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CKDT
CU KIN IN T
(Dng cho sinh vin h o to i hc t xa)
Lu hnh ni b
H NI - 2007
CU KIN IN T
Bin son :
THS. TRN TH CM
Cu kin in t
LI NI U
Tp gio trnh "Cu kin in t " c bin son lm ti liu ging dy v hc tp cho
cc sinh vin chuyn ngnh k thut in t - Vin thng, ng thi gio trnh cng c th c s
dng cho cc sinh vin chuyn ngnh Cng ngh thng tin, v lm ti liu tham kho cho cc k s
chuyn ngnh in t - Vin thng.
Gio trnh c vit theo chng trnh cng mn hc "Cu kin in t v quang in
t" ca Hc vin Cng ngh Bu chnh Vin thng.
Ni dung ca gio trnh c trnh by mt cch r rng, c h thng cc kin thc c bn
v hin i v vt liu v cc cu kin in t - quang in t ang s dng trong ngnh k thut
in t v k thut vin thng.
Gio trnh "Cu kin in t" gm 8 chng.
+ Chng 1 Gii thiu chung v cu kin in t v vt liu in t. Trong chng ny
a ranh ngha v cc cch phn loi ca cu kin in t, cc c tnh v cc tham s k thut
ca cc loi vt liu s dng trong k thut in t - vin thng nh cht cch in, cht dn in,
cht bn dn v vt liu t.
+ Chng 2 trnh by v cc cu kin in t th ng nh in tr, t in, cun dy v
bin p, cng cc c tnh v tham s c bn ca cc cu kin ny, cch nhn bit v cch c cc
tham s ca cc linh kin thc t.
+ Chng 3 trnh by v it bn dn. Trong chng ny, gio trnh nu ln tnh cht
vt l c bit ca lp tip xc P - N, ng thi trnh by chi tit v cu to v nguyn l hot ng
cng nh cc c tuyn, tham s k thut ca it bn dn. Ngoi ra, trong chng 3 cn trnh by
v cc ch lm vic ca i t bn dn v gii thiu mt s loi i t thng dng v c bit.
+ Chng 4 trnh by v cu to v nguyn l hot ng ca tranzito lng cc (BJT).
ng thi, trong chng ny cng trnh by c th v ba cch mc c bn ca tranzito trong cc
s mch khuch i, cc c tnh v c im ca tng cch mc. ng thi chng 4 cng
trnh by v cc cch phn cc v cc mch tng ng ca tranzito.
+ Chng 5 gii thiu chung v tranzito hiu ng trng (FET) v phn loi tranzito
trng. Trong chng trnh by c th v cu to v nguyn l hot ng cng nh cc cch phn
cc cho tranzito trng loi JFET v MOSFET.
+ Chng 6 gii thiu v cu kin thuc h thyristo nh chnh lu silic c iu khin, triac,
diac; nu cu to v nguyn l hot ng cng nh ng dng ca chng. ng thi, chng 6
cng trnh by v cu to v nguyn l hot ng ca tranzito n ni (UJT).
+ Chng 7 cp n s pht trin tip theo ca k thut in t l vi mch tch hp.
Trong chng ny trnh by v khi nim, phn loi cng nh s lc v cng ngh ch to vi
mch bn dn, l loi vi mch c sn xut v s dng rng ri hin nay. Ngoi ra, trong chng
4 cn trnh by c tnh v tham s ca trnh by v c im cng nh tham s ca hai loi vi
mch: vi mch tuyn tnh v vi mch s. Trong gii thiu chi tit v vi mch khuch i thut
ton (OA), y l loi vi mch vn nng c s dng rng ri nhiu chc nng khc nhau.
+ Chng 8 trnh by v cc cu kin quang in t. Chng ny trnh by kh t m v h
thng v cc loi cu kin quang in t bn dn v khng bn dn ang c s dng trong k
thut in t v k thut vin thng. y trnh by v cc cu kin quang in t s dng trong
k thut in t v thng tin quang:
- Cc linh kin pht quang: LED ch th, LED hng ngoi, LASER, v mt ch th tinh th
lng LCD.
Cu kin in t
- Cc linh kin thu quang: in tr quang, it quang, tranzito quang, thyristo quang, t bo
quang in v pin mt tri.
Trong tp gio trnh ny tc gi s dng nhiu ti liu tham kho v bin son theo mt
trt t logic nht nh. Tuy nhin, tp gio trnh khng trnh khi nhng thiu st v hn ch.
Chng ti rt mong nhn c s gp ca cc nh chuyn mn, cc bn ng nghip v nhng
ai quan tm n chuyn ngnh ny b sung v hon chnh tp gio trnh "Cu kin in t"
c tt hn.
Cc kin ng gp xin gi n b mn K thut in t - Khoa K thut in t I, Hc vin
Cng ngh Bu chnh Vin thng, km 10 ng Nguyn Tri H Ni - H ng.
Xin chn thnh cm n!
Cu kin in
CHNG 1
GII THIU CHUNG V CU KIN IN T
GII THIU CHNG
Chng 1 gii thiu khi nim chung v cu kin in t, gip cho sinh vin chuyn
ngnh in t Vin thng c khi nim ban u bao qut v nhng linh kin in t c s
dng trong cc mch in t. ng thi trong chng 1 cng gii thiu v cc c tnh vt l
in ca cc vt liu c bn dng trong k thut in t.
Hc xong chng 1, sinh vin phi nm c khi nim chung v cu kin in t, khi nim
s b v mch in in t. Sinh vin cng phi hiu c cc c tnh k thut ca cc loi
vt liu dng trong lnh vc k thut in t, mt s loi vt liu thng dng thng dng v
ng dng chng.
NI DUNG
1.1. GII THIU CHUNG
Cu kin in t l mn hc v cu to, nguyn l hot ng v mt s ng dng ca cc
linh kin c s dng trong cc mch in t thc hin mt chc nng k thut no ca
mt b phn trong mt thit b in t chuyn dng cng nh thit b in t dn dng.
Cu kin in t c rt nhiu loi thc hin cc chc nng khc nhau trong mch in t.
Mun to ra mt thit b in t chng ta phi s dng rt nhiu cc linh kin in t, t nhng
linh kin n gin nh in tr, t in, cun dy...n cc linh kin khng th thiu c nh
it, tranzito...v cc linh kin in t t hp phc tp. Chng c u ni vi nhau theo cc
s mch c thit k, tnh ton khoa hc thc hin chc nng ca thit b thng
thng nh my radiocassettes, tivi, my tnh, cc thit b in t y t... n cc thit b thng
tin lin lc nh tng i in thoi, cc trm thu - pht thng tin hay cc thit b v tinh v tr
v.v...Ni chung cu kin in t l loi linh kin to ra cc thit b in t do vy chng rt
quan trng trong i sng khoa hc k thut v mun s dng chng mt cch hiu qu th
chng ta phi hiu bit v nm chc cc c im ca chng.
1.2. PHN LOI CU KIN IN T.
C nhiu cch phn loi cu kin in t da theo nhng tiu ch khc nhau. y chng
ta k n mt s cch phn loi thng thng:
1.2.1. Phn loi da trn c tnh vt l:
Da vo cc c tnh vt l cu kin in t c th chia lm 2 loi:
- Cc cu kin in t thng thng: y l cc linh kin in t c c tnh vt l in in t thng thng. Chng hot ng di tc dng ca cc sng in t c tn s t cc
thp (f = 1Khz10Khz) n tn s siu cao tn(f = 10Ghz 100Ghz) hoc sng milimet.
- Cu kin quang in t: y l cc linh kin in t c c tnh vt l in quang
Chng hot ng di tc dng ca cc sng in t c tn s rt cao (f = 10 8 n 10 9 Ghz)
thng c gi l nh sng.
1.2.2. Phn loi da theo lch s pht trin ca cng ngh in t:
Ngi ta chia cu kin in t ra lm 5 loi:
- Cu kin in t chn khng: l cc cu kin in t m s dn in xy ra trong mi
trng chn khng.
3
Cu kin in
Cu kin in
nguyn t vt cht c phn chia thnh ba vng nng lng khc nhau l: vng ha tr, vng
dn v vng cm. Mc nng lng cao nht ca vng ha tr k hiu l EV; mc nng lng
thp nht ca vng dn k hiu l EC v rng vng cm k hiu l EG.
+ Cht cch in:
Cu trc vng nng lng ca cht cch in c m t trong hnh 1-1a. rng vng
cm EG c gi tr n vi eV (EG 2eV).
+ Cht bn dn:
Cht bn dn c rng vng cm rt nh (EG < 2eV), xem hnh 1-1b.
Di
dn
E
EC
in t
EC Di
dn
EG < 2 eV
EG > 2 eV
EV
L trng
EV
EC
EV
EG = 0
Di
ho
tr
Di
ho tr
a/
b/
c/
Cu kin in
- tn hao in mi (Pa):
tn hao in mi l cng sut in chi ph lm nng cht in mi khi t n trong
in trng v c tnh theo cng thc tng qut sau:
Pa = U 2Ctg
(1. 2)
Trong :
Pa l tn hao in mi o bng ot (w)
U l in p t ln t in o bng vn (V)
C l in dung ca t in dng cht in mi o bng Farad (F)
l tn s gc o bng rad/s
tg l gc tn hao in mi
- bn v in ca cht in mi (E.t.):
Nu ta t mt cht in mi vo trong mt in trng m n b mt kh nng cch in
- ta gi l hin tng nh thng cht in mi. Tr s in p khi xy ra hin tng nh
thng cht in mi gi l in p nh thng U.t. thng o bng KV, v cng in
trng tng ng vi im nh thng gi l bn v in.
bn v in k hiu l E.t. v c tnh theo cng thc:
E .t =
U .t
d
(1. 3)
R c. =
(1. 4)
I ICM
Cu kin in
E.t.
KV/mm
tg
(.m)
Mi ca
50 200
68
0,0004
1015
15 30
Gm lm t
10 40
T
trng
KG/m3
2,8.103
3.1014
6,37,5
12900
0,0020,025
17004500 0,0006
4 4,6
0,05 0,12
4.103
1,6.103
1,2.103
Nha tng
hp
Ba cchin
Giy
9 12
30
34
34
La
Sp
8 60
20 35
3,8 4,5
2,8 2,9
0,04 0,08
Paraphin
20 30
2,2 2,3
1016
Nha thng
10 15
3,5
0,0003
0,0007.
0,01
Polime
15 20
2,3 2,4
1.10-45. 10-4
Cao su
Du t in
2030
20
37
2,2
0,020.1
0,0020.005
1015
1017
1015
0,15
1,5.103
0,9.103
1,6.103
ng dng
T in,
cch in
Gi , t
in..
T cao tn,
t tn thp..
Cch in
Cch in
T
in,
cch in
Cch in
Tm chng
m
Tm chng
m
Lm sch
mi hn
Cch in
cao tn
V dy dn
T
in,
cp in
1.4.2. Cht dn in
a.nh ngha.
Cht dn in l vt liu c dn in cao. in tr sut ca cht dn in nm trong
khong 10-8 10-5 m. Trong t nhin cht dn in c th l cht rn, cht lng hoc cht
kh.
7
Cu kin in
=R
S
[.m] , [.mm] , [.m]
l
(1. 5)
Q=
T
St
l
(1. 7)
Trong :
- l h s dn nhit [w/ (m.K)].
T/l - l gradien nhit (T l lng chnh lch nhit hai im cch nhau mt
khong l l)
S - l din tch b mt
t - l thi gian
- Cng thot ca in t trong kim loi:
Nng lng cn thit cp thm cho in t n thot ra khi b mt kim loi c gi
l cng thot ca kim loi. EW
- in th tip xc:
Nghin cu hai cht kim loi tip xc vi nhau nh tip xc C trong hnh 1- 2.
A B
C
Hnh 1- 3 : Hai kim loi c tip xc C.
8
Cu kin in
Hiu in th tip xc gia hai kim loi ny c xc nh l s chnh lch th nng EAB
gia im A v B v c tnh theo cng thc:
EAB = EW2 - EW1
(1. 8)
Tng ng vi th nng EAB (o bng eV) ta c in th tip xc (o bng Vn), k hiu
l VAB v c tr s bng EAB.
Nu kim loi 1 v 2 ging nhau, in th tip xc gia chng bng 0. Nu hai kim loi
khc nhau th kim loi no c cng thot thp hn tr thnh in tch dng v kim loi c
cng thot cao hn s tr thnh in tch m.
b. Mt s loi vt liu dn in thng dng.
Cht dn in c chia lm 2 loi l cht dn in c in tr sut thp v cht dn in
c in tr sut cao.
- Cht dn in c in tr sut thp:
Cht dn in c in tr sut thp (hay dn in cao) thng dng lm vt liu dn
in. Bng 1.2 gii thiu mt s cht dn in c in tr sut thp v tham s ca chng.
Bng 1.2. Cht dn in c in tr sut thp v cc tnh cht in.
Vt liu
(.m)
(K-1)
Bc (Ag)
0,0165
0,0038
ng (Cu)
0,0175
0,0043
1080
Hp kim ng
0,0300,06 0,002
900
Nhm (Al)
0,0267
0,0045
660
2,7
Thic (Sn)
Ch (Pb)
0,115
0,21
0,0042
0,004
230
330
7,3
11,4
Vonfram (W)
0,055
2500
19,31
Moliden (Mo)
0,057
1500
10.2
Niken (Ni)
0,078
1450
8,9
Vng (Au)
0,024
0,105
8,96
19,31
ng dng
M cng tc, bn cc,
ng dn sng
Dy dn, chn cc
linh kin, ng dn
sng
l tip xc,dy in
thoi, dy in tr
Dy dn, in cc, v
t
hn
Cu ch, v cp, acqui
axit.
Si nung, cng tc,
in cc
Si nung, cng tc,
in cc
Si nung, cng tc,
in cc
Dy dn cao tn, chn
vi mch, ng dn
sngchng n mn
Tip im, cht dn
in, ng h o
in...
Cu kin in
(.m)
(K-1)
tnc ( 0C)
Manganhin
0,42 0,48
0,00005
1200
Constantan
Nicrm
0,48 0,52
1 1,2
0,00005
0,00015
1270
1400
Cacbon (C)
0,28 3,5
0,00004
1400
t
trng ng dng
3
(10 Kg/ m3)
8,4
in tr mu, dng
c o in
8,9
Bin tr, si t
8,2
Si nung, m hn,
bp in, bn l
in tr, cht bi
trn, micrphn
1.4.3. Cht bn dn
a. nh ngha v c im ca cht bn dn.
Cht bn dn l vt cht c in tr sut nm gia tr s in tr sut ca cht dn in
v cht in mi khi nhit phng: = 10-4 107 .m
Trong k thut in t ch s dng mt s cht bn dn c cu trc n tinh th, quan
trng nht l hai nguyn t Gecmani v Silic. Thng thng Gecmani v Silic c dng lm
cht chnh, cn cc cht nh Bo, Indi (nhm 3), phtpho, Asen (nhm 5) lm tp cht cho cc
vt liu bn dn chnh. c im ca cu trc mng tinh th ny l dn in ca n rt nh
khi nhit thp v n s tng theo ly tha vi s tng ca nhit v tng gp bi khi c
trn thm tp cht.
b. Cht bn dn nguyn tnh.
Cht bn dn m mi nt ca mng tinh th ca n ch c nguyn t ca mt loi
nguyn t th cht gi l cht bn dn nguyn tnh (hay cht bn dn thun) v c k hiu
bng ch s i (Intrinsic).
- Ht ti in trong cht bn dn thun:
Ht ti in trong cht bn dn l cc in t t do trong vng dn v cc l trng trong
vng ha tr
Xt cu trc ca tinh th Gecmani hoc Silic biu din trong khng gian hai chiu nh
trong hnh (1- 3): Gecmani (Ge) v Silic (Si) u c 4 in t ha tr lp ngoi cng. Trong
mng tinh th mi nguyn t Ge (hoc Si) s gp 4 in t ha tr ca mnh vo lin kt cng
ha tr vi 4 in t ha tr ca 4 nguyn t k cn sao cho mi nguyn t u c ha tr 4.
Ht nhn bn trong ca nguyn t Ge (hoc Si) mang in tch +4. Nh vy cc in t ha tr
trong lin kt cng ha tr s c lin kt rt cht ch vi ht nhn. Do vy, mc d c sn 4
in t ha tr nhng tinh th bn dn c dn in thp. nhit 00K, cu trc l tng
nh hnh (1- 3) l gn ng v tinh th bn dn nh l mt cht cch in.
10
Cu kin in
Ge
+4
Ge
Ge
+4
Ge
+4
+4
Ge
+4
Ge
+4
Ge
Ge
Ge
+4
+4
+4
Hnh 1- 3 : Cu trc tinh th Ge biu din trong khng gian hai chiu
Ge
+4
L
trng
Ge
+4
Ge
+4
in t
t do
Ge
Ge
+4
Ge
+4
Ge
+4
+4
Ge
Ge
+4
+4
Cu kin in
J = (n. n + p. p )qE = E
n- l nng in t t do (in tch m)
p- l nng l trng (in tch dng)
- l dn in
n - linh ng ca in t
p.- linh ng ca l trng
Do dn in:
= (n n + p p )q
(1. 9)
Trong :
(1. 10)
Bng 1. 4 : Cc c tnh ca Ge v Si
Cc c tnh
Ge
Si
S nguyn t------------------------------------------32
14
Nguyn t lng--------------------------------------72,6
28,1
3
T trng (g/cm )--------------------------------------5,32
2,33
Hng s in mi-------------------------------------16
12
3
22
S nguyn t/cm ------------------------------------4,4.10
5,0.1022
EG0,eV, 00K (nng lng vng cm)-------------0,785
1,21
0
EG, eV, 300 K -------------------------------------0,72
1,1
0
-3
13
ni 300 K , cm (nng ht dn in t) ------2,5.10
1,5.1010
45
230
in tr sut nguyn tnh 3000K [.cm] ------3800
1300
n , cm2/ V-sec --------------------------------------1800
500
p ,cm2/ V-sec --------------------------------------99
34
Dn , cm2/ sec = n.VT -------------------------------47
13
Dp , cm2/ sec = p.VT ------------------------------Khi tng nhit , mt cc i in t - l trng tng v do dn in tng. Cho
nn, nng in t ni ca bn dn nguyn tnh s thay i theo nhit trong quan h:
n i2 = A 0T3e EG 0 / KT
Trong :
20
(1. 11)
2
12
Cu kin in
Ge
+4
Ge
Ge
Sb
+4
Ge
+4
Ge
Ge
+4
+4
E
Vng dn
e5
+5
+4
Ge
Ge
EC
ED
+4
EV
+4
0,01
eV
Mc cho
EG
Vng ho tr
13
Cu kin in
Ge
+4
Ge
+4
Ge
+4
E
Vng dn
Ge
In
+4
Ge
+4
Ge
+3
+4
Ge
Ge
EC
+4
ED
EV
+4
EG
Mc nhn
Vng ho tr
0,01
eV
Cu kin in
n i2 n i2
pn =
=
n n ND
(1. 16)
v nn >> pn
Tng t, i vi bn dn tp loi P ta c:
p p = N A v
v
np =
n i2
NA
(1. 17)
pp >> np
J P = q.DP
dP
dx
(1. 18)
J n = q.D n
dn
dx
(1. 19)
trong : Dn - l h s khuch tn ca in t.
C hai hin tng khuch tn v dch chuyn (hin tng tri) u l cc hin tng
nhit ng hc thng k, D v khng c lp, chng quan h vi nhau theo cng thc:
DP Dn
=
= VT
P n
(1. 20)
Trong
VT =
KT
T
=
gi l in th nhit.
q
11600
Cu kin in
(m)
2,0
0,6
Trc tip
1,8
Gin tip
0,7
0,8
1,6
AlXGa1-XAs
1,4
0
0,1
0,2
0,9
0,3 0,4
0,5
T lng Al : x
Hnh 1- 9 : B rng vng cm v bc sng bc x ra l hm ca t lng
phn t gam ca Al cho cht AlXGa1-XAs nhit phng.
E = h =
hc
Cu kin in
(m) =
1.5
1, 24
EG
(1.22)
VT LIU T
1.5.1 nh ngha.
Vt liu t l vt liu khi t vo trong mt t trng th n b nhim t.
Qu trnh nhim t ca cc vt liu st t di tc dng ca t trng ngoi dn n s
tng ngun nhim t v quay cc vect mmen t theo hng ca t trng ngoi
1.5.2 Cc tnh cht c trng cho vt liu t.
a. T tr v t thm:
Ging nh in tr ca mt dy dn, mch t cng c t tr Rm. T tr l mt i lng
nh gi s ngn cn vic lp nn t thng ca mt mch t. T tr c tnh theo cng thc
sau:
Rm =
1 l
.
S
(1. 23)
trong :
l - l di ca mch t
S - l tit din ca mch t
- l t thm ca vt liu trong mch t
S nghch o ca tng ng vi in tr sut trong mch in. Vy 1/ l t tr
sut ca 1m3 vt liu t.
t thm l s nghch o ca t tr
1 l
=
R m S Fm
(1. 24)
l t thm ca vt liu t
Fm l lc t ng v l t thng.
Thay cc gi tr ca Rm v Fm v thay cng thc tnh mt t thng ( cm ng t)
B = /S
(1. 25)
ta c cng thc tnh t thm:
trong :
B
H
[H / m]
(1. 26)
0 = 4.107
[H / m]
r .0 =
B
H
(1. 27)
Cu kin in
B (T)
1,8
r
1,6
2500
1,4
2000
1,2
1500
1000
Thp tm
Gang
1,0
0,8
0,6
r (Thp l)
0,4
500
0,2
0 1
(103 H/A/m)
18
Cu kin in
b
H
B
a
0
Cu kin in
-Hmax
HC
e
c
b
+Hmax
H (A/m)
g
f
Vng t tr hnh (1- 13a) l ca st mm. Vng t tr hnh (1- 13b) m t vng t tr tiu
biu ca cht thp cng, v din tch ca n ln l nguyn nhn dn n tn tht ca li ln.
Tuy nhin, v cm ng t d ca cht thp cng ln nn n rt thun li cho nam chm vnh
cu.
Vng t tr hnh (1- 13c) l ca Ferit. y l mt li ceramic c lm t oxit st. Vng
t tr c hnh dng nh vy s c tn tht tr ln. c tnh cm ng B t ti tr s cm ng
t d khng i trong mt hng ny cho php s dng Ferit lm cc b nh t.
Dng in xoy trong li st t:
Nh ta bit, mt t trng thay i s cm ng mt sc in ng trong mt dy dn
t trong t trng . Do vy, mt li st t t trong mt cun dy s cm ng mt sc in
ng v to ra mt dng in lu thng trong li st t c gi l dng in xoy. Dng in
xoy lm nng li st t v n gi vai tr quan trng trong tng tn tht ca cun dy. hn
ch dng in xoy, li st t lm vic vi dng in xoay chiu lun c ch to t cc l
mng. B mt ca cc l mng ny c qut vecni hoc mt lp sn cch in mng ln c
hai mt tng in tr ca chng i vi dng in xoy. Bng cch ny cc tn tht do dng
in xoy khng cn ng k.
20
Cu kin in
+B
Bd
HC
+B
+B
Bd
0
a/
Hmax
HC
+H
+H
c/
b/
21
Cu kin in
B dy
Ferit mangan (Q cao, xung)
c
c
TS (cng sut)
16 mile
Li st bi (Q cao)
TS.Ni (m tn)
TSHD, Ni (cng sut)
5 mile
2 mile
1 mile
10
102
103
104
105
106
107
f(Hz)
Cu kin in
Wd =
Bd .H d
2
(1. 28)
nh vy, nng lng bao quanh khng gian cht st t c tnh theo cng thc:
W=
B.H
2
Nam chm trong trng thi khp kn s khng truyn nng lng ra khng gian xung
quanh. Khi tn ti 1 khe khng kh gia cc cc th s xut hin s truyn nng lng vo
khng gian xung quanh, tr s ca n ph thuc nhiu vo chiu di khe khng kh.
Cc c tnh ca nam chm vnh cu l cc i lng:
- Lc khng t HC.
- cm ng t d Bd.
- Nng lng cc i bao quanh khng gian quanh cht st t Wd.
- t thm ca vt liu t cng nh hn ca vt liu t mm v vi s tng ca HC
th t thm gim.
i lng H.B/ 2 t l vi nng lng cc i ca t trng bao quanh cht st t.
1.4.5. Thch anh p in (SiO2)
Thch anh l tinh th Si02 t nhin khng mu, trong sut, thng gi l pha l t nhin;
hoc thch anh mu (thch anh khi, thch anh tm). Tinh th thch anh p in c th c gia
cng bng phng php nhn to, khi cc tnh cht ca n gn ging nh cc tnh cht ca
cc tinh th t nhin.
Thch anh p in thng c dng lm cc b dao ng thch anh c tn s dao ng
rt n nh.
B cng hng thch anh: B mt ca cc tm thch anh c mi bng bt mn v trn
chng c t cc in cc bng kim loi to ra b cng hng thch anh.
K hiu v mch tng ng:
23
Cu kin in
CM
A
Cu kin in
Cu kin in
26
Cu kin in t th ng
Cu kin in t
CHNG 2
CC CU KIN IN T TH NG
GII THIU CHNG
Chng 2 gii thiu v cc cu kin in t th ng. l cu kin in tr, t in,
cun cm v bin p. y l cc cu kin khng th thiu c trong cc mch in. Chng
lun gi mt vai tr rt quan trng trong hu ht cc mch in. Cc cu kin ny c trnh
by mt cch c th t nh ngha, cu to, k hiu trong cc s mch, cc cch phn loi
thng dng, cc tham s c bn v cc cch nhn bit chng trn thc t. Ngoi ra, chng 2
cn cho bit c tnh ca mt s cu kin in t th ng c bit, s dng trong cc lnh vc
khc nhau.
NI DUNG
2.1 IN TR
2.1.1. nh ngha v k hiu ca in tr
a.
nh ngha:
in tr l cu kin dng lm phn t ngn cn dng in trong mch. Tr s in tr
c xc nh theo nh lut m:
U
[]
R=
( 2. 1)
I
Trong : U hiu in th trn in tr [V]
I - dng in chy qua in tr [A]
R - in tr []
Trn in tr, dng in v in p lun cng pha v in tr dn dng in mt chiu
v xoay chiu nh nhau.
b.
K hiu ca in tr trn cc s mch in
Trong cc s mch in, in tr thng c m t theo cc qui c tiu chun
nh trong hnh 2-1.
R12
R159
in tr thng
0,25W
1W
0,5W
10W
in tr cng sut
Bin tr
Cu trc ca in tr:
27
Cu kin in t th ng
Cu kin in t
Cu trc ca in tr c nhiu dng khc nhau. Mt cch tng qut ta c cu trc tiu
biu ca mt in tr nh m t trong hnh 2-2.
M chp v chn in tr
V bc
Li
Vt liu cn in
R t . t R d .d
100%
R d .d
R t . t Tr s thc t ca in tr
R d .d Tr s danh nh ca in tr
U 2max
R
[W]
(2.3)
H s nhit ca in tr : TCR
28
Cu kin in t th ng
Cu kin in t
29
Cu kin in t th ng
Cu kin in t
Mu
en
Nu
Cam
Vng
Lc
Lam
Tm
Xm
Trng
Vng kim
Bch kim
Khng mu
Vch mu th 1
Hng chc
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
-
Vch mu th 2
n v
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
-
Vch mu th 3
S nhn
1
10
100
1000
10000
100000
1000000
10000000
100000000
1000000000
0,1
0,01
-
Vch mu th 4
Dung sai
20%
1%
2%
-
5%
10%
20%
1 2 3 4
Hnh 2-3: Th t vng mu
30
Cu kin in t th ng
Cu kin in t
Tr s R
Pt.t.max
[w]
t0lmvic
0
C
TCR
ppm/0C
0,1 1,2M
10 5M
-55+145
-55+125
10
25
10 1,5M
10 1,5M
10 5M
1/4 2 700C
1/201/2 1250C
1/8 1 700C
-55+150
-55+175
-55+165
2,7 100M
1/8 2 700C
-55+130
200
200
200;
510
1500
0,1 180K
1,0 3,8K
0,1 40K
20 2M
1 21 250C
5 30 250C
1 10 250C
7 1000 250C
-55+275
-55+275
-55+275
-55+225
200
50
20
500
-55+125
25n 200
1 22M
in tr dy qun chnh xc
in tr oxit im loi
in tr mng
31
Cu kin in t th ng
Cu kin in t
in tr. Con chy c kt cu kiu xoay (chit p xoay) hoc theo kiu trt (chit p trt).
Chit p c 3 u ra, u gia ng vi con trt cn hai u ng vi hai u ca in tr.
Chn in tr
Dy in tr
Trc xoay
Con trt
1 3 2
Chn in tr
Theo ng dng c th chia chit p thnh 3 loi chnh: loi a dng, loi chnh xc v
loi iu chun.
Ngoi cc c tnh tng t nh ca in tr c nh, chit p cn c cc tham s ring,
trong c bn l lut in tr. Lut in tr cho bit tr s ca in tr thay i th no khi ta
thay i gc xoay ca con chy (hnh 2-7).
100%
R
2
ng 1: tuyn tnh
ng 2: logarit - iu chnh m sc
ng 3: hm m - iu chnh m lng
1
3
100%
Hnh 2.7: Ba lut in tr thng dng ca chit p
b. ng dng:
ng dng ca in tr rt a dng: gii hn dng in, to st p, dng phn cc,
lm gnh mch, chia p, nh hng s thi gian, v.v..
c. Mt s in tr c bit
in tr nhit: Tecmixto
y l mt linh kin bn dn c tr s in tr thay i theo nhit . Khi nhit bnh
thng th tecmixto l mt in tr, nu nhit cng tng cao th in tr ca n cng gim.
32
Cu kin in t th ng
Cu kin in t
Tecmixto
t0
VDR
Hnh 2-9: K hiu ca varixto trong s mch
R (K)
3000
200
100
20
10
3
2
1
0 2 4 6 ... 40 60
U(v)
33
Cu kin in t th ng
Cu kin in t
b. Sp xp cc in tr
bn trong RN
C=
Q 0 .S
=
U
d
+
T thng
+
T in gii
T c in dung thay i
Bn cc
Chn t
V bc
Cht in mi
Hnh 2-13: Cu to ca t in
2.2.2. Cc tham s c bn ca t in
34
Cu kin in t th ng
Cu kin in t
C=
r 0S
d
[F]
(2.6)
C t . t C d .d
.100%
C d .d
(2. 7)
Dung sai ca in dung c tnh theo %. Dung sai t 5% n 20% l bnh thng
cho hu ht cc t in c tr s nh, nhng cc t in chnh xc th dung sai phi nh (Cp
01: 1%, Cp 02: 2%).
b. in p lm vic:
in p cc i c th cung cp cho t in thng th hin trong thut ng "in p lm
vic mt chiu".
Mi mt t in ch c mt in p lm vic nht nh, nu qu in p ny lp cch
in s b nh thng v lm hng t.
c. H s nhit:
nh gi s thay i ca tr s in dung khi nhit thay i ngi ta dng h s
nhit TCC v tnh theo cng thc sau:
TCC =
1 C 6
.10
C T
[ppm/0C]
(2. 8)
Trong :
RP
L
RS
RL
RS
35
C
Cu kin in t th ng
Cu kin in t
Trong hnh "a" cho t bnh thng; hnh "b" cho t c in tr r ln v hnh "c"
cho t c in tr r thp.
Hnh 2-14 c l s tng ng ca t in tn s cao. Khi t lm vic tn s
cao ta phi ch n tn hao cng sut trong t c th hin qua h s tn hao DF:
DF =
RS
.100%
XC
(2. 9)
Q=
1
DF
(2. 10)
36
Cu kin in t th ng
Cu kin in t
1
2
3
4
5
1
3
2
4
+
T hnh ng
T hnh ko
T Tantan
Hnh 2-15: M mu ca t in
Bng 2.3: Bng qui c m mu trn t in
en
Vch 1
S c
ngha
0
Vch 2
S c
ngha
0
Nu
Cam
Vng
3
4
3
4
Vch 3
S nhn (PF)
Tantan(F)
1
1
10
10
100
100
1K
10K
-
Lc
100K
Lam
Tm
Xm
Trng
Hng
0,01
0,01
0,1
0,1
-
Mu
37
Vch 4
Vch 4
UDC (V)
Dung sai
T Tantan 10PF >10PF
2PF 20%
10
100
0,1PF 1%
250
2%
400
6,3
16
630
20
25
3
35
Vch 5
Polyster
250w
2,5%
-
5%
0,5PF
-
10%
0.25PF
1PF
Cu kin in t th ng
Cu kin in t
C nhiu cch phn loi t in, thng thng ngi ta phn t in lm 2 loi l:
T in c tr s in dung c nh
T in c tr s in dung thay i c.
a. T in c tr s in dung c nh:
T in c tr s in dung c nh thng c gi tn theo vt liu cht in mi v
cng dng ca chng nh trong bng 2.4.
Bng 2.4: Bng phn loi t in da theo vt liu v cng dng.
Loi t
in dung
+ Chnh xc:
. Mi ca
1 91000 PF
. Thu tinh
1 10000 PF
. Gm
1 1100 PF
. Mng Polystylen
1000 220000 PF
+ Bn chnh xc:
. Mng cht do
1000PF 10 F
. Mng cht do- giy
4700PF 10 F
(trng kim loi)
+ a dng:
. Gm Li- K
10 100000 PF
. Ta2O3 (nung dnh, cht in
1 580 PF
gii rn c cc tnh)
. Mng dnh t c cc
5,6PF 560 F
. Al2O3 kh, c cc tnh
150PF 120000 F
+ Trit - nui
.Giy
10000 PF 3 F
. Mi ca (hnh khuy)
5 2400 PF
. Gm
100 1500 PF
+ Thot
.Giy
10000 35000 PF
U lm vic
(Vdc)
t0 lm vic
100 2500
300 500
150 500
200 600
-55 125
-55 125
-55 85
-55 85
30 1000
50 400
-55 125
-55 125
50 200
10 300
-55 125
-55 125
4 85
5 450
-55 125
-40 85
100 600
500
500 1500
-55 125
-55 125
-55 125
100 500
-55 85
+ T in gii nhm: (Thng gi l t ha) Tnh cht quan trng nht ca t in gii
nhm l chng c tr s in dung rt ln trong mt "hp" nh. Gi tr tiu chun ca cc t
ha nm trong khong t 1 F n 100000 F.
Cc t in gii nhm thng dng thng lm vic vi in p mt chiu ln hn 400
Vdc, trong trng hp ny, in dung khng qu 100 F. Ngoi in p lm vic thp v phn
cc th t in gii nhm cn mt nhc im na l dng r tng i ln.
+ T tantan: (cht in gii Tantan)
y l mt loi t in gii. T tantan, cng ging nh t in gii nhm, thng c mt
gi tr in dung ln trong mt khi lng nh.
. Ging nh cc t in gii khc, t tantan cng phi c u ng cc tnh. T tantan
cng c ghi theo qui c 4 vng mu.
38
Cu kin in t th ng
Cu kin in t
b. T in c tr s in dung thay i
T in c tr s in dung thay i c l loi t trong qu trnh lm vic ta c th iu
chnh thay i tr s in dung ca chng. T c tr s in dung thay i c c nhiu loi,
thng dng nht l loi a dng v loi iu chun.
Loi a dng cn gi l t xoay: T xoay c dng lm t iu chnh thu sng trong cc
my thu thanh, v.v.. T xoay c th c 1 ngn hoc nhiu ngn. Mi ngn c cc l ng
xen k, i nhau vi cc l tnh, ch to t nhm. Cht in mi c th l khng kh, mi
ca, mng cht do, gm, v.v..
T vi iu chnh (thng gi tt l Trimcap)
Loi t ny c nhiu kiu. Cht in mi cng dng nhiu loi nh khng kh, mng cht
do, thu tinh hnh ng... thay i tr s in dung ta dng tuc-n-vit thay i v tr
gia hai l ng v l tnh
+
103
T giy
+
T ha
T gm
+
22UF
T mica
+
T tantan
T xoay
T du
Trimcap
Hnh 2 -16: Mt s t in thng gp
c. ng dng:
+ T in c dng to phn t dung khng trong mch. Dung khng Xc c tnh
theo cng thc:
Xc =
Trong :
1
1
=
2fC C
[]
f - l tn s ca dng in (Hz)
39
(2. 12)
Cu kin in t th ng
Cu kin in t
C - l tr s in dung ca t in (F)
+ Do t khng cho dng in mt chiu qua nhng li dn dng in xoay chiu nn t
thng dng cho qua tn hiu xoay chiu ng thi vn ngn cch c dng mt chiu
gia mch ny vi mch khc, gi l t lin lc.
+ T dng trit b tn hiu khng cn thit t mt im trn mch xung t gi l t
thot.
+ T dng lm phn t dung khng trong cc mch cng hng LC gi l t cng hng.
+ T dng trong mch lc gi l t lc.
+ Do c tnh np in v phng in, t dng to mch nh gi, mch pht sng rng
ca, mch vi phn v tch phn
2.3.
a- Cun dy li Ferit
b- Cun dy li st t
c- Cun dy khng li
L = r . 0 .N 2 .
Trong :
S
l
(2. 14)
40
Cu kin in t th ng
Cu kin in t
Qua biu thc (2.14) ta thy cm ng ln nht khi c cun dy ngn vi tit din ln
v c s vng dy ln.
b. H s phm cht ca cun cm (Q):
Mt cun cm thc khi c dng in chy qua lun c tn tht, l cng sut in tn
hao lm nng cun dy. Cc tn tht ny c biu th bi mt in tr RS ni tip vi cm
khng XL ca cun dy. H s phm cht Q ca cun dy l t s ca cm khng XL trn in
tr RS ny. Tr s Q cng cao th tn tht cng nh v ngc li.
Q=
XL
RS
(2.15)
L
RS
XL
f0 =
1
2 LC
[Hz]
(2.16)
41
Cu kin in t th ng
Cu kin in t
42
Cu kin in t th ng
Cu kin in t
hoc Ferit
ng dy
Cun
dy
Li ni
Ferit
a. Cun dy cao tn
li ni Ferit
d. Cun RF li
khng kh
e. Cun dy mng
mng
Kp bng nhm
Li st t
Cun dy
43
Cu kin in t th ng
Cu kin in t
Qui c:
- Vng mu th 1: ch s c ngha th nht hoc chm thp phn
- Vng mu th 2: ch s c ngha th hai hoc chm thp phn
- Vng mu th 3: ch s 0 cn thm vo
- Vng mu th 4: ch dung sai %.
Trong trng hp ny, n v o ca in cm l H. Th t cc vng mu ngc vi in tr.
Mu
en
Nu
Cam
Vng
Xanh l cy
Xanh lam
Tm
Xm
Trng
Bch kim
Vng kim
Khng vch mu
2.4. BIN P
2.4.1. nh ngha v k hiu trong s mch.
a. nh ngha:
Bin p l thit b gm hai hay nhiu cun dy ghp h cm vi nhau bin i in p.
Cun dy u vo ngun in gi l cun s cp, cc cun dy khc u vo ti tiu th nng
lng in gi l cun th cp.
44
Cu kin in t th ng
Cu kin in t
Li st
Rt
U2
Cun s cp
Cun th cp
T thng
~ U1
a. Bin p m tn
d. Bin p li Ferit
e. Bin p trung tn
Hnh 2 -24: Cc k hiu ca bin p trong s mch in
2.4.2. Cc tham s k thut ca bin p.
a. H s ghp bin p K:
S lng t thng lin kt t cun s cp sang cun th cp c nh ngha bng h
s ghp bin p K:
K=
45
Cu kin in t th ng
Cu kin in t
Trong :
M - h s h cm ca bin p
L1 v L2 - h s t cm ca cun s cp v cun th cp tng ng.
Khi K = 1 l trng hp ghp l tng, khi ton b s t thng sinh ra do cun s cp
c i qua cun th cp v ngc li.
Trn thc t s dng, khi K 1 gi l hai cun ghp cht
khi K<<1 gi l hai cun ghp lng
Do
U2 = U1.
N2
N1
(2. 18)
Trong
U1 - in p cm ng ca cun dy s cp.
N2
- H s bin p l t s gia s vng dy cun th cp v cun s cp.
N1
Do nu: N1 = N2 th U1 = U2 ta c bin p 1 : 1
N2 > N1 th U2 > U1 ta c bin p tng p
N2 < N1 th U2 < U1 ta c bin p h p
c. Dng in s cp v dng in th cp:
Quan h gia dng in cun s cp v cun th cp theo t s:
I1 U 2 N 2
=
=
I 2 U1 N 1
46
Cu kin in t th ng
Cu kin in t
Bin p l thit b lm vic vi dng in xoay chiu, cn khi lm vic vi tn hiu xung
gi l bin p xung.
Ngoi cng dng bin i in p, bin p cn c dng cch in gia mch ny
vi mch kia trong trng hp hai cun dy s cp v th cp cch in vi nhau v c
dng bin i tng tr trong trng hp bin p ghp cht.
Bin p cao tn dng truyn tn hiu c chn lc th dng loi ghp lng, nhng bin
p cao tn dng bin i tng tr th dng loi ghp cht.
Bin p ghp cht l tng c 100%, khng c tn tht ca li v dy (K 1).
Sau y l mt s loi bin p thng dng.
a. Bin p cng hng:
y l bin p cao tn (dng trung tn hoc cao tn) c li khng kh hoc st bi hoc
ferit. Cc bin p ny ghp lng v c mt t in mc cun s cp hoc cun th cp to
cng hng n. Thng thng tn s cng hng c thay i bng cch iu chnh v tr
ca li hoc bao li.
Nu dng hai t in mc hai cun hai bn th ta c th c cng hng kp hoc cng
hng lch.
m rng di thng tn, ta dng mt in tr m mc song song vi mch cng
hng. Lc th chn lc tn s ca mch s km i.
Thit k cc bin p cng hng phi xt n mch c th, nht l c tnh ca cc linh
kin tch cc v phi lin h n in cm r v in dung phn tn ca cc cun dy.
b. Bin p cp in (bin p ngun):
L bin p lm vic vi tn s 50 Hz, 60 Hz. Bin p ngun c nhim v l bin i in
p vo thnh in p v dng in ra theo yu cu v ngn cch thit b khi khi ngun in.
Cc bin p thng c ghi gii hn bng Vn- Ampe. Cc yu cu thit k chnh ca
mt bin p cp in tt l:
- in cm cun s cp cao gim dng in khng ti xung gi tr nh nht.
- H s ghp K cao in p th cp t st khi c ti.
- Tn tht trong li cng thp cng tt .
- Kch thc bin p cng nh cng tt.
c. Bin p m tn:
Bin p m tn l bin p c thit k lm vic di tn s m thanh khong t 20
Hz n 20000 Hz. Do bin p ny c dng bin i in p m khng c gy mo
dng sng trong sut di tn s m thanh, dng ngn cch in mt chiu trong mch ny
vi mch khc, bin i tng tr, o pha, v.v..
Cc yu t nh hng n bin p m tn cn ch :
- p ng tn s:
tn s thp, cng sut ra b gii hn ch yu bi in cm cun s cp.
p ng tn s bng phng khong tn s t 100 Hz n 10 KHz. khong ny, s
thay i tn s khng gy nh hng n in p ra U2.
47
Cu kin in t th ng
Cu kin in t
U2
Rt1
~
Rt2
48
Cu kin in t th ng
Cu kin in t
49
Cu kin in t th ng
Cu kin in t
CU HI N TP
1. Hy cho bit cc tham s c bn ca in tr?
2. Trnh by v cc cch phn loi in tr v nu ng dng ca chng?
3. Cho bit cc tham s c bn ca t in?
4. Nu cc cch phn loi t in, cho mt vi v d.
5. nh ngha v cun cm v nu cc tham s chnh ca n.
6. Trnh by v c im ca cun cm li khng kh v phm vi s dng ca chng?
7. Trnh by cc c im ca cun cm li fe-rit v ng dng ca chng?
8. Hy cho bit cc c tnh ca cun cm li st t v ng dng?
9. Nu nh ngha, cu trc v tham s chnh ca bin p?
10. Trnh by v bin p cng hng?
11. Nu cc yu cu v c im chnh ca bin p m tn?
12. c im ca bin p ngun?
50
Cu kin in t th ng
Cu kin in t
51
it bn dn
cu kin in t
CHNG 3
IT BN DN
GII THIU CHNG
Chng 3 trnh by v cc tnh cht vt l in ca lp tip xc P-N. Lp tip xc P-N l b
phn chnh ca cc cu kin bn dn. Lp tip xc P-N bao gm cc ion m v dng c nh,
chng khng dn in nn lp tip xc P-N cn c gi l lp in tch khng gian hay lp
ngho ht dn. Trong chng 3 s trnh by v cc tnh cht dn in ca lp tip xc P-N khi
c phn cc thun v phn cc ngc. Cng trong chng ny chng ta s c gii thiu
v mt cu kin bn dn ch c mt lp tip xc P-N l it bn dn. it bn dn c
nguyn l dn in mt chiu v ta cng nghin cu v c tuyn vn-ampe ca n, cc tham
s tnh ca it v ch ng ca n. Ngoi ra chng 3 cn gii thiu mt s loi it thng
dng.
NI DUNG
3.1. LP TIP XC P-N
3.1.1
52
it bn dn
cu kin in t
Mt tip xc
Ion nhn
Ion cho
a/
L trng
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
in t t
do
BD loi N
BD loi P
0,5 cm
0,5 cm
b/ Mt in tch
10-4cm
d2V
=
2
dX
e
(e=2,73)
+
+
+
+
c/ Cng in
trng tip xc E
E=
dV
= dX
dX
e
d/ in th tnh V hoc
hng ro th nng i
vi l trng
e/ Hng ro th
nng i vi in E0
t
V0
V=0
E=0
Pha N
khong cch t tip xc P-N
it bn dn
cu kin in t
Bn dn loi P
Bn dn loi N
Tip xc P-N
ECP Vng dn
Vng dn
E0
Ei
ECn
EVP
EF
Ei
E0
EVn
Vng ha tr
Vng ha tr
NDNA
ni
(3. 3)
54
it bn dn
cu kin in t
ECp
+
+
+
+
N
E0
Engoi
in tr
tip xc
kim loi
E0-Engoi
ECn
EF
Ei
Ei
EF
EVp
EVn
Hnh 3 - 3: Tip xc P N phn cc thun v th di nng lng ca n
55
it bn dn
cu kin in t
Vngoi
+
-
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
N
E0
Engoi
ECp
E0+Engoi
ECn
EF
Ei
Ei
EF
EVp
EVn
Hnh 3 - 4: Tip xc P N phn cc ngc v th di nng lng ca n
khong cch x
Tip xc P-N
56
it bn dn
cu kin in t
(3. 7)
IPn(0) =
e VT 1
LP
Trong : IPn(0) - l dng in do cc l trng khuch tn qua tip xc P-N.
S - l din tch mt tip xc.
q - in tch ca in t.
DP - H s khuch tn ca l trng.
LP - di khuch tn ca l trng.
Pno - Nng ht dn l trng bn bn dn N.
V - in p phn cc thun.
KT
T
VT - in th nhit (VT =
=
).
q
11600
e - s t nhin (= 2,73)
V
VT
S.q.D n n po VT
e 1
Inp(0) =
Ln
(3. 8)
Dng in qua tip xc P-N l tng ca 2 thnh phn dng in IPn(0) v Inp(0), vy ta
c:
V
VT
(3. 9)
(3. 10)
(3. 11)
Trong :
2
ni = A0 T e
E Go
KT
= A 0T e
3
VG0
VT
VG0
VT
(3. 12)
V
VT
1)
(3. 13)
57
it bn dn
cu kin in t
c tuyn Vn-Ampe ca tip xc P-N biu din mi quan h gia dng in chy qua
tip xc v in p ngoi t ln tip xc:
I = f(Vngoi)
Dng in lin quan vi in p theo cng thc (3.13):
V
VT
I = I0 ( e 1 )
VT -in th nhit ca bn dn. nhit trong phng VT=0,026V= 26mV.
Dng c tuyn Vn-Ampe ca tip xc P-N m t hnh (3-6):
Ithun (mA)
I0
0
+Vngoi
Ingc (A)
Hnh 3 - 6: c tuyn Vn-Ampe ca tip xc P-N l tng
Kt lun:
Qua c tuyn Vn-Ampe dng in thun o bng mA, cn dng in ngc ch o
bng A. iu ny cho thy tip xc P-N ch dn in mt chiu khi tip xc P-N c phn
cc thun:
Ithun >> Ingc = - I0 ( v I0 0)
v c gi l hiu ng chnh lu.
3.2.
IT BN DN
Lp tip xc P-N
a/ Cu to
b/ K hiu
58
it bn dn
cu kin in t
+
I
R
UAK
-
Hnh 3 - 8: S nguyn l ca it
U AK
VT
- 1)
Ithun (mA)
Ith.max
0,1Ith.max
U.t.
-
0 UD
+UAK
2
1
59
it bn dn
cu kin in t
60
it bn dn
cu kin in t
I (mA)
1
U
2
UAK (V)
Ri =
dU
dI
[]
(3. 15)
U
>>1, do :
VT
VT
I
Ta thy rng ti mt im lm vic th R0 > Ri (v c gc 2 > 1).
Ri =
(3. 16)
+ in dung ro th C0 :
S tng cc in tch khi t in p ngc ln tip xc P-N gi l hiu ng in dung.
gia tng ca in dung ny s l:
C0 =
dQ
dU
(3. 18)
it bn dn
cu kin in t
d : b dy lp tip xc
r : hng s in mi tng i ca cht bn dn
0 : thm thu in ca khng kh
Khi tng in p ngc, b dy lp tip xc tng nn tr s C0 gim xung.
+ in dung khuch tn: Ck.t.
in dung khuch tn ch xut hin khi c hin tng khuch tn xy ra. Do khi it
phn cc thun th Ck.t. >> C0 , cn khi it phn cc ngc th Ck.t. = 0 v Cd = C0.
i vi i t bn dn, in dung tip xc P-N gy nhiu nh hng xu cho it khi lm
vic tn s cao. Do , m bo cho it lm vic cao tn v siu cao tn th tr s in
dung phi nh v cc it ny phi l cc it tip im din tch mt tip xc nh v tn s
lm vic gii hn khong 300 600 MHz, c loi ti hng chc GHz.
d. in p ngc cc i cho php: Ungc max
L gi tr in p ngc ln nht c th t ln it m n vn lm vic bnh thng.
Thng thng tr s ny c chn khong 0,8U.t. [V]; in p ngc cc i Ung. ma x c
xc nh bi kt cu ca it v n nm trong khong vi vn n 10 ngnVn.
e. Khong nhit lm vic:
L khong nhit m bo it lm vic bnh thng. Tham s ny quan h vi cng
sut tiu tn cho php ca it.
Pttmax = ImaxUAKmax
(3. 20)
0
Khong nhit lm vic ca it gecmani khong t - 60 C n +850C , cho it silic
khong t - 600C n +1500C.
3.2.5
I = I0 ( e 1 )
Ta thy s ph thuc ca dng in vo nhit thng qua tham s in th nhit VT v dng
in ngc bo ha I0. Dng in ngc bo ha ph thuc vo nhit theo cng thc c
vit gn ng l:
-
VG0
(3. 21)
I0 = K Tm e VT
Trong
K - l mt hng s
VGo - l nng lng vng cm o bng Jun
Qua thc nghim ngi ta thy rng, i vi c hai loi it Ge v Si, dng in ngc
bo ha tng xp x gp 2 ln i vi mi mt s tng nhit ln 100C.
cho dng in khng i khi nhit thay i th in p t ln it phi gim vi
tc l:
dU
= - 2,1 mV/ 0C cho Ge v bng - 2,3 mV/ 0C cho Si.
dT
62
it bn dn
cu kin in t
Ch ng ca it.
I0
>>
A
RP/N
RS
LS
C0.
Ck.t.
CP
I
I
A
U = UD
I
K
K
VD 630
0
UAK
it bn dn
cu kin in t
b. S mt ngun p l tng:
I
I
+ -
K
UD = 0,6V
U = UD
UD = 0,6V
UAK
I
I
K
U = UD
Ri
IM
UD
UM
UD
UAK
A
VT
IM
I
E/R
64
Ri =
IM+i
i
M2
e ~
Ri
UM+
IM
it bn dn
cu kin in t
Ck.t. =
Ri
trong c gi tr khong vi ns n s.
E/R
A
M2 (t=0)
K
M
IM
A
M1
Ri
UAK
Ck,t,
UM
u
t
i=0
A
S
K
i=0
65
Hnh 3 -17: it l mt kha h
it bn dn
cu kin in t
b.
c.
i = -I0
i = -I0
>>
K
Ungc
Ct.x
A
Ungc
Hnh 3 -19: it nh mt t in
Ct.x. - y l in dung c tr s bin thin cng vi s bin thin ca in p ngc t
ln n theo qui lut:
C0
Ct.x. =
Vi n = 2 3
1
n
Vnguoc
66
it bn dn
cu kin in t
a/
U~
Rt
U~
b/
D1
D3
U~
UR
t
D2
D4
Rt
UR
t
Hin nay it chnh lu ph bin nht l it Silic v c nhit lm vic cao. it chnh
lu Gemani dng cho cc chnh lu cng sut nh. Dng in chnh lu v in p ngc cho
php ph thuc nhiu vo nhit mi trng nn cc it cng sut thng c gn trn cc
b ta nhit.
Hnh 3-20: Gii thiu mt s mch chnh lu.
it chnh lu Gecmani: L it ch to t cht bn dn Ge.
it chnh lu gecmani c dng in ngc bo ha kh nh khong vi trm
micrampe. in p ngc ti a cho php khng vt qu 400 V. c tuyn phn ngc c
on bo ha v hin tng nh thng xy ra thng l nh thng v nhit nn c tuyn c
on in tr m.
Nhit lm vic gii hn ca it chnh lu Ge l 75C. Cc it chnh lu Ge cng
sut ln thng phi dng cc phng php ta nhit tt.
in dung ca it kh ln (hng chc pF) nn it Ge thng dng tn s thp.
it chnh lu Silic: L cc it c ch to t cht bn dn Si
Phn ngc ca c tuyn V-A ca it Si khng c on bo ha r rt. in p ngc
ti a cho php cao hn nhiu so vi it Ge v khi cha b nh thng th lm vic kh n
nh. Nhit lm vic gii hn ca it Silic l 125C.
it Silic c in p nh thng c th ln ti 2500 V v hin tng nh thng v in
l ch yu.
it chnh lu a tinh th
L loi it c dng kh rng ri. Thng thng cc it ny c lp ghp sn theo
mt s nht nh to thnh cc ct chnh lu.
it chnh lu a tinh th thng gp l it Slen, it xit ng.
b. it n p (Zne):
67
it bn dn
cu kin in t
I
I0
r
E0 E0
+
a/
U.. U.
Id
D
U..
0
Imin
IR
R
UAK
Imax
Pttmax
b/
Hnh 3 -21: Mch in n p v c tuyn V-A
Cc tham s ch yu ca it n p
in p n nh U. = Unh thng
U
in tr trong Ri =
(Ri cng nh cht lng n nh cng cao)
I
Imin - tr s dng in ti im m hin tng nh thng n nh
Imax - tr s dng in cc i qua it c xc nh bi cng sut tiu tn cc i trn
it (nu I > Imax it b chy)
b. it xung:
ch xung, it c s dng nh kha in t gm c hai trng thi: "dn" khi in
tr ca it rt nh v "kha" khi in tr ca n rt ln.
it xung c cc thng s sau:
- Gi tr dng in thun v dng in ngc: gi tr dng in thun cc i ca it lm
vic ch xung ln hn ch lin tc rt nhiu.
- Thi gian n nh in p thun t0: l khong thi gian k t thi im cp xung dng vo
it cho ti khi t gi tr 1,1 ln gi tr in p thun n nh.
- Thi gian phc hi kh nng ngt tp : l khong thi gian k t thi im khi it dn dng
in ngc cho ti khi dng ngc t gi tr 0,1 ln gi tr dng ngc cc i.
Theo tr s tp ngi ta chia it xung lm 3 loi chnh:
+ Loi tc cao c :
tp < 10 nsec
68
it bn dn
cu kin in t
C (PF)
A
a/
-
0
b/
+UAK
I (mA)
69
A
IMax
it bn dn
cu kin in t
K
t
L1
IC
L2
i
C
R
Tn hiu
m tn
a/
t
UT.B
t
b/
70
it bn dn
cu kin in t
71
it bn dn
cu kin in t
b. khng dn in;
c. l mt t in;
d. l mt in tr
11. Dng in qua lp tip xc P-N lin quan vi in p ngoi t ln n theo cng thc sau:
a. I = I0 eU ng / VT 1
b. . I = I0 eU ng / VT + 1
c. I = I0 eU ng / VT 1
d. I = I0 eU ng / VT + 1
72
Cu kin in t
CHNG 4
TRANZITO LNG CC (BJT)
GII THIU CHNG.
Chng 4 s gii thiu v tranzito lng cc (Bipolar Junction Transistor BJT). y
l cu kin bn dn quan trng c 2 lp tip xc P-N v 3 chn in cc. Trong chng s
trnh by v nguyn l hot ng ca tranzito lng cc 3 ch cp in phn cc cho n
l ch tch cc, ch ngt v ch bo ha. Chng 4 trnh by v cc cch mc c bn
ca tranzito lng cc trong cc s mch khuch i l cch mc cc gc chung, cc pht
chung v cc gp chung, c im ca tng cch mc. Trong chng 4 ny cn cp n cc
phng php phn cc cho tranzito nh phn cc bng dng cc gc, phn cc bng phn p
v phn cc bng hi tip. ng thi trong chng ny cng trnh by v cc s tng
ng ca tranzito trong ch khuch i tn hiu nh v trnh by v ch chuyn mch
ca tranzito.
NI DUNG
4.1. CU TO V K HIU CA BJT TRONG S MCH.
4.1.1. Cu to ca BJT loi P-N-P v N-P-N
Tranzito lng cc gm c hai tip xc P-N c to nn bi 3 min bn dn loi P v N
xp xen k nhau. Nu min bn dn gia l bn dn loi N th ta c tranzito lng cc loi PN-P. Nu min bn dn gia l bn dn loi P th ta c tranzito lng cc loi N-P-N.
TE
TC
TE
C
P
E
a- Tranzito loi P-N-P
P
B
Hnh 4 - 1 :
TC
E
b- Tranzito loi N-P-N
Tranzito c 3 chn cc l:
Cc Pht k hiu l ch E (Emitter) l ngun pht ra cc ht ti in trong tranzito.
Cc Gc k hiu l ch B (Base) l cc iu khin dng in..
73
Cu kin in t
74
Cu kin in t
TE
E
TC
N
TE
P
TC
B
EC
EE
EE
EC
a/
b/
ECp
ECp
V0+UCB
ECp
EVp
V0-UEB
P
V0
V=0
Pht
EVp
EVp
N
UEB
Gc
UCB
Gp
c/
d/
Tham s =
I Ep
IE
pht E sang cc gc B.
Cc l trng khuch tn sang phn gc, mt phn nh ti hp vi cc in t, cn phn
ln chng tip tc khuch tn qua phn gc v pha tip xc gp. n tip xc gp, cc l
75
Cu kin in t
* =
(4. 4)
IE
IC
IC
C
E+
-C
IC
IE
IB
ICBo
UCB
UEB
IB
- +
B
76
Cu kin in t
C
EC
EB
+
B
+
RC
ICBo
C
UCE
ICBo
B
a/ S mch in tranzito
trong ch ngt
b/ S tng ng
ca tranzito
RC
ICEo
RC
UCE +
ICEo
UCE +
- EC
EC
b/
a/
I CS =
EC
RC
Cu kin in t
EC
RC
IC
EC
IC
RC
C
B
C
B
UCE
UBE
EB
E
E
a/
b/
Hnh 4 - 6 : Ch dn bo ha ca tranzito
a. S mch
b. S mch tng ng
Vng
Tch
cc
EC
0,2 0,4 V
0
Vng
Bo ha
UVo
IB
RC
IC
EC
IB1
0
+ IB2
IC
b/
t
78
Dn
1
RC
IB
Cu kin in t
i vi tranzito, U CEs (bo ha ) = 0,2V 0,4 V nn trong biu thc (4. 8) c th b qua.
Do , dng in cc gc nh nht IB1 cn thit iu khin cho tranzito dn bo ho l:
I B1
i CS
EC
dc dc R C
(4 . 9)
I BA =
EC
dc .R C
(4 . 10)
t S = S ln
I B1 I B 2
I BA I B 2
79
Cu kin in t
Mng 4 cc
ivo
uvo
ira
C
ura
B
Dy chung
Hnh 4 - 9: Tranzito nh mt mng 4 cc
80
Cu kin in t
RC
C1 E
IE
Mch
vo
UVo
IC
C2
C
UCB
Mch
ra
URa
UEB
RE
B
IB
EC
EE
I E = I0 ( e
U EB
VT
1)
81
Cu kin in t
UEB (V)
UCB h
0,6
0,4
UCB = 0V
UCB= -10V
UCB= - 20V
0,2
0
10
20
30
IE (mA)
40
IC (mA)
Vng tch cc
Vng
dn
bo
ha
40
IE5 = 40mA
30
IE4 = 30mA
20
IE3 = 20mA
(IE3 - IE2)
10
I E 2
0
-2
ICB0
-4
-6
Vng ngt
-8
IE2 = 10mA
IE1= 0
UCB (V)
Cu kin in t
Khi UCB > 0 trong khi UEB > 0 tranzito lm vic ch bo ha nn s c dng in
thun ca tip xc gp chy ngc chiu vi thnh phn dng in thun t cc pht sang
(IE2), do vy, dng in tng qua tip xc gp gim nhanh n 0 v sau tng nhanh nu
UCB > 0 tng tip tc.
Cc c im ca s mc cc gc chung:
Tn hiu vo v tn hiu ra ng pha nhau
Tr khng vo ZV nh khong vi chc n vi trm m
1
30 300
ZVo =
S
Tr khng ra ln
Zra = RC = 100 K 1 M
H s khuch i dng in cc pht
I
= C < 1
( 0,95 0,999)
IE
Ku =
=
U vao
I E Z vao
Z vao
83
Cu kin in t
IC
RC
C2
C
C1
Ura
B
UCE
IB
Mch
vo
UBE
Mch
ra
RB
E IE
EB
EC
(4 . 12)
= C =
=
IB
(1 - )I E 1
(4 . 13)
Cu kin in t
UCE = -10V
UCE = -5V
UCE = -2V
UCE = - 0,1V
-0,4
-0,3
-0,2
-0,1
UCE = 0V
0
0,1
0,2
0,3
0,4
IB (mA)
85
Cu kin in t
IC = IE + ICBo
Thay gi tr IE = IC + IB , v bin i biu thc trn, ta c:
1
IC =
I B +
I CBo
1
1
Thay =
(4 . 14)
1
, v
= + 1 ta c cng thc tnh dng in cc gp l:
1
1
(4 . 15)
IC = IB + ( + 1)ICBo
Trong gi l h s khuch i dng in cc gc (thng c k hiu l hFE).
y l biu thc biu th mi quan h gia dng in iu khin v dng in b iu
khin trong s mc cc pht chung.
t0 = 250C
IC (mA)
Vng tch cc
IB8 =0,35mA
IB7 =0,3mA
40
UCE<UBE
30
IB6=0,25mA
Pttmax
Vng
dn
bo
ha
20
IB4=0,1mA
IB4
10
0
-2
-4
ICBo
IB5=0,2mA
(1+)ICBo
-6
-8
Vng ngt
IB3=0,05mA
IB2=0
IB1= - ICBo
-10
UCE (V)
86
Cu kin in t
IC
IB
C1
uvo
B
Mch
vo RB
C2
UBE
ura
Mch
ra
UB
IE
RE
C
+
EC
EB
H s khuch i in p:
U ra
U BC U BE
U ra
=
=
Ku =
U BC
U BC
U vao
< 1
(4 . 17)
(4 . 18)
(4 . 19)
(4 . 20)
Cu kin in t
C'
B'
B'
T1
T1
T2
E'
E'
RE
C'
B'
T2
RE
C'
T2
T1
a/
E'
b/
Cc tham s ca s :
H s khuch i dng in:
' = T1* T2
Tr khng vo:
(4 . 21)
(4 . 22)
h dn:
S' =
VT
IC '
IC '
2VT
(4 . 23)
Tr khng ra:
Zra = rC'E' =
2
rCE2
3
(4 . 24)
88
Cu kin in t
sao cho in p UCE = (0,20,4)V. Ch ch tch cc l vic phn cc cho tranzito phc tp
v cn ch hn. Chng ta s lm quen vi mt s khi nim trong vic phn cc cho tranzito
nh im lm vic tnh, ng ti mt chiu (dc), ng ti xoay chiu (ac)
im lm vic tnh trn cc h c tuyn ca tranzito l im m ti cc hm ca
tranzito hu nh tuyn tnh khi n lm vic trong vng ch tch cc. xc lp im lm
vic nht thit phi cung cp cho tranzito mt ngun in p mt chiu v dng in mt chiu
t bn ngoi. Ta chn im lm vic tnh Q sao cho khi tn hiu xoay chiu thay i theo thi
gian (ut) c t ln li vo (cc B) th trn li ra (cc C) ta nhn c mt tn hiu (in p
hoc dng in) c cng dng sng vi tn hiu trn li vo .
IC (mA)
IC max
IB = 160A
ng ti AC
E CC
RC
ICQ
PC max
IB =140A
IB = 120A
IB = 100A
IB = 80A
Q2
Q1
ECC
UCQ
IB = 60A
IB = 40A
IB = 20A
IB = 0
UC max UCE (V)
ng ti dc
Hnh 4 - 18: H c tuyn ra ca s cc pht chung
v cc ng ti mt chiu (dc) v xoay chiu (ac).
89
Cu kin in t
+EC
IC
C2
RC
IB
RB
u0
C
C1
ui
Tn
hiu
vo
Rti
IE
UBE
Tn
hiu
ra
IC
E CC
RC
IB3
Q2
Q1
IB2
90
IB1
IB0
Cu kin in t
IC (mA)
IC (mA)
t0 = 250C
50
IB=1,0
50
40
IB=0,8 40
30
IB=0,6 30
IB=0,6mA
IB=0,5
IB=0,4
IB=0,3
IB=0,2
20
IB=0,4 20
IB=0,2
10
10
0
t0 = 1000C
IB=0mA
6 8 10
a/
UCE(v)
IB=0,1
0
IB=0mA
6 8
b/
10
UCE(v)
H s n nh S:
H s n nh S l tc thay i ca dng in cc gp so vi s thay i ca dng
in ngc bo ha gi cho h s khuch i v in p UBE khng i, ta c:
IC
IC
(4 . 26)
S =
I CBo
I CBo
Cu kin in t
S =
1+
dI
1 - B
dI C
(4 . 27)
IC
R1
C
IB
B
Mch ra
UCE
Mch
vo R2
UBE E
UB
IE
RE
CE
92
Cu kin in t
UB =
E C . R2
R1 + R2
(4 . 29)
Nu ta thay s mch phn cc hnh (4- 22) bng s mch phn cc dng hai
ngun cung cp mt chiu l UB cho mch cc gc v EC cho mch cc gp nh hnh (4- 23)
th in tr RB l in tr tng ng ca hai in tr R1 v R2 mc song song, ta c:
R 2 R1
(4 . 30)
RB =
R 2 + R1
H s n nh S :
Trn s mch hnh 4- 23, theo nh lut in p vng ca Kic xp mch cc gc, ta
c:
UB = IB RB + UBE + ( IB + IC)RE
RC
IC
RB
(4 . 31)
C
UCE
EC
IB
E
UB
IB+IC
RE UE
(4 . 33)
93
Cu kin in t
RC
IB
RB
RB
ura
C1
IB
IC
RB1
UCE Mch
ra
Mch UBE
vo
RB2
C
C'
E
IE
a/
b/
- EC + ( IB + IC) RC + IB RB + UBE = 0
(4 . 35)
T c:
IB =
E C I C R C U BE
RC + RB
(4 . 36)
Cu kin in t
RC
dI B
=dI C
RC + RB
(4 . 37)
Trong bng 4.1 v 4.2 cho ta bit mt s cc tham s ca tranzito silic v gecmani cc
nhit khc nhau.
95
Cu kin in t
T
ICBo
UBE
+175
33.000
100
0,225
T
ICBo
UBE
+75
32
90
0,10
gii cc bi ton c lin quan n cc linh kin tch cc, ta phi a chng v cc
dng mch in tng ng. C nhiu kh nng xy dng s mch tng ng, y
chng ta s xem xt mt s thng dng nht l s tng ng kiu hn hp.
4.6.1. S mng 4 cc dng cho BJT.
Hnh 4-25 biu din mt mng 4 cc dng cho tranzito lng cc: trn mch vo c
dng in vo i1 v in p vo u1; trn mch ra c dng in ra i2 v in p ra u2. Chng ta
c th chn 2 trong 4 i lng ny l cc bin c lp v biu din 2 bin cn li theo cc
bin c lp chn.
i1
Ca
vo u1
i2
Mng 4 cc
(BJT)
96
Ca ra
u2
Cu kin in t
u1
: Tr khng vo khi ngn mch ra ().
i1 u = 0
2
h12 =
u1
u 2 i =0
1
: khuch i in p nghch o
(khng th nguyn).
h21 =
i2
i 1 u =0
2
h22 =
i2
: h dn li ra khi h mch vo (mA/V).
u 2 i =0
1
h11
i2
+
u1
h12u2
h21i1
h22
u2
97
Cu kin in t
RC
uc
B
EC
ub
f1
f1
iB +
uC
iB U
uC I
C
B
(4 . 42)
iC =
f2
f2
iB +
uC
iB U
uC I
C
B
(4 . 43)
f1
uB
=
iB
iB U
C
hre =
f1
uB
=
uC
uC I
B
(4 . 46)
hfe =
f2 iC
=
iB iB U
C
hoe =
f2 iC
=
uC uC I
B
(4 . 47)
Xut pht t cng thc (4. 46) v (4. 47) ta xc nh cc tham s h ca tranzito trong s
mc E chung.
Ba s mc tranzito:
98
Cu kin in t
CE
B ib hie
ic
ib
B
uc
hreuc
ie
ub
E
CC
ic
ic C
hfeib
ub
hoe uc
ib hic
ib
CE
CC
ie
hrcue
E
ie
hob uc
hoc
ue
C
ie
ic
hib
ic
E
hrbuc
ue
CB
ue = hibie + hrbuc
ic = hfbie + hobuc
hfcib
ub
C
CB
E ie
ue
CC
ub = hic ib + hrc ue
ie = hfcib + hocue
B
ub
uc
ue
hfbie
ib
B
CE
ub = hie ib + hre uc
ic = hfe ib + hoe uc
99
Cu kin in t
CE
CC
CB
hie
1100
hic
h ib
1 - h fb
hre
2,5.10-4
1- hrc
h ib h ob
h rb
1 + h fb
hfe
50
- (1- hfc)
hoe
25 A/ V
hoc
h ob
1 + h fb
hib
h ie
1 + h fe
h ic
h fc
21,6
hrb
h ie h oe
h re
1 - h fe
hfb
h fe
1 + h fe
h rc
h ic h oc
1
h fc
h fb
1 + h fb
2,9.10-4
1+ h fc
h fc
- 0,98
h oc
h fc
0,49 A/ V
hob
h oe
1 + h fe
hic
hie
1100
h ib
1 + h fb
hrc
1- hre 1
hfc
- (1 + hfe)
- 51
hoc
hoe
25 A/ V
1
1 + h fb
h ob
1 + h fb
Cu kin in t
56K
UCC=24V
1,5K
47K
68K
10F
68K
10F
Ura
10F
100F
15K
390
3,9K
Micro
tng
tr
thp
220
22K
2pF
Ura
120
1K
8,2K
30pF
3,3K
1000pF
UCC
120
101
Cu kin in t
UCC
RC1
RB2
RB1
C1
C2
RC2
Ura2
Ura1
T1
UB1
UB2
T2
UCC
Ubh
Mch a hi t dao ng to xung vung. Trng thi cn bng ca mch (mt tranzito
m v mt tranzito kha) ch n nh trong mt thi gian hn ch no , ri t ng lt sang
trng thi kia v ngc li (hai tranzito thay nhau thng, tt). Trn li ra ta ly c chui
xung vung c tn s dao ng c tnh gn ng theo cng thc:
1
1
(4. 48)
f = =
T 0,69 RB 2 C1 + 0,69 RB1C 2
TM TT
Chng 4 trnh by v cu to v nguyn l hot ng ca tranzito lng cc (BJT).
Tranzito lng cc c 2 tip xc P-N v 3 chn cc l cc pht (E), cc gc (B) v cc gp
(C). C 2 loi tranzito l P-N-P v N-P-N. Nguyn l hot ng ca chng ging nhau ch c
chiu ca ngun in cung cp vo cc chn cc ca tranzito l ngc du nhau.
Tranzito c 3 ch lm vic ty theo s phn cc cho 2 tip xc P-N: ch tch cc,
ch ngt, ch bo ha. Ch tch cc l khi ta cp in mt chiu sao cho tip xc
pht-gc phn cc thun v tip xc gp-pht phn cc ngc. ch tch cc, tn hiu ra
bin thin theo s bin thin ca tn hiu vo nn ta cn gi l ch khuch i. Tranzito lm
vic ch ngt l khi ta cp in cho cc chn cc sao cho 2 tip xc P-N u phn cc
ngc. ch ngt tranzito khng dn in, cc gp coi nh c ni tt vi ngun cung
cp v tranzito nh mt chuyn mch trng thi h. Tranzito hot ng ch bo ha khi
ta cung cp in p vo cc chn cc sao cho c 2 tip xc P-N u phn cc thun. trng
thi ny, cc pht v cc gp ca tranzito coi nh c ni tt, dng in qua tranzito kh ln,
st p gia cc gp-pht gn bng khng vn v tranzito nh mt chuyn mch trng thi
ng.
Trong chng 4 trnh by v cc thnh phn dng in trong tranzito gm c: dng in
cc pht IE, dng in cc gp IC, dng in cc gc IB, v cc h s khuch i dng in cc
pht v h s khuch i dng in cc gc . ng thi, trong phn ny cng nu mi quan
h gia cc dng in thng qua cc h s khuch i:
+ i vi h s :
IC = IE + ICB0
IB = (1 )IE ICB0
IE = I C + I B
102
Cu kin in t
+ i vi h s :
IC = IB + ( + 1)ICB0
IB IC/
Chng 4 cn trnh by v 3 cch mc tranzito trong cc s mch khuch i l: mch
cc gc chung, mch cc pht chung, mch cc gp chung; v mi quan h gia cc dng in
trn tranzito vi in p trn cc chn cc ca n thng qua cc h c tuyn vo v ra. Trong
phn ny, chng ta xem xt n cc c im ca tng cch mc v pham vi ng dng ca
chng trong cc mch in t.
Mun tranzito lm vic ng ch , cc tham s ca mch khng vt qu cc gi tr
gii hn th chng ta phi xc nh im lm vic tnh cho tranzito v cc phng php n nh
im lm vic chn. Thng thng ngi ta s dng mt s phng php phn cc cho
tranzito nh:
- Mch phn cc c nh: Mch ny n gin, d tnh ton nhng n nh thp.
- Mch phn cc phn p: y l mch c nhiu u im nht so vi cc phng php phn
cc khc. Mch c n nh cao ngay c khi in tr ti RC = 0, nn mch c s dng
rng ri.
- Mch phn cc dng hi tip: Mch ci thin c n nh im lm vic tnh,
nhng cn hn ch do in tr hi tip a c thnh phn tn hiu v mch vo lm gim
kh nng khuch i ca mch.
Trong chng 4 cn a ra s tng ng hn hp ca tranzito trong cc mch khuch
i v cc tham s ca n.
Nhn chung, chng 4 c ni dung rt quan trng ca chng trnh mn hc v cu kin
in t v tranzito lng cc l mt cu kin ch o ca cc mch in t khc nhau.
CU HI N TP
1. Nu cu to v cc k hiu ca 2 loi tranzito lng cc.
2. Trnh by nguyn l lm vic ca BJT ch tch cc.
3. Trnh by nguyn l lm vic ca BJT ch ngt v ch bo ha.
4. Trnh by v s mc cc gc chung v cc c im ca cch mc ny?
5. Trnh by v cch mc cc pht chung v c im ca cch mc ny?
6. Trnh by v cch mc cc gp chung v c im ca s ny?
7. Trnh by v s Darlington.
8. Nu khi nim v s cn thit ca vic phn cc cho tranzito.
9. Trnh by v mch phn cc c nh.
10. Hy cho bit v n nh v h s n nh ca mch nh thin cho BJT?
11. Trnh by v mch phn cc phn p.
12. Trnh by v mch phn cc hi tip.
13. S tng ng ca BJT ch khuch i tn hiu nh v cc tham s hn hp
ca mch.
14. Trnh by nguyn l lm vic ca BJT ch chuyn mch v tham s c bn ca n.
15. Cho s mch nh hnh v :
Cho bit 1=0,98, 2=0,96, Vcc=24V, RC=120, IE=100mA B qua dng in ngc bo
ho (ICBo=0).
Xc nh :
103
Cu kin in t
IC
RC
IC1
IB=IB1
IC2
Q1
UCE
Q2
IE1=IB2
IE=IE2
VCC
R1
RC
B
R2
RE
104
Cu kin in t
V CC
RC
18. Cho mch khuych i cng sut dng tranzito loi P-N-P
a. Hy cho bit tranzito c mc theo cch no ? Kiu mch nh thin ?
b. Nu nhim v ca cc linh kin mc trong mch
c. Cho bit VC=-40V, RE=5, ICBO=-5mA, cho dng in tnh IC=-1A, h s khuych i
dng =100, in tr cun s cp L1 l 10. Hy xc nh gi tr RB v h s n nh
S.
Vc
L1
R ti
CE
105
Cu kin in t
106
CU KIN IN T
CHNG 5
TRANZITO TRNG (FET)
CU KIN IN T
D
G
S
Knh N
G
S
Knh P
a- JFET
D
G
S
Knh N
D
G
S
Knh P
b- MOS knh sn
D
G
S
Knh N
S
Knh P
c- MOS knh cm ng
107
CU KIN IN T
Bn dn P
Bn dn N
Knh dn
D
Hai tip xc P-N
D
ID
ID
RD
UDS
VGG
UGS
+
RD
UDS
VGG+
VDD
UGS
a/ JFET knh N
+ VDD
b/ JFET knh P
108
CU KIN IN T
UGS
G
D
2b(x)
(tit din knh)
w
S
2a
w(x)
(tip xc P-N)
+
UDS
IDo
1 U GS
U
GS ngt
(5. 1)
109
CU KIN IN T
ID (mA)
IDo
UDS2
UDS1
0
UGSngt
+UGS
U GS
K = 1
U GS ngt
ID = KIDo
(5 . 2)
c tuyn ra ca JFET.
c tuyn ra ch mi quan h gia dng in ID v in p mng UDS.
i vi JFET knh loi N, t mt tr s UGS 0 (gi s t UGS = UGS1 < 0) v gi c
nh, sau thay i tr s in p UDS. Khi in p UDS = 0V th hai tip xc P-N c phn
cc ngc ng u t cc ngun n cc mng, tit din ca knh l ln nht nhng dng
in bng 0 (ID = 0). t UDS > 0 v c gi tr nh, in th ti mi im dc theo knh s tng
dn t cc ngun n cc mng, lm cho tip xc P-N c phn cc ngc mnh dn v pha
cc mng, ng thi, cc ht dn in t s chuyn ng v cc mng to nn dng in cc
mng ID. Tng dn in p UDS cho cng dng hn, hai tip xc P-N cng c phn cc
ngc mnh hn v pha cc mng, tit din ca knh cng b hp dn v pha cc mng,
nhng dng in ID li cng tng v tng tuyn tnh vi s tng ca in p UDS. Ta c on
c tuyn dc ng gi l vng thun tr.
Khi in p UDS tng n tr s m ti hai tip xc P-N chm nhau, to ra "im tht"
ca knh, th tr s in p ta gi l in p UDS bo ha (UDSbh) hay cn gi l in p
tht. Lc ny dng in ID t ti tr s dng in bo ha IDb.h.. Nu tip tc tng in p
cc mng cng dng hn th cng dng in ID khng tng na m ch c tip xc P-N
c phn cc ngc mnh hn v chng trm ph ln nhau lm cho mt on knh b lp v
chiu di ca knh b ngn li. Lc ny, quan h gia dng in ID vi in p UDS khng theo
nh lut m na, ID gn nh khng i khi in p UDS tip tc tng, ta c vng dng in ID
khng i.
110
CU KIN IN T
ID (mA)
Vng dng in ID khng i
12
UGS = - 0,5v
10
Vng
thun
tr
-1v
- 2v
nh thng
- 4v
2
0
UGS = 0v
10
15
20
25
UDSbh
30
UDS (v)
111
CU KIN IN T
+VDD
RD
ID
ura
C2
C1
uvo
S
RS
RG
CS
H s khuch i in p < 1
+VDD
C1
uvo
G
S
RG
RS
ura
C2
IS
D
Hnh 5-8 : S mc cc mng chung ca JFET knh loi N
112
CU KIN IN T
Mch
vo
Mch
ra
+VDD
RD
ID
ura
C2
C1
uvo
S
RG
-VGG
113
CU KIN IN T
+VDD
Ip.p
RD
ID
R1
D
ura
C2
C1
uvo Ip.p
R2
S
RS
+VDD
RD
ID
ura
C2
C1
uvo
RG
G
S
RS
CS
114
CU KIN IN T
iD
iD
u GS +
u DS
u GS U =const.
u DS U =const.
DS
GS
(5. 3)
h dn (k hiu l gm):
gm =
i
iD
iD
= d
u GS U =const. u GS U =const u gs U =const
DS
DS
DS
(5. 5)
rd =
u
u DS
u DS
= ds
(5. 6)
H s khuch i in p :
H s khuch i in p ch s ln in p trn cc ca tc ng ln dng in cc
mng mnh hn so vi in p trn cc mng. Ta c cng thc:
u DS
u DS
u
= ds
u GS I =const u GS I =const u gs I =const
D
D
D
(5. 7)
115
CU KIN IN T
Cgd
Cc mng
D
gm ugs
Cgs
rd
Cds
S
Cc ngun
U GS
g m = g mo 1
U
GSngt
(5. 9)
2 I Do
U GSngt
(5.10)
g mo =
116
CU KIN IN T
Kim loi
SiO2
Si(N)
Tip xc
P-N
Knh P
UGS
UGS
+
D
P
Si(N)
Si(P)
UDS
+
UDS
a/
b/
CU KIN IN T
ID (mA)
Vng giu
ht dn
a/
Vng ngho
ht dn
6
4
Vng
thun 2
tr
2
-3 -2 -1 0
ID (mA)
1 2
3 UGS(v)
UGSngt
UGS =-3v
UGS=-2v Vng
giu
UGS=-1V
ht
dn
UGS=0V
Vng
ngho
0 -5
UDSbh
b/
-UDS (v)
118
CU KIN IN T
Kim loi
SiO2
Tip xc
P-N
Si(N)
119
CU KIN IN T
UGS
UGS
S
Si(N)
P
Si(N)
Lp ion
Knh dn P
(5.11)
U U GSth
K = GS
U
GS ( on ) U GSth
ID = KID(on)
ta c:
(5.14)
120
CU KIN IN T
ID (mA)
+UGS (v)
0
UGSth
H c tuyn ra:
H c tuyn ra biu th mi quan h gia dng in ID v in p UDS. Trong s mc
cc ngun chung th ID l dng in ra v in p UDS l in p ra, ta c hm biu th mi
quan h ny:
ID = f(UDS) khi UGS gi khng i
in p t ln cc ca yu cu phi ln knh dn c hnh thnh. Sau , ta
thay i in p UDS v theo di s thay i ca dng ID theo in p UDS. Ta c s mch
nguyn l u ni MOSFET knh P m t trong hnh 5- 20a.
Xt ng cong c tuyn ra ng vi tr s UGS < 0, v d UGS4 nh trong hnh 5- 20b, ta
thy:
Nu UDS = 0, th cc l trng khng chuyn ng v cc mng nn dng ID = 0.
ID (mA)
im "tht"
Vng dng ID khng i
UGS4 <0
UGS
S
UGS
P
P
Si(N)
Tip
xc
P-N
0
a/
nh
thng
UGSth
-UDS
UDSbh
UDS
b/
CU KIN IN T
+VDD
+VDD
+VDD
RD
RD
C2
RD
R1
C2
C2
Ur
C1
C1
Ur
C1
Ur
RG
Uv
Uv
Uv
RG
a/
R2
b/
RS
CS
c/
122
CU KIN IN T
UGS
Zv
gmUGS
rd
UDS
IG(MOS) = (
1
1
)IGJFET
10 20
123
CU KIN IN T
+VDD
RD1
RD2
Ur1
D1
G1
T1
UV1
Ur2
D2
G2
T2
UV2
S1
S2
IS
-VDD
1
2 6 RC
VDD
RD
RS
CS
+
R
+
R
+
C
CU KIN IN T
TM TT NI DUNG
Tranzito trng (FET) l loi tranzito n cc, dng in chy trong cu kin do mt
loi ht dn to nn. Vic iu khin dng in ra do in trng trn cc ca quyt nh. Khi
thay i in p trn cc ca s lm thay i tit din knh dn in, v lm thay i mt
ht dn trong knh dn n s thay i cng dng in chy qua knh.
Tranzito trng chia lm 2 loi chnh: tranzito trng mi ni JFET v tranzito trng
c cc ca cch in IGFET- thng thng gi l MOSFET.
JFET c knh dn nm gia 2 tip xc P-N v 3 chn cc l cc Ngun (S), cc Ca
(G), cc Mng (D). C hai loi JFET l loi knh N v loi knh P. Hai loi ny nguyn l
hot ng ging nhau ch c chiu ngun in cung cp cho cc chn cc l ngc du nhau.
Nguyn tc cp in phn cc cho JFET sao cho hai tip xc P-N phn cc ngc v ht dn
phi chuyn ng t cc ngun v cc mng to ra dng in cc mng. Khi thay i in
p trn cc ca th dng in qua tranzito thay i theo qui lut hm m nh sau:
2
U GS
ID = ID0 1
U
GSngat
Trong :
ID l dng in cc mng
ID0 l dng in mng khi UGS = 0V
UGS l in p t ln cc ca
UGS ngt l in p ngt.
V ta c ng c tuyn iu khin biu din mi quan h ny.
Khi in p t ln cc mng thay i s lm cho dng in mng thay i theo mt
cch tuyn tnh khi UDS cn nh (UDS < UDS bo ha). Tranzito lm vic trong vng thun tr.
Khi UDS>UDS bo ha th tranzito chuyn sang hot ng vng bo ha hay vng c dng in
khng i (ID bo ha). Lc ny, khi in p trn cc mng thay i th dng in qua tranzito
khng thay i.
MOSFET l tranzito trng c cc ca cch in vi lp cch in l oxit silic. C hai
loi tranzito trng c cc ca cch in l loi c knh sn v loi knh cm ng. Mi loi li
c 2 loi l knh loi N v knh loi P. Nguyn l hot ng ca loi knh N v knh P ging
nhau ch c chiu ca ngun cung cp vo cc chn cc l ngc du nhau.
MOSFET knh sn hot ng hai ch : ngho ht dn v ch giu ht dn. Do
khi ch to ngi ta ch to sn knh, nn khi t in p ln cc ca v cc mng th
tranzito c th dn in (UGS > UGSth).
MOSFET knh cm ng l tranzito trng khng ch to knh dn in, m knh s
c hnh thnh trong qu trnh tranzito lm vic. Mun tranzito dn in, ta phi cp in ln
cc ca to knh. Khi UGS = UGSth th knh mi hnh thnh. Sau khi c knh th dng in
trong tranzito do cc ht dn in chy t cc ngun v cc mng s chu s iu khin ca
in p t ln cc ca v cc mng. Mi quan h ny c th hin qua cng thc tnh dng
in cc mng sau:
ID = k (U GS U GSth )
CU KIN IN T
VD
RD
C1
RG
C2
D
S
RS
C3
Hnh bi 15
a. Hy cho bit tranzito c mc theo cch no ? Mch nh thin kiu g ?
b. Nu nhim v ca cc linh kin trong mch ?
126
CU KIN IN T
c. Cho bit VD=30V, in p ngt UGSngt= -2V, dng in ID0=2mA (ti UGS=0V), im
lm vic tnh c chn c dng ID=1mA.
Hy tnh:
- in p UGS ti im lm vic tnh ?
- Tr s in tr RS (cho CS rt ln).
16. Cho b khuych i (nh hnh bi 15) s dng FET knh N vi
-in p ngt UGSngt= -2V
- h dn gmo=1,6mA/V (khi UGS=0V)
-Dng in bo ha ID0=1,65mA (ng vi khi UGS=0V). Ngun cung cp VD=24V.
-Tranzito lm vic vi dng in tnh ID=0,8mA.
-Gi s rd RD
Hy tnh gi tr in p tnh UGS, h dn gm, in tr RS, RD nu h s khuych i
in p thp nht l 20dB (cho CS rt ln)
17. Tng khuch i dng tranzito FET knh N c ID0 = 1mA, UGSngt = -1V. Nu in
p tnh UDS = 10V, tnh R1
+24V
56k
D
S
R1
1M
4k
Hnh bi 17
127
CU KIN IN T
VD
R1
C1
C2
R
R3
Hnh bi 18
a. Hy cho bit tranzito c mc theo cch no ?
b. Mch nh thin kiu g ?
c. Nu nhim v ca cc linh kin trong s mch.
19. S mch cho nh bi 18.
- Nu cp ngun VD = 30V; in p ngng UGS = 1,0V; Dng in mng ti UGS =
2UGSngng l ID0 = 1,5mA; R1 = 23k; R2 = 7k; im lm vic tnh c chn c
UGS=5V.
Hy tnh:
Tr s dng in tnh ID
Tr s in tr R3
b. in p trn cc ca
c. in p trn cc mng;
d. dng in cc ca v in p cc ca
c. IG = ;
22. Quan h gia dng in ID v in p UGS trong JFET c th hin qua cng thc sau:
U GS
a. I D = I D 0 1
U
GSngat
U GS
c. I D = I D 0 1
U
GSngat
U GS
b. I D = I D 0 1 +
U
GSngat
U GS
d. I D = I D 0 1 +
U
GSngat
128
CU KIN IN T
Cu kin Thyristo
CHNG 6:
CU KIN THYRISTO
GII THIU CHNG
Chng 6 gii thiu v cc cu kin c 4 lp bn dn. y l cc cu kin thuc h
thyristo. Thyristo l cu kin bn dn kha m mch m tc ng 2 trng thi bn (kha v
m) ca n ty thuc vo tnh hi tip dng ca 4 lp bn dn P-N-P-N.
Thyristo c th l cu kin 2 chn cc, 3 chn cc hoc 4 chn cc, c th dn in mt
chiu hoc c hai chiu. Trong h thyristo quan trng nht l n chnh lu Silic c iu khin
(SCR), Triac, Diac, v.v...Phn u tin ca chng s gii thiu v cu to v nguyn l hot
ng ca cu kin chnh lu silic c iu khin (SCR), v cc c tnh v tham s ca n. Cu
kin th hai l triac, y l cu kin dn in hai chiu, cc c tnh v tham s ca triac, y
l linh kin quan trng c dng nhiu trong cc mch iu khin ngun in. Cu kin Diac:
cu to v nguyn l hot ng, cng nh ng dng ca n.
Ngoi ra, trong chng 6 cn gii thiu v cu to v nguyn l hot ng ca tranzito
n ni (UJT). y l cu kin c 3 chn cc nhng ch c 1 lp tip xc P-N v do vy n
cng c cc c tnh v tham s rt khc vi cc tranzito thng thng.
NI DUNG
6.1. CHNH LU SILIC C IU KHIN (SCR).
6.1.1. Cu to:
Chnh lu silic c iu khin, gi tt l SCR, gm c 4 lp bn dn P v N sp xp theo
kiu P-N-P-N. Ba chn cc c k hiu bng cc ch A - ant, K - catt, v G - cc iu
khin. Cc ant ni vi phn bn dn P1 trc, cn catt ni vi phn bn dn N2 sau; cc iu
khin G thng c ni vi phn bn dn P2.
n chnh lu silic c iu khin ch dn in mt chiu.
M hnh cu to v k hiu ca SCR trong s mch m t trong hnh 6- 1a,b,c.
C hai loi SCR l:
+ SCR iu khin theo catt hay cn gi l SCR theo qui c (n gin gi l SCR). Loi ny
cc iu khin G c ni vi phn bn dn P2 sau.
+ SCR iu khin theo ant hay cn gi l SCR kiu b. Loi ny cc iu khin G c ni
vi phn bn dn N1 trc.
Thng thng ngi ta s dng loi SCR qui c. Cc SCR kiu b cng sut thp t
c dng v cng sut tiu th ca n cao hn loi SCR qui c. Sau y, chng ta nghin
cu v nguyn l lm vic ca SCR qui c, gi tt l SCR.
129
CU KIN IN T
Cu kin Thyristo
T2 T3
T1
A
P1
N1 P2
K
N2
P1
G
A
T1 T2
A
A
T3
N1 P2 N2
G
K
G
K
a/ SCR "qui c"
b- SCR kiu b
K
Cc G
Lp P
Lp N
Si(N)
Lp P
c/ Cu to
Lp nhm
a Moliden
Ant
R
R
Q1
N1
N1
P2
N1
P2
E
IC2
IC1
Q2
I
K
CU KIN IN T
Cu kin Thyristo
thng tip xc T1 v T3 th y l hin tng nh thng kiu thc l hay nh thng zener vi
in p nh thng U.t. = U.t.T1 + U.t.T3. Nu xy ra hin tng ny th coi nh SCR hng.
+ Khi phn cc thun (UAK > 0) th cc tip xc T1 v T3 phn cc thun, tip xc T2
phn cc ngc v qua SCR cng ch c dng in ngc rt nh (hay SCR ch tr khng
cao).
Nu tng dn in p phn cc thun UAK > 0 ln n in p nh thng tip xc T2 th
dng in qua SCR tng vt. Lc ny c 3 tip xc P-N u coi nh c phn cc thun, in
tr ca chng rt nh lm cho st p trn SCR gim hn xung cn khong t 1 2 V. Tr s
in p m ti xy ra nh thng tip xc T2 c gi l in p nh khuu UBO. Tr s
UBO ny thng vo khong t 200 400V. Vng in p ny ta gi l vng chn thun.
Nh vy, khi SCR dn in th dng in qua n khng th khng ch c trong
SCR m n c hn ch nh in tr mc mch ngoi.
Theo s mch tng ng hnh 6- 2 ca SCR ta thy, khi SCR dn in th qua n
c dng in I chy t A n K v gia cc tip xc P-N ca 2 tranzito Q1 v Q2 c cc dng
in vo v ra l:
(6. 1)
IC1 = IB2 v IC2 = IB1
Trong :
IC1 = 1I + ICBo1
IC2 = 2I + ICBo2
V 1, 2 l h s khuch i thc l alpha (hay s nhn thc l).
Dng in tng qua SCR l:
I = IC1 + IC2 = I(1 + 2) + ICBo1 + ICBo2
(6. 2)
Thay:
ICBo1 + ICBo2 = ICBo
ICBo l dng in ngc bo ha ca tip xc P-N.
Vy ta c:
I CBo
I =
(6. 3)
1 - ( 1 + 2 )
131
CU KIN IN T
Cu kin Thyristo
U.t.
IH
IG0=0
+UAK
(6. 4)
CU KIN IN T
Cu kin Thyristo
6.2.1. Cu to ca triac:
Do tnh dn in hai chiu nn hai u ra chnh ca triac dng ni vi ngun in
c gi l u ra MT1 v MT2 . Gia hai u ra MT1 v MT2 c nm lp bn dn b tr theo
th t P-N-P-N nh SCR theo c 2 chiu. u ra th ba gi l cc iu khin G. Nh vy triac
c coi nh hai SCR u song song ngc chiu vi nhau, xem hnh 6-4.
MT2
MT2
K1
G1
A2
MT2
P
N
A1
K2
G2
P
N
MT1
G
G
MT1
MT1
Hnh 6- 4: Cu to ca triac
6.2.2. Nguyn l lm vic:
Theo quy c, tt c cc in p v dng in u quy c theo u ra chnh MT1.
Nh vy, in p ngun cung cp cho MT2 phi dng (hoc m) hn so vi MT1. Cn
tn hiu iu khin c a vo gia hai chn cc G v chn cc MT1. K hiu v s
nguyn l u triac trong mch m t trong hnh 6-5a,b.
U
MT2
I
Rt
MT2
G
MT1
IG
a/
MT1
b/
CU KIN IN T
Cu kin Thyristo
IH
UAK
0 -IH
UBo1 UBo
6.3. DIAC
6.3.1. Cu to v k hiu ca diac
Diac l cu kin 4 lp bn dn c 2 chn cc A1 v A2. Cu trc ca diac ging nh
triac nhng khng c cc iu khin G nn diac cng dn in hai chiu.. Hnh 6-7 gii thiu
k hiu ca diac trong cc s mch.
I
A1
UB0
UB0
IH
U
-IH
A2
UV
UB0
UB0
134
CU KIN IN T
Cu kin Thyristo
Ti
Triac
U~
SCR
U~
Kch
Kch
K D
t
t
Xung kch
Xung kch
135
CU KIN IN T
Cu kin Thyristo
B2
B2
Si(p)
B2
RB2
Thanh
Si(N)
E
Tip
xc P-N
+U
B1
a/
E
B1
RB1
B1
B1
B2
b/
+
UBB
d/
e/
B2
RE
UEE
UE
UBB
+
B1
c/
CU KIN IN T
Trong
Cu kin Thyristo
R B1
R B1 + R B 2
gi l h s thun khit
Nu UE < UBB (UE < UO) th tip xc P-N (it D) c phn cc ngc v qua n ch
c dng in ngc IEO rt nh. Ta c vng ngt ca c tuyn vn- ampe ca UJT.
- Khi UE > UBB , tip xc P-N c phn cc thun, dng IE tng dn. Khi UE > UP (Up
gi l in p kch khi cho UJT hot ng hay gi l in p nh) th dng IE tng nhanh.
Di tc dng ca in trng, cc l trng chuyn ng t cc pht E xung Nn 1 (B1),
cn cc in t chuyn ng t Nn 1 n phn pht to nn dng in IE. Do s gia tng
t ca cc ht dn trong Nn 1 nn in tr RB1 gim trong khi dng in IE tng v in p
UE gim nn ta c vng in tr m ca c tuyn vn- ampe.
Ta c c tuyn vn- ampe ca UJT m t trong hnh 6 -10:
-
14
12
UP 10
8
6
4
UV 2
UE(V)
IE0 IP
0 2
UBB=30V
T=250C
UBB=20V
UBB=10V
UBB=5V
IB2=0
4
10 12 14 16
IE(mA)
UVTE
I E = I E 0 e 1
137
CU KIN IN T
IE (mA)
RB1 ()
0
4600
Cu kin Thyristo
1
2000
2
900
5
240
10
150
20
90
50
40
6.4.4. ng dng.
138
CU KIN IN T
Cu kin Thyristo
+U1
RT
R2
B2
B1
CT
UB2
T CT np
UE
UP
UEmin
t
T1
UB1
T2
UB1
R1
t
UB2
t
a/
b/
Hnh 6- 12 : a- S mch to dao ng phng np dng UJT.
b- Dng sng ti cc chn cc E, B1 v B2 .
f =
T1 + T2 T1
Trong :
(6. 8)
(v T1 >> T2)
T1 - thi gian UJT ngng dn (thi gian t CT np in)
T2 - thi gian UJT dn in (thi gian t CT phng in)
139
CU KIN IN T
Cu kin Thyristo
b. Triac;
a. SCR; b. Triac;
140
c. UJT;
c. Diac;
d. FET
d. UJT
CU KIN IN T
Cu kin Thyristo
141
CU KIN IN T
Vi mch tch hp
CHNG 7
VI MCH TCH HP
GII THIU CHNG
Cc it v tranzito tuy rt nh nhng khi ghp vi nhiu linh kin th ng thc hin
mt chc nng no th n vn thnh mt khi ln. Ngoi ra, do ch to ri rc nn cc tham
s ca tranzito cng khng ging nhau tuy cng k hiu. Do , khi ghp nhiu linh kin ri
rc s khng bo m tin cy cao v khng kinh t. V vy hng pht trin ca k thut
in t sau bn dn l k thut vi in t.
Chng 7 ny s gii thiu v khi nim v phn loi vi mch tch hp, v cc phng
php ch to mch tch hp bn dn nh qui trnh quang khc, qui trnh plana v qui trnh cng
ngh epitaxi-plana. Trong chng ny cng trnh by v cc phng php ch to cc cu kin
in t trong vi mch bn dn: in tr, t in, cun cm, tranzito v it cng nh cc chi
tit khc.ng thi, chng 7 cng trnh by v c im v cc tnh cht ca mt s loi vi
mch tch hp hin ang c s dng rng ri trong lnh vc k thut in t nh vi mch
tuyn tnh, vi mch s.
NI DUNG:
7.1. KHI NIM V PHN LOI VI MCH TCH HP
7.1.1. nh ngha vi mch v cc u khuyt im.
a. nh ngha:
Mt vi mch tch hp bao gm mt chip n tinh th silic c cha cc linh kin tch cc
v linh kin th ng cng dy ni gia chng. Cc linh kin ny c ch to bng cng ngh
ging nh cng ngh ch to it v tranzito ring r. Qu trnh cng ngh ny gm vic nui
cy lp epitaxi, khuch tn tp cht mt n, nui cy lp oxit, v khc oxit, s dng nh in li t
nh r cc gin ...
Vy, vi mch tch hp (Integrated circuits - vit tt l IC) l sn phm ca k thut vi
in t bn dn. N gm cc linh kin tch cc nh tranzito, it..., cc linh kin th ng nh
in tr, t in, cun cm, v cc dy dn, tt c c ch to trong mt qui trnh cng ngh
thng nht, trong mt th tch hay trn mt b mt ca vt liu nn. Mi mt loi vi mch tch
hp ch gi mt hoc vi chc nng nht nh no .
b. u nhc im ca vi mch in t:
So vi cc mch ri rc vi mch tch hp c nhiu u im, tuy nhin cng c mt s
nhc im.
u im:
Vi mch tch hp c tin cy rt cao, kch thc nh, cha c nhiu phn t (IC bc 1
cha 10 linh kin, IC bc 2 cha 11 100 linh kin, IC bc 3 cha 101 1000 linh kin, IC
bc 4 cha n 10000 linh kin hoc ln hn), gi thnh h, tiu th t nng lng in.
Nhc im:
- Do s dng nng lng nh nn hn ch tc lm vic.
- Yu cu v n nh ngun cung cp cao.
141
CU KIN IN T
Vi mch tch hp
CU KIN IN T
Vi mch tch hp
143
CU KIN IN T
Vi mch tch hp
nh sng
SiO2
Si
Mt n
Cm
quang
SiO2
Si(P)
a/
b/
Khuch tn
C B E
SiO2
Cm quang
SiO2
Si(P)
N+
c/
SiO2
N
Si(P)
P
N
Si(P)
d/
e/
144
CU KIN IN T
Vi mch tch hp
4
in tr
2
P
N
it
1
P
N
loi P
5
a/
Tranzito
5
4
P
N
Nhm Al
SiO2
Tip xc n+
v cc gp
n+ Cc E
Cc gc B
Cc gp C
b/
145
CU KIN IN T
Vi mch tch hp
a/
c/
in tr
Ant ca it
Phn gc B
SiO2
Lp epitaxi loi N
P
N
Tm bn dn nn loi P
b/
Cc o cch ly
Loi N
Loi N
d/
P+
P
N
P+
in tr
2
P
N
e/
Catt ca it (N+)
Loi N
it
1
P
N
P
P
N
P
P
N
Cc pht E (N+)
P
N
Tranzito
3 B 5 E 4 C Nhm (Al)
P
N
P
N
SiO2
P+
N+
Bn dn nn loi P
CU KIN IN T
Vi mch tch hp
Ngun
S
Mng
D
N+
N+
G
N+
bn dn P
D
N+
Kim loi
SiO2
bn dn loi P
a/
b/
Hnh 7 - 5:
R= 1/ S
Tranzito MOS nh mt in tr
CU KIN IN T
Vi mch tch hp
B
P
SiO2
N+
SiO2
N
Si
a tinh th Si
a/
b/
Hnh 7 -6 : Phng php cch in bng cht in mi:
a- vi l tinh th Si; b- vi l a tinh th Si.
RKT =
L
q n N D S
( )
Trong :
(7.2)
L- di ca lp in tr khuch tn
S- Din tch tit din ca lp in tr.
Nu in tr khuch tn c pha tp cht nhn NA th ta ch vic thay cc gi tr linh
ng ca l trng v nng NA vo cng thc 7.2.
Trong cc vi mch tranzito trng, ngi ta s dng in tr l tranzito trng vi tr s
ph thuc vo in p t ln cc ca v cc mng.
b. in tr mng mng.
148
CU KIN IN T
Vi mch tch hp
CU KIN IN T
Vi mch tch hp
P+
a/
b/
Hnh 7-7 :
Trong vi mch tch hp ngi ta dng tt c cc loi tranzito thng s dng trong mch
ri. Hai loi thng dng nht l tranzito lng cc v tranzito trng.
a. Tranzito lng cc.
Trong vi mch tch hp ngi ta thng dng tranzito loi N-P-N v:
- Khi khuch tn tp cht loi N th n rt d ha tan vo silic.
- linh ng ca in t ln gp hai ln linh ng ca l trng. V vy thi gian tc
ng ca vi mch nhanh hn.
b. Tranzito trng.
Trong vi mch tch hp thng dng JFET v MOSFET knh c sn trong k thut
tng t nh to ra tng khuch i vi sai, cc tng ti Emit... Cn MOSFET knh cm ng
thng c dng trong k thut s.
Khi ch cn dng MOSFET mt loi knh th ngi ta thng dng loi knh P v n
cho tin cy cao hn, tnh chng nhiu cao hn v n ch s dng logic m.
Khi yu cu dng c hai loi knh P v knh N, phi ch to chng trn cng mt
silic v c gi l MOSFET kiu b v k hiu l CMOSFET.
7.3.5. it trong vi mch
150
CU KIN IN T
Vi mch tch hp
C B E
N+
P
N
a/
b/
c/
d/
e/
N+
P
N
P-
N+
P
N
P
a/
N+
P
N
P
b/
N+
P
N
P
c/
d/
N+
P
N
P
e/
N+
P
N
P
Hnh 7-9 : Cc cch ni tranzito thnh it trong mch cch in bng tip xc P-N
7.4. VI MCH TUYN TNH
7.4.1. Gii thiu chung v phn loi vi mch tuyn tnh
Vi mch tuyn tnh c hiu l cc t hp vi mch c cc tn hiu trn li ra t l vi tn
hiu trn li vo theo quy lut ng thng.
Cc vi mch tuyn tnh thng i hi cc phn t mc thm mch ngoi nhiu hn so
vi cc IC s hon thnh mt chc nng no . iu ny khin cho cc s s dng vi
mch tuyn tnh nhy cm vi nhiu bn ngoi hn v bi vy kh s dng hn.
Vi mch tuyn tnh thng c phn thnh 2 loi chnh l: t hp vi mch tranzito-it
v vi mch s dng chuyn dng, v vi mch khuch i thut ton.
a. T hp vi mch tranzito - it v vi mch s dng chuyn dng:
Gm t hp cc it hay tranzito c nhng ch tiu k thut ging nhau. V d: t hp
it CA3039, t hp tranzito CA3813B, t hp hn hp tranzito it CA3093E - ta c th s
dng nh cc it v tranzito ri rc.
151
CU KIN IN T
Vi mch tch hp
Vo
vi sai
m v
dch mc
Ngun dng
c nh
Bin i dng
gng
Tng ra
ti Emito
Tng
bo v
CU KIN IN T
Vi mch tch hp
RC1
IC1
IC2
RC2
Ura
T1
Uvo2
Uvo thun
(UP)
T2
IE1
IE2
Uvo1
Uvo o
(UN)
IK
-ECC
Hnh 7 - 13 : S tng vo khuch i vi sai.
U ra
U vo2 U vo1
(7. 4)
U vo
I vo2 I vo1
(7. 5)
153
CU KIN IN T
Vi mch tch hp
Ura
Uvo thun
(UP)
-ECC
Ura
Vo o
+ECC
+Ura max
0
Vo khng o
Uvo
-Ura max
-ECC
154
CU KIN IN T
Vi mch tch hp
U ra
= 10 4 10 5
U vo
(7. 6)
Gi tr ca KU ln cho php thc hin hi tip m su nhm ci thin nhiu tnh cht
quan trng ca b khuch i thut ton.
Trong gii hn min khuch i, in p ra t l vi in p vo theo cng thc:
U ra = KU . UV = KU ( UP - UN )
(7. 7)
H s khuch i ng pha: Nu trn u vo thun v o t cng mt in p UG1
ng pha th Uvo = 0, v nh vy in p Ura cng cn phi bng khng. Nhng thc t iu
ny khng hon ton ng, tc l h s khuch i tn hiu ng pha KG1 khng bng 0 .
KG 1 =
U ra
0.
U G 1
155
CU KIN IN T
Vi mch tch hp
bng vi G. Dng vo ban u ca cc b khuch i thut ton lng cc tiu chun gii
hn t 20 n 200 nA, cn cc b khuch i thut ton dng tranzito trng khong vi nA.
5. c tuyn tn s :
c tnh tn s biu th s ph thuc ca h s khuch i vo di tn s lm vic.
Hnh 7 - 16 ch ra c tuyn bin tn s ca b khuch i thut ton KU = (f).
KU
Khi khng c mch hi tip m
KU0
Khi c mch hi tip m
K
2
U0
KU
KU
fC0
fT fC
f (Hz)
8
1
7
6
3
4
6
3
5
4
1. iu chnh in th khng
2. Li vo o
3. Li vo thun
4. in p ngun m
5. iu chnh in th khng
6. Li ra
CU KIN IN T
Vi mch tch hp
Nhm tng tr khng vo ln ti hng chc M ngi ta thng dng tng vo vi sai l
cc tranzito trng, v tr khng ra nh nh tng ra u theo s aling- tn, v d nh b
khuch i thut ton kiu LF356.
6. Mt s ng dng ca b khuch i thut ton
Mt s mch ng dng c bn dng b khuch i thut ton lm vic trong min
tuyn tnh ca c tuyn truyn t v c s dng hi tip m iu khin cc tham s c bn
ca mch.
+ B khuch i o.
B khuch i o cho trn hnh 7 - 18.
If
Rf
I1
NI0
UV
U0
R1
Ura
Hnh 7 - 18 : S u b khuch i o ca
b khuch i thut ton
UV
R1
= -
U ra
0, do :
K
U ra
Rf
(7. 10)
T y c h s khuch i in p ca b khuch i o:
KU =
U ra
UV
= -
Rf
R1
(7. 11)
157
CU KIN IN T
Vi mch tch hp
R1
R1 + R f
(7 - 12)
U ra
R + Rf
R
= 1
= 1+ f
U vao
R1
R1
(7. 13)
Khi s dng b khuch i thut ton khuch i tn hiu ngi ta thng dng b
khuch i o v mch n nh hn.
UV
U0
Ura
If
Rf
I1
R1
158
CU KIN IN T
Vi mch tch hp
2
UVo
(>28V)
V
LM 317
R2
240
1
C1
1F
Ura
(1,2525V)
C2 =1F
R1=5K
Cc tham s c bn ca vi mch s:
- Mc logic: mc logic 0 v mc logic 1
Cc mc logic ny l cc tr s in p tng ng vi mc logic thp v mc logic cao,
ty tng loi m n c tr s in p khc nhau
- Ngun nui: ngun cung cp phi m bo n nh cao.
- Kh nng ghp ti: biu th kh nng ghp c bao nhiu li vo ca cng logic ti mt
li ra ca mt cng cho trc.
- Tc chuyn mch hay cn gi l tc ng nhanh ca vi mch:
Loi cc nhanh
ttb 5 nsec
Loi nhanh
ttb = 5 10 nsec
Loi trung bnh
ttb = 10 100 nsec
Loi chm
ttb > 100 nsec
- Cng sut tiu th: cng sut tiu th ca vi mch s ph thuc vo tn hiu t ln n.
- Di nhit lm vic: mi hng sn xut c mt ch tiu nhit khc nhau.
b. Phn loi
Cc vi mch hm logic c bn trn tranzito lng cc v tranzito trng gm cc loi:
Tranzito logic vi lin kt trc tip (TL); in tr - tranzito logic (RTL); it - tranzito logic
(DTL); Tranzito - tranzito logic (TTL); Logic MOS; Logic CMOS (complementary MOS).
159
CU KIN IN T
Vi mch tch hp
160
CU KIN IN T
Vi mch tch hp
161
CU KIN IN T
Vi mch tch hp
D liu vo
B m vo
A0
A1
K
bit
a
ch
Ak-1
B
gii
m
a
ch
mxn
R/W
CS
B m ra
D liu ra
Hnh 7 21: Cu trc ca RAM
d. Cu trc ca ROM bn dn
ROM l b nh cha sn d liu, khi cn ta ch c m khng vit ngay vo c.
Trong ROM bn dn mi t bo nh c th s dng it hoc tranzito tr d liu. Thi
gian truy cp ca b nh lng cc khong 50ns 90ns, cn i vi MOSFET th chm
hn 10 ln.
V d: Ta c cu trc ca ROM dng it: trn giao im ca ng T (hng) v ng
Bit (ct) nu c it th tng ng l bit 1, nu khng c it th tng ng l bit 0. Xem
hnh7-22.
162
CU KIN IN T
Vi mch tch hp
8 ng T
0
1
B
3
bit
a
ch
gii
2
3
4
5
a
ch
6
7
A
B
C
ng bit d liu (4 bit)
Cc vi mch c s dng rt rng ri trong k thut tng t (vi mch tuyn tnh) v k
thut s (vi mch s). Khi s dng vi mch tch hp cn lu mt s im chnh sau:
- Phi c c k hiu ca vi mch: Trn thn vi mch thng ghi tn hng sn xut, k
hiu chc nng ca vi mch, k hiu sn phm c l thng phm, ngy thng nm sn
xut.
- Bit tra cu vi mch trong s tra cu bit chc nng IC v chc nng cc chn ca IC.
- Ch chn ngun cung cp cho IC lm vic.
- Khi u vo mch phi u chn ngun cung cp trc, sau mi cho tn hiu vo mch.
- Ngun cung cp phi c n nh cao.
- Hn ni IC vo mch phi ch dng m hn nhn, c cng sut thp khong 30w n
60w, trnh lm nng IC.
c bit i vi cc IC s cn ch mt s im sau:
Cc vi mch s thng gp l cc h vi mch TTL, CMOS, MOS, v.v.. y l cc IC
thc hin mt chc nng hon chnh nh cng, h m, gii m, ghi dch, h nh, h vi x l.
- Khi chn mt vi mch cn quan tm ti cc tham s sau: cng sut tiu th, kh nng chu
ti, thi gian chuyn mch, kh nng chng nhiu, in p ngun nui, mc logic...
163
CU KIN IN T
Vi mch tch hp
164
CU KIN IN T
Vi mch tch hp
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
CU HI N TP
nh ngha v vi mch tch hp?
Nu cc cch phn loi vi mch tch hp?
Trnh by v cng ngh plana?
Trnh by v cng ngh plana-epitaxi
Hy cho bit cc cch ch to in tr trong vi mch?
Hy cho bit cc cch ch to t in trong vi mch?
165
CU KIN IN T
Vi mch tch hp
166
CU KIN IN T V QUANG IN T
Cu kin quang in t
CHNG 8
CU KIN QUANG IN T
CU KIN IN T V QUANG IN T
Cu kin quang in t
Khi
iu ch
Si ng
Khi gii
iu ch
Mch
in t
Tn
hiu
thu
Khi
E/ O
Khi
O/ E
Si quang
168
Mch
in t
Tn
hiu
thu
CU KIN IN T V QUANG IN T
Cu kin quang in t
Qua hnh (8-1a,b) ta thy hai h thng u c cc phn t v tn hiu tng ng, ch c
mi trng truyn dn l khc nhau. So vi h thng thng tin in , h thng thng tin quang
c mt s u im sau:
+ Si quang nh, nh hn dy kim loi, d un cong, tn t vt liu.
+ Si quang ch to t thu tinh thch anh khng b nh hng ca nc, axit, kim nn
khng b n mn. ng thi, si l cht in mi nn cch in hon ton, tn hiu truyn
trong si quang khng b nh hng ca nhiu bn ngoi ti v cng khng gy nhiu ra mi
trng xung quanh.
+ m bo b mt thng tin, khng s b nghe trm.
+ Kh nng truyn c rt nhiu knh trong mt si quang c ng knh rt nh. Tiu
hao nh v khng ph thuc tn s nn cho php truyn dn bng rng v tc truyn ln
hn nhiu so vi si kim loi.
+ Gi thnh rt r.
8.2. CC CU KIN BIN I IN QUANG (Cu kin pht quang)
8.2.1. S tng tc gia nh sng v vt cht.
Nh bit, theo l thuyt di nng lng ca vt cht, th thng thng cc ht u tn
ti mc c bn (Ek) v mc ny c nng lng thp nht nn cng bn vng nht. Ch cn
kch thch mt nng lng no , v d nh quang nng, in nng, nhit nng... th cc ht
mc c bn s di chuyn ln mc nng lng cao hn, gi l cc mc kch thch (Ei). Cc ht
ch tn ti cc mc kch thch mt thi gian rt ngn khong 10-8 giy ri n li dch chuyn
v cc mc nng lng thp hn v pht ra nh sng, hay cn gi l cc photon. Photon pht ra
theo nh lut bo ton nng lng:
h = Ei - Ek
(8. 1)
v ta c tn s bc x ca nh sng tnh theo cng thc (8.1):
Ei Ek
=
(8. 2)
h
trong :
- tn s bc x ca nh sng ( =
c
).
EG eV
(E i E k ) eV
h
S tng tc gia nh sng v vt cht gm c 3 qu trnh: qu trnh hp th, qu trnh
bc x t pht v qu trnh bc x kch thch (Xem hnh 8- 2a,b,c).
169
CU KIN IN T V QUANG IN T
Cu kin quang in t
Ei
Ei
hfik
hfik
Ek
a- Qu trnh hp th
Ei
hfik
hf'ik
Ek
b- Qu trnh bc x t pht
Ek
c- Qu trnh bc x kch thch
170
CU KIN IN T V QUANG IN T
Cu kin quang in t
it pht quang gm c mt lp tip xc P-N v hai chn cc ant (A), catt (K). Ant
c ni vi bn dn loi P, cn catt c ni vi bn dn loi N.
Hnh 8-3 m t m hnh cu to ca LED v k hiu trong cc s mch.
Tip xc P-N
P
+
LED
U
R
_
CU KIN IN T V QUANG IN T
Cu kin quang in t
Ungc max
0
UD
UAK
172
CU KIN IN T V QUANG IN T
Vt liu
EG (ev)
p (nm)
Ge
Si
GaAs
GaAsP
GaAlAs
GaAsP
GaAsP
GaAsP
GaP
SiC
GalliumNitrit
0,66
1,09
1,43
1,9
1,91
2,0
2,1
2,2
2,24
2,5
3,1
910
660
650
635
585
565
560
490
400
Cu kin quang in t
vng bc
x
Hng ngoi
Cam
Vng
L cy
L cy
Da tri
Tm
UD (v)
I=20mA
1,6 1,8
1,6 1,8
1,6 1,8
2,0 2,2
2,2 2,4
2,4 2,7
2,7 3,0
3,0
3,0
Ungc
Max
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
-
tr
(nsec)
50
100
100
400
900
-
Loi
ti hp
G.tip
G.tip
T. tip
T. tip
T. tip
T. tip
T. tip
T. tip
G. tip
G.tip
G. tip
Xanh/Vng
LED1
LED2
3
Hnh 8- 6 : LED i.
CU KIN IN T V QUANG IN T
Cu kin quang in t
Bng chiu sng LED: y l tp hp nhiu LED thnh mt chui vi mch t hp hoc
khng c mch t hp bn trong, (xem hnh 8- 8).
A
a
f
b
g
c
d
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Hnh 8- 8: Bng chiu sng LED
8.2.3. LED hng ngoi.
174
CU KIN IN T V QUANG IN T
Cu kin quang in t
nh sng pht ra
= 950nm
Chn cc
GaAs (P)
Tip xc P-N
GaAsSi
(N) (N)
GaAsSi
GaAs (N) trong sut
Chn cc
Mt mi nhn
Trong phn epitaxy lng trong sut GaAs (N) to mt lp tinh th c tnh cht lng tnh
vi tp cht Silic l GaAsSi (N) v mt tip xc P-N c hnh thnh. Vi s pha tp cht Silic
ta c bc x vi bc sng 950 nm Mt di ca LED c mi nhn to thnh mt gng
phn chiu tia hng ngoi pht ra t lp tip xc P-N.
b. Nguyn l lm vic:
Hnh 8- 10 m t s nguyn l u ni LED hng ngoi trong mch in.
+
LED
U
_
Hnh 8- 10 : S nguyn l ca LED hng ngoi
Khi phn cc thun cho it, cc ht dn a s s khuch tn qua tip xc P-N, chng ti
hp vi nhau v pht ra bc x hng ngoi. Cc tia hng ngoi bc x ra theo nhiu hng
khc nhau. Nhng tia hng ngoi c hng i vo trong cc lp cht bn dn, gp gng phn
chiu s c phn x tr li i ra ngoi theo cng hng vi cc tia khc. i ny lm
tng hiu sut ca LED.
nh sng hng ngoi c c tnh quang hc ging nh nh sng nhn thy, ngha l n c
kh nng hi t, phn k qua thu knh, c tiu c.... Tuy nhin, nh sng hng ngoi rt khc
nh sng nhn thy kh nng xuyn sut qua vt cht, trong c cht bn dn. iu ny gii
thch ti sao LED hng ngoi c hiu sut cao hn LED ch th v tia hng ngoi khng b yu
i khi vt qua cc lp bn dn ra ngoi.
175
CU KIN IN T V QUANG IN T
Cu kin quang in t
Tui th ca LED hng ngoi di n 100000 gi. LED hng ngoi khng pht ra nh
sng nhn thy nn rt c li trong cc thit b kim sot v khng gy s ch .
c. LED hng ngoi cu trc c bit:
truyn dn trong si quang t hiu qu ngi ta s dng cc loi LED hng ngoi c
sng pht ra cao, c thi gian p ng nhanh v hiu sut lng t cao, l LED cu trc
d th kp. y l cu trc c s dng rt rng ri hin nay.
a/
Tip xc
1-xAlxAs
kim
GaAs (N) GaGa
1-xAlxAs
loi
loiLoi
N N
1m
Cht nn
1m
Vng giam
gi ht dn
v nh sng
Ga1-yAlyAs
loi N
0,3m
Vng ti hp
Ga1-xAlxAs
Ga1-x
Al As
Loi xP
loi P
1m
GaAs (P)
Cht nn
1m
Vng giam
gi ht dn
v nh sng
b/
E
Hng ro th nng
ca in t
Chch in t
EG= 1,51eV
in t- l trng ti hp
h (=820nm)
Hng ro th nng
cho l trng
Nng lng ca
in t
Chch l trng
176
Tip
xc
kim
loi
CU KIN IN T V QUANG IN T
Cu kin quang in t
Si quang
Ging khc trn
Vt liu kt dnh
Kim loi
Cc lp
giam gi
Cht nn
Cht cch in
SiO2
Kim loi
Ta nhit
Vng tch cc
177
CU KIN IN T V QUANG IN T
Cu kin quang in t
Cc lp tip xc d th kp
(c n thp hn)
Cht nn
Kim loi
(i vi tip xc in)
//
Ta nhit
8.2.3. it LASER.
a. nh ngha v LASER:
LASER l mt linh kin quang hc dng to ra v khuch i nh sng n sc c
tnh lin kt v pha t bc x t pht ca nh sng.
LASER l t vit tt ca tn gi bng ting Anh: Light Amplification by Stimulated
Emission of Radiation.
Nguyn l hot ng c bn ca LASER l kt qu ca 3 qu trnh ch yu l qu trnh
hp th photon, qu trnh bc x t pht v qu trnh bc x kch thch.
Qu trnh bc x kch thch s ch tri hn qu trnh hp th nu chim gi ca cc
trng thi kch thch ln hn b chim gi ca cc trng thi c bn. iu kin ny c gi
178
CU KIN IN T V QUANG IN T
Cu kin quang in t
Bc x
kt hp
0,4
0,2
0
Bc x khng
kt hp
20
40
60
Ingng
80
I (mA)
179
CU KIN IN T V QUANG IN T
Cu kin quang in t
Lp phn x
cch in
Cht nn
Chiu ngang: 0,1 0,3 m
Cc lp gi
ht dn v
quang
nh sng ra
Lp tch
c ghp vo
cc
si quang
Chiu dc: 250 500
Cnh bn: 5 15 m
a/
30 500
( )
5 100
( //)
b/
30 500
180
CU KIN IN T V QUANG IN T
Cu kin quang in t
Cc cch t phn hi
un cong dng sng
Cc lp
giam gi
Lp tch cc
Cht nn
nh sng u ra
181
CU KIN IN T V QUANG IN T
Cu kin quang in t
= ' +
1 1
ln
2L R 1R 2
(8. 10)
182
CU KIN IN T V QUANG IN T
Cu kin quang in t
Pra
dP
Pht x
laser
(Pht x
kch thch)
dI
0
Pht x t pht
I
INgng
mA
dI
E G dI
Trong :
183
CU KIN IN T V QUANG IN T
Cu kin quang in t
C
L = m.
= m.
(8. 14)
2n
2n
Trong C l vn tc nh sng trong mi trng chn khng. iu ny c ngha l
chiu di hp cng hng bng mt s nguyn ln na bc sng nh sng trong cht bn dn.
Nh vy trong hc cng hng tn ti cc thnh phn sng ng khi mt s nguyn m na
sng tri rng trong vng gia cc gng.
V trong cc LASER, h s khuch i l mt hm ca tn s, do s c mt khong
tn s c duy tr theo cng thc (8. 14). Mi mt tn s ny p ng mt mt dao ng ca
LASER. Do vy s c mt s LASER n mt v mt s LASER a mt. Mi quan h gia
h s khuch i v tn s s c dng Gauss:
( - 0 )2
g() = g(o) exp
2 2
(8. 15)
0 - l di bc sng ti trung tm ca ph
- l rng ph khuch i
v h s khuch i cc i g(o) t l thun vi s o in.
Xt tn s, hoc di bc sng, khong cch gia cc mt ca mt LASER a mt.
tm khong cch tn s , nghin cu 2 mt lin tip nhau ca tn s m -1 v m biu din
bng cc s nguyn (m-1) v m. T cng thc (8. 14), ta c:
2Ln
m -1 =
m -1
C
2Ln
m
v
m
=
C
Tr hai cng thc ny cho nhau ta c:
2Ln
2Ln
(8. 16)
1 =
( m m -1 ) =
C
C
T y ta c khong cch tn s:
C
(8. 17)
=
2Ln
Trong :
184
CU KIN IN T V QUANG IN T
Cu kin quang in t
0
Sn xung nh sng dng Gauss
822
824
826
828
(nm)
(8. 18)
2Ln
Nh vy cng thc (8. 15) v (8. 18) cho ta quang ph bc x ca mt LASER a mt v
th biu din s ph thuc ca khuch i vo tn s v khong cch tn s ph thuc
vo cu trc ca LASER, (xem hnh 8- 18).
8.2.4. Mt ch th tinh th lng (LCD: Liquid Crystal Display).
a. Khi nim:
Mt ch th tinh th lng- LCD- khng phi l linh kin bn dn quang in t. LCD
c ch to di dng thanh v chm- ma trn. LCD l cu kin th ng, n khng pht
sng nn cng d c nu xung quanh cng sng. LCD c tui th kh cao t 10000 gi n
100000 gi v ngy nay n thay th dn cc mt ch th loi LED, Plasma hay hunh quang.
LCD: dng lm mt ch th cho ng h, my tnh con, cc thit b o s, chi tr em,
mn hnh ti vi.
Vt liu:
Tinh th lng s dng trong LCD l nhng hp cht hu c. Cc phn t ca tinh th
lng ny c phn b sao cho cc trc dc ca chng nm song song vi nhau.
Hiu ng quang hc dng cho LCD ch hn ch trong khong "khng ng hng", do
vy di nhit lm vic ca LCD b hn ch v xc nh bi hai im nhit nng chy v
nhit trong sut.
b. Cu to ca thanh LCD:
185
CU KIN IN T V QUANG IN T
Cu kin quang in t
in cc
trong sut
Keo
Tinh th lng
Knh
Tm nha phn cc th 1
nh sng chiu vo
Mt ngi quan st
Ch phn chiu:
+ Khi cha c in p t vo, cc thanh LCD khng lm vic th nh sng s i qua tm
nha phn cc th nht, qua cht tinh th lng, qua tm nha phn cc th 2 n gng phn
chiu v phn chiu tr v pha ngi quan st v thanh LCD khng nhn thy - Mt ch th
trong sut.
+ Khi c in p cung cp cho thanh LCD, trc di ca cc phn t cht tinh th lng
c nh hng theo hng ca in trng. Nh vy, nh sng i qua tm nha phn cc
th nht s b thay i do cht tinh th hot ha, do , nh sng khng th i qua tm phn
cc th 2 phn chiu li bng gng phn chiu. Nh th thanh tinh th lng chu tc ng
ca in trng s b ti i.
Vi 2 mng lc phn cc 900 ta c nn ca mt ch th trong sut v nhng ch, s, du
hiu ti en. y l mt ch th hot ng ch phn chiu.
Nhc im ca ch phn chiu l mt ch th phi da vo mt ngun sng t bn
ngoi. Nu khng c nh sng ngoi hay trong mt phng ti th mt ch th s khng nhn
thy.
Ch thng sng:
Nu 2 mng lc phn cc song song th ta c mt ch th c nn ti v cc ch, s v du
hiu s trong sut. Loi ny thch hp vi vic chiu sng t pha sau mt ch th v ta gi l
ch thng sng.
186
CU KIN IN T V QUANG IN T
Cu kin quang in t
Mt sau khng
phn x
Mt sau
phn x
nh sng
n
nh
sng
mt
sau
nh sng
phn chiu
nh sng n
a/ Ch phn chiu
b/ Ch thng sng
187
CU KIN IN T V QUANG IN T
a/
Cu kin quang in t
c/
b
Ub
U1 0
U1
a
U2
U2
b/
Ua
0
0
Hiu in th a/b
d/
RK
U1
Ub
0
Ua
U2 0
CS
RS
+U
0
a
-U
Hiu th a/b
188
CU KIN IN T V QUANG IN T
Cu kin quang in t
LCD 7 on sng
a
f
g
e
c
d
B.P a b c d e f g
Vo xoay chiu 30Hz
1 A
1 B
1 C
0 D
B
gii
m
BCD
thnh
7
on
=1
=1
=1
=1
d
e
=1
=1
=1
189
CU KIN IN T V QUANG IN T
Tham s
Khong nhit lm vic
Khong nhit d tr
in p lm vic
Thnh phn dc
Tn s iu khin
Dng tiu th nng lng
Thi gian ln
Thi gian tt
Thi gian ln + thi gian tt
Cu kin quang in t
C
C
VT.B.
mV
Hz
nA/mm2
ms
ms
ms
- 10
- 25
3
Loi tiu
chun
4,5
30
15
40
80
max
+60
+70
6
100
200
30
250
190
CU KIN IN T V QUANG IN T
Cu kin quang in t
Cc in
Bn dn
nhy quang
Cht cch in
Chn cc kim loi
Chn cc
kim loi
Vt liu
nhy quang
b/ K hiu
a/
Hnh 8- 23: a- Cu to ca in tr quang
b- K hiu ca in tr quang trong s mch
b. Nguyn l lm vic:
Mch in u in tr quang trnh by hnh 8- 24.
Khi chiu nh sng vo vt liu bn dn nhy quang vi nng lng photon ln hn hoc
bng rng vng cm ca vt liu, do qu trnh hp th quang nng, tng cp in t- l
trng mi xut hin. Do vy, nng ht dn trong cht bn dn tng ln, lm dn in ca
n tng, hay ni cch khc l in tr ca cht bn dn gim xung.
dn in c to ra khi c chiu nh sng l:
= 0 + F
trong :
F = q( n + p )p
(8. 19)
I ph = q.p.( n + p ).E.w.d
(8. 20)
191
CU KIN IN T V QUANG IN T
Cu kin quang in t
h
Rd
+
ECC
US
Rt
K=
trong :
p ( n + p )U CC
(8. 21)
l2
l chiu di ca s ca in tr quang
Trong hnh (8- 24), in tr quang hot ng cn cp cho n mt ngun in p UCC.
Quang tr Rd mc ni tip vi mt ti Rt v t in C dng dn tn hiu in a ra li ra.
Khi b chiu sng, in tr Rd ca in tr quang thay i vi tr s l R. Dng in
trong mch tng ln mt lng I v st p trn ti Rt cng tng ln mt lng l uS , ta c:
R t R
(8. 22)
uS = UCC
(R t + R d R )(R t + R d )
v tn hiu ny c a vo mt b khuch i qua t in C.
S (%)
100
CdS
80
CdSe
60
40
20
0
0,5
0,6
0,7
0,8
0,9
192
(m)
CU KIN IN T V QUANG IN T
Cu kin quang in t
S() =
P ( )
Pmax
(8. 23)
193
CU KIN IN T V QUANG IN T
Cu kin quang in t
it quang khng nhy bng in tr quang loi CdS nhng n lm vic nhanh gp
nhiu ln.
K hiu ca it quang trong s mch: nh hnh 8- 26.
Vt liu c bn:
Hin nay, truyn dn tn hiu quang theo 3 ca s suy hao nh nht ca si quang,
ngi ta ch n cc it quang lm vic hai vng bc sng:
- Vng bc sng t 0,85 n 0,9 m.
- Vng bc sng t 1,3 n 1,6 m.
Trong vng bc sng th nht t 0,85 n 0,9 m, th vt liu ch to it quang c
chn l Silic v Silic c nhy cao vi bc sng quanh 0,85 m. rng vng cm ca silic
l EG = 1,1eV v bng nng lng quang cn hp th, ta c:
C
(8. 24)
EG = h = h
v s c bc sng ct l: P = 1,1m.
Trong vng bc sng th hai t 1,3 n 1,6 m cn s dng cht bn dn c rng
vng cm hp hn vi EG < 0,95 eV ngi ta thng chn vt liu bn dn c ch to t cc
lin kt III-V nh GaAs, InP, InAs v GaSb... Ngoi ra, ngi ta cng ch n lin kt II-VI
nh PbSnSe v CdHgTe. Nh thay i hm lng ph hp trong cu trc HgxCd1-xTe c th
ch to c cc it quang lm vic bc sng 1,3 m n 1,55 m. Thc t c loi it
quang thc APD th nghim ch to t vt liu Hg0,4Cd0,6Te.
(cm-1)
106
10
Ge (0,67 eV)
10
10
Si (1,12 eV)
102
0,8
1,2
1,6
(m)
CU KIN IN T V QUANG IN T
Cu kin quang in t
P+
Tip xc
P-N
W
Bn dn P
ECP
Bn dn N
ECn
N
EVP
N+
nh
sng
K
a/
Catt
EVn
b/
Cu to:
it quang gm c mt tip xc P-N. B dy ca lp tip xc l w. Hai phn bn dn P+
v N+ c nng tp cht cao. it c mt ca s chiu nh sng vo. Hai chn ant A v
catt K l kim loi c ni ti cc phn bn dn. (Xem hnh 8- 28)
Nguyn l lm vic:
S nguyn l u it quang trong mch in m t trong hnh 8-29:
D
ECC
C
ID
Rt
UR
Nh trong s hnh 8- 29, it quang c cp ngun ECC sao cho tip xc P-N phn
cc ngc to ra mt in trng dch chuyn cc ht dn thiu s s c sinh ra di tc
dng ca nh sng. Do , khi cha c tc dng nh sng th trong it thu quang ch c dng
in ngc (dng in ti hay dng r) rt nh.
Khi cho nh sng chiu vo, (xem hnh 8- 28b), do qu trnh hp th, trong bn dn xut
hin tng cp in t - l trng. Cc in t v l trng ny di tc ng ca in trng
tip xc P-N phn cc ngc s chuyn ng tri qua tip xc P-N v to nn dng in gi l
dng quang in.
195
CU KIN IN T V QUANG IN T
Cu kin quang in t
I1 = q 0 Fph . .e x dx = q.Fph (1 e w )
w
(8. 25)
I 2 = q.Fph
.L p
1 + .L p
e w
(8. 26)
e w
I ph = I1 + I 2 = q.Fph 1
1 + .L
I ph = q.
P0
e w
1
h 1 + .L p
(8. 27)
Trong :
q- in tch ca in t.
h- nng lng ca photon.
P0 - cng sut quang i ti it quang.
- h s hp th nh sng ti bc sng .
w- b dy ca tip xc P-N.
Lp di khuch tn ca l trng.
Hiu sut lng t l:
=
trong Fph =
I ph q
Fph
= 1
e w
1 + .L p
(8. 28)
P0
v P0 l cng sut quang sau khi b phn x b mt linh kin.
h
nhy ca it quang:
S=
trong [m ] .
I ph
P0
q. .
=
[A/W]
h. 1,24
(8. 29)
Linh kin cn c nhy cao v n s cho dng in quang cao hn i vi cng cng
sut quang chiu vo.
Tn s v cng ca dng quang in hon ton do tn s v cng ca nh sng
kch thch quyt nh.
it quang loi tip xc P-N c vng in tch khng gian hp, nh sng c hp th
phn ln trong vng bn dn loi P v N. Nh vy hiu sut lng t thp v tc p ng
thp. tng hiu sut lng t ha v nhy ngi ta ch to it quang c vng in tch
khng gian rng hn. l it quang loi PIN v it quang thc APD.
c. it quang loi PIN:
Cu to:
196
CU KIN IN T V QUANG IN T
Cu kin quang in t
P0
e w
1
(1 R f )
h 1 + .L p
I ph = q.
(8. 30)
-VR
Fph
R.Fph
Iph
P+
N+
wp
wn
h.
RL
UCC
EC
h.
in t
khuch tn
a/
b/
EV
vng tri
l trng
khuch tn
Fph (1 R )e x
x
197
c/
CU KIN IN T V QUANG IN T
Cu kin quang in t
Cu to:
Hnh (8- 31a,b) m t cu to v s phn b in trng trong it quang thc APD.
Nh hnh v, lp bn dn nguyn tnh I trong it P-I-N c thay bng mt lp bn dn P c
nng tp cht thp. Nh vy, min bn dn P to thnh min tri v l ni sinh ra cc cp
in t- l trng.
Lp chng phn x
in cc (A)
UCC
URa
Rt
Cng in trng E
P+
P+
P
N+
N
I()
in trng
ti thiu
ion ha
do va chm
P
N+
Vng thc
SiO2
in cc (K)
a/
b/
198
CU KIN IN T V QUANG IN T
Cu kin quang in t
1
2
(8. 32)
199
CU KIN IN T V QUANG IN T
Cu kin quang in t
1000
500
200
100
50
=1060nm
20
800nm
568nm
10
5
2
1 0
UCC(V)
476nm
100
200
300
400
S cp in t l trng sinh ra
S photon i n
I ph / q
P0 / h
(8. 33)
Trong : Iph l dng quang in trung bnh sinh ra do cng sut quang trung bnh P0 i ti
it quang.
Trn it thc t hiu sut lng t ha = (30 95)%.
nhy ca it quang S: (hay h s chuyn i)
nhy ch r gi tr dng quang in sinh ra trn n v cng sut nh sng i n it.
N lin h vi hiu sut lng t ha theo cng thc:
I ph
q
S =
[A/w]
(8. 34 )
=
h
P0
Trong cc it quang loi P-I-N, nhy l hm ca bc sng c m t hnh 8- 33.
200
CU KIN IN T V QUANG IN T
Cu kin quang in t
70%
0,6
InGaAs
Si
50%
Ge
0,4
30%
0,2
10%
0
0,7
0,9
1,1
1,3
1,5
1,7
(m)
Tp m ca b tch quang:
Trong cc h thng thng tin si quang, nhn chung photoit c yu cu tch cc
tn hiu quang rt yu. Vic tch cc tn hiu quang yu nht c th yu cu b tch quang v
mch khuch i tip theo ca n phi ti u sao cho t s tn hiu trn tp m (S/N) c duy
tr. T s tn hiu trn tp m (S/N) ti u ra ca mt b thu quang c xc nh nh sau:
S
N
Thi gian hi p:
p ng in p
%
90%
10%
Thi gian
r
CU KIN IN T V QUANG IN T
Cu kin quang in t
Thi gian hi p ca it quang c biu th bng thi gian ln v thi gian xung ca
tn hiu tch quang trn li ra khi it quang c chiu sng bng bc x quang u vo. Thi
gian ln c o t 10% n 90% sn ln ca xung ra v thi gian xung cng c o nh
vy, xem hnh 8- 34:
8.3.3. T bo quang in v pin mt tri.
a. Cu to:
T bo quang in thng c ch to t cc vt liu: Ge, Si, CdS, ZnS,... Cu to ca
t bo quang in gm phn nhy quang l tm bn dn loi N vi cc ca s trong sut cho
tn hiu quang chiu vo. Pha i din vi lp bn dn N l lp bn dn loi P. Tt c c
bc trong v bo v vi 2 in cc dn ra ngoi.
b. Nguyn l lm vic:
Khi chiu sng ln lp bn dn N, do qu trnh lng t ha s sinh ra tng i in t l trng. Di tc dng ca in trng trong lp tip xc Etx cc l trng s di chuyn t phn
bn dn N sang bn dn P, cn cc in t th chuyn ng v b mt ca lp bn dn N v
lm xut hin hai u cc hiu in th c hng in trng t bn dn P sang bn dn N
(EF) v ngc chiu vi chiu ca in trng tip xc. Do , in trng tip xc gim, cc
ht dn a s s khuch tn qua tip xc P-N. Hin tng ny tip tc n mt tr s EF no
m ti trng thi cn bng ng trong tip xc P-N c xc lp, hiu in th UF hai u
cc in n nh. Nh vy, t bo quang in chuyn nng lng nh sng sang nng lng
in. y l in th h mch ca t bo quang in UL. Nu ni kn mch ngoi bng ti Rt s
c dng in chy qua l IR (trng hp ngn mch ngoi ta s c dng in ngn mch IPhot.).
H s c ch ca t bo quang silic kh cao nn c s dng lm pin mt tri. T bo quang
silic c th hot ng c ch c ngun v ch ch bin tn hiu.
PF
Cc in (K)
Si(N)
Tip xc P-N
Si-N
Rt
EF
IR UL
Etx
Si-P
Si(P+)
Cc in (A)
202
CU KIN IN T V QUANG IN T
Cu kin quang in t
Khi t bo quang c chiu sng, th c tuyn dch chuyn theo chiu m ca trc I.
Khong dch ny bng dng quang in ngn mch IPhot. Lc ny dng in qua t bo quang
s c biu thc:
I = I0[exp(UL/VT) -1] - IPhot
(8. 35)
Trong :
- IPhot. l dng quang in ngn mch.
- UL l in th quang in h mch
- PPhot. l cng sut quang in hiu dng
Hai tham s quan trng ca t bo quang hay pin mt tri l hiu sut bin i v cng
sut hiu dng. Khc vi pin mt tri, cc t bo quang in c cu to vi nhng cu trc
b cho cng sut nh v khng ti u cho ph mt tri.
I
-1/RL
I0
UL
U
Vng ca
t bo quang
PPhot
Vng
it quang
IPhot
Hiu sut bin i quang- in l t s gia cng sut hiu dng ln nht vi h s mt
tri S v tnh theo cng thc:
= (IU)Max/S
(8. 36)
H s mt tri S tu thuc vo s suy gim ca nh sng mt tri qua tng kh quyn v
c o bng n v AM.
Dng in do nh sng to ra trn ti cng hng vi dng in ngc bo ho ca tip
xc P-N. Do vy, dng in tng ca tip xc P-N khi chiu sng c tnh:
U
VT
I = I Phot + I 0 1 e
(8. 37)
(8. 38)
203
CU KIN IN T V QUANG IN T
Cu kin quang in t
I
(8. 39)
U L = VT ln1 + L
I
0
I (mV)
IPhot3=Fullsun
120
Imp
90
60
30
IPhot1=0,13
S
in p h mch
U (mV)
204
CU KIN IN T V QUANG IN T
Cu kin quang in t
a/
PF
E
Mt
chiu
sng
SiO2
SiO2
N+
Tip xc
P-N
Cc gp
C
Hnh 8- 38:
B
b/
+e
IC (mA)
8
P
-e
N
h3
Rt
6
h2
4
+e
h10
ECC
2
0
10
15
h0=0
-UC (V)
205
CU KIN IN T V QUANG IN T
Cu kin quang in t
ra
Rt
B
Rb
UB
UC
E
a/
b/
206
CU KIN IN T V QUANG IN T
Cu kin quang in t
B
E
b/ S tng ng
P0
P0
P1+ N1
P2 N2+
N2+
P2
N1
K
A
G
P1+
A
a/
b/
207
CU KIN IN T V QUANG IN T
Cu kin quang in t
Khi cha chiu sng SCR, ta t in p dng vo ant (UAK > 0) th SCR khng dn
in ch c vng in tch khng gian T2 lan rng. Khi chiu nh sng vo SCR, do qu trnh
quang lng t s xut hin cc i in t- l trng mi lm mt ht dn trong vng ny
tng ln dn n dng in gia ant v catt tng. Khi h s chuyn ti dng in gia tng n
1 (ngha l P + n = 1) th SCR dn in.
Khi cng tn hiu quang tng, gi tr in p dn UD (hay in p nh khuu) gim
v gi tr dng in qua SCR c tnh theo cng thc sau:
I ti + I Phot
IA.S. =
(8. 41)
1 ( P + n )
Trong :
Rt
P2 >P1
P1 0
P0=0
ECC
0
UD1 UDo
UAK
a/
b/
208
CU KIN IN T V QUANG IN T
Cu kin quang in t
a. Cu to v nguyn l lm vic:
Cu to ca b ghp quang gm c mt it pht quang (LED) c nhim v pht ra nh
sng c p ng nhanh vi s thay i ca dng in i qua n, v mt linh kin thu quang (v
d nh it quang, tranzito quang, thyrixto quang...). Hai linh kin ny t cnh nhau to thnh
b ghp quang, trong dng in u vo ca mt mch in s to ra mt dng in thch
ng u ra ca mt mch in khc.
+U
Ivo
LED
-U
it quang
I ra
Rt
Khi LED c phn cc thun, vi dng in thun, LED s pht ra nh sng. nh sng
ny c chiu trc tip ln cu kin thu quang hoc chiu gin tip qua si quang dn v cu
kin thu quang s bin tn hiu quang thnh tn hiu in. Nh vy, u tin tn hiu in c
LED bin thnh tn hiu quang, sau tn hiu quang c cu kin thu quang bin i li
thnh tn hiu in.
b. Tnh cht cch in :
- in tr cch in:
in tr cch in l in tr vi dng in mt chiu gia u vo v u ra ca b
ghp quang. in tr cch in c tr s b nht khong 1011.
- in dung cch in:
Cu trc ca b ghp quang gm c LED v photodiot hoc phototranzito nn c th to
ra mt in dung t 0,3 n 2pF gia u vo v u ra. Do vi in trng thay i nhanh
(500V/S) in dung k sinh ny c th truyn v to ra trn li ra xung in c cc gai nhn.
gim nh hng ny ta nn dng b ghp quang khng c chn ni cc gc ca tranzito
quang, v ni mt t in gia li vo v li ra gim gai nhn xung ra.
- in th cch ly:
in th cch ly l in th cao nht m b ghp quang c th chu ng c. in th
cch ly ph thuc vo cu trc ca b ghp quang, khng kh,...
- H s truyn t dng in (CTR):
H s truyn t l tham s quan trng nht ca b ghp quang. H s truyn t c
tnh theo % cho bit dng in ra ln hn so vi dng in vo ca LED trong mt b ghp
quang:
I ra
CTR =
(8. 42)
I vo
209
CU KIN IN T V QUANG IN T
Cu kin quang in t
A
A
B
C
C
K
K
E
E
a/
b/
A1
A1
A2
K1
MT2
G
K2
a/
K1
G
MT1
b/
210
CU KIN IN T V QUANG IN T
Cu kin quang in t
B lc quang lin quan n k thut ghp knh phn chia theo bc sng -WDM. V mi
mt ngun sng n sc c rng ph hp, nn trong truyn dn n ch s dng mt phn rt
nh bng truyn dn ca mt si quang. Ghp knh phn chia theo bc sng s to ra rt
nhiu knh ph s dng ng thi.
rng ph
ca mt ngun n
10
8
6
4
2
0
(m)
0,6
0,8
1,0
1,2
1,4
1,6
1,8
2.0
211
CU KIN IN T V QUANG IN T
Cu kin quang in t
Knh 1
Knh 2
Ngun 1
Ngun 2
Linh
kin
Si quang n
WDM 1, 2,... N
Knh N
Linh
kin
Tch quang 1
Knh 1
Tch quang 2
Knh 2
WDM
Ngun N
Tch quang N
Knh N
Knh vo
Knh ra
Ngun 1
Tch quang
Linh
kin
WDM
Si quang n
1
2
Linh
kin
WDM
Ngun 2
Knh vo
Hnh 8- 50: H thng WDM hai hng, trong , hai bc sng hoc nhiu hn c
truyn ng thi trong cc hng ngc nhau trn cng mt si quang.
Trong cc h thng thng tin quang trong hai hnh trn, cc b ghp knh phn chia theo
bc sng c hai loi c s dng rng ri nht l cc linh kin tn sc cnh nh cc lng
knh hoc cc cch t, v cc b lc mng mng hoc cc linh kin tch hp quang n mt.
8.5.2. B lc quang bng cc linh kin tn sc (hay b ghp knh tn sc cnh).
d
l tn sc cnh ca linh kin.
d
212
CU KIN IN T V QUANG IN T
Thu knh L1
Cu kin quang in t
1 2 3
1
2
3
d
d
Si quang
Hnh 8- 51:S biu din mt phn t WDM tn sc cnh cho 3 bc sng. Nhiu
bc sng c th kt hp hoc phn chia vi loi linh kin ny.
dx
ti cc si quang thu c xc
d
nh:
d
dx
= f.
d
d
(8. 43)
dx
. d k
d
vi:
(8. 44)
dk - ng knh ca si quang
y gi thit rng tt c cc si quang (pht v thu) u c cng ng knh dk v khu
s NA.
thu nhn tt c nh sng t si quang pht, thu knh chun trc L1 cn c ng knh
b tho mn iu kin:
b > 2f
NA
n'
(8. 45)
trong n l chit sut ca mi trng gia thu knh L1 v linh kin tn sc cnh.
Kt hp cng thc (8. 43), (8. 44) v (8. 45), ta c:
NA
2
d k
n'
b
d
d
(8. 46)
Trong cc h thng thc t, chm tia ra b tri rng ra ngoi bi kch thc hu hn ca
ngun sng v kt qu tn sc cnh do s tri rng bc sng ca rng ph ca ngun.
tng t lng S ca ng knh chm tia c tnh gn ng bng:
S=
b'b
w.d k (NA )
(1 + m )
b
b 2 .n '
213
(8. 47)
CU KIN IN T V QUANG IN T
Cu kin quang in t
trong :
1, 2
2
Si quang
B lc
Thu knh
1
Cc di thng
ca knh
Khong iu chnh ca b lc
Khong cch
gia cc knh
rng bng ca
b lc iu chnh B
214
CU KIN IN T V QUANG IN T
Cu kin quang in t
215
CU KIN IN T V QUANG IN T
Cu kin quang in t
Tm thch anh di ng
Tm thch anh c nh
Mt phn
x
Cc tn hiu
Cng ra A
vo A v B
A
Cc b tch tia phn cc
Cng ra B
B
2
- n : chnh lch gia chit sut thng thng v chit sut
khc thng ca vt liu lng chit.
- : di bc sng.
- du lin quan n cc cng A (du +) v cng B (du -).
S bin i hnh sin ca ph ra c th c thay i bng cch thay i di ng
truyn L i qua tinh th. iu ny t c bng cch di chuyn mt trong cc tm thch anh
ln trn hoc xung di. S thay i chiu di theo cp bc chu k quay phn cc s xc nh
v tr ca knh, cn cc thay i ln hn s sa i s t cch ca cc knh. V tuyn quang l
thun nghch, linh kin ny c th c s dng nh l b ghp knh v hoc nh l b phn
knh u c.
Trong :
216
CU KIN IN T V QUANG IN T
Cu kin quang in t
-V2
-V3
Cht
cch
in
+ + ++
++
Si(N)
217
CU KIN IN T V QUANG IN T
a/
Cu kin quang in t
-V1
-V1
-V2
1
+++
b/
+++
-V1
-V3
-V2
+++
c/
+++
-V1
-V2
-V1
+++
+++
Ty theo s sp xp gia phn detector v phn nh m ta c cc loi CCD khc nhau nh: IT
(Interline Transfer); FT (Frame Transfer); XY (Cu trc vi b dch chuyn digital).
TM TT
Cu kin quang in t nghin cu trong chng 8 gm cc cu kin pht quang (cu
kin bin i in quang) nh LED, LASER v cc cu kin thu quang (cu kin bin i
quang-in) nh in tr quang, it quang, tranzito quang, thyristo quang...
it pht quang- LED l linh kin ph thng ca quang in t, c tn s hot ng rt
cao, th tch nh, cng sut tiu hao b v khng st p khi hot ng. it pht quang c
s dng rng ri hai lnh vc l LED bc x nh sng nhn thy gi l LED ch th v LED
bc x nh sng hng ngoi gi l LED hng ngoi. Hai loi LED ny c cu to v nguyn l
hot ng gn ging nhau, ch c bc sng bc x ra cc vng khc nhau do vt liu bn
dn c rng vng cm khc nhau theo mi quan h:
hc
=
EG
CU KIN IN T V QUANG IN T
Cu kin quang in t
219
CU KIN IN T V QUANG IN T
Cu kin quang in t
v bin :
I(2L) = I(0)
v pha:
e j 2 L = 1
t c iu kienj ny th khuch i ti ngng lasing gth phi ln hn hoc
bng tng mt mt t trong hc cng hng.
c tnh v tham s ca Laser:
c tuyn pht x biu th quan h gia cng sut bc x quang v dng in cung cp
cho Laser. c lasing th ICC ICC ngng
Hiu sut lng t vi phn ngoi xc nh s photon bc x ra trn i in t-l trng:
qdP
dP
ext =
= 0,806
E 0 dI
dI
Khong cch tn s
C
2 Ln
2 Ln
Trong n chit sut ca vt liu bn dn ch to Laser.
Cu kin thu quang c nhim v bin i tn hiu quang sang tn hiu in. in tr
quang l cu kin bn dn khng c tip xc P-N. Hin tng bin i quang in c thc
hin nh hin tng hp th quang to ra cc i in t-l trng. Nhng ht dn mi xut
hin s chuyn ng di tc dng ca in trng v to nn dng quang in v vic chuyn
i quang-in c thc hin.
it quang l cu kin thu quang c tn s lm vic rt cao. it quang c mt tip xc
P-N v qu trnh hp th quang xy ra c bn trong lp tip xc P-N. it quang loi tip xc
P-N cho dng in r nh nht nhng c nhy thp v lp tip xc P-N qu hp, nn hiu
sut quang lng t thp. tng nhy ca it quang ngi ta ch to it quang loi P-IN v it quang thc APD. it quang loi P-I-N c vng tch cc l lp bn dn nguyn tnh
(Intrinsic) dy hn lp tip xc P-N nhiu. Do vy, hiu sut quang lng t c nng cao
dn n cng dng in quang tng ln r rt. Dng in quang c tnh theo cng thc:
e w
1
(1 R f )
1
+
L
Trong :
q- in tch ca in t
P0 cng sut quang i ti it quang
h nng lng photon
h s hp th nh sng ti bc sng
w b dy ca lp bn dn nguyn tnh
Rf phn x ti b mt ca it quang
I phot / q
e w
Hiu sut lng t l:
=
=1P0 / h
1 + LP
Iphot = q
P0
h
nhy ca it quang:
S=
I phot
P0
q
=
h 1,24
[A/w]
CU KIN IN T V QUANG IN T
Cu kin quang in t
221
CU KIN IN T V QUANG IN T
Cu kin quang in t
222
CU KIN IN T V QUANG IN T
p n bi tp
P N BI TP
Chng 1:
Chng 3:
Cu 8: UD = 0,53V;
Cu 9: a/ Pn(0) = 10 14 cm 3 ; n p (0) = 1011 cm 3 ; b/T s = 3.10 4 .
Chng 4:
Cu 15: IC2 = 96mA; IB2 = 4mA; IC1 = 3,92mA; IB1 = 0,08mA; UCE = 12V
Cu 16: IE = 7,5mA; IB = 1,47mA; IC = 7,35mA; UCE = 4,55V; S = 24,88.
Cu 17: R = 110K; S = 9,5; Cu 18: RB = 7K; S = 94,3.
Chng 5:
Cu 15: a/ s mc SC; nh thin t cp; c/ UGS = -0,6V; RS= 600.
Cu 16: UGS = -0,62V; gm = 1,11mA/V; RS = 770; RD 9K.
Cu 17: R1 = 2K
Cu 18: a/ FET u DC; b/ phn cc kiu phn p; c/ trong ti liu.
Cu 19: ID = 24mA; R3 = 83
Chng 8:
223
CU KIN IN T V QUANG IN T
Mc lc
MC LC
Chng 1: Gii thiu chung v cu kin in t ....................................................................... 3
Gii thiu chng .................................................................................................................. 3
Ni dung ................................................................................................................................ 3
1.1 Gii thiu chung.......................................................................................................... 3
1.2 Phn loi cu kin in t ........................................................................................... 3
1.3 Khi nim v mch in v h thng in t .............................................................. 4
1.4 Vt liu in t ............................................................................................................ 4
1.5 Vt liu t.................................................................................................................... 5
Tm tt ni dung.................................................................................................................. 24
Cu hi n tp...................................................................................................................... 25
Ti liu tham kho ............................................................................................................... 26
Chng 2: Cu kin in t th ng...................................................................................... 27
Gii thiu chng ................................................................................................................ 27
Ni dung .............................................................................................................................. 27
2.1 in tr...................................................................................................................... 27
2.2 T in....................................................................................................................... 34
2.3 Cun cm................................................................................................................... 40
2.4 Bin p....................................................................................................................... 44
Tm tt ni dung.................................................................................................................. 49
Cu hi n tp...................................................................................................................... 50
Ti liu tham kho ............................................................................................................... 51
Chng 3: iot bn dn........................................................................................................... 52
Gii thiu chng ................................................................................................................ 52
Ni dung .............................................................................................................................. 52
3.1 Lp tip xc P-N ....................................................................................................... 52
3.2 iot bn dn .............................................................................................................. 58
Tm tt ni dung.................................................................................................................. 70
Cu hi n tp...................................................................................................................... 72
Ti liu tham kho ............................................................................................................... 72
Chng 4: Tranzitor lng cc (BJT) ..................................................................................... 73
Gii thiu chng ................................................................................................................ 73
Ni dung .............................................................................................................................. 73
4.1 Cu to v k hiu ca BJT trong s mch .......................................................... 73
4.2 Cc ch lm vic ca Tranzitor BJT .................................................................... 74
4.3 c tnh qu ca BJT ........................................................................................... 78
4.4 Cc cch mc ca Tranzitor BJT trong s khuch i ......................................... 80
4.5 Phn cc cho Tranzitor lng cc ............................................................................ 88
4.6 S tng ng ch khuch i tn hiu nh tn s thp ........................... 96
Tm tt ni dung................................................................................................................ 102
Cu hi n tp.................................................................................................................... 103
Ti liu tham kho ............................................................................................................. 105
Chng 5: Tranzitor trng FET........................................................................................... 106
Gii thiu chng .............................................................................................................. 106
224
CU KIN IN T V QUANG IN T
Mc lc
Ni dung............................................................................................................................. 106
5.1 Gii thiu chung v FET ......................................................................................... 106
5.2 Tranzitor trng loi iu khin bng tip xc P-N................................................ 107
5.3 Tranzitor trng loi cc ca cch ly...................................................................... 116
Tm tt ni dung ................................................................................................................ 125
Cu hi n tp .................................................................................................................... 126
Ti liu tham kho.............................................................................................................. 128
Chng 6: Cu kin Thyristor................................................................................................ 129
Gii thiu chng .............................................................................................................. 129
Ni dung............................................................................................................................. 129
6.1 Chnh lu Silic c iu khin .................................................................................. 129
6.2 Triac ......................................................................................................................... 132
6.3 Diac.......................................................................................................................... 134
6.4 Tranzitor n nt ..................................................................................................... 136
Tm tt ni dung ................................................................................................................ 139
Cu hi n tp .................................................................................................................... 140
Ti liu tham kho.............................................................................................................. 140
Chng 7: Vi mch tch hp .................................................................................................. 141
Gii thiu chng .............................................................................................................. 141
Ni dung............................................................................................................................. 141
7.1 Khi nim v phn loi vi mch tch hp ................................................................ 141
7.2 Cc phng php ch to mch tch hp bn dn ................................................... 143
7.3 Cc cu kin c tch hp trong vi mch .............................................................. 148
7.4 Vi mch tuyn tnh................................................................................................... 151
7.5 Vi mch s ............................................................................................................... 159
7.6 Vi mch nh............................................................................................................. 160
7.7 Nhng im cn ch khi s dng vi mch tch hp ............................................. 163
Tm tt ni dung ................................................................................................................ 164
Cu hi n tp .................................................................................................................... 165
Ti liu tham kho.............................................................................................................. 166
Chng 8: Cu kin quang in t......................................................................................... 167
Gii thiu chng .............................................................................................................. 167
Ni dung............................................................................................................................. 167
8.1 Gii thiu chung ...................................................................................................... 167
8.2 Cc cu kin bin i in - quang.......................................................................... 169
8.3 Cc cu kin bin i quang - in.......................................................................... 190
8.4 Cc b ghp quang................................................................................................... 204
8.5 Cu kin quang hnh hc dng trong thng tin quang ............................................ 211
8.6 Cu kin CCD ......................................................................................................... 216
Tm tt ni dung ................................................................................................................ 221
Cu hi n tp .................................................................................................................... 221
Ti liu tham kho.............................................................................................................. 222
p n bi tp .................................................................................................................... 223
225
CU KIN IN T
M s: 492CKT220
Chu trch nhim bn tho
TRUNG TM O TO BU CHNH VIN THNG 1