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Bridges Guidelines For Design and Submission
Bridges Guidelines For Design and Submission
These guidelines are intended to provide minimum geotechnical and structural design
requirements for bridges foundations and super structures to safeguard life or limb, environment,
property and public welfare.
Submission requirements while applying for building permit or no objection certificates for
different types of applications are listed clearly for the consultants to avoid any delay for the
project or abortive work.
Submissions must strictly comply with the enclosed submission requirements and that drawings
and design calculations are checked. Incomplete submissions will be returned without review and
as such CED shall not responsible for any delays to the project. CED reserves the right to levy
additional appraisal fees for checking incomplete and unchecked submissions and this fee shall be
paid by the consultant and not passed on to the client.
The information contained in this document has been compiled for use, guidance and minimum
bridge structure requirements. The Guidelines are aimed to give the bridge engineers a general
idea of the basic requirements for review and check bridge schemes until approval from the
CEDs according to principles and standards, in order to facilitate and speed completion of the
work. It is anticipated that the use of these guidelines will result in a uniform design and
construction of bridges throughout Nakheel projects. Any requests for modifications must be fully
documented and presented to PCFC Civil Engineering Department for review and acceptance.
CEDs review and mark up comments to the submitted project through the
owner/consultant for review, revises and registries.
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Soil investigation report for any structure will be mainly based upon its
location with specified coordinates as per affection plan and geographical
maps from the concerned authorities and also with relevant to the
information about magnitude of superimposed loads, shape of the bridge,
past land use, surface topography, geological features and surface
drainage.
To specify coordinates (x, y, and z), Datums as per DMD for boreholes and
to be presented on the site affection plan showing plot limits along with
legend and the north direction. Also neighbouring structures, traffic, utilities,
vegetation, hazardous chemicals to be clearly mentioned in a general
layout.
The visual description of the geotechnical engineer at site for soil samples
and procedures used for sampling, transportation and storage.
Method of sampling the undisturbed, Split Spoon (for SPT) for disturbed
samples.
Presenting the ground or subsurface conditions and the geology of the site
through the findings of the boreholes giving full details of the strata
encountered on boreholes Logs having accurate classification of the soils
according to BS 5930:1999. The boreholes Logs must have values used to
describe the relative density of the coarse grained-soils and the quality and
the strength of rock such as:
Borehole Log must confirm scale, sample key, legend for type of soil, ends of
stratum and ground water table level
Stating the depths range at which the ground water table was encountered
and mentioning that the ground water table is subjected to tidal weather
seasonal variations or by artificial induced effects. Therefore reconfirmation
is recommended prior to any works related to the ground water regime.
Standpipe peizometers to be installed inside minimum two boreholes for
each site after drilling and cleaning of drilling mud by clean water flushing to
monitoring the ground water depth.
Mentioning all the field and laboratory tests achieved in details and
illustrating the results properly.
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(F.S. = CRR/ (1.2-1.5) CSR). There are a potential for liquefaction if the
F.S. less than unity, the layer is susceptible to liquefy and the ground
densification or mitigation measures are needed
EXCAVATION WORKS
The excavation works should be carried out in accordance with good
construction practice and following BS 6031:1981 "Code of Practice for
Earthworks".
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RETAINING STRUCTURES
The geotechnical engineer must give recommendation for the most preferable
shoring system (if required) and soil parameters must be adopted for the
design.
DEWATERING
Care should be taken during dewatering to ensure that fines are not removed
during pumping since this could result in unpredicted settlements of the
surrounding ground and associated structures.
PILE FOUNDATIONS
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(usually at 10% of pile diameter). Hence the pile capacity will be based on
full skin friction and partial end bearing.
FOUNDATION CONCRETE
Where sulphate attack (from the surrounding soil or ground water table) and
chloride attack (from concrete aggregate, mixing water and surrounding
environment) occur together in high concentration, type of cement provides
protection against the corrosion of reinforcement for foundations. In such cases
the test exposure conditions shall be studied in conjunction with modified
recommendations for concrete mix design as using GGBS/Cement 66-80 / 3420% by weight, or 21% to 35% PFA based on local experience in the gulf
region and CIRIA Special Publication 31(1984).
It may be noted that as per CIRIA Special Publication 31, there is no widely
accepted view on concentration at which chlorides become significant in soil or
ground water but experience in the gulf region suggested it may be as low as
0.05% particularly in situations where wetting and drying or capillary rise effect.
Based on the chemical conditions studied by the geotechnical engineer and
the concrete mix design recommendations BS 8500 & BS 5328:Part1:1997,
Tables 7a, b, c.
Settlement
Surface manifestation
Lateral spreading or landsliding
Loss of bearing capacity for shallow foundation
Loss of lateral soil stiffness
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Settlement:
Differential settlement in the range not less than the maximum liquefaction
induced settlement should be expected and considered, if surface footings
exist and no improvement is done.
Surface manifestation:
Surface manifestation such as sand boils or ground fissure may be occurred
during earthquake shaking at the ground level. It is emphases that settlement
may occur, even with the absence of surface manifestation. The evaluating of
the potential for ground cracking and sand boils (Ishihara, 1985) is based on
the thickness of the potentially liquefiable layer and the thickness of the nonliquefiable crust.
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Request sent by
consultant
Structural Division
Feedback in respect of
Compliance of required
documents
If the submission is
complete
If the submission is
incomplete
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16.0
The ultimate axial load should not exceed the value of N given in BS
8110, Part 1 : 1997, Section 3.8.4.3
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Considering lateral load on pile resulting from the vertical compression load
not less than 5 % of the value of the vertical compression load, to be
checked not less than the lateral load evaluated from the super-structure
analysis.
Elastic analysis to check the adequacy of the pile to resist the lateral
loading and bending moment using (Reese & Matlock) is required.
In case of the pile inserted into liquefiable soil, the pile can buckle and push
the soil; it is not necessary to invoke lateral spreading of the soil, which
pushes the pile. This instability depends on the slenderness ratio (Leff /rmin)
of the pile exceeding a critical value in the liquefiable region. Once the
surrounding soil has its effective stresses eliminated by an earthquake, a
susceptible pile starts to buckle in the direction of least elastic stiffness. If
the soil around the pile remains liquefied for long enough, the pile will suffer
gross deformations and the superstructure will either tilt or deform. Codes
of practice need to include a criterion to prevent buckling of slender piles in
liquefiable soils. The designer should first estimate the equivalent length for
Eulers buckling. It is then necessary to select a pile section having a
margin of safety against buckling under the worst credible loads.
Checking for stirrups for the pile is according to Table 3.8 of BS 8110, Part
1: 1997. Lateral ties should not closer than 150 mm centers so that placing
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Checking for bond length of steel bars extended into the foundation to be
according to Table 3.27 of BS 8110, Part 1: 1997.
For friction piles the spacing should be not less than three times the pile
diameter, and not less than twice the pile diameter for end bearing piles as
per BS 8004: 1986, Section 7.3.4.2.
For tension piles resisting uplift or end bearing piles installed from ground
level until deep bedrock, the reinforcement should normally be carried down
for the full length. According to BS 8004 : 1986, Section 7.4.5.3.2
Cover spacers may be pre-formed plastic to be used for the pile. The
spacers should be threaded to lateral stirrups. The spacers should be fixed
at a longitudinal spacing of not more than 2.0 m with minimum of three
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spacers to be placed in each row. One set should be fixed at the pile cut-off
level and one at approximately 1.0 meter from the toe of the cage.
If betonite slurry is used so its density should be less than 1.10 g/mL; the
viscosity as measured by the Marsh Cone should be within a range of 30 to
90 seconds, and the 10 min. gel strength to be in the range of 1.4 N/m2 to
10 N/m2. The pH value should be maintained within a range of 9.5 to 12.
BS8004: 1986, Section 6.5.3.8.1.
The geophysical properties of the bentonite slurry should be re-established
prior to the commencement of concreting operation. A submersible and
circulation pumping system or air lifting system may be utilized for this
purpose.
If extensive bentonite slurry loss occurs during drilling, the drilling will be
stopped immediately. The bore will be backfilled with the excavated
material in order to create a plug surrounding the pile shaft. Re-drilling will
then take place. If further fluid loss or shaft collapse occurs, the bore will be
immediately backfilled with low strength, lean mix concrete prior to any
further excavation taking place.
Before Installing steal cage and casting concrete when reaching the pile toe
level, loose and remolded material and debris will be removed with the
drilling or cleaning bucket.
High slump concrete of specified grade should be used according to Table
14 of BS 8004 : 1986
For a continuous assurance of concrete quality and integrity, concrete
should be poured to minimum 1.50 m above the theoretical pile cut-off
level.
Casting of piles shall be performed as a continuous operation. The concrete
should be designed to remain workable for a minimum of three hours from
the time of the batching to the time of placement into the pile.
The concrete shall be placed by tremie tube method; the tremie size will not
be less than 150 mm. The tremie pipe will be inserted at the centre of the
pile to reach up to the toe. The top of the tremie pipe will be connected to a
funnel. The concrete shall be delivered directly from the transit mixer to the
funnel. The tremie pipe will be lifted 100 mm above pile toe level prior to
concreting. While concreting the length of the tremie pipe will be shortened
if necessary but the tremie pipe will be maintained full time into the concrete
of at least 2.0 m length.
Continuous supervision on site by engineer and the contractor is always
necessary to ensure that the piles are properly.
All plant materials and operations employed in the formation of a pile
should be such as to ensure that the completed pile is of the full cross
section. Where reinforcement is used, care will need to be taken to ensure
that it is not displaced or distorted during the formation of the pile. Effective
means should be employed to keep it in place with correct cover and
alignment during concreting of pile.
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PILES TESTING
Piles testing shall conform to the following minimum requirements:
a) At least one for each pile diameter non-working pile shall be tested to 200% of
the piles working load. BS 8004:1986, Section 7.5.5 or ASTM D 1143-89. (To
be submitted with the pile design calculation sheets before executing any
working piles at the piling design approval stage), Osterberg cell can be
accepted only in the preliminary test.
b) 1 % of total number of working piles and minimum one test for each pile
diameter (group/type) shall be statically tested to not less than 150 % of the
piles working load. BS 8004:1986, Section 7.5.5 or ASTM D 1143-89.
Osterberg cell can be accepted only in the preliminary test.
c) 5 % of the total number of working piles shall be tested using high strain
dynamic method to not less than 150 % of the piles working load. ASTM D
4945-89
d) 10% of the total number of working piles shall be tested using cross- hole
sonic core logging testing method for pile diameter equal or more than 600mm.
ASTM D 6760-02
e) 100 % of working piles shall be tested by using low strain dynamic integrity test
and repeated again for only piles statically tested. ASTM D 5882
f) Pile instrumentation test should be performed for one test pile during static
load test for piles have diameters of 1000 mm or more as per project
specifications.
g) Static laterally loaded piles test should be conducted at cases that lateral loads
are major value in the design as per project specifications.
h) Static tension pile test should be conducted at which using tension piles to
resist uplift as per project specifications.
i) 10 % of working piles boreholes/rig and all preliminary & working test piles or
as per project specifications if more tests are required to be selected randomly
and tested by mechanical calliper logging ( ASTM D 6167 97 & ASTM D
5753 95e1).
j) One set of tests to the steel reinforcement for mechanical and chemical
properties for each bar diameter at the start of the job and every 200 tons of
steel delivered to the site. Every consignment of steel shall have mill
certificates to be submitted from independent laboratories approved by
consultant. BS EN 10080
k) Cube tests results for compressive strength after 28 days comply with BS
1881-116, EN 12390-3.
l) Durability test for concrete samples should be conducted each 500 m3 of the
cast concrete or as per project specifications if more tests are required. (BS
1881-122 ,BS 1881-124, BS 1881-208, ASTM C 1202 & EN 12390-8)
Durability limits for piles, raft slab, tie beams, retaining walls & pile caps (Substructure): Maximum water absorption
=1.5% at 28 day, Maximum water
penetration =10 mm at 28 days and Rapid chloride permeability =1200
coulombs at 28 days (max.).
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Detailed method statement for all static load tests including test setup,
applying load method, reaction system, measurements of pile movement,
loading cycles, increments, durations and design of kentledge or either
anchors or tension piles. All jacks, pressure cells, dial gages, and other
equipments calibration certificates used in testing to be submitted.
Detailed method statement for dynamic load test and checking the pile
reinforcement to withstand the tensile stresses generated by the test.
Details of the provided hole in the centre of the pile top for placing the test
rod and the prepared pile head contains a steel bursting ring to resist
dynamic impact should be submitted for approval.
Detailed method statement for cross-hole sonic logging test using minimum
4 tubes for piles diameters 800 mm and more. Access tubes shall be filled
with clean fresh water within one hour of concrete placement and test
should be done within 45 days after concrete placement to avoid concrete
de-bonding for steel tubes (10 days for PVC tubes). Tube tops shall be
capped immediately after installation to prevent entering of debris to the
access tubes.
All other piles integrity tests method statements including trimming and
cleaning at the final design cut-off level to be submitted for approval.
Quality control, quality assurance, safety and health plans to be submitted
for approval.
Letter of the appointment for both the main consultant and the piling
specialist.
Trade licence for both main consultant and the piling specialist.
Curriculum Vitae of the Resident Engineer for the Lead Consultant and the
piling Specialist, who shall be accredited by CED on both BLUE (Building
Regulations & Design Guidelines) and GREEN (Construction Materials &
Quality Control Guidelines) code.
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All Integrity tests reports approved by the consultant indicating any nicking
or enlargement depth in the pile shaft cross-section or concrete quality.
As built piles coordinates drawing indicating the deviation from the design
coordinates and the resulting difference.
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20.0
Bridge Super-Structure
Project ID
Cover letter for final bridge permits submission.
Affection plan / Lease drawing.
Bridge alignment approved/Certificated by the business unit.
Letter of appointments for the Consultant and main Contractor from the Owner.
Letter of appointments for the third party reviewer.
Trade Licence of the Consultants and Contractor.
Trade Licence of the Third party reviewer.
NOCs from CED-EHS, DEWA, Telecom, RTA and other authorities for the
specific type of infrastructure.
Curriculum Vitae of Resident Engineers for the project from the Consultant and
the Contractor.
Geometry, electricity and utility documents.
Final detailed soil Investigation report including seismic soil parameters &
constructability consideration with recommendations for foundation, concrete
durability and chemical analysis reports.
Proposed concrete mix specifications.
Structural documents consisting:
a.
Titles sheet.
b.
Landscaping, earthwork limit lines, treatments and
protections.
c.
Design Criteria used for the project.
d.
Project Brief highlighting the structural system, design
philosophy and any special considerations used.
e.
One full set of drawings signed and stamped by the
Consultants Engineer. Drawings shall also be signed by the
third party reviewer if the project requires third party review.
f.
Computer analysis model files and active used spread sheets.
g.
Third party reviewers report for the project.
h.
Design calculations arranged in a sequential order according
to the design elements.
i.
Complex component and any other critical issues.
The bridge structural design calculation shall be furnished for all parts of the
structure, contains references to the applicable specification, and at least should
include the followings:
1 Plan, geometry, cross sections and elevations.
2 General notes sheet.
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Certificates required from Third Party along with final superstructure permit.
The Consultant shall prepare and deliver the above final submissions and other
documents to CED for approval. Permit applications shall include the following certificate
issues:
1- The Consultant must have a quality control plan that establish an independently
check, coordination and corrections. The Consultant shall confirm that: all
structural drawings have been checked with CED Bridge Design Guidelines and
Code regulations. The structural calculations have been prepared by Engineers
. and it has been checked by Engineer ....
2- In case of pilling permit submission, the Consultant shall confirm that: the final
piles reactions based on any future modifications due to the design development
process will not exceed the current pile capacity or strength of the structural
members.
3- Third party reviewer certificates should be submitted with a summary of findings,
comments and action sheet results. Also, he shall confirm the followings:
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22.1.
Introduction
The issuance of these guidelines comes in the framework of the CED's publications
designed to facilitate and simplify procedures, which became available to all public
interest. So, this document is an integral part of CEDs other regulations and design
guidelines (blue, green, yellow & red Codes). These guidelines are based on International
& National Codes of Practice, Design Manuals, Technical Books and Papers.
22.2
Design Outcome
The design shall meet all relevant standards for safety, durability, corrosion, fire
resistance, and serviceability. The project must be in accordance with CED regulations,
applicable codes, current successful engineering practices and specifications. The
designer shall investigate alternative systems and shall achieve optimized economical
and constructible solution.
22.3
Applicable Codes
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22.4
Performance Criteria
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4- For medium and long span continuous bridges of special importance, the effects
of vertical ground excitation and seismic wave propagation should be further
investigated.
5- Fatigue load frequency shall be based on traffic study report.
6- Special attention should be given to the dynamic magnification due to
superstructure flexibility result.
7- Soil parameters used in sub-structure and seismic analysis shall be as
recommended in the geotechnical investigation report.
8- Lateral soil-pile-cape interaction must be determined considering sub-grade
coefficients approved by the geotechnical and hydrogeological Engineers.
9- The design shall be carried out the stressing sequence, prestressing and
construction stages effects. Method of supporting, assembly and erection should
be studied. All construction constrains and construction load assumptions shall be
specified on the drawings.
10- All connections should be standardized as much as possible.
11- The eccentricity between the section centroid and shear center shall be evaluated
during the construction phase.
12- The transverse and interface shear design for large skewed structures should be
evaluated carefully.
13- The type, position, method and design of lifting should be suggested.
14- Analyze the stability and lateral buckling of girders for wind loading and
handling/erection during construction and prior to pouring the deck slab.
15- Initial prestress, effective force, elongation and prestress losses shall be shown on
the drawings. Prestress force and elongations shall be checked and recorded
during the stressing operations.
16- Pile foundations shall be designed with a minimum safety factor of 3 4.
17- For un-improved soils, pile foundations shall be designed to account for negative
skin friction plus lateral spreading of the fill material. Both shallow and deep
foundations should be designed for aggressive ground conditions (refer to soil
investing. & piling design guidelines for details).
18- Static and dynamic pile testing for main and trial piles should be confirming with
specification requirements. Specify at least one boring at each pier.
22.5
Software
The popular commercial structural analysis software packages called SAP2000; STAADPro & PROKON are commonly used tools and accepted by CED. Proper computer
software not listed above shall be submitted for review and approval prior to adopting in
the analysis and design.
22.6
Unit System
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22.7
Prestressed concrete has been a favoured material and popular choice for medium and
long span bridge structures, providing design flexibility and rapid construction. In order
to maintain acceptable durability level within required design life span, Epoxy Coated
Prestressing Strands can be adopted. The following parameters shall be considered and
submitted:
1- All material components used in any construction shall be of a type and quality
that confirms the purpose for which they are used.
2- Prestressing system provider shall submit an undertaking letter through the
specialist to CED that contains conformation of full compatibility between his
system components, tensioning equipments and strands used in job site.
3- Stressing force at final jacking stage shall not be less than 45% of tendon breaking
load; otherwise, the specialist shall submit method statement for special
procedures which has to be carried out for CED approval.
4- The type of strand permitted for use shall be filled epoxy-coated seven- wire
strands.
5- Implementation of epoxy coated strands shall generally conform to PCI
Committee report titled Guidelines for the Use of Epoxy-Coated Strand for
internal and external pre-stressing.
6- The minimum accepted coating thickness after curing shall be 0.38mm
7- Value of stress relaxation loss shall be reported to CED by the specialist and
obtained by the manufacturer, the specialist shall be held responsible for the
accuracy of the reported value.
8- Practical value for seating loss shall be obtained from the manufacturer of epoxy
coated strand and reported to CED; in absence of such information, seating loss
can be considered as 9mm for guidance.
9- PTI Guide Specifications titled Recommendations for Stay Cable Design, Testing
and Installation" shall be generally considered as the Guidelines for Use of Epoxy
Coated Strands for Stay Cable Bridges.
10- Polyethylene duct shall be used for internal pre stressing; the inner diameter of
duct shall be consulted with the manufacturer and reported by the specialist.
11- Testing Certificates as reported in ASTM A882/A882M-o4A, and/or ISO 14655
shall be obtained from the manufacturer and submitted by Pre-Stressing Specialist
for CED review prior to starting of installation on site.
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23.0
23.1
23.2
Submission requirements for Bearing approval upon receiving the bridge permit
23.3
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Submission requirements for Expansion Joint approval upon receiving the bridge
permit
Manufacturer company profile.
Material submission inclusive of material sources
Full scale testing report from one of CED approved laboratories
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