Problem 4.8 The op-amp circuit shown in Fig. P4.

8 has a constant dc voltage of

6 V at the noninverting input. The inverting input is the sum of two voltage sources,
a 6-V dc source and a small time-varying signal s .
(a) Use the op-amp equivalent-circuit model given in Fig. 4-5 to develop an
expression for o .
(b) Simplify the expression by applying the ideal op-amp model, which lets A
, Ri and Ro 0.

+
_
+
6V _

+
6V _
s

RL

+
_

Figure P4.8: Circuit for Problem 4.8.

Solution: (a) Replacing the op amp with its equivalent circuit:

p

Ro
Ri

n
6V

+
_

For node o ,

+
_ A(p n)

+
6V _
s

RL

+
_

o o A(p n )
+
= 0.
RL
Ro

Also,

p = 6 V,
n = 6 V + s .
Solving for o , we have:

o =
(b) For RL Ro ,

As RL
.
RL + Ro

o = As .

c
All rights reserved. Do not reproduce or distribute. 2013
National Technology and Science Press

Hence, the output will be amplified by A, but inverted. If |As | Vcc , then the op
amp will saturate. Hence,

Vcc

As , for |s |

V
o = Vcc , if |s | > cc and s is positive

+Vcc , if |s | > Vcc and s is negative.

A
Assume all op amps to be ideal from here on forward.

c
All rights reserved. Do not reproduce or distribute. 2013
National Technology and Science Press