Formulas (to differential equations)

Math. A3, Midterm Test I.

sin2 x + cos2 x = 1

differentiation rules:

sin(x y) = sin x cos y cos x sin y

(cu) = cu

sin x =

d
dx f (g(x))

cos x =

1+cos 2x
2

cosh x sinh x = 1

cosh 2x = cosh2 x + sinh2 x

sinh2 x =

derivatives:

(sinh x) = cosh x

(cosh x) = sinh x

(loga x)

1
= x ln
a
1

(x ) = x
x

(e ) = e

(ax ) = ax ln(a)
(sin x) = cos x

(cos x) = sin x

1
cos2 x
(cot x) = sin12 x
(ln x) = x1
1
(arc sin x) = 1x
2
1
(arc tan x) = 1+x
2
1

(ar sinh x) = 1+x2

(ar cosh x) = x12 1
1
(ar tanh x) = 1x
2
1

(ar coth x) = 1x2

1
(arc cos x) = 1x
2
1

(arc cot x) = 1+x2

(tan x) =

df dg
dg dx

R
R
R

cf dx = c

f dx
(c is constant)
R
R
(f + g) dx = f dx + g dx
f (ax + b) dx = a1 F (ax + b) + c,

where F is antiderivative of f
f (g(x))g (x) dx = F (g(x)) + c,
where F is antiderivative of f

f f dx =

f +1
+1

f
f

+ c, if 6= 1

dx = ln |f | + c
R
uv dx = uv u v dx

notable substitutions:

sinh 2x = 2 sinh x cosh x

cosh 2x+1
,
2

integration rules:
2

xy
sin x + sin y = 2 sin x+y
2 cos 2
xy
sin x sin y = 2 cos x+y
2 sin 2
xy
cos x + cos y = 2 cos x+y
2 cos 2
xy
cos x cos y = 2 sin x+y
2 sin 2
sin x cos y = 21 [sin(x + y) + sin(x y)]
cos x cos y = 21 [cos(x + y) + cos(x y)]
sin x sin y = 21 [cos(x + y) cos(x y)]
x
x
x
x
,
cosh x = e +e
sinh x = e e
2
2
2
2

cosh2 x =

(uv) = u v + uv

u
= u vuv
v
v2

cos 2x = cos2 x sin2 x

2 tan x
1tan2 x
1cos 2x
,
2

(u + v) = u + v

tan xtan y
1tan xtan y

sin 2x = 2 sin x cos x

tan 2x =

(c is constant)

cos(x y) = cos x cos y sin x sin y

tan(x y) =

cosh 2x1
2

R(e )

R( ax + b)


R ax+b
cx+d

ex = t

ax + b = t

R(sin x, cos x)

R(x, a2 x2 )

R(x, a2 + x2 )

R(x, x2 a2 )

sin x, cos x, tan x, tan x2 = t

ax+b
cx+d

x = a sin t, x = a cos t
x = a sinh t
x = a cosh t
antiderivatives:

+1

x
+1 + c
ax
e dx = a1 eax + c
x
ax dx = lna a + c

cos x dx = sin x + c

1
cos2 x dx = tan x + c
1
sin2 x dx = cot x + c
1
x dx = ln |x| + c
dx
= arc sin xa + c
a2 x2
x
dx
1
x2 +a2 = a arc tan a + c
dx
= ar sinh xa + c
x2 +a2
dx
= ar cosh xa + c
x2 a2
x
dx
1
a2 x2 = a ar tanh a + c,
dx
x
1
a2 x2 = a ar coth a + c,

R
R

R
R

R
R

R
R

x dx =

=t

( 6= 1)

sin x dx = cos x + c

tan x dx = ln | cos x| + c
cot x dx = ln | sin x| + c

 
if  xa  < 1
 
if  x  > 1
a

1.
eit = cos t + i sin t,

t R.

2.
ay + by + cy = 0

(a 6= 0)

its characteristic equation:

ar2 + br + c = 0.
3. Method of Undetermined Coefficients: If in the equation
ay + by + cy = g(t),

a 6= 0 es t I

the right-hand side function g(t) has the form

g(t) = eut (An (t) cos(vt) + Bm (t) sin(vt)) ,
where An (t), Bm (t) are polynomials of degree n and m respectively, then the particular solution of the
inhomogeneous equation has the form:
yi,p = ts eut (Pk (t) cos(vt) + Qk (t) sin(vt)) ,
where s is the multiplicity of the root u + i v among the roots of the characteristic equation; further, Pk (t)
and Qk (t) are polynomials of degree k = max(n, m).
4. Variation of Parameters Method: Consider the inhomogeneous d.e.
y + p(t)y + q(t)y = g(t)

tI

and its homogeneous part Y + p(t)Y + q(t)Y = 0. If the y1 , y2 pair is a fundamental solution of the
homogeneous d.e., then a particular solution of the inhomogeneous equation is looked for in the form yi,p =
C1 (t) y1 (t) + C2 (t) y2 (t), where for the derivatives of the unknown functions C1 (t), C2 (t) the following
system of equations holds:
C1 (t)y1 (t) + C2 (t)y2 (t) = 0
C1 (t)y1 (t) + C2 (t)y2 (t) = g(t)
5. Special second order d.e.s:
If y is missing, then substitute p(x) := y (x).
If x is missing, then substitute q(y) := y
6. The first order d.e. M (x, y)dx + N (x, y)dy = 0 is exact, if
M
N
=
.
y
x
To solve the d.e., a function F : R2 R has to be found such that gradF = (M, N ). Then the solution of
the d.e. is:
F (x, y) = Const.