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Failure: Every material has certain strength, expressed in terms of stress or strain, beyond
which it fractures or fails to carry the load.
Failure Mode
Yielding: a process of global permanent plastic deformation. Change in the geometry of the
object.
Fracture: a process in which cracks grow to the extent that the component breaks apart.
Buckling: the loss of stable equilibrium. Compressive loading can lead to bucking in
columns.
Failure Modes:
Excessive elastic
deformation
1. Stretch, twist,
bending
2. Buckling
3.
Vibration
or
Yielding
Fracture
Rankin stated max principal stress theory as follows- a material fails by fracturing when the
largest principal stress exceeds the ultimate strength u in a simple tension test. That is, at
the onset of fracture, |1| = u OR |3| = u
S K Mondals
Theories of Failure
Page-3
Crack will start at the most highly stressed point in a brittle material when the largest
principal stress at that point reaches u
Criterion has good experimental verification, even though it assumes ultimate strength is
same in compression and tension
This theory of yielding has very poor agreement with experiment. However, the theory has
been used successfully for brittle materials.
Limitations
o
Yielding will occur when the maximum shear stress reaches that which caused yielding in a
simple tension test.
Failure by slip (yielding) occurs when the maximum shearing stress, max exceeds the yield
stress f as determined in a uniaxial tension test.
S K Mondals
Theories of Failure
Page-4
U=
2
1
12 + 22 + 32 2 ( 1 2 + 2 3 + 3 1 ) = y
2E
2E
12 + 22 + 32 2 ( 1 2 + 2 3 + 3 1 ) = y2
12 + 22 2 1 2 = y2
Based on a more complex view of the role of the principal stress differences.
In simple terms, the von Mises criterion considers the diameters of all three Mohrs circles as
contributing to the characterization of yield onset in isotropic materials.
When the criterion is applied, its relationship to the uniaxial tensile yield strength is:
12 1 2 + 22 = y2
S K Mondals
Theories of Failure
1
2
2
2 1/2
e =
(1 2 ) + (2 3 ) + (3 1 )
2
1
2
2
2
2
2
2 1/2
or e =
( x y ) + ( y z ) + ( x z ) + 6( xy + yz + zx )
Page-5
In formulating this failure theory we used generalized Hooke's law for an isotropic material
so the theory given is only applicable to those materials but it can be generalized to
anisotropic materials.
The von Mises theory is a little less conservative than the Tresca theory but in most cases
there is little difference in their predictions of failure. Most experimental results tend to fall
on or between these two theories.
According to this theory, yielding will occur when the maximum principal strain just exceeds the
strain at the tensile yield point in either simple tension or compression. If 1 and 2 are maximum
and minimum principal strains corresponding to 1 and 2, in the limiting case
Mohrs theory is used to predict the fracture of a material having different properties in
tension and compression. Criterion makes use of Mohrs circle
S K Mondals
Theories of Failure
Page-6
In Mohrs circle, we note that depends on , or = f(). Note the vertical line PC
represents states of stress on planes with same but differing , which means the weakest
plane is the one with maximum , point P.
Points on the outer circle are the weakest planes. On these planes the maximum and
minimum principal stresses are sufficient to decide whether or not failure will occur.
Experiments are done on a given material to determine the states of stress that result in
failure. Each state defines a Mohrs circle. If the data are obtained from simple tension,
simple compression, and pure shear, the three resulting circles are adequate to construct an
envelope (AB & AB)
Mohrs envelope thus represents the locus of all possible failure states.
Higher shear stresses are to the left of origin, since most brittle materials have higher strength in
compression
8. Comparison
A comparison among the different failure theories can be made by superposing the yield surfaces as
shown in figure
S K Mondals
Theories of Failure
Page-7
Match 4 correct pairs between list I and List II for the questions
List-I
List-II
(a) Hooke's law
1. Planetary motion
(b) St. Venant's law
2. Conservation Energy
(c) Kepler's laws
3. Elasticity
(d) Tresca's criterion
4. Plasticity
(e) Coulomb's laws
5. Fracture
(f) Griffith's law
6. Inertia
GATE-1. Ans. (a) - 3, (c) -1, (d) -5, (e) -2
St. Venant's law: Maximum principal strain theory
[GATE-1994]
GATE-2.
Which theory of failure will you use for aluminium components under steady
loading?
[GATE-1999]
(a) Principal stress theory
(b) Principal strain theory
(c) Strain energy theory
(d) Maximum shear stress theory
GATE-2. Ans. (d) Aluminium is a ductile material so use maximum shear stress theory
Vs =
1
2
2
2
( 1 2 ) + ( 2 3 ) + ( 3 1 )
12G
GATE-4.
S K Mondals
Theories of Failure
Page-8
Match List-I (Theory of Failure) with List-II (Predicted Ratio of Shear Stress to
Direct Stress at Yield Condition for Steel Specimen) and select the correct
answer using the code given below the Lists:
[IES-2006]
List-I
List-II
A. Maximum shear stress theory
1. 10
B. Maximum distortion energy theory
2. 0577
C. Maximum principal stress theory
3. 062
D. Maximum principal strain theory
4. 050
Codes:
A
B
C
D
A
B
C
D
(a)
1
2
4
3
(b)
4
3
1
2
(c)
1
3
4
2
(d)
4
2
1
3
IES-1. Ans. (d)
IES-2.
From a tension test, the yield strength of steel is found to be 200 N/mm2. Using
a factor of safety of 2 and applying maximum principal stress theory of failure,
the permissible stress in the steel shaft subjected to torque will be: [IES-2000]
(a) 50 N/mm2
(b) 57.7 N/mm2
(c) 86.6. N/mm2
(d) 100 N/mm2
IES-2. Ans. (d) For pure shear = x
IES-3.
(a )
1
5
(b)
3
9
16
M + M2 + T 2
d3
Therefore
(c)
and =
16
d3
9
5
M2 + T 2
(d)
11
6
M + M2 + T 2 4 + 42 + 32 9
=
=
=
5
M2 + T 2
42 + 32
IES-4.
Which one of the following figures represents the maximum shear stress theory
or Tresca criterion?
[IES-1999]
S K Mondals
IES-7.
Theories of Failure
Page-9
(b) T
(c)
2T
(d) 2T
yt
16T
principal stresses for only this shear stress are
=
2
d3
16 ( 2T )
d3
(b) M
16
IES-8. Ans. (b) =
M + M2 + T 2
d3
(c)
2M
(d) 2M
16
and = 3 M2 + T 2 put T = 0
d
32M
32M
16M yt d3 16M
or yt =
and =
ThereforeM = M
=
=
=
2
2
d3
d3
d3
Weknow that, =
P sin 2
P yt
or max =
=
or P = yt A
A 2
2A
2
IES-10.
A cold roller steel shaft is designed on the basis of maximum shear stress
theory. The principal stresses induced at its critical section are 60 MPa and - 60
MPa respectively. If the yield stress for the shaft material is 360 MPa, the
factor of safety of the design is:
[IES-2002]
(a) 2
(b) 3
(c) 4
(d) 6
IES-10. Ans. (b)
IES-11.
80 0
2
2
+ 30 = 50 N/mm
2
y
2
; F .S . =
280
= 2.8
2 50
For a two-dimensional state stress ( 1 > 2 , 1 > 0, 2 < 0 ) the designed values
are most conservative if which one of the following failure theories were used?
[IES-1998]
(a) Maximum principal strain theory
(b) Maximum distortion energy theory
(c) Maximum shear stress theory
(d) Maximum principal stress theory
IES-12. Ans. (c)
S K Mondals
Theories of Failure
Page-10
[IES-2008]
(d) Mises-Henky
IES-14.
[IES-2008]
(d) Mises-Henky
Rankine
Maximum principal stress theory
St. Venant
Maximum principal strain theory
Mises - Henky
Maximum shear strain energy theory
IES-15.
( 1 2 ) + ( 2 3 ) + ( 3 1 )
2
2
1
= 2 y2
22 + 32 ) 2 ( 1 2 + 2 3 + 3 1 ) = y2
( 1 2 ) + ( 2 3 ) + ( 3 1 ) = 3 y2
2
2
(d) (1 2 )( 1 + 2 + 3 ) = 2 (1 + ) y
(c)
S K Mondals
Theories of Failure
Page-11
D. Maximum
shear
energy theory
Code:
(a)
(c)
IES-18. Ans. (d)
A
2
4
B
1
2
strain
C
3
3
D
4
1
(b)
(d)
A
2
2
B
4
4
C
3
1
D
1
3
For
1 2
theory?
(a) A rectangle
(b) An ellipse
(c) A square
[IAS-2004]
(d) A parabola
S K Mondals
Theories of Failure
Page-12
y =
= 0.577 y
IAS-3.
[IAS-
1 > 2 > 3
simple tension; which one of the following must be satisfied such that the
elastic failure does not occur in accordance with the maximum principal strain
theory?
[IAS-2004]
< 1 2 3
E E
E
E
(c) e > 1 + 2 + 3
E E
E
E
(a)
> 1 2 3
E E
E
E
(d) e < 1 + 2 3
E E
E
E
(b)
S K Mondals
e
E
>
1
E
2
E
3
E
Theories of Failure
Page-13
S K Mondals
Theories of Failure
Page-14
Answer:
32M
d 3
16T
d 3
16
= b b + 2 = 3
2
2
d
2
1,2
M M 2 + T 2
16
M + M 2 + T 2 = 210 106
3
or
3
(0.050)
16
or , 2
16
M 2 + T 2 = 210 106
3
d
Illustrate the graphical comparison of following theories of failures for twodimensional stress system:
(i)
(ii)
S K Mondals
Theories of Failure
Page-15
State the Von- Mises's theory. Also give the naturally expression.
According to this theory yielding would occur when total distortion energy absorbed
per unit volume due to applied loads exceeds the distortion energy absorbed per unit
volume at the tensile yield point. The failure criterion is
(1 2 ) + ( 2 3 ) + (3 1) = 2 2y
2
Derive an expression for the distortion energy per unit volume for a body
subjected to a uniform stress state, given by the 1 and 2 with the third
principal stress 3 being zero.
Answer:
According to this theory yielding would occur when total distortion energy absorbed
per unit volume due to applied loads exceeds the distortion energy absorbed per unit
volume at the tensile yield point. Total strain energy ET and strain energy for volume
change EV can be given as
The failure criterion is thus obtained by equating Ed and Edy , which gives
Answer:
Will the cube yield if the yield strength of the material is 70 MPa? Use
Von-Mises theory.
Yield strength of the material et = 70 MPa = 70 MN/m2 or 70 N/mm2.
S K Mondals
Theories of Failure
Page-16
x + y
2
= 60
1000
= 40 N/mm2
55
800
=
= 32 N/mm2
55
y =
xy
x y
80 + 40
2
+ xy
=
2
2
80 40
2
+ 32
2 ( )
2
and
(1 2 ) + (2 3 ) + ( 3 1) 2yt2
2
Now
(1 2 ) + (2 3 ) + ( 3 1)
2
(i )
= 11745.8
and,
(ii )
Answer:
P
2rt
S K Mondals
Theories of Failure
Page-17
xy =
J=
Tr
Tr
T
=
=
3
J
2r t 2r 3 t
{(r + t )
P
T
, y = 0, xy =
2rt
2r 3 t
02 = 12 + 22 12
1 =
2 =
x y
2
+ xy
+
2
2
x + y
2
x + y
2
In this case,
x y
2
+ xy
2
2
1 =
x
x2
2
, and
+
+ xy
2
4
2 =
x
x2
2
+ xy
2
4
( y = 0)
x2
x2
x2
x2
2
2
2 x
2
= x +
+ xy
+ x
+ xy
x +
+ xy
+ xy
4
4
4
4
2
2
2
2 2
2 2
2
2
2
2
2
= x + x + xy
+ 2. x . x + xy
+ x + x + xy
+ 2. x . x + xy
4
2
4
4
2
4
4
4
2 2
2
x x xy
4
2
2
= x + 3 xy
2
2
0
2
0 = x2 + 3 xy
Answer:
Equivalent torque, Te = M 2 + T 2 =
Factor of safety =
150
= 3.085
48.62
300
= 150MN/m2
2