Fluid Mechanics

178
Solutions ManualFluid Mechanics, Seventh Edition
Chapter 6 Viscous Flow in Ducts

P6.1AnengineerclaimsthatflowofSAE30Woil,at20C,througha5cmdiametersmooth
pipeat1millionN/h,islaminar.Doyouagree?Amillionnewtonsisalot,sothissoundslike
anawfullyhighflowrate.
Solution: ForSAE30Woilat20C(TableA.3),take =891kg/m3 and =0.29kg/ms.

ConverttheweightflowratetovolumeflowrateinSIunits:
Q
(1E 6 N / h)(1 / 3600 h / s )

w
m3
0
.
0318
(0.05m) 2 V , solve V 16.2

3
2
g
s
4
s
(891kg / m )(9.81m / s )
Calculate
Re D
VD
(891kg / m 3 )(16.2m / s )(0.05m)
0.29 kg / m s
2500
(transitional )
Thisisnothigh,butnotlaminar.Ans.Withcarefulinletdesign,lowdisturbances,andavery
smoothwall,itmightstillbelaminar,butNo,thisistransitional,notdefinitelylaminar.
P6.2
The present pumping rate of North Slope crude oil through the Alaska
Pipeline (see the chapter-opener photo) is about 600,000 barrels per day (1 barrel = 42
U.S. gallons). What would be the maximum rate if the flow were constrained to be
laminar? Assume that Alaskan crude oil fits Fig. A.1 of the Appendix at 60C.
Solution: From Fig. A.1 for crude at 60C, = 0.86(1000) = 860 kg/m3 and = 0.0040
kg/m-s. From Eq. (6.2), the maximum laminar Reynolds number is about 2300. Convert
the pipe diameter from 48 inches to 1.22 m. Solve for velocity:
Re D 2300
(860kg / m3 ) V (1.22m)
VD
m
; Solve for V 0.00877
0.0040 kg / m s
s
Q VA (0.00877 m / s ) ( / 4)(1.22m) 2 0.01025 m3 / s 3600 24
886 m3 / day 5600 barrels/day Ans.
179
P6.3
Following up Prob. P6.2, suppose the Alaska Pipeline were carrying 30
million U.S. gallons per day of SAE 30W oil at 20C? Estimate the Reynolds number. Is the
flow laminar?
Solution: For SAE 30W oil at 20C, Table A.3, = 891 kg/m3, and = 0.29 kg/m-s.
Convert the flow rate into cubic meters per second and then find the Reynolds number:
gal
gal
m3
m
24 3600 347
0.0037854 1.314
(or V 1.13 )
day
s
s
s
4Q
4(891)(1.314)
4200 Ans. (Transitional , not laminar)

D (0.29)(1.22m)
Q 30E6
Re D
6.4Forflowof SAE30Woil througha5cmdiameterpipe,fromFig.A.1,forwhat

3
flowrateinm /hwouldweexpecttransitiontoturbulenceat(a)20Cand(b)100C?
Solution:ForSAE30Woiltake 891kg/m 3 andtake0.29kg/msat20C(Table
A.3)and0.01kg/msat100C(FigA.1).WritethecriticalReynoldsnumberintermsof
flowrateQ:
VD 4Q
4(891kg/m 3 )Q
(a) Re crit 2300
D (0.29kg/ms)(0.05m )
m3
m3
solve Q 0.0293
106
Ans.(a)
s
h
VD 4Q
4(891kg/m 3 )Q
(b) Re crit 2300
D (0.010kg/ms)(0.05m)
solve Q 0.00101
m3
m3
3.6
s
h
Ans.(b)
180
Chapter 6Viscous Flow in Ducts
6.5Inflowpastabodyorwall,earlytransitiontoturbulencecanbeinducedbyplacing
atripwireonthewallacrossthe flow,asinFig.P6.5.IfthetripwireinFig.P6.5 is
placedwherethelocalvelocityisU,itwilltriggerturbulenceifUd/850,wheredisthe
wirediameter[Ref.3ofCh.6].Ifthespherediameteris20cmandtransitionisobservedat
ReD90,000,whatisthediameterofthetripwireinmm?
Fig.P6.5
Solution:ForthesameUand,
Ud
UD
Re d
850; Re D
90000,
Re
850
or d D d (200mm)
1.9 mm
90000
Re D
P6.6 Forflowofauniformstreamparalleltoasharpflatplate,transitiontoaturbulent
boundarylayerontheplatemayoccuratRex=Ux/1E6,whereUistheapproachvelocity
andxisdistancealongtheplate.IfU=2.5m/s,determinethedistancexforthefollowingfluids
at20Cand1atm:(a)hydrogen;(b)air;(c)gasoline;(d)water;(e)mercury;and(f)glycerin.
Solution:Wearetocalculatex=(Rex)()/(U)=(1E6)()/[(2.5m/s)].Makeatable:
FLUID
kg/m3
kg/ms
xmeters
Hydrogen
0.00839
9.05E5
43.
Air
1.205
1.80E5
6.0
Gasoline
680
2.92E4
0.17
Water
998
0.0010
0.40
Mercury
13,550
1.56E3
0.046
181
Glycerin
1260
1.49
470.
Clearlytherearevastdifferencesbetweenfluidpropertiesandtheireffectsonflows.
6.7Cola,approximatedaspurewaterat20C,istofillan8ozcontainer(1U.S.gal
128floz)througha5mmdiametertube.Estimatetheminimumfillingtimeifthetube
flowistoremainlaminar.Forwhatcola(water)temperaturewouldthisminimumtime
be1min?
3
Solution:Forcolawater,take998kg/m and0.001kg/ms.Convert8fluid
3
3
ounces(8/128)(231in )2.37E4m .Then,ifweassumetransitionatRe2300,
Re crit 2300
VD 4 Q
2300 (0.001)(0.005)
m3
, or: Q crit
9.05E6
D
4(998)
s
Thentfill/Q2.37E4/9.05E626sAns.(a)
3
(b)WefillinexactlyoneminuteifQcrit2.37E4/603.94E6m /s.Then
Q crit 3.94E6
m 3 2300 D
s
4
if water 4.36E7m 2 /s
FromTableA1,thiskinematicviscosityoccursatT66CAns.(b)
3
6.8Whenwaterat20C( 998kg/m , 0.001kg/ms)flowsthroughan8cm

diameterpipe,thewallshearstressis72Pa.Whatistheaxialpressuregradient(p/x)
ifthepipeis(a)horizontal;and(b)verticalwiththeflowup?
Solution:Equation(6.9b)appliesinbothcases,notingthatwisnegative:
(a) Horizontal:
(b) Vertical,up:
dp 2 w 2(72Pa )
Pa
3600
dx
R
0.04m
m
Ans.(a)
dp 2 w
dz 1
Pa
g
3600 998(9.81) 13, 400
dx
R
dx
m
Ans.(b)
182
6.9Alightliquid( 950kg/m )flowsatanaveragevelocityof10m/sthrougha

horizontalsmoothtubeofdiameter5cm.Thefluidpressureismeasuredat1mintervals
alongthepipe,asfollows:
x,m:
p,kPa:
0
304
1
273
2
255
3
240
4
226
5
213
6
200
Estimate(a)thetotalheadloss,inmeters;(b)thewallshearstressinthefullydeveloped
sectionofthepipe;and(c)theoverallfrictionfactor.
Solution:AssketchedinFig.6.6ofthetext,thepressuredropsfastintheentrance
region (31 kPa in the first meter) and levels off to a linear decrease in the fully
developedregion(13kPa/mforthisdata).
(a)Theoverallheadloss,forz0,isdefinedbyEq.(6.8)ofthetext:
hf
p 304,000 200,000Pa
11.2m
g (950kg/m3 )(9.81m/s2 )
Ans.(a)
(b)ThewallshearstressinthefullydevelopedregionisdefinedbyEq.(6.9b):
p
fully developed 13000Pa 4 w 4 w , solvefor w 163 Pa
L
1m
d
0.05m
Ans.(b)
(c)TheoverallfrictionfactorisdefinedbyEq.(6.10)ofthetext:
foverall h f ,overall
2
d 2g
0.05m 2(9.81m/s )
(11.2
m
)
0.0182
L V2
(10m/s)2
6m
Ans.(c)
NOTE:Thefullydevelopedfrictionfactorisonly0.0137.
6.10Waterat20C(998kg/m )flowsthroughaninclined8cmdiameterpipe.At
sectionsAandB,pA186kPa,VA3.2m/s,zA24.5m,whilepB260kPa,VB3.2
m/s,andzB9.1m.Whichwayistheflowgoing?Whatistheheadloss?
183
Solution:Guess that the flow is from A to B and write the steady flow energy
equation:
pA VA2
pB VB2
186000
260000
zA
zB h f , or:
24.5
9.1 h f ,
g 2g
g 2 g
9790
9790
or: 43.50 35.66 h f , solve: h f 7.84 m Yes, flow is from Ato B. Ans.(a,b)
6.11Waterat20Cflowsupwardat4m/sina6cmdiameterpipe.Thepipelength
between points 1 and 2 is 5 m, and point 2 is 3 m higher. A mercury manometer,
connectedbetween1and2,hasareadingh135mm,withp1higher.(a)Whatisthe
pressurechange(p1p2)?(b)Whatistheheadloss,inmeters?(c)Isthemanometerreading
proportionaltoheadloss?Explain.(d)What
isthefrictionfactoroftheflow?
Solution:A sketch of this situation is
shown at right. By moving through the
manometer,weobtainthepressurechange
betweenpoints1and2,whichwecompare
withEq.(6.9b):
p1 w h m h w z p2 ,
N
N
or: p1 p2 133100 9790 3 (0.135m) 9790 3 (3m)
m
m
16650 29370 46,000Pa
FromEq.(6.9b), h f
The friction factoris
Ans.(a)
p
46000Pa
z
3m 4.7 3.0 1.7m
w
9790N /m3
f hf
Ans.(b)
2
d 2g
0.06m 2(9.81m/s )
(1.7
m
)
0.025 Ans.(d)
L V2
5m
(4m/s)2
Bycomparingthemanometerrelationtotheheadlossrelationabove,wefindthat:
hf
( m w )
h
w
andthusheadlossis proportionaltomanometerreading. Ans.(c)
NOTE:INPROBLEMS6.12TO6.99,MINORLOSSESARENEGLECTED.
184
6.12A5mmdiametercapillarytubeisusedasaviscometerforoils.Whentheflow
3
rateis0.071m h,themeasuredpressuredropperunitlengthis375kPam.Estimatethe
viscosityofthefluid.Istheflowlaminar?Canyoualsoestimatethedensityofthefluid?
Solution:Assumelaminarflowandusethepressuredropformula(6.12):
p ? 8Q
Pa ? 8(0.071/3600)
kg
, or: 375000
, solve 0.292
Ans.
4
4
L R
m
ms
(0.0025)
kg
Guessing oil 900 3 ,
m
4 Q 4(900)(0.071/3600)
check Re
16 OK,laminar Ans.
d
(0.292)(0.005)
Itisnotpossibletofinddensityfromthisdata,laminarpipeflowisindependentofdensity.
6.13A soda straw is 20 cm long and 2 mm in diameter. It delivers cold cola,

3
approximatedaswaterat10C,atarateof3cm s.(a)Whatistheheadlossthroughthe
straw? What is the axial pressure gradient px if the flow is (b) vertically up or
(c)horizontal?Canthehumanlungdeliverthismuchflow?
3
Solution:Forwaterat10C,take1000kgm and1.307E3kgms.CheckRe:
Re
4 Q 4(1000)(3E6m 3 /s)
1460 (OK,laminarflow)
d (1.307E3)(0.002)
Then,fromEq.(6.12), h f
128 LQ 128(1.307E3)(0.2)(3E6)
0.204m
gd 4
(1000)(9.81)(0.002)4
Ans.(a)
Ifthestrawishorizontal,thenthepressuregradientissimplyduetotheheadloss:
p
horiz gh f 1000(9.81)(0.204m) 9980 Pa
L
L
0.2m
m
Ans.(c)
Ifthestrawisvertical,withflowup,theheadlossandelevationchangeaddtogether:
p
vertical g(h f z) 1000(9.81)(0.204 0.2) 19800 Pa
L
L
0.2
m
Ans.(b)
Thehumanlungcancertainlydelivercase(c)andstronglungscandevelopcase(b)also.
185
6.14Water at 20C is to be siphoned

through a tube 1 m long and 2 mm in
diameter, as in Fig. P6.14. Is there any
height H forwhichtheflowmightnotbe
laminar?WhatistheflowrateifH50cm?
Neglectthetubecurvature.
Fig.P6.14
Solution:Forwaterat20C,take998kgm and0.001kgms.Writethesteady
flowenergyequationbetweenpoints1and2above:
patm 02
p
V2
V2
32 L
z1 atm tube z 2 h f , or: H

hf
V
g 2g
g
2g
2g
gd 2
(1)
V2
32(0.001)(1.0)V
m
EnterdatainEq.(1): 0.5
, solve V 0.590
2
2(9.81) (998)(9.81)(0.002)
s
Equation(1)isquadraticinVandhasonlyonepositiveroot.Thesiphonflowrateis
m3
m3
(0.002)2 (0.590) 1.85E6
0.0067
if H 50 cm Ans.
4
s
h
Check Re (998)(0.590)(0.002) /(0.001) 1180(OK,laminarflow)
Q H=50cm
ItispossibletoapproachRe2000(possibletransitiontoturbulentflow)forH1m,
forthecaseofthesiphonbentovernearlyvertical.WeobtainRe2000atH0.87m.
6.15ProfessorGordonHollowayandhisstudentsattheUniversityofNewBrunswick
3
wenttoafastfoodemporium andtriedtodrinkchocolate shakes( 1200kg/m ,
6kg/ms)throughfatstraws8mmindiameterand30cmlong.(a)Verifythattheir
humanlungs,whichcandevelopapproximately3000Paofvacuumpressure,wouldbe
unabletodrinkthemilkshakethroughtheverticalstraw.(b)Astudentcut15cmfrom
hisstrawandproceededtodrinkhappily.Whatrateofmilkshakeflowwasproducedby
thisstrategy?
Solution:(a)Assumethestrawisbarelyinsertedintothemilkshake.Thentheenergy
equationpredicts
2
p1 V1
p2 V22
z hf
g 2 g 1 g 2 g 2
000
(3000Pa )
V 2tube
0.3m h f
(1200kg/m3 )(9.81m/s2 ) 2 g
Solve for h f 0.255 m 0.3 m
V2tube
0 whichisimpossible
2g
Ans.(a)
186
(b)Bycuttingoff15cmofverticallengthandassuminglaminarflow,weobtainanew
energyequation
h f 0.255 0.15
V 2 32 LV
V2
32(6.0)(0.15)V
0.105
m
38.23V
2
2g
2(9.81) (1200)(9.81)(0.008)2
gd
Solvefor V 0.00275m/s, Q AV ( /4)(0.008)2 (0.00275)

Q 1.4 E7
m3
cm 3
0.14
s
s
Ans.(b)
Check the Reynolds number:Red Vd/ (1200)(0.00275)(0.008)/(6) 0.0044

(Laminar).
P6.16
Fluid flows steadily, at volume rate Q, through a large horizontal pipe and then
divides into two small pipes, the larger of which has an inside diameter of 25 mm and carries
three times the flow of the smaller pipe. Both small pipes have the same length and pressure
drop. If all flows are laminar, estimate the diameter of the smaller pipe.
Solution: For laminar flow in a horizontal pipe, the volume flow is a simple formula,
Eq. (6.12):
d 4 p
Qlaminar
( )
128 L
Since p, L, and are the same in the two small pipes, it follows that the flows simply vary as
the 4th power of their diameters. Let pipe 1 have the 25-mm diameter. Then we compute
Q1 ( const ) ( d14 ) 3Q2 3(const )(d 24 )
Thus
d2
d1
31/ 4
25 mm
1.316
19.0 mm
Ans.
187
6.17A capillaryviscometer measuresthetimerequiredforaspecifiedvolume of

liquidtoflowthroughasmallboreglasstube,asinFig.P6.17.Thistransittimeisthen
correlatedwithfluidviscosity.Forthesystemshown,(a)deriveanapproximateformula
forthetimerequired,assuminglaminarflowwithnoentranceandexitlosses.(b)IfL
3
12cm,l2cm,8cm ,andthefluidiswaterat20C,whatcapillarydiameterDwill
resultinatransittimetof6seconds?
Fig.P6.17
Solution:(a)Assumenopressuredropandneglectvelocityheads.Theenergyequation
reducesto:
p1 V12
p2 V22
z1 0 0 ( L l )
z2 h f 0 0 0 h f , or: h f L l
g 2g
g 2g
Forlaminar flow, h f
Solve for
128 LQ
gd 4
t
and, foruniformdraining, Q
128 L
gd 4 ( L l )
Ans.(a)
(b)Applyto t 6s.Forwater,take 998kg/m and 0.001kg/ms.Formula(a)

predicts:
t 6s
128(0.001kg/ms)(0.12m)(8 E 6m 3 )
,
(998kg/m3 )(9.81m/s2 )d 4 (0.12 0.02m)
Solvefor d 0.0015 m
Ans.(b)
188
6.18Todeterminetheviscosityofaliquidofspecificgravity0.95,youfill,toadepth
of12cm,alargecontainerwhichdrainsthrougha30cmlongverticaltubeattachedto
3
thebottom.Thetubediameteris2mm,andtherateofdrainingisfoundtobe1.9cm s.
Whatisyourestimateofthefluidviscosity?Isthetubeflowlaminar?
Fig.P6.18
Solution:Theknownflowrateanddiameterenableustofindthevelocityinthetube:
V
Q
1.9 E6m 3 /s
m
0.605
2
A ( /4)(0.002m)
s
3
Evaluate liquid0.95(998)948kgm .Writetheenergyequationbetweenthetopsurface

andthetubeexit:
2
pa Vtop
p
V2
ztop a
0 hf ,
g 2 g
g 2 g
or: 0.42
V 2 32 LV (0.605)2
32 (0.3)(0.605)
2
2g
2(9.81) 948(9.81)(0.002)2
gd
NotethatLinthisexpressionisthetubelengthonly(L30cm).
kg
(laminar flow) Ans.
ms
Vd 948(0.605)(0.002)
Red
446(laminar )
0.00257
Solvefor 0.00257
189
6.19Anoil(SG0.9)issuesfromthepipeinFig.P6.19atQ35ft /h.Whatisthe
3
kinematicviscosityoftheoilinft /s?Istheflowlaminar?
Solution:Applysteadyflowenergy:
patm 02
p
V2
z1 atm 2 z 2 h f ,
g 2g
g 2g
Fig.P6.19
where V2
Q
35/3600
ft
7.13
2
A (0.25 /12)
s
V22
(7.13)2
Solve h f z1 z2
10
9.21ft
2g
2(32.2)
Assuminglaminarpipeflow,useEq.(6.12)torelateheadlosstoviscosity:
128 LQ 128(6)(35/3600)
ft 2
h f 9.21ft
, solve 3.76E4
s
gd 4
(32.2)(0.5/12)4
Ans.
CheckRe 4Q/( d) 4(35/3600)/[ (3.76E4)(0.5/12)] 790(OK,laminar)
P6.20TheoiltanksinTinylandareonly160cmhigh,andtheydischargetotheTinylandoil
truckthroughasmoothtube4mmindiameterand55cmlong. Thetubeexitisopentothe
atmosphereand145cmbelowthetanksurface.Thefluidismediumfueloil,=850kg/m3and
=0.11kg/ms.Estimatetheoilflowrateincm3/h.
Solution:Thesteadyflowenergyequation,with1atthetanksurfaceand2theexit,gives
z1 z 2
V 2
LV2
V2
64 0.55m
850V (0.004)
f
, or : z 1.45m
(2.0
) , Re d
2g
d 2g
2g
Re d 0.004m
0.11
190
Wehavetakentheenergycorrectionfactor=2.0forlaminarpipeflow.
SolveforV=0.10m/s,Red=3.1(laminar),Q=1.26E6m3/s4500cm3/h.Ans.
TheexitjetenergyV2/2gisproperlyincludedbutisverysmall(0.001m).
6.21InTinyland,housesarelessthana
foot high! The rainfall is laminar! The
drainpipe in Fig. P6.21 is only 2 mm in
diameter.(a)Whenthegutterisfull,what
is the rate of draining? (b) The gutter is
designedforasuddenrainstormofupto
5mmperhour.Forthiscondition,whatis
themaximumroofareathatcanbedrained
successfully?(c)WhatisRed?
Fig.P6.21
Solution:If the velocity at the gutter

surface is neglected, the energy equation
reducesto
V2
32 LV
z
h f , where h f ,laminar
2g
gd 2
3
Forwater,take 998kg/m and 0.001kg/ms.(a)With z known,this isa
quadraticequationforthepipevelocityV:
V2
32(0.001kg/ms)(0.2m)V
0.2m
,
2
2(9.81m/s ) (998kg/m 3 )(9.81m/s2 )(0.002m)2
m
or: 0.051V 2 0.1634V 0.2 0, Solve for V 0.945 ,
s
3
3
m
m
m
Q (0.002m)2 0.945 2.97E6

0.0107
Ans.(a)
4
s
s
h
3
(b)Theroofareaneededformaximumrainfallis0.0107m /h0.005m/h2.14m .Ans.

(b)
(c) The Reynolds number of the gutter is Re d (998)(0.945)(0.002)/(0.001) 1890
laminar.Ans.(c)
191
6.22AsteadypushonthepistoninFig.P6.22causesaflowrate Q 0.15cm /s
3
throughtheneedle.Thefluidhas 900kg/m and0.002kg/(ms).WhatforceFis
requiredtomaintaintheflow?
Fig.P6.22
Solution:Determinethevelocityofexitfromtheneedleandthenapplythesteady
flowenergyequation:
V1
Q
0.15
306cm/s
A ( /4)(0.025)2
p2 V22
p1 V12
Energy:
z2
z h h , with z1 z 2 ,V2 0,h f2 0

g 2g
g 2g 1 f1 f2
Assumelaminarflowfortheheadlossandcomputethepressuredifferenceonthepiston:
p2 p1
V12 32(0.002)(0.015)(3.06) (3.06)2
h f1
5.79m
g
2g (900)(9.81)(0.00025)2 2(9.81)
Then F pA piston (900)(9.81)(5.79) (0.01) 2 4.0N

4
Ans.
6.23SAE10oilat20Cflowsinaverticalpipeofdiameter2.5cm.Itisfoundthatthe
3
pressureisconstantthroughoutthefluid.Whatistheoilflowrateinm /h?Istheflowup
ordown?
3
Solution:ForSAE10oil,take870kg/m and0.104kg/ms.Writetheenergy
equationbetweenpoint1upstreamandpoint2downstream:
p1 V12
p
V2
z1 2 2 z 2 h f , with p1 p 2 and V1 V2
g 2g
g 2g
Thus h f z1 z 2 0bydefinition.Therefore,flowis down. Ans.
Whileflowingdown,thepressuredropduetofrictionexactlybalancesthepressurerise
duetogravity.
192
AssuminglaminarflowandnotingthatzL,thepipelength,weget
hf
128 LQ
z L,
gd 4
(8.70)(9.81)(0.025)4
m3
m3
or: Q
7.87E4
2.83
128(0.104)
s
h
Ans.
6.24Twotanksofwaterat20Careconnectedbyacapillarytube4mmindiameter
and 3.5 m long. The surface of tank 1 is 30 cm higher than the surface of tank 2.
3
(a)Estimatetheflowrateinm /h.Istheflowlaminar?(b)Forwhattubediameterwill
Redbe500?
3
Solution:Forwater,take998kg/m and0.001kg/ms.(a)Bothtanksurfaces
areatatmospheric pressureandhavenegligible velocity. Theenergyequation,when
neglectingminorlosses,reducesto:
z 0.3m h f
128 LQ
128(0.001kg/ms)(3.5m)Q
4
gd
(998kg/m3 )(9.81m/s 2 )(0.004m)4
m3
m3
Solvefor Q 5.3E6
0.019
Ans.(a)
s
h
Check Re d 4Q/( d ) 4(998)(5.3E6)/[ (0.001)(0.004)]
Re d 1675 laminar. Ans.(a)
(b)IfRed5004Q/(d)andzhf,wecansolveforbothQandd:
Re d 500
h f 0.3m
4(998kg/m3 )Q
, or Q 0.000394 d
(0.001kg/ms)d
128(0.001kg/ms)(3.5m)Q
, or Q 20600 d 4
3
2
4
(998kg/m )(9.81m/s )d
Combinethesetwotosolve for Q 1.05E6m 3 /s and d 2.67 mm
Ans.(b)
193
6.25FortheconfigurationshowninFig.P6.25,thefluidisethylalcoholat20C,and
3
thetanksareverywide.Findtheflowratethatoccurs,inm /h.Istheflowlaminar?
3
Solution:Forethanol,take789kg/m and0.0012kg/ms.Writetheenergy
equationfromupperfreesurface(1)tolowerfreesurface(2):
Fig.P6.25
V12
V22
p1
p
z1 2
z 2 h f , with p1 p2 andV1 V2 0
g 2g
g 2g
Then h f z1 z 2 0.9m
128 LQ 128(0.0012)(1.2m)Q
gd 4
(789)(9.81)(0.002)4
Solvefor Q 1.90E6m 3 /s 0.00684 m 3 /h.
Ans.
ChecktheReynoldsnumberRe4Q/(d)795OK,laminarflow.
P6.26Twooiltanksareconnectedby
za=22m
zb=
15m
two9mlongpipes,asinFig.P6.26.
Pipe1is5cmindiameterandis6m
higherthanpipe2.Itisfoundthatthe
flowrateinpipe2istwiceaslargeas
theflowinpipe1.(a)Whatisthediameter
D1=5cm
SAE30W
D2
oilat
20C
L=9m
Fig.P6.26
6m
194
ofpipe2?(b)Arebothpipeflowslaminar?
(c)Whatistheflowrateinpipe2(m3/s)?
Neglectminorlosses.
Solution:(a)Ifweknowtheflowsarelaminar,and(L,,)areconstant,thenQD4:
From Eq. (6.12),
Q2
D
2.0 ( 2 ) 4 , hence D2 (5 cm)(2.0)1 / 4 5.95 cm
Q1
D1
Ans.(a)
Wewillchecklaterinpart(b)tobesuretheflowsarelaminar.[Placingpipe1sixmeters
higherwasmeanttobeaconfusingtrick,sincebothpipeshaveexactlythesameheadloss
andz.](c)FindtheflowratefirstandthenbacktracktotheReynoldsnumbers.ForSAE
30Woilat20C(TableA.3),take =891kg/m3 and =0.29kg/ms. Fromtheenergy
equation,withV1=V2=0,andEq.(6.12)forthelaminarheadloss,
z 22 15 7 m h f
128LQ
gD24
Solve for
128(0.29kg / m s )(9m) Q2
(891kg / m 3 )(9.81m / s 2 )(0.0595m) 4

Q2 0.0072 m 3 /s
Ans.(c )
In a similar manner, insert D1 = 0.05m and compute Q1 = 0.0036 m3/s = (1/2)Q1.

(b)NowgobackandcomputetheReynoldsnumbers:
Re1
4 Q1
4 Q2
4(891)(0.0036)
4(891)(0.0072)
281 ; Re 2
473 Ans.(b)
D1
(0.29)(0.050)
D2
(0.29)(0.0595)
Both flows are laminar, which verifies our flashy calculation in part (a).
195
6.27LetusattackProb.6.25insymbolicfashion,usingFig.P6.27.Allparameters are
constantexcepttheuppertankdepthZ(t).Findanexpressionfortheflowrate Q(t)asa
functionofZ(t).Setupadifferentialequation,andsolveforthetimet0todraintheupper
tankcompletely.Assumequasisteadylaminarflow.
Solution:TheenergyequationofProb.6.25, using symbols only, is combined with a
controlvolumemassbalanceforthetanktogivethebasicdifferentialequationforZ(t):
Fig.P6.27
energy: h f
32 LV
d 2

h Z; massbalance:
D Z d 2 L Q d 2 V,
2
dt 4
4
4
gd
or:
2 dZ
gd 2
D
d 2 V, where V
(h Z)
4
dt
4
32 L
Separatethevariablesandintegrate,combiningalltheconstantsintoasingleC:
Z
dZ
gd 4
Ct
C
dt,
or:
Z
(h
Z
)e
h
,
where
C
o
hZ
32 LD2
Zo
0
TankdrainscompletelywhenZ 0, att 0
Z
1
ln 1 o
C
h
Ans.
Ans.
196
6.28Forstraighteningandsmoothingan
airflowina50cmdiameterduct,theduct
ispackedwithahoneycombofthinstraws
oflength30cmanddiameter4mm,asin
Fig.P6.28.Theinletflowisairat110kPa
and20C,movingatanaveragevelocityof
6 m/s. Estimate the pressure drop across
thehoneycomb.
eachonewouldseetheaveragevelocityof
6m/s.Thus
Solution:For air at 20C, take

3
1.8E5kg/msand 1.31kg/m .There
wouldbeapproximately12000straws,but
Fig.P6.28
p laminar
32 LV 32(1.8E5)(0.3)(6.0)
65Pa
d2
(0.004)2
Ans.
CheckReVd/(1.31)(6.0)(0.004)/(1.8E5)1750OK,laminarflow.
P6.29
SAE 30W oil at 20C flows through a straight pipe 25 m long, with
diameter 4 cm. The average velocity is 2 m/s. (a) Is the flow laminar? Calculate (b) the
pressure drop; and (c) the power required. (d) If the pipe diameter is doubled, for the same
average velocity, by what percent does the required power increase?
Solution: For SAE 30W oil at 20C, Table A.3, = 891 kg/m3, and = 0.29 kg/m-s. (a)
We have enough information to calculate the Reynolds number:
Re D
VD
(891)(2.0)(0.04)
246 2300
0.29
Yes, laminar flow Ans.(a )
(b, c) The pressure drop and power follow from the laminar formulas of Eq. (6.12):
197
32 LV
D
32(0.29)(25)(2.0)
(0.04) 2
290, 000 Pa
Ans.(b)
m3
D V (0.04)2 (2.0) 0.00251
4
4
s
3
m
Power Q p (0.00251 )(290, 000 Pa) 729 W Ans.(c)
2
(d) If D doubles to 8 cm and V remains the same at 2.0 m/s, the new pressure drop will be
72,500 Pa, and the new flow rate will be Q = 0.01005 m3/s, hence the new power will be
P = Q p = (0.01005)(72,500) = 729 W
Zero percent change!
Q
This is because D2 cancels in the product P = Q p = 8 L V2.

NOTE: The flow is still laminar, ReD = 492.
6.30SAE10oilat20Cflowsthrough
the 4cmdiameter vertical pipe of
Fig. P6.30. For the mercury manometer
readingh42cmshown,(a)calculatethe
3
volumeflowrateinm /h,and(b)statethe
directionofflow.
Ans.(d)
Fig.P6.30
Solution:For SAE 10 oil, take

3
870 kg/m and 0.104 kg/ms. The
pressure at the lower point (1) is
considerablyhigherthanp2accordingtothe
manometerreading:
p1 p2 ( Hg oil )gh (13550 870)(9.81)(0.42) 52200Pa
p/(oil g) 52200/[870(9.81)] 6.12m
Thisismorethan3mofoil,thereforeitmustincludeafrictionloss:flowisup.Ans.(b)
Theenergyequationbetween(1)and(2),withV1V2,gives
p1 p2
128 LQ
z 2 z1 h f , or 6.12m 3m h f , or: h f 3.12m
g
gd 4
Compute Q
(6.12 3) (870)(9.81)(0.04)4
m3
m3
0.00536
19.3
128(0.104)(3.0)
s
h
Ans.(a)
CheckRe 4Q/(d) 4(870)(0.00536)/[ (0.104)(0.04)] 1430 (OK,laminarflow).
198
P6.31 AlaminarflowelementorLFE(MeriamInstrumentCo.)measureslowgasflowrates
withabundleofcapillarytubespackedinsidealargeoutertube.Consideroxygenat20Cand
1atmflowingat84ft3/minina4indiameterpipe. (a)Istheflowapproachingtheelement
turbulent? (b)Ifthereare1000capillarytubes, L =4in,selectatubediametertokeepRe d
below1500andalsotokeepthetubepressuredropnogreaterthan0.5lbf/in 2.(c)Dothetubes
selectedinpart(b)fitnicelywithintheapproachpipe?
Solution:Foroxygenat20Cand1atm(TableA.4),takeR=260m2/(s2K),hence=p/RT=
(101350Pa)/[260(293K)]=1.33kg/m3=0.00258slug/ft3.Alsoread=2.0E5kg/ms=4.18E
7slug/fts.ConvertQ=84ft3/min=1.4ft3/s.ThentheentrypipeReynoldsnumberis
Re D
VD
4 Q
4(0.00258slug / ft 3 )(1.4 ft 3 / s )
( 4.18 E 7 slug / ft s )( 4 / 12 ft )
33,000
( turbulent ) Ans.( a )
(b)TokeepRedbelow1500andkeepthe(laminar)pressuredropnomorethan72psf(0.5psi),
Re d
Vd
1500 and
32 LV
d
72
lbf
ft
where V
Q / 1000
( / 4) d 2
Selectvaluesofdanditerate,oruseEES.TheupperlimitonReynoldsnumbergives
Re d 1500
if
d 0.00734 ft 0.088 in ;
p 2.74 lbf / ft 2
Ans.(b)
Thisisasatisfactoryanswer,sincethepressuredropisnoproblem,quitesmall. One
thousandofthesetubeswouldhaveanareaaboutonehalfofthepipearea,sowouldfit
nicely.Ans.(c)
Increasing the tube diameter would lower Red and have even smaller pressure drop.
Example:d=0.01ft,Red=1100,p=0.8psf.These0.01ftdiametertubeswouldjust
barelyfitintothelargerpipe.Onedisadvantage,however,isthatthesetubesareshort:
199
the entrance length is longer than the tube length, and thus p will be larger than
calculatedbyfullydevelopedformulas.
6.32SAE30oilat20Cflowsinthe3
cmdiameter pipe in Fig. P6.32, which
slopes at 37. For the pressure measure
ments shown, determine (a) whether the
flowisupordownand(b)theflowrate
3
inm /h.
Fig.P6.32
Solution:ForSAE30oil,take 891
3
kg/m and 0.29kg/ms.Evaluatethe
hydraulicgradelines:
HGL B
pB
180000
500000
zB
15 35.6m; HGL A
0 57.2m
g
891(9.81)
891(9.81)
Since HGL A HGL B theflowisup
Ans.(a)
Theheadlossisthedifferencebetweenhydraulicgradelevels:
h f 57.2 35.6 21.6m
128 LQ
128(0.29)(25)Q
gd 4
(891)(9.81)(0.03)4
Solvefor Q 0.000518m 3 /s 1.86 m 3 /h
Ans.(b)
Finally,checkRe4Q/(d)68(OK,laminarflow).
P6.33
Water at 20C is pumped from a reservoir through a vertical tube 10 ft
th
long and 1/16 inch in diameter. The pump provides a pressure rise of 11 lbf/in2 to the
flow. Neglect entrance losses. (a) Calculate the exit velocity. (b) Approximately how
high will the exit water jet rise? (c) Verify that the flow is laminar.
Solution: For water at 20C, Table A.3, = 998 kg/m3 = 1.94 slug/ft3, and = 0.001
kg/m-s = 2.09E-5 slug/ft-s. The energy equation, with 1 at the bottom and 2 at the top of
the tube, is:
200
p1
V12
p2
V22
V22
32 LV2
11(144)
z1
00
z2 h f 0
10
g
2g
1.94(32.2)
g
2g
2g
gD 2
2
2
Vexit
Vexit
32(0.0000209)(10)V
or : 25.4
10
; or : 15.4 ft
3.94 Vexit
2(32.2)
64.4
(1.94)(32.2)(0.00521) 2
(a, c) The velocity head is very small (<1 ft), so the dominant term is 3.94 Vexit. One can
easily iterate, or simply use EES to find the result:
Vexit 3.84
ft
s
Ans.(a ) ; Re D
VD (1.94)(3.84)(0.00521)
1860 laminar Ans.(c)
0.0000209
(b) Assuming frictionless flow outside the tube, the jet would rise due to the velocity
head:
H rise
2
Vexit
(3.84 ft / s ) 2
0.229 ft 2.75 inches

2g
2(32.2 ft / s 2 )
Ans.(b)
6.34Derivethetimeaveraged xmomentumequation(6.21)bydirectsubstitutionof
Eqs.(6.19)intothemomentumequation(6.14).Itisconvenienttowritetheconvective
accelerationas
du 2
(u )
(uv) (uw)
dt x
y
z
whichisvalidbecauseofthecontinuityrelation,Eq.(6.14).
Solution:Intothexmomentumeqn.substituteuuu,vvv,etc.,toobtain
2
(u 2uu u2 )
(vu vu vu vu) (wu wu wu wu)
y
z
x
(p p) g x [ 2 (u u)]
x
201
NowtakethetimeaverageoftheentireequationtoobtainEq.(6.21)ofthetext:
du
u2
uv
uw
g x 2 u
y
z
x
dt x
Ans.
P6.35
In the overlap layer of Fig. 6.9a, turbulent shear is large. If we neglect
viscosity, we can replace Eq. (6.24) by the approximate velocity-gradient function
du
fcn( y , w , )
dy
Show that, by dimensional analysis, this leads to the logarithmic overlap relation (6.28).
Solution: There are four variables, and we may list their dimensions in the (MLT)
system:
du
y
w
dy
{T 1}
{L}
{ML1T 2 }
{ML3 }
These can be formed into a single pi group that is therefore equal to a dimensionless
constant:
du
du y
1 y a wb c
yields 1
(
) constant C1
dy
dy w
Rearrange this into a differential equation and then integrate:
1
du
v*
C1 w
C1
; Integrate : u C1 v *ln( y ) C2
dy
y
y
Ans.
We recognize the square-root term as the friction velocity v* from Eq. (6.25). If the
constants are rearranged so that the logarithm has a dimensionless argument, we would
obtain Eq. (6.28):
yv*
u
1
ln(
) B
v*
202
6.36Thefollowingturbulentflowvelocitydatau(y),forairat75Fand1atmneara
smoothflatwall,weretakenintheUniversityofRhodeIslandwindtunnel:
y,in:
0.025
0.035
0.047
0.055
0.065
u,ft/s:
51.2
54.2
56.8
57.6
59.1
Estimate(a)thewallshearstressand(b)thevelocityuaty0.22in.
Solution:Forairat75Fand1atm,take0.00230slug/ft and3.80E7slug/fts.
Wefiteachdatapointtothelogarithmicoverlaplaw,Eq.(6.28):
0.0023u*y
u 1 u*y
1
ln
B
ln
5.0, u* w /
u*
0.41 3.80E7
Entereachvalueofuandyfromthedataandestimatethefrictionvelocityu*:
y,in:
u*,ft/s:
yu*/(approx):
0.025
3.58
45
0.035
3.58
63
0.047
3.59
85
0.055
3.56
99
0.065
3.56
117
Eachpointgivesagoodestimateofu*,becauseeachpointiswithinthelogarithmiclayer
inFig.6.10ofthetext.Theoverallaveragefrictionvelocityis
u*avg 3.57
ft
lbf
1%, w,avg u*2 (0.0023)(3.57)2 0.0293 2
s
ft
Ans.(a)
(b)Outaty0.22inches,wemayestimatethattheloglawstillholds:
u*y 0.0023(3.57)(0.22/12)
1
396, u u*
ln(396) 5.0
3.80E 7
0.41
ft
or: u (3.57)(19.59) 70
Ans.(b)
s
Figure6.10showsthatthispoint(y 396)seemsalsotobewithinthelogarithmiclayer.
203
6.37Twoinfiniteplatesadistancehapartareparalleltothexzplanewiththeupper
platemovingatspeedV,asinFig.P6.37.Thereisafluidofviscosityandconstant
pressurebetweentheplates.Neglectinggravityandassumingincompressibleturbulent
flowu(y)betweentheplates,usethelogarithmiclawandappropriate
boundary conditions to derive a formula for dimensionless wall shear stress versus
dimensionlessplatevelocity.Sketchatypicalshapeoftheprofileu(y).
Fig.P6.37
Solution:The shear stress between parallel plates is constant, so the centerline

velocitymustbeexactlyuV/2atyh/2.Antisymmetricloglawsform,onewith
increasingvelocityfor0yh/2,andareversemirrorimageforh/2yh,asshown
below:
Thematchpointatthecentergivesusaloglawestimateoftheshearstress:
204
V
1 hu*
ln
B, 0.41, B 5.0, u* ( w )12
2u* 2
Ans.
Thisisoneformofdimensionlessshearstress.Themorenormalformisfriction
coefficientversusReynoldsnumber.CalculationsfromtheloglawfitaPowerlaw
curvefitexpressionintherange2000Reh1E5:
Cf
w
0.018
0.018
(1/2)V 2 (Vh/ )1/4 Re1h4
Ans.
6.38SupposeinFig.P6.37thath3cm,thefluidiswaterat20C(998kg/m ,
0.001kg/ms),andtheflowisturbulent,sothatthelogarithmiclawisvalid.Ifthe
shearstressinthefluidis15Pa,estimateVinm/s.
Solution:JustasinProb.6.37,applytheloglawatthecenterbetweenthewall,that
is,yh/2,uV/2.Withwknown,wecanevaluateu*immediately:
u*
or:
w
15
m V /2 1 u * h/2
0.123 ,
ln
B,
998
s
u*

0.123(0.03/2)
V /2
1
m
ln
5.0 23.3, Solve for V 5.72
0.123 0.41 0.001/998

s
Ans.
6.39By analogy with laminar shear, du/dy. T. V. Boussinesq in 1877

postulatedthatturbulentshearcouldalsoberelatedtothemeanvelocitygradient turb
du/dy,where is called the eddy viscosity and is much larger than . Ifthe
logarithmicoverlaplaw,Eq.(6.28),isvalidwithw,showthatu*y.
Solution:Differentiate the loglaw, Eq. (6.28), to find dudy, then introduce the
eddyviscosityintotheturbulentstressrelation:
If
u
1 yu
du u*
ln
B, then
u*
dy y
Then, if w u *2
du
u*
, solve for u * y
dy
y
Notethat/=y+,whichismuchlargerthanunityintheoverlapregion.
Ans.
205
6.40Theodore von Krmn in 1930 theorized that turbulent shear could be

2 2
representedby turbdudywhere y du/dy iscalledthemixinglengtheddy
viscosity and 0.41 is Krmns dimensionless mixinglength constant [2,3].
Assumingthat turb wnearthewall,showthatthisexpressioncanbeintegratedto
yieldthelogarithmicoverlaplaw,Eq.(6.28).
Solution:Thisisaccomplishedbystraightsubstitution:
turb w u*2
Integrate:
u*
du
du du
du u*
2 y 2
, solvefor
dy
dy dy
dy y
du
dy
u*
, or: u ln(y) constant
y
Ans.
ToconvertthistotheexactformofEq.(6.28)requiresfittingtoexperimentaldata.
P6.41Tworeservoirs,whichdifferinsurfaceelevationby40m,areconnectedby350mof
newpipeofdiameter8cm.Ifthedesiredflowrateisatleast130N/sofwaterat20 C,may
thepipematerialbe(a)galvanizediron,(b)commercialsteel,or(c)castiron?Neglectminor
losses.
Solution:ApplyingtheextendedBernoulliequationbetweenreservoirsurfacesyields
40 m
L V2
D 2g
f (
350 m
V2
)
0.08 m 2(9.81 m / s 2 )
wherefandVarerelatedbythefrictionfactorrelation:
1
f
2.0 log10 (
/D
2.51
)
3.7
Re D f
where
Re D
VD
206
WhenVisfound,theweightflowrateisgivenbyw=gQwhereQ=AV=(D2/4)V.
Forwaterat20C,take=998kg/m3and=0.001kg/ms.Giventhedesiredw=130N/s,
solvethissystemofequationsbyEEStoyieldtheallowedwallroughness.Theresultsare:
f=0.0257;V=2.64m/s;ReD=211,000;max=0.000203m=0.203mm
Any less roughness is OK. From Table 6-1, the three pipe materials have
(a)galvanized:=0.15mm;(b)commercialsteel:=0.046mm;castiron:=0.26mm
Galvanizedandsteelarefine,butcastironistoorough..Ans.Actualflowratesare
(a)galvanized:135N/s;(b)steel:152N/s;(c)castiron:126N/s(notenough)
P6.42
Fluid flows steadily, at volume rate Q, through a large horizontal pipe and
then divides into two small smooth pipes, the larger of which has an inside diameter of 25
mm and carries three times the flow of the smaller pipe. Both small pipes have the same
length and pressure drop. If all flows are turbulent, at Red near 104, estimate the diameter
of the smaller pipe.
Solution: For turbulent flow, the formulas are algebraically complicated, such as Eq.
(6.38). However, in the low Reynolds number region, the Blasius power-law
approximation, Eq. (6.39), applies, leading to a simple approximate formula for pressure
drop, Eq. (6.41):
p 0.241 L 3/ 4 1/ 4 d 4.75 Q1.75
Since p, L, , and are the same for both pipes, it follows that
Q1.75 d 4.75 , or : Qlow turbulent d 4.75 /1.75 d 19 / 7
Thus, Q1 const (d1 )19 / 7 3Q2 3(const )(d 2 )19 / 7 ,
or : d 2
d1
37 /19
25 mm
16.7 mm
1.499
Ans.
This is slightly smaller than the laminar-flow estimate of Prob. P6.29, where d2 19 mm.
207
P6.43Areservoirsupplieswaterthrough
z1=35m
100mof30cmdiametercastironpipetoa
turbinethatextracts80hpfromtheflow.
water
at20C
z2=5m
turbine
Thewaterthenexhauststotheatmosphere.
Fig.P6.43
Neglectminorlosses.(a)Assumingthat
f0.019,findtheflowrate(thereisacubic
polynomial).Explainwhytherearetwosolutions.
(b)Forextracredit,solvefortheflowrateusingtheactualfrictionfactors.
Solution:Forwaterat20C,take=998kg/m3and=0.001kg/ms.Theenergy
equationyieldsarelationbetweenelevation,friction,andturbinepower:
p1
V2
p
V2
1 z1 2 2 z 2 hturb h f
g
2g
g
2g
z1 z 2 35 5m 30m hturb h f
30 m
(80 hp)(745.7W / hp )
(9790 N / m 3 )( / 4)(0.3m) 2 V2
Power
L V22
2
(1 f
)
, Q
D V2
gQ
D 2g
4
[1 (0.019)
V22
100m
]
]
0.3 m 2(9.81m / s 2 )
Cleanthisupintoacubicpolynomial:
86.2
0.373V 2 ,
or : V 3 80.3V 231 0
V
Three roots :
V 3.34 m / s ; 6.81 m / s ; 10.15 m / s
30
208
The third (negative) root is meaningless. The other two are correct. Either
Q=0.481m3/s,hturbine=12.7m,hf=17.3m
Q=0.236m3/s,hturbine=25.8m,hf=4.2mAns.(a)
Both solutions are valid. The higher flow rate wastes a lot of water and creates 17 meters of
friction loss. The lower rate uses 51% less water and has proportionately much less friction.
(b) The actual friction factors are very close to the problems Guess. Thus we obtain
Re=2.04E6,f=0.0191;Q=0.479m3/s,hturbine=12.7m,hf=17.3m
Re=1.01E6,f=0.0193;Q=0.237m 3/s,hturbine=25.7m,h f=4.3m
Ans.(b)
The same remarks apply: The lower flow rate is better, less friction, less water used.
6.44Mercuryat20Cflowsthrough4metersof7mmdiameterglasstubingatan
averagevelocityof5m/s.Estimatetheheadlossinmetersandthepressuredropin
kPa.
3
Solution:Formercuryat20C,take 13550kg/m and 0.00156kg/ms.

Glasstubingisconsideredhydraulicallysmooth, /d 0.ComputetheReynolds
number:
Red
Vd 13550(5)(0.007)
304,000; Moodychartsmooth: f 0.0143
0.00156
hf f
L V2
52
4.0
0.0143
10.4 m
d 2g
0.007 2(9.81)
Ans.(a)
p gh f (13550)(9.81)(10.4) 1,380,000Pa 1380 kPa

2
Ans.(b)
6.45Oil,SG 0.88and 4E5m /s,flowsat400gal/min througha6inch

asphaltedcastironpipe.Thepipeis0.5mileslong(2640ft)andslopesupwardat8
intheflowdirection.Computetheheadlossinfeetandthepressurechange.
209
Solution:First convert 400 gal/min 0.891 ft /s and 0.000431 ft /s. For

asphaltedcastiron,0.0004ft,hence/d0.0004/0.50.0008.ComputeV,Red,
andf:
V
0.891
ft
4.54(0.5)
4.54
;
Re
5271; calculate
d
s
0.000431
(0.25)2
then h f f
2
L V2
2640 (4.54)
0.0377
63.8ft
0.5
2(32.2)
d 2g
f Moody 0.0377
Ans.(a)
Ifthe pipeslopes upwardat 8,thepressuredropmust balance bothfriction and

gravity:
p g(h f z ) 0.88(62.4)[63.8 2640 sin 8] 23700
lbf
ft 2
Ans.(b)
P6.46
Repeat Prob. P3.5, for the same data, by using the more exact turbulent
flow formulas to compute the volume flow rate in gallons per minute. Recall the
problem: Water at 20C flows through a 5-inch-diameter smooth pipe at a centerline
velocity of 25 ft/s. Estimate the volume flow rate in gallons per minute.
Solution: For water at 20C, Table A.3, = 998 kg/m3 = 1.94 slug/ft3, and = 0.001
kg/m-s = 2.09E-5 slug/ft-s. A bit of iteration, or EES, is needed to get the proper
Reynolds number and friction factor. Our estimate in Prob. P3.5 was Vav 21 ft/s,
whence the Reynolds number is
VD (1.94 slug / ft 3 )(21 ft / s)(5 /12 ft )
Re D
812, 000
2.09 E 5 slug / ft s
Then estimate f smooth 0.0121 from Eq.(6.48)
Eq.(6.43) : Vav umax (1 1.3 f ) 1 (25 ft / s )(0.875) 21.9 ft / s
Iterate once to obtain fsmooth = 0.0120, Vav = 21.89 ft/s, hardly any change at all.
2.5 2
ft 3
gal
s
gal
Q Vav A pipe (21.89 ft / s ) (
ft ) 2.98
7.48 3 60
1340
12
s
min
min
ft
This is about 4.6% greater than our simple power-law estimate in Prob. P3.5.
Ans.
210
6.47ThegutterandsmoothdrainpipeinFig.P6.47removerainwaterfromtheroofofa
building.Thesmoothdrainpipeis7cmindiameter.(a)Whenthegutterisfull,estimate
therateofdraining.(b)Thegutterisdesignedforasuddenrainstormofupto5inches
per hour. For this condition, what is the maximum roof area that can be drained
successfully?
Solution:Ifthevelocityattheguttersurfaceisneglected,theenergyequationreducesto
Fig.P6.47
V2
L V2
2 gz
2(9.81)(4.2)
hf , hf f
, solve V 2
2g
d 2g
1 fL/d 1 f (4.2/0.07)
3
Forwater,take998kg/m and0.001kg/ms.Guessf0.02toobtainthevelocity
estimate V 6 m/s above. Then Red Vd/ (998)(6)(0.07)/(0.001) 428,000
(turbulent).Then,forasmoothpipe,f0.0135,andVischangedslightlyto6.74m/s.
Afterconvergence,weobtain
V 6.77m/s, Q V ( /4)(0.07)2 0.026m 3 /s
Ans.(a)
211
Arainfallof5in/h(5/12ft/h)(0.3048m/ft)/(3600s/h)0.0000353m/s.Therequired
roofareais
Aroof Qdrain /Vrain (0.026m 3 /s)/0.0000353m/s 740m 2 Ans.(b)
6.48ShowthatifEq.(6.33)isaccurate,thepositioninaturbulentpipeflowwhere
localvelocity uequalsaveragevelocityVoccursexactlyatr0.777R,independentof
theReynoldsnumber.
Solution:Simplyfindtheloglawpositiony whereu exactlyequalsV/u*:

3
1 Ru*
ln
B
?
1 yu*
1 y
3
u*
ln B if ln R 2
r
Since y R r,thisisequivalentto 1 e 3/2 1 0.223 0.777 Ans.
R
V u*
6.49ThetankpipesystemofFig.P6.49istodeliveratleast11m /hofwaterat20Cto
thereservoir.Whatisthemaximumroughnessheightallowableforthepipe?
3
Solution:Forwaterat20C,take998kg/m and0.001kg/ms.EvaluateVand
Refortheexpectedflowrate:
Fig.P6.49
Q
11/3600
m
Vd 998(4.32)(0.03)
4.32 ; Re
129000
2
A ( /4)(0.03)
s
0.001
Theenergyequationyieldsthevalueoftheheadloss:
patm V12
patm V22
z2 h f
g 2g 1 g 2g
(4.32)2
or h f 4
3.05m
2(9.81)
2
L V2
5.0 (4.32)
, or: 3.05 f
, solvefor f 0.0192
0.03
2(9.81)
d 2g
WithfandReknown,wecanfind/dfromtheMoodychartorfromEq.(6.48):
Butalso h f f
212
/d
1
2.51
2.0 log10
, solvefor 0.000394
1/2
1/2
d
(0.0192)
3.7 129000(0.0192)
Then 0.000394(0.03) 1.2E5 m 0.012 mm (pretty smooth)
Ans.
6.50Ethanolat20Cflowsat125U.S.gal/minthroughahorizontalcastironpipewith
L12mandd5cm.Neglectingentranceeffects,estimate(a)thepressuregradient,dp/dx;
(b)thewallshearstress, w;and(c)thepercentreductioninfrictionfactorifthepipe
wallsarepolishedtoasmoothsurface.
Solution:Forethanol(TableA3)take789kg/m and0.0012kg/ms.Convert
3
2
125gal/minto0.00789m /s.EvaluateVQ/A0.00789/[ (0.05) /4]4.02m/s.
Red
Vd 789(4.02)(0.05)
0.26mm
132,000,
0.0052 Thenf Moody 0.0314
0.0012
d
50mm
f
0.0314
V 2
(789)(4.02)2 50Pa Ans.(b)
8
8
4
dp
4(50)
Pa
w
4000
Ans.(a)
dx
d
0.05
m
(b) w
(a)
(c) Re 132000,
fsmooth 0.0170, hencethereductioninfis

0.0170
46% Ans.(c)
0.0314
6.51The viscous sublayer (Fig. 6.10) is normally less than 1 percent of the pipe
diameterandthereforeverydifficulttoprobewithafinitesizedinstrument.Inaneffort
togenerateathicksublayerforprobing,PennsylvaniaStateUniversityin1964builta
pipewithaflowofglycerin.Assumeasmooth12indiameterpipewithV60ft/sand
glycerinat20C.Computethesublayerthicknessininchesandthepumpinghorsepower
requiredat75percentefficiencyifL40ft.
213
Solution:Forglycerinat20C,take2.44slug/ft and0.0311slug/fts.Then
Re
Vd 2.44(60)(1ft)
4710(barelyturbulent!) Smooth: fMoody 0.0380
0.0311
0.0380
Then u* V(f/8)1/2 60
1/2
4.13
ft
s
Thesublayerthicknessisdefinedbyy 5.0yu*/.Thus
ysublayer
5
5(0.0311)
0.0154ft 0.185inches
u* (2.44)(4.13)
Ans.
Withfknown,theheadlossandthepowerrequiredcanbecomputed:
hf f
P
2
L V2
40 (60)
(0.0380)
85ft
d 2g
1 2(32.2)
gQh f
1

(2.44)(32.2) (1)2 (60) (85) 419000 550 760hp Ans.
0.75

6.52The pipe flow in Fig. P6.52 is

drivenbypressurizedairinthetank.What
gage pressure p1 is needed to provide a
3
20CwaterflowrateQ60m /h?
Fig.P6.52
Solution:For water at 20C, take

3
998kg/m and 0.001kg/ms.GetV,
Re,f:
60/3600
m
8.49 ;
2
s
( /4)(0.05)
998(8.49)(0.05)
Re
424000; fsmooth 0.0136
0.001
V
Writetheenergyequationbetweenpoints(1)(thetank)and(2)(theopenjet):
2
p1 02
0 Vpipe
L V2
m
10
80 h f , where h f f
and Vpipe 8.49
g 2g
g 2g
d 2g
s
214
(8.49)2
170
Solve p1 (998)(9.81) 80 10
1 0.0136

2(9.81)
0.05
2.38E6Pa Ans.
[Thisisagagepressure(relativetothepressuresurroundingtheopenjet.)]
P6.53
Water at 20C flows by gravity through a smooth pipe from one reservoir
to a lower one. The elevation difference is 60 m. The pipe is 360 m long, with a diameter
of 12 cm. Calculate the expected flow rate in m3/h. Neglect minor losses.
Solution: For water at 20C, Table A.3, = 998 kg/m3 and = 0.001 kg/m-s. With no
minor losses, the gravity head matches the Moody friction loss in the pipe:
z 60 m h f
where
1
f
360 m
L V2
V2
f
f(
)
, Q D2 V
2
D 2g
0.12 m 2(9.81m / s )
4
2.0 log10 (
Re D f
) ,
2.51
Re D
(998) V (0.12)
VD
0.001
The unknown is V, since f can be found as soon as the Reynolds number is known. You could
iterate your way to the answer by, say, guessing f = 0.02, getting V, repeating. Or you could
put the above four equations into EES, which will promptly return the correct answer:
V 5.61
m
m3
m3
; Re D 672, 000 ; f 0.0125 ; Q 0.0634
228
s
s
h
Ans.
6.54*AswimmingpoolWbyYbyhdeepistobeemptiedbygravitythroughthelong
pipeshowninFig.P6.54.Assuminganaveragepipefrictionfactor fav andneglecting
minorlosses,deriveaformulaforthetimetoemptythetankfromaninitiallevelho.
Fig.P6.54
215
Solution:Withnodrivingpressureandnegligibletanksurfacevelocity,theenergy
equationcanbecombinedwithacontrolvolumemassconservation:
h (t )
V2
L V2
2 gh
dh
fav
, or: Qout ApipeV D 2
WY
2g
D 2g
4
1 fav L/D
dt
Wecanseparatethevariablesandintegratefortimetodrain:
2
2g
D
4
1 fav L/D
dt WY
Cleanthisuptoobtain: t drain
ho
4WY
D2
dh
WY 0 2 ho
h
2 ho (1 fav L D )
g
1/2
Ans.
216
thus h f z1 z 2 100m
6.55ThereservoirsinFig.P6.55contain
waterat20C.IfthepipeissmoothwithL
4500mandd4cm,whatwilltheflow
3
rateinm /hbeforz100m?
3
998kg/m and0.001kg/ms.Theenergy
equationfromsurface1tosurface2gives
p1 p2
and V1 V2 ,
Fig.P6.55
2
V
4500
, or fV 2 0.01744
0.04 2(9.81)
Then100m f
Iteratewithaninitialguessoff0.02,calculatingVandReandimprovingtheguess:
0.01744
0.02
1/2
0.934
0.01744
Vbetter
0.0224
m
998(0.934)(0.04)
, Re
37300, fsmooth 0.0224
s
0.001
1/2
0.883
m
, Re better 35300, fbetter 0.0226, etc......
s
Alternately,onecould,ofcourse,useEES.Theaboveprocessconvergesto
f 0.0227, Re 35000, V 0.877m/s,Q 0.0011m 3 /s 4.0m 3 /h. Ans.
P6.56
The Alaska Pipeline in the chapter-opener photo has a design flow rate of
4.4E7 gallons per day of crude oil at 60C (see Fig. A.1). (a) Assuming a galvanized-iron
wall, estimate the total pressure drop required for the 800-mile trip. (b) If there are nine
equally spaced pumps, estimate the horsepower each pump must deliver.
Solution: From Fig. A.1 for crude oil at 60C, = 860 kg/m3 and = 0.004 kg/m-s. The
pipe diameter is 4 ft. For galvanized iron, = 0.0005 ft, hence /D = 0.0005/4 =
0.000125. Convert the data to metric: 4.4E7 gal/day = 1.93 m3/s, and D = 4 ft = 1.22 m.
Calculate Reynolds number:
V
1.93 m3 / s
Q
m
VD (860)(1.65)(1.22)
1.65
;
Re
433, 000
D
A ( / 4)(1.22m) 2
s
0.004
Calculate the friction factor from Eq. (6.48):
217
1
f
2.0 log10 (
0.000125
2.51
)
3.7
433000 f
Calculate
f 0.0149
(a) The total 800-mile pressure drop is given by the usual Darcy-Moody expression, Eq. (6.10):
p f
L 2
(800)(5280) 860
V (0.0149)[
](
)(1.65) 2 1.85E7 Pa 2680 psi
D 2
4 ft
2
Ans.(a)
(b) The power delivered by each of the 9 pumps is

Power Q
ptotal
m3 1.85E7 Pa
(1.93 )(
) 396, 000 W 746 5300 hp
9
s
9
Ans.(b)
6.57ApplytheanalysisofProb.6.54tothefollowingdata.LetW5m,Y8m,ho
2m,L15m,D5cm,and0.(a)Bylettingh1.5mand0.5masrepresentative
depths,estimatetheaveragefrictionfactor.Then(b)estimatethetimetodrainthepool.
3
Solution:Forwater,take998kg/m and0.001kg/ms.ThevelocityinProb.6.54
iscalculatedfromtheenergyequation:
V
2 gh
1 fL/D
with f fcn(Re D )smoothpipe and Re D
VD
, L/D 300
(a)Withabitofiteration fortheMoodychart,weobtainRe D 108,000and f

0.0177ath1.5m,andRe D59,000andf.0202ath0.5m;thustheaverage
valuefav0.019.Ans.(a)
ThedrainformulafromProb.6.54thenpredicts:
t drain
4WY
D2
2ho (1 fav L/D)

4(5)(8)
g
(0.05)2
33700s 9.4h
2(2)[1 0.019(300)]
9.81
Ans.(b)
P6.58
For the system in Prob. P6.53, a pump is used at night to drive water back
to the upper reservoir. If the pump delivers 15,000 W to the water, estimate the flow rate.
218
Solution: For water at 20C, Table A.3, = 998 kg/m3 and = 0.001 kg/m-s. Since the
pressures and velocities cancel, the energy equation becomes
zlower zupper h f h pump , or : h p
where
1
f
2.0 log10 (
360m V 2
z h f 60m f
0.12m 2(9.81)
Re D f
(998) V (0.12)
VD
) , Re D
, Q V D2
2.51
0.001
4
Power g Q h p (998)(9.81) Q h p 15, 000 W

The unknown is V, since f can be found as soon as the Reynolds number is known. You
could iterate your way to the answer by, say, guessing f = 0.02, getting V (from a cubic
equation!), and repeating. Or put the above five equations into EES, which returns the
only positive answer:
Re D 235, 000 ; f 0.0152 ; V 1.97 m / s ; Q 0.0222 m3 / s 80
m3
Ans.
h
6.59Thefollowingdatawereobtainedforflowof20Cwaterat20m /hrthroughabadly
corroded5cmdiameterpipewhichslopesdownwardatanangleof8 :p1420kPa,
z112m,p2250kPa,z23m.Estimate(a)theroughnessratioofthepipe;and(b)
thepercentchangeinheadlossifthepipeweresmoothandtheflowratethesame.
Solution:Thepipelengthisgivenindirectlyas L z/sin (9m)/sin8 64.7 m.
Thesteadyflowenergyequationthengivestheheadloss:
p1 V12
p V2
420000
250000
z1 2 2 z2 h f , or:
12
3 hf ,
g 2g
g 2g
9790
9790
Solve h f 26.4m
NowrelatetheheadlosstotheMoodyfrictionfactor:
h f 26.4 f
L V2
64.7 (2.83)2
f
, Solve f 0.050, Re 141000, Read 0.0211
d 2g
0.05 2(9.81)
d
Theestimated(anduncertain)piperoughnessisthus0.0211d1.06mmAns.(a)
(b)AtthesameRed141000,fsmooth0.0168,or66%lessheadloss.Ans.(b)
219
P6.60InthespiritofHaalandsexplicitpipefrictionfactorapproximation,Eq.(6.49),Jeppson
[20]proposedthefollowingexplicitformula:
1
f
2.0 log10 (
/d
5.74
)
3.7
Re 0d.9
(a)IsthisidenticaltoHaalandsformulaandjustasimplerearrangement?Explain.
(b)CompareJeppsontoHaalandforafewrepresentativevaluesof(turbulent)Re dand
/dandtheirdeviationscomparedtotheColebrookformula(6.48).
Solution: (a)No,it looks like arearrangement ofHaalands formula, but itis not.
HaalandstartedwithColebrookssmoothwallformulaandaddedjustenough /deffect
foraccuracy. JeppsonstartedwiththeroughwallformulaandaddedjustenoughRed
effectforaccuracy.Bothareexcellentapproximationsoverthefull(turbulent)rangeof
Redand/d.Theirpredictedvaluesoffarenearlythesameandveryclosetotheimplicit
Colebrookformula. Hereisatableoftheirstandarddeviationsoftheirvalueswhen
subtractedfromColebrook:
1E4<Red<1e8
/d=0.03
0.01
0.001
0.0001
0.00001
Jeppsonrmserror
0.000398
0.000328
0.000195
0.000067
0.000088
Haaland rms error
0.000034
0.000043
0.000129
0.000113
0.000083
Asexpected,Jeppsonisslightlybetterforsmoothwalls,Haalandforroughwalls.Both
arewithin2%oftheColebrookformulaovertheentirerangeofRedand/d.
220
6.61WhatlevelhmustbemaintainedinFig.P6.61todeliveraflowrateof0.015ft /s
throughthe 12 in commercialsteelpipe?
Fig.P6.61
3
Solution:Forwaterat20C,take 1.94slug/ft and 2.09E5slug/fts.For

commercialsteel,take0.00015ft,or/d0.00015/(0.5/12)0.0036.Compute
V
Re
Q
0.015
ft
11.0 ;
2
A ( /4)(0.5/12)
s
Vd 1.94(11.0)(0.5/12)
42500 /d 0.0036, fMoody 0.0301
2.09E5
Theenergyequation,withp1p2andV10,yieldsanexpressionforsurfaceelevation:
h hf
V2 V2
2g 2g
80
L
(11.0)2
1
1 0.0301
111ft
0.5/12

d
2(32.2)
6.62Water at 20C is to be pumped

through2000ftofpipefromreservoir1to
3
2 at a rate of 3 ft /s, as shown in Fig.
P6.62.Ifthepipeiscastironofdiameter6
in and the pump is 75 percent efficient,
whathorsepowerpumpisneeded?
3
1.94slug/ft and2.09E5slug/fts.For
cast iron, take 0.00085 ft, or /d
0.00085/(6/12) 0.0017.ComputeV,Re,
andf:
V
Q
3
ft
15.3 ;
2
A ( /4)(6/12)
s
Fig.P6.62
Ans.
221
Re
Vd 1.94(15.3)(6/12)
709000 /d 0.0017, fMoody 0.0227
2.09E5
Theenergyequation,withp1p2andV1V20,yieldsanexpressionforpumphead:
h pump z f
Power: P
2000 (15.3)2
L V2
120ft 0.0227
120 330 450 ft
d 2g
6/12 2(32.2)
gQh p 1.94(32.2)(3.0)(450)
112200 550 204hp Ans.
0.75
3
6.63Atankcontains1m ofwaterat20Candhasadrawncapillaryoutlettubeatthe
3
bottom,asinFig.P6.63.FindtheoutletvolumefluxQinm /hatthisinstant.
3
Solution:Forwaterat20C,take 998kg/m and 0.001kg/ms.Fordrawn

tubing,take 0.0015mm,or /d 0.0015/40 0.0000375.Thesteadyflowenergy
equation,withp1p2andV10,gives
Fig.P6.63
hf f
L V2
V2
V2
0.8
35.32
z
, or:
f 1.8m,V 2
1
d 2g
2g
2g
0.04
1 20f
35.32
Guess f 0.015, V
1 20(0.015)
1/2
5.21
m
998(5.21)(0.04)
, Re
208000
s
0.001
fbetter 0.0158, Vbetter 5.18m/s, Re 207000(converged)

Thus V 5.18m/s, Q ( /4)(0.04)2 (5.18) 0.00651m 3 /s 23.4m 3 /h. Ans.
222
6.64RepeatProb.6.63tofindtheflowrateifthefluidisSAE10oil.Istheflow
laminarorturbulent?
3
Solution:ForSAE10oilat20C,take870kg/m and0.104kg/ms.Fordrawn
tubing,take0.0015mm,or/d0.0015/400.0000375.Guesslaminarflow:
V 2 ? 32 LV
V2
32(0.104)(0.8)V
h f 1.8m
, or: 1.8
0.195V
2
2g
2(9.81) 870(9.81)(0.04)2
gd
Quadraticequation: V 2 3.83V 35.32 0, solve V 4.33m/s
Check Re (870)(4.33)(0.04)/(0.104) 1450 (OK,laminar)
2
Soitislaminarflow,andQ(/4)(0.04) (4.33)0.00544m /s19.6m /h.Ans.

6.65InProb.6.63theinitialflowisturbulent.Asthewaterdrainsoutofthetank,will
theflowreverttolaminarmotionasthetankbecomesnearlyempty?Ifso,atwhattank
depth?Estimatethetime,inh,todrainthetankcompletely.
3
Solution:Recallthat998kg/m ,0.001kg/ms,and/d0.0000375.LetZbe
thedepthofwaterinthetank(Z1minFig.P6.63).WhenZ0,findtheflowrate:
Z 0, h f 0.8m, V 2
2(9.81)(0.8)
convergesto f 0.0171, Re 136000
1 20f
V 3.42m/s, Q 12.2m 3 /h(Z 0)

Soevenwhenthetankisempty,theflowisstillturbulent.Ans.
Thetimetodrainthetankis
d
d
dZ
(tank ) Q (A tank Z) (1m 2 )
Q,
dt
dt
dt
0m
or t drain
1m
dZ 1
Q Q
(1m)
avg
Soallweneedistheaveragevalueof(1/Q)duringthedrainingperiod.WeknowQatZ0
3
andZ 1m,letscheckitalsoatZ 0.5m:CalculateQmidway 19.8m /h.Then
estimate,bySimpsonsRule,
1
avg 1 1 4 1 0.0544 h3 , t drain 0.0544 h 3.3min
Q
6 23.4 19.8 12.2
m
Ans.
223
6.66Ethylalcoholat20Cflowsthrougha10cmhorizontaldrawntube100mlong.
Thefullydevelopedwallshearstressis14Pa.Estimate(a)thepressuredrop,(b)the
volumeflowrate,and(c)thevelocityuatr1cm.
3
Solution:Forethylalcoholat20C,789kg/m ,0.0012kg/ms.Fordrawntubing,
take0.0015mm,or/d0.0015/1000.000015.FromEq.(6.12),
p 4 w
L
100
4(14)
56000Pa
d
0.1
Ans.(a)
Thewallshearisdirectlyrelatedtof,andwemayiteratetofindVandQ:
f
8(14)
w V 2 , or: fV2
0.142 with 0.000015
8
789
d
0.142
0.015
1/2
Guess f 0.015, V
3.08
m
789(3.08)(0.1)
, Re
202000
s
0.0012
fbetter 0.0158, Vbetter 3.00m/s, Re better 197000(converged)

2
ThenV3.00m/s,andQ( /4)(0.1) (3.00)0.0236m /s85m /h.Ans.(b)

Finally,theloglawEq.(6.28)canestimatethevelocityatr1cm,yRr4cm:
1/2
1/2

m
14
u* w
0.133 ;
789

s
u 1 u*y
1
789(0.133)(0.04)
ln
B
ln
5.0 24.9
u*
0.41
0.0012
Then u 24.9(0.133) 3.3m/s at r 1cm. Ans.(c)
6.67Astraight10cmcommercialsteelpipeis1kmlongandislaidonaconstantslope
of5.Waterat20Cflowsdownward,duetogravityonly.Estimatetheflowratein
3
m /h.Whathappensifthepipelengthis2km?
3
Solution:Forwaterat20C,take998kg/m and0.001kg/ms.Iftheflowis
duetogravityonly,thentheheadlossexactlybalancestheelevationchange:
h f z L sin f
L V2
, or fV 2 2gd sin 2(9.81)(0.1)sin 5 0.171
d 2g
ThustheflowrateisindependentofthepipelengthLiflaidonaconstantslope.Ans.
Forcommercialsteel,take0.046mm,or/d0.00046.
224
Beginbyguessingfullyroughflowforthefrictionfactor,anditerateVandReandf:
0.171
0.0164
f 0.0164, V
1/2
3.23
m
998(3.23)(0.1)
, Re
322000
s
0.001
fbetter 0.0179, Vbetter 3.09m/s, Re 308000(converged)

Then Q ( /4)(0.1)2 (3.09) 0.0243m 3 /s 87m 3 /h. Ans.
*6.68TheMoodychart,Fig.6.13,isbestforfindingheadloss(or p)whenQ,V,d,
andLareknown.Itisawkwardforthe2ndtypeofproblem,findingQwhenh forp
areknown(seeEx.6.9).PrepareamodifiedMoodychartwhoseabscissaisindependent
ofQandV,using/dasaparameter,fromwhichonecanimmediatelyreadtheordinate
tofind(dimensionless)QorV.UseyourcharttosolveExample6.9.
Solution:This problem was mentioned analytically in the text as Eq. (6.51). The
properparameterwhichcontainsheadlossonly,andnotflowrate,is:
gd 3 h f
L 2
/d 1.775
3.7
Red (8 )1/2 log
Eq.(6.51)
WesimplyplotReynoldsnumberversusforvarious/d,asshownbelow:
TosolveExample6.9,a100mlong,30cmdiameterpipewithaheadlossof8mand/d
3
0.0002,weusethatdatatocompute5.3E7.Theoilpropertiesare950kg/m and
225
2E5m /s.Enterthechartabove:letsfaceit,thescaleisveryhardtoread,butweestimate,
at5.3E7,that6E4Red9E4,whichtranslatestoaflowrateof
3
3
0.28Q0.42m /s.Ans.(Example6.9gaveQ0.342m /s.)
6.69ForProb.6.62supposetheonlypumpavailablecandeliveronly80hptothe
3
fluid.Whatistheproperpipesizeininchestomaintainthe3ft /sflowrate?
3
Solution:Forwaterat20C,take1.94slug/ft and2.09E5slug/fts.Forcast
iron,take0.00085ft.Wecantspecify/dbecausewedontknowd.Theenergyanalysis
aboveiscorrectandshouldbemodifiedtoreplaceVbyQ:
h p 120 f
L (4Q/ d2 )2
2000 [4(3.0)/ d 2 ]2
f
120 f
120 453 5
d
2g
d
2(32.2)
d
Butalso h p
Power 80(550)
453f
235 120 5 , or: d5 3.94f

gQ
62.4(3.0)
d
Guessf0.02,calculated,/dandReandgetabetterfanditerate:
f 0.020, d [3.94(0.02)]1/5 0.602ft, Re
or Re 589000,
4 Q
4(1.94)(3.0)
,
d (2.09E5)(0.602)
0.00085
0.00141, Moodychart: fbetter 0.0218(repeat)

d
0.602
Wearenearlyconverged.Thefinalsolutionisf0.0217,d0.612ft7.3inAns.
P6.70
Ethyleneglycolat20Cflowsthrough80metersofcastironpipeof
diameter6cm.Themeasuredpressuredropis250kPa.Neglectminorlosses.Usinga
noniterativeformulation,estimatetheflowrateinm3/h.
Solution:Forethyleneglycolat20C,TableA.3,=1117kg/m3and=0.0214kg/m
s.Theheadlossisgiven:p/g=250,000/[1117(9.81)]=22.8m.Forcastiron,=
0.26mm,hencetheroughnessratiois/d=0.26/60=0.00433.Wecanusethedirect
approachofEq.(6.51):
226
g d3 hf
/ d 1.775
9.81(0.06)3 (22.8)
Re d 8 log(
) ,
1.65E6
3.7
L 2
80(0.0214 /1117) 2
0.00433
1.775
Evaluate : Re d 8(1.65E6) log(
) 9410 (yes, turbulent)

3.7
1.65E6
With the Reynolds number known, we can find the velocity and flow rate:
Red
(0.0214)(9410)
m
m3
m3
2
V
3.00 ; Q (0.06) (3.00) 0.0085

30.6
Ans.
d
1117(0.06)
s
4
2
h
6.71ItisdesiredtosolveProb.6.62forthemosteconomicalpumpandcastironpipe
system.Ifthepumpcosts$125perhorsepowerdeliveredtothefluidandthepipecosts
$7000perinchofdiameter,whataretheminimumcostandthepipeandpumpsizeto
3
maintainthe3ft /sflowrate?Makesomesimplifyingassumptions.
3
iron,take0.00085ft.Writetheenergyequation(fromProb.6.62)intermsofQandd:
Pinhp
2 2
gQ
62.4(3.0)
154.2f
2000 [4(3.0)/ d ]
(z h f )
40.84
120 f
550
550
d
2(32.2)
d5
Cost $125Php $7000d inches 125(40.84 154.2f/d 5 ) 7000(12d), withdinft.

Cleanup: Cost $5105 19278f/d 5 84000d
Regardlessofthe(unknown)valueoff,thisCostrelationdoesshowaminimum.Ifweassume
forsimplicitythatfisconstant,wemayusethedifferentialcalculus:
d(Cost)
f const 5(19278)f
84000, or d best (1.148f)1/6
6
d(d )
d
Guess f 0.02, d [1.148(0.02)]1/6 0.533ft, Re
4Q
665000,
0.00159
d
d
Then fbetter 0.0224, d better 0.543ft(converged)

Result:dbest0.543ft6.5in,Costmin$14300pump$45600pipe$60,000.Ans.
227
6.72ModifyProb.P6.57bylettingthediameterbeunknown.Findtheproperpipe
diameterforwhichthepoolwilldraininabout2hoursflat.
Solution:Recallthedata:LetW5m,Y8m,ho2m,L15m,and0,with
3
water,998kg/m and0.001kg/ms.WeapplythesametheoryasProb.6.57:
V
2 gh
4WY
, t drain
1 fL/D
D2
2ho (1 fav L/D)

,
g
fav fcn(Re D ) forasmoothpipe.
Forthepresentproblem,tdrain2hoursandDistheunknown.Useanaveragevalueh
1mtofindfav.EntertheseequationsonEES(oryoucaniteratebyhand)andthefinal
resultsare
V 2.36m/s; Re D 217,000;
fav 0.0154; D 0.092m 9.2cm
Ans.
*6.73TheMoodychart,Fig.6.13,isbestforfindingheadloss(orp)whenQ,V,d,andL
areknown.Itisawkwardforthe3rdtypeofproblem,findingdwhenhf(orp)andQ
areknown(seeEx.6.11).PrepareamodifiedMoodychartwhoseabscissaisindependent
of d, using as a parameter nondimensionalized without d, from which one can
immediatelyreadthe(dimensionless)ordinatetofindd.UseyourcharttosolveEx.6.11.
Solution:AnappropriatePigroupwhichdoesnotcontaindis(ghfQ )/(L ).
Similarly,anappropriateroughnessparameterwithout d is (/Q).Afteralotof
algebra,theColebrookfrictionfactorformula(6.48)becomes
128
3
Red5/2 2.0
1/2
Red
2.51Red3/2
(128 / 3 )1/2
14.8
log10
Aplotofthismessyrelationisgivenbelow.
228
TosolveExample6.11,a100mlong,unknowndiameterpipewithaheadlossof8m,
3
flowrateof0.342m /s,and0.06mm,weusethatdatatocompute 9.8E21and
3.5E6.Theoilpropertiesare 950kg/m3and 2E5m2/s.Enterthechart
above:letsfaceit,thescaleisveryhardtoread,butweestimate,at 9.8E21and
3.5E6,that6E4Red8E4,whichtranslatestoadiameterof0.27d0.36m.
Ans.(Example6.11gaved0.3m.)
P6.74 Tworeservoirs,whichdifferinsurfaceelevationby40m,areconnectedbyanew
commercialsteelpipeofdiameter8cm.Ifthedesiredweightflowrateis200N/sofwaterat
20C,whatistheproperlengthofthepipe?Neglectminorlosses.
Solution:Forwaterat20C,take=998kg/m3and=0.001kg/ms.Forcommercialsteel,
=0.046mm,thus/d=0.046mm/80mm=0.000575.Findthevelocityandthefrictionfactor:
V
/( g )
w
( / 4) D
1
f
200 /[998(9.81)]
( / 4)(0.08)
2.0 log10 (
4.06
m
,
s
Re D
/D
2.51
)
3. 7
Re D f
VD
998(4.06)(0.08)
324,000
0.001
yields
f 0.0185
229
Thenwefindthepipelengthfromtheenergyequation,whichissimpleinthiscase:
z 40 m
L V2
L
(4.06) 2
(0.0185)
, Solve
D 2g
(0.08m) 2(9.81)
L 205 m
Ans.
230
6.75Youwishtowateryourgardenwith
100ftof 85 indiameterhosewhoserough
nessis0.011in.Whatwillbethedelivery,
3
inft /s,ifthegagepressureatthefaucetis
2
60 lbf/in ? If there is no nozzle (just an
open hose exit), what is the maximum
horizontaldistancetheexitjetwillcarry?
Fig.P6.75
Solution:Forwater,take1.94slug/ft and2.09E5slug/fts.Wearegiven/d
0.011/(5/8)0.0176.Forconstantareahose,V1V2andenergyyields
pfaucet
60 144psf
L V2
100
V2
h f , or:
138ft f
f
,
g
1.94(32.2)
d 2g
(5/8)/12 2(32.2)
or fV 2 4.64. Guess f ffullyrough 0.0463, V 10.0
ft
, Re 48400
s
then fbetter 0.0472, Vfinal 9.91ft/s (converged)

3
ThehosedeliverythenisQ(/4)(5/8/12) (9.91)0.0211ft /s.Ans.(a)

Fromelementaryparticletrajectorytheory,themaximumhorizontaldistanceXtraveled
2
2
bythejetoccursat45(seefigure)andisXV /g(9.91) /(32.2)3.05ftAns.(b),
whichispitiful.Youneedanozzleonthehosetoincreasetheexitvelocity.
6.76ThesmallturbineinFig.P6.76extracts400Wofpowerfromthewaterflow.Both
3
pipesarewroughtiron.Compute theflowrate Q m /h.Whyaretheretwosolutions?

Whichisbetter?
231
Solution:Forwater,take998kg/m and0.001kg/ms.Forwroughtiron,take
0.046mm,hence /d1 0.046/60 0.000767and /d2 0.046/40 0.00115.The

energyequation,withV10andp1p2,gives
z1 z2 20m
V22
L V2
h f2 h f1 h turbine , h f1 f1 1 1
2g
d1 2g
and h f2 f2
L 2 V22
d 2 2g
P
400W
and Q d12 V1 d 22 V2
gQ 998(9.81)Q
4
4
If we rewrite the energy equation in terms of Q and multiply by Q, it is essentially a cubic
polynomial, because for these rough walls the friction factors are almost constant:
8f L Q3 8f L Q3
400
8Q3
Q hturbine
20Q 12 1 5 22 2 5 2 4
998(9.81)
gd1
gd 2
gd 2
Also, h turbine
Solve by EES or by iteration. There are three solutions, two of which are positive and the
third is a meaningless negative value. The two valid (positive) solutions are:
(a ) Q 0.00437 m3 / s 15.7m3 / hr ; Re1 92,500, f1 0.0215 ; Re1 138,800, f1 0.0221
(b) Q 0.00250 m3 / s 9.0 m3 / hr ; Re1 52,900, f1 0.0232 ; Re1 79, 400, f1 0.0232 Ans.
[Thenegative(meaningless)solutionisQ=0.0069m3/hr.]Bothsolutions(a)and(b)
arevalidmathematically.Solution(b)ispreferredthesamepowerfor43%lesswater
flow,andtheturbinecaptures16.3moftheavailable20mhead.Solution(a)isalso
unrealistic,becausearealturbinespowerincreaseswithwaterflowrate.Turbine(a)
wouldgeneratemorethan400W.
232
6.77ModifyProb.6.76intoaneconomicanalysis,asfollows.Letthe40mofwrought
3
ironpipehaveauniformdiameterd.LetthesteadywaterflowavailablebeQ30m h.
Thecostoftheturbineis$4perwattdeveloped,andthecostofthepipingis$75per
centimeterofdiameter.Thepowergeneratedmaybesoldfor$0.08perkilowatthour.
Findtheproperpipediameterforminimumpaybacktime,i.e.,minimumtimeforwhich
thepowersaleswillequaltheinitialcostofthesystem.
Solution:Withflowrateknown,weneedonlyguessadiameterandcomputepower
fromtheenergyequationsimilartoProb.6.76:
P gQh t , where h t 20m
V2
1 f
2g
L
8Q 2
L
20
d
d
2 gd 4
P
(24)(365)
1000
Then Cost $4 * P $75(100d) and Annualincome $0.08
TheMoodyfrictionfactoriscomputedfromRe 4 Q(d)and d 0.066d(mm).

Thepaybacktime,inyears,isthenthecostdividedbytheannualincome.Forexample,
Ifd0.1m,Re106000,f0.0200,ht19.48m,P1589.3W
Cost$7107Income$1,114yearPayback6.38years
Since the piping cost is very small ($1000), both cost and income are nearly
proportionaltopower,hencethepaybackwillbenearlythesame(6.38years)regardless
ofdiameter.Thereisanalmostinvisibleminimumatd7cm,Re151000,f0.0201,
ht17.0m,Cost$6078,Income$973,Payback6.25years.However,asdiameterd
decreases,wegeneratelesspowerandgainlittleinpaybacktime.
233
6.78InFig.P6.78theconnectingpipeis
commercialsteel6cmindiameter.Estimate
3
theflowrate,inm h,ifthefluidiswater
at20C.Whichwayistheflow?
Fig.P6.78
Solution:Forwater,take998kgm
and 0.001 kgms. For commercial
steel, take 0.046 mm, hence d
0.046600.000767.Withp1,V1,andV2
all 0, the energy equation between
surfaces(1)and(2)yields
0 0 z1
p2
200000
0 z 2 h f , or h f 15
5.43m (flowto left)
g
998(9.81)
Guessturbulentflow: h f f
L V2
50 V 2
f
5.43, or: fV 2 0.1278
d 2g
0.06 2(9.81)
1/2
m
0.1278
0.00767, guess ffullyrough 0.0184, V
2.64 , Re 158000
0.0184
d
s
m
fbetter 0.0204, Vbetter 2.50 , Re better 149700, f3rditeration 0.0205(converged)
s
Theiterationconvergesto
2
f0.0205,V2.49ms,Q(4)(0.06) (2.49)0.00705m s25m hAns.
6.79Agardenhoseisusedasthereturnlineinawaterfalldisplayatthemall.Inorder
toselect theproperpump,youneedtoknow thehosewallroughness,whichis not
suppliedbythemanufacturer.Youdeviseasimpleexperiment:attachthehosetothe
drainofanabovegroundpoolwhosesurfaceis3mabovethehoseoutlet.Youestimate
theminorlosscoefficientintheentranceregionas0.5,andthedrainvalvehasaminor
lossequivalentlengthof200diameterswhenfullyopen.Usingabucketandstopwatch,
3
youopenthevalveandmeasureaflowrateof2.0E4m /sforahoseofinsidediameter
1.5cmandlength10m.Estimatetheroughnessheightofthehoseinsidesurface.
Solution:FirstevaluatetheaveragevelocityinthehoseanditsReynoldsnumber:
V
Q
2.0 E4
m
Vd 998(1.13)(0.015)
1.13 , Red
16940(turbulent )
A ( /4)(0.015)2
s
0.001
234
Writetheenergyequationfromsurface(point1)tooutlet(point2),assuminganenergy
correctionfactor1.05:
2
Leq V 2
p1 1V1
p
V2
z1 2 2 2 z2 h f hloss , where hloss K e f 2 2

g
2g
g
2g
d
2g
Theunknownisthefrictionfactor:
z1 z2
f
2 Ke
V /2 g
( L Leq )/d
3m
1.05 0.5
(1.13)2 /2(9.81)
0.0514
(10/0.015 200)
Forf0.0514andRed16940,theMoodychart(Eq.6.48)predicts/d0.0206.
Thereforetheestimatedhosewallroughnessis0.0206(1.5cm)0.031cmAns.
6.80Theheadversusflowratecharacteri
stics of acentrifugal pumpare shownin
Fig. P6.80. If this pump drives water at
20C through 120 m of 30cmdiameter
castiron pipe, what will be the resulting
3
flowrate,inm /s?
Fig.P6.80
Solution:Forwater,take998kg/m
and0.001kg/ms.Forcastiron,take
0.26 mm, hence /d 0.26/300
0.000867. The head loss must match the
pumphead:
h f
f
L V 2 8fLQ 2
h pump 80 20Q 2 , withQinm 3 /s

d 2g 2 gd 5
Evaluate h f
8f(120)Q 2
2 (9.81)(0.3)5
80 20Q 2 , or: Q 2
80
Guess f 0.02, Q
20 4080(0.02)
1/2
80
20 4080f
m3
4 Q
0.887
, Re
3.76E6
s
d
m3
0.000867, f
0.0191, Re
3.83E6, convergesto Q 0.905
better
better
d
s
Ans.
235
6.81ThepumpinFig.P6.80isusedtodelivergasolineat20Cthrough350mof
3
30cmdiametergalvanizedironpipe.Estimatetheresultingflowrate,inm /s.(Note
thatthepumpheadisnowinmetersofgasoline.)
3
Solution:Forgasoline,take 680kg/m and 2.92E4kg/ms.Forgalvanized

iron,take0.15mm,hence/d0.15/3000.0005.Headlossmatchespumphead:
hf
8fLQ 2
8f (350)Q 2
80
11901fQ 2 h pump 80 20Q 2 , Q 2

2
5
2
5
20 11901f
gd
(9.81)(0.3)
Guess frough 0.017, Q 0.600
Re better 5.93E6,
m3
,
s
0.0005, fbetter 0.0168

d
3
Thisconvergestof0.0168,Re5.96E6,Q0.603m /s.Ans.
P6.82
Fluid at 20C flows through a horizontal galvanized-iron pipe 20 m long and 8 cm
in diameter. The wall shear stress is 90 Pa. Calculate the flow rate in m3/h if the fluid is (a)
glycerin; and (b) water.
3
Solution: (a) For glycerin, take 1260 kg/m and 1.49 kg/ms. For galvanized iron, take
0.15 mm, hence /D 0.15/80 0.001875. But we are guessing this flow is laminar:
w,laminar 90 Pa
8 V
8(1.49) V
,
D
(0.08)
solve V 0.604
m
s
m3
m3
D V (0.08) 2 (0.604) 0.00304
10.9
4
4
s
h
VD (1260)(0.604)(0.08)
Check Re D
41 (yes, laminar)
1.49
Q
Ans.(a )
(b) For water, take 998 kg/m and 0.001 kg/ms. For galvanized iron, take 0.15
mm, hence /D 0.15/80 0.001875. Now we are guessing this flow is turbulent. At
that roughness, the minimum friction factor is 0.023, which we can use for a first estimate:
V 2
998V 2
m
w 90 Pa f
(0.023)
, or : V 5.6 , Re D 447, 000
8
8
s
236
TheReynoldsnumberestimateiscertainlyhighenough,andintothefullyroughregion
oftheMoodychart.Iteratebrieflytothefinalresult,onlyslightlydifferent:
f 0.0235 ; Re D 443, 000 ; V 5.55
m
m3
m3
; Q 0.0279
100
Ans.(b)
s
s
h
6.83ForthesystemofFig.P6.55,letz80mandL185mofcastironpipe.What
3
isthepipediameterforwhichtheflowratewillbe7m /h?
3
Solution:Forwater,take998kg/m and0.001kg/ms.Forcastiron,take
0.26mm,butdisunknown.Theenergyequationissimply
Fig.P6.55
8fLQ 2 8f(185)(7/3600)2 5.78E5f
, or d 0.0591f 1/5
2 gd 5
2 (9.81)d 5
d5
4 Q
Guess f 0.03, d 0.0591(0.03)1/5 0.0293m, Re

84300,
0.00887
d
d
z 80m h f
Iterate:fbetter0.0372,dbetter0.0306m,Rebetter80700,/dbetter0.00850,etc.The
processconvergestof0.0367,d0.0305m.Ans.
3
6.84Itisdesiredtodeliver60m /hofwater(998kg/m ,0.001kg/ms)at20C

through a horizontal asphalted castiron pipe. Estimate the pipe diameter which will
causethepressuredroptobeexactly40kPaper100metersofpipelength.
237
Solution:Writeouttherelationbetweenpandfrictionfactor,takingL100m:
L 2
100 (998) 60/3600
p f
V f
d 2
d
2 ( /4)d 2
40,000 22.48
f
, or: d 5 0.00562 f
5
d
Knowing0.12mm,then/d0.00012/dandRed4Q/(d)21178/d.UseEES,
orguessf0.02anditerateuntiltheproperdiameterandfrictionfactorarefound.
Finalconvergence:f0.0216;Red204,000;d0.104m.Ans.
P6.85 ForthesysteminProb.P6.53,apump,whichdelivers15,000Wtothewater,is
usedatnighttorefilltheupperreservoir.Thepipediameterisincreasedfrom12cmto
providemoreflow.Iftheresultantflowrateis90m3/h,estimatethenewpipesize.
Solution: For water at 20C, Table A.3, = 998 kg/m3 and = 0.001 kg/m-s. Recall that
z = 60 m and L = 360 m. Since the pressures and velocities cancel, the energy equation
becomes
360m V 2
zlower zupper h f h pump , or : h p z h f 60m f
D 2(9.81)
where
1
f
2.0 log10 (
Re D f
VD
4 Q 4(998)(90 / 3600)
) , Re D
,
2.51
D
(0.001) D
2
m3
m3
D 90
0.025
, Power g Q h p (998)(9.81) Q h p 15, 000 W
4
h
s
Youcouldsolvebyiteration,guessingvaluesofDgreaterthan12cm,untilQ=90m3/h.
OryoucouldputtheaboveequationsintoEES,whichwillreporttheanswer:
Q V
Re D 169, 000 ; f 0.0161 ; Q 90 m3 / h
if
D 0.188 m
Ans.
Thusa57%increaseindiameteronlyproducesa13%increaseinflowrate.Evenwith
anindefinitelylargediameter,becauseofthe60meterelevationheadtofightagainst,Q
canneverbegreaterthan92m3/hifP=15kW.
238
6.86SAE10oilat20Cflowsatanaveragevelocityof2m/sbetweentwosmooth
parallelhorizontalplates3cmapart.Estimate(a)thecenterlinevelocity,(b)theheadloss
permeter,and(c)thepressuredroppermeter.
3
Solution:ForSAE10oil,take870kg/m and0.104kg/ms.Thehalfdistance
betweenplatesiscalledh(seeFig.6.37).CheckDhandRe:
Dh
4A
VD h 870(2.0)(0.06)
4h 6cm, Re Dh
1004(laminar)
P
0.104
Then uCL umax
3
3
V (2.0) 3.0 m/s
2
2
Ans.(a)
Theheadlossandpressuredroppermeterfollowfromlaminartheory,Eq.(6.63):
p
3 VL 3(0.104)(2.0)(1.0)
2770Pa/m
h2
(0.015m)2
hf
p
2770
0.325m/m
g 870(9.81)
Ans.(c)
Ans.(b)
6.87Acommercialsteelannulus40ftlong,witha1inandb 12 in,connectstwo
3
reservoirswhichdifferinsurfaceheightby20ft.Computetheflowrateinft /sthrough
theannulusifthefluidiswaterat20C.
3
Solution:Forwater,take1.94slug/ft and2.09E5slug/fts.Forcommercial
steel,take0.00015ft.Computethehydraulicdiameteroftheannulus:
4A
Dh
2(a b) 1inch;
P
40
L V2
V2
h f 20ft f
f
, or: fV 2 2.683
1/12
2(32.2)
D h 2g
WecanmakeareasonableestimatebysimplyrelatingtheMoodycharttoDh,ratherthan
themorecomplicatedeffectivediametermethodofEq.(6.77).Thus
0.00015
ft
0.0018, Guess frough 0.023, V (2.683/0.023)1/2 10.8

Dh
1/12
s
Re
VDh 1.94(10.8)(1/12)
ft
83550, fbetter 0.0249, Vbetter 10.4
2.09E5
s
239
Thisconvergestof0.0250,V10.37ft/s,Q(a b )V0.17ft /s.Ans.
6.88Anoilcoolerconsistsofmultipleparallelplatepassages,asshowninFig.P6.88.
Theavailablepressuredropis6kPa,andthefluidisSAE10Woilat20C.Ifthedesired
3
totalflowrateis900m /h,estimatetheappropriatenumberofpassages.Theplatewalls
arehydraulicallysmooth.
Fig.P6.88
3
Solution:ForSAE10Woil,870kg/m and0.104kg/ms.Thepressuredrop
remains6kPanomatterhowmanypassagesthereare(ductsinparallel).Guesslaminar
flow,Eq.(6.63),
Qonepassage
bh3 p
3 L
wherehisthehalfthicknessbetweenplates.IfthereareNpassages,thenb50cmfor
3
alland h 0.5m/(2N).Wefind h and N suchthat NQ 900m /hforthefullsetof
passages.TheproblemisidealforEES,butonecaniteratewithacalculatoralso.We
3
findthat18passagesareonetoomanyQonlyequals835m /h.Thebettersolutionis:
N 17passages, QN 935m 3 /h, h 1.47cm, Re Dh 512(laminarflow)
6.89Anannulusofnarrowclearancecausesaverylargepressuredropandisusefulas
anaccuratemeasurementofviscosity.Ifasmoothannulus1mlongwitha50mmand
3
b49mmcarriesanoilflowat0.001m /s,whatistheoilviscosityifthepressuredrop
is250kPa?
240
Solution:Assuminglaminarflow,useEq.(6.73)forthepressuredropandflowrate:
p 4 4 (a 2 b2 )2
Q
a b
, or,forthegivendata:
8 L
ln(a/b)
2
2 2
250000
4
4 {(0.05) (0.049) }
0.001m /s
(0.05) (0.049)
8 1m
ln(0.05/0.049)
3
Solvefor 0.0065kg/ms
Ans.
P6.90
A rectangular sheet-metal duct is 200 ft long and has a fixed height H = 6
inches. The width B, however, may vary from 6 to 36 inches. A blower provides a pressure
drop of 80 Pa of air at 20C and 1 atm. What is the optimum width B that will provide the
most airflow in ft3/s?
Solution:Forairat20Cand1atm,take=1.20kg/m3and=1.8E5kg/ms.The
pressuredropisrelatedtothehydraulicdiameteroftheduct.ConvertL=200ft=60.96
m.Forsheetmetal,fromTable6.1,theroughness=0.05mm.
p f
L 2
V ,
Dh 2
Solve for V
where Dh
2 p Dh
f L
2BH
4A
, f related to Re Dh and
P
BH
Dh
2 (80 Pa ) Dh
Dh
m
1.479
which gives V in
f (1.20)(60.96)
f
s
Theductarea A=2BH increaseswith B forafixed H,andsodoesthehydraulic

diameter. The Reynolds number (VDh/) also increases, hence the friction factor f
decreases.AllofthesefactorsmaketheflowrateQincreasewithH.Therefore,without
evenmakingcalculations,weconcludethat thewidest H (36inches)produces
themostflowrate.Ans.
WecancalculatetheactualflowrateforH=36inches=0.9144m:
241
H 36 in , Dh 0.261 m , Re Dh 95, 200 ,
0.000191 , f 0.01914,
Dh
m
m3
ft 3
, Q V B H 0.761
27
Ans.
s
s
s
HereisaplotofflowrateQversuswidthH.Itisalmostexactlylinear.
Giving V 5.46
30
Q,m3/s
25
20
15
10
Ductwidth
B,inches
0
0
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
6.91Heatexchangersoftenconsistofmanytriangularpassages.TypicalisFig.P6.91,
with L 60 cm and an isoscelestriangle cross section of side length a
2cmandincludedangle80.IftheaveragevelocityisV2m/sandthefluidisSAE
10oilat20C,estimatethepressuredrop.
Fig.P6.91
242
Solution:ForSAE10oil,take 870kg/m and 0.104kg/ms.TheReynolds

numberbasedonsidelengthaisRe Va/335,sotheflowislaminar.Thebottom
sideofthetriangleis2(2cm)sin402.57cm.Calculatehydraulicdiameter:
A
Re Dh
1
4A
(2.57)(2 cos 40) 1.97cm 2 ; P 6.57cm; D h
1.20cm
2
P
VDh 870(2.0)(0.0120)
201; fromTable6.4, 40, fRe 52.9
0.104
Then f
52.9
L 2
0.6 870
2
0.263, p f
V (0.263)
(2)
201
Dh 2
0.012
2
23000Pa
Ans.
6.92Alargeroomusesafantodrawinatmosphericairat20 Cthrougha30cmby30cm
3
commercialsteelduct12mlong,asinFig.P6.92.Estimate(a)theairflowrateinm /hr
iftheroompressureis10Pavacuum;and(b)theroompressureiftheflowrateis1200
3
m /hr.Neglectminorlosses.
Fig.P6.92
Solution:Forair,take1.2kg/m and1.8E5kg/ms.Forcommercialsteel,
0.046 mm. For a square duct, Dh sidelength 30 cm, hence /d 0.046/300
0.000153.The(b)partiseasier,withflowrateknownwecanevaluatevelocity,Reynolds
number,andfrictionfactor:
V
Q 1200/3600
m
1.2(3.70)(0.3)
3.70 , ReDh
74100, thus f Moody 0.0198
A (0.3)(0.3)
s
1.8 E5
Thenthepressuredropfollowsimmediately:
243
p f
L 2
12 1.2
V 0.0198
(3.70)2 6.53Pa,
0.3 2
Dh 2
or: proom 6.5Pa (vacuum) Ans.(b)
(a)Ifp10Pa(vacuum)isknown,wemustiteratetofindfrictionfactor:
Q
12 1.2
V 2, V
,
0.3
2
(0.3)2
p 10 Pa f
1.2V (0.3)
f fcn
,
0.000153
1.8 E5 Dh
Afteriteration,theresultsconvergeto:
3
V4.69m/s;Red93800;f0.0190;Q0.422m /s1520m /hAns.(a)
P6.93InMoodysExample6.6,the6inchdiameter,200ftlongasphaltedcastironpipehasa
pressuredropofabout280lbf/ft2whentheaveragewatervelocityis6ft/s.Comparethistoan
annularcastironpipewithaninnerdiameterof6inandthesameannularaveragevelocityof6
ft/s.(a)Whatouterdiameterwouldcausetheflowtohavethesamepressuredropof280lbf/ft 2?
(b) How do the crosssection areas compare, and why? Use the hydraulic diameter
approximation.
Solution:RecalltheEx.6.6data,=0.0004ft.Forwaterat68F,take=1.94slug/ft3and
=2.09E5slug/ftsec.ThehydraulicdiameterofanannulusisDh=2(RoRi),whereRi=0.25
ft.Weknowthepressuredrop,hencetheheadlossis
hf
(6 ft / s ) 2
280 lbf / ft 2
L V2
200 ft
p
f
4.49 ft
Dh 2 g
2( Ro 0.25 ft ) 32.2 ft / s 2
g
62.4 lbf / ft 3
WedonotknowforRo.TheadditionalrelationistheMoodyfrictionfactorcorrelation:
1
f
2.0 log10 (
/ Dh
2.51
)
3.7
Re Dh f
where
Re Dh
VDh (1.94)(6.0)[2( Ro 0.25)]
2.09 E 5
244
(a)For=0.0004ft,solvethesetwosimultaneously,usingEESorExcel,toobtain
f 0.0199 ; Re Dho 276,000 ; Ro 0.498 ft
Ans.( a )
(b)Theannulargapis0.4980.25=0.248ft,justaboutequaltotheinnerradius.However,
theannularareaisthreetimestheareaofMoodyspipe!Ans.(b)Theannularpipehasmuch
morewallareathanahollowpipe,morefriction,somorecrosssectionareaisneededtomatch
thepressuredrop.
P6.94
Air at 20C flows through a smooth duct of diameter 20 cm at an average
velocity of 5 m/s. It then flows into a smooth square duct of side length a. Find the
square duct size a for which the pressure drop per meter will be exactly the same as the
circular duct?
Solution: For air at 20C and 1 atm, take = 1.20 kg/m3 and = 1.8E-5 kg/m-s.
Compute the pressure drop in the circular duct:
Re D
VD
(1.2)(5)(0.2)
66, 700 ;
1.8E 5
p f
f smooth 0.0196
1 m 1.2kg / m3
L 2
m
Pa
V (0.0196)(
)(
)(5 ) 2 1.47
D 2
0.2 m
2
s
m
Thesquareductwillhaveslightlydifferentsize,Reynoldsnumber,andvelocity:
Vsquare a
(1.2)Vs a
4a 2
Dh
a ; Re Dh
4a
1.8 E 5
m3
D V (0.2) 2 (5) 0.157
Vs a 2
4
4
s
Thuseverythingcanbewrittenintermsofthesquareductsizea:
But Q
245
Re Dh
1.2(0.157 / a 2 ) a 10470
1 m 1.2 0.157 2
Pa
L 2
; p 1.47
f
Vs f
( )( 2 )
1.8 E 5
a
m
Dh 2
a 2
a
or : 1.47
0.0147 f
a
or : f 99.5 a5
Guessfequalto,say,0.02,findtheimprovedReynoldsnumberandf,finallyfinda:
Vs=4.70m/s;ReDh=57,350;f=0.0203;a=0.183mAns.
_______________________________________________________________________
P6.95
Although analytical solutions are available for laminar flow in many duct
shapes [34], what do we do about ducts of arbitrary shape? Bahrami et al. [57] propose
that a better approach to the pipe result, f Re = 64, is achieved by replacing the hydraulic
diameter Dh by A, where A is the area of the cross section. Test this idea for the isosceles
triangles of Table 6.4. If time is short, at least try 10, 50, and 80. What do you
conclude about this idea?
Solution:WecanseeforthetrianglesinTable6.4thatthevaluesoffReDharealllessthan
64,byasmuchas25%. IfwedenoteBahramisideaas DB = A,thenewReynolds
numberisbasedon
DB
DB
A
Dh
Dh
Dh
4A / P
P
4 A
) Dh
For an isosceles triangle of height h , P 2h sec 2h tan , A h 2 tan

sec tan
Thus DB (
) Dh
2 tan
SowemultiplythevaluesoffReDhbytheabovefactorandseehowwecloseitisto64:
, degrees
f ReB
10
73
20
63
30
61
40
62
50
65
60
72
70
85
80
116
246
We see that intermediate angles, 20 to 50, work well, sharper angles not so good.
Bahrami et al. [57] make some suggestions to modify the idea for too-small or too-large
angles.
P6.96
A fuel cell [Ref. 59] consists of air (or oxygen) and hydrogen micro ducts,
separated by a membrane that promotes proton exchange for an electric current, as in Fig.
P6.96. Suppose that the air side, at 20C and approximately 1 atm, has five 1 mm by 1
mm ducts, each 1 m long. The total flow rate is 1.5E-4 kg/s. (a) Determine if the flow is
laminar or turbulent. (b) Estimate the pressure drop.
air flow
hydrogen flow
anode
membrane
1mmby1mmby1m
Fig. P6.96. Simplified diagram of an air-hydrogen fuel cell.

[Problem courtesy of Dr. Pezhman Shirvanian]
Solution: For air at 20C and 1 atm, take = 1.20 kg/m3 and = 1.8E-5 kg/m-s. The
hydraulic diameter of a square duct is easy, the side length a = 1 mm. The mass flow
through one duct is
1.5E 4 kg / s
kg
kg
0.3E 4
AV (1.20 3 )[(0.001m) 2 ]V
5
s
m
VDh 1.20(25.0)(0.001)
m
Solve for V 25.0 , hence Re Dh
1667 (laminar) Ans.( a)

s
0.000018
m&1duct
(b) We could go with the simply circular-duct approximation, f = 64/Re, but we have a
more exact laminar-flow result in Table 6.4 for a square duct:
247
f square
56.91
56.91
0.0341
Re Dh
1667
Then p f
1m
L 2
1.2kg / m3
m
V (0.0341)(
)(
)(25 ) 2 12, 800 Pa
D 2
0.001m
2
s
Ans.(b)
6.97Aheatexchangerconsistsofmultipleparallelplatepassages,asshowninFig.P6.97.
Theavailablepressuredropis2kPa,andthefluidiswaterat20C.Ifthedesiredtotal
3
flowrateis900m /h,estimatetheappropriatenumberofpassages.Theplatewallsare
hydraulicallysmooth.
Fig.P6.97
3
Solution:Forwater,998kg/m and0.001kg/ms.UnlikeProb.6.88,herewe
expectturbulentflow.IfthereareNpassages,thenb50cmforallNandthepassage
thicknessisH0.5m/N.ThehydraulicdiameterisDh2H.Thevelocityineachpassage
isrelatedtothepressuredropbyEq.(6.58):
p f
L 2
V
Dh 2
VDh
where f fsmooth fcn
Forthegivendata, 2000Pa f
2.0m 998kg/m 3 2
V
2(0.5m/N )
2
Select N,find H and V and Qtotal AV b V andcomparetothedesiredflowof900

3
3
m /h.Forexample, guess N 20,calculate f 0.0173and Qtotal 2165m /h.The
convergedresultis
Qtotal 908m 3 /h,
f 0.028,
Re Dh 14400, H 7.14mm, N 70passages
Ans.
248
6.98A rectangular heat exchanger is to

be divided into smaller sections using
sheetsofcommercialsteel0.4mmthick,as
sketched in Fig. P6.98. The flow rate is
20kg/sofwaterat20C.Basicdimensions
are L 1m, W 20cm,and H 10cm.
What is the proper number of square
sectionsiftheoverallpressuredropistobe
nomorethan1600Pa?
Fig.P6.98
Solution:Forwaterat20C,take998kg/m and0.001kg/ms.Forcommercial
steel,0.046mm.Lettheshortside(10cm)bedividedintoJsquares.Thenthelong
2
(20cm)sidedividesinto2JsquaresandaltogetherthereareN2J squares.Denote
thesidelengthofthesquareasa,whichequals(10cm)/Jminusthewallthickness.The
hydraulicdiameterofasquareexactlyequalsitssidelength,D h a.Thetotalcross
sectionareaisA=Na2.Thenthepressuredroprelationbecomes
L 2
1.0 998
Q
p f
V f
Dh 2
a
2
Na
1600 Pa, where N 2J 2 and a
0.1
0.0004
J
Asafirstestimate,neglectthe0.4mmwallthickness,soa0.1/J.Thentherelationfor
pabovereducestofJ0.32.Sincef0.036forthisturbulentReynoldsnumber(Re
1E4)weestimatethatJ9andinfactthisisnotbadevenincludingwallthickness:
J 9, N 2(9)2 162, a
Re
0.1
20/998
m
0.0004 0.0107m, V
1.078
9
s
162(0.0107)2
Va 998(1.078)(0.0107)
0.046
11526,
0.00429, fMoody 0.0360
0.001
a 10.7
1.0 998
Then p (0.036)
(1.078)2 1950Pa
0.0107
2
SothewallthicknessincreasesVanddecreasesasopistoolarge.TryJ8:
m
J 8, N 128, a 0.0121m, V 1.069 ,
s
Re 12913,
0.0038, f 0.0347
a
Then p f(L/a)(/2)V 2 1636 Pa. Closeenough, J 8,N 128
Ans.
[IsupposeapracticalpersonwouldspecifyJ7,N98,tokeepp1600Pa.]
249
P6.99InSec.6.11itwasmentioned
thatRomanaqueductcustomersobtained
D2=5cm
extrawaterbyattachingadiffusertotheir
2m
D1=3cm,L=2m
pipeexits.Fig.P6.99showsasimulation:
V2
V1
asmoothinletpipe,withandwithouta15
15diffuser
diffuserexpandingtoa5cmdiameterexit.
Fig.P6.99
Thepipeentranceissharpedged.
Calculatetheflowrate(a)without,and(b)withthediffuser.
Solution:Forwaterat20C,take=998kg/m3and=0.001kg/ms.Theenergyequation
betweentheaqueductsurfaceandthepipeexityields
z surf
z2
V22
V2
V2
L
h f hm z 2 2 1 ( f
K entrance K diffuser )
2g
2g
2g
D1
(a)Withoutthediffuser,Kdiff=0,andV1=V2.Forasharpedge,takeKent=0.5.Weobtain
2m
V12
2m
(1 f
0.5) ,
2g
0.03m
with
f fcn(Re V1 D1 / )
Solve : Re 115,000 ; f 0.0175 ; V1 4.48 m / s ; Qwithout 0.00271 m 3 / s
Ans.( a )
250
(b)Withthediffuser,fromFig.6.23,forD1/D2=3/5=0.6and2=15,readKdiffuser0.2.From
onedimensionalcontinuity,V2=V1(3/5)2=0.36V1.Theenergyequationbecomes
2m
(0.36V1 ) 2
V2
2m
1 (1 f
0.5 0.2)
2g
2g
0.03m
Solve : Re 134,000 ; f 0.0169 ; V1 3.84 m / s ; Qwith 0.00316 m 3 / s
Ans.(b)
Addingthediffuserincreasestheflowrateby17%.[NOTE:DontknowiftheRomansdid
this,butawellroundedentrance,Kent=0.05,wouldincreasetheflowratebyanother15%.]
P6.100
Water at 68F flows at 100 gal/min through a 2-inch-diameter commercial
steel pipe that is 150 ft long. According to Table 6.5, how many 90 regular screwed
elbows can be added to the system before the overall pressure drop exceeds 25 lbf/in2?
Solution: For water at 68F (20C), = 1.94 slug/ft3 and = 0.0000209 slug/ft-s. For
commercial steel, = 0.00015 ft, hence /D = 0.00015/(2/12) = 0.0009. Compute the
velocity, Reynolds number, and friction factor for a steady flow rate of 100 gal/min.
0.223 ft 3 s
gal
ft 3
Q
ft
0.223
;V
10.2
2
2
min
s
s
( / 4) D
( / 4)(2 /12 ft )
VD (1.94)(10.2)(2 /12)
158, 000 ;
0.0009 ; f Moody 0.0210
(0.0000209)
D
Q 100
Re D
Compute the pressure drop of the pipe alone:

p f
L 2
150 1.94
lbf
lbf
V (0.021)(
)(
)(10.2)2 1910 2 13.2 2
D 2
2 /12 2
ft
in
Thus we can add elbows until their total minor loss = 25.0 13.2 = 11.8 lbf/in2 = 1700
lbf/ft2. From Table 6.5, each elbow has a loss K = 0.95.
The pressure loss of each elbow is
251
p elbow K elbow
2
1.94
lbf
V (0.95) (
)(10.2) 2 96 2
2
2
ft
Thus the no. of elbows
total elbow loss 1700 lbf / ft 2
17 elbows max Ans.

loss per elbow
96 lbf / ft 2
NOTE:INPROBLEMS6.1006.110,MINORLOSSESAREINCLUDED.
6.101InFig.P6.101athickfilterisbeingtestedforlosses.Theflowrateinthepipeis
3
7m /min,andtheupstreampressureis120kPa.Thefluidisairat20C.Usingthewater
manometerreading,estimatethelosscoefficientKofthefilter.
Fig.P6.101
3
Solution:Theupstreamdensityisairp/(RT)120000/[287(293)]1.43kg/m .The
averagevelocityV(whichisusedtocorrelatelosscoefficient)followsfromtheflowrate:
Q
7/60m3 /s
V
14.85m/s
Apipe ( /4)(0.1m)2
Themanometermeasuresthepressuredropacrossthefilter:
pmano ( w a )ghmano (998 1.43kg/m 3 )(9.81m/s 2 )(0.04m ) 391Pa
ThispressureiscorrelatedasalosscoefficientusingEq.(6.78):
p filter
391Pa
K filter
2.5
2
(1/2) V
(1/2)(1.43kg/m3 )(14.85m/s)2
Ans.
252
6.102A70percentefficientpumpdeliverswaterat20Cfromonereservoirtoanother
20fthigher,asinFig.P6.102.Thepipingsystemconsistsof60ftofgalvanizediron2in
pipe,areentrantentrance,twoscrewed90longradiuselbows,ascrewedopengatevalve,
andasharpexit.Whatistheinputpowerrequiredinhorsepowerwithandwithouta6well
3
designedconicalexpansionaddedtotheexit?Theflowrateis0.4ft /s.
Fig.P6.102
Solution:For water at 20C, take 1.94 slug/ft and 2.09E5 slug/fts. For
galvanized iron, 0.0005ft,whence /d 0.0005/(2/12ft) 0.003.Withoutthe6
cone,theminorlossesare:
K reentrant 1.0; K elbows 2(0.41); K gatevalve 0.16; K sharpexit 1.0
Evaluate V
Q
0.4
ft
Vd 1.94(18.3)(2/12)
18.3 ; Re
284000
2
A (2/12) /4
s
2.09E5
AtthisReandroughnessratio,wefindfromtheMoodychartthatf0.0266.Then
(a) h pump z
60
V2 L
(18.3)2
20
0.0266
1.0 0.82 0.16 1.0

2g d
2(32.2)
2/12
gQh p (62.4)(0.4)(85.6)
0.70
3052 550 5.55 hp Ans.(a)
or h pump 85.6ft, Power
(b)Ifwereplacethesharpexitbya6conicaldiffuser,fromFig.6.23,Kexit0.3.Then
h p 20
60
(18.3)2
1.0 .82 .16 0.3 81.95ft
0.0266
2(32.2)
2/12
then Power (62.4)(0.4)(81.95)/0.7 550 5.31hp (4%less)
Ans.(b)
253
6.103ThereservoirsinFig.P6.103areconnectedbycastironpipesjoinedabruptly,
withsharpedgedentranceandexit.Includingminorlosses,estimatetheflowofwaterat
20Cifthesurfaceofreservoir1is45fthigherthanthatofreservoir2.
Fig.P6.103
3
Solution:Forwaterat20C,take1.94slug/ft and2.09E5slug/fts.Leta
bethesmallpipeandbthelarger.Forwroughtiron, 0.00015ft,whence /da
0.0018and/db0.0009.Fromthecontinuityrelation,
Q Va
1
d a Vb d 2b or,since d b 2d a , weobtain Vb Va
4
4
4
For pipe a there are two minor losses: a sharp entrance, K1 0.5, and a sudden
2 2
expansion,Fig.6.22,Eq.(6.101),K2 [1 (1/2) ] 0.56.Forpipebthereisone
minorloss,thesubmergedexit,K 31.0.Theenergyequation,withequalpressuresat
(1)and(2)andnearzerovelocitiesat(1)and(2),yields
z h fa h ma h fb h mb
Va2 La
V b2
L
f
0.5
0.56
fb b 1.0
,
a
2g d a
2g
db
or,since Vb Va /4, z 45ft
Va2
120
1.0
240fa 1.06
fb
2(32.2)
16
16
wherefaandfbareseparatelyrelatedtodifferentvaluesofReand/d.Guesstostart:
fa fb 0.02: then Va 21.85ft/s, Re a 169000, /d a 0.0018, fa2 0.0239
Vb 5.46ft/s, Re b 84500, /d b 0.0009, fb2 0.0222
Convergesto: fa 0.024, fb 0.0224, Va 20.3ft/s,
Q Va Aa 0.111ft 3 /s. Ans.
254
P6.104
Water at 20C flows through a smooth horizontal pipe at 12 m3/h. The pipe
diameter is 5 cm, and its length is 10 m. (a) Compute the pressure drop. (b) If a gate
valve is added, what gate opening h/D will reduce the flow rate by 50% for the same
pressure drop?
Solution: For water at 20C, Table A.3, = 998 kg/m3 and = 0.001 kg/m-s. (a) First
compute the Reynolds number from the known flow rate and then get the (smooth)
friction factor:
V
Q
(12 / 3600)
m
VD (998)(1.70)(0.05)
1.70
; Re D
84, 700
2
A ( / 4)(0.05)
s
0.001
1
Eq.(6.38) :
2.0 log(84700 f ) 0.8 yields f 0.0186
f
Then the pressure drop is given by

L 2
10m 998
p f
V (0.0186)(
)(
)(1.70) 2 5350 Pa
D 2
0.05m 2
Ans.(a )
(b) The partly closed gate valve cuts the flow rate in half to 6 m3/s, or V = 0.85 m/s.
This cuts the Reynolds number in half, to 42,350, which slightly increases the (smooth)
friction factor. From Eq. (6.38), the new friction factor is f = 0.0217. Add the K factor of
the valve to p:
2 L
998
10
V ( f K valve ) (
)(0.85)2 [(0.0217)(
) K valve ]
2
D
2
0.05
or 14.8 4.34 K valve ,
Solve for
K valve 10.5
Figure 6.18b shows that, for the gate valve, a minor loss coefficient K 10.5 is reached
for a gate opening h/D 0.35. Ans.(b)
p 5350 Pa
6.105ThesysteminFig.P6.105consistsof1200mof5cmcastironpipe,two45 and
four90flangedlongradiuselbows,afullyopenflangedglobevalve,andasharpexit
intoareservoir.Iftheelevationatpoint1is400m,whatgagepressureisrequiredat
3
point1todeliver0.005m /sofwaterat20Cintothereservoir?
255
Solution:Forwaterat20C,take998kg/m and0.001kg/ms.Forcastiron,
take0.26mm,hence/d0.0052.Withtheflowrateknown,wecancomputeV,Re:
Fig.P6.105
Q
0.005
m
998(2.55)(0.05)
2.55 ; Re
127000, fMoody 0.0315
2
A ( /4)(0.05)
s
0.001
Theminorlossesmaybelistedasfollows:
45 longradiuselbow: K 0.2; 90 longradiuselbow:K 0.3
Openflangedglobevalve: K 8.5; submergedexit:K 1.0
Thentheenergyequationbetween(1)and(2thereservoirsurface)yields
p1 V12
z 0 0 z 2 h f h m,
g 2g 1
(2.55)2
1200
or: p1 /(g) 500 400
0.0315
0.5 2(0.2) 4(0.3) 8.5 1 1
0.05
2(9.81)
100 253 353m, or: p1 (998)(9.81)(353) 3.46 MPa
Ans.
256
6.106ThewaterpipeinFig.6.106slopes
upwardat30.Thepipeis1inchdiameter
and smooth. The flanged globe valve is
fully open. If the mercury manometer
showsa7inchdeflection,whatistheflow
rateincubicfeetpersec?
Fig.P6.106

3
1.94slug/ft and2.09E5slug/fts.The
pipelengthandelevationchangeare
10ft
11.55ft; z 2 z1 10 tan 30 5.77ft, Open1 globevalve: K 13
cos30
Themanometerindicatesthetotalpressurechangebetween(1)and(2):
L
7
62.4(5.77) 819psf
12
p1 p2 (Merc w )gh w gz (13.6 1)(62.4)

Theenergyequationyields
p1 p2
V 2 11.55
819lbf/ft 2
z h f h m 5.77
f
13
g
2(32.2) 1/12
62.4lbf/ft 3
2(32.2)(7.35)
ft
or: V 2
. Guess f 0.02, V 5.48 , Re 42400, fnew 0.0217
(139f 13)
s
2
Rapidconvergencetof0.0217,V5.44ft/s,QV( /4)(1/12) 0.0296ft /s.Ans.

[NOTEthatthemanometerreadingof7inchesexactlybalancesthefrictionlosses,and
thehydrostaticpressurechangegzcancelsoutoftheenergyequation.]
6.107InFig.P6.107thepipeisgalvanizediron.Estimatethepercentageincreaseinthe
flowrate(a)ifthepipeentranceiscutoffflushwiththewalland(b)ifthebutterfly
valveisopenedwide.
Fig.P6.107
257
Solution:Forwaterat20C,take998kg/m and0.001kg/ms.Forgalvanized
iron,take0.15mm,hence/d0.003.Firstestablishminorlossesasshown:
Protrudingentrance(Fig.6.21a),
L
1.2, K 1;
d
Butterfly@30(Fig6.19)K8020
Theenergyequation,withp1p2,yields:
V2
V2
z
hf hm
2g
2g
L
V2
2
1.0 80 20 5m
1 f d K 2(9.81) 1 f 0.05
m
, Re 54300,
s
m
0.0284, Vnew 1.086
s
Guess f 0.02, V 1.09

fnew
0.003,
d
Thusthebaseflow,forourcomparison,isVo1.086m/s,Qo0.00213m /s.
Ifwecutofftheentranceflush,wereduceKent from1.0to 0.5;hardlyasignificant
reductioninviewofthehugebutterflyvalvelossKvalve80.Theenergyequationis
5m
V2
m
[1 40f 0.5 80 20], solve V 1.090 ,
2(9.81)
s
Q 0.00214
m3
(0.3%more) Ans.(a)
s
Ifweopenthebutterflywide,Kvalvedecreasesfrom80toonly0.3,ahugereduction:
V2
m
5m
[1 40f 1.0 0.3], solve V 5.4 ,
2(9.81)
s
Q 0.0106
m3
(5timesmore) Ans.(b)
s
Obviouslyopeningthevalvehasadominanteffectforthissystem.
6.108ThewaterpumpinFig.P6.108maintainsapressureof6.5psigatpoint1.There
isafilter,ahalfopendiskvalve,andtworegularscrewedelbows.Thereare80ftof
3
4inchdiametercommercialsteelpipe.(a)Iftheflowrateis0.4ft /s,whatistheloss
coefficientofthefilter?(b)Ifthediskvalveiswideopenand Kfilter 7,whatisthe
resultingflowrate?
258
Fig.P6.108
3
Solution:For water, take 1.94 slug/ft and 2.09E5 slug/fts. The energy
equationiswrittenfrompoint1tothesurfaceofthetank:
p1 V12
p2 V22
V12 fL
z1
z2
[ K valve K filter 2 K elbow K exit ]
g 2g
g 2g
2g D
3
(a)Fromtheflowrate,V1Q/A(0.4ft /s)/[( /4)(4/12ft) ]4.58ft/s.Lookupminor

lossesandenterintotheenergyequation:
(6.5)(144)lbf/ft 2 (4.58ft/s)2
0
62.4lbf/ft 3
2(32.2ft/s2 )
0 0 9ft
(4.58)2
80ft
f
2.8 K filter 2(0.64) 1
2(32.2) (4/12ft)
We can solve for Kfilter if we evaluate f. Compute ReD (1.94)(4.58)(4/12)/(2.09E5)

141,700.Forcommercialsteel, /D 0.00015ft/0.333ft 0.00045and V12/2g =0.326ft.
FromtheMoodychart,f0.0193,andfL/D4.62.Theenergyequationabovebecomes:
15.0ft 0.326ft 9ft 0.326(4.62 2.8 K filter 1.28 1)ft,
Solve K filter 9.7
Ans.(a)
(b)IfKfilter7.0andVisunknown,wemustiterateforthevelocityandflowrate.The
energyequationbecomes,withthediskvalvewideopen(KValve0):
V2
V 2 80
15.0ft
9ft
f
0 7.0 1.28 1
2(32.2)
2(32.2) 1/3
Iterateto find
f 0.0189, Re D 169,000, V 5.49ft/s,

Q AV 0.48ft 3 /s
Ans.(b)
259
6.109InFig.P6.109thereare125ftof
2inpipe,75ftof6inpipe,and150ftof
3in pipe, all cast iron. There are three
90 elbows and an open globe valve, all
flanged.Iftheexitelevationiszero,what
horsepower is extracted by the turbine
3
whentheflowrateis0.16ft /sofwaterat
20C?
Fig.P6.109
iron,0.00085ft.The2,6,and3pipeshave,respectively,
(a)L/d750,/d0.0051;(b)L/d150,/d0.0017;
(c)L/d600,/d0.0034
Theflowrateisknown,soeachvelocity,Reynoldsnumber,andfcanbecalculated:
Va
0.16
ft
1.94(7.33)(2/12)
7.33 ; Rea
113500, fa 0.0314
2
s
2.09E5
(2/12) /4
Also, Vb 0.82ft/s, Re b 37800, fc 0.0266; Vc 3.26, Re c 75600, fc 0.0287

Finally,theminorlosscoefficientsmaybetabulated:
sharp2entrance:K0.5;three290elbows:K3(0.95)
2suddenexpansion:K0.79;3openglobevalve:K6.3
Theturbineheadequalstheelevationdifferenceminuslossesandtheexitvelocityhead:
h t z h f h m Vc2 /(2g)
(7.33)2
100
[0.0314(750) 0.5 3(0.95) 0.79]
2(32.2)
(0.82)2
(3.26)2
(0.0266)(150)
[0.0287(600) 6.3 1] 72.8 ft
2(32.2)
2(32.2)
TheresultingturbinepowergQht(62.4)(0.16)(72.8)5501.32hp.Ans.
260
6.110InFig.P6.110thepipeentranceis
3
sharpedged.Iftheflowrateis0.004m /s,
what power, in W, is extracted by the
turbine?
Fig.P6.110

3
998kg/m and0.001kg/ms.Forcast
iron, 0.26 mm, hence /d 0.26/50 0.0052. The minor loss coefficients are
Entrance:K0.5;5cm(2)openglobevalve:K6.9.
Theflowrateisknown,hencewecancomputeV,Re,andf:
V
Q
0.004
m
998(2.04)(0.05)
2.04 , Re
102000, f 0.0316
2
A ( /4)(0.05)
s
0.001
Theturbineheadequalstheelevationdifferenceminuslossesandexitvelocityhead:
V2
(2.04)2
125
40
(0.0316)
0.5 6.9 1 21.5m
2g
2(9.81)
0.05
Power gQh t (998)(9.81)(0.004)(21.5) 840W Ans.
h t z h f h m
6.111For the parallelpipe system of

Fig.P6.111,eachpipeiscastiron,andthe
2
pressuredropp1p23lbf/in .Compute
thetotalflowratebetween1and2ifthe
fluidisSAE10oilat20C.
Fig.P6.111
Solution:ForSAE10oilat20C,take1.69slug/ft and0.00217slug/fts.For
castiron,0.00085ft.Convertp3psi432psfandguesslaminarflowineach:
? 128 L a Q a
pa
d a4
432
128(0.00217)(250)Q a
,
(3/12)4
ft 3 .
Check Re 300 (OK)
s
? 128 L b Q b
128(0.00217)(200)Q b
p b
432
,
4
db
(2/12)4
Qa 0.0763
ft 3
. Check Re 112(OK)
s
Thetotalflowrateis Q Q a Q b 0.0763 0.0188 0.095ft 3 /s.
Q b 0.0188
Ans.
261
6.112IfthetwopipesinFig.P6.111areinsteadlaidin series withthesametotal

pressuredropof3psi,whatwilltheflowratebe?ThefluidisSAE10oilat20C.
3
Solution:ForSAE10oilat20C,take 1.69slug/ft and 0.00217slug/fts.

Againguesslaminarflow.Now,insteadofpbeingthesame,QaQbQ:
pa p b 432psf
128 L a Q 128L b Q 128(0.00217) 250

200
4
4
4
da
db
/
(2/12)4
(312)
Solve for Q 0.0151ft 3 /s
Ans. Check Rea 60(OK)and Re b 90(OK)
Inseries,theflowrateissixtimeslessthanwhenthepipesareinparallel.
6.113The parallel galvanizediron pipe
system of Fig. P6.113 delivers water at
3
20Cwithatotalflowrateof0.036m /s.If
thepumpiswideopenandnotrunning,with
alosscoefficientK1.5,determine(a)the
flow rateineachpipeand(b)theoverall
pressuredrop.
Fig.P6.113
Solution:Forwaterat20C,take998kg/m and0.001kg/ms.Forgalvanized
iron,0.15mm.Assumeturbulentflow,withpthesameforeachleg:
h f1 f1
L1 V12
V2 L
h f2 h m2 2 f2 2 1.5 ,
d1 2g
2g
d2
and Q1 Q 2 ( /4)d12 V1 ( /4)d 22 V2 Q total 0.036m 3 /s

WhenthefrictionfactorsarecorrectlyfoundfromtheMoodychart,thesetwoequations
maybesolvedforthetwovelocities(orflowrates).Beginbyguessingf0.020:
V12
V22
55
60
(0.02)
(0.02)
1.5 , solvefor V1 1.10V2
0.05 2(9.81) 2(9.81)

0.04
then
m
m
(0.05)2 (1.10V2 ) (0.04)2 V2 0.036. Solve V2 10.54 , V1 11.59
4
4
s
s
Correct Re1 578000, f1 0.0264, Re 2 421000, f2 0.0282, repeat.
The2nditerationconverges:f10.0264,V111.69m/s,f20.0282,V210.37m/s,
3
Q1A1V10.023m /s,Q2A2V20.013m /s.Ans.(a)

Thepressuredropisthesameineitherleg:
262
V22
L1 V12 L 2
p f1
f2
1.5
2.16E6 Pa
d1 2
d2
2
Ans.(b)
*P6.114 Ablowersuppliesstandardairtoaplenumthatfeedstwohorizontalsquaresheet
metalductswithsharpedgedentrances.Oneductis100ftlong,withacrosssection6inby6
in.Thesecondductis200ftlong.Eachductexhauststotheatmosphere.Whentheplenum
pressureis5.0lbf/ft2 gage,thevolumeflowinthelongerductisthreetimestheflowinthe
shorterduct.Estimatebothvolumeflowsandthecrosssectionsizeofthelongerduct.
Solution:Forstandardair,inBGunits,take=0.00238slug/ft3and=3.78E7slug/ft
sec.Forsheetmetal,take=0.00016ft.Theenergyequationforthiscaseis
p1
g
V12
p2
V2
z1
2 z 2 h f hentrance , or :
2g
g
2g
1
L
p
V 2 (1 f
K ent ) where K sharp edged 0.5
2
Dh
WehaveabbreviatedtheductvelocitytoV,withoutasubscript.Forasquareduct,thehydraulic
diameteristhesidelengthofthesquare.Firstcomputetheflowrateintheshortduct:
lbf 0.00238slug / ft3 100 ft
5 .0 2
{1 f 0.5) , f fcn(ReD , )
hD
2
0 .5 f t
ft
h
L 100 ft : Re D
87,000 ; f 0.0200 ; V 27.7 ft / s ; Qshort 6.92 ft 3 /s
TheReynoldsnumberfortheshortductis Re=(0.00238)V(0.5)/(3.78E7)=3148V,
and/Dh=0.00016ft/0.5ft=0.00032.Thesolutionis
263
Forthelongerduct,Re=(0.00238)VDh/(3.78E7),and/Dh=0.00016ft/Dh.Wedont
knowDhandmustsolvetomakeQlong=3Qshort.Thesolutionis
L 200 ft : Re D
150,000 ; f 0.0177 ; V 27.5 ft / s ; Qlong 20.75 ft 3 / s

Solve for
Dh,long 0.87 ft
Ans.
NOTE: It is an interesting numerical quirk that, for these duct parameters, the velocities
in each duct are almost identical, regardless of the magnitude of the
pressure drop.
6.115InFig.P6.115allpipesare8cmdiametercastiron.Determinetheflowrate
fromreservoir(1)ifvalveCis(a)closed;and(b)open,withKvalve0.5.
Fig.P6.115
3
0.26mm,hence/d0.26/800.00325forallthreepipes.Notep1p2,V1V20.
Thesearelongpipes,butwemightwishtoaccountforminorlossesanyway:
sharpentranceatA:K10.5;linejunctionfromAtoB:K20.9(Table6.5)
branchjunctionfromAtoC:K31.3;twosubmergedexits:KBKC1.0
264
IfvalveCisclosed,wehaveastraightseriespaththroughAandB,withthesameflow
rateQ,velocityV,andfrictionfactorfineach.Theenergyequationyields
z1 z 2 h fA h mA h fB h mB ,
V 2 100
50

or: 25m
f
0.5 0.9 f
1.0 , where f fcn Re,
2(9.81) 0.08
0.08
d
Guessfffullyrough0.027,thenV3.04m/s,Re998(3.04)(0.08)/(0.001)243000,
/d0.00325,thenf0.0273(converged).ThenthevelocitythroughAandBisV
3
2
3.03m/s,andQ( /4)(0.08) (3.03)0.0152m /s.Ans.(a).
IfvalveCisopen,wehaveparallelflowthroughBandC,withQ AQBQCand,with
dconstant,VAVBVC.ThetotalheadlossisthesameforpathsABandAC:
z1 z 2 h fA h mAB h fB h mB h fA h mAC h fC h mC ,
or: 25
VA2
100
VB2
50
0.5
0.9
f
1.0
A
B
2(9.81)
0.08
2(9.81)
0.08
VC2
VA2
100
70
fA
0.5 1.3
fC
1.0
2(9.81)
0.08
2(9.81)
0.08
plustheadditionalrelationVAVBVC.Guessfffullyrough0.027forallthreepipes
andbegin.Theinitialnumbersworkoutto
2g(25) 490.5 VA2 (1250fA 1.4) VB2 (625fB 1) VA2 (1250fA 1.8) VC2 (875fC 1)
Iff 0.027, solve(laboriously) VA 3.48m/s,VB 1.91m/s,VC 1.57m/s.
Compute Re A 278000, fA 0.0272, Re B 153000, fB 0.0276,
Re C 125000, fC 0.0278
Repeatonceforconvergence:VA3.46m/s,VB1.90m/s,VC1.56m/s.Theflow
3
2
ratefromreservoir(1)isQA(/4)(0.08) (3.46)0.0174m /s.(14%more)Ans.(b)
6.116For the seriesparallel system of Fig. P6.116, all pipes are 8cmdiameter
asphaltedcastiron.Ifthetotalpressuredropp1p2750kPa,findtheresultingflow
3
rateQm /hforwaterat20C.Neglectminorlosses.
265
Solution:Forwaterat20C,take998kg/m and0.001kg/ms.Forasphalted
castiron,0.12mm,hence/d0.12/800.0015forallthreepipes.Theheadlossis
thesamethroughACandBC:
Fig.P6.116
L V2
2
p
LV
L V2
h fA h fC h fB h fC f
g
d 2g
d 2g
d 2g A
L V2
f
d 2g
B
Sincedisthesame,VAVBVCandfA,fB,fCarefoundfromtheMoodychart.Cancel
gandintroducethegivendata:
750000
250 VA2
150 VC2
100 VB2
150 VC2
fA
fC
fB
fC
, VA VB VC
998
0.08 2
0.08 2
0.08 2
0.08 2
m
m
m
Guessfrough 0.022andsolvelaboriously: VA 2.09 , VB 3.31 , VC 5.40
s
s
s
NowcomputeReA167000,fA0.0230,ReB264000,fB0.0226,ReC431000,
andfC0.0222.Repeattheheadlossiterationandweconverge:V A2.06m/s,VB
3
2
3.29m/s,VC5.35m/s,Q( / 4)(0.08) (5.35)0.0269m /s.Ans.
6.117Ablowerdeliversairat3000m /htotheductcircuitinFig.P6.117.Eachductis
commercialsteelandofsquarecrosssection,withsidelengthsa1a320cmanda2
a412cm.Assumingsealevelairconditions,estimatethepowerrequirediftheblower
hasanefficiencyof75%.Neglectminorlosses.
266
Solution:Forairtake 1.2kg/m and 1.8E5kg/ms.Establishconditionsin

eachduct:
Fig.P6.117
3000
m3
0.833m 3 /s
1.2(20.8)(0.2)
0.833
; V1&3
20.8m/s; Re1&3
278,000
2
3600
s
1.8 E5
(0.2m)
0.833m 3 /s
1.2(57.8)(0.12)
V2&4
57.8m/s;
Re
463,000
2&4
1.8 E5
(0.12m)2
Forcommercialsteel(Table6.1)0.046mm.Thenwecanfindthetwofrictionfactors:
1&3 0.046 0.00023; Re1&3 278000; Moodychart: f1&3 0.0166

D
200
2&4 0.046 0.000383; Re2&4 463000; Moodychart: f1&3 0.0170

D
120
2
L V 2
80 (1.2)(20.8)
Then p1&3 f
(0.0166)
1730Pa
0.2
2
D 2
1&3
2
L V 2
60 (1.2)(57.8)
and p2&4 f
(0.0170)
17050Pa
0.12
2
D 2
1&3
Thetotalpowerrequired,at75%efficiency,isthus:
Power
Qp (0.833m 3 /s)(1730 17050Pa)
20900W
0.75
Ans.
267
*6.118ForthepipingsystemofFig.P6.118, allpipesareconcretewitharoughness
of0.04inch.Neglecting minorlosses,computetheoverall pressuredropp 1 p2 in
2
3
lbf/in .Theflowrateis20ft /sofwaterat20C.
3
Solution:Forwaterat20C,take1.94slug/ft and2.09E5slug/fts.Sincethe
pipesarealldifferentmakealittletableoftheirrespectiveL/dand/d:
Fig.P6.118
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
L1000ft,
1500ft
800ft
1200ft
d12in,
8in
12in
15in
L/d1000,
2250
800
960
/d0.00333
0.00500
0.00333
0.00267
Withtheflowrateknown,wecanfindeverythinginpipe(a):
Va
Qa
20
ft
1.94(25.5)(1)
25.5 , Re a
2.36E6, fa 0.0270
2
Aa ( /4)(1ft)
s
2.09E5
Thenpipes(b,c,d)areinparallel,eachhavingthesameheadlossandwithflowrates
3
whichmustadduptothetotalof20ft /s:
8fb L b Q 2b
8fc L c Q c2
8fd L d Q d2
ft 3
h fb 2 5 h fc 2 5 h fd 2 5 , and Q b Q c Q d 20
s
g db
g dc
g dd
1/2
IntroduceLb,db,etc.tofindthatQc3.77Qb(fb/fc) andQd5.38Qb(fb/fd)
1/2
Thentheflowratesareiteratedfromtherelation
ft 3
Q 20
Q b [1 3.77(fb /fc )1/2 5.38(fb /fd )1/2 ]
s
Firstguess: fb fc fd : Q b 1.97ft 3 /s; Q c 7.43ft 3 /s; Q d 10.6ft 3 /s
ImprovebycomputingReb 349000,fb 0.0306,Rec 878000,fc 0.0271,Red
3
3
3
1002000,fd0.0255.RepeattofindQb1.835ft /s,Qc7.351ft /s,Qd10.814ft /s.
268
Repeatoncemoreandquit:Qb 1.833ft /s,Qc 7.349ft /s,Qd 10.819ft /s,from

whichVb5.25ft/s,Vc9.36ft/s,Vd8.82ft/s.Thepressuredropis
p1 p2 pa p b fa
L a Va2
L Vb2
fb b
da 2
db 2
17000 1800 18800psf 131
lbf
in 2
Ans.
P6.119
For the system of Prob. P6.111, again let the fluid be SAE 10W oil at 20C,
with both pipes cast iron. If the flow rate in the 2-inch pipe (b) is 3.0 ft3/min, estimate the
flow rate in the 3-inch pipe (a), in ft3/min.
Solution: For SAE 10W oil at 20C, = 1.69 slug/ft3 and = 0.00219 slug/ft-s. The oil
is pretty viscous and the flow rate small, so we think ReDb will be laminar:
Re Db
Vb Db
4 Qb
4(1.69)(3.0 / 60)
295 2300
Db
(0.00219)(2 /12)
If we need it, Vb
4 Qb
Db2
4(3.0 / 60 ft 3 / s)
2
2.29
Yes, Laminar
ft
s
(2 /12 ft )
For laminar flow, compute the pressure drop pb from Eq. (6.12) and set it equal to pa:
pb
128 Lb Qb
128(0.00219)(200)(3 / 60)
1156 Pa
(2 /12) 4
128 La Qa
128(0.00219)(250)Qa
Parallel Pipes : pa pb 1156
Da4
(3 /12) 4
Db4
Solve for
ft 3
ft 3
Qa 0.2025
12.2
s
min
Check Rea = 4Q/Da) = 4(1.69)(0.2025)/[ 796
Ans.
Yes, laminar also.
269
6.120Threecastironpipesarelaidinparallelwiththesedimensions:
Pipe1:
Pipe2:
Pipe3:
L1800m
L2600m
L3900m
d112cm
d28cm
d310cm
Thetotalflowrateis200m /hofwaterat20C.Determine(a)theflowrateineachpipe;
and(b)thepressuredropacrossthesystem.
3
0.26mm.Then,/d10.00217,/d20.00325,and/d30.0026.Theheadlossesare
thesameforeachpipe,andtheflowratesadd:
hf
8 f1L1Q12 8 f2 L2Q22 8 f3 L3Q32

200 m3
;
and
Q
1
2
3
3600 s
2 gd15
2 gd25
2 gd35
Substituteandcombine: Q1[1 0.418( f1/ f2 )1/2 0.599( f1/ f3 )1/2 ] 0.0556m 3 /s

WecouldeithergodirectlytoEESorbeginbyguessingf1f2f3,whichgivesQ1
3
3
3
0.0275 m /s, Q2 0.0115 m /s, and Q3 0.0165 m /s. This is very close! Further
iterationgives
Re1 298000, f1 0.0245; Re 2 177000, f2 0.0275; Re 3 208000, f3 0.0259
Q1 0.0281m 3 /s, Q2 0.0111m 3 /s, and Q3 0.0163m 3 /s
Ans.(a)
hf 51.4m, p ghf (998kg/m 3 )(9.81m/s2 )(51.4m) 503, 000Pa
6.121Consider the threereservoir

systemofFig.P6.121withthefollowing
data:
L195m
z125m
L2125m L3160m
z2115m z385m
All pipes are 28cmdiameter unfinished

concrete( 1mm).Computethesteady
flowrateinallpipesforwaterat20C.
Fig.P6.121
Ans.(b)
270
Solution:Forwaterat20C,take998kg/m and0.001kg/ms.Allpipeshave
/d1/2800.00357.Lettheintersectionbea.Theheadlossataisdesired:
z1 ha f1
L V2
L1 V12
L V2
; z 2 h a f2 2 2 ; z 3 h a f3 3 3
d1 2g
d 2 2g
d3 2g
plustherequirementthatQ1Q2Q30or,forsamed,V1V2V30
WeguesshatheniterateeachfrictionfactortofindVandQandthencheckifQ0.
V12
m
95
, solve f1 0.02754, V1 10.25
0.28 2(9.81)
s
2
Similarly, 115 75 f2 (125/0.28) V2 /2(9.81)
gives f2 0.02755. V2 7.99
h a 75m: 25 75 ()50 f1
and 85 75 f3 (160/0.28) V32 /2(9.81)

m
, V 1.27
s
Repeatingforha80mgivesV110.75,V27.47,V32.49m/s,V0.79.
Interpolatetoha78m,givesV110.55m/s,V27.68m/s,V32.95m/s,or:
gives f3 0.02762, V3 3.53
Q10.65m /s,Q20.47m /s,Q30.18m /s.Ans.

6.122ModifyProb.6.121byreducingthediameterto 15cm,with1mm.Compute
theflowrateineachpipe.Theyallreduce,comparedtoProb.6.121,byafactorofabout
5.2.Canyouexplainthis?
Solution:Theroughnessratioincreasesto/d1/1500.00667,andallL/dsincrease.
Guessha75m:convergestof10.0333,f20.0333,f40.0334
andV16.82m/s,V25.32m/s,V32.34m/s,V0.85
Wefinallyobtainha78.2m,givingV17.04m/s,V25.10m/s,V31.94
m/s,
3
or:Q10.124m /s,Q20.090m /s,Q30.034m /s.Ans.

*6.123ModifyProb.6.121asfollows.Letz 3beunknownandfinditsvaluesuchthat
3
theflowrateinpipe3is0.2m /stowardthejunction.(Thisproblemisbestsuitedfor
computeriterationorEES.)
271
Solution:Forwaterat20C,take998kg/m and0.001kg/ms.Allpipeshave
/d1/2800.00357.Lettheintersectionbea.Theheadlossataisdesiredforeach
inordertochecktheflowrateinpipe3.
3
InProb.6.121,withz385m,wefoundQ3tobe0.18m /stowardthejunction,pretty
close.Werepeattheprocedurewithafewnewvaluesofz3,closingtoQ0eachtime:
Guessz3 85m:
h a 78.19m, Q1 0.6508,
Q 2 0.4718,
Q 3 0.1790m 3 /s
0.6657,
0.6657,
0.2099m 3 /s
90m:
80.65m,
Interpolate: h a 79.89, Q1 0.6611,

Q 2 0.4608, Q3 0.200 m 3 /s, z 3 88.4m
6.124The threereservoir system in

Fig. P6.124 delivers water at 20C. The
systemdataareasfollows:
D18in
D26in
D39in
L11800ft
L21200ft
L31600ft
Ans.
Fig.P6.124
Allpipesaregalvanizediron.Computethe
flowrateinallpipes.

galvanizediron,take0.0005ft.Thentheroughnessratiosare
/d1 0.00075 /d2 0.0010 /d3 0.00667

Lettheintersectionbea.Theheadlossataisdesired:
f1L1 V12
f2 L 2 V22
f3 L 3 V32
z1 h a
; z2 ha
; z3 ha
; plus Q1 Q 2 Q 3 0
d1 2g
d 2 2g
d 3 2g
WeguesshatheniterateeachfrictionfactortofindVandQandthencheckifQ0.
272
f1 (1800)V12
Guess h a 50ft: 20 50 ( )30ft
,
(8/12)2(32.2)
ft
solve f1 0.0194, V1 6.09
s
Similarly,f2 0.0204,V2 8.11ft/sandofcourseV3 0. Get Q 0.54ft 3 /s
TryagainwithaslightlylowerhatoreduceQ1andincreaseQ2andQ3:
h a 48ft: convergesto Q1 2.05
Q3 0.76
ft 3
ft 3
, Q 2 1.62 ,
s
s
ft 3
, Q 0.33
s
Interpolateto
h a 49.12ft: Q1 2.09ft 3 /s, Q 2 1.61ft 3 /s, Q3 0.49ft 3 /s
6.125Suppose that the three castiron

pipesinProb.6.120areinsteadconnected
tomeetsmoothlyatapointB,asshownin
Fig. P6.125. The inlet pressures in each
pipeare:p1200kPa;p2160kPa;p3
100 kPa. The fluid is water at 20C.
Neglect minor losses. Estimate the flow
rateineachpipeandwhetheritistoward
orawayfrompointB.
Ans.
Fig.P6.125
Solution:Forwatertake 998kg/m
and0.001kg/ms.Thepressureatpoint
Bmustbeaknown(constant)valuewhich
makesthenetflowrateequaltozeroatjunctionB.Theflowclearlygoesfrom(1)toB,
andfromBto(3),butwearenotsureaboutpipe(2).Forcastiron(Table6.1), 0.26mm.
Eachpipehasaflowratebaseduponitspressuredrop:
p1 pB f1
L1 V12
;
D1 2
p2 pB f2
L2 V22
;
D2 2
pB p3 f3
L3 V32
D3 2
wherethe fsaredeterminedfromtheMoodychartforeachpipes /D andReD.The

2
correctvalueofpBmakestheflowrates Qi(/4)Di VibalanceatjunctionB.EESis
excellentforthistypeofiteration,andthefinalresultsbalanceforpB166.7kPa:
273
f1 0.0260; Re1 74300; /D1 0.00217; Q1 0.00701m 3 /s (towardB)

f2 0.0321; Re 2 18900; /D2 0.00325; Q2 0.00119m 3 /s (awayfromB) Ans.
f3 0.0270; Re3 74000; /D3 0.00260; Q3 0.00582m 3 /s (awayfromB)
*6.126ModifyProb.6.124asfollows.Letalldatabethesameexceptthatpipe1is
fittedwithabutterflyvalve(Fig.6.19b).Estimatethepropervalveopeningangle(in
3
degrees)fortheflowratethroughpipe1tobereducedto1.5ft /stowardreservoir1.
(ThisproblemrequiresiterationandisbestsuitedtoadigitalcomputerorEES.)
3

galvanizediron,take0.0005ft.Thentheroughnessratiosare
/d1 0.00075 /d2 0.0010 /d3 0.00667

ForabutterflyvalvelosscoefficientK(tobefound).LetthejunctionbeJ.Thehead
lossatJisdesiredandthentobeiteratedtogivetheproperflowrateinpipe(1):
z1 h J
V12
2g
L
V22 L
f
K
;
z
2
J
f
d 1
2g d
;
2
V32 L
z3 h J
f ; and Q1 Q 2 Q 3 0
2g d 3
Weknowz120ft,z2100ft,andz350ft.FromProb.6.124,whereK0,theflow
3
ratewas2.09ft /stowardreservoir1.NowguessafinitevalueofKandrepeat:
K 40: convergesto h J 50.0, Q1 1.59ft 3 /s, Q 2 1.59ft 3 /s; Q3 0
K 50: convergesto h J 50.03ft, Q1 1.513 Q 2 1.591 Q 3 0.078
K 52: gives h J 50.04ft, Q1 1.500 ft 3 /s Q 2 1.591 Q 3 0.091 Ans.
FromFig.6.19b,abutterflyvalvecoefficientK52occursatopening35.Ans.
*6.127InthefivepipehorizontalnetworkofFig.P6.127,assumethatallpipeshavea
3
frictionfactorf0.025.Forthegiveninletandexitflowrateof2ft /sofwaterat20C,
2
determinetheflowrateanddirectioninallpipes.IfpA120lbf/in gage,determinethe
pressuresatpointsB,C,andD.
274
Solution:Forwaterat20C,take1.94slug/ft and2.09E5slug/fts.Eachpipe
hasaheadlosswhichisknownexceptforthesquareoftheflowrate:
Fig.P6.127
PipeAC: h f
8fLQ 2
2 gd 5
AC
AC 8(0.025)(3000)Q
K ACQ 2AC ,
2
5
(32.2)(6/12)
where K AC 60.42
ft 3
Similarly, K AB 19.12, K BC 13.26, K CD 19.12, K BD 1933. Qin
s
Therearetwotriangularclosedloops,andthetotalheadlossmustbezeroforeach.
UsingtheflowdirectionsassumedonthefigureP6.127above,wehave
LoopABC: 19.12Q 2AB 13.26Q 2BC 60.42Q 2AC 0
2
LoopBCD: 13.26Q 2BC 19.12Q CD
1933.0Q 2BD 0
Andtherearethreeindependentjunctionswhichhavezeronetflowrate:
JunctionA: Q AB Q AC 2.0; B: Q AB Q BC Q BD ; C: Q AC Q BC Q CD
Thesearefivealgebraicequationstobesolvedforthefiveflowrates.Theanswersare:
Q AB 1.19, Q AC 0.81, Q BC 0.99, Q CD 1.80, Q BD 0.20
ft 3
s
Ans.(a)
ThepressuresfollowbystartingatA(120psi)andsubtractingoffthefrictionlosses:
p B p A gK ABQ 2AB 120 144 62.4(19.12)(1.19)2
p B 15590psf 144 108
lbf
in 2
275
Similarly, p C 103psi and p D 76psi
Ans.(b)
*6.128ModifyProb.6.127aboveasfollows:LettheinletflowatAandtheexitflow
atDbeunknown.LetpApB100psi.Computetheflowrateinallfivepipes.
Solution:OurheadlosscoefficientsKfromaboveareallthesame.HeadlossABis
known,pluswehavetwoloopequationsandtwojunctionequations:
p A p B 100 144
231ft K ABQ 2AB 19.12Q 2AB , or Q AB 3.47ft 3 /s

g
62.4
Twoloops: 231 13.26Q 2BC 60.42Q 2AC 0
2
13.26Q 2BC 19.12Q CD
1933.0Q 2BD 0
Twojunctions:QAB3.47QBCQBD;QACQBCQCD
ThesolutionsareinexactlythesameratioasthelowerflowratesinProb.6.127:
ft 3
ft 3
ft 3
, Q BC 2.90
, Q BD 0.58
,
s
s
s
ft 3
ft 3
5.28
, Q AC 2.38
Ans.
s
s
Q AB 3.47
Q CD
6.129In Fig.P6.129 all four horizontal

castironpipesare45mlongand8cmin
diameterandmeetatjunctiona,delivering
waterat20C.Thepressuresareknownat
fourpointsasshown:
p1950kPa
p3675kPa
p2350kPa
p4100kPa
Neglectingminorlosses,determinetheflow
rateineachpipe.
Fig.P6.129
276
Solution:Forwaterat20C,take998kg/m and0.001kg/ms.Allpipesare
castiron,with /d 0.26/80 0.00325.AllpipeshaveL/d 45/0.08 562.5.One
solution method is to guess the junction pressure p a, iterate to calculate the friction
factorsandflowrates,andchecktoseeifthenetjunctionflowiszero:
Guess pa 500kPa: h fl
950000 500000
8f L Q 2
45.96m 12 1 51 1.135E6f1Q12
998(9.81)
gd1
thenguess f1 0.02, Q1 0.045m 3 /s, Re1 4 Q1/(d1 ) 715000, f1new 0.0269

convergesto f1 0.0270, Q1 0.0388m 3 /s
m3
(awayfroma), Q 3 0.0241, Q 4 0.0365
s
Q 0.00403, sowehaveguessedpa alittlelow.
Iteratealsoto Q 2 0.0223
Tryingpa530kPagivesQ0.00296,henceiteratetopa517kPa:
m3
m3
Q1 0.0380
(towarda), Q 2 0.0236
,
s
s
m3
m3
Q3 0.0229
, Q 4 0.0373
Ans.
s
s
*6.130InFig.P6.130lengthsABandBD
are 2000 and 1500 ft, respectively. The
frictionfactoris0.022everywhere,and pA
2
90lbf/in gage.Allpipeshaveadiameter
of6in.Forwaterat20C,determinethe
flowrateinallpipesandthepressuresat
pointsB,C,andD.
Fig.P6.130
Solution:Forwaterat20C,take1.94slug/ft and2.09E5slug/fts.Eachpipe
hasaheadlosswhichisknownexceptforthesquareoftheflowrate:
8fLQ 2 8(0.022)(1500)Q 2AC
PipeAC: h f 2 5
K AC Q 2AC , where K AC 26.58
2
5
gd
(32.2)(6/12)
Similarly,KABKCD35.44,KBD26.58,andKBC44.30.
The solution is similar to Prob. 6.127, except that (1) the Ks are different; and
(2)junctionsBandChaveadditionalflowleavingthenetwork.Thebasicflowrelationsare:
LoopABC: 35.44Q2AB 44.3Q 2BC 26.58Q 2AC 0
277

2
LoopBCD: 44.3Q 2BC 35.44QCD
26.58Q 2BD 0
JunctionsA,B,C: Q AB Q AC 2.0;
Q AB Q BC Q BD 1.0; Q AC Q BC Q CD 0.5
InthiseraofPCequationsolverssuchasEES,itisprobablynotnecessarytodwell
uponanysolutionmethods.Forhandwork,onemightguessQAB,thentheotherfourare
obtainedinsequencefromtheaboverelations,plusacheckontheoriginalguessfor
QAB. The assumed arrows are shown above. It turns out that we have guessed the
directionincorrectlyonQBCabove,buttheothersareOK.Thefinalresultsare:
Q AB 0.949ft 3 /s (towardB); Q AC 1.051ft 3 /s (towardC)
Q BC 0.239 (towardB); Q CD 0.312 (towardD); Q BD 0.188 (toD)
Ans.(a)
ThepressuresstartatA,fromwhichwesubtractthefrictionlossesineachpipe:
pB pA gK ABQ 2AB 90 144 62.4(35.44)(0.949)2 10969psf 144 76psi
Similarly,weobtain p C 11127psf 77 psi; p D 10911 psf 76 psi
Ans.(b)
6.131Awatertunneltestsectionhasa1mdiameterandflowpropertiesV20m/s,p
100kPa,andT20C.Theboundarylayerblockageattheendofthesectionis9percent.
Ifaconicaldiffuseristobeaddedattheendofthesectiontoachievemaximumpressure
recovery,whatshoulditsangle,length,exitdiameter,andexitpressurebe?
3
Solution:Forwaterat20C,take998kg/m and0.001kg/ms.TheReynolds
numberisveryhigh,Re Vd/(998)(20)(1)/(0.001)muchhigherthanthe
diffuserdatainFig.6.28b(Re1.2E5).Butwhatcanwedo(?)Letsuseitanyway:
Bt 0.09, read C p,max 0.71 atL/d 25, 2 4, AR 8:
Then cone 2, L 25d 25 m, Dexit d(8)1/2 2.8 m
Cp 0.71
pe p t
p 100000
e
, or: pexit 242000 Pa
2
(1/2) Vt
(1/2)(998)(20)2
Ans.(a)
Ans.(b)
6.132ForProb.6.131,supposewearelimitedbyspacetoatotaldiffuserlengthof
10 meters. What should be the diffuser angle, exit diameter, and exit pressure for
maximumrecovery?
278
Solution:WearelimitedtoL/D10.0.FromFig.6.28b,readCp,max0.62atAR4
and26.Ans.Theexitdiameterandpressureare
De d AR (1.0)(4.0)1/2 2.0 m
Ans.
Cp,max 0.62 (pe 100000)/[(1/2)(998)(20)2 ], or: p exit 224000 Pa
Ans.
6.133Awindtunneltestsectionis3ftsquarewithflowproperties V 150ft/s, p 15
2
lbf/in absolute,andT68F.Boundarylayerblockageattheendofthetestsectionis8
percent. Findtheangle,length,exitheight,andexitpressureofaflatwalleddiffuser
addedontothesectiontoachievemaximumpressurerecovery.
3
Solution:Forairat20Cand15psi,take0.00238slug/ft and3.76E7slug/fts.
TheReynoldsnumberisratherhigh,Re Vd/(0.00238)(150)(3)/(3.76E7)2.9E6;
muchhigherthanthediffuserdatainFig.6.28a(Re2.8E5).Butwhatcanwedo(?)
Letsuseitanyway:
Bt 0.08, readCp,max 0.70 at L/W1 17, 2 9.5, AR 3.75:
Then best 4.75, L 17W1 51ft, W2 (AR)W1 3.75(3) 11ft
Cp 0.70
pe p t
p e 15 144
lbf
, or: pexit 2180 2

2
2
(1/2)V1 (1/2)(0.00238)(150)
ft
Ans.
Ans.
6.134ForProb.6.133above,supposewearelimitedbyspacetoatotaldiffuserlength
of30ft.Whatshouldthediffuserangle,exitheight,andexitpressurebeformaximum
recovery?
Solution:WearelimitedtoL/W110.0.FromFig.6.28a,readCp,max0.645atAR
2.8and210.Ans.Theexitheightandpressureare
Wl,e (AR)W1 (2.8)(3.0) 8.4 ft
Ans.
Cp,max 0.645 [pe (15)144)]/[(1/2)(0.00238)(150)2 ], or pe 2180
lbf
ft 2
Ans.
6.135Anairplaneusesapitotstatictubeasavelocimeter.Themeasurements,with
theiruncertainties,areastatictemperatureof(113)C,astaticpressureof602kPa,
279
andapressuredifference(pops)320060Pa.(a)Estimatetheairplanesvelocityand
itsuncertainty.(b)Isacompressibilitycorrectionneeded?
2 2
Solution:Theairdensityis p/(RT) (60000Pa)/[(287m /s K)(262K)] 0.798

3
kg/m .
(a)EstimatethevelocityfromtheincompressiblePitotformula,Eq.(6.97):
V
2 p
2 p
2(3200Pa )
m
90
3
p/( RT )
s
0.798kg/m
The overall uncertainty involves pressure difference, absolute pressure, and absolute
temperature:
1/2
1/2
2
2
2
2
2
2
V 1 p 1 p
1 60 2
3
1 T

0.020

V
2 3200
2 T
60
262
2 p 2 p
Theuncertaintyinvelocityis2%,thereforeourfinalestimateisV902m/sAns.
(a)
1/2
1/2
ChecktheMachnumber.Thespeedofsoundisa(kRT) [1.4(287)(262)] 324m/s.
Therefore
MaV/a90/3240.280.3.Nocompressibilitycorrectionisneeded.Ans.(b)
6.136Forthepitotstaticpressurearrange
mentofFig.P6.136,themanometerfluid
is(colored)waterat20C.Estimate(a)the
centerline velocity, (b) the pipe volume
flow, and (c) the (smooth) wall shear
stress.
Fig.P6.136
280
Solution:Forairat20Cand1atm,take1.2kg/m and1.8E5kg/ms.For
3
waterat20C,take998kg/m and0.001kg/ms.Themanometerreads
po p ( water air )gh (998 1.2)(9.81)(0.040) 391Pa
Therefore VCL [2 p/ ]1/2 [2(391)/1.2]1/2 25.5m/s
Ans.(a)
WecanestimatethefrictionfactorandthencomputeaveragevelocityfromEq.(6.43):
Guess Vavg 0.85VCL 21.7
m
Vd 1.2(21.7)(0.08)
, then Re d
115,700
s
1.8E5
Then fsmooth 0.0175, Vbetter
25.5
m
21.69 (converged)
s
[1 1.33
Thusthevolumeflowis Q ( /4)(0.08)2 (21.69) 0.109 m 3 /s. Ans.(b)

f
0.0175
Finally, w V 2
(1.2)(21.69)2 1.23 Pa
8
8
6.137For the 20C water flow of
Fig. P6.137, use the pitotstatic arrange
menttoestimate(a)thecenterlinevelocity
and (b) the volume flow in the 5in
diameter smooth pipe. (c) What error in
flowrateiscausedbyneglectingthe1ft
elevationdifference?
Ans.(c)
Fig.P6.137

3
themanometerreadingh2inches,
poB p A (SG merc 1)(g)water h
water g(1ft) butfromtheenergyequation,
p A p B water gh fAB water g(1ft) ThereforepoB p B (SG 1)gh mano gh fAB
wherefrictionloss h fAB f(L/d)(V 2 /2g)
Thusthepitottubereadingequalsthemanometerreading(ofabout130psf)plusthe
frictionlossbetweenAandB(whichisonlyabout3psf),sothereisonlyasmallerror:
(SG 1)gh (13.56 1)(62.4)(2/12) 130.6psf, VCL
2p
1/2
2(130.6)
1.94
1/2
281
or VCL 11.6
ft
ft
1.94(9.9)(5/12)
, so Vavg 0.85VCL 9.9 , Re
381500,
s
s
2.09E5
so fsmooth 0.0138, or pfriction f(L/d)V 2 /2 3.2lbf/ft 2

If we now correct the pitot tube reading to p pitot 130.6 3.2 133.8 psf, we may
iterateandconvergerapidlytothefinalestimate:
f 0.01375, VCL
ft
ft 3
ft
11.75 ; Q 1.39
; Vavg 10.17
s
s
s
Ans.(a,b)
TheerrorcomparedtoourearlierestimateV 9.91ft/sisabout 2.6% Ans.(c)
6.138Anengineerwhotookcollegefluid
mechanicsonapassfailbasishasplaced
thestaticpressureholefarupstreamofthe
stagnation probe, as in Fig. P6.138, thus
contaminating the pitot measurement
ridiculouslywithpipefrictionlosses.Ifthe
pipeflowisairat20Cand1atmandthe
manometerfluidisMeriamredoil(SG
0.827),estimatetheaircenterlinevelocity
forthegivenmanometerreadingof16cm.
Assumeasmoothwalledtube.
Fig.P6.138
Solution:Forair at20Cand 1atm,take 1.2kg/m and 1.8E5kg/ms.

Becauseofthehighfrictionlossover10metersoflength,themanometeractuallyshows
poBlessthanpA,whichisabitweirdbutcorrect:
p A poB ( mano air )gh [0.827(998) 1.2](9.81)(0.16) 1294Pa
Meanwhile, p A p B gh f f
L V2
fL V 2
2
, or p oB p B
1294 VCL
d 2
d 2
2
10 1.2
1.2 V
Guess f 0.02, V 0.85VCL , whence 0.02
V 2 1294
0.06 2
2 0.85
Solvefor V 33.3
m
1.2(33.3)(0.06)
, Re d
133000, fbetter 0.0170,
s
1.8E5
V VCL /[1 1.33 f] 0.852VCL , repeattoconvergence

Finallyconverges, f 0.0164, V 39.87m/s, VCL V/0.8546 46.65m/s. Ans.
282
6.139Professor Walter Tunnel must

measurevelocityinawatertunnel.Dueto
budgetary restrictions, he cannot afford a
pitotstatictube,soheinsertsatotalhead
probe and a statichead probe, as shown,
bothinthemainstreamawayfromthewall
boundary layers. The two probes are
connected to a manometer. (a) Write an
expressionfortunnelvelocityVintermsof
theparametersinthefigure.(b)Isitcritical
that h1 bemeasured accurately? (c)How
doespart(a)differfromapitotstatictube
formula?
Fig.P6.139
Solution:WriteBernoullifromtotalheadinlet(1)tostaticheadinlet(2):
po w gz1 ps
w 2
2( po ps w gh1 )
V w gz2 , Solve V
2
w
Combinethiswithhydrostaticsthroughthemanometer:
ps w gh2 m gh3 po w gh1 w gh2 w gh3 , cancelout w gh2
or: po ps w gh1 ( m w )gh3
IntroducethisintotheexpressionforVabove,forthefinalresult:
Vtunnel
2( m w )gh3
w
Ans.(a)
Thisisexactlythesameasapitotstatictubeh1isnotimportant.Ans.(b,c)
3
6.140Keroseneat20Cflowsat18m /hina5cmdiameterpipe.Ifa2cmdiameter
thinplateorificewithcornertapsisinstalled,whatwillthemeasuredpressuredropbe,in
Pa?
3
Solution:Forkeroseneat20C,take 804kg/m and 1.92E3kg/ms.The

orificebetaratiois2/50.4.ThepipevelocityandReynoldsnumberare:
V
Q
18/3600
m
804(2.55)(0.05)
2.55 , Re
53300
2
A ( /4)(0.05)
s
1.92E3
FromEqs.(6.112)and(6.113a)[cornertaps],estimateC d0.6030.Thentheorifice
283
pressuredropformulapredicts
Q
18
2 p
0.6030 (0.02)2
, solve p 273kPa
3600
4
804[1 (0.4)4 ]
Ans.
*6.141Gasolineat20Cflowsat105m /hina10cmdiameterpipe.Wewishtometer
theflowwithathinplateorificeandadifferentialpressuretransducerthatreadsbestat
about55kPa.Whatistheproperratiofortheorifice?
3
Solution:Forgasolineat20C,take 680kg/m and 2.92E4kg/ms.This

problemissimilartoExample6.21inthetext,butwedonthavetobesoprecisebecause
wedontknowtheexactgeometry:cornertaps, D: 12 D taps,etc.Thepipevelocityis
V1
Q
105/3600
m
680(3.71)(0.1)
3.71 , Re D
865000
2
A1 ( /4)(0.1)
s
2.92E4
FromFig.6.41,whichisreasonableforallorificegeometries,readCd0.61.Then
Vthroat
3.71m/s
2(55000)
Cd
, or
2
680(1 4 )
Solvefor
2
0.478
(1 4 )1/2
0.66 Ans.
CheckingbackwithFig.6.41,weseethatthisisaboutright,sonofurtheriterationis
neededforthislevelofaccuracy.
6.142The shower head in Fig. P6.142

delivers water at 50C. An orificetype
flow reducer is to be installed. The up
stream pressure is constant at 400 kPa.
Whatflowrate,ingal/min,resultswithout
thereducer?Whatreducerorificediameter
woulddecreasetheflowby40percent?
3
988 kg/m and 0.548E3 kg/ms.
Furtherassumethattheshowerheadisa
poordiffuser,sothepressureintheheadis
Fig.P6.142
284
alsoabout400kPa.Assumetheoutsidepressureissealevelstandard,101kPa.From
Fig.6.41foratypicalorifice,estimateC d0.61.Then,with0forthesmallholes,
eachholedeliversaflowrateof
Q1hole Cd A hole
2 p
2(400000 101000)

0.61 (0.0015)2
,
4
4
(1 )
988(1 0 4 )
or Q1hole 2.65E5m 3 /s and Q total 45Q1hole 0.00119
m3
gal
19
s
min
Thisisalargeflowratealotofexpensivehotwater.Checkingback,theinletpipefor
thisflowratehasReD183000,soCd0.60wouldbeslightlybetterandarepeatofthe
3
calculationwouldgiveQnoreducer0.00117m /s18.6gal/min.Ans.
3
A40%reductionwouldgiveQ0.6(0.00117)7.04E4m /s451.57E5m /sfor

eachhole,whichcorrespondstoapressuredrop
2 p

Q1hole 1.57E5 0.60 (0.0015)2
, or p 108000Pa
4
988
or p insidehead 101 108 209kPa,thereducermustdroptheinletpressuretothis.
2(400000 209000)

Q 7.04E4 0.61 (0.015 )2
988(1 4 )
4
1/2
, or
Solvefor 0.56, d reducer 0.56(1.5) 0.84cm
2
0.332
(1 4 )1/2
Ans.
6.143A10cmdiametersmoothpipecontainsanorificeplatewithD: 12 D tapsand
0.5.Themeasuredorificepressuredropis75kPaforwaterflowat20C.Estimatethe
3
flowrate,inm /h.Whatisthenonrecoverableheadloss?
3
Solution:Forwaterat20C,take 998kg/m and 0.001kg/ms.Weknow

everything intheorifice relation, Eq.(6.104),exceptC d,which wecanestimate (as
0.61):
Q Cd A t
2p
2(75000)
Cd (0.05)2
0.0249Cd
4
4
(1 )
998[1 (0.5)4 ]
Guess Cd 0.61, Q 0.0152
m3
4Q
, Re D
193000, Cd (Eq.6.112) 0.605
s
D
285
Thisisconverged:Q0.0249(0.605)0.0150m /s54m /h.Ans.(a)

(b)FromFig.6.44,thenonrecoverableheadlosscoefficientisK1.8,basedonVt:
Q
0.0150
m
Vt
7.66
,
A t (0.025)2
s
p loss K
2
998
Vt 1.8
(7.66)2 53000Pa
2
2
Ans.(b)
6.144Waterat20Cflowsthroughtheorificeinthefigure,whichismonitoredbya
3
mercury manometer. If d 3 cm, (a) what is h when the flow is 20 m h; and
(b)whatisQwhenh58cm?
Solution:(a)EvaluateVQA2.83m/sandReD VD141,000,0.6,thus
Cd0.613.
Fig.P6.144
20
2 p
2(13550 998)(9.81)h
Cd d 2
(0.613) (0.03)2
4
3600
4
4
(1 )
998(1 0.6 4 )
wherewehaveintroducedthemanometerformulap(mercurywater)gh.
Solvefor: h 0.58m 58 cm
Ans.(a)
Solvethisproblemwhenh58cmisknownandQistheunknown.Well,wecansee
thatthenumbersarethesameaspart(a),andthesolutionis
Solvefor: Q 0.00556m 3 /s 20m 3 /h
.
Ans.(b)
286
6.145The1mdiametertankinFig.P6.145isinitiallyfilledwithgasolineat20C.
Thereisa2cmdiameterorificeinthebottom.Iftheorificeissuddenlyopened,estimate
thetimeforthefluidlevelh(t)todropfrom2.0to1.6meters.
3
Solution:Forgasolineat20C,take680kg/m and 2.92E4kg/ms.The
Fig.P6.145
orificesimulatescornertapswith0,so,fromEq.(6.112),Cd0.596.Fromtheenergy
equation,thepressuredropacrosstheorificeispgh(t),or
2gh

0.596 (0.02)2 2(9.81)h 0.000829 h
4
4
(1 )
d
dh
dh
Butalso Q ( tank ) A tank
(1.0m)2
dt
dt
4
dt
Q Cd A t
SettheQsequal,separatethevariables,andintegratetofindthedrainingtime:
1.6
2.0
final
dh
2[ 2 1.6 ]
0.001056 dt, or t final
283s 4.7min
0.001056
h
0
Ans.
6.146Apipeconnectingtworeservoirs,asinFig.P6.146,containsathinplateorifice.
For water flow at 20C, estimate (a) the volume flow through the pipe and (b)the
pressuredropacrosstheorificeplate.
287
Solution:Forwaterat20C,take 998kg/m and 0.001kg/ms.Theenergy

equationshouldincludetheorificeheadlossandtheentranceandexitlosses:
Fig.P6.146
z 20m
V2
V2 L
0.6
, where K entr 0.5, K exit 1.0, K orifice
1.5(Fig.6.44)
f K
2g d
2(9.81)(20)
392.4
; guess f 0.02, V 3.02m/s

[f(100/0.05) 0.5 1.0 1.5] 2000f 3.0
Iterateto fsmooth 0.0162, V 3.33m/s
3
ThefinalReVD/166000,andQ(/4)(0.05) (3.33)0.00653m /sAns.(a)

(b)Thepressuredropacrosstheorificeisgivenbytheorificeformula:
ReD166000,0.6,Cd0.609(Fig.6.41):
1/2
2
2p
2p

Q 0.00653 Cd A t
0.609
(0.03)
4
4
(1 )
998(1 0.6 )
p 100 kPa Ans. (b)
*6.147Air flows through a 6cm

diameter smooth pipe which has a 2 m
long perforated section containing 500
holes (diameter1mm),asinFig.P6.147.
Pressure outside the pipe is sealevel
standardair.Ifp1105kPaandQ1110
3
m /h,estimatep2andQ2,assumingthatthe
holesareapproximatedbythinplateorifices.
Hint:Amomentumcontrolvolumemaybe
veryuseful.
Fig.P6.147
1/2
288
Solution:Forairat20Cand105kPa,take 1.25kg/m and 1.8E5kg/ms.

UsetheentranceflowratetoestimatethewallshearstressfromtheMoodychart:
V1
Q1
110/3600
m
1.25(10.8)(0.06)
10.8
,
Re
45000, fsmooth 0.0214

1
A ( /4)(0.06)2
s
1.8E5
f
0.0214
then wall V 2
(1.25)(10.8)2 0.390Pa
8
8
Furtherassumethatthepressuredoesnotchangetoomuch,soporifice105000101350
3650Pa.Thentheflowratefromtheorificesis,approximately,

2(3650)
0, Cd 0.61: Q 500Cd A t (2 p/)1/2 500(0.61) (0.001)2

4
1.25
110
or: Q 0.0183 m 3 /s, so Q 2
0.0183 0.01225m 3 /s
3600
1/2
ThenV2Q2/A20.01225/[(/4)(0.06) ]4.33m/s.Acontrolvolumeenclosingthe
pipewallsandsections(1)and(2)yieldsthexmomentumequation:
&2 V2 m
&1V1 AV22 AV12 , dividebyA:
Fx p1A p2 A w DL m
(0.06)(2.0)
1.25(4.33)2 1.25(10.8)2 52 23 146 71Pa
2
( /4)(0.06)
p1 p2 0.390
Thusp210500071105kPaalsoandaboveiscorrect:Q20.0123m /s.Ans.
3
6.148Asmoothpipecontainingethanolat20Cflowsat7m /hthroughaBernoulli
obstruction,asinFig.P6.148.Threepiezometertubesareinstalled,asshown.Ifthe
obstructionisathinplateorifice,estimatethepiezometerlevels(a)h2and(b)h3.
Fig.P6.148
289
Solution:Forethanolat20C,take 789kg/m and 0.0012kg/ms.Withthe

flowrateknown,wecancomputeReynoldsnumberandfrictionfactor,etc.:
V
Q
7/3600
m
789(0.99)(0.05)
0.99
;
Re
32600, fsmooth 0.0230

D
A ( /4)(0.05)2
s
0.0012
FromFig.6.44,at0.6,K1.5.Thentheheadlossacrosstheorificeis
h h 2 h1 K
{0.99/(0.6)2}2
Vt2
(1.5)
0.58m, hence h 2 1.58 m
2g
2(9.81)
Thenthepiezometerchangebetween(2)and(3)isduetoMoodyfrictionloss:
h3 h2 hf f
2
L V2
5 (0.99)
(0.023)
0.12m,
0.05
2(9.81)
d 2g
or h3 1.58 0.12 1.7 m
Ans.(b)
Ans.(a)
290
6.149Inalaboratoryexperiment,airat20Cflowsfromalargetankthrougha2cm
diametersmoothpipeintoasealevelatmosphere,asinFig.P6.149.Theflowismetered
byalongradiusnozzleof1cmdiameter,usingamanometerwithMeriamredoil(SG
0.827).Thepipeis8mlong.Themeasurementsoftankpressureandmanometerheight
areasfollows:
Fig.P6.149
ptank,Pa(gage): 60
320
1200
2050
2470
3500
4900
hmano,mm:
38
160
295
380
575
820
Usethisdatatocalculatetheflowrates Q andReynoldsnumbersReD andmakeaplotof

measuredflowrateversustankpressure.Istheflowlaminarorturbulent?Comparethedata
withtheoreticalresultsobtainedfromtheMoodychart,includingminorlosses.Discuss.
3
Solution:Forairtake1.2kg/m and0.000015kg/ms.Withnoelevationchangeand
negligibletankvelocity,theenergyequationwouldyield
ptank patm
V 2
L
, K ent 0.5 and K noz 0.7

1 f K entrance K nozzle
2
D
Sincepisgiven,wecanusethisexpressionplustheMoodycharttopredictVandQ
AVandcomparewiththeflownozzlemeasurements.Theflownozzleformulais:
Vthroat Cd
2 pmano
(1 4 )
where p (oil air )gh, Cd fromFig.6.42 and 0.5
ThefrictionfactorisgivenbythesmoothpipeMoodyformula,Eq.(6.48)for 0.The
resultsmaybetabulatedasfollows,andtheplotonthenextpageshowsexcellent(too
good?)agreementwiththeory.
291
ptank,Pa:
60
320
1200
2050
2470
3500
4900
V,m/s(nozzledata):
2.32
5.82
11.9
16.1
18.2
22.3
26.4
2.39
6.22
12.9
17.6
19.9
24.5
29.1
Q,m /h(theory):
2.31
6.25
13.3
18.0
20.0
24.2
28.9
fMoody:
0.0444
0.0331 0.0271 0.0252 0.0245 0.0234 0.0225
Q,m /h(nozzledata):
6.150Gasolineat20Cflowsat0.06m /sthrougha15cmpipeandismeteredbya
9cmdiameterlongradiusflownozzle(Fig.6.40a).Whatistheexpectedpressuredrop
acrossthenozzle?
Solution:Forgasolineat20C,take680kg/mand2.92E4kg/ms.Calculate
thepipevelocityandReynoldsnumber:
V
Q
0.06
m
680(3.40)(0.15)
3.40 , Re D
1.19E6
2
A ( /4)(0.15)
s
2.92E4
TheISOcorrelationfordischarge(Eq.6.114)isusedtoestimatethepressuredrop:
292
106
Cd 0.9965 0.00653
Re D
1/2
106 (0.6)
0.9965 0.00653
1.19E6
1/2
0.9919
2 p

Then Q 0.06 (0.9919) (0.09)2
,
4
680(1 0.6 4 )
Solve p 27000 Pa
Ans.
P6.151 Anengineerneedstomonitoraflowof20Cgasolineatabout25025gal/min
througha4indiametersmoothpipe.Shecanuseanorificeplate,alongradiusflownozzle,or
aventurinozzle,allwith2indiameterthroats.Theonlydifferentialpressuregageavailableis
accurateintherange6to10lbf/in2.Disregardingflowlosses,whichdeviceisbest?
Solution:Forgasolineat20C,take=680kg/m3and=2.92E4kg/ms.Wearegiven
=2/4=0.5. Theflowrateisintherange0.0142< Q <0.0174m3/s. ThepipeReynolds

numberisintherangeReD=460,00010%.InSIunits,thethroatdiameteris0.0508m,andits
areais(/4)(0.0508m)2=0.00203m2.OurbasicobstructionformulaisEq.(6.104):
Q C d At
2 p
(1 4 )
C d (0.00203m 2 )
2 p
(680kg / m 3 ){1 (0.5) 4 }
0.0158 0.0016
ItremainsonlytodetermineCdforthethreedevicesandthencalculatep.Theresultsare:
Orificeplate,D:1/2Dtaps:Cd0.605,p=6.2to9.3lbf/in2Ans.
Longradiusflownozzle:Cd0.99,p=2.3to3.5lbf/in2
Venturinozzle:Cd0.977,p=2.4to3.6lbf/in2
Only the orifice plate, with its high losses, is compatible with the available pressure gage.
m3
s
293
6.152Keroseneat20Cflowsat20m /hinan8cmdiameterpipe.Theflowistobe
meteredbyanISA1932flownozzlesothatthepressuredropis7kPa.Whatisthe
propernozzlediameter?
3
Solution: Forkeroseneat20 C,take 804kg/m and1.92E3kg/ms.We

cannotcalculatethedischargecoefficientexactlybecausewedontknow ,sojust
estimateCd:
2(7000)
20 m 3

2
Guess Cd 0.99, then Q 0.99 (0.08 )
4
804(1 4 ) 3600 s
2
or:
0.268, solve 0.508,
(1 4 )1/2
Re D
4(804)(20/3600)
37000
(1.92E3)(0.08)
NowcomputeabetterCdfromtheISAnozzlecorrelation,Eq.(6.115):
Cd 0.99 0.2262
4.1
(0.000215 0.001125 0.00249
4.7
106
)
Re D
1.15
Iterateoncetoobtainabetter0.515,d0.515(8cm)4.12cmAns.
0.9647
294
6.153Two water tanks, each with base

2
area of 1 ft , are connected by a 0.5in
diameterlongradiusnozzleasinFig.P6.153.
Ifh1ftasshownfort0,estimatethe
timeforh(t)todropto0.25ft.
Fig.P6.153

3
alongradiusnozzlewith0,guessCd
0.98andKloss 0.9fromFig.6.44.The
elevation difference h must balance the
head losses in the nozzle and submerged
exit:
z h loss
Vt2
Vt2
K
(0.9nozzle 1.0 exit ) h, solve Vt 5.82 h
2g
2(32.2)
1/2
hence Q Vt
4 12
1
dh
dh
0.00794 h A tank
0.5
2
dt
dt
Theboldfacefactor 1/2 accountsforthefactthat,asthelefttankfallsbydh,theright

tankrisesbythesameamount,hencedhdtchangestwiceasfastasforonetankalone.
Wecanseparateandintegrateandfindthetimeforhtodropfrom1ftto0.25ft:
1.0
0.25
dh
h
0.0159
t final
dt, or: t final
1 0.25
0.0159
63s
Ans.
P6.154
Gasoline at 20C flows through a 6-cm-diameter pipe. It is metered by a
modern venturi nozzle with d = 4 cm. The measured pressure drop is 6.5 kPa. Estimate
the flow rate in gallons per minute.
Solution: For gasoline at 20C, from Table A.3, = 680 kg/m3 and = 2.92E-4 kg/m-s.
We are not sure of the Reynolds number, so assume for the present that Fig. 6.43 is valid,
in which case, from Eq. (6.116),
0.04 4.5
Cd ,venturi 0.9858 0.196 4.5 0.9858 0.196 (
)
0.954
0.06
Then, from Eq. (6.104), the flow rate is
295
Q Cd At
2 (8500 Pa )
m3
gal
2
0.954( )(0.04m)
0.00669
106
Ans.
4
4
4
s
min
(1 )
680[1 (4 / 6) ]
2 p
4Q
4(680)(0.00669)
330, 000 OK, within range.

D (2.92E 4)(0.06)
________________________________________________________________________
Check Re D
P6.155
It is desired to meter methanol at 20C flowing through a 5-inch-diameter
pipe. The expected flow rate is about 300 gal/min. Two flowmeters are available: a
venturi nozzle and a thin-plate orifice, each with d = 2 in. The differential pressure gage
on hand is most accurate at about 12-15 lbs/in2. Which meter is better for this job?
Solution: For methanol at 20C, from Table A.3, = 791 kg/m3 = 1.535 slug/ft3 and =
5.98E-4 kg/m-s = 1.25E-5 slug/ft-s. Compute the average velocity in the pipe and find the
discharge coefficients for each meter, for = (2 in)/(5 in) = 0.4:
gal
ft 3 5
ft
ft
0.668
( ft )2 Vavg ,solve for V 4.90
or Vt 30.6
min
s
4 12
s
s
VD (1.535)(4.90)(5 /12)
Orifice : Re D
251, 000, 0.4, Fig .6.41: Cd 0.601
(0.0000125)
Venturi nozzle : 1.5E5 Re D 2E6, OK , 0.4, Fig .6.43 : Cd 0.983
Q 300
Find the expected pressure drops from Eq. (6.104):

Vt 30.6
ft
Cd
s
2 p
(1 4 )
Venturi nozzle :
Cd
Cd 0.983 ,
Thin - plate orifice : Cd 0.601 ,
2 p
(1.535)[1 (0.4)4 ]
solve
solve
1.156 Cd
p 725
p 1940
lbf
2
ft
lbf
ft 2
5
14
p
lbf
in 2
lbf
in 2
The orifice plate is the better choice, for accuracy, although the head loss is much larger.
296
6.156Ethanolat20CflowsdownthroughamodernventurinozzleasinFig.P6.156.If
themercurymanometerreadingis4in,asshown,estimatetheflowrate,ingal/min.
3
Solution:Forethanolat20C,take1.53slug/ft and2.51E5slug/fts.Given
0.5,thedischargecoefficientis
4.5
Cd0.98580.196(0.5) 0.9771
Fig.P6.156
The9inchdisplacementofmanometertapsdoesnotaffectthepressuredropreading,
becausebothlegsarefilledwithethanol.ThereforeweproceeddirectlytopandQ:
pnozzle ( merc eth )gh (26.3 1.53)(32.2)(4/12) 266lbf/ft 2
2 p
Hence Q Cd A t
4
(1 )
1/2
3

4 12
0.9771
2(266)
ft 3
0.924
s
1.53(1 0.54 )
Ans.
6.157ModifyProb.6.156ifthefluidis airat20C,enteringtheventuriatapressureof
18psia.Shouldacompressibilitycorrectionbeused?
3
Solution:Forairat20Cand18psi,take0.00286slug/ft and3.76E7slug/fts.
Withstillequalto0.5,Cdstillequals0.9771aspreviouspage.Themanometerreadingis
pnozzle (26.3 0.00286)(32.2)(4/12) 282lbf/ft 2 ,
3
whence Q 0.9771
4 12
2(282)
ft 3
22.0
s
0.00286(1 0.54 )
Ans.
297
Fromthisresult,thethroatvelocityV tQ/At448ft/s,quitehigh,theMachnumberin
thethroatisapproximatelyMa 0.4,a (small)compressibilitycorrectionmightbe
expected. [Makingaonedimensionalsubsonicflowcorrection,usingthemethodsof
3
Chap.9,resultsinathroatvolumeflowestimateofQ22.8ft /s,about4%higher.]
6.158Waterat20Cflowsinalonghorizontalcommercialsteel6cmdiameterpipe
thatcontainsaclassicalHerschelventuriwitha4cmthroat.Theventuriisconnectedto
3
amercurymanometerwhosereadingis h40cm.Estimate(a)theflowrate,inm /h,
and (b) the total pressure difference between points 50 cm upstream and 50 cm
downstreamoftheventuri.
3
Solution:Forwaterat20C,take998kg/m and0.001kg/ms.Forcommercial
steel,0.046mm,hence/d0.046/600.000767.Firstestimatetheflowrate:
p ( m w )gh (13560 998)(9.81)(0.40) 49293Pa
2(49293)
m3

2
(0.04)
0.0137
s
998[1 (4/6)4 ]
4
Guess Cd 0.985, Q (0.985)
Check Re D
4Q
291000
D
AtthisReynoldsnumber,weseefromFig.6.42thatCd doesindeed 0.985forthe

3
3
Herschelventuri.Therefore,indeed,Q0.0137m /s49m /h.Ans.(a)
(b)50cmupstreamand50cmdownstreamarefarenoughthatthepressurerecovers
fromitsthroatvalue,andthetotal pisthesumofMoodypipelossandventurihead
2
loss.Firstworkoutthepipevelocity,VQ/A(0.0137)/[(/4)(0.06) ]4.85m/s.Then
Re D 291000,
0.000767, then fMoody 0.0196; Fig.6.44: K venturi 0.2

d
Then p p Moody p venturi

998(4.85)2
V 2 L
f K
2 d
1.0
0.2 6200 Pa
0.0196 0.06
Ans.(b)
6.159Amodernventurinozzleistestedinalaboratoryflowwithwaterat20 C.The
pipediameter is5.5cm,andthe venturithroatdiameter is3.5cm.Theflowrateis
measuredbyaweightankandthepressuredropbyawatermercurymanometer.The
massflowrateandmanometerreadingsareasfollows:
298
m&, kg/s:
0.95
1.98
2.99
5.06
8.15
h,mm:
3.7
15.9
36.2
102.4
264.4
UsethesedatatoplotacalibrationcurveofventuridischargecoefficientversusReynolds
number.Comparewiththeacceptedcorrelation,Eq.(6.116).
3
Solution:Forwaterat20C,take998kg/m and0.001kg/ms.Thegivendata
ofmassflowandmanometerheightcanreadilybeconvertedtodischargecoefficientand
Reynoldsnumber:
Q
&
&
m
2(13.56 1)w (9.81)h
m(kg/s)

Cd (0.035)2
, or: Cd
4
4
998
16.485 h meters
w [1 (3.5/5.5) ]
ReD
&
4m&
4m
&
23150m(kg/s)
D (0.001)(0.055)
Thedatacanthenbeconvertedandtabulatedasfollows:
h,m:
0.037
0.0159
0.0362
0.1024
0.2644
Cd:
0.947
0.953
0.953
0.959
0.962
ReD:
22000
46000
69000
117000
189000
Thesedataareplottedinthegraphbelow,similartoFig.6.42ofthetext:
TheycloselyresembletheclassicalHerschelventuri,butthisdataisactuallyfora
modernventuri,forwhichweonlyknowthevalueofCdfor1.5E5ReD2E5:
299
3.5
Eq.(6.116) Cd 0.9858 0.196
5.5
4.5
0.960
ThetwodatapointsnearthisReynoldsnumberrangearequitecloseto0.9600.002.
P6.160 An instrument popular in the beverage

industry is the target flowmeter in Fig. P6.x.
Flow
A small flat disk is mounted in the center of the

pipe, supported by a strong but thin rod.
Fig.P6.x
(a) Explain how the flowmeter works.

(b) If the bending moment M of the rod is measured at the wall,
derive a formula for the estimated velocity of the flow.
(c) List a few advantages and disadvantages of such an instrument.
Solution: (a) The flow creates a drag force F on the disk, approximately proportional to V2.
(b) The bending moment is the drag force times the pipe radius. Thus the formula
M FR ,
2
V Adisk
2
2M
Solve for V
CD A disk R
where
F CD
Ans.(b)
We are neglecting the drag of the thin rod, especially if it is streamlined. In Chapter 7,
Fig. 7.16, we learn that the drag coefficient of a disk is about 1.2 over a wide range of
Reynolds number.
(c) Advantages: low cost; disk easy to keep clean; works for a wide variety of fluids; can
measure flow in either direction; useful in moderately unsteady flows. Disadvantages:
needs calibration because the formula is too simplified; very poor accuracy at low
velocities, due to the square-root relationship; heavy flows can break the rod; gummy
flows can coat the disk and change the calibration; the drag force causes a pipe head loss.
P6.161
300
An instrument popular in the
water supply industry, sketched in Fig. P6.161,

is the single jet water meter.
(a) How does it work?
(b) What do you think a typical calibration
curve would look like?
(c) Can you cite further details, for example, reliability,
Fig.P6.161
head loss, cost [58]?
Solution: (a) The single-jet meter is similar in principle to the standard turbine meter, Fig.
6.32 of the text, except that, instead of flowing axially through the turbine, it creates an inplane jet that strikes the turbine blades and turns them. There are also multi-jet meters.
(b) Just as in a standard turbine meter, the single-jet meter turns the turbine at a rate nearly
proportional to the flow rate. The manufacturer states a K factor of an equation for turning
rate versus volume flow rate Q, in the form = K Q. At very low flow rates, the
Reynolds number is very low, and the manufacturer includes an error curve (a few per cent
deviation) for low rates.
(c) The single-jet meter is quite reliable and prized for its accuracy at low flow rates. It is not
used for large pipe sizes because, due to its offset design, it would have to be huge.
_______________________________________________________________________
_
301
6.162Air flows at high speed through a Herschel venturi monitored by a mercury

manometer,asshowninFig.P6.161.Theupstreamconditionsare150kPaand80C.Ifh
37cm,estimatethemassflowinkg/s.[HINT:Theflowiscompressible.]
Solution:Theupstreamdensityis 1 p1/(RT) (150000)/[287(273 80)] 1.48
3
kg/m .Thecluehighspeedmeansthatwehadbetterusethe compressible venturi
formula,Eq.(6.117):
Fig.P6.162
2 1 ( p1 p2 )
1 4
m& CdYAt
where 4/6 forthisnozzle.
Thepressuredifferenceismeasuredbythemercurymanometer:
p1 p2 ( merc air ) gh (13550 1.48kg/m3 )(9.81m/s2 )(0.37m) 49200Pa
Thepressureratioisthus(15049.2)/1500.67and,for2/3,wereadY0.76from
Fig. 6.45.FromFig.6.43estimate Cd 0.985.The(compressible)venturiformulathus
predicts:
(0.04 m) 2
4
m& 0.985(0.76)
2(1.48)(49200)
kg
0.40
4
s
1 (2/3)
Ans.
*6.163ModifyProb.6.162asfollows.Findthemanometerreading h forwhichthe
mass flow through the venturi is approximately 0.4 kg/s. [ HINT: The flow is
compressible.]
302
Solution:This is, in fact, the answer to Prob. 6.162, but who knew? The present
problemisintendedasaniterationexercise,preferablywithEES.Weknowtheupstream
pressureanddensityandthedischargecoefficient,butwemustiterateforYandp2inthe
basicformula:
m& CdYAt
2 1 ( p1 p2 )
0.40kg/s
1 4
Theanswershouldbeh0.37m,Y0.76,andCd0.985,asinProb.6.162,butthe
problemisextremelysensitivetothevalueofh.A10%changeinhcausesonlya2%
changeinmassflow.TheactualanswertoProb.6.161wasamassflowof0.402kg/s.
EESreportsthat,formassflowexactlyequalto0.400kg/s,therequiredmanometerheight
ish0.361m.Ans.
FUNDAMENTALS OF ENGINEERING EXAM PROBLEMS: Answers

FE6.1Inflow through astraight, smoothpipe, thediameter Reynolds number for
transitiontoturbulenceisgenerallytakentobe
(a)1500(b)2300(c)4000(d)250,000(e)500,000
3
FE6.2Forflowofwaterat20Cthroughastraight,smoothpipeat0.06m /h,thepipe
diameterforwhichtransitiontoturbulenceoccursisapproximately
(a)1.0cm(b)1.5cm(c)2.0cm(d)2.5cm(e)3.0cm
FE6.3Forflowofoil(0.1kg/(ms),SG0.9)throughalong,straight,smooth5cm
3
diameterpipeat14m /h,thepressuredroppermeterisapproximately
(a)2200Pa(b)2500Pa(c)10,000Pa(d)160Pa(e)2800Pa
FE6.4ForflowofwaterataReynoldsnumberof1.03E6througha5cmdiameter
pipeofroughnessheight0.5mm,theapproximateMoodyfrictionfactoris
(a)0.012(b)0.018(c)0.038(d)0.049(e)0.102
FE6.5Minorlossesthroughvalves,fittings,bends,contractions etc.arecommonly
modeledasproportionalto
(a)totalhead(b)statichead(c)velocityhead(d)pressuredrop(e)velocity
FE6.6Asmooth8cmdiameterpipe,200mlong,connectstworeservoirs,containing
waterat20C,oneofwhichhasasurfaceelevationof700mandtheotherwithits
surfaceelevationat560m.Ifminorlossesareneglected,theexpectedflowratethrough
thepipeis
3
3
3
3
3
(a)0.048m /h(b)2.87m /h(c)134m /h(d)172m
/h(e)385m /h
3
FE6.7If,inProb.FE6.6thepipeisroughandtheactualflowrateis90m /hr,thenthe
expectedaverageroughnessheightofthepipeisapproximately
303
(a)1.0mm(b)1.25mm(c)1.5mm(d)1.75mm(e)2.0mm
FE6.8SupposeinProb.FE6.6thetworeservoirsareconnected,notbyapipe,butby
asharpedgedorificeofdiameter8cm.Thentheexpectedflowrateisapproximately
3
3
3
3
3
(a)90m /h(b)579m
/h(c)748m /h(d)949m /h(e)1048m /h

FE6.9Oil( 0.1kg/(ms),SG 0.9)flowsthrougha50mlongsmooth8cm
diameter pipe. The maximum pressure drop for which laminar flow is expected is
approximately
(a)30kPa(b)40kPa(c)50kPa(d)60kPa(e)70kPa
FE6.10Airat20Candapproximately1atmflowsthroughasmooth30cmsquare
ductat1500cubicfeetperminute.Theexpectedpressuredroppermeterofductlength
is
(a)1.0Pa(b)2.0Pa(c)3.0Pa(d)4.0Pa(e)5.0Pa
FE6.11Waterat20Cflowsat3cubicmetersperhourthroughasharpedged3cm
diameterorificeina6cmdiameterpipe.Estimatetheexpectedpressuredropacrossthe
orifice.
(a)440Pa(b)680Pa(c)875Pa(d)1750Pa(e)1870Pa
FE6.12Waterflowsthroughastraight10cmdiameterpipeatadiameterReynolds
numberof250,000.Ifthepiperoughnessis0.06mm,whatistheapproximateMoody
frictionfactor?
(a)0.015(b)0.017(c)0.019(d)0.026(e)0.032
FE 6.13What is the hydraulic diameter ofa rectangular airventilation duct whose
crosssectionis1meterby25cm?
(a)25cm(b)40cm(c)50cm(d)75cm(e)100cm
FE6.14Waterat20Cflowsthroughapipeat300gal/minwithafrictionheadlossof
45ft.Whatisthepowerrequiredtodrivethisflow?
(a)0.16kW(b)1.88kW(c)2.54kW(d)3.41kW(e)4.24kW
FE6.15Waterat20Cflowsat200gal/minthroughapipe150mlongand8cmin
diameter.Ifthefrictionheadlossis12m,whatistheMoodyfrictionfactor?
(a)0.010(b)0.015(c)0.020(d)0.025(e)0.030
304
COMPREHENSIVE PROBLEMS
C6.1Apitotstaticprobewillbeusedtomeasurethevelocitydistributioninawater
tunnelat20C.ThetwopressurelinesfromtheprobewillbeconnectedtoaUtube
manometerwhichusesaliquidofspecificgravity1.7.Themaximumvelocityexpected
in the water tunnel is 2.3 m/s. Your job is to select an appropriate Utube from a
manufacturerwhichsuppliesmanometersofheights8,12,16,24and36inches.Thecost
increasessignificantlywithmanometerheight.Whichoftheseshouldyoupurchase?
Solution:The pitotstatic tube formula relates velocity to the difference between
stagnationpressurepoandstaticpressurepsinthewaterflow:
po ps
1
kg
wV 2 , where w 998 3
2
m
and Vmax 2.3
m
s
Meanwhile,themanometerreadinghrelatesthispressuredifferencetothetwofluids:
po ps (mano w )gh w (SGmano 1)gh
Solvefor hmax
2
Vmax
(2.3)2
0.385m 15.2 in
2g(SGmano 1) 2(9.81)(1.7 1)
Itwouldthereforebemosteconomicalto buythe16inchmanometer.Butbecareful
whenyouuseit:abitofoverpressurewillpopthemanometerfluidoutofthetube!
C6.2Apumpdeliversasteadyflowofwater(,)fromalargetanktotwoother
higherelevationtanks,asshown.Thesamepipeofdiameterdandroughnessisused
throughout.Allminorlosses exceptthroughthevalve areneglected,andthepartially
closedvalvehasalosscoefficientKvalve.Turbulentflowmaybeassumedwithallkinetic
energy flux correction coefficients equal to 1.06. The pump net head H is a known
functionofQAandhencealsoofVAQA/Apipe,forexample, H a bVA2 , whereaand
bareconstants.SubscriptJreferstothejunctionpointattheteewherebranchAsplits
intoBandC.PipelengthL CismuchlongerthanLB.Itisdesiredtopredictthepressure
atJ,thethreepipevelocitiesandfrictionfactors,andthepumphead.Thusthereare8
variables:H,VA,VB,VC,fA,fB,fC,pJ.Writedowntheeightequationsneededtoresolve
thisproblem,but donotsolve,sinceanelaborateiterationprocedure,oranequation
solversuchasEES,wouldberequired.
305
Solution:First,equation(1)isclearlythepumpperformance:
H a bVA2
3Moody factors:
f A fcn VA ,
f B fcn VB ,
fC fcn VC ,
Conservationofmass(constantarea)atthejunctionJ:VAVBVC
Finally,therearethreeindependentsteadyflowenergyequations:
( J )to (2):
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
L A VA2
L V2
fB B B
d 2g
d 2g
(6)
L V2
V2
L A VA2
fC C C K valve C
d 2g
d 2g
2g
(7)
(1)to (2): z1 z2 H f A
(1)to (3): z1 z3 H f A
(1)
pJ
p
L V2
zJ atm z2 f B B B
g
g
d 2g
Fig.PC6.2
(8)
306
C6.3The water slide in the figure is to be installed in a swimming pool. The

3
manufacturerrecommendsacontinuouswaterflowof1.39E3m /s(about22gal/min)
downtheslidetoensurethatcustomers donotburntheirbottoms.An80%efficient
pumpundertheslide,submerged1mbelowthewatersurface,feedsa5mlong,4cm
diameterhose,ofroughness0.008cm,totheslide.Thehosedischargesthewateratthe
topoftheslide,4mabovethewatersurface,asafreejet.Ignoreminorlossesand
assume1.06.Findthebrakehorsepowerneededtodrivethepump.
FigC6.3
Solution:For water take 998 kg/m and 0.001 kg/ms. Write the steady-flow energy
equation from the water surface (1) to the outlet (2) at the top of the slide:
pa 1V12
pa 2V22
1.39 E3
m
z1
z2 h f h pump , where V2
1.106
2
g
2g
g
2g
s
(0.02)
Solve for h pump
V22
L
( z2 z1 )
2 f
2g
d
307
Work out Red Vd/ (998)(1.106)(0.04)/0.001 44200, /d 0.008/4 0.002,

whencefMoody0.0268.Usethesenumberstoevaluatethepumpheadabove:
h pump (5.0 1.0)
whence BHPrequired
(1.106)2
2(9.81)
5.0
4.27 m,
1.06 0.0268 0.04

gQh pump 998(9.81)(1.39E3)(4.27)
73 watts Ans.
0.8
C6.4Supposeyoubuildahouseoutintheboonies,whereyouneedtorunapipeto
thenearestwatersupply,whichfortunatelyisabout1kmabovetheelevationofyour
house.Thegagepressureatthewatersupplyis1MPa.Yourequireaminimum of
3gal/minwhenyourendofthepipeisopentotheatmosphere.Tominimizecost,you
wanttobuythesmallestpossiblediameterpipewithanextremelysmoothsurface.
(a)Findthetotalheadlossfrompipeinlettoexit,neglectingminorlosses.
(b)Whichismoreimportanttothisproblem,theheadlossduetoelevationdifference,or
theheadlossduetopressuredropinthepipe?
(c)Findtheminimumrequiredpipediameter.
3
Solution:Convert3.0gal/minto1.89E4m /s.Let1betheinletand2betheoutlet
andwritethesteadyflowenergyequation:
Fig.C6.4
p1gage
1V12
z1
p2 gage
2V22
z2 h f
2g
g
2g
g
p1gage
1E 6kPa
1000m
1000 102 1102m
or: h f z1 z2
g
998(9.81)
Ans.(a)
(b)Thus,elevationdropof1000mismoreimportanttoheadlossthanp/g102m.
308
(c)Tofindtheminimumdiameter,iteratebetweenflowrateandtheMoodychart:
hf f
L V2
, L 6000m,
d 2g
2.51
1
Q
2 log
,
, V
d 2 /4
f
Re f
m3
Vd
Q 1.89E4
, Re
s
v
2
Wearegivenhf1102mandwater1.005E6m /s.Wecaniterate,ifnecessary,oruse
EES,whichcanswiftlyarriveatthefinalresult:
fsmooth 0.0266; Re 17924; V 1.346m/s; d min 0.0134m
Ans.(c)
C6.5Waterat20Cflows,atthesameflowrateQ9.4E4m /s,throughtwoducts,
onearoundpipe,andoneanannulus,asshown.ThecrosssectionareaAofeachductis
identical,andeachhaswallsofcommercialsteel.Botharethesamelength.Inthecross
sectionsshown,R15mmanda25mm.
(a) Calculate the correct radius b for the
annulus.
Fig.C6.5
(b)Compareheadlossperunitlengthfor
the two ducts, first using the hydraulic
diameter and second using the effective
diameterconcept.
(c)Ifthelossesaredifferent,why?Which
ductismoreefficient?Why?
Solution:(a)Settheareasequal:
A R 2 (a 2 b2 ), or: b a 2 R 2 (25)2 (15)2 20mm
Ans.(a)
(b)Findtheroundpipeheadloss,assuming1.005E6m /s:
Q 9.4 E4m 3 /s
m
(1.33)(0.030)
V
1.33 ; Re
39700;
2
A (0.015m)
s
1.005E6
0.00153, f Moody 0.0261

d
2
Thushf/L(f/d)(V /2g)(0.0261/0.03)(1.33 )/2/9.810.0785(round)Ans.(b)
Annulus:Dh4A/P2(ab)20mm,sameV1.33m/s:
309
Solutions
VD ManualFluid
Mechanics, Seventh Edition
Re Dh
26500,
Dh
0.0023, f Moody 0.0291,
f V 2
0.131 ( annulus) Ans.(b)
Dh 2 g
h f /L
Effectivediameterconcept:b/a0.8,Table6.3:Deff0.667Dh13.3mm.Then
Re Deff 17700,
0.00345, f Moody 0.0327,
Deff
hf
f V2
0.147 (annulusDeff ) Ans.(b)

L Dh 2 g
NOTE:EverythinghereusesDeffexcepthf,whichbydefinitionusesDh.
Weseethattheannulushasabout85%moreheadlossthantheroundpipe,forthesamearea
andflowrate!Thisisbecausetheannulushasmorewallarea,thusmorefriction.Ans.(c)
C6.6JohnLaufer(NACATech.Rep.1174,1954)gavevelocitydatafor20Cairflowin
asmooth24.7cmdiameterpipeatRe5E5:
u/uCL:
1.0
0.997 0.988 0.959 0.908 0.847 0.818 0.771 0.690
r/R:
0.0
0.102 0.206 0.412 0.617 0.784 0.846 0.907 0.963
The centerline velocity uCL was 30.5 m/s. Determine (a) the average velocity by
numerical integration and (b) the wall shear stress from the loglaw approximation.
ComparewiththeMoodychartandwithEq.(6.43).
3
Solution: Forairat20C,take 1.2kg/m and 0.00018kg/ms.Theaverage

velocityisdefinedbythe(dimensionless)integral
1
V
R2
V
u
r
u(2 r)dr, or:
2 d, where
uCL 0 uCL
R
Prepareaspreadsheetwiththedataandcarryouttheintegrationbythetrapezoidalrule:
1
u
2 d [(u/uc )2 2 (u/uc )1 1 ](2 1 ) [(u/u c )3 3 (u/u c )2 2 ](3 2 ) L
uc
Theintegralisevaluatedonthespreadsheetbelow.TheresultisV/uCL0.8356,
orV(0.8356)(30.5)25.5m/s.Ans.(a)
Thewallshearstressisestimatedbyfittingtheloglaw(6.28)toeachdatapoint:
Foreach(u,y),
u 1 yu*
ln
B, and B 5.0
u*
310
Weknowforairandaregivenuandyfromthedata,hencewecansolveforu*.The
2
2
spreadsheetgivesu*1.1m/s1%,orwu* (1.2)(1.1) 1.45Pa.Ans.(b)
y/R
r/R
u/uCL
u/uCL2 r /Rdr/R
u*
1.000
0.898
0.794
0.588
0.383
0.216
0.154
0.093
0.037
0.000
0.000
0.102
0.206
0.412
0.617
0.784
0.846
0.907
0.963
1.000
1.000
0.997
0.988
0.959
0.908
0.847
0.818
0.771
0.690
0.000
.0000
.0104
.0421
.1654
.3613
.5657
.6498
.7347
.8111
.8356
1.126
1.128
1.126
1.112
1.099
1.101
1.098
1.097
WemakesimilarestimatesfromtheMoodychartbyevaluatingReandfanditerating:
1.2(25)(0.247)
412000, fsmooth 0.0136
0.00018
uCL /[1 1.3 f] 26.5, whence Re 436000, fbetter 0.0135
GuessV 25m/s, thenRe

Vbetter
ThisconvergestoV26.5m/sAns.and w(f/8)V 1.42Pa.Ans.

C6.7Consider energy exchange in fullydeveloped laminar flow between parallel
plates,asinEq.(6.63).LetthepressuredropoveralengthLbep.Calculatetherateof
workdonebythispressuredroponthefluidintheregion(0xL,hyh)and
compare with the integrated energy dissipated due to the viscous function from
Eq.(4.50)overthissameregion.Thetwoshouldbeequal.Explainwhythisisso.Can
yourelatetheviscousdragforceandthewallshearstresstothisenergyresult?
Solution:FromEq.(6.63),thevelocityprofilebetweentheplatesisparabolic:
3
y 2
u V 1 2
2
h
h 2 p
where V
istheaveragevelocity
3 L
Letthewidthoftheflowbedenotedbyb.Theworkdonebypressuredroppis:
6 LbV 2
3 LV
W&pressure pVA
(
V
)(2
hb
)
h
h2
311
Meanwhile,fromEq.(4.50),theviscousdissipationfunctionforthisfullydevelopedflowis:
2
u
9 V 2 y 2
3Vy

h4
h
y
Integratethistogetthetotaldissipatedenergyovertheentireflowregionofdimensions
Lbybby2h:
h
9V 2 y 2
6 LbV 2
&
Edissipated Lb
dy
W&pressure ! Ans.
4
h
h
Thetwoenergytermsareequal.Thereisnoworkdonebythewallshearstresses(where
u0),sothepressureworkisentirelyabsorbedbyviscousdissipationwithintheflow
field.Ans.
C6.8Thistexthaspresentedthetraditionalcorrelationsforturbulentsmoothwallfriction
factor,Eq.(6.38),andthelawofthewall,Eq.(6.28).Recently,groupsatPrincetonandOregon
[56]havemadenewfrictionmeasurementsandsuggestthefollowingsmoothwallfrictionlaw:
1
f
1.930 log10 ( Re D
f ) 0.537
Inearlierwork,theyalsoreportthatbettervaluesfortheconstantsandBintheloglaw,
Eq.(6.28),are0.4210.002and B5.620.08.(a)Calculateafewvaluesoffinthe
range1E4ReD1E8andseehowthetwoformulasdiffer.(b)ReadRef.56andbrieflycheck
thefivepapersinitsbibliography.Reporttotheclassonthegeneralresultsofthiswork.
Solution: The two formulas are practically identical except as the Reynolds number is
very high or very low. The new formula was fit to new, and extensive, friction data in
Ref. 56 and can thus be said to be slightly more accurate. Here is a table of calculations.
ReD
3000
10000
30000
100000
300000
1000000
3.0E+06
1.0E+07
3.0E+07
1.0E+08
fPrandtl
0.04353
0.03089
0.02349
0.01799
0.01447
0.01165
0.009722
0.008104
0.006949
0.005941
f Ref.56
0.04251
0.0305
0.02344
0.01811
0.01464
0.01186
0.009938
0.008316
0.007153
0.006134
312
Difference
-2.41%
-1.10%
-0.18%
0.62%
1.22%
1.76%
2.17%
2.56%
2.86%
3.15%
They differ by no more than 3%.
C6.9
A pipeline has been proposed to carry natural gas 1715 miles from Alaskas
North Slope to Calgary, Alberta, Canada. The (smooth) pipe diameter will be 52 inches.
The gas will be at high pressure, averaging 2500 lbs/in2. (a) Why? The proposed flow rate
is 4 billion cubic feet per day at sea-level conditions. (b) What volume flow rate, at 20C,
would carry the same mass at the high pressure? (c) If natural gas is assumed to be
methane (CH4), what is the total pressure drop? (d) If each pumping station can deliver
12,000 hp to the flow, how many stations are needed?
Solution: From Table A.4, for CH4, R = 518 m2/(s2-K) and = 1.03E-5 kg/m-s. Sea-level
density is o = p/RT = 101350/[518(288)] = 0.679 kg/m3. The proposed mass flow rate is
ol (4.0E9 ft 3 )(0.3048m / ft )3 1.13E8 m3 ;

Q ol / time (1.13E8 m3 ) /(24 3600 s ) 1311 m3 / s
m& o Q (0.679 kg / m3 )(1311 m3 / s) 890 kg / s
(a) The high pressure means that the gas is compacted about 170 times and thus much
less volume needs to be pumped. Ans.(a)
(b) At 2500 lbs/in2 = 1.72E7 Pa and 20C, the average gas density would be
313
p
1.72E7 Pa
kg
114 3
2
2
RT
(518 m / s K )(293K )
m
To match the mass flows, we would have
kg
kg
m3
m&pipeline (114 3 ) Q pipeline , hence Q pipeline 7.84
Ans.(b)
s
s
m
(c) For the pressure drop, first find the Moody (smooth-wall) friction factor:
m&standard 890
7.84 m3 / s
Q
m
VD (114)(5.73)(1.32)
5.73 ; Re pipeline
8.35E7
2
A
s
0.0000103
( / 4)(1.32m)
V pipeline
1
f
2.0 log(
Re D f
)
2.51
yields
f smooth 0.00608
Convert 1715 miles = 2760 km. Then the Darcy formula gives the (horizontal) pressure drop:
ptotal f
L 2
2760000m 114
lbf
V (0.00608)(
)(
)(5.73) 2 2.37E7 Pa 3440 2 Ans.(c )
D 2
1.32m
2
in
(d) Total horsepower = Q p = (7.84)(2.37E7) = 1.86E8 W 745.7 = 249,000 hp total.

If we divide this by 12,000 hp per pump, we get 20.76 or 21 pump stations
minimum. Ans. (d)
Each station must increase the gas pressure by 3440/21 = 164 psi, only 7% of the average
pressure in the pipeline.

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178

Solutions ManualFluid Mechanics, Seventh Edition

Chapter 6 Viscous Flow in Ducts

Solution: ForSAE30Woilat20C(TableA.3),take =891kg/m3 and =0.29kg/ms.

(1E 6 N / h)(1 / 3600 h / s )

(0.05m) 2 V , solve V 16.2

; Solve for V 0.00877

Q VA (0.00877 m / s ) ( / 4)(1.22m) 2 0.01025 m3 / s 3600 24

886 m3 / day 5600 barrels/day Ans.

Solutions ManualFluid Mechanics, Seventh Edition

4200 Ans. (Transitional , not laminar)

6.4Forflowof SAE30Woil througha5cmdiameterpipe,fromFig.A.1,forwhat

Chapter 6Viscous Flow in Ducts

Solutions ManualFluid Mechanics, Seventh Edition

6.8Whenwaterat20C( 998kg/m , 0.001kg/ms)flowsthroughan8cm

Chapter 6Viscous Flow in Ducts

6.9Alightliquid( 950kg/m )flowsatanaveragevelocityof10m/sthrougha

Solutions ManualFluid Mechanics, Seventh Edition

andthusheadlossis proportionaltomanometerreading. Ans.(c)

Chapter 6Viscous Flow in Ducts

6.13A soda straw is 20 cm long and 2 mm in diameter. It delivers cold cola,

Solutions ManualFluid Mechanics, Seventh Edition

6.14Water at 20C is to be siphoned

z1 atm tube z 2 h f , or: H

Solve for h f 0.255 m 0.3 m

Chapter 6Viscous Flow in Ducts

Solvefor V 0.00275m/s, Q AV ( /4)(0.008)2 (0.00275)

Check the Reynolds number:Red Vd/ (1200)(0.00275)(0.008)/(6) 0.0044

Solutions ManualFluid Mechanics, Seventh Edition

6.17A capillaryviscometer measuresthetimerequiredforaspecifiedvolume of

(b)Applyto t 6s.Forwater,take 998kg/m and 0.001kg/ms.Formula(a)

Chapter 6Viscous Flow in Ducts

Evaluate liquid0.95(998)948kgm .Writetheenergyequationbetweenthetopsurface

Solutions ManualFluid Mechanics, Seventh Edition

CheckRe 4Q/( d) 4(35/3600)/[ (3.76E4)(0.5/12)] 790(OK,laminar)

Chapter 6Viscous Flow in Ducts

Solution:If the velocity at the gutter

Q (0.002m)2 0.945 2.97E6

(b)Theroofareaneededformaximumrainfallis0.0107m /h0.005m/h2.14m .Ans.

Solutions ManualFluid Mechanics, Seventh Edition

z h h , with z1 z 2 ,V2 0,h f2 0

Then F pA piston (900)(9.81)(5.79) (0.01) 2 4.0N

Chapter 6Viscous Flow in Ducts

Combinethesetwotosolve for Q 1.05E6m 3 /s and d 2.67 mm

Solutions ManualFluid Mechanics, Seventh Edition

Solvefor Q 1.90E6m 3 /s 0.00684 m 3 /h.

Chapter 6Viscous Flow in Ducts

(891kg / m 3 )(9.81m / s 2 )(0.0595m) 4

In a similar manner, insert D1 = 0.05m and compute Q1 = 0.0036 m3/s = (1/2)Q1.

Solutions ManualFluid Mechanics, Seventh Edition

Chapter 6Viscous Flow in Ducts

Solution:For air at 20C, take

Yes, laminar flow Ans.(a )

Solutions ManualFluid Mechanics, Seventh Edition

This is because D2 cancels in the product P = Q p = 8 L V2.

Solution:For SAE 10 oil, take

CheckRe 4Q/(d) 4(870)(0.00536)/[ (0.104)(0.04)] 1430 (OK,laminarflow).

Chapter 6Viscous Flow in Ducts

Solutions ManualFluid Mechanics, Seventh Edition

Solvefor Q 0.000518m 3 /s 1.86 m 3 /h

Chapter 6Viscous Flow in Ducts

1860 laminar Ans.(c)

0.229 ft 2.75 inches