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mechanisms in bold:
4(i)
4(j)
4(f)
Describe the functions of common proto-oncogenes and tumour suppressor genes (limited
to ras and p53) and explain how loss of function mutation and gain of function mutation can
contribute to cancer.
Describe the development of cancer as a multi-step process.
Define control elements and explain how control elements (e.g. promoter, silencer and
enhancers) and other factors (e.g. transcription factors, repressors, histone modification
and DNA methylation) influence transcription.