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PROTECTION 2
SOMPOL C.
Busbar Protection
Busbar Protection
Bus arrangement
1. Radial bus
2. Main and transfer
3. Double breaker double bus
4. Ring bus
5. Breaker and a half
Busbar Protection
Main Bus
Disconnect
Switch
Circuit Breaker
Circuit
Radial bus
Busbar Protection
1. Radial bus
Advantages
Lowest cost
Small land area required
Easy to expand
Simple to operate
Simple protective relay
Busbar Protection
1. Radial bus
Disadvantages
Low reliability
Low flexibility of operation for maintenance
Bus fault and failure of breaker requires substation
be removed from service
Busbar Protection
Main Bus
Disconnect
Switch
Transfer
Circuit
Breaker
(N.O.)
N.O.
N.O.
N.O.
Circuit Breaker
Transfer
Switch
Transfer Bus
Circuits
Circuits
Busbar Protection
Busbar Protection
Busbar Protection
Circuits
Bus No. 1
Disconnect
Switch
Circuit Breaker
Circuit Breaker
Circuits
Bus No. 2
Busbar Protection
Busbar Protection
High cost
Large land area required
Complex protective relaying and control
Busbar Protection
Load
Line Disconnect
Switch
Source
Disconnect
Switch
Circuit Breaker
Source
Load
Ring bus
4. Ring bus
Advantages
Busbar Protection
High reliability
Flexibility operation
Low cost
Any breaker can be removed from service without outage
Expandable to breaker and a half configuration
Busbar Protection
4. Ring bus
Disadvantages
Busbar Protection
Circuits
Line Disconnect
Switch
Disconnect Switch
Circuit Breaker
Circuits
Busbar Protection
Busbar Protection
5. Breaker and a half
Disadvantages
Large land area required
High cost
Complex protective relaying and control
Busbar Protection
Approximate per unit cost
Reliability
1.2
Ring bus
1.25
1.45
1.75
Radial
Busbar Protection
Radial bus
Busbar Protection
Busbar Protection
Busbar Protection
Practice 0
Busbar Protection
Criteria of Bus Differential relay (87B)
Check the difference current between
the current flow in and out of the
protected bus ( vector summation at
relay = 0 )
Busbar Protection
Bus differential has 2 types
1. High impedance
2. Low impedance
Busbar Protection
saturate
Voltage = 0
at 87B
CT saturation
- Equivalent circuit ( saturate )
Ip/n
Is Rct
saturate
Im
Lm
Rct
E
If
Ip/n
Is
Rct
Lm = 0
Im =
Rct
87B
Voltage > 0
at 87B
Ex Calculation of 87B
Data
- 3 phase fault current at bus = 25000 A ( If - 3phase )
- 1 phase fault current at bus = 23600 A ( If - 1phase )
- CT ratio 2000/5 ( N )
- Rct = 1.2
- RL = 1.5 ( lead resistance between relay and CT )
- Relay setting range ; 175, 225, 275, 325 v
- Vk = 800 v
Setting of 87B ( Vs )
Vs1 >= ( If / N )* ( Rct + 2RL ) ; 1phase fault
Vs3 >= ( If / N )* ( Rct + RL ) ; 3 phase fault
Vs1 = 249.6 v
Vs3 = 169.8 v
So set Vs = 325 v;
( Vk >= 2Vs )
Practice 1
Busbar Protection
Busbar Protection
Practice 2
From single line diagram 2
- Which circuit breaker should be tripped if 87B1
operated?
- What is the operating time of 87B?
Zr = Vr / Ir
ZS
Vs
Z line
Ir
Vr
Zr
Z load
Operating condition :
Z = R + jX
R = P cos
X = P sin
Z = R + jX
P
P
2
2
= R + X
-1
= tan X/R
Z = R + jX
Z1=R1+jX1
P2 2
Z2=R2+jX2
2
Load area
R-X diagram
Plain impedance
Mho
R
Offset mho
Z2A
Z1C
Z3C
Z2C
T3C
T2
Z1B
Z1B
T2B
Z3A
T2C
Ex Calculation of 21
Data
- Base voltage =115 kV
- Base MVA = 100 MVA
- CT ratio = 800/5
- PT ratio 115/115 kV/V
- Conductor type : 477 MCM AAC 590 A
Data
- Length of line AB = 70 km, line BC = 30 km, line BD = 50 km
- Impedance data :
AB : z1= z2 = 9.7 + j29.1 p , z0 = 25.4 + j101 p
BC : z1= z2 = 5.8 + j16.9 p
BD : z1= z2 = 8 + j25 p
C
A
21
Multiply by 0.16, so
AB : z1= z2 = 1.55 + j4.65 s , z0 = 4 + j16.1 s
= 4.91 71.5 s
BC : z1= z2 = 0.92 + j2.7 s
BD : z1= z2 = 1.28 + j4 s
Setting
Zone 1 = 85% line AB = 4.17 71.5 s
Zone2 = 120% line AB = 5 71.5 s , 0.5 sec
Zone3 = 100% line AB + 120% line AB = 9.17 71.5 s ,1 sec
jX
zone3
B
71.5
A
zone2
zone1
Kn = ( z0 z1 ) / 3z1
= 2.51 + j11.51 = 11.78 77.6
4.67 + j13.97
14.73 71.5
= 0.799 6.15
Practice 3
From single line diagram 2
- Which circuit breaker should be tripped if 21
line 1 operated ( both primary and back up )?
- Which circuit breaker should be reclosed?
- Where is the zone of protection of 21?
Tele Protection
Teleprotection scheme
1. Permissive underreach transfer trip ( PUTT )
2. Permissive overreach transfer trip ( POTT )
Benefit of teleprotection
- clear fault 100% line as fast as zone 1
- on more over trip
- also initiate recloser as zone 1
Dead time
Synchrocheck relay ( 25 )
Back up Protection
Back up Protection
In protection system, each equipment
should have 2 sets of protective relay. One
set we call primary protection and the
another is call back up protection.
Example :
Back up Protection
Transformer
Primary 87K, self protection, Back up 51T, BF
Feeder
Primary 51/51G, Back up 51T, BF
Back up Protection
Transmission line
Primary zone1, Back up zone2, zone3
and others distance relay ( 115 kV ), BF
Primary protection primary, Back up
protection back up and others distance
relay ( 230 kV ) , BF
Back up Protection
Bus bar
Primary 87B, Back up zone2, zone3 of
others distance relay at remote end
substation ( 115 kV ), BF
Back up Protection
Principle of Breaker failure
Measure the duration of fault current from the
instance at which any relay operates to trip
circuit breaker. If current is still flowing after
preselected time delay, it is considered that the
circuit breaker has failed to trip.
Back up Protection
Principle of Breaker failure
Normally breaker failure timer should less than
zone 2 timer of distance relay at remote end
substation to limit the tripping area only in
substation that breaker fail.
Back up Protection
Element of Breaker failure
1. Main protection operate
2. Current detector operate ( 50BF)
3. Breaker fail timer operate ( 62BF)
4. On this function by cut off switch ( BFCO)
Back up Protection
Function of Breaker failure
When breaker fail to trip, the tripping and
interlocking of all other circuit breakers
connected to the failed circuit breaker will be
initiated. Another lockout relay, 86BF, is
required.
Practice 4
From single line diagram 2
- If circuit breaker 80722 fail to trip, which circuit
breakers should be tripped?
From single line diagram 1
- If circuit breaker 7052 fail to trip, which circuit
breakers should be tripped?
Question ?
The end