Thit k, xy dng v s dng b t hoi

1. Gii thiu
B t hoi u tin xut hin Php vo nm 1860, do k s Fosse Mouras pht minh ra. Cho
n nay, loi cng trnh x l nc thi ti ch ny c ph cp trn ton Th gii. Vit
Nam, b t hoi cng tr nn ngy cng ph bin. B t hoi c th phc v cho mt khu v
sinh, mt h gia nh hay nhm h gia nh, cho cc i tng thi nc khc nh bp n tp
th, nh hng, khch sn, khu du lch, trng hc, bnh vin, vn phng lm vic, cc c s
chn nui v ch bin nng sn, thc phm, vv...
B t hoi c s dng ph bin nhiu ni bi c nhiu u im nh hiu sut x l n
nh, k c khi dng nc thi u vo c dao ng ln, chim t din tch, gi thnh r v
vic xy dng, qun l n gin, nn d c chp nhn. Tuy nhin, pht huy vai tr ca
cng trnh x l nc thi ti ch ny, cn thit k, thi cng xy dng, lp t v qun l vn
hnh, bo dng b t hoi ng, nht l vi iu kin nc ta hin nay, khi phn ln nc
thi, sau khi x l s b b t hoi, c x trc tip ra ngun tip nhn m khng qua bt
k mt khu x l no tip theo. Vic hiu r v lm tt cng tc thit k, thi cng lp t v
qun l vn hnh - bo dng b t hoi cn gp phn nng cao nhn thc v huy ng s
tham gia ca cng ng trong xy dng, qun l h tng k thut th v bo v mi trng.
Trong b t hoi din ra qu trnh lng cn v ln men, phn hu sinh hc k kh cn lng.
Cc cht hu c trong nc thi v bn cn lng, ch yu l cc Hydrocacbon, m,
bo, ... c phn hy bi cc vi khun k kh v cc loi nm men. Nh vy, cn ln men,
bt mi hi, gim th tch. Cht khng tan chuyn thnh cht tan v cht kh (ch yu l CH 4,
CO2, H2S, NH3, ...). Cc yu t nh hng n hiu qu x l nc thi v tc phn hu
bn cn trong b t hoi: nhit v cc yu t mi trng khc; lu lng dng thi v thi
gian lu nc tng ng; ti trng cht bn (rt ph thuc vo ch dinh dng ca ngi
s dng b hay loi nc thi ni chung); h s khng iu ho v lu lng ti a; cc thng
s thit k v cu to b: s ngn b, chiu cao, phng php b tr ng ng dn nc vo
v ra khi b, qua cc vch ngn, ...
B t hoi c thit k v xy dng ng cho php t hiu sut lng cn trung bnh 50 70% theo cn l lng (TSS) v 25 - 45% theo cht hu c (BOD v COD) (Nguyn Vit Anh
v nnk, 2006, Bounds, 1997, Polprasert, 1982). Cc mm bnh c trong phn cng c loi
b mt phn trong b t hoi, ch yu nh c ch hp ph ln cn v lng xung, hoc cht i
do thi gian lu bn v nc trong b ln, do mi trng sng khng thch hp. Cng chnh
v vy, trong phn bn b t hoi cha mt lng rt ln cc mm bnh c ngun gc t
phn.
B t hoi hu ht cc nc u tip nhn v x l c hai loi nc thi trong h gia nh nc en v nc xm. Nc thi sau b t hoi c dn ti cc cng trnh x l ti ch (bi
lc ngm, b sinh hc hiu kh, vv...) hay tp trung, theo cm, ...
B t hoi c du nhp vo Vit Nam thi k Php thuc. Thi , ch c mt s cng trnh
xy dng mi c trang b b t hoi (c hoc khng c ngn lc), x l c nc en v nc
xm. Dn dn, do s pht trin ca th, cc cng trnh c ci ni, xy dng thm, cc
khu nh mi mc ln, nhng vic xy dng cc tuyn cng thu gom nc thi v tch ring
nc thi ra khi nc ma khng theo kp vi s pht trin, ngi ta u thng ng ng
dn nc xm v nc nh bp ra ngoi h thng cng chung, ch cn c nc en chy vo
b t hoi. y l bc tranh rt ph bin cc th Vit Nam hin nay. Phng thc ny
cng lan rng nhanh chng ra cc vng ven v vng nng thn. Nhiu b t hoi c
thit k, xy dng v vn hnh khng ng quy cch v kch thc ti thiu, cch b tr
ng ng, vch ngn, lm sinh ra dng chy tt trong b, sc bn v vng cn, b b r r

lm nhim v nc ngm thm vo,... ng ra, bn cn trong b t hoi phi c ht theo

chu k t 1 n 3 nm, nhng trong thc t, nhiu b ti 7 hoc 10 nm mi c ht, khi h
gia nh gp phi nhng vn nh tc, trn nc, mi hi, ..., nn hiu qu lm vic thp.
Bn cnh loi b t hoi truyn thng, cn c cc loi b t hoi sau: b t hoi c ngn lc
hiu kh, ngn lc k kh, hay c li lc tho lp c; b t hoi vi cc vch ngn mng
dng hng ln (b BAST); b t hoi vi cc vch ngn mng dng hng ln v ngn lc
k kh (b BASTAF); b t hoi c ngn bm (trong h thng thot nc gm cc b t hoi
v ng ng p lc); cc loi b t hoi khc, kt hp vi cc qu trnh x l nh x l hiu
kh c sc kh nhn to, c dng tun hon, c thu kh sinh hc, vv... Chi tit v cc loi b
ny c trnh by trong cun sch: B t hoi v B t hoi ci tin, Nh xut bn Xy
dng, 9/2007 ca cng tc gi.
2. Thit k b t hoi
Tng dung tch ca b t hoi V (m 3) c tnh bng tng dung tch t (dung tch hu ch)
ca b t hoi V, cng vi dung tch phn lu khng tnh t mt nc ln tm an np b Vk.
V = V + Vk

(1)

Dung tch t ca b t hoi bao gm 4 vng phn bit, tnh t di ln trn:

- Vng tch lu bn cn phn hu Vt;
- Vng cha cn ti, ang tham gia qu trnh phn hu Vb;
- Vng tch cn (vng lng) Vn;
- Vng tch lu vng - cht ni Vv

V = Vn + Vb + Vt + Vv

(xem Hnh 1).

(2)

Dung tch vng lng - tch cn Vn: c xc nh theo loi nc thi, thi gian lu nc t n v
lng nc thi chy vo b Q, c tnh n gi tr lu lng tc thi ca dng nc thi.
Thi gian lu nc ti thiu tn c xc nh theo Bng 1.
Bng 1. Thi gian lu nc ti thiu trong vng lng ca b t hoi
Lu lng nc thi
Q, m3/ngy

Thi gian lu nc ti thiu tn, ngy

B t hoi x l nc en +
xm

B t hoi x l nc en t WC

<6

7-8

0,9

1,8

0,8

1,6

10 -11

0,7

1,4

12

0,6

1,3

13

0,6

1,2

>14

0,5

Dung tch cn thit vng tch cn ca b t hoi Vn (m3) bng:

Vn = Q.tn = N.qo.tn /1000

(3)

Trong :
N - s ngi s dng b, ngi;
qo - tiu chun thi nc, ty thuc vo iu kin kh hu v mc trang thit b v sinh ca
ngi nh. C th s b ly q o cho b t hoi ch tip nhn nc en l 30 - 60 l/ngi.ngy,
hn hp nc en v nc xm l 100 - 150 l/ngi.ngy.
- Dung tch vng phn hu cn ti Vb (m3):
Vb = 0,5.N.tb/1000

(4)

Gi tr ca tb c nu trong Bng 2.
Bng 2. Thi gian cn thit phn hu cn theo nhit
Nhit nc thi,
o
C

10

15

20

25

30

35

Thi gian cn thit

phn hu cn tb,
ngy

104

63

47

40

33

28

- Vng lu gi bn phn hu Vt(m3): Sau khi cn phn hu, phn cn li lng xung di
y b v tch t lm thnh lp bn. Dung tch bn ny ph thuc ti lng u vo ca
nc thi, theo s ngi s dng, thnh phn v tnh cht ca nc thi, nhit v thi gian
lu, c tnh nh sau:
Vt = r.N.T/1000

(5)

Vi: r - lng cn phn hu tch lu ca 1 ngi trong 1 nm.

- Vi b t hoi x l nc en v nc xm: r = 40 l/(ngi.nm).
- B t hoi ch x l nc en t khu v sinh: r = 30 l/(ngi.nm).
T - khong thi gian gia 2 ln ht cn, nm.
- Dung tch phn vng ni Vv thng c ly bng (0,4 - 0,5)Vt hay c th ly s b vi
chiu cao lp vng bng 0,2 - 0,3 m. Trong trng hp b t hoi tip nhn nc thi t nh
bp, nh n, cn tng dung tch vng cha bn cn v vng ln thm 50%.
- Dung tch phn lu khng trn mt nc ca b t hoi V k c ly bng 20% dung tch
t, hoc theo cu to b, vi chiu cao phn lu khng (tnh t mt nc n np b) khng
nh hn 0,2 m. Phn lu khng gia cc ngn ca b t hoi phi c thng vi nhau v c
ng thng hi.

- Cch tnh gin lc, p dng cho b t hoi h v nhm h gia nh:
i vi b t hoi x l nc thi sinh hot cho cc h v nhm h gia nh, cho n gin,
ly nhit trung bnh ca nc thi bng 20 oC. Dung tch t ti thiu ca b t hoi x l
nc en v nc xm bng:
V = (N.qo.tn + 24 + 56.T)/1000

(6)

Tng t, dung tch t ca b t hoi x l nc en t khu v sinh bng:

V = (N.qo.tn + 24 + 42.T)/1000

(7)

- i vi b t hoi x l nc thi cho cc h gia nh n l, c th xc nh s b dung

tch t ti thiu ca b mt cch n gin hn na, theo s ngi thc t s dng b, theo
cng thc:
V = N.Vo

(8)

Trong : Vo l dung tch t n v ca b t hoi: Vo = 0,34 m3/ngi n 0,60 m3/ngi,

nu b x l c nc en v nc xm; Vo = 0,27m3/ngi n 0,30m3/ngi, nu b ch x
l nc en t khu v sinh. S ngi s dng tng th dung tch n v gim.
Bng 3. Kch thc ti thiu ca b t hoi x l nc en v nc xm
S ngi

Chiu cao

Chiu

Chiu di

Chiu di

Dung

Dung tch

s dng N,

lp nc

rng b B,

ngn th

ngn th

tch t

n v

ngi

H, m

nht L1, m

hai L2, m

V, m3

m3/ngi

1.2

0.8

2.1

1.0

3.0

0.60

10

1.2

0.8

2.6

1.0

3.4

0.34

20

1.4

1.2

3.1

1.0

6.8

0.34

50

1.6

1.8

4.5

1.4

17.1

0.34

100

2.0

2.0

5.5

1.6

28.2

0.28

Kch thc b t hoi nu trong bng l kch thc hu ch ti thiu, khng k tng v vch
ngn, c tnh vi tiu chun thi nc sinh hot 150 lt/ngi.ngy, nhit trung bnh ca
nc thi l 20oC, chu k ht cn 3 nm/ln.
Bng 4. Kch thc ti thiu ca b t hoi x l nc en
S ngi

Chiu cao

Chiu

Chiu di

Chiu di

Dung

Dung tch

s dng N,

lp nc

rng b B,

ngn th

ngn th

tch t

n v

ngi

H, m

nht L1, m

hai L2, m

V , m 3

m3/ngi

1.2

0.7

1.2

0.6

1.5

0.30

10

1.2

1.0

1.6

0.7

2.8

0.28

20

1.4

1.0

2.9

1.0

5.4

0.27

50

1.6

1.8

3.3

1.4

13.5

0.27

100

2.0

2.0

4.4

1.6

24.0

0.24

Kch thc b t hoi nu trong bng l kch thc hu ch ti thiu, khng k tng v vch
ngn, c tnh vi lng nc en t khu v sinh chy vo b t hoi 60 lt/ngi.ngy,
nhit trung bnh ca nc thi l 20 oC, chu k ht cn 3 nm/ln.
Kt qu tnh ton cng cho ta thy rng dung tch b khng tng ng k khi dn c nc xm
vo b t hoi, nht l khi s ngi s dng tng. iu ny cng cho thy s cn thit v ci
li ca vic x l c nc en v nc xm trong b t hoi, thay v cho x l ch nc en
t nh v sinh nh hin nay.

trnh lp vng ni trn mt nc, phi b tr tm chn hng dng hay T dn nc vo,
ra ngp di mt nc khng t hn 0,4 m (m bo cch mt di lp vng cn khng di
0,15 m). ng thi, trnh sc cn, bn t y b, ming T dn nc vo v ra phi cch
lp bn cao nht khng di 0,3 m. u trn ca T cao hn mt nc khng t hn 0,15 m.
Khng dn nc vo b qua ng ng thot nc trnh xo trn v sc bn, cn trong b.
Ct y ng vo cao hn y ng ra t nht 0,05 m. m bo ch t chy v trnh ngp
cc b, y ng ra phi cao hn mc nc cao nht trong cng tip nhn nc thi sau b t
hoi v mc nc ngm cao nht. Cc ng dn nc vo, ra v gia cc ngn phi c t
so le nhau qung ng nc chy trong b di nht, trnh hin tng chy tt. Trn cc
vch ngn trong b c ca thng nc hoc ct dn nc. Khong cch mp trn ca thng
nc n mt nc khng di 0,3 m trnh vng cn trn sang ngn sau.
Dung tch t ti thiu ca b t hoi x l nc en v nc xm ly bng 3m 3. Dung tch
ti thiu b t hoi x l nc en ly bng 1,5 m 3. Trn thc t, khi c iu kin v din tch
v kinh ph, ngi ta thng xy dng b t hoi c kch thc ln hn kch thc ti thiu,
tng an ton khi s dng v ko di chu k ht bn. Nghin cu ca Harada trn 750 b
t hoi ni thnh H Ni (2006) cho thy dung tch trung bnh ca cc b t hoi h gia
nh khu vc ni thnh H Ni (ch yu ch tip nhn nc en) bng 5,4m 3. Chiu su ti
thiu ca lp nc trong b t hoi H , tnh t y b n mt nc, m bo qu trnh
tch cn din ra v trnh c s xo trn nc thi vi bn, cn lng v vng ni, l 1,2 m.
Chiu su ngn cha c th ln hn ngn lng. thun tin cho vic thi cng xy dng v
qun l, chiu rng hay ng knh b khng c di 0,7 m. trnh hin tng chy tt
trong b v tin cho vic xy dng, b thng c dng hnh ch nht trn mt bng vi t l
di: rng = 3 : 1, vi su t 1,2 - 2,5m.
Ph bin Vit Nam l b t hoi vi cu to gm 2 ngn hoc 3 ngn. B thng c dng
ch nht hoc trn. B t hoi 2 ngn gm: ngn cha c kch thc ln nht, chim ti thiu
2/3 dung tch b; ngn lng, chim 1/3 dung tch b. B t hoi 3 ngn gm: ngn cha, dung
tch ti thiu 1/2 dung tch b; 2 ngn lng, mi ngn chim 1/4 dung tch b. Trong trng
hp b ch c 1 ngn, c th thay vch ngn gia 2 b bng cc tm chn sau ng dn nc

vo b v trc ng thu nc ra khi b, trnh hin tng chy tt, n nh dng chy v
ngn vng cn tri ra khi b. i vi b t hoi x l nc thi cho > 30 ngi, cng nn
dng cc tm chn hng dng t sau T vo v trc T ra, chy ht chiu rng b. y
ngn cha phi c dc 25% v pha ng dn nc vo (pha di ca ht) d ht bn
cn.
B t hoi phi c ng thng hi, ng knh khng di 60mm, dn ln cao trn mi nh t
nht 0,7 m trnh mi, kh c hi.
3. Thi cng xy dng, lp t b t hoi
B t hoi c xy bng gch, b tng ct thp c sn hay b tng ct thp ti ch, hoc
ch to sn bng cc vt liu nh composit, HDPE, ... B t hoi phi c xy dng kn,
kht, m bo an ton v mt kt cu cng trnh, ngay c trong iu kin cha y nc
hay khng cha nc, chu tc ng ca cc cng trnh bn trn v ln cn, cc phng tin
giao thng, t v nc ngm.
Np b t hoi phi c t nht 2 l trn ng dn nc thi vo v ra khi b qun l (kim
tra, ht cn). Chiu rng l ht cn ti thiu 200 mm. L ht cn phi c y kn, kht bng
np an BTCT hay cht do, gn bng keo, giong cao su hay bt ren vi phn v b. Trng
hp np b t hoi t thp hn mt t, phi c c np an. C np an c xy bng gch,
BTCT hay ch to sn bng cht do, phi m bo lp kn, kht.
i vi b t hoi xy bng gch: Phi xy tng i (220 mm) hoc dy hn, xp gch mt
hng dc li mt hng ngang, xy bng gch c M75 (cp bn B5) v va xi mng ct
vng M75, mch va phi no, dy u, mit k. Cc b kch thc ln phi c bin php gia
c m bo kt cu. C mt trong v mt ngoi b c trt 2 lp va xi mng ct vng M75,
mit k, ngoi cng nh mu xi mng nguyn cht chng thm (ton b chiu cao b v mt
trong y b). Ti cc gc b phi trt ngut gc. t cc tm li Inox hay thp chng nt,
thm vo trong lp va trong khi trt mt trong tng b, mt phn li nm trn y b t
nht l 20cm. Nu mc nc ngm cao, phi chn thm mt lp t st dy t nht 10cm xung
quanh b. y b phi c lm bng BTCT, lin khi vi dm bao quanh chu vi b
chn tng, chiu cao ti thiu 10cm chng thm. Chi tit ng qua tng phi c hn
sn tm chn nc v chn k bng b tng si nh M200 (cp bn B15), hoc bng
giong cao su chu nc. Cc phn kim loi (nu c) phi c sn chng g 2 lp sau khi lp
t. Sau khi hon tt vic thi cng, phi kim tra b r r. Cho nc vo y b trnh hin
tng y ni do nc ngm lm di chuyn, nt, v b.
4. Qun l vn hnh bo dng b t hoi
Thi gian khi ng v to lp bn trong b t hoi ci tin t hiu sut x l n nh
thng khng di 3 thng. C th rt ngn thi gian khi ng bng cch a vo b mt
lng bn b pht t cc b t hoi hay b t hoi ci tin ang hot ng.
Khng c x vo b t hoi cc loi cht thi nh: nc ma, nc chy trn b mt, nc
x ra b bi, nc lm mm, nc x t phng tm hi/sauna c lu lng >25% dung tch
b t hoi, bng v sinh, cc loi vi, nha, cao su, cht thi dch v, du m, cc cht d
chy, n (k c dng rn, lng hay kh), cht kh trng, kh mi, cht khng sinh, ho cht
dit c v thuc tr su.. , tr khi cht c nu r l c th x vo b t hoi, hay bt k
cht no khc c th lm nh hng n hiu qu lm vic ca b t hoi.
Cc loi b t hoi u phi thc hin vic ht bn. Thi gian ht bn ph thuc vo s ngi
s dng b, thnh phn tnh cht nc thi, nhit mi trng. T kinh nghim thc t, c
th ly gi tr thch hp ca chu k ht bn cn khi thit k v qun l vn hnh cc b t hoi
h gia nh l 3 nm/ln. B t hoi c kch thc cng ln th chu k ht bn cho php cng

tng. Phi tin hnh ht bn cn khi chiu su lp bn y b > 40 cm (chim 1/3 chiu su
hu ch trong b), hoc khi: chiu dy lp vng ni > 20 cm. Phng php o chiu dy lp
bn v vng n gin nht l dng thanh g qun mnh vi trng, hay thc ch L. Khi ht
bn b t hoi, phi li mt phn bn c (10 - 20%) duy tr mt lng vi sinh vt k kh
trong b. Trnh ht bn b pht vo thi gian mc nc ngm cao hn y b trnh p lc
y ni c th lm v, nt b v cc cng trnh ln cn. Trong trng hp cn thit phi ht,
th ch ht lp bn y v lp vng ni, khng ht ht nc ra khi b. Vic ht bn b pht
phi c thc hin bi cc c quan c cp php. Bn b pht phi c vn chuyn, lu
gi v x l ng quy nh.
(Ngun: T/C Xy dng, s 2/2008)