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3. [HKAL 1986 I Q1 a, b]
a.
Account for the fact that both CH4 and NH3 have shapes based on the tetrahedron.
(2 marks)
b.
a.
The C atom in CH4 and N atom in NH3 have 4 electron pairs and according to VSEPR Theory, the 4
electron pairs will be arranged in a tetrahedral shape.
b.
BF3 has 3 bond pairs around the central B atom, therefore, the shape is trigonal planar.
c.
CH3
0.37 D
1.48 D
Dipole moment:
(2 marks)
It is because N has a greater electronegativity than C.
5. [HKAL 1988]
Based on the arrangement of the electron pairs, draw the three-dimensional structures of each of the
following covalent compounds:
(i) PF5
(ii) SF6
(iii) BrF5
(3 marks)
Cl
Cl
Cl
P
Cl
Cl
Br
6. [HKAL 1989]
Comment on the trend shown by the boiling points of Group VI hydrides listed below:
H2O, 100oC;
H2S, -60oC;
H2Se, -41oC;
H2Te, -2oC
(2 marks)
Generally, the boiling points in a series increases with the molecular mass and this would put the boiling
point of water below -60oC.
The boiling point of water is high because of the extensive H-bond between the water molecules.
7. [HKAL 1990]
Arrange the following substances in order of increasing melting point: NaF, F2, HF. Explain your order in
terms of the bonding involved.
(4 marks)
Melting involves the overcoming of forces between the units of which the solid is made. Two of the given
solids: HF & F2 would be expected to form molecular solids; the other, NaF would be expected to form ionic
solid. The attractive forces holding an ionic solid together are strong ionic bonds, hence NaF would be expected
to have high melting point. (1)
The attraction between F2 molecules is quite weak and due only to van der Waal's forces would be expected to
have a low melting point.(1)
Even though HF forms molecular solid but because of the presence of hydrogen bonding between H and
neighbouring F atom, which can hold the molecules together more strongly and therefore, expected to have
much higher melting point than F2. (1)
m.p.: F2 < HF < NaF
(1)
8. [HKAL 1991]
Draw the molecular shapes of:
(i) PCl5(g)
(ii) SCl4(g)
(2 marks)
(ii)
(i)
Cl
Cl
Cl
:S
Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
9. [HKAL 1991]
Arrange the following substances in order of increasing boiling points: C2H5Cl, CH4 and C2H6. Explain
your order by comparing the relative magnitudes and nature of the intermolecular forces.
(4 marks)
CH4 < C2H6 < C2H5Cl
(1)
C2H5Cl has electronegative Cl atom and hence it has a permanent dipole moment, (1)
while C2H6 is non-polar. Thus C2H5Cl is expected to have stronger intermolecular forces than C2H6, and a
higher boiling point. (1)
CH4 also is non-polar and since its molecular mass is smaller than that of C2H6, therefore, the van der Waals
forces of CH4 is weaker than that of C2H6 and hence CH4 has a smaller boiling point than C2H6. (1)
a.
Ice consists of covalent H2O molecules held together by hydrogen bonds. (0.5+0.5)
SiO2 solid is an infinite three dimensional network solid in which each Si atom is covalently bonded in a
tetrahedral arrangement to four O atoms. (0.5+0.5)
b.
Some of the hydrogen bonds must be overcome in order to melt ice. (1)
For SiO2, some strong Si-O covalent bonds have to be broken when melts. (1)
(ii) OF2
(4 marks)
F
(i)
(ii)
O
Si
F
F
F
bent / V-shaped
tetrahedral
: 109o, : 180o,
:120o
(ii) ClF3
(4 marks)
(i)
F
xx
xx
Cl
B
F
b.
Draw a diagram of the structure of a compound which has hydrogen bonds. Indicate the hydrogen
bond(s) clearly.
c.
Explain why
(i)
(ii)
a.
b.
c.
(ii) SCl2
(3 marks)
(ii)
a.
b.
Explain the terms dipole and dipole moment, using HBr as an example.
(ii)
(iii) State the effect of an electric field on molecules of the following compounds and explain the effect
in terms of dipole moment.
Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
(7 marks)
(ii)
BF3 reacts with NH3 to form an adduct, BF3NH3. Account for the formation of the adduct and draw
the three-dimensional structure.
(4 marks)
10
For each hydride, draw a three-dimensional structure showing the bond pairs and lone electron pair(s),
if any, of the central atom.
(iii) State, with explanation, whether SiH4 or H2S has a higher boiling point.
11
The diagram below show the arrangements of atoms, ions or molecules in four crystalline substances:
graphite, ice, iodine and sodium chloride.
(i)
Write the name of the substance for each structure in the space provided.
(ii)
Label, on the diagrams, the types of interactions that are present in these substances.
(6 marks)
#b.
Explain why nitrogen forms only one chloride, NCl3, whereas phosphorus forms two chlorides,
PCl3 and PCl5.
(2 marks)
c.
Account for the order of boiling point for the two series of compounds below:
H2O > C2H5-OH > C2H5-O-C2H5
H2S < C2H5-SH < C2H5-S-C2H5
(3 marks)
12
a. (i), (ii)
c.
13
The bond angle between two N-H bonds in NH3 (about 107o ) is greater that that between two P-H
bonds in PH3 (about 94o ).
(ii)
14
(ii)
15
#(ii) Given that the triple point of water occurs at 6.03 10-3 aim and 0.0098C, sketch a labelled
pressure temperature phase diagram of water.
(iii) Explain why it is possible to skate smoothly on ice at temperatures below 0C.
(7 marks)
16
Draw a dot-and-cross diagram to show the arrangement of the outermost electrons in the species
NH2-(g), and predict the shape of this species.
(ii)
Arrange the H-N-H bond angles in descending order for the three species: NH2-(g), NH3(g) and
NH4+(g). Explain your ordering.
(iii) Excess NH3(g) reacts with Cl2(g) in two steps to give N2(g) and NH4Cl(s). It is known that NH3(g)
functions as a reducing agent and as base in the reaction. For each step, write the chemical
equation and state the function of NH3(g)
(7 marks)
17
BF3
B.
PH3
C.
SO2
D.
HCl
#(i)
(ii)
Diamond and graphite show a marked difference in electrical conductivity. Account for their
difference in electrical conductivity in terms of bonding and structure.
Suggest and explain how you would differentiate two samples of black powder, one of
buckminsterfullerene and the other of graphite, by
(I)
#(II)
a spectroscopic method.
(8 marks)
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