Z2 phn cc nghch, Z2 tt
V0 = Vi
: Z1 phn cc thun, Z1 dn bnh thng
Vi >VZ2 >0
Z2 phn cc nghch, Z2 dn n p
V0 = VZ2
c tuyn hm truyn t:
vo
VZ2
vi
-VZ1
VZ2
-VZ1
Trang 25
+
D
Vi
R >>
Vo
-
VD:
Vi
1,5Vm
Vm
Vm
0
5
-0,5Vm
-Vm
-1,5Vm
Vo
Vm
0
-2Vm
-2,5Vm
-3Vm
t = (01): Vi
=Vm , D dn Vo = 0
ng thi t C np nhanh Vc = Vm
t = (12): Vi =-Vm , D tt t C khng x c Vc = Vm = const in
p ra: Vo = Vi - VC = -Vm Vm =- 2Vm
t = (23): Vi tng bin , Vi =1,5Vm , D dn Vo = 0 (Mch vn cn
kh nng ghim p khi Vi tng)
ng thi t C np tip Vc = 1,5Vm
Trang 26
+
D
R >>
Vi
Vo
Vn
+
D
Vi
R >>
Vo
Vn
-
Trang 27
So
snh
vo
+
-
VN
vi < VN : vo = -Vcc.
vi > VN : vo = Vcc.
Mch so snh dng khuych i thut ton (op_amp):
Khuych i thut ton ch xung tn ti ch yu trng thi bo ha.
+Vcc
V-
VO
V+
+
-Vcc
: Vo = +Vc c : bo ha dng.
: Vo = -Vc c : bo ha m.
-Vcc
VN
Trang 28
Vo
c tuyn hm truyn t:
V0
+VCC
VN
Vi
-VCC
+
Vi
-Vcc
Vo
VN
c tuyn hm truyn t:
V0
+VC
C
VN
Vi
VCC
Trang 29
V d:
+Vcc
+
Vi
-Vcc
Vo
v+ = vi
v- = 0
Khi vi > 0 V+ > V- vo = +Vcc.
Khi vi < 0 V+< V- vo = -Vcc.
v
vi
vo
+Vcc
t
-Vcc
Trang 30
CHNG 3
MCH DAO NG A HI DNG BJT
1.1 KHI NIM CHUNG
Cc mch to xung c bn nht l cc mch to xung vung c gi chung l mch
dao ng a hi. C ba loi mch dao ng a hi l:
- Dao ng a hi lng n (bistable multivibrator) ( cn gi l mchFlip-Flop,
mch lt hay bp bnh): mch c hai trng thi v hai trng thi u n nh.
- Dao ng a hi n n ( Monostable Multivibraor) (cn gi l mch nh th):
mch c hai trng thi, trong mt trng thi n nh v mt trng thi khng
n nh gi l trng thi to xung
- Dao ng a hi phi n (astable Multivibrator): mch c hai trng thi v c hai
trng thi u khng n nh cn gi l mch t dao ng.
Mch dao ng a hi dng BJT da vo s np in v s x in ca t in kt
hp vi c tnh chuyn mch ca Transistor.
Ngoi ra mch dao ng a hi c to ra t cc linh kin nh op-amp, IC555, cc
cng logic, .
+VCC
Trang 31
IC
RC
VO
RB
Vi =0v
IE
IB
+VCC
IC
RC
V
VO
RB
Vi
IB
IE
VCC VCEsat
RC
I
C
B
I
I = k. C
B
hay
V V
BEsat
= i
B
I
B
Chn h s bo ha su K=3 ta c:
IB =
IC
10mA
= 3.
= 0,3mA
100
in tr RB c chn c gi tr
Trang 32
4K
NPN
Vo
2,2K
Vi
2,2K
-12V
VB1=VBEsat 0,8V
Suy ra dng in IC1 v IB1 theo cng thc:
ICI =
ICI =
I B1 =
VCC VCEsat
R CI
12 V 0,2 V
6,5mA
1,8 K
= 0 ,41 mA
=
R C2 + R 1
R B1
1,8 K + 18 K
47 K
I C 6,5 mA
=
= 0,13 mA
50
I CI
VCC VBEsat
)R C 2
R C2 + R1
12 V 0,8 V
)1,8 K 11V
K
K
1,8 + 18
R B2
VB2 = (VC1+VBB)
VBB
R 2 + R B2
=12V (
= (0,2V+6V)
47 K
6 V 1,5 V
18 K + 47 K
T2 l loi transistor NPN c VB2 = -1,5V (VB2 < 0V) nn T2 phi ngng dn .
Nu trng thi ngc li th hai transistor s c dng in v in p cc chn cc
ngc li vi phn tch trn.
in p ngun m (VBB) c tc dng phn cc cho T2 T2 n nh trng thi
ngng trnh tc ng ca nhiu c th lm cho T2 i trng thi. Trng hp khng
cn thit chng nhiu th c th khng dng ngun VBB, lc hai in tr RB1
RB2 c ni mass hay c th khng cn dng cng c .
3.3.3. Cc phng php kch i trng thi ca flip-flop .
Trng hp T1 ang bo ha, T2 ang ngng dn nh mch hnh 3.6, mun i trng
thi ca Flip-Flop th ta c th cho mt xung m vo cc B1 (hoc l cho mt xung
dng vo cc B2). Mun i tr li trng thi c th phi cho mt xung dng vo
cc B1( hoc l cho mt xung m vo cc B2). gin n ngi ta thng dng
mt loi xung.
Trang 34
a. Mch kch mt bn
Vi
+
t
+12V
VD
1 8K
1 8K
18K
0,2V
T1
T2
47K
47K
ngng
C
Vin1
bo ha2
+
0,8V
VB1
6V
0,8v
+
VC1
_
-1,5v
+11v
0,2v
S hnh 3.6 l mch Flip- Flop vi mch kch mt bn. Xung kch iu khin l
xung vung qua mch vi phn RC i t xung vung ra hai xung nhn (xung nhn
dng ng vi cnh ln v xung nhn m ng vi cnh xung). Diod D c tc dng
loi b xung nhn dng v ch a xung nhn m vo cc B1 i trng thi T1 t
bo ha sang ngng dn.
Gi thit mch c trng thi nh hnh 3.6 l T1 ang bo ha v T2 ang ngng dn .
Khi ng vo nhn xung vung (Vin) qua mch vi phn RC to in p VI trn in tr
R l hai xung nhn. Khi c xung nhn dng th diode D b phn cc ngc nn
ngng dn v mch Flip Flop vn gi nguyn trng thi ang c. Khi c xung nhn
m th diod D c phn cc thun coi nh ni tt lm in p VB1 gim xung di
0V. Lc T1 ngng dn nn Ib1= 0, Ic1= 0 nn Vc1 tng cao s to phn cc mnh
Trang 35
b. Mch kch m:
i vi mch kch mt bn th mch Flip-Flop
1,8K
1,8K
18K
18K
phi c kch ln lt, lun phin vo cc B1 v
B2 thng qua hai mch vi phn v hai Diod. i
0,2V
0,8V
trng thi mch Flip- Flop bng mt th xung kch
vo mt ng chng ta c th dng mch kch m.
10K
D
Mch in hnh 3.8 l s mch Flip-Flop c
47K
47K
ng kch m nhn xung kch l xung vung.
10K
Theo s ny, mch ang trng thi T1 bo
-6v
ha, T2 ngng dn. Hai in tr 10k thm vo
mch ra hai im A vB v hai im ny c in
C
C
p gn ging nh in p ca hai cc C1 v C2.
Vin
Ta c: VA VC 1= 0,2 V
Hnh 3.8:Mch F-F c ng kch m.
( T1 ang bo ha)
VB VC 2 =11V
( T2 ang ngng dn)
Khi c xung vung ng vo ( Vin ) th qua hai t C1 C2 s c hai xung nhn
dng ng vi cnh ln xung ca vung v c 2 xung nhn m ng vi cnh xung
ca xung vung ti im A v B. Thi im c xung nhn dng c hai diode D1 D2
u b phn cc ngc nn khng c tc dng vi mch Flip-Flop. Khi c xung nhn
m ti hai im A v B th ti hai im ny s c hai mc bin i khc nhau.
Do VA 0,2 V nn khi c xung nhn m th xung m s lm gim in p VA v diod
V1 c phn cc thun. iu ny s lm i trng thi T1 t bo ha sang ngng
dn v i trng thi T2 t ngng dn sang bo ha. Lc do VB =11V rt cao so vi
xung m nn khi c xung nhn m th in p VBvn mc dng cao nn D2 vn b
phn cc ngc v xung m khng c tc dng vi T2.
Khi c xung vung th hai n ng vo th ln ny xung nhn m ch c tc dng i
vi T2 l transistor ang bo ha nn mch Flip-Flop li tr v trng thi c.
3.3.4. Cc im cn lu trong thit k .
a. Mch vi phn ng vo c chn tr s cao cho tha cc yu cu sau:
- Xung m phi c bin cao v rng ln kck i trng thi ca
transistor ang bo ha sang ngng .
- Nu hng s thi gian =RC s lm gii hn tn s xung kck ( theo iu kin
ca mch vi phn trong chng.
- Nu hng s thi gian =RC nh hn s lm gim rng xung v c th khng
i trng thi ca transistor
b. Khi mch FlipFlop lm vic vi cc tn hiu xung kck tn s cao nn chn loi
transistor c kt cu Epiplanar c p ng nhanh.
Trang 36
+VCC
RC1
RC1
RB1
RC2
RB1
RB2
T1
C
Vi = 0
T1
T2
RB
-VBB
RC2
RB2
T2
VI =
RB
-VBB
b. Nguyn l.
* Trng thi n nh ca mch n n.(hnh 3.10).
Khi m in, t C tc thi np in qua in tr R C2 to dng in ln cp cho
cc B1 nn T1 s chy trng thi bo ha. Lc , dng IC1 qua RC1 ln to
Trang 37
+VCC
Vcc
0,2v
R C1
R C1
V VBEsat VCC
= CC
I C1 =
I B1
I C1
(3) (sat saturation : bo ha)
sat
I
Thng chn: I B1 = K. C1
sat
I B1 >
Trong : K l h s bo ha su v K = 2 5
Trang 38
VC(t) = VCC (1 e )
= VCC - VCC. e
in p trn tng t 0V ln VCC. Khi c xung m vo cc B1 th t C x inqua
RB1 vi hng s thi gian x l:
x = RB1 . C
in p trn t khi x gim theo hm s m bi cng thc:
VC(t) = VCC. e
Do chn dng ca t C coi nh ni mass qua chn C2 khi T2 bo ha nn t x in
m (VCC) v in p trn t tng t VCC ln 0V ri sau np tip tc t 0V ln
+VCC. Nh vy ng x in v np in ca t s bin thin nh hnh 3.13 c
gii hn t -VCC ln +VCC. ng biu din in p trn ts c tnh theo cng
thc:
Suy ra
t
X
1
hay e
2
tX
t
X
= 2.
t
tx
= Ln2 tx = .Ln2.
R B2
=Vx (do mch phn
R C1 + R B2
p)
tx
VC
+Vcc
Np in
0V
tx
t
X in
Hnh 3.14: Thi gian hi phc
-Vcc
tx
Hnh 3.13: ng x v np
in trn t C
+VCC
RC1
RC1
RB1
RB2
RC2
RB1
Ri
RB2
T1
T2
RB
Vi
RC2
RB
Vi
Ci
Ri
RC1
RB1
+VCC
RC2
RC1
RB1
RC2
RB2
1
2
Vi
Ri
Vi
Ri
RC1
RB1
RB2
RC2
12K
12K
39K
75
39K
C
Vi
Ri
3.4.4. Bi tp p dng .
Thit k mch a hi n n theo cc yu cu v thng s k thut sau:
-Ngun VCC = 12V, transistor c = 100, dng ti IC =10mA rng xung tx = 2
giy
* Tnh in tr ti RC1 = RC2 :
Khi transistor dn bo ha ta c: VCEsat 0,2V
Suy ra:
RC1 = RC2 =
IB = K
Ta c :
IC
10mA
= 3.
= 0,3mA
100
C=
tx
2
=
75F
0,69.R B 0,69.39.10 3
1
.
2fi
(Xem li chng 1)
Trang 42
Trang 43
T= t1+t2.
Trong :
t1 l thigian t C1 x in qua RB1 t in p VCC ln ngun +VCC nn in p
tc thi ca t ( ly mc VCC lm gc ) l:
t1
R B1 .C1
VC1(t) = 2VCC. e
Thi gian t C1 x qua RB1 t VCC ln 0V cho bi cng thc:
VCC = 2VCC. e
Suy ra:
t1
R B1 .C1
t1
R B1 .C1
=2
t1
= Ln2
R B1
1
1
=
T 0,69(R B1 .C1 + R B2 .C 2 )
VC1
t
C1 x
t1
+Vcc
1
1
f= =
T 1,4R B .C
d. Thit k mch :
VB2
Thit k mch a hi phi n theo cc thng s k
thut sau VCC = 12V, dng in ti qua cc l IL = 0,8v
t
10mA transistor c =100 tn s dao ng l f =
C1 x
-Vcc
1000 Hz.
Bi gii
t2
VC2
Mch a hi phi n l loi i xng c s nh
mch a hi c bn ( hnh 3.21 v hnh 3.22)
+Vcc
-Tnh in tr RC :
Khi transistor chy bo ha s c:
t
VC =VCEsat 0,2V
IC = IL = 10mA
Hnh 3. 23. Dng sng cc chn.
in tr RC c tnh theo cng thc:
RC =
-Tnh in tr RB
transistor chy bo ha su thng chn h s bo ha su l K = 3.
Trang 44
Ta c : IB = K
IC
10mA
= 3.
= 0,3mA .
100
Suy ra:
1
1,4R B .C
1
RB =
1,4f .C
f=
* Tnh tr s in tr RB.
R B max =
1
1
=
= 80K .
1,4fmin C 1,4.500.0,018.10 6
1
1
=
= 80K
1,4fmin C 1,4.500.0,018.10 6
1
1
=
=
= 27K .
1,4fmax C 1,4.1500.0,018.10 6
R B max =
R B min
I B max =
I C 10mA
=
= 0,1mA
100
T
t on
D=
t on
100%
T
Trang 46
Trong mch dao ng a hi phi n i xng ta c thi gian x ca t C1 bng thi gian
x ca t C2 nn:
t1 = t2 ton = toff =
1
T
2
t on
100% = 50%
T
thay i chu trnh lm vic D ngi ta phi thay i ton hoc toff nhng phi gi
nguyn chu k T.
a. S mch thay i chu trnh lm vic :
Mch in hnh 5.25 c bin tr VR dng thay i chu trnh lm vic D.
VR =R1 + R2.
in tr R l phn in tr RB dng chung cho c hai transistor.
Ta c : RB1 = R + R1.
RB2 = R + R2.
Khi iu nchnh bin tr theo hng tng tr s R1 s lm gim tr s R2 v ngc li.
iu ny c ngha l khi RB1 tng th gim tr s RB2 v ngc li.
Ta vn c thi gian x ca hai t C1 v C2 tnh theo cng thc sau:
t1 = 0,69RB1 .C1 = 0,69 (R+ R1) C1
t2 = 0,69RB2 .C2 = 0,69 (R+ R2) C2
Gi thit C1=C2=C ta c chu k T ca tn hiu xung vung l:
T = t1 + t2 = 0,69 (R+ R1) C1 + 0,69 (R+ R2) C2
T = 0,69 [(R+ R1) + (R+ R2)] C
T = 0,69 [(R+ R1) + (R+ R2)] C
T = 0,69 (2R+ R1 + R2) C
T = 0,69 (2R+ VR) C
Nh vy, khi iu chnh bin tr VR s lm khng thay i chu k T tc l gi nguyn
tn s f m ch lm thay i thi gian t1, t2 tc l thi gian ton, toff s lm thay i chu
trnh lm vic D.
b. Nguyn l thit k:
Bin tr VR l phn in tr phn cc chung cho
hai cc B ca hai transisto. Khi iu chnh bin tr
ng v tr gia in tr phn cc cho hai transistor
bng nhau l:
R B1
1
= R B2 = R + R1 = R +R2 = R + VR
2
+VCC
R
RC
RC1
C2
VR
C1
1
1
=
= 1ms
f 1000
40
T = 0,4ms
100
v t1 = 0,69RB1min .C = 0,4 ms
Suy ra: RB1min =
0,4ms
= 32,2K
0,69.0,018.10 6
60
T = 0,6ms
100
t1 = 0,69RB1max .C = 0,6 ms
0,6ms
= 48,3K .
0,69.0,018.10 6
RB1max = R + VR.
Nh vy: VR = RB1max R = 48,3 K 33 K = 15,3 K.
Chn bin tr VR = 15 K.
3.5.5. Mch a hi phi n cc dng khc.
a. Mch a hi phi n dng diode sa dng sng:
Khi transistor trong mch phi n i trng thi t bo ha (VC = VCEsat 0,2V) sang
ngng dn (VC VCC ) th in p ra khng tng ln tc thi theo dng sng vung
c v lc t C np qua RC lm in p ra tng ln theo hm s m. Thi gian
in p ra tng ln theo hm s m gi l thi gian hi phc th. Thi gian ny t thuc
hng s thi gian np ca t C v in tr RC, th c tnh theo cng thc:
th = 3np = 3RC . C
sa cha dng sng ra ngi ta dng hai diod D1-D2 cch ly cc t C1-C2 vi
hai cc C1-C2 Khi T2 ngng dn t C1 s khng np in qua RC2 v D2 b phn cc
ngc, do n t C= s np in qua RD2 . Nh vy in p VC2 s tng nhanh cho ra
dng sng vung. Suy lun tng t cho t C2 v in p VC1 khi T1 ngng dn.
Trang 48
Vcc
V
O
Rc1
Rd1
D2
th
th
Rb2
Rb1
C2
Rd2
C1
Rc2
D1
T2
Rb
Rc1
Rc2
Rb1
Re1
Rc2
C
+
Cb
Rb
T2
T1
Rc1
T2
T1
Re2
Rb2
Re
1
1,4R B .C
IC
Trang 50
gii quyt cho trng hp trn ta c th dng hai transistor rp kiu Darlington
c khuch i dng ln. Trong mch in hnh 4.31, hai transistor T1A-T1B rp
kiu Darlington, T2A-T2B rp kiu Darlington to ra mch a hi i xng vi cch
rp kiu Darlington th khuch i dng chung cho hai transistor l: chung = A B ( vi ngn vi chc ngn)
iu kin bo ha su by gi s l:
IB = K
IC
A B
VCC 2VBE
RB
Vcc
Rc1
Rb2
C2
+
Rb1
Rc2
C1
T2
T4
T1
T3
Trang 51
CHNG 4
CC MCH DAO NG KHC
4.1. MCH DAO NG A HI DNG OP-AMP
Trong phn trc chng ta kho st cc mch to xung dng transistor ri, trong
phn ny chng ta s kho st cc ng dng ca OP-AMP trong k thut xung.
4.1.1. Mch lng n (FLIP FLOP) dng OP-AMP:
Mch F/F dng OP-AMP nh s hnh 4.1 c hai
+VCC
OP-AMP lm vic nh hai mch khuch i so snh.
Hai OP-AMP s trng thi bo ha dng nu c:
100K
Vi+ > Vi V0 = +VCC
3
+
6
Vo1=+VC
hay trng thi bo ha m nu c:
2
C
V
+
10
Vi > Vi V0 = + 0
2
K
1
Gi thuyt mch c trng thi nh hnh v vi V01 =
10
+VCC v V02 = 0V
K
1
OP-AMP (1) c hi tip t V02 = 0V v ng In2
1
Vo2=0v
qua in tr 10K nn vn c :
3
+
+
Vi > Vi v V01 = +VCC n nh
100K
OP-AMP (2) c hi tip t V01 = +VCC v ng Inqua in tr 10K (10K << 100K) nn vn c: Vi > Vi+
+VCC
v V01 = 0V n nh y l trng thi n nh th nht
Hnh.4.1: Mch F/F dng OP-AMP
ca mch F/F, OP-AMP(1) trng thi bo ha dng
kch i trng thi bng xung m
v OP-AMP(2) trng thi bo ha m. i trng
thi ca F/F, cho cng tc S ni vo ng In- ca OP-AMP(2) ang bo ha m. Lc
Vi = 0V v Vi+ > Vi nn OP-AMP(2) chuyn sang bo ha dng, V02 = + VCC
qua in tr hi tp 10K s lm i trng thi c OP-AMP(1) t bo dng sang bo
ha m v lc OP-AMP(1) c Vi > Vi+ .
Lu : in tr hi tip phi c tr s kh nh so vi in tr ni ng In+ ln
ngun
+VCC Cng tc S c im chung ni masse
+VCC
xem nh xung m kch iu khin F/F.
Cng tc iu khin ln ngun +VCC
100K
qua in tr kch i trng thi ca
3 +
6
Vo1=+VCC
F/F nh xung dng kch iu khin F/F.
2
Vo1
10K
+
Trng hp ny xung dng phi c a vo
OP-AMP (1) ang bo ha dng.
S hnh l hnh 4.3 mch F/F di trng thi
Vo2
bng xung dng.
1
2
10K
Nh vy, i trng thi bng xung dng.
Vo2=0v
3
+
- Cho xung m( hay mc in th thp) vo ng
100K
In- ca OP-AMP ang bo ha m.
- Cho xung dng (hay mc in th cao ) vo
+VCC
ng In- ca OP-AMP ang bo ha dng.
Hnh 4.3: Mch F/F hi tip bng D
4.1.2. Mch flip-flop hi tip bng diode:
Mch Flip-Flop hnh 4.3 dng hai diode
Trang 52
H6-4
R2
= VA ( Vin+ > 0V)
R1 + R 2
R2
= VB ( Vin+ < 0V )
R1 + R 2
R2
R1 + R 2
Trang 53
Mch tr li trng thi gi thit ban u v hin tng trn c tip din lin tc
tun hon .
b. Dng sng cc chn:
Mc gii hn in p ng ra l: V0max +VCC
VinV0min -VCC
VA
Mc gii hn in p hai ng
R2
R1 + R 2
R2
VB = VCC .
R1 + R 2
vo l: VA = + VCC .
VB
R 1 + 2R 2
R1
Vin+
VA
t
VB
V0
Vcc
t
-Vcc
Trng hp c bit :
R1 = 2R2 T = 2.R.CLn2 (LN2 = 0,69)
=2.R.C.0,69
f=
R1 = R2
1
1
2.0,69.R.C 1,4.R.C
f=
1
2,2.R.C
c. Mch i tn s:
Theo cng thc tnh chu k v tn s dao ng nh trn ta c th i tn s dao ng
bng cc phng php sau:
Thay i t s ca cu phn th trong mch hi tip chng ( R1 v R2 )
Thay i tr s in tr R hay t C trong mch hi tip m.
Tn s ca mch dao ng tnh thot hnh 6-6 c tnh theo cng thc:
T= 2 (R+ VT1) .CLn
R 1 + 2(R 2 + VR 2 )
R1
Trang 54
thay chu trnh lm vic, mch dao ng tch thot c s nh hnh 4.47, bin
tr VR s lm thay i thi gian np v thi gian x ca t theo hai hng ngc
nhau,nn tng thi gian np s lm gim thi gian xv ngc li
Khi t C np in p dng t ng ra s np qua in tr R, bin tr VR ( phn di )
v qua diode D2. Khi t C x in p dng v sau np in p m s x qua R<
bin tr VR ( phn trn ) v qua diode D1.
Khi iu chnh bin tr VR ch lm thay i chu trnh lm vic m vn gi nguyn
tn s dao ng.
4.1.4 Mch to xung vung v tam gic:
Mch dao ng tch thot c bn to xung i xng ng ra. Nu kt hp mch tch
phn tch cc dng OP-AMP th mch c th cho ra xung tam gic.
R5
R
C2
+VCC
+VCC
R1
C1
R3
2
-VCC
VR1
Vo1
VR2
Vo1
R4
-VCC
3
R2
NE555
H4.9
4
4
5K
2/3 VCC
5
5K
1/3
VCC
3
2
5K
NOT
R
6
OUT PUT
F/F
T2
1
T1
2
1
V r =1,4V
555 bt chp tnh trng cc ng vo khc, do chn Reset dng kt thc xung ra
sm khi cn. Nu khng dng chc nng Reset th ni chn4 l UCC trnh mch b
Reset do nhiu.
7)- Transistor T2 l Transistor c cc C h ni ra chn7 (Discharge =x ).
Do cc Bc phn cc bi mc in p ra Q ca F/F nn khi Q mc cao th T2
bo ha v cc C ca T2 coi nh ni mass, lc ng ra chn 3 cng mc thp. Khi
Q
1
1
=
T 0,69(R A + 2R B )C
555
2
1
555
RB
RA
6
RB
RA
3
R
C
.01
.01
C
Hnh 4.12a
Hnh 4.12b.
Tht ra trong mch in hnh 4.12a khi t np dng in phi qua RA v n tr
thun ca Diode nn thi gian np vn ln hn thi gian x mt t. cho tn hiu tht
i xng th ghp thm Diode ni tip vi in tr RB nh hnh 4.12b, nh vy c hai
trng hp np v x u c Diode. iu kin ca hai mch trn l RB phi c tr s
kh ln so vi in tr thun ca Diode.
c. Mch phi n iu chnh tn s v chu trnh lm vic:
Hai yu cu thng c trong thit k ca mch a hi phi n l:
Thay i tn s f m vn gi nguyn chu trnh lm vic ( i xng )
Thay i chu trnh lm vic m vn gi nguyn tn s f.
c th thay i tn s ca tn hiu hnh vung ra m vn c tn hiu i xng th
hai in tr RA v RB phi c iu chnh sao cho cng tng hay gim tr s. Lc
rong mch in c thm hai bin tr VRA v VRB ghp ni tip nh trong s hnh
4.46a.
thay i chu trnh lm vic tc l thay i t l thi gian tn hiu c in p cao
v thi gian tn hiu c in p thp hay l thi gian np v thi gian x ca t
nhng vn gi nguyn tn s nghi l chu k T bng hng s, hai in tr RA v RB
gim cng mt gi tr thay i. Lc trong mch c thm hai bin tr VRA v VRB
ghp ni tip nh s hnh 4.13b nhng hai bin tr c iu chnh ngc hng
+VCC
+VCC
RA
RA
4
2
VR1
2
VR1
555
Vo
555
RB
RB
VRB
VRB
.01
.01
3
Hnh 4.13a
Hnh 4.13b
Trang 59
V
o
+Vcc
555
+Vcc
4
3
Vo
Rt
01
10 K
K
K
H
Hnh 4.14
c im ca mch n n l khi c xung m hp tc ng tc thi ng vo
Trigger chn hai mch s i trng thi v ti ng ra chn 3 s c xung dng ra.
rng xung ng ra c thi gian di hay ngn ty thuc mch nh th RTC , sau
mch s tr li trng thi ban u .
Nguyn l mch n n c gii thch nh sau :
Khi m in t C ni chn 6 v 7 xung masse lm OP- AMP (1) c ng In+ nh
hn ng In- nn ng ra V01 = 0v, ng R mc thp . Lc OP-AMP (2) c ng In+
cng nh hn ng In- nn ng ra V02 = 0v, ng s cng thp. Mch F|F c hai ng R v
S u mc thp v nh cu trc ca mch chi tit n F\F c ng ra Q mc cao ,
qua mch o ng ra chn 3 s c mc thp gn 0v. khi Q mc cao o phn cc bo
ha cho T2 lm T2 dn ni chn 7 xung mass, chn 6 cng b ni mass nn t C
khng np in c, mch s n nh trng thi ny nu khng c tc ng khc
bn ngoi .
Khi ng kha K s c xung m kch vo chn Trigger s 2 lm OP-AMP (2) i
trng thi ng S ln mc cao . Mc cao ca ng S iu khin lm F|F i trng thi ,
lm ng Q xung mc thp, ng ra qua mch o s tng ln mc cao v xung dng
ra. Lc Q mc thp nn T2 ngng dn t C np in qua RT . Trong thi gian
t C np in mch vn gi trng thi ny nn ng ra tip tc ng cao .
in p np trn t c tr s tng theo hm s m v khi in p t ga tr 2|3 VCC
th OP-AMP (1) i trng thi,ng R tng ln mc cao . Ng Rc mc cao s iu
khin F|F tr li trng thi c , ng Q ln mc cao lm ng ra qua mch o s xung
mc thp chm dt xung dng ra . ng thi lc T2 c phn cc bo ha nn
chn 7 ni mass lm t C x in , mch s n nh trng thi ny cho n kyi no
c xung m khc tc ding vo chn Trigger ( s 2 )
Thi gia xung dng ra tc l thi gian np in t 0v ln 2|3 VCC c tnh theo
nh sau :
Trang 60
VC = VCC ( 1- e )
Trong = RT . C
Thi gian t np c in th t 0V ln 2|3 VCC l tx c tnh bi :
VC = VCC ( 1 - e
Suy ra : ( 1- e
tx
tx
) = 2|3VCC
t
x
2
2
) = hay l 1 - = e
3
3
1
x
1
= e =
3
tx
tx
e =3
Cui cng ta c hm s ngc ca hm s m l Ln.
Nh vy :
tx = . Ln3 ( Ln3 = 1,1 )
tx = 1,1 RT . C
Bnh thng chn 2 phi c in p ln hn 1|3 VCC, khi c xung m th bin
xung phi lm in pchn 2nh hn 1|3 VCC .
Khi va c xung m chn 2 th ng ra bt u c xung dng v t C bt u
np in
Thi gian xung dng ra tx khng ty thuc xung m ng vo m ch ty
thuc hng s thi gian ca mch nh th . Nu dng bin tr thay VR thay cho RT
ta c th thay i rng xung ra , cch khc l thay i t C bng cc in dung c
tr s khc nhau .
b. Mch tr hon dng kiu n n .
Mch n n c ng dng rt rng ri trong lnh
RT
D
vc t ng iu khin v c bit l mch tr hon.
R
Trong thc t ngi ta khng cn to xung iu khin
cho vo chn s 2 ( Trigger ) m mch t to xung khi
4
8
6
m in ng ra cng bt u c xung ra. Mch in
2
3
hnh 4.49 l s mch t to xung khi m in.
555 5
c
1
Trong s chn s 2 ( Trigger ) c ni n chn
0.1
s 6 ( Threshold = thm ) nn s c chung in p
gia mch np RT.C so vi hai in p chun trong
Hnh 4.15 Mch tr hon kiu n n
IC l 1|3 VCC v 2|3 VCC.
Khi m in t C bt u np t 0v ln nn OP- AMP (2) c ng In+ Ln hn ng
In nn ng ra V02 mc cao, ng S cng mc cao , mch F|F c ng Q mc thp
v ng ra ca IC c V0 VCC c ngha l tc thi c xung ra. Lc OP- AMP (1)
c ng In+ nh hn In- nn ng ra V01 mc thp, ng R cng mc thp.
Khi t np ir65n p n mc 1|3 VCC th OP-AMP(2) i trng thi , ng S
xung mc thp nhng mch F/F cng i trng thi, ng Q tng ln mc cao lm ng
ra ca IC gim xung mc thp Vo = 0v v chm dt xung ng ra
Thi gian c xung ra hay rng xung chnh l thi gian t C np t 0v n 2|3
VCC v cng c tnh theo cng thc:
tx = 1,1 RT.C
Trong mch ny chn 7 ( Discharge = x in ) trng khng ni vo mch np
RT.
Trang 61
Vcc
Vcc
Vcc
TAI
T1
T1
555
555
TAI
T2
T2
IL = 10mA
U0 = 0,1v
Trang 62
IL = 50mA U0 = 0,4v
IL = 100mA U0 = 2v
IL = 200mA U0 = 2,5
* in p ra mc cao:
Vi UCC = 15v .in p U0 chnh l UCC - U CE . Khi T1 bo ha
2
IL = 100mA U0 = 13,3v
U CE = 1,7v
IL = 200mA U0 = 12,5v
U CE 2 = 2,5v
* Ti l Led
Nu ti l Led th phi dng in tr ghp ni tip vi Led gii hn dng qua
Led
Ty theo cch mc ti m dng in qua Led c cng thc tnh khc nhau
+Vcc
Vcc
+Vcc
T1
T1
555
555
3
T2
3
T2
R3
R
Trang 63
* Ti l R-le :
IC 555 c th giao tip vi cc loi R-le iu khin . Cc loi R-le ny c dng
thng nh di 100mA v in p cng thng mc thp nh 6v 12v-24v .
+Vcc
+Vcc
T1
T1
555
RY
555
T2
T2
RY
Trang 64