Siri e-Kuliah PPPJJ, USM

JIM 101
CALCULUS
Anton Abdulbasah Kamil
Number System and Functions
Sets (3)

Siri e-Kuliah PPPJJ, USM

Unit 1.10
Difference of Sets

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Objectives
Carry out operations on sets
Use the laws of the algebra of sets

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Difference of Sets
The difference of sets A and B A B is the set of
elements which belong to A but not belong to B.
in set builder form A B x : x A and x B
Venn diagram of A - B

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Theorem 1.3
If A and B are any two sets, then
1. A B A .
2. A B A B .
Example:
If A = {1,2,3,4} and B = {2,4,5,6} then A - B = {1,3}
Universal and Complementary Sets
. Universal set denoted by U, is a set which elements are
the elements of all sets under consideration in a
problem.

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Example:
In a study of population growth of a country, the total
population of the country can be assumed as a universal
set of population.
The complementary set A, denoted by A is a set of all
elements in the universal set but do not belong to set A.
In set builder form: A' x : x U and x A
Example:
Let U = {1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8} be a universal set. If E = {2.4.6}
then E = U E = {1,3,5,7,8}

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Theorem 1.4
If U is a universal set, A and B are any subset of U then
1. A A' U .

2. A A' .
3. U ' and ' U .
4. A' ' A.
5. A B A B '
Proof:
(5) We need to show that A B A B ' and A B ' A B
(i)

Let x A B, then x A and x B or x A and x B '

which means x A B '. Therefore A B A B '.

(ii) left as exercises.

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Rule of Operations
If A, B, and C are subsets of a universal set U, then the
following rules are fulfilled.
1. Commutative rule. (a) A B B A

(b) A B B A
2. Associative rule.

(a) A B C A B C
(b) A B C A B C

3. Distributive rule. (a) A B C A B A C

(b) A B C A B A C

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4. Identity rule. (a) A A

(b) A U A
5. Complementary rule.

(a) A A' U
(b) A A'
(c) A' ' A

6. De Morgan rule. (a) A B ' A' B '

(b) A B ' A' B '

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Proof
2(b)

A B C A B C we need to show that

A B C A B C and A B C A B C

3(b)
A B C A B A C . We need to show that

A B C A B A C and A B A C A B C

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Conclusion
In this video we have studied the concept
of set and carry out set operations
Thank you