ChE 243 Fluid Dynamics: Problem Set #3

1. (10 points)
Beginning with the integral mass balance equation,

= 0

and using the symbol M for the mass in the control volume, show that equation (1) above can be written
as:

+
= 0

Solution
We can solve this problem in pieces.
First, let's examine . If we let = = .
We can now write:
=

Next, let's examine the accumulation term:

If we rearrange this term,

As a result,
+

= 0

Becomes,

= 0

2. (15 points)
The velocity profile in a circular pipe is given by = 1

1/7

where R is the radius of the pipe.

Please find the average velocity in the pipe in terms of .

Solution
=

Plug in:
= 1

1/7

= 2
= 2
To obtain,
=

Next, let = so that =

1
2

1/7

Thus,
1

= 2

1/7

Next let = 1 so that = .

Now we can write the average velocity as,
0

= 2

7 7
105 56
49
1 1/7 = 2 +
= 2
+
= 2
8 15
120 120
120

49
=

= 0.82
60

3. (40 points)
A cylindrical tank (volume of a cylinder = r 2h ) weighing 100 lbs when empty is 22 feet high and 5
feet in diameter. The tank is open to the atmosphere (at the top) where the air pressure is 14.7 lbf /in2
=2116.8 lbf /ft2=101353 Pa. The tank is initially filled with a fluid at a height in the tank of 20 feet. The
fluid has a temperature of 72oF, a specific gravity of 0.95, surface tension of 3.7x10-4 lbf/inch and
density of 72.3 lbm/ft3. The outlet at the bottom (diameter 0.5 in) is opened and the tank empties. The
average velocity of the water exiting the tank is governed by the equation: v 2gh where h is the
height of the water in the tank and g is the gravitational acceleration (32.2 ft/s2). Please begin by (a)
deriving an equation that describes the time for the fluid to drain as a function of the appropriate
variables (that is, t = your equation) and then (b) calculate how long it will take (time in seconds) to for
the height of the fluid in the tank to reach 4 feet from the bottom of the tank once the outlet is opened.
Show all mathematical calculations to obtain full credit.

Initial
fluid
height
=20 feet
D = 0.5 in

Solution
(a) deriving an equation that describes the time for the fluid to drain as a function of the appropriate
variables (that is, t = your equation)

mout min

dM
0
dt

mout vA 2 gh A 2 gh

d 02

dM
mout
dt

dT2 dh
4 dt

vA 2 gh

dh
do2
2 2 gh
dt
dT

do2
4

mass
d 2
v AT h h T
volume
4

dt

dT2 dh
d o2 h

dt
0

dT2
d 02

dT2
do2

1
2g
1
2g

h1

ho

dh
h

1 h21 / 2 ho1 / 2
1/ 2
2g

(b) calculate how long it will take (time in seconds) to for the height of the fluid in the tank to reach
4 feet from the bottom of the tank once the outlet is opened.
d2
t T2
d0

1 h21 / 2 ho1 / 2
5 ft 2

1/ 2
2g
0.0417 ft 2

2 32.2 ft / s 2

40.5 200.5
8857.8 sec
0.5

4. (10 points)
The hypodermic needle shown in the figure below contains an incompressible liquid serum with a
density of 1 g/cm3. If the serum is to be injected steadily at 6 cm3/s, please calculate how fast the plunger
must be advanced: (a) if leakage in the plunger clearance is neglected and (b) if leakage is 10% of the
needle flow.

Solution
(a) if leakage in the plunger clearance is neglected

= 0

+ = 0
=
Since the serum is incompressible,
=

6 cm2 /s
=
= 1.91 /
1 2

(b) if leakage is 10% of the needle flow.

= 0

+ + = 0
Since the serum is incompressible, and 10% = 0.10,
+ =
2
cm
cm2
6
+ 0.10 6
= v 1 cm2
s
s
= 2.1 /

5. (20 points)
Two very long parallel plates of length 2L are separated a distance b. The upper plate moves downward
at a constant rate V. A fluid fills the space between the plates and is squeezed out on both sides.
Determine the mass flow rate and maximum velocity:
(a) If the exit velocity is uniform.
(b) If the exit velocity is parabolic.
y
x

Solution
The Control Volume for this problem is shown as a dotted red line in the figure above.
(a) If the exit velocity is uniform.

= 0

Define = = 2 = 2 (the minus sign comes from the fact that the upper plate
is moving in the -y direction)
+

2
0

= 0

The 2 in front of the first term is because we have 2 sides.

= 2
0

2 + 2
0

= 0

(b) If the exit velocity is parabolic.

Hint: assume that = 1 + 2 2

with boundary conditions: 1. = @ = 2 2. = 0 @ =

Using boundary condition #1,
=

+ 2
2
2

(1)

Using boundary condition #2:

0 = 1 + 2 2
1 = 2 (2)
Substitute (2) into (3),

2 2

=
+ 2
2
2

2 2
=
4

So,
2 =

4
2

1 =

Substitute this into = 1 + 2 2

=
Solving for

4
4 2

=
4

We could take this further by realizing that =

then,

=

2
4 0

Let = ,
=

1
0

3
2

6. (20 points)
Water flows steadily through a piping junction shown in the figure below. It enters section 1 at
0.0013 m2/s. The average velocity at section 2 is 2.1 m/s. A portion of the flow is diverted through the
showerhead which contains 100 holls of 1-mm diameter. Assuming uniform shower flow, estimate the
exit velocity from the showerhead jets.

Solution
The Control Volume for this problem is shown as a dotted red line in the figure above.
Since we are told that we have steady flow, we can do the following mass balance:
Mass Flow In = Mass Flow Out
Mass flow in = 1 1 1
Mass flow out = 2 2 2 + (where j stands for the flow from the showerhead jets).
So,
1 1 1 = 2 2 2 +
1 = 2 2 2 +
Since in this system the fluid is water, we can assume incompressible flow and that density is constant.
Thus,
= 2 2 +
1.3103 3 / = 2.1 / 102

103
4

100

Rearrange and solve for ,

=

1.3103 3 / 2.1 / 102

100 4 103 2
= 8.2 /

7. (40 points)
Salt water containing 1.92 lb/gal of salt flows at a fixed rate of 2 gal/min into a 100 gallon tank, initially
filled with fresh water. The density of the incoming solution is 71.8 lb/ft3. The solution is kept uniform
by stirring and flows out at a fixed rate of 19.2 lb/min.
(a) How many pounds of salt will there be in the tank at the end of 1 hour and 40 minutes (assuming that
the density of the solution at this moment will be 68 lb/ft3)?
(b) What is the upper limit for the number of pounds of salt in the tank if the process continues
indefinitely?
(c) How much time will elapse while the quantity of salt in the tank changes from 100 to 150 lb.
Solution
(a) How many pounds of salt will there be in the tank at the end of 1 hour and 40 minutes (assuming that
the density of the solution at this moment will be 68 lb/ft3)?
+

= 0

Let M = total mass in tank and S = salt in the tank.

=

Thus,
+

=0

2 / 1.92 / +
=0

19.2 /
3.84 / +
=0

= 19.2 /
+ 3.84 /

19.2 /

Integrating,
=

1 19.2/
19.2 /
3.84 /

t = 1 hour and 40 minutes which equals 100 seconds.

M = 68 lb/ ft3 x 1ft3/7.48 gal x 100 gals = 909.9 lb
=

909.9
1 19.2
19.2 /
3.84 /

100 / 909.9

 = 159.9 = 160
(b) What is the upper limit for the number of pounds of salt in the tank if the process continues
indefinitely?
=
=

909.9
1 = 181.98 = 182
19.2 /
3.84 /

(c) How much time will elapse while the quantity of salt in the tank changes from 100 to 150 lb.
Begin with the equation developed in part (a),

19.2 /
3.84 / +
=0

Rearrange and solve for dt

3.84 19.2
Integrate,
2
2
1
=

1
1 3.84 19.2

19.22
3.84
2 1 =

19.2 3.84 19.21

19.2 150
909.9 3.84 909.9
2 1 =

19.2 100
19.2
3.84 909.9
2 1 = 44.6