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Pipe Stress Quick Tips
Pipe Stress Quick Tips
Inmanystructuresthemembersarerequiredtoresistmorethanonekindofloading
(combinedloading).Thesecanoftenbeanalyzedbysuperimposingthestressesand
strainscausebyeachloadactingseparately.
Superpositionofstressesandstrainsispermissibleonlyunderthefollowing
conditions:
a.Thestressesandthestrainsmustbealinearfunctionoftheappliedloads(Hookes
lawmustbeobeyedandthedisplacementsmustbesmall).
b.Theremustbenointeractionbetweenthevariousloads.
Examples:wideflangebeamsupportedbyacable(combinedbendingandaxial
load),cylindricalpressurevesselsupportedasabeam,andshaftincombinedtorsion
andbending.
Method of Analysis:
1.Selectthepointonthestructurewherethestressesandthestrainsaretobedetermined.
2.Foreachloadonthestructure,determinethestressresultantatthecrosssection
containingtheselectedpoint..
3.Calculatethenormalandshearstressesattheselectedpointduetoeachofthestress
resultant.
4.Combinetheindividualstressestoobtaintheresultantstresses attheselectedpoint.
5.Determinetheprincipalstressesandmaximumshearstressesattheselectedpoint.
6.DeterminethestrainsatthepointwiththeaidofHookeslawforplanestress.
7.Selectadditionalpointsandrepeattheprocess.
P
=
A
VQ
=
Ib
pr
=
t
My
=
I
torsion =
Tr
I Polar
2T
= 3
r
bending
Mr 4 M
=
= 3
I
r
However,thebendingmomentproducesnostressatpointB,becauseB is
locatedontheneutralaxis.
TheshearforceV producesnoshearstressatthetopofthe
bar(pointA),butatpointB theshearstressisasfollows:
shear
VQ 4V
=
=
Ib 3 A
inpointB.
Notethattheelementisinplanestresswith
x = A, y = 0 , and xy = - 1.
AstresselementinpointB isalsoinplanestressandthe
onlystressesactingonthiselementaretheshear
stresses 1 and2. Therefore
x = y = 0 and xy = - (1 + 2).
At point A: x = A, y = 0 , and xy = - 1
Ofinterestarethepointswherethestressescalculatedfromtheflexureandshear
formulashavemaximumorminimumvalues,calledcriticalpoints.
Forinstance,thenormalstressesduetobending
arelargestatthecrosssectionofmaximum
bendingmoment,whichisatthesupport.
Therefore,pointsC andD atthetopandbottom
ofthebeamatthefixedendsarecriticalpoints
wherethestressesshouldbecalculated.
SelectionofCriticalAreasandPoints
Iftheobjectiveoftheanalysisistodeterminethelargeststressesanywhereinthe
structure,thenthecriticalpointsshouldbeselectedatcrosssectionswherethe
stressresultantshavetheirlargestvalues.
Furthermore,withinthosecrosssections,thepointsshouldbeselectedwhere
eitherthenormalstressesortheshearstresseshavetheirlargestvalues.
The rotor shaft of an helicopter drives the rotor blades that provide the lifting
force to support the helicopter in the air. As a consequence, the shaft is
subjected to a combination of torsion and axial loading.
Solution
P
125kN
=
= 63.66 MPa
2
A (0.05m )
4
Torsion =
Tr
=
IP
(2.4kN .m ) 0.05
2 = 97.78MPa
(0.05)4
32
1, 2
x + y
=
2
x y
+ ( xy )2
0 + 63.66
0 63.66
2
1, 2 =
+ ( 97.78)
2
2
+ ( ) = 103MPa
=
1 = 135MPa
2
MAX
xy
2 = 71MPa
Because the principal stresses 1 and 2 have opposite signs, the maximum in-plane
shear stresses are larger than the maximum out-of-plane shear stresses. Therefore,
the maximum shear stress in the shaft is 103MPa.
Will it fail if yield=480MPa?
480 MPa
2 = 2.33
MSST SF =
103MPa
VM =
DET SF =
480 MPa
= 2.65
181.2 MPa
= 181.2 MPa
Solution
The stresses on the wall of the pressure vessel are caused by a combined action of
the internal pressure and the axial force. We can isolate a stress element in point A.
The x-axis is parallel to the longitudinal axis of the pressure vessel and the y-axis is
circumferential. Note that there are no shear stresses acting on the element.
pr P pr
P
x =
=
2t A 2t 2rt
pr
y =
t
pr
t
pr
P
2 = x =
2t 2rt
1 = y =
pr
p (2.1in )
=
= 14 .0 p
t
0.15in
pr
P
p (2.1in )
12 k
2 =
1 =
Max =
Max =
Max =
1
2
2
2
Comparing the three calculated values for the allowable pressure, we see
that (pallow)3 = 928psi governs.
At this pressure, the principal stresses are
1 = 13000psi and
2 = 430psi.
These stresses have the same signs, thus confirming that one of the outof-plane shear stresses must be the largest shear stress.
The line of action of this force is at height h = 6.6m above the ground and at
distance b = 1.5m from the centerline of the pole.
The wind force acting on the sign is statically equivalent to a lateral force W
and a torque acting on the pole.
T = Wb = (4.8kN )(1.5m )
T = 7.2kN m
The stress resultant at the base of the pole consists of a bending moment M, a
torque and a shear force V. Their magnitudes are:
M = Wh = (4.8kN)(6.6m) = 31.68kN.m
= 7.2kN.m
V = W = 4.8kN
Examination of these stress resultants shows that maximum bending stresses
occur at point A and maximum shear stresses at point B.
Therefore, A and B are critical points where the stresses should be determined.
Stresses at points A and B
The bending moment M produces a tensile stress a at point A, but no stress at
point B (which is located on the neutral axis)
d2
M
2 = (31.68kN )(0.11m ) = 54.91MPa
a =
d 24 d14 0.224 0.184
64
64
Torsion
d
T 2
(
7.2kN .m )(0.11m )
2
=
=
= 6.24 MPa
4
4
4
4
d 2 d1 0.22 0.18
32
32
2, Max
2V
2(4800 )
=
=
= 0.7637 MPa
2
A 0.01257 m
VQ
Ib
d 24 d14
I =
64
2 3 3
Q = r2 r1
3
b = 2(r2 r1 )
2 =
Stress Elements
For both elements the y-axis is parallel to the longitudinal
axis of the pole and the x-axis is horizontal.
Point A :
x = 0
y = a = 54.91MPa
xy = 1 = 6.24MPa
Principal stresses at Point A
x + y
1, 2 =
x y
+ ( xy )2
1 = 55.7MPa and
2 = - 0.7MPa
+ ( xy
= 28 . 2 MPa
Because the principal stresses have opposite signs, the maximum in-plane
shear stresses are larger than the maximum out-of-plane shear stresses.
Then, max = 28.2MPa.
Point B :
x = y = 0
xy = 1 + 2
xy = 6.24MPa + 0.76MPa = 7.0MPa
Principal stresses at point B are
1 = 7.0MPa
2 = - 7.0 MPa
And the maximum in-plane shear stress is
max = 7.0MPa
The maximum out-of-plane shear stresses are half of
this value.
Note
If the largest stresses anywhere in the pole are needed, then we must also
determine the stresses at the critical point diametrically opposite point A,
because at that point the compressive stress due to bending has its largest
value.
The principal stresses at that point are
1 = 0.7MPa
and
2 = - 55.7MPa
The maximum shear stress is 28.2MPa.
(In this analysis only the effects of wind pressure are considered. Other loads, such as
weight of the structure, also produce stresses at the base of the pole).
Solution
Stress Resultants
The force P1 acting on the platform is statically
equivalent to a force P1 and a moment
M1 = P1d acting on the centroid of the cross section
of the post.
The load P2 is also shown.
The stress resultant at the base of the post due to the
loads P1 and P2 and the moment M1 are as follows:
(A) An axial compressive force P1 = 3240lb
(B) A bending moment M1 produced by the force P1:
M1 = P1d = (3240lb)(9in) = 29160lb-in
(C) A shear force P2 = 800lb
(D) A bending moment M2 produced by the force P2:
M2 = P2h = (800lb)(52in) = 41600lb.in
Examinations of these stress resultants shows that both M1 and M2 produce
maximum compressive stresses at point A and the shear force produces
maximum shear stresses at point B. Therefore, A and B are the critical points
where the stresses should be determined.
(C) The shear force P2 produces a shear stress at point B but not at point A.
We know that an approximate value of the shear stress can be obtained by
dividing the shear force by the web area.
P2 = P2 / Aweb =P2 /(2t(b 2t)) =800lb / (2)(0.5in)(6in1in)= 160psi
The stress p2 acts at point B in the direction shown in the above figure.
We can calculate the shear stress P2 from the more accurate formula. The
result of this calculation is P2 = 163psi, which shows that the shear stress
obtained from the approximate formula is satisfactory.
D) The bending moment M2 produces a compressive stress at point A but no
stress at point B. The stress at A is
M2 = M2 b / 2 = (41600lb.in)(6in) / (2)(55.92in4) = 2232psi.
This stress is also shown in the above figure.
Stress Elements
Each element is oriented so that the y-axis is
vertical (i.e. parallel to the longitudinal axis of the
post) and the x-axis is horizontal axis
Point A : The only stress in point A is a
compressive stress a in the y direction
A = P1 + M1 + M2
A = 295psi + 1564psi + 2232psi = 4090psi
(compression)
Thus, this element is in uniaxial stress.
Principal Stresses and Maximum Shear Stress
x = 0
y = - a = - 4090psi
xy = 0
Since the element is in uniaxial stress,
1 = x and 2 = y = - 4090psi
And the maximum in-plane shear stress is
max = (1 - 2) / 2 = (4090psi) = 2050psi
The maximum out-of-plane shear stress has the same magnitude.
Point B:
Here the compressive stress in the y direction is
B = P1 + M1
B = 295psi + 1564psi = 1860psi (compression)
And the shear stress is
B = P2 = 160psi
The shear stress acts leftward on the top face and
downward on the x face of the element.
Principal Stresses and Maximum Shear Stress
x =0
2
x y
x + y
y = - B = - 1860psi 1, 2 =
+ ( xy )2
2
2
xy = - P2 = - 160psi
Substituting 1,2 = - 930psi +/- 944psi
1 = 14psi
and
2 = - 1870psi
The maximum in-plane shear stresses can be obtained from the equation
Because the principal stresses have opposite signs, the maximum in-plane
shear stresses are larger than the maximum out-of-plane shear stresses.
Then, max =
944psi.
+ ( xy
2
2
MAX =
= 944 psi
Vx = 30 kN P = 50 kN Vz = 75 kN
M z = (30 kN )(0.100 m ) = 3 kN m
P Mz a Mx b
y =+ +
A
Iz
Ix
=
Shear stress at H.
Q = A1 y1 = [(0.040 m )(0.045 m )](0.0475 m )
= 85.5 106 m3
(
75 kN ) 85.5 10 6 m3
Vz Q
yz =
=
I xt
9.15 106 m 4 (0.040 m )
= 17.52 MPa
(3 kN m )(0.020 m )
+
5.6 10-3 m 2
0.747 106 m 4
50 kN
(8.5 kN m )(0.025 m )
9.15 106 m 4
CY 17.52
2 p = 27.96
=
CD 33.0
p = 13.98
max = 37.4 MPa
max = 70.4 MPa
min = 7.4 MPa
p = 13.98
VM
Sy
n
0.276
GPa = 0.0690GPa
4
P Mc
x = +
A I
Maximum bending moment = 120F
d
120mm 1.75kNx
9kN
2
+
x =
A
I
d
72
Tr
2 = 36d
zx = =
J
J
J
VM = ( + 3
2
x
2
zx
Sy
VM
0.276
= 4.57
0.06043
d
M
My
2 32 F 14in
x =
=
= 142.6 F
=
4
3
d
d
I
64
d
T
Tr
2 16 F 15in
=
= 76.4 F
zx = =
4
3
The AISI 1035 is a
d
(1in)
J
ductile material. Hence,
32
we need to employ the
distortion-energy
theory.
Sy
VM
81000
=
= 416lbf
194.5
Apply the MSS theory. For a point undergoing plane stress with
only one non-zero normal stress and one shear stress, the two nonzero principal stresses (A and B) will have opposite signs (Case 2).
max =
A B
2
x
=
= + zx2
2
2
2
Sy
x
A B S y = 2 + zx2 = x 2 + 4 zx2
2
2
d
PL
Mc
2 = 32 PL
=
x =
d 4
d 3
I
64
1, 2
x + y
=
2
xy
x y
+ ( xy )2 = x x + ( xy )2
2
2
2
2
1, 2
1, 2
d
T
Tc
16T
2
=
= 4 = 3
d
J
d
32
16 PL
16
16 PL 16T
PL
=
+
=
3
3
3
3
d
d
d d
16
2
= 3 500 5 (500 5) + 1000 2
(PL )2 + T 2
26450
1 =
d3
26450
1 =
d3
MSS
980.8
2 = 3
d
980.8
3 = 3
d
1 3
MAX =
1 3 = 2 MAX
=
= 25 , 000
n
2
d 1 . 031 in
2
=
VM =
3
n
2
d
d 1.025in
+
=
+ 2 =
+ 2
Point A x =
4
3
d
d
I
Area
d
d
64
( )
( )
xy
VM =
n=
Point B
Sy
VM
Tr 16T
16(30)
=
= 3 =
= 19.10 MPa
3
J d
(0.020 )
2
x
+ 3
2
xy
) = [95.49
+ 3(19.1)
= 101.1MPa
280
=
= 2.77
101.1
( )
4 P 4(8) 103
x = 2 =
= 25.47 MPa
2
d
(0.02)
xy
( )
16T 4V
16(30)
4(0.55) 103
= 21.43MPa
= 3+
=
+
3
d
3 A (0.02 )
2
3 (0.02)
4
VM = 25.47 + 3(21.43)
2
280
= 6.22
n=
45.02
= 45.02 MPa
The shaft shown in the figure below is supported by two bearings and carries two Vbelt sheaves. The tensions in the belts exert horizontal forces on the shaft, tending to
bend it in the x-z plane. Sheaves B exerts a clockwise torque on the shaft when
viewed towards the origin of the coordinate system along the x-axis. Sheaves C
exerts an equal but opposite torque on the shaft. For the loading conditions shown,
determine the principal stresses and the safety factor on the element K, located on the
surface of the shaft (on the positive z-side), just to the right of sheave B. Consider
that the shaft is made of a steel of a yield strength of 81ksi
4
= 8.031ksi
r 4
I
(0.625)3
4
xz =
Tr 2T
2(1100 )
= 3=
= 2.868ksi
3
J r
(0.625)
1, 2
+ y
= x
2
2
x y
x
x
2
+ ( xy ) = + ( xy )2
2
2
2
2
8.03
8.03
2
1, 2 =
+ (2.868)
2
2
1 = 8.95ksi
2 = 0.92ksi
1 3
2
Safety..Factor = n =
SY
8.95 ( 0.92 )
= 4.935ksi
2
2 =
Max
81
2 = 8.2
4.935
DET ...... VM = 1 + 3 1 3 =
2
Safety..Factor = n =
Sy
VM
81
=
= 8.58
9.44
1.2m