Reinforced Concrete Beams

CIVL 1112
Strength of Reinforced Concrete Beams
Reinforced Concrete Beams
Mathematical modeling of reinforced concrete is essential to

civil engineering

civil engineering
Concrete as a material
Concrete in a structure
Stress distribution in a reinforced concrete beam

civil engineering

civil engineering
Blast failure of a reinforced concrete wall

Geometric model a reinforced concrete bridge

civil engineering
Blast failure of a reinforced concrete wall

Mathematical model for failure in an unreinforced concrete
beam
1/11
CIVL 1112
2/11
Mathematical model for failure in an reinforced concrete beam

In the reinforced concrete beam project, there are three
different failure mode we need to investigate
First, lets consider the loading of the beam
The purpose of RC is the reinforcement of areas in concrete

that are weak in tension
P/2
P/2
P/2
P/2
Lets look at the internal forces acting on the beam and

locate the tension zones
The shear between the applied load and the support is

constant V = P/2
P
P
F 2 V
P/2
V is the shear force

P/2
P
2
F 2 V
P/2
V
P/2
P
2
CIVL 1112

constant V = P/2
3/11

constant V = P/2
The shear force V = P/2 is constant between the applied load
and the support
P/2
P/2
P/2
P/2
Lets look at the internal moment at section between the

supports and applied load
Lets look at the internal moment at section between the

supports and applied load
M 2 x
The bending moment is the internal reaction to forces which

cause a beam to bend.
X max = 8 in.
M is the bending moment
P/2
M P/2
4P
P/2
Bending moment can also be referred to as torque
(lb.-in.)

The top of the beam is in compression and the bottom of the
beam is in tension

To model the behavior of a reinforced concrete beam we will
need to understand three distinct regions in the beam.
Two are illustrated below; the third is called shear.
Compression force on the upper

Bending
distributed
part ofmoment
the concrete
beamon
the cut surface
Bending moment distributed on

surface
Compression
MCthe cut
MC
P
2
Tension force on the lower

part of the concrete beam
P
2
Tension
CIVL 1112

We need models to help us with compression, tension, and
shear failures in concrete
4/11

Compression
Tension


We need models to help us with compression,
tension, and shear failures in concrete
Shear
Shear
Shear
Compression
Shear
Tension
Compression and tension failures in a reinforced

concrete beam
Compression and tension failures in a reinforced

concrete beam
CIVL 1112

Shear failure in a reinforced concrete beam

Lets focus on how to model the ultimate tensile load in a
reinforced concrete beam

Shear failure in a reinforced concrete beam

Typical rebar configuration to handle tension and
shear loads
Tension

shear loads

shear loads
5/11
CIVL 1112
Whitney Rectangular Stress Distribution
6/11
In the 1930s, Whitney proposed the use of a rectangular

compressive stress distribution
In the 1930s, Whitney proposed the use of a rectangular

compressive stress distribution
k3fc
0.85fc
k 2x
0.5a
As
T
Assume that the concrete contributes nothing to the tensile

strength of the beam
k3fc
0.85fc
k 2x
Assume that the complex distribution of compressive

stress in the concrete can be approximated by a rectangle
0.5a
As
T
0.85fc
The height of the stress box, a, is defined as a percentage

of the depth to the neural axis
a 1c
c
h
As
0.85fc
k 2x
k3fc
0.5a
The height of the stress box, a, is defined as a percentage

of the depth to the neural axis
f 'c 4000 psi
1 0.85
0.85fc
0.5a
f 'c 4000 psi
0.5a
f 'c 4000
0.65
1000
1 0.85 0.05
T
CIVL 1112
The values of the tension and compression forces are:
If the tension force capacity of the steel is too high, than

the value of a is large
C 0.85f 'c ba
T As fy
0.85fc
F 0 T C
a
7/11
0.5a
0.85fc
As fy
0.85f 'c b
0.5a
a
d
If a > d, then you have too much steel
As fy
0.85f 'c b

The internal moment is the value of either the tension or
compression force multiplied the distance between them.
If the tension force capacity of the steel is too high, than

the value of a is large
M T d 2
a
M As fy d
2
0.85fc
0.5a
0.85fc
Substitute the value for a

Lets focus on how to model the ultimate shear load in a
reinforced concrete beam
We know that the moment in our reinforced

concrete beans is
M 4P
Ptension
M 4P
Af
M As fy d 0.59 s y
f
'c b
Af
Af
= s y d - 0.59 s y
4
f'c b
0.5a
Af
M As fy d 0.59 s y
f 'c b
The internal moment is the value of either the tension or

compression force multiplied the distance between them
M As fy d
2
Shear
Shear
CIVL 1112

We can approximate the shear failure in unreinforced concrete
as:
8/11

Lets consider shear failure in reinforced concrete
Vc 2 f 'c bd
If we include some reinforcing for shear the total shear
capacity of a reinforce concrete bean would be approximated
as:
Vn Vc Vs
Vs
Av fy d
Vn
P
2
Af d
Pshear 2 v y 2 f 'c bd
s
Lets focus on how to model the ultimate compression load in

a reinforced concrete beam
There is a balanced condition where the stress in the steel

reinforcement and the stress in the concrete are both at their
yield points
The amount of steel required to reach the balanced strain
condition is defined in terms of the reinforcement ratio:
Compression

The limits of the reinforcement ratio are established
as:
Reinforcement ratio definition
A
s
bd

The limits of the reinforcement ratio are established
as:
c
0.600
d
as function of c/d
c f 'c
d fy
As
bd
Compression
0.375
0.85 1
Beam failure is controlled by
compression
c
0.600 Transition between tension
d
and compression control
c
0.375
d
Beam failure is controlled by
tension
CIVL 1112
9/11
Lets consider compression failure in over reinforced concrete.

First, let define an equation that given the stress in the tensile
steel when concrete reaches its ultimate strain.
Lets consider compression failure in over reinforced concrete

First, let define an equation that given the stress in the tensile
steel when concrete reaches its ultimate strain
d c
fsteel 87,000 psi
c
If fsteel
M 4P
only if fs f y
c
< fy then or
0.600
d
Pcompression
a
d c
Mcompression As
d 2 87,000 psi
c

Consider the different types of failures in reinforced concrete:
As d c
a
d 87,000 psi
4 c
2
Reinforced Concrete Beam Analysis

Lets use the failure models to predict the ultimate strength-toweight (SWR) of one of our reinforced concrete beams from
lab
Consider a beam with the following characteristics:
Concrete strength fc = 5,000 psi
Steel strength fy = 60,000 psi
The tension reinforcement will be 2 #4 rebars
The shear reinforcement will be #3 rebars bent in a U-shape spaced at
4 inches.
Use the minimum width to accommodate the reinforcement

Reinforcing bars are denoted by the bar number. The
diameter and area of standard rebars are shown below.

Based on the choice of reinforcement we can compute an
estimate of b and d
#4 rebar diameter
Bar #
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
2
Diameter (in.) As (in. )
0.375
0.11
0.500
0.20
0.625
0.31
0.750
0.44
0.875
0.60
1.000
0.79
1.128
1.00
1.270
1.27
1.410
1.56
Minimum cover
b 2 0.5 in 2(0.75 in ) 2(0.375 in )
0.75 in
d
6 in.
#4
#3 rebar diameter
Space between bars
4.0in.
CIVL 1112

If we allow a minimum cover under the rebars were can
estimate d
Half of #4 bar
diameter
d 6
#4

We now have values for b, d, and As
Minimum cover
Af
M As fy d 0.59 s y
f 'c b
0.5
0.75 0.375
2
#3 rebar diameter
6 in.
4.625 in.
The As for two #4 rebars is:
6 in.
As 2(0.20 in.2 ) 0.40 in.2
#4
10/11

b
Compute the moment capacity
Lets check the shear model
Af d
Pshear 2 v y 2 f 'c bd
s
Af
M As fy d 0.59 s y
f 'c b
6 in.
#4
Area of two #3 rebars
0.4in.2 (60ksi)
0.4in.2 (60ksi) 4.625in. 0.59
5ksi (4in.)
2 0.11in.2 60,000psi 4.625in.
2
2 5,000psi 4in. 4.625in.
4in.
Shear reinforcement spacing
94.0 k in.
M
4
23.5 kips
35,757lb.
35.76kips
Since Ptension < Pshear therefore Ptension controls
An 1 estimate is given as:
Lets check the reinforcement ratio
A
s
bd
Reinforcement ratio definition
as function of c/d
c f 'c
0.85 1
d fy
To compute , first we need to estimate 1
f 'c 4000 psi
1 0.85
f 'c 4000 psi

f 'c 4000
0.65
1000
1 0.85 0.05
5,000 4,000
0.80
1,000
1 0.85 0.05
CIVL 1112
11/11
Check the reinforcement ratio for the maximum steel allowed

for tension controlled behavior or c/d = 0.375
However, the maximum about of steel where compression is

in control is c/d = 0.600
0.85 1
c f 'c
5ksi
0.85(0.80)0.375
d fy
60ksi
0.021
0.85 1
0.034
c/d = 0.375 for tension

controlled behavior
As
0.4 in.2
0.022
bd 4in.(4.625in.)
The amount of steel in this beam is just a bit over the

allowable for tension controlled behavior.
Size of concrete beam
As
0.4 in.2
0.022
bd 4in.(4.625in.)

In summary, this reinforced concrete beam will fail in tension
Unit weight of concrete
Unit weight of steel
4.625 in.
6 in.
(0.4in. )(30in.) 490lb. 145lb.
1728 in.3 ft.3

ft.3
60.42lb. 2.39lb. 62.81lb.
Questions?
S P 23.5 kips
W 62.81 lb.
4 in.
(4in.)(6in.)(30in.) 145lb.
1728in.3 ft.3 ft.3
Additional weight of rebars
c/d = 0.600 for compression

controlled behavior
Therefore, the beam is in the lower part of the transition zone

and for our purposes is OK.

An estimate of the weight of the beam can be made as:
c f 'c
5ksi
0.85(0.80)0.600
d fy
60ksi
#4
SWR
23,500 lb.
62.81 lb.
374.2

Reinforced Concrete Beams

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Reinforced Concrete Beams

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CIVL 1112

Strength of Reinforced Concrete Beams