Iii Các Phương Pháp Cân Bằng Phản Ứng Oxi Hóa Khử

21
Giao khoa hoa vo c
Bien soan: Vo Hong Thai
Chng trnh Ha hc
III
CC PHNG PHP CN BNG PHN NG

OXI HA KH
Nguyn tc chung cn bng phn ng oxi ha kh l s in t cho ca cht kh phi bng s

in t nhn ca cht oxi ha hay s oxi ha tng ca cht kh phi bng s oxi ha gim ca
cht oxi ha.
III.1. PHNG PHP CN BNG IN T (THNG BNG ELECTRON)
Thc hin cc giai on:
+ Vit phng trnh phn ng xy ra vi y tc cht, sn phm (nu u bi yu cu b
sung phn ng, ri mi cn bng).
+ Tnh s oxi ha ca nguyn t c s oxi ha thay i. Nhn din cht oxi ha, cht kh.
+ Vit phn ng cho, phn ng nhn in t (Phn ng oxi ha, phn ng kh). Ch cn vit
nguyn t ca nguyn t c s oxi ha thay i, vi s oxi ha c bn trn. Thm h s
thch hp s nguyn t ca nguyn t c s oxi ha thay i hai bn bng nhau.
+ Cn bng s in t cho, nhn. S in t cho ca cht kh bng s in t nhn ca cht oxi
ha (Hay s oxi ha tng ca cht kh bng s oxi ha gim ca cht oxi ha) bng cch thm h
s thch hp.
+ Phi hp cc phn ng cho, nhn in t; cc h s cn bng tm c; v phn ng lc u
b sung h s thch hp vo phn ng lc u.
+ Cui cng cn bng cc nguyn t cn li (nu c) nh phn ng trao i.
Cc th d: Cn bng cc phn ng sau y theo phng php cn bng in t.
Th d 1
+7
+2
+2
KMnO4 +
FeSO4 + H2SO4
Cht oxi ha Cht kh
+7
Mn
+2
5 2Fe
+5e-2e-
(+4)
2KMnO4 + 10FeSO4 + H2SO4
+3
MnSO4 + Fe2(SO4)3 + K2SO4 + H2O

+2
Mn
(phn ng kh)
+3
2Fe
(Phn ng oxi ha)
(+6)
2MnSO4 + 5Fe2(SO4)3 + K2SO4 + H2O
http://vietsciences.free.fr v http://vietsciences.org V Hng Thi
22
Giao khoa hoa vo c
2KMnO4 + 10FeSO4 + 8H2SO4
2MnSO4 + 5Fe2(SO4)3 + K2SO4 + 8H2O
Th d 2:
+8/3
+5
Fe3O4
+3
HNO3
Cht kh
Cht oxi ha
+8/3
N
3Fe3O4 +
3Fe3O4
+ NO +
H2O
+3
3 3Fe - e(+8)
+5
+2
Fe(NO3)3
3Fe
(Phn ng oxi ha)
(+9)
+2
+ 3e-
HNO3
(Phn ng kh)
9Fe(NO3)3
28HNO3
+ NO
9Fe(NO3)3 +
NO +
H2O
14H2O
[ Trong 28 phn t HNO3 ca tc cht, ch c 1 phn t l cht oxi ha tht s, cn 27 phn t

tham gia trao i (to mi trng axit, to mui nitrat)]
Th d 3:
+2 -1
FeS2
+3
O2
Fe2O3
Cht kh
Cht oxi ha
Pirit st, St (II) pesunfua
+2
2Fe
-2e
2Fe
SO2
-1
(Phn ng oxi ha)
(+6)
-22e-
+4 -2
+3
(+4)
-2
+4
4S - 20e-
4S
(-4)
(Phn ng oxi ha)
(+16)
-2
11 O 2
+ 4e-
2O
(0)
(Phn ng kh)
(-4)
4FeS2
11O2
2Fe2O3 + 8SO2
t0
Th d 4:
+2y/x
+5
FexOy
HNO3
Cht kh Cht oxi ha

+2y/x
xFe
- (3x-2y)e-
(+2y)
+5
(3x-2y)
+3
+2
Fe(NO3)3
NO
H 2O
+3
xFe
(Phn ng oxi ha)
(+3x)
+3e-
+2
(Phn ng kh)
23
Giao khoa hoa vo c
3FexOy + (3x-2y)HNO3
3FexOy + (12x-2y)HNO3
3xFe(NO3)3 + (3x-2y)NO + H2O

3xFe(NO3)3 + (3x-2y)NO + (6x-y)H2O
Th d 5:
+2y/x
+5
Mx O y +
+n
HNO3
cht kh cht oxi ha

+2y/x
N2O +
H2O
+n
xM - (nx-2y)e-
+1
M(NO3)n +
xM
(+2y)
(Phn ng oxi ha)
(+nx)
+5
+1
+ 8e-
(nx-2y) 2N
2N
(+10)
(Phn ng kh)
(+2)
8MxOy + (2nx-4y)HNO3
8xM(NO3)n + (nx-2y)N2O +
8MxOy + (10nx-4y)HNO3
H 2O
8xM(NO3)n + (nx-2y)N2O + (5nx-2y)H2O
[ (2nx - 4y) phn t HNO3 l cht oxi ha tht s, n b kh to (nx-2y) phn t N2O; cn
(10nx-4y) - (2nx- 4y) = 8nx phn t HNO3 tham gia trao i, to mi trng axit, to mui
nitrat, trong s oxi ha ca N khng i]
Th d 6:
0
Al
+5
Cht kh
(3x+8y)
Al
+5
xN
+3
HNO3
Cht oxi ha
+2
+1
Al(NO3)3 + xNO + yN2O + H2O
+3
-3e-
Al
+3xe-
xN
(Phn ng oxi ha)
+2
(+5x)
(Phn ng kh)
(+2x)
+ (3x+8y) e+5
2yN
+8ye-
(+10y)
(3x+8y)Al + (3x+6y)HNO3
(3x +8y)Al +(12x+30y)HNO3
(6x+15)H2O
+1
2yN
(Phn ng kh)
(+2y)
(3x+8y)Al(NO3)3 + 3xNO + 3yN2O + H2O

(3x+8y)Al(NO3)3 + 3xNO + 3yN2O +
24
Giao khoa hoa vo c
Th d 7:
+2y/x
+2
FexOy
+2m/n
+ CO
Cht oxi ha Cht kh

+2y/x
+2m/n
+ (2ny-2mx)e-
nxFe
(Phn ng kh)
nxFe
(+2ny)
(+2mx)
+2
(ny-mx)
+4
FenOm + CO2
t0
+4
-2e
nFexOy
(Phn ng oxi ha)
(ny-mx)CO
xFenOm +
(ny-mx)CO2
Th d 8:
+8/3
+5
Fe3O4
Cht kh
+8/3
(5x-2y) 3Fe
+3
Fe(NO3)3
- e-
3Fe
Cht oxi ha
+ N xO y + H 2 O
+3
(+8)
(Phn ng oxi ha)
(+9)
+5
xN
+2y/x
+ HNO3
+ (5x-2y)e
+2y/x
(Phn ng kh)
xN
(+5x)
(+2y)
(5x-2y)Fe3O4 +
xHNO3
(15x-6y)Fe(NO3)3 +
(5x-2y)Fe3O4 + (46x-18y)HNO3
NxOy
H2O
(15x-6y)Fe(NO3)3 + NxOy + (23x-9y)H2O
Th d 9:
-1
+6
+1
CH3-CH2-OH + K2Cr2O7 + H2SO4

Cht kh
Cht oxi ha
-1
2e
2Cr +
6e-
+6
(+12)
+3
CH3-CHO + Cr2(SO4)3 + K2SO4 + H2O
+1
(Phn ng oxi ha)
+3
2Cr
xN
(Phn ng kh)
(+6)
3CH3-CH2-OH + K2Cr2O7 + H2SO4
3CH3-CHO + Cr2(SO4)3 + K2SO4 + H2O
3CH3-CH2-OH + K2Cr2O7 + 4H2SO4
3CH3-CHO + Cr2(SO4)3 + K2SO4 + 7H2O
25
Giao khoa hoa vo c
Th d 10:
0
+7
C6H12O6
Cht kh
6C
Mn
6C
5e-
+2 -1
FeS2
Mn
30CO2
30CO2
+ 24Mn2+ + H2O
+ 24Mn2+ + 66H2O
+3
H2SO4(, nng )
+2
+3
-22e-
(+6)
+4
20e
4S
(-4)
(+6)
+6
SO2 + H2O
2Fe
-1
4S
+4
Fe2(SO4)3 +
2e-
(+4)
11
(Phn ng kh )
Cht oxi ha
2Fe
+ H2O
(Phn ng oxi ha )
+6
Cht kh
+2
+ Mn2+
(+24)
+2
5C6H12O6 + 24MnO4- + H+
5C6H12O6 + 24MnO4- + 72H+
Th d 11:
CO2
+4
24e-
(0)
+7
24
+4
+ H+
Cht oxi ha
MnO4-
+4
2e-
2FeS2
11H2SO4
Fe2(SO4)3
2FeS2
14H2SO4
Fe2(SO4)3
+ 15SO2
+
15SO2
H2O
14H2O
Th d 12:
CnH2n
+ 1OH
+ K2Cr2O7 +H2SO4
CH3COOH + CO2 + Cr2(SO4)3 + K2SO4 + H2O
(Cho bit s mol CH3COOH v CO2 to ra bng nhau)

Kt qu :
9 CnH2n + 1OH + 5n K2Cr2O7 + 20n H2SO4
3n CH3COOH + 3n CO2 + 5n Cr2(SO4)3 + 5n K2SO4 + (23n +9) H2O
26
Giao khoa hoa vo c
Th d 13:
CxHyO + KMnO4 + HCl
CH3-CHO + CO2 + MnCl2 + KCl + H2O
(Cho bit s mol gia CH3-CHO vi CO2 l 1 : 1)
Kt qu :
15CxHyO + (2x+ 3y -6)KMnO4 + (6x +9y -18)HCl
5xCH3-CHO + 5xCO2 + (2x +3y -6)MnCl2 + (2x+3y -6)KCl + (-7x +12y -9)H2O
Th d 14:
CnH2n
-2
+ KMnO4 + H2O
KOOC-COOK + MnO2 + KOH
Kt qu :
6CnH2n - 2 + (10n -4)KMnO4 + (4 -4n) H2O
3nKOOC-COOK + (10n -4)MnO2 + (4n -4)KOH
Th d 15:
Zn
H2SO4 (, nng )
ZnSO4 + SO2 + H2S + H2O

(T l s mol n SO2 : n H2S = a : b)
Kt qu :
(a+4b)Zn + (2a+5b)H2SO4
(a+4b)ZnSO4 + aSO2 + bH2S + (2a+4b)H2O
Th d 16:
K2SO3 + KMnO4
+ KHSO4
K2SO4 +
MnSO4 + H2O
Kt qu :
5K2SO3 + 2KMnO4 + 6KHSO4
9K2SO4
+ 2MnSO4 + 3H2O
27
Giao khoa hoa vo c
Ghi ch
G.1. Phn ng t oxi ha kh (Phn ng t oxi ha t kh) l mt loi phn ng oxi ha
kh c bit, trong mt cht va l cht oxi ha va l cht kh v c s cho,
nhn in t gia cc phn t ca cng mt cht. Ngha l phn t cht ny cho in
t (ng vai tr cht kh) n mt phn t khc ca cng cht y (ng vai tr cht
oxi ha). Trong thc t thng gp ch mt nguyn t trong phn t c s oxi ha thay
i v h s nguyn ng trc phn t tc cht ny 2.
Th d :
+4
+5
3NO2
Cht kh
Cht oxi ha
H 2O
+2
2HNO3
+4
+3
2NO2
2NaOH
Cht oxi ha i
Cht kh
+5
NaNO2
Cht kh
NaNO3
H 2O
Natri nitrit
Natri nitrat
(1 phan t NO2 cho ien t, 1 phan t NO2 nhan ien t)
H-CHO
NO
Axit nitric
Nit oxit
(2 phan t NO2 cho ien t, 1 phan t NO2 nhan ien t)
+1
H-CHO
-1
O=CH-CH2-OH
t0, Xt
Cht oxi ha
(2H-CHO)
G.2. Phn ng oxi ha kh ni phn t l mt phn ng oxi ha kh c bit, trong mt
cht va l cht oxi ha, va l cht kh v c s cho, nhn in t ngay trong mt

phn t cht . Thng gp hai nguyn t khc nhau trong phn t c s oxi ha
thay i. Nhng cng c trng hp ch mt nguyn t trong phn t c s oxi ha
thay i (nguyn t ny cho in t v nguyn t ca cng nguyn t y trong cng
phn t nhn in t).
Th d :
+7 -2
2KMnO4
Cht oxi ha
Cht kh
+6
+6
t0
Cht oxi ha
Cht kh
+6
t0
MnO2
O2
+3
2K2CrO4
Cr2O3
3/2O2
Kali cromat
Crom(III) oxit
(Cr nhn in t, O cho in t trong cng phn t K2Cr2O7)
+5 -2
2KClO3
Kali manganat
Mangan ioxit
Oxi
(Mn nhn in t, O cho in t trong cng phn t KMnO4)
-2
2 K2Cr2O7
+4
K2MnO4
-1
MnO2 , t0
2KCl
3O2
28
Giao khoa hoa vo c
Cht oxi ha
Cht kh
0
-1
Cl2
2NaOH
Cht oxi ha
Cht kh
NaClO
Natri clorua
H2O
Natri hipoclorit
(Nguyn t Cl ny cho in t v nguyn t Cl kia trong cng phn t Cl2
nhn in)
-2
+1
NaCl
-2
-3
CH2 = CH2
H2O
Tm oxi ha T m kh
-1
CH3-CH2-OH
H3PO4, t0, p
Bi tp 10
Cn bng cc phn ng oxi ha kh sau y theo phng php cn bng in t:
1) Fe3O4 + H2SO4(, nng )

2) FexOy + H2
Fe2(SO4)3 +
6) Zn
P4
t0
H2SO4(, nng )
5) NaCrO2 +
Br2 +
H2O
FenOm + H2O
t0
3) Ca3(PO4)2 + SiO2 + C
4) MxOy +
SO2 +
+ CO +
M2(SO4)n
NaOH
CaSiO3
SO2
H 2O
Na2CrO4 + NaBr + H2O
HNO3(l)
Zn(NO3)2 + xNO2 + yNO
+ H 2O
Bi tp 10
Cn bng cc phn ng sau y theo phng php thng bng electron:
1) C12H22O11
2)
3) Zn
CnH2n
+
+ 1CHO
KNO3
MnO4-
H+
CO2
+KMnO4+H2SO4
+
K2ZnO2
+ H2O
5) Na2SO3 + KMnO4 + NaHSO4

6) CnHmO + KMnO4 + H2SO4
Mn2+ +
H2O
CH3COOH + CO2 +MnSO4+K2SO4 +H2O

(n CH3COOH : n CO2 = 1 : 1)
KOH
4) Al + KNO2 + NaOH
NH3 + H2O
KAlO2 + NaAlO2 + NH3

Na2SO4 + MnSO4 + K2SO4 + H2 O
CH3CHO + CO2 + MnSO4 + K2SO4 + H2O

(n CH3CHO : n CO2 = 1 : 1)
Giao khoa hoa vo c
29
III. 2. PHNG PHP CN BNG ION - IN T

Thc hin cc bc sau y:
+ Vit phng trnh phn ng vi y tc cht, sn phm (nu cha c
phn ng sn).
+ Tnh s oxi ha ca cc nguyn t c s oxi ha thay i. Nhn din cht
oxi ha, cht kh.
+ Vit di dng ion cht no phn ly c thnh ion trong dung dch. (Cht
no khng phn ly c thnh ion nh cht khng tan, cht kh, cht khng
in ly, th nguyn dng phn t hay nguyn t). Tuy nhin ch gi li
nhng ion hay phn t no cha nguyn t c s oxi ha thay i (ion hay
phn t no cha nguyn t c s oxi ha khng thay i th b i).
+ Vit cc phn ng cho, phn ng nhn in t (chnh l cc phn ng oxi
ha, phn ng kh). Vit nguyn c dng ion hay phn t, vi s oxi ha
bn trn. Thm h s thch hp s nguyn t ca nguyn t c s oxi ha
thay i hai bn bng nhau.
+ Cn bng s in t cho, nhn. S in t cho ca cht kh phi bng s
in t nhn ca cht oxi ha (Hay s oxi ha tng ca cht kh phi bng
s oxi ha gim ca cht oxi ha) bng cch nhn h s thch hp. Xong ri
cng v vi v cc phn ng cho, phn ng nhn in t.
+ Cn bng in tch. in tch hai bn phi bng nhau. Nu khng bng
nhau th thm vo ion H+ hoc ion OH- ty theo phn ng c thc hin
trong mi trng axit hoc baz. Tng qut thm H+ vo bn no c axit
(tc cht hoc sn phm); Thm OH- vo bn no c baz. Thm H2O pha
ngc li cn bng s nguyn t H (cng l cn bng s nguyn t O).
+ Phi hp h s ca phn ng ion va c cn bng xong vi phn ng
lc u b sung h s thch hp vo phn ng lc u (Chuyn phn ng
dng ion tr li thnh dng phn t).
+ Cn bng cc nguyn t cn li, nu c, nh phn ng trao i.
30
Giao khoa hoa vo c
Cc th d:
Cn bng cc phn ng sau y theo phng php cn bng ion - in t:
Th d 1:
+7
+2
+2
KMnO4 + FeSO4 + H2SO4
Cht oxi ha
MnO4_
Cht kh
Fe2+
Mn2+
+7
MnO4-
2
+
+2
Mn2+
(Phn ng kh )
+3
2e-
2Fe3+
+2
5e-
5 2Fe2+
+3
MnSO4 + Fe2(SO4)3 + K2SO4 + H2O
2Fe3+
(+4)
(Phn ng oxi ha )
(+6)
2MnO4-
10Fe2+
2Mn2+ + 10Fe3+
in tch : 2(-1) + 10(+2)

+18
+ 16H+
2KMnO4 + 10Fe2(SO4)3 + 8H2SO4
2(+2) + 10(+3)
+34
+ 8H2O
2MnSO4 + 5Fe2(SO4)3 + K2SO4 + 8H2O
Th d 2:
+7
+4
+ K2SO3
MnO4-
+ SO32-
Cht oxi ha
MnO4- +
+4
SO32-
+ KOH
e2e-
2MnO4- + SO32in tch : 2(-1)

2MnO4-
+ 1(-2)
-4
SO32- + 2OH-
2KMnO4 + K2SO4 + 2KOH
+6
K2MnO4 + K2SO4 + H2O
Cht kh
+7
+6
KMnO4
MnO42-
SO42-
+6
MnO42-
(Phn ng kh )
+6
SO42-
(Phn ng oxi ha )
2MnO42- +
SO42-
2(-2) + 1(-2)
-6
2MnO422K2MnO4
SO42- +
+
+
H 2O
K2SO4 + H2O
31
Giao khoa hoa vo c
Th d 3:
+8/3
+6
Fe3O4
+3
H2SO4(, nng )
Cht kh
Cht oxi ha
Fe3O4
SO42-
+8/3
2Fe3O4
(+16)
+6
2Fe3+
2e-
2Fe3O4
SO42-
6Fe3+
SO2
(Phn ng oxi ha )
(Phn ng kh )
6Fe3+ +
2(0) + 1(-2)
-2
SO2
in tch : 6(+3) + 1(0)

+18
+ 10 H2O
3Fe2(SO4)3 + SO2 + 10H2O
+ 20 H+
+ 10H2SO4(, nng )
2Fe3O4
SO2
(+18)
+4
SO42-
in tch :
+ SO2 + H2O
+3
2e-
+4
Fe2(SO4)3
Th d 4:
0
Al
+5
Cht kh
Al
+3
KNO3
+ KOH
+ H2O
Cht oxi ha
NO3-
AlO20
8
+
Al
+5
NO3
8e
NH3
+3
3e-
-3
KAlO2 + NH3
AlO2-3
NH3
8Al + 3NO3-
8AlO2-
in tch : 8(0) + 3(-1)

-3
+ 5OH- + 2H2O
8Al + 3KNO3 + 5KOH +
2H2O
3NH3
in tch : 8(-1) + 3(0)

-8
8KAlO2 + 3NH3
32
Giao khoa hoa vo c
Th d 5:
+7
+4
KMnO4
Cht oxi ha
+7
MnO4-
SO32-
+ K2SO4
MnO2
KOH
SO42-
+4
MnO2
+6
SO42-
2e-
+6
MnO2
SO32-
3e-
+4
+ H 2O
Cht kh
MnO42
+4
+ K2SO3
2MnO4- + 3SO32-
2MnO2
in tch : 2(-1) + 3(-2)

-8
+H2O
+ 3SO42-
in tch : 3(-2)
-6
+ 2 OH-
2KMNO4 + 3K2SO3 +
H2O
2MnO2
+ 3K2SO4
+ 2KOH
Th d 6:
0
+5
Mg
HNO3
Cht kh
Mg
NO3-
Mg
- 2e
+5
3NO3- +
4NO3
25e-
(Phn ng oxi ha )
(Phn ng kh )
(+6)
+1
2N2O
(Phn ng kh )
(+4)
14NO3-
in tch : 14(-1)
-14
+ 64H+
25Mg
H2O
+2
3NO
(+20)
25Mg
+ 3NO + 2N2O +
Mg2+
9e-
+ 16e
+1
+2
2
-
Mg2+
(+15)
+5
+2
Mg(NO3)2 + NO + N2O + H2O

(T le so mol: n NO : n N2O = 3 : 2)
Cht oxi ha
25
+2
64HNO3
25Mg2+
6NO
4N2O
in tch : 25(+2)
+50
+ 32H2O
25Mg(NO3)2
+ 6NO
+ 4N2O + 32H2O
33
Giao khoa hoa vo c
Th d 7:
-2
+7
CnH2n
+ H 2O
MnO4-
+4
CnH2n(OH)2
Cht oxi ha
Cht kh
CnH2n
(2n - n)/n
+ KMnO4
CnH2n(OH)2
-2
3 CnH2n + -(2-2n+2n)e
+ MnO2 + KOH
MnO2
2MnO2
(2 - 2n)/n
CnH2n(OH)2
(-2n)
(2-2n)
+
+7
MnO4-
3CnH2n
+4
3e-
MnO2
2MnO4-
3CnH2n(OH)2
in tch : 2(-1)
-2
+ 4H2O
in tch : 3(0) + 2(0)

0
+ 2 OH-
3CnH2n + 2KMnO4 + 4H2O
3CnH2n(OH)2 +
2MnO2 + 2KOH
Th d 8:
+3
-1
FeCl3
Fe3+
Cht oxi ha
Cht kh
I-
+3
2
+
Fe3+
-1
(-2)
I2
KCl
I2
(Phn ng kh )
I2
(Phn ng oxi ha )
(0)
2Fe3+
in tch : 2(+3) + 2(-1)

+4
2FeCl3
Fe2+
Fe2+
2e-
FeCl2
+2
e-
2I-
+2
KI
2KI
2I-
2Fe2+
I2
in tch : 2(+2) + 1(0)

+4
2FeCl2
I2
2KCl
34
Giao khoa hoa vo c
Th d 9:
+6
Cr2O72-
+4
SO32-
Cht oxi ha
+6
Cr3+
SO42-
Cht kh
+6
+
3
+3
H+
Cr2O72-
SO32-
Cr2O72-
in tch : -2 + 3(-2)
-8
2Cr3+
SO42-
3SO32-
Cr2O72- + 3SO32- +
(Phn ng kh )
(+6)
+6
2e-
+ 8 H+
H2O
+3
6e-
(+12)
+4
(Phn ng oxi ha )
2Cr3+
3SO42-
in tch : 2(+3) + 3(-2)

0
+ 4H2O
8 H+
3SO42-
2Cr3+ +
+ 4H2O
Bi tp 11
1) KMnO4 + KNO2 + H2SO4

2) Zn
HNO3
3) Zn
+ KNO3
MnSO4 + KNO3 + K2SO4 + H2O
Zn(NO3)2 + NO2 + NO + H2O

(T l th tch:: VNO2 : VNO = 1 : 3)
+ KOH
4) Cr2O72- + Fe2+ +
K2ZnO2
H+
NH3
Cr3+ + Fe3+
5) Mg + NO3- + H+
Mg2+ +
NH4+
H2O
H2O
H2O
Bi tp 11
Al2(SO4)3 + SO2 + H2S + H2O
1) Al + H2SO4
(T l s mol: nSO2 : nH2S = x : y)
2) FeO +
HNO3
Fe(NO3)3
3) C6H12O6
+ MnO4- +
H+
4) KMnO4 + K2SO3
5) NaCrO2 +
6) Fe2+
+ NO
CO2
+ KHSO4
+ Mn2+ + H2O
MnSO4 +
Br2 + NaOH
+ SO42+ + H+
+ H 2O
K2SO4 +
Na2CrO4 + NaBr
Fe3+
+ SO2
+ H 2O
H 2O
H2O
Giao khoa hoa vo c
35
III.3. CN BNG THEO PHNG PHP I S

Thc hin cc bc sau:
+ Vit phng trnh phn ng xy ra vi y tc cht, sn phm (nu u bi yu cu b
sung phn ng ri mi cn bng).
+ t cc h s bng cc ch a, b, c, d, ng trc cc cht trong phn ng.
+ Lp h phng trnh ton hc lin h gia cc h s ny vi nguyn tc s nguyn t ca
tng nguyn t bn tc cht v bn sn phm bng nhau. Nu phn ng dng ion th cn t
thm mt phng trnh ton na l in tch bn tc cht v bn sn phm bng nhau.
+ Gii h phng trnh ton. Thng s phng trnh ton lp c t hn mt phng trnh
so vi s n s. Tuy nhin ta c th chn bt c mt h s no bng 1. Do c s
phng trnh ton bng s n s, nn s gii c. Sau , nu cn, ta nhn tt c nghim s
tm c vi cng mt s thch hp cc h s u l s nguyn.
Cc th d: Cn bng cc phn ng sau y theo phng php i s.
Th d 1:
KMnO4 + HCl
aKMnO4 + bHCl
K:
a=e
(1)
Mn :
a=c
(2)
O:
4a = f
(3)
H:
b = 2f
(4)
Cl :
b = 2c + 2d + e
(C h 5 phng trnh, 6 n s)
MnCl2
Cl2 +
cMnCl2 + dCl2
KCl
+ H2O
+ eKCl
+ fH2O
(5)
Chn e = 1
(1) a = 1
(2) c = 1
(3) f = 4
(4) b = 8
1
1
5
(5) d = (b - 2c - e) = [ 8 - 2(1) - 1] =
2
2
2
a=2
Nhn cc nghim s vi 2
b = 16
c=2
d=5
e =2
f=8
2KMnO4 + 16HCl
2MnCl2 + 5Cl2 + 2KCl +
8H2O
36
Giao khoa hoa vo c
Th d 2:
Cl2 +
aCl2
Cl :
K:
O:
H:
KOH()
bKOH
2a = c + d
b =c+d
b = 3d + e
b = 2e
KCl
t0
cKCl
+
+
KClO3
H2O
dKClO3
eH2O
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(C h 4 phng trnh ton, 5 n s )
Chn e = 1
(4) b = 2 ; (3) d = 1/3 ; (2) c = 5/3 ; (1) a = 1
Nhn cc nghim s tm c vi 3
3Cl2 + 6KOH()
Th d 3:
Mg
t0
a = 3
b = 6
c = 5
d = 1
e = 3
5KCl + KClO3 + 3H2O
HNO3(rt long)
Mg(NO3)2 +
aMg + bHNO3(rt long)

Mg : a = c
H:
b = 4d + 2e
N : b = 2c + 2d
O : 3b = 6c + 3d + e
NH4NO3
cMg(NO3)2 + dNH4NO3 + eH2O
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
Chn c = 1
(1) a = 1
So snh (2), (3) 4d + 2e = 2c + 2d 2d + 2e = 2c 2d + 2e = 2(1)
2d + 2e = 2 d + e = 1 (2)
So snh (3), (4) 3(2c + 2d) = 6c + 3d + e 6c + 6d = 6c + 3d + e
3d - e = 0 (3)
H 2 phng trnh (2'), (3'), 2 n s e, d:
d + e = 1 (2)
3d - e = 0 (3)
1
4
3
e=
4
H2O
Gii d =
1
5
(3) b = 2(1) + 2( )=
4
2
37
Giao khoa hoa vo c
Nhn tt c nghim vi 4
a=4
b = 10
c=4
d=1
e=3
4Mg + 10HNO3(rt long)
4Mg(NO3)2
Th d 4:
Cu
Cu2+ +
+ NO3- + H+
bNO3- +
cH+
Cu :
a=d
N:
b=e
O:
3b = e + f
H:
c = 2f
in tch : -b + c = +2d
Chn e = 1
(2) b = 1
(3) f = 2
(4) c = 4
(5) d = 3/2
(1) a = 3/2
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
aCu +
dCu2+ +
Nhn tt c nghim s tm c vi 2
3Cu
+ 2NO3-
Th d 5:
C12H22O11
aC12H22O11
+ 8H+
+ MnO4- +
+ H2O
a=3
b=2
c=8
d=3
e=2
f=4
2NO +
CO2
+ bMnO4- + cH+
C:
12a = d
H:
22a + c = 2f
O:
11a + 4b = 2d + f
Mn :
b = e
in tch :
-b + c = +2e
NO
eNO + fH2O
3Cu2+ +
H+
+ NH4NO3 + 3H2O
dCO2 +
4H2O
Mn2+ + H2O
eMn2+ +
fH2O
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
Chn e = 1
38
Giao khoa hoa vo c
(4) b = 1
(5) c = 3
Th d = 12a (1); b = 1 vo (3)
11a + 4(1) = 2(12a) + f

13a + f = 4 (3)
-22a + 2f = 3 (2)
Th c = 3 vo (2) 22a + 3 = 2f
H 2 phng trnh (2'), (3'), 2 n s a, f:
-22a + 2f = 3
13a +f = 4
5
127
; f=
48
48
5
60
(1) d = 12( ) =
48
48
(2)
(3)
Gii a =
Nhn tt c nghim s vi 48
5C12H22O11 + 48MnO4 + 144H

Th d 6:
FexOy + HCl
aFexOy + bHCl
Fe :
O:
H:
Cl :
xa = c + d
ya = e
b = 2e
b = 2c + 3d
a
b
c
d
e
=5
= 48
= 144
= 60
= 48
f = 127
60CO2 + 48Mn2+ + 127H2O
FeCl2 + FeCl3 + H2O

cFeCl2
+ dFeCl3 + eH2O
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
Chn e = 1
(3) b = 2
1
x
The a, b vo (1), (4) c + d =
(2) a =
y
y
2c + 3d = 2
3x
2x
-2
; d=2Gii c =
y
y
Nhn tt c nghim s vi y
(1)
(4)
a=1
b = 2y
c = 3x - 2y
d = 2y - 2x
e=y
39
Giao khoa hoa vo c
FexOy + 2yHCl
(3x - 2y)FeCl2 + (2y - 2x)FeCl3 +
Th d 7:
Na2SO3 + KMnO4 + NaHSO4
aNa2SO3 + bKMnO4 + cNaHSO4
Na :
2a + c = 2d
S:
a + c = d + e +f
O:
3a + 4b + 4c = 4d + 4e + 4f + g
K:
b = 2f
Mn :
b =e
H:
c = 2g
Chn f = 1
(4) b = 2
(5) e = 2
Na2SO4 + MnSO4 + K2SO4 + H2O

dNa2SO4 + eMnSO4 + fK2SO4 + gH2O
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(H 6 phng trnh, 7 n s)
vo (1), (2), (3) 3 phng trnh, 3 an so a, d, g

(1) 2a + 2g = 2d
a+g=d
(2) a + 2g = d + 2 +1 a + 2g -3 = d
(3) 3a + 8 + 8g = 4d + 8 + 4 + g 3a + 7g - 4 = 4d
Th c = 2g
e =2
f =1
b =2
yH2O
(1)
(2)
(3)
(2) - (1) loi a, d g = 3

(1)
(1) a - d = -3
(3) 3a - 4d = -17 (3)
Gii h hai phng trnh (1), (3) a = 5 ; d = 8
(6) c = 6
Tm c cc nghim s: a = 5 ; b = 2 ; c = 6 ; d = 8 ; e = 2 ; f = 1 ; g = 3
5Na2SO3 + 2KMnO4 + 6NaHSO4
8Na2SO4 + 2MnSO4 + K2SO4 + 3H2O
Bi tp 12
Cn bng cc phn ng sau y theo phng php i s:
-
a. Al + NO2 + OH
+ H2O
b. MxOy + HBr
c. Fe3O4 +
d. FeS2
HNO3
+ H2SO4(, nng )
AlO2- + NH3
MBr2 + MBr3 +
H2O
Fe(NO3)3 + NO + H2O
Fe2(SO4)3
+ SO 2
+ H2O
40
Giao khoa hoa vo c
Bi tp 12
Cn bng cc phn ng sau y theo phng php i s:
a. FeO
+ H2SO4(, nng )
b. MxOy + HNO3
c. NO2- + MnO4d. FexOy +
Fe2(SO4)3 +
M(NO3)n
t0
FemOn
H2O
+ H2O
NO3- + Mn2+ +
+ H+
CO
+ NO
SO2 +
H2O
+ CO2
CU HI N PHN III
Nu nguyn tc chung cn bng phn ng oxi ha kh.

Ti sao gi phn ng cho in t cng l phn ng oxi ha?
Ti sao gi phn ng nhn in t l phn ng kh?
Ti sao ni nhn din cht oxi ha, cht kh gp phn cn bng phn ng oxi ha kh d dng
hn?
S dng phng php cn bng i s trong trng hp no?
+3
Khi Fe3+ , Fe , Fe(III) c khc nhau khng? Cho th d minh ha.
Phn ng oxi ha ni phn t l phn ng nh th no? Cho hai th d minh ha.
Th no l phn ng t oxi ha kh? Cho hai th d.
Phn bit phn ng t oxi ha kh vi phn ng oxi ha kh ni phn t. Cho th d minh ha.
+7
0
+4
Hy cho bit ngha khi vit:: Mn, Mn, Mn, Mn(II), Mn(VII), Mn2+, MnO4Hy tm gn cc giai on cn bng mt phn ng oxi ha kh theo phng php cn bng
in t. Cho th d minh ha bng mt phn ng c th.
Hy vit gn cc giai on cn bng mt phn ng oxi ha kh theo phng php cn bng
ion - in t. Cho th d.
41
Giao khoa hoa vo c
Nu cc bc cn bng mt phn ng theo phng php i s. Cho th d minh ha.

Cn bng phn ng oxi ha kh theo phng php cn bng ion - in t s nhanh hn trong
trng hp no? Cho th d minh ha.
Trong phng php cn bng ion - in t nu khng bit phn ng c thc hin trong mi
trng axit hay baz th lm th no cn bng in tch? Cho th d.
Cn bng mi phn ng sau y theo ba phng php (cn bng in t, cn bng ion - in t
v i s). Nhn xt u, khuyt im ca tng phng php.
a. Cu
+ NO3- + H+
Cu2+ + NO
b. Cl2 + KOH()
t0
c. FexOy + HCl
d. K2SO3 +
KMnO4 +
e. FexOy + CO
t0
KCl
+ H2 O
KClO3 +
FeCl2 +
FeCl3 + H2O
KHSO4
K2SO4
FenOm
H 2O
MnSO4 + H2O
CO2
Khi no khng vit c mt cht dng ion? Cho th d.

Trong phng php cn bng i s c nhn din c cht oxi ha, cht kh hay khng?
C nht thit phi lm tng bc nh hng dn khi cn bng mt phn ng oxi ha kh hay
khng?
Ch :
Ch khi no u bi yu cu cn bng theo phng php c th no th ta mi thc hin cc
giai on cn bng phn ng theo ng phng php yu cu. Cn khi u bi khng yu cu
theo phng php no (nh trong bi ton ha hc) th ta cn bng theo cch no cng c,
cng nhanh cng tt. Thng ta thc hin trc tip trn phn ng va vit vi nguyn tc s oxi
ha tng bng s oxi ha gim. Theo chng trnh ph thng, ch phng php cn bng in
t.

Iii Các Phương Pháp Cân Bằng Phản Ứng Oxi Hóa Khử

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Iii Các Phương Pháp Cân Bằng Phản Ứng Oxi Hóa Khử

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21

Giao khoa hoa vo c

Bien soan: Vo Hong Thai

CC PHNG PHP CN BNG PHN NG

Nguyn tc chung cn bng phn ng oxi ha kh l s in t cho ca cht kh phi bng s

2KMnO4 + 10FeSO4 + H2SO4

MnSO4 + Fe2(SO4)3 + K2SO4 + H2O

(Phn ng oxi ha)

2MnSO4 + 5Fe2(SO4)3 + K2SO4 + H2O

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Giao khoa hoa vo c

2KMnO4 + 10FeSO4 + 8H2SO4

Bien soan: Vo Hong Thai

2MnSO4 + 5Fe2(SO4)3 + K2SO4 + 8H2O

(Phn ng oxi ha)

[ Trong 28 phn t HNO3 ca tc cht, ch c 1 phn t l cht oxi ha tht s, cn 27 phn t

(Phn ng oxi ha)

(Phn ng oxi ha)

Cht kh Cht oxi ha

(Phn ng oxi ha)

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Giao khoa hoa vo c

Bien soan: Vo Hong Thai

3xFe(NO3)3 + (3x-2y)NO + H2O

cht kh cht oxi ha

(Phn ng oxi ha)

8xM(NO3)n + (nx-2y)N2O + (5nx-2y)H2O

Al(NO3)3 + xNO + yN2O + H2O

(Phn ng oxi ha)

(3x+8y)Al(NO3)3 + 3xNO + 3yN2O + H2O

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Giao khoa hoa vo c

Bien soan: Vo Hong Thai

Cht oxi ha Cht kh

(Phn ng oxi ha)

(Phn ng oxi ha)

(15x-6y)Fe(NO3)3 + NxOy + (23x-9y)H2O

CH3-CH2-OH + K2Cr2O7 + H2SO4

CH3-CHO + Cr2(SO4)3 + K2SO4 + H2O

(Phn ng oxi ha)

3CH3-CH2-OH + K2Cr2O7 + H2SO4

3CH3-CHO + Cr2(SO4)3 + K2SO4 + H2O

3CH3-CH2-OH + K2Cr2O7 + 4H2SO4

3CH3-CHO + Cr2(SO4)3 + K2SO4 + 7H2O

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Giao khoa hoa vo c

Bien soan: Vo Hong Thai

CH3COOH + CO2 + Cr2(SO4)3 + K2SO4 + H2O

(Cho bit s mol CH3COOH v CO2 to ra bng nhau)

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Giao khoa hoa vo c

Bien soan: Vo Hong Thai

KOOC-COOK + MnO2 + KOH

ZnSO4 + SO2 + H2S + H2O

(a+4b)ZnSO4 + aSO2 + bH2S + (2a+4b)H2O

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Giao khoa hoa vo c

Bien soan: Vo Hong Thai

G.2. Phn ng oxi ha kh ni phn t l mt phn ng oxi ha kh c bit, trong mt

cht va l cht oxi ha, va l cht kh v c s cho, nhn in t ngay trong mt

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Giao khoa hoa vo c

Bien soan: Vo Hong Thai