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Chapter 8 Frequency Response
Chapter 8 Frequency Response
Chapter Outline
8.1 Low-Frequency Response of the CS and CE Amplifiers
8.2 Internal Capacitive Effects and the High-Frequency Model
8.3 High-Frequency Response of the CS and CE Amplifiers
8.4 Tools for the Analysis of the High-Frequency Response of Amplifiers
8.5 A Closer Look at the High-Frequency Response*
8.6 High-Frequency Response of the CG and Cascode Amplifiers*
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The CE amplifier
Small-signal analysis
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The lower 3-dB frequency is simply the highest-frequency pole if the poles are sufficiently separated
The highest-frequency pole is typically P2 due to the small resistance of RE
An approximation of the lower 3-dB frequency is given by
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Frequency response:
The common-source amplifier has one zero and two poles at higher frequencies
The amplifier gain falls off at frequencies beyond midband
The amplifier bandwidth is defined by the 3-dB frequency which is typically evaluated by the dominant
pole (the lowest-frequency pole) in the transfer function
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Miller effect
Neglect the small current Igd at the output
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8.4 Useful Tools for the Analysis of the High-Frequency Response of Amplifiers
Determining the upper 3-dB frequency
General transfer function of the amplifier
dominant-pole response
One of the poles is of much lower frequency than any of the other poles and zeros
A dominant pole exists if the lowest-frequency pole is at least 4 away from the nearest pole or zero
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Millers Theorem
A technique to replace the bridging capacitance
The equivalent input and output impedances are:
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Time-constant method*
A technique used to determine the coefficients of the transfer function from the circuit
Determining b1:
Set all independent sources zero
R0ii: the equivalent resistance in parallel with Ci by treating the other capacitors as open circuit
Determining b2:
Set all independent sources zero
R jii: the equivalent resistance in parallel with Ci by treating Cj short and the other capacitors open
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Exact analysis*
Transfer function of the amplifier:
Step 1: define nodal voltages
Step 2: find branch currents
Step 3: KCL equations
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Midband gain:
The transfer function has one pole and one zero
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Midband gain:
Poles:
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High-frequency characteristics:
High-frequency zero:
Output becomes 0 at s = sZ = -gm/Cgs
High-frequency zero: Z = gm/Cgs
fZ fT (transistors unity-gain frequency)
The 3-dB frequency fH:
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High-frequency characteristics:
High-frequency zero:
Output becomes 0 at s = sZ = -1/Cre
High-frequency zero: Z = 1/Cre
fZ fT (transistors unity-gain frequency)
The 3-dB frequency fH:
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Transconductance (Gm):
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Common-mode operation:
By taking CSS into account for the mid-band common-mode gain:
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