,

( )

, 2011


45. (. , 41/2009),
,
, ,
", 4. (.
, 73/2010),
, :

HACCP,

,
(. , 72/2010),
() 2073/2005
.
,

.

, . ,
,
,
, (),
,
.

, ,
,
.


:
.

.
, ,
, , .

,
.


.
. ,
, , ,
.
,

, .
HACCP
, , :
, pH, / ,
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( ) .
,
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12. (.
, 41/09),
/

.


.

.
,
, ,

.

(.
, 72/2010),
.
4. ,
,
,
.

,

.

.
3

I
,

1.

2.

2.1.

2.2.

2.3.


2.4.

2.5.


3.

3.1.

3.2.

3.2.1

3.3.

HACCP
3.4.

3.4.1

/

3.4.2

3.4.3


3.4.4


3.4.5

. 25. 26.
4.

4.1.

4.2.

4.3.

4. 4.

5.

6.

6.1.

6.2.

6.2.1.

6.2.2.

6.2.3.


6.2.4.
Challenge test
6.2.5.
L. monocytogenes
6.2.6.

2
5
6
9

9
10
10
10
12
12

13
13
14
14
14
15
15
15

15

16
16
17
17
17
17
17
18
19
20
20
21
22
22
23
23
23
24

 L. monocytogenes


6.4.
Salmonella spp.
6.5.

7.

,

7.1.

7.2.

7.3.
Salmonella spp.
7.3.1.
() ?
7.4.

7.4.1.

7.5.

II

III.

IV
V
VI
:
1.

6.3.
6.3.1.

25
26
30
31
32

32
32
37
38
41
41
42
43
44
48
55
58
60

HACCP
GMP
GHP
CCP
SSOPs

Hazard Analysis and Critical

Control Points
Good Manufacturing Practice
Good Hygiene Practice
Critical Control Point
Sanitation Standard
Operating Procedures


:
1) :
, ;
2) e

;
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;
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6

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;
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;
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25) (SSOPs)
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7

26) ,
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: );
27)
,
,
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;
28)
1
,
( , 72/10), ,
,

(. . 41/2009) ;
29) 1%
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,
;
31) , , ,
, , , ,
, , , ;
32) Challenge ,
,
,
;

 I

,
,
( , 72/2010),
, (
: ).
1.

(Codex Alimentarius),
(Scientific Committee
on Veterinary measures relating to Public Health - SCVPH, 1997),

, :
1. ;
2. Codex
Alimentariusa;
3.
( ), .
;
4.

;
5.
;
6.
, (. n = 60),
,
7.
,
, , , ,
, ,

(Standing Committee on the Food
Chain and Animal Health -SCFCAH):
- ,
,
;
- ,
GHP GMP,
HACCP,
;
- ,
( , 6, 1.);

,
;


;
/
,

.

2.
2.1.
31. -
,
, ,
,
.
3, 1. ,
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", ,
, .
,
, ,
.
2.2.
,
.
,
:
-

() ,
/ ,
,
,
,
,
.

10

:
:

2.1.8.

E. coli

500
cfu/g

cm2

5000
cfu/g

cm2

EN ISO
16649-1

EN ISO
16649-2

,
.
, ,
,
. ,
,
.
,
,
, ,
.
,
(.
; .),
.

,

, EN ISO 16140
.
,
()
L. monocytogenes, .
()
.

,

.
,
7, 4. ,
.

11

2.3.

,
1, 1.
, ,
.
,
, ,
.
,
/ , ,
:
-

33, 1. 2.
( 25. 26
);
;
;

( ,
, HACCP), / .

( 9, 1. ).
2.4. ,

1, 2,
,
.

.
.

, ,
, :
-

; ,
/
;
;
(
, , HACCP) ,
/ .

12

2.5.

.

.
, , .
(
),
,
.
: (m M c >
0) (, , ),
,
, .
,
.
(
), ,
,
.
3.
,
.


, ,
: ,
/ , ,
, ,
.
:

;
;
(HACCP, GHP, GMP),
;
;
/
;

,
;
.

13

3.1.
,
.
.
,
,

( ),
.
,
,
1. ,
,
. ,
/ ,
, ,
, ,
,
( 27. - . , 41/2009).
,
,
, . 25. 26. ,
.
: Clostridium botulinum,
,
.
3.2.

:
-

;
;
;

;
, , .;

.

3.2.1.


, , ,
, .
14

 .

(.

) ,

.


( ).
3.3.
HACCP

,
HACCP, ,
1, 1.
.
1.
/ /
,
, . 25. 26. .
/
.
3.4.

, 3.4.1. 3.4.5.
.

,
,
.

,
27.
.
3.4.1.
/


1, 1. 2.

15

, ,
, 27.
.
3.4.2.



,
,
,
.
27.
(/ ) ,
,
.
,
. 74. 77. (. , 41/2009).

,
,
.
.
3.4.3.

,
, ,
. 74. 77. .
3.4.4.


:
a) ,
b) ,
c) ,
,
d) , ,
.
,


, . 74. 77.
.

.
16

3.4.5.
. 25. 26. (. , 41/2009)
. 74. 77.

,

, . 25. 26. .
, ,
, ,

.
4.
4.1.

, , , .
,
, .
(, ,
, ).
.
,
, 3.2.1.
.
,

.
, ,
. ( )
250 g ml ( 100 g),
. , ,
,
.

,
,
,
.
4.2.
, ,

, ,
.

17


, 24 .
, .

.
( ),
, .

.
, / ,
, 0
+4C ( !),
.

.
,
,
.
,
,
, , ,
.
4.3.
1.
.
,
,
1. .

, SRPS ISO/IEC 17025 - "
"
1.
.
1.
,
, ( 1.20, 1.22 1.23
), , 7.
,
2. .
18

 ,
,

.


,
EN/ISO 16140 .

EN/ISO 16140
,
.

1, 1. ,

,
, .
25. 26. (. , 41/2009)
.
5.
,
:
- ,
m = M,
.
.
: 1.8. 1, 1.
:

1.8.

- (1) (2)

n
c
m
M

, Salmonella

25 g

(3)

EN ISO 6579

(1)

n = ; c = m M.
1.1 1.21 m = M.
(3)
( . ).
(2)

:
: 5 (n) Salmonella 25g.
: Salmonella 25g
.
19

 - (m
M), ,
, .

.
: 2.1.8. 1, 2.
:

(1)
n

2.1.8.

( 8)

E. coli

500
cfu/g

cm2

(3)

EN ISO 166495000
1
cfu/g

EN ISO 16649cm2
2

(1)

n = ; c = m M.
( . ).
(8)
E. coli .
(3)

:
: 500 cfu/g cm2 (< m).
: 2 (c) 5 (n) 500 5000
cfu/g cm2 ( m M), 500 cfu/g ( m).
: 5000 cfu/g cm2
(> M), 2 (c) 5 (n) 500 5000
cfu/g cm2 ( m M).
6.
6.1.
,
.
,
, .
,
, .
,
, ,
.

, ,

.

20

 , ,
26. 2. (. , 41/2009),
,
(. ).
, ,
.
6.2.

, L. monocytogenes.

.
/
, " ...", " ..." "
...".
,
,
, .
L. monocytogenes
. ,

.
.

,
, ,
.
, ,
.

( ),
, .
:
,
,
,

,
- ,
- .
-

,
.
L. monocytogenes, ,
.
21

 , ,
. ,
, .
,
.
6.2.1.

,
, ,
, .
,
:
-

L. monocytogenes ,
,
.

L. monocytogenes ,
, (pH,
aw, .),
,
.

L. monocytogenes
,
, ,
.

L. monocytogenes
.
L. monocytogenes
,
100 cfu/g,
,
,
, .
.

6.2.2.
,
.
.

,
22

 . , ,
, .

/ , HACCP
L. monocytogenes .
6.2.3


. ,
, . :
-

(. ),
,
,
,
, . ,

.

,
, .
( ) . , ,
,
.
6.2.4 Challenge
Challenge

.
Challenge
. Challenge
, ,
.
, /
.
6.2.5 L. monocytogenes
L. monocytogenes

.
HACCP ,
, (GHP)

23

 , ,

.
,
: , ,
, L. monocytogenes
, .
,
. .

, L.
monocytogenes, .
,
812 C. ,
,
.


, L. monocytogenes.
,
, (,
), .
6.2.6.
,
L. monocytogenes .
L. monocytogenes
, ,
( -
) , . ( ,
, ) .
L.
monocytogenes pH, (w) ,
. , ,
, L.
monocytogenes .
(. pH, aw, )
, L.
monocytogenes .
,
L. monocytogenes.

24

6.3. L. monocytogenes

L. monocytogenes,
,
.

, . L.
monocytogenes :
- L. monocytogenes;
- L. monocytogenes.
(
1.3. 1, 1.
),
L.monocytogenes:
-

pH < 4.4 aw 0.92;

pH < 5.0
aw 0.94;

< 5 .

,
L. monocytogenes, ,
L. monocytogenes.
4. 1. I.
, L. monocytogenes
:

L. monocytogenes
(. ),
, ,
, ,
, , , , ,
,
, , ,
,
.

L. monocytogenes,
100 cfu/g ,
, L.monocytogenes
100 cfu/g .
,
L. monocytogenes 100
cfu/g.
L. monocytogenes
100 cfu/g, / L.
monocytogenes 25 g.

25

6.3.1.

6.3.1.1

, :
6.3.1.1

1.1

1.2

L. monocytogenes


L.
monocytogenes

L. monocytogenes


L.
monocytogenes

( )

.
,
: , , ,
, , ,
; :
(), , ,
, , , ; :
, , , ,
, , , ,
; : , ,
, a; : a
, , , , ,
, ;
, , , ,
;
; . ,
,
(
)

;
5 (. )

pH 4,4: .

100 cfu/g L. monocytogenes
.
.

, 1. ,
, L. monocytogenes ,
(. ; Challenge ).

26

 1.
1.

L. monocytogenes ?

( )
2.
L. monocytogenes
?
:

L. monocytogenes ,

(. ).

, ,
,

, ,

, , , ,
,

, ,
.
ive mekuce

4.
L. monocytogenes
? :
- pH 4,4 aw 0,92
- pH 5,0 aw 0,94
-
-

, (
).

( )
5.

L.monocytogenes?

6.

L.monocytogenes /

L.monocytogenes
?

100cfu/g


L.monocytogenes
u hrani

7. challenge

L.monocytogenes
?

1.1b.
n = 5, c=0, m = 25 g

100 cfu/g




.

L.monocytogenes.
GHP
HACCP.

L.monocytogenes
.

GHP
HACCP

1.2.
n=5, c=0, m= 100 cfu/g
100 cfu/g
.
HACCP
CCP (. ,
,
).
Verifikacija prema GHP i HACCP
1.1b.
n=5, c=0, m= u 25 g

.
L. monocytogenes
.
,
.

HACCP ,
.
1.1a 1.2.
n=5, c=0, m= 100 cfu/g
100 cfu/g
. GHP
HACCP
1.1a
n=5, c=0, m= 100 cfu/g

L.monocytogenes
.
100 cfu/g
.

L.monocytogenes.
1.1a 1.2.
n=5, c=0, m= 100 cfu/g
100 cfu/g .
GHP HACCP

27

 1.
:

L. monocytogenes ?

L. monocytogenes ,
, L. monocytogenes ,
.
(GHP) HACCP,
,
, .
2.
:
() L. monocytogenes
?
, , 4, 1.
, :
-

L. monocytogenes, (.
).
, , ,
, ,
, , , ,
,
, ,
,
.

, L. monocytogenes
.

(Critical Control Point - CCP), .
L.monocytogenes
HACCP.
3.
L. monocytogenes
, ,
, 100 cfu/g.
8. 1. ,
:

28

pH 4.4 aw 0.92,
pH 5.0 aw 0.94,
,
,
,
,
.

, 4. 1.
, L. monocytogenes.
HACCP,
CCP (. aw pH ).
GHP ( , .),
L.monocytogenes 100 cfu/g .
4. 5.
L. monocytogenes
, 4. 8.
, ,
, ,
L. monocytogenes,
Challenge .
L. monocytogenes 100 cfu/g
, 100 cfu/g.
GHP CCP,
.
L. monocytogenes GHP HACCP.
100 cfu/g L. monocytogenes
,
, HACCP ,
,
. ,
L. monocytogenes -
, .
6.
Challenge ,
L. monocytogenes ,
100 cfu/g.
GHP HACCP.
L. monocytogenes
CCP.
Challenge
L.monocytogenes ,
( ) 100 cfu/g.

29

 L.monocytogenes
, ,
. ,
, ,
HACCP. , ,
,
/ L. monocytogenes 25 g.
6.4. Salmonella spp.
Salmonella spp.
. Salmonella spp.
,

, 1, 1. 2. .
1.10. - ,
,
/ Salmonella spp. 25 g.
, ,
, (w) ,
Salmonella spp.
Salmonella
,
1. , ,
,
( 10,
1.1, ).
(SM)
IV. 2. - ,
,
(. , 25/11)
Salmonella,


(. , 25/11).
6.4.1. - 6.4.3. ,
Salmonella .
6.4.1.

1.3

1.4

Salmonella

Salmonella

( )

;
,
. ;

30

1.5

Salmonella
,
,

1.6.

Salmonella
()

, ;
, ,
, ,
. ,
,

6.4.2.

1.7

Salmonella
,


Salmonella ,

Salmonella

1.8
1.9

( )

6.4.3.

1.10

Salmonella ,



Salmonella
Salmonella ,

1.11
1.12

( )
: . , ,

6.5.

( ), ,
.
, 1.20, ,
,
105 cfu/g,
, ,
.

31

7.

,

7.1.


1, 2.
1, 3. ,
.
I, 7.4. , ,
, / ,
.
SRPS ISO 17604 -
- .
4.3. .
7.2.

, ,
.
,
SRPS ISO 17604,
.
1,
:
1,
:
1.
(2)
(3)
(4)
(6)

()

()

, (8)

32

 2,
:
2.
(3)

, (4)

(6)

()

()

, (7)

3,
:
3.
, (1)
, (2)
(3)
(4)

, (10)

()

()

: , , .
,
,
( ),
.
,
.
33


Enterobacteriaceae .
Enterobacteriaceae
.
Enterobacteriaceae
2

(cfu/cm )
:
cfu/ a ( )
2

CFU/ cm =
b ( . 100 cm2 4 ) ( )
:
-2

cfu/ = 140 10 ()
2

cfu/cm = 140 x 100

-2

400 x 10
= 140 x 100 x 100
400
= 3500 cfu/cm2

(log

10

,
. (log )
10

(cfu/cm )

1
200000
2
1485
3
3500
4
4500
5
25000
/

(log )
10

5,3
3,2
3,5
3,7
4,4
4,0

m i M,
.
7.2.1. - 7.2.5.
, 2.1.1 2.1.2.

34

 7.2.1. , ,

( /
)
5,0
5,0
3,5

Enterobacteriaceae
( /
)
2,5
2,5
1,5

Salmonella
(
)
2/50

Enterobacteriaceae
( /
)
3,0
3,0
2,0

Salmonella
(
)
5/50

2/50

7.2.2.

( /
)
5,0
5,0
4,0

5/50

7.2.3.

Salmonella
( )
7/50
7/50

,

Enterobacteriacea,
:
a. "m"
12 1,5,
"M" 5%
12 ;
b. "m" i "M" 1/5 "m" i "M" 2.1.1.
2.1.2. 1. 2. .

Enterobacteriacea .

, :
7.2.4. , ,

( /
)

2,8

Enterobacteriaceae
( /
)
2
2
1,2

Salmonella
(
)
2/50
2/50

35

 7.2.5.

( /
)

4,3

4,3

3,3

Enterobacteriaceae
( /
)
2,3
2,3
1,3

Salmonella
(
)
5/50
5/50

, ,
,
.
:
2

log cfu/cm

log

2
( )

1
( )

5.0 M

3.5 m

: Enterobacteriaceae
2

log cfu/cm

log

2
( )

1
( )

2.5 M

1.5 m

36

 -
M, m
i M.
.
7.3. Salmonella spp.
Salmonella spp. ,
.
400 cm2,
Salmonella spp. 7.2.
, Salmonella spp.
50 10 (5 ).
(.
rolling window).
, , , ,
Salmonella spp,
.
2. - (
Salmonella spp. ), 2.1.3, 2.1.4. 2.1.5.

(1)
n

2.1.3. ,
,

Salmonella

50 (5)

2 (6)

(3)

50 (5)

5 (6)

EN/ISO 6579

EN/ISO 6579

,
,

EN/ISO 6579

2.1.5.

Salmonella

(1) n

50 (5)

7 (6)

25g

2.1.4.

Salmonella

= ; c = m M.
( . ).

(3)

37

(5)

50 10
.
(6)
Salmonella. Salmonella, c
. Salmonella (c)
Salmonella.

7.3.1. ()
1.
. Salmonella spp,

2.1.4. , 3. ,
,
, ,
. . ,
, .
: 5
,
.
5, 2. ,
50 ( ) 10
. 5 , 10
, 50 /.
2. 11. , ( 5
, 5 11. ), 50
. 3. 12. , 4.
13. . ( 10 ).
:
Salmonella spp. 15 ( / ):
1. 1/5 (1 Salmonella spp. 5 )
2. 1/5
3. 0/5
4. 0/5
5. 1/5
6. 0/5
7. 0/5
8. 1/5
9. 0/5
10. 2/5
11. 0/5
12. 0/5
13. 0/5
14. 1/5
15. 1/5

38


50 10 .

: (rolling window)
/ :
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 .

.

Salmonella spp, 50
10
:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.

1/5
1/5
0/5
0/5
1/5
0/5
0/5
1/5
0/5
2/5
0/5
0/5
0/5
1/5
1/5

50 1. 10. , 50
2. 11. , 7.3.1.1:
7.3.1.1.
1.-10.
1/5
1/5
0/5
0/5
1/5
0/5
0/5
1/5
0/5
2/5
6/50

2.-11.
1/5
0/5
0/5
1/5
0/5
0/5
1/5
0/5
2/5
0/5
5/50

3.-12.
0/5
0/5
1/5
0/5
0/5
1/5
0/5
2/5
0/5
0/5
4/50

4.-13.
0/5
1/5
0/5
0/5
1/5
0/5
2/5
0/5
0/5
0/5
4/50

5.-14.
1/5
0/5
0/5
1/5
0/5
2/5
0/5
0/5
0/5
1/5
5/50

6.-15.
0/5
0/5
1/5
0/5
2/5
0/5
0/5
0/5
1/5
1/5
5/50

39

 2.1.4,
:
- , Salmonella spp. c (5)
n (50) ;
- , Salmonella spp. c (5)
n (50) .
,
50 ( 1. 10. )
, 50 ( 2. 11. ) ,
.

(. 1. 3/5, 2. 4/5:
,
50 ).
2.

, 15 .
10 g . 15 5
(30 g).
25 g , 15 5 25 g
: 15
,
.
4.
Salmonella spp, 15

10 g .
25 g (dobije 5 uzoraka x 25 grama)

30 g

30 g

30 g

30 g

30 g

25 g

25 g

25 g

25 g

25 g

40

 .
Salmonella spp.
( 50
c ), ,
,
, ,
.
,
.
Salmonella spp.
( 50 ) ,
,
,
,
, /.
Salmonella spp.
, ,
,
74.
.

,
(.
, , , , ).
7.4.

,
5, 2.
.
2.
, ,
, ,
HACCP ( 5, 3.
.
7.4.1.

, .
14 , 6

, .
coli .
( m M),
( ), ,
.

41


,
Salmonella spp. 14 ,
30 ( 150 )
.
7.5.
, 4.3. .

42

 II


(.
, . 72/2010), ,
, :
(. , . 21/2009),
- ,
,
(. , . 25/2011),
(. ,
33/2010),

(. , 12/2002 . , 56/2003 .
4/2004 . ),
(. , . 42/98, 44/99),
(. , .
45/10).

43

 III



1, 23
5 . ,

, 1. 5. ,

.
1. 5, , ,
, , , 1.
.
1. 5,
,

,
,
,
.
1.

L. monocytogenes

m 50 cfu/g
(2.1.6)

m 5 x 105 cfu/g
(2.1.6)

M 500 cfu/g
(2.1.6)

M 5 x 106 cfu/g
(2.1.6)

m 50 cfu/g
(2.1.6)

m 5 x 105 cfu/g
(2.1.6)

M 500 cfu/g
(2.1.6)

M 5 x 106 cfu/g
(2.1.6)

u 25 g
1.4

m 50 cfu/g
(2.1.6)

m 5 x 105 cfu/g
(2.1.6)

10 g
(1.6)

M 500 cfu/g
(2.1.6)
m 50cfu/g
M 500 cfu/g

M 5 x 106 cfu/g
(2.1.6)
m 5 x 105 cfu/g
M 5 x 106 cfu/g
(2.1.7)

Salmonella

,

,
,

25 g
(1.3 i 1.7)

25 g
(1.9)

10 g
1.5

E. coli

44

 2.
(, )

,

L.
monocytogenes

25g
(1.1 b)
100 cfu/g
(1.1a)

Salmonella
25
g
(1.15)

E. coli
m
1 cfu/g
M 10 cfu/g
(2.4.1)

m 100 cfu/g
M 1000 cfu/g
(2.4.1.)

Histamin

,
25
230 MPN /100 g

g

,
(1.16)

(1.21)

m 100 mg/kg

M 200 mg/kg

(1.22)

m 200 mg/kg
(,
M 400

mg/kg
)
(1.23.)


,




.*
* : Scombridae, Clupeidae, Engraulidae, Coryfenidae, Pomatomidae,
Scombresosidae

3.

(
)

L. monocytogenes Salmonella

E. coli

25g
(1.1b)

Enterobacteri

aceae

10 cfu/ml
(2.2.1)

100 cfu/g
(1.1a)
25g
(1.1b)

m 100 cfu/g
M 1000cfu/g
(2.2.2)

m 10 cfu/g
M 100cfu/g
(2.2.5.)

25 g
(1.20)

m 104 cfu/g
M 105cfu/g
(2.2.3)

25 g
(1.20)

100 cfu/g
(1.1a)

25g
(1.1b)
100 cfu/g
(1.1a)

25g
(1.10)

45

m 100 cfu/g
M 1000cfu/g 25 g
(2.2.4)
(1.20)

25g
(1.1b)

100 cfu/g
(1.1a)

25g
(1.1b)

25g
(1.10)

m 10 cfu/g
M 100cfu/g
(2.2.6)

100 cfu/g
(1.1a)

25g
(1.11)
25g
(1.1b)

100 cfu/g

m 10 cfu/g
M 100 cfu/g 25 g
(2.2.7)
(1.20)

25g
(1.12)

10 cfu/g
(2.2.7)

m 10 cfu/g
M 100/g
(2.2.8)

(1.2)

25g
(1.1b)
100 cfu/g
(1.2)

m 10 cfu/g
M 100/g
(2.2.8)

4.


(
)

(
)


(
)

L. monocytogenes
25g
(1.1b)
100 cfu/g
(1.1a)
25g
(1.1b)
100 cfu/g
(1.1a)
25g
(1.1b)
100 cfu/g
(1.1a)

Salmonella
25 g
(1.17)

E. coli

25 g
(1.18)

m 100 cfu/g
M 1000 cfu/g
(2.5.1)

25 g
(1.19)

m 100 cfu/g
M 1000 cfu/g
(2.5.1)

46

 5.



,

. ,

L. monocytogenes
25g
(1.1b)

Salmonella
25 g
(1.14)

Enterobacteriaceae

100 cfu/g
(1.1a)
25 g
(1.13)

m
10 cfu/g
M 100 cfu/g
(2.3.1)

6. 7. ,
, , ,
, , .
6.

,,
(1)

Salmonella

m
M
3,5 log cfu/cm2, 5,0 log cfu/cm2,

log. log.

Enterobacteriaceae
m
M
1,5 log cfu/cm2, 2,5 log cfu/cm2,

log.
log.

(2.1.3) (2)
(2.1.1) (3)
(2.1.1) (3)
(2.1.1) (3)
(2.1.1) (3)
2
2
2


4 log cfu/cm , 5 log cfu/cm ,
2 log cfu/cm ,
3 log cfu/cm2,

(2) log. (3) log. (3) log. (3) log. (3)
(2.1.4)
(2.1.2)
(2.1.2)
(2.1.2)
(2.1.2)
,
25g
(1)

(2)
(2.1.5)
(1)
, , ,
; 2.
.
(2)

2. 7.3.1,
1. .
(3)
(m M) .

,
( 7.2. 1. .
(1)

7.

m
M
5 x 105 cfu/g
5 x 106 cfu/g
(2.1.6)

(2.1.6)

E. coli
m
50 cfu/g

M
500 cfu/g

(2.1.6)
500 cfu/g

(2.1.6)
5000 cfu/g

(2.1.8)

(2.1.8)

47

 IV

31. ,
, , ,
,
.
,
,
.

,
.
7, 3. ,
" ,
, ,
,
".
1,
2. , /
.

, HACCP
:

() ,
, ,
, ,
,
,
,
.

,
,
.

, .
,
. ,
,
.

48




,

,
;
,

.
;
*

/
(1)
,

n
C
Campylobacter spp.

Escherichia coli

ne sme biti u 25g

(2)

ISO
10272-1

EN ISO 16649-1

5x10 cfu/g 5x102 cfu/g

EN ISO 16649-2

(1)
(2)

n = ; c = m M.
( . ).

-

:
,,
,
,
,
,
,
,
:
,
,
,
,
:
,
,
, ,
,
,

()
:
,
, ,
, ,
,
;


-
:
. ,

/
,

n
c

Enterobacteriaceae

10 cfu/g 10 cfu/g

ISO 21528-1

ISO 21528-2

Enterobacteriaceae

10 cfu/g

ISO 21528-2

104 cfu/g 105 cfu/g

10 cfu/g

ISO 15214

*
49

/
,

(
10 37C)

1 cfu/g

1 cfu/g

MFHPB 01
(
)

ISO 15213

/
,

Escherichia coli

Escherichia coli

Vibrio
paraheamolyticus

m
M
EN ISO 16649-1
10 cfu/g 102 cfu/g

EN ISO 16649-2

104 cfu/g 105 cfu/g

EN ISO 4833

102 cfu/g EN ISO 16649-1

EN ISO 6888-1
102 cfu/g 103 cfu/g

EN ISO - 6888-2

25
N ISO 21872-1
g

10 cfu/g

(,
.)

(
,
,
)

/
,

Escherichia coli

10 cfu/g

104 cfu/g EN ISO 16649-1

Escherichia coli

10 cfu/g

102 cfu/g

10 cfu/g

Enterobacteriaceae

102 cfu/g

103 cfu/g

ISO 21528-2

102 cfu/g

103 cfu/g

EN ISO 7937

104cfu/g

106cfu/g

ISO 21527

102 cfu/g

103 cfu/g

EN ISO 7937

104 cfu/g

105 cfu/g

EN ISO 4833

Escherichia coli

102 cfu/g

EN ISO 16649-1

EN ISO 16649-2

102 cfu/g
EN ISO 7937

103 cfu/g EN ISO 16649-2

50

/
,

Escherichia coli

10 cfu/g

10 cfu/g

102 cfu/g EN ISO 16649-1

102 cfu/g
EN ISO 6611

*
-




,

/
,

Escherichia coli

10 cfu/g

102 cfu/g

EN ISO 16649-1

EN ISO 16649-2

Escherichia coli

103 cfu/g 104 cfu/g

EN ISO 16649-1

EN ISO 16649-2

/
,

Enterobacteriaceae

M
EN ISO 6888-1
10 cfu/g

EN ISO - 6888-2

1 cfu/g

10 cfu/g 10 cfu/g EN ISO 21528-2

-

,

/
,

Escherichia coli

m
M

10 cfu/g 10 cfu/g EN ISO 16649-1

10 cfu/g 10 cfu/g EN ISO 4833

51

/
,

M
10 cfu/g

EN ISO 15213

10 cfu/g

10 cfu/g

EN ISO
21527-1

EN ISO
21527-2*

Enterobacteriaceae

10 cfu/g

10 cfu/g

ISO 21528-2

10 cfu/g

10 cfu/g

ISO 7937

* aW
, ,


(, ,

)

(, ,

)

/
,

Enterobacteriaceae

10 cfu/g

10 cfu/g

EN ISO
21528-2

102 cfu/g 10 cfu/g

EN ISO
21527-1

EN ISO
21527-2

Bacillus cereus

102 cfu/g 10 cfu/g

EN ISO 7932

Escherichia coli

102 cfu/g 103 cfu/g

EN ISO
16649-2

102 cfu/g 10 cfu/g

EN ISO 21527

-

,

(

)

(,
,

/
,

Enterobacteriaceae

10 cfu/g

10 cfu/g

ISO 21528-2

10 cfu/g

102 cfu/g

ISO 21527

Enterobacteriaceae

10 cfu/g

102 cfu/g

ISO 21528-2

52

)
,

10 cfu/g

102 cfu/g

ISO 21527

102 cfu/g 103 cfu/g

ISO 21527

103 cfu/g 104 cfu/g

EN ISO 4833

102 cfu/g 103 cfu/g

ISO 21527-2

Enterobacteriaceae

10 cfu/g

102 cfu/g

ISO 21528-2

Enterobacteriaceae

10 cfu/g

102 cfu/g

ISO 21528-2

10 cfu/g

102 cfu/g

ISO 21527

( ,
,
)

/
,

Enterobacteriaceae

10 cfu/g 100 cfu/g

ISO
21528-2

10 cfu/g 10 cfu/g

ISO 21527-1

ISO 21527-2

pH 3,5 pH 3,5

/
,

Enterobacteriaceae

< 1 cfu/ml

ISO 21528-1

< 1 cfu/ml

ISO 21527-1

< 1 cfu/ml

ISO 21527

10
cfu/ml

102
cfu/ml

EN ISO 4833

53

< 1 cfu/ml

ISO 21527- 2

( ,
,

)

/
,

n
C

Escherichia coli

10 cfu/g

10 cfu/g

Bacillus cereus

10 cfu/g

104 cfu/g

105 cfu/g 5x106 cfu/g

103 cfu/g

Enterobacteriaceae

104 cfu/g

10 cfu/ml
10 cfu/g

102 cfu/g

5x104 cfu/g 105 cfu/g

EN ISO 16649-1

EN ISO 16649-2

EN ISO 7932

EN ISO 4833

ISO 21527-2

ISO 21528-1

ISO 21527

EN ISO 4833

/
,

n
c

104 cfu/g

EN ISO 4833

Enterobacteriacea

10 cfu/g

ISO 21528-1

104 cfu/g

EN ISO 4833

10 cfu/g

ISO 21527

Enterobacteriacea

10 cfu/ g

ISO 21528-1

10 cfu/g

EN ISO 4833

10 cfu/ g

ISO 21527

54

 V

,
,
,
L. monocytogenes
( 6, 4. ).
,
, ,

.

,
.
, ,
, Salmonella, E. coli,
,
,
, ,
. ,
.
.
(m) (M) ,

.
,
.
.
,
,
.
( ,
) ATP- ( 1. ).
, ISO 18593:2004:
-
,
(ISO).
?
,
,
55

 .
.
,
,
. ,
. ,
. ,
.
,

,
.
( ),
HACCP . , .
, : / , , ,
, , , .
,
: ,
, , ,
.

,

.
: E. coli ( ),
Staphylococcus aureus ( ), Enterococcus,
Listeria, Yersinia, Salmonella.
,
. Listeria monocytogenes.

. (Swedish Code of Statute SLVSFS 1998, No.10)
, (<) 1 cfu/cm2,
1-3 cfu/cm2 ,
(>) 3 cfu/cm2,
.
, . ,
,
0-10 cfu/cm2, ( ISO 4833), Enterobacteriaceae 0-1 cfu/cm2.
Enterobacteriaceae
, . ,
,
, 1000,
10 cfu/cm2.
, 10 cfu/cm2 ,
, ,
< 80 cfu/cm2.
56

 1. ,

, ,

, ,
10

(
1)**
(cfu*/cm2)
(,
30
, .)
( 3)
2
(cfu/cm )
, ,
100
, (cfu/ml
( 10)
cm2)

0-1
(cfu/ml)

200
(cfu/ml cm2)
( 20)
* cfu
**

Enterobacteriaceae

10
( 1)

0-1

30
( 3)

0-1

100
(10)

0-1

0-1

200
( 20)

0-1

(. Salmonella
Listeria monocytogenes), 100 cm2 1000 cm2.
.

57

 VI

(. , 41/2009);

, (. , 72/2010)

(. , 73/2010);

- ,
,
(. , 25/2011);

(.
, 99/2010);

178/2002 ,
;

852/2004 ;

853/2004
;

854/2004
;

882/2004
,
;

2073/2005 (
: 1441/2007; 365/2010);

(. , . 56/2003, 4/2004 .
, 5/2004 . 16/2005)

Guidance document on official controls, under Regulation (EC) No 882/2004, concerning

microbiological sampling and testing of foodstuffs, Commission of the European
Communities, 2006;

Guidance on the Practical Implementation of the EC Regulation on Microbiological Criteria

for foodstuffs, Edition 1.2, December 2006, British Retail Consortium;

General Guidance for Food Business Operators on EC Regulation No 2073/2005 on

Microbiological Criteria for Foodstuffs, Food Standards Agency, London;

Guide to Food Hygiene and other Regulations for the UK Meat Industry, Meat Hygiene and
Veterinary Division, Food Standards Agency, London;

Swedish Code of Statute SLVSFS 1998, No.10;

Codex Alimentarius: General guidelines on sampling, CAC/GL 50-2004;

EN ISO 16140: Microbiology of food and animal feeding stuffs Protocol for the validation of
alternative methods;

ISO 17604: Microbiology of food and animal feeding stuffs Carcass sampling for
microbiological analysis;
58

ISO 18593: Microbiology of food and animal feeding stuffs Horizontal methods for sampling
techniques from surfaces using contact plates and swabs;

ISO/TS 19036: Microbiology of food and animal feeding stuffs Guide on estimation of
measurement uncertainty for quantitative determinations.

59

 1.

,
. ,
,
. ,
( ),
( )
.

.

.
,
.
,
. 10 ,
20g . , .
,
, .


( ) .
. ( 100 cm 2),
( ),
, .
.
20 cm2 100 cm2 (
) .
. 1%
1%
, ,

. 10 ml 1%
1%
. 1%
1%
.
.
60


.
. ,
. ,
.
, 1%
1% ,
. 1 4
C. , 24
.
,
30 , 2
3 cm .
,
1%
1% (100 ml
100 cm2). (1 )
30 .
. ,
( ISO 6887-1).
, 1 ml .
,
2 3 30C. ,
Sabouraud , 3-5 20-25 C.
, ,
35 C. ,
1 cm2 (ISO 18593:2004).

(. Salmonella Listeria monocytogenes),
100 cm2. ,
.
(EN ISO 6579: 2002 Salmonella ; EN
ISO 11290-1: 2002 L. monocytogenes).
, .
(CFU)
(Ns) :
NF
Ns=

D
A

N - CFU 1 ml 1%
1% .
F - , , .
A - .
D -

61

 , CFU (Nsw)
:
Nsw= N F D

,
(ISO 18593:2004).

(
25 cm2) -
.
10 , 500 g,
.
. (ISO
18593:2004).

,
. 1 ml
1 .
.
, :
, , E. coli,
.
(. Deep slide)
.
(
9.6 cm2). .
,
.
.
ATP
, ,
,
. ATP
(ATP ).
, Mg2+ ATP ,
. ATP,
. ATP
10-12 g, 10-15 g, 1000
. ATP ,
.

62

 ATP
.
20 .
ATP. .
,
(relative light units - RLU).
0,1 0,5 (pg) ATP,
500 .
,
ATP. ,
( ),
.
, ATP
,
, CIP-a (Cleanin In-Place), ATP
.
ATP, ,
.
, ATP , ,

,
.

63